Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Wilson Center

2026-05-22T19:52:41Z

MickiAddy25: new.

{{short description|American think tank}}
{{Redirect|Wilson center|the center of the Wilson confidence interval|Binomial proportion confidence interval#Wilson score interval}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = Ronald Reagan Building - Washington, DC.jpg
| caption = [[Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center]] in Washington, D.C., where the Wilson Center is headquartered
| map =
| extinction =
| type = [[Nonprofit organization]] ([[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]])
| tax_id = 52-1067541
| status = United States Presidential Memorial
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center]]
| leader_title = President emerita and distinguished fellow
| leader_name = [[Jane Harman]]
| leader_title2 = President and CEO
| leader_name2 = Natasha Jacome
| key_people = Joe Asher (Chairman, Board of Trustees)
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| affiliations = [[Smithsonian Institution]]
| budget =
| remarks =
| name = Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
| image_border =
| image_size =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation = Wilson Center
| established = {{start date and age|1968}}
| logo = Woodrow Wilson Center logo.svg
| location = One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 [[Pennsylvania Avenue]], NW [[Washington, D.C.]] 20004-3027, U.S.<ref name=usagov>{{Cite web |title=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |url=https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/woodrow-wilson-international-center-for-scholars |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=USA.gov |language=en}}</ref>
| region_served =
| num_members =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
{{Woodrow Wilson series}}
The '''Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars''' ('''WWICS''') commonly known as the '''Wilson Center''' is a [[Washington, D.C.]]–based [[think tank]] dedicated to research and policy discussions on global issues. Established by an act of the United States Congress in 1968,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars {{!}} Jeffrey S. Lehman |url=https://www.lehman-intl.com/jeffreylehman/the_woodrow_wilson_internat.html |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.lehman-intl.com}}</ref> it serves as both the official [[United States Presidential Memorial|presidential memorial]] to [[Woodrow Wilson]] and operates as a part of the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About the Wilson Center |date=October 29, 2018 |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/about |access-date=2023-05-22 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center |language=en}}</ref>

The Wilson Center describes itself as a nonpartisan think tank and provides a forum for scholars and policymakers to address critical international and domestic challenges.<ref name=":1" /> The Wilson Center has been recognized as a leading global think tank. In 2020, the [[Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program]] ranked it as the 10th most influential think tank worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/48577|title=2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report|first=James G.|last=McGann|date=January 28, 2021|issue=18|via=repository.upenn.edu}}</ref> It conducts research on international relations, security, economics, and governance, producing reports and hosting discussions that shape policy debates. As of 2025, the Center is chaired by Joe Asher, appointed in 2023, and led by Natasha Jacome, who became President and Chief Executive Officer in 2025, succeeding Mark Andrew Green.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White House Press Release - President Biden Announces Key Appointments to Boards and Commissions {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/white-house-press-release-president-biden-announces-key-appointments-boards-and-19 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Trump administration shutters DC foreign policy think tank Wilson Center |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-administration-shutters-dc-foreign-policy-think-tank-wilson-center-2025-04-04/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250404123136/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-administration-shutters-dc-foreign-policy-think-tank-wilson-center-2025-04-04/ |archive-date=2025-04-04 |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref>

On March 15, 2025, President [[Donald Trump]] signed an executive order calling for the elimination of several federally chartered entities, including the Wilson Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-15 |title=Continuing the Reduction of the Federal Bureaucracy |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/continuing-the-reduction-of-the-federal-bureaucracy/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Eric |date=2025-03-26 |title=Another agency nearly eliminates staff as Trump continues down warpath against small federal offices |url=https://www.govexec.com/workforce/2025/03/another-agency-nearly-eliminates-staff-and-trump-continues-down-war-path-against-small-federal-offices/404076/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Government Executive |language=en}}</ref> The order directed the reduction of functions and personnel across affected institutions to the minimum required by law.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gangitano |first=Alex |date=March 15, 2025 |title=Trump signs order to dismantle seven federal agencies focused on media, libraries, homelessness |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5196704-trump-executive-order-federal-agencies-eliminate/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> According to Reuters, citing ''The Times'', about 130 employees at the Center were blocked from email access and placed on leave shortly after Elon Musk's government efficiency task force (DOGE) began focusing on the institution. President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Mark Andrew Green resigned on April 1, 2025, and later that year Natasha Jacome was appointed as Green's successor.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kavi |first1=Aishvarya |last2=Wong |first2=Edward |date=2025-04-03 |title=Musk's Task Force Begins Shutting Down Foreign Policy Research Center |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/02/us/politics/doge-wilson-center.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bravender |first=Robin |date=2025-09-05 |title=Think tank reorients after Trump squeeze |url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/think-tank-reorients-after-trump-squeeze/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=E&E News by POLITICO |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Kennan Institute]], the largest and oldest part of the Wilson Center, declared itself an independent non-profit in November 2025, with the transfer of its remaining endowment and collection of books and papers out of the control of the Wilson Center.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavi |first1=Aishvarya |title=Dismantled by DOGE, a Foreign Policy Center Finds New Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/10/us/politics/kennan-institute-doge-trump.html |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=NY Times |publisher=NYTCO |date=10 Nov 2025}}</ref>

==Organization==
The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars was established within the [[Smithsonian Institution]], but it has its own board of trustees, composed both of government officials and of private citizens appointed by the [[president of the United States]]. It publishes a digital magazine, the ''[[Wilson Quarterly]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woodrow Wilson Center Established |url=https://www.si.edu/object/woodrow-wilson-center-established%3Asiris_sic_896 |access-date=2023-11-18 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When Goods Cross Borders |url=https://www.wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/when-goods-cross-borders |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Wilson Quarterly}}</ref>

The center functions as a [[public–private partnership]] with approximately one-third of its operating funds providing annually through a federal appropriation of the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosett |first=Claudia |date=2010-06-18 |title=Turkey's Hollow Prize |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/06/18/turkey-woodrow-wilson-award-opinions-columnists-claudia-rosett.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328181957/https://www.forbes.com/2010/06/18/turkey-woodrow-wilson-award-opinions-columnists-claudia-rosett.html |archive-date=2017-03-28 |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> and the remainder derived from foundations, grants, contracts, corporations, individuals, endowment income, and subscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How is the Wilson Center funded? {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/how-the-wilson-center-funded |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reprieve for the Wilson Center? |url=https://www.historians.org/perspectives-article/reprieve-for-the-wilson-center-september-1997/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref>

The center is housed in the [[Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center]], a federal office complex in Washington, D.C., where it occupies a wing under a long-term rent-free lease arrangement.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Plan for Federal Funding Hiatus |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wilson_center_plan_for_possible_lapse_in_federal_appropriation_revised_august_2015.pdf |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center |access-date=February 4, 2019 |date=August 2015 |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121152656/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wilson_center_plan_for_possible_lapse_in_federal_appropriation_revised_august_2015.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=990 Forms/Budgets |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/990-formsbudgets |access-date=2023-08-06 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center |language=en}}</ref> In March 2017, President Trump proposed a federal budget that would have eliminated the center's public funding, echoing a recommendation called by the [[The Heritage Foundation|Heritage Foundation]] earlier that year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Kelly |last2=Watson |first2=Dan |date=2017-03-16 |title=These are the 19 agencies Trump would stop funding entirely |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-budget-eliminated-funding-20170316-story.html |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Restuccia |first=Andrew |date=2017-03-16 |title=Trump budget would wipe out dozens of programs |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/03/trump-budget-programs-facing-elimination-236119 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> The [[The Heritage Foundation|Heritage Foundation]] again called for eliminating federal appropriations to the center in its "Budget Blueprint for FY2023", estimating savings of between $16 million and $21 million per year. In November 2022, the Russian government labeled the center an "[[undesirable organization]]" under Russian law, prohibiting its activities in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/84851/|title=Woodrow Wilson Int'l Center for Scholars designated undesirable in Russia - Prosecutor General's Office|work=[[Interfax]]|date=November 11, 2022}}</ref>

==Administration==
The board of trustees, currently chaired by [[Bill Haslam]], is appointed to six-year terms by the [[President of the United States|U.S. president]].<ref name="Leadership">{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/leadership |title=Leadership|date=February 7, 2023}}</ref>

The board of directors include Haslam, vice chair [[Drew Maloney]], private citizen members [[Nick Adams (commentator)|Nick Adams]], Thelma Duggin, [[Brian Hook]], [[David Jacobson (diplomat)|David Jacobson]], [[Timothy Pataki]], Alan N. Rechtschaffen, [[Louis Susman]]. Public members include [[Antony Blinken]], [[Lonnie Bunch]], [[Miguel Cardona]], [[David Ferriero]], [[Carla Hayden]], [[Shelly Lowe]], [[Xavier Becerra]].<ref name="Leadership" />

On January 28, 2021, [[Mark Andrew Green]] was announced as the Wilson Center's new president, director, and CEO, and he began his term on March 15, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson Center Names Ambassador Mark Green as Next President, Director and CEO |date=January 28, 2021 |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/wilson-center-names-ambassador-mark-green-next-president-director-and-ceo |access-date=January 29, 2021 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center |language=en}}</ref>

On January 20, 2025, [[Donald Trump]] announced on [[Truth Social]] that [[Brian Hook]] was fired.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Timotija |first=Filip |date=2025-01-21 |title=Trump fires 4 Biden appointees, including his own former Iran envoy |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5097601-trump-fires-appointees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123015257/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5097601-trump-fires-appointees/ |archive-date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=2025-01-20 |title=Jose Andres from the President's Council on Sports, Fitness and Nutrition, Mark Milley from the National Infrastructure Advisory Council, Brian Hook from the Wilson Center for Scholars, and Keisha Lance Bottoms from the President's Export Council—YOU'RE FIRED! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/113864692804149616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250121075134/https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/113864692804149616 |archive-date=January 21, 2025 |access-date=23 Jan 2025}}</ref>

==Programs==
Most of the center's staff form specialized programs and projects covering broad areas of study.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.welcome |title=Programs @ The Woodrow Wilson Center |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center |access-date=February 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629070020/https://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.welcome |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Key programs include the [[Cold War International History Project]], [[Environmental Change and Security Program]], [[History and Public Policy Program]], [[Kennan Institute]], the [[Kissinger Institute on China and the United States|Kissinger Institute]], and the [[North Korea International Documentation Project]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programs |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/programs |access-date=2023-06-08 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[A National Strategic Narrative]]'', a report published by the center in 2011
* [[Presidential memorials in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons-inline}}
*{{official website}}

{{Smithsonian Institution}}
{{Woodrow Wilson}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|38.8936|-77.0305|display=title|type:landmark_region:US-DC}}

[[Category:1968 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Think tanks established in 1968]]
[[Category:Woodrow Wilson]]
[[Category:Organizations listed in Russia as undesirable]]

Heptathlon

2026-05-16T20:01:19Z

MickiAddy25: starting data

{{Short description|Track and field competition with 7 events}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox athletics event
|event= Heptathlon
|image={{Multiple image|image1=Nadine Visser in 2015 World Championships in Athletics.jpg|width1=87|image2=Women heptathlon LJ French Athletics Championships 2013 t144222.jpg|width2=195|image3=Nada Chroudi en position pour lancer le poids du heptathlon femme.jpg|width3=87}}
|caption=The women's heptathlon combines three runs, two jumps, and two throws.
|WRmen= {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Simon Ehammer]] 6670 pts (2026)
|WRwomen= {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]] 7291 pts (1988)
|ORwomen= {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]] 7291 pts (1988)
|CRwomen= {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]] 7128 pts (1987)
|ICRmen= {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Simon Ehammer]] 6670 pts (2026)
}}
A '''heptathlon''' is a [[track and field]] combined events contest made up of seven events.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heptathlon |title=Heptathlon – Definition|publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012-08-31 |access-date=2013-08-18}}</ref> The name derives from the Greek ἑπτά (hepta, meaning "seven") and ἄθλος (áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon, meaning "competition"). A competitor in a heptathlon is referred to as a heptathlete.

There are two heptathlons – the men's and the women's heptathlon – composed of different events. The men's heptathlon is older and is currently held indoors, contested at the [[IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics]]. The women's heptathlon is held outdoors and was introduced in the 1980s, first appearing in the [[Olympics]] in [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|1984]]. It is currently contested in the [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|athletics programme]] of the Olympics and at the [[World Athletics Championships]].

==Women's heptathlon==
Women's heptathlon is the combined event for women contested in the [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|athletics programme]] of the Olympics and at the [[World Athletics Championships]]. The [[World Athletics Combined Events Tour]] determines a yearly women's heptathlon champion. The women's outdoor heptathlon consists of the following events, with the first four contested on the first day, and the remaining three on day two:

* [[100 metres hurdles]]
* [[High jump]]
* [[Shot put]]
* [[200 metres]]
* [[Long jump]]
* [[Javelin throw]]
* [[800 metres]]

The heptathlon has been contested by female athletes since the early 1980s, when it replaced the [[Women's pentathlon|pentathlon]] as the primary women's combined event contest (the javelin throw and 800 m were added).<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Andrea |first=Christian |date=2016-08-12 |title=Here's how the heptathlon works |url=https://www.sbnation.com/2016/8/12/12451406/2016-summer-olympics-rio-heptathlon-rules-scoring-explained-preview |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=SBNation.com |language=en}}</ref> It was first contested at the Olympic level in the [[1984 Summer Olympics]]. In recent years some women's [[decathlon]] competitions have been conducted, consisting of the same events as the men's competition in a slightly different order, and [[World Athletics]] has begun keeping records for it, but the heptathlon remains the championship-level combined event for women. [[Nafissatou Thiam]], representing Belgium, is the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Olympic Gold Medallist]], after successfully defending her previous [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|2016]] and [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|2020]] titles. She is also the reigning [[2018 European Athletics Championships|European Champion]]. [[Anna Hall (heptathlete)|Anna Hall]], representing USA, is the current [[2025 World Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|World Champion]]. [[Katarina Johnson-Thompson]], representing Great Britain, is the current [[2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Champion]]. [[Odile Ahouanwanou]]. [[Yekaterina Voronina]], [[Kiara Reddingius]], [[Luisarys Toledo]] and [[Ariana Ince]] hold the African, Asian, Oceanian, South American and NACAC (North American, Central American and Caribbean) titles respectively. [[Adriana Rodríguez]], [[Marthe Koala]], [[Swapna Barman]] and [[Elenani Tinai]] hold the Panamerican Games, African Games, Asian Games and Pacific Games titles respectively.<ref>Holders correct as of 2020. The European Games does not feature a heptathlon event.</ref>

There is also a [[Tetradecathlon]], which is a double heptathlon, consisting of 14 events, seven events per day.

===Points system===
The heptathlon scoring system was devised by Dr Karl Ulbrich, a Viennese mathematician. The formulae are constructed so that, for each event, a designated benchmark performance (for example, approximately 1.82 m for the high jump) scores 1000 points.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/03/london-2012-jessica-ennis-heptathlon "London 2012: Jessica Ennis leads heptathlon after first day"], ''The Guardian'', 3 August 2012</ref> Each event also has a minimum recordable performance level (e.g. 0.75 m for the high jump), corresponding to zero points. The formulae are devised so that successive constant increments in performance correspond to gradually increasing increments in points awarded.

The events are split into three groups, and the scores are calculated according to the three formulae:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringTables_CE_744.pdf
|title=IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events
|publisher=[[World Athletics|IAAF]]
|page=15
|date=April 2004
|access-date=August 5, 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910115455/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringTables_CE_744.pdf
|archive-date=September 10, 2008
|df=mdy-all
}}</ref>

:Running events (200 m, 800 m and 100 m hurdles):
::<math>P = INT (a \cdot (b - T)^c</math>)
:Jumping events (high jump and long jump):
::<math>P = INT (a \cdot (M - b)^c</math>)
:Throwing events (shot put and javelin):
::<math>P = INT (a \cdot (D - b)^c</math>)

''P'' is points, ''T'' is time in seconds, ''M'' is height or distance in centimeters and ''D'' is distance in meters. ''INT'' is the integer function, also known as the [[floor function]], signifying that the result is rounded down to the nearest lower (or equal) whole number. ''a'', ''b'' and ''c'' have different values for each of the events, as follows:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Event!!''a''!!''b''!!''c''
|-
|200 metres||4.99087||42.5||1.81
|-
|800 metres||0.11193||254||1.88
|-
|100 metres hurdles||9.23076||26.7||1.835
|-
|High jump||1.84523||75||1.348
|-
|Long jump||0.188807||210||1.41
|-
|Shot put||56.0211||1.5||1.05
|-
|Javelin throw||15.9803||3.8||1.04
|}

===Benchmarks===
The following table shows the benchmark levels needed to earn 1000, 900, 800 and 700 points in each event.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
! align=left|Event || 1000 pts || 900 pts || 800 pts || 700 pts || Unit
|-
| align=left| 100 m hurdles || 13.85 || 14.56 || 15.32 || 16.12 || align=left|Seconds
|-
| align=left| High jump || 1.82 || 1.74 || 1.66 || 1.57 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left| Shot put || 17.07 || 15.58 || 14.09 || 12.58 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left| 200 m || 23.80 || 24.86 || 25.97 || 27.14 || align=left|Seconds
|-
| align=left| Long jump || 6.48 || 6.17 || 5.84 || 5.50 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left| Javelin throw || 57.18 || 52.04 || 46.87 || 41.68 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left| 800 m || 2:07.63 || 2:14.52 || 2:21.77 || 2:29.47 || align=left|Minutes:Seconds
|}

===Women's world records compared with heptathlon bests===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:right"
|+World records (WR) compared with heptathlon bests (HB)
! style="width:100px;"| Event
! style="width:35px;"| Type
! style="width:150px;"| Athlete
! Record
! style="width:45px;"| Score
! style="width:70px;"| Difference in points value
! Date
! Place
! Notes/{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan=2| 100 m hurdles
| WR
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Tobi Amusan]] || 12.12 [[Second|s]] || 1261 || || || ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jessica Ennis-Hill|Jessica Ennis]] || 12.54 s {{wind|+1.3}} || 1195 || −66 || 3 August 2012 || [[London]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Heptathlon 100 Metres Hurdles Results|url=http://www.iaaf.org/mini/oly12/Results/ResultsByDate.aspx?racedate=08-03-2012/sex=W/discCode=100H/combCode=HEP/roundCode=u/results.html#detW_100H_HEP_u|work=[[IAAF]]|date=August 3, 2012|access-date=August 5, 2012}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| High jump
| WR
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]] || 2.10 [[Metre|m]] || 1373 || || || ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Nafissatou Thiam]] || 2.02 m || 1264 || −109 || 22 June 2019 || [[Talence]] || <ref name="wcb">{{cite web |title=World Combined Best Performances |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-category/combined-best-performances |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| Shot put
| WR
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Natalya Lisovskaya]] || 22.63 m || 1378 || || || ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Austra Skujytė]] || 17.31 m<ref group=note>In 1977, [[Eva Wilms]] threw 20.79 m during a [[pentathlon]] event, which is sometimes referred to as the heptathlon best.</ref> || 1016 || −362 || 3 August 2012 || [[London]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Heptathlon Shot Put Results|url=http://www.iaaf.org/mini/oly12/Results/ResultsByDate.aspx?racedate=08-03-2012/sex=W/discCode=SP/combCode=HEP/roundCode=u/results.html#detW_SP_HEP_u|work=[[IAAF]]|date=August 3, 2012|access-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| 200 m
| WR
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Florence Griffith Joyner]] || 21.34 s || 1251 || || || ||
|- valign="top"
| HB
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jackie Joyner Kersee]] || 22.30 s {{wind|+0.0}} || 1150 || −101 || 15 July 1988 || [[Indianapolis]] || <ref name="wcb" />
|-
! rowspan=2| Long jump
| WR
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Galina Chistyakova]] || 7.52 m || 1351 || || || ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jackie Joyner Kersee]] || 7.27 m {{wind|+0.7}} || 1264 || −87 || 24 September 1988 || [[Seoul]] || <ref name="wcb" />
|-
! rowspan=4| Javelin<ref group=note>Women's [[Javelin throw|javelin]] was redesigned in 1999 and all records started afresh. Point allocation for Heptathlon remained the same, but the comparison is being made between the WR and Heptathlon best of the current model.</ref>
| WR
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Barbora Spotakova|Barbora Špotáková]] || 72.28 m || 1295 || || || || Current 1999 model
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Barbora Spotakova|Barbora Špotáková]] || 60.90 m || 1072 || −223 || 16 September 2012 || [[Talence]] || Current 1999 model<ref>{{cite news|title=Van Alphen and Yosypenko prevail in Talence – IAAF Combined Events Challenge|url=http://www.iaaf.org/Mini/WCE12/News/NewsDetail.aspx?id=67801|publisher=[[IAAF]]|author=Hans van Kuijen|date=September 16, 2012|access-date=September 18, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''WR''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Petra Felke]]'' || ''80.00 m'' || ''1448'' || || || || ''Old model''
|-
| ''HB''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Tessa Sanderson]]'' || ''64.64 m'' || ''1145'' || ''−303'' || || || ''Old model''
|-
! rowspan=2| 800 m
| WR
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jarmila Kratochvilova|Jarmila Kratochvílová]] || 1:53.28 [[Minute|min]]:s || 1224 || || || ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Anna Hall (heptathlete)|Anna Hall]]|| 2:01.23 min:s || 1097 || −127 || 1 June 2025 || [[Götzis]]|| <ref name="wcb" />
|-
! rowspan=2| Total
! colspan=3| World record || 9133 || || || ||
|-
! colspan=3| Heptathlon bests || 8058 || −1075 || || ||
|}

== Indoor heptathlon ==
{{anchor|Men's heptathlon}}{{anchor|Men's}} 
The other heptathlon discipline is an indoor competition, normally contested by men only. It is the men's combined event in the [[IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics]]. The indoor heptathlon consists of the following events, with the first four contested on the first day, and remaining three on day two:

* [[60 metres]]
* [[long jump]]
* [[shot put]]
* [[high jump]]
* [[60 metres hurdles]]
* [[pole vault]]
* [[1000 metres]]

The scoring is similar for both disciplines. In each event, the athlete scores points for their performance in each event according to scoring tables issued by [[World Athletics]].<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringTables_CE_744.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910115455/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringTables_CE_744.pdf|date=September 10, 2008}}</ref> The athlete accumulating the highest number of points wins the competition.

The indoor heptathlon is also rarely contested by women; at the 2024 indoor X-Athletics meeting, French combined events athlete [[Noémi Desailly]] won the indoor women's heptathlon with 5761 points while [[Jordyn Bruce]] set an unofficial American record in 2nd. It was labeled the first indoor women's heptathlon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alaskasportsreport.com/2024/02/track-field-eagle-rivers-jordyn-bruce-places-runner-up-in-indoor-heptathlon-debut-raises-the-bar-for-alaska-pole-vaulting/|title=Track & Field: Eagle River’s Jordyn Bruce places runner-up in indoor heptathlon debut, raises the bar for Alaska pole vaulting|website=alaskasportsreport.com|author=Arielle Himelbloom|date=11 February 2024|access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>

===Benchmarks===
The following table shows the minimum benchmark levels required to earn 1000 points in each event.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event !! 1000pts !! Units
|-
| 60 m || 6.67 || Seconds
|-
| Long jump || 7.76 || Metres
|-
| Shot put || 18.40 || Metres
|-
| High jump || 2.21 || Metres
|-
| 60 m hurdles || 7.92 || Seconds
|-
| Pole vault || 5.29 || Metres
|-
| 1000 m || 2:29.00 || Minutes:Seconds
|}

===Men's world records compared with heptathlon bests===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+World indoor records (WR) compared with heptathlon bests (HB)
! style="width:100px;" | Event
! style="width:35px;" | Type
! Athlete
! Record
! style="width:60px;" | Score
! style="width:70px;" | Difference in points value
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | 60 m
|-
| WR
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Christian Coleman]] || 6.34 [[Second|s]] || 1130 ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Chris Huffins]] || 6.61 s || 1026 || −104
|-
! rowspan="3" | Long jump
|-
| WR
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Carl Lewis]] || 8.79 [[Metre|m]] || 1268 ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Simon Ehammer]] || 8.26 m || 1128 || −140 || <ref>{{cite news |date=29 January 2022 |title=Simon Ehammer Sets Long Jump World Record in Heptathlon of 8.26m |website=watchathletics.com |url=https://www.watchathletics.com/video/track-and-field/5932/simon-ehammer-sets-long-jump-world-record-in-heptathlon-of-8-26m/ |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | Shot put
|-
| WR
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Ryan Crouser]] || 22.82 m || 1276 ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Aleksey Drozdov]] || 17.17 m || 924 || −352
|-
! rowspan="3" | High jump
|-
| WR
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Javier Sotomayor]] || 2.43 m || 1223 ||
|- valign="top"
| HB
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Derek Drouin]] || 2.30 m || 1091 || −132 || <ref name="IDS">{{cite news |last=Krajewski |first=Casey |date=February 22, 2013 |title=Drouin Jumps to World Record in Heptathlon |newspaper=Indiana Daily Student |url=http://www.idsnews.com/blogs/hoosierhype/?p=21792 |url-status=dead |access-date=February 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215848/http://www.idsnews.com/blogs/hoosierhype/?p=21792 |archive-date=June 6, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | 60 m hurdles
|-
| WR
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Grant Holloway]]|| 7.27 s || 1174 ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Simon Ehammer]] || 7.52 s || 1106 || −68 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Heptathlon – 60m Hurdles Results Summary|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7199326/AT-60H-M-u---HEPsh-M.RS4.pdf|website=World Athletics|date=21 March 2026|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | Pole vault
|-
| WR
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Armand Duplantis]] || 6.31 m || 1335 ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Alex Averbukh]] || 5.60 m || 1100 || −235
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1000 m
|-
| WR
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Ayanleh Souleiman]] || 2:14.20 [[Minute|min]]:s || 1182 ||
|-
| HB
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Curtis Beach]] || 2:23.63 min:s || 1064 || −118
|-
! rowspan="2" | Total
! colspan="3" | World record || 8588 ||
|-
! colspan="3" | Heptathlon bests || 7418 || −1170
|}

==Area records==
*Updated 12 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/combined-events/heptathlon/outdoor/women |title=Women's Heptathlon {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/combined-events/heptathlon-short-track/indoor/men |title=Men's Heptathlon Short Track {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Women's heptathlon
|-
!scope="col"| Area
!scope="col"| Score
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Season
|-
!scope="row"| [[Confederation of African Athletics|Africa]] {{small|(''[[List of African records in athletics|records]]'')}}
|| '''6423''' || {{flagathlete|[[Margaret Simpson]]|GHA}} || 2005
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian Athletics|Asia]] {{small|(''[[List of Asian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
|| '''6942''' || {{flagathlete|[[Ghada Shouaa]]|SYR}} || 1996
|-
!scope="row"| [[European Athletic Association|Europe]] {{small|(''[[List of European records in athletics|records]]'')}}
|| '''7032''' || {{flagathlete|[[Carolina Klüft]]|SWE}} || 2007
|-
!scope="row"| [[North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association|North, Central America and Caribbean]] {{small|(''[[List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics|records]]'')}}
|| '''7291''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}} || 1988
|-
!scope="row"| [[Oceania Athletics Association|Oceania]] {{small|(''[[List of Oceanian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
|| '''6695''' || {{flagathlete|[[Jane Flemming]]|AUS}} || 1990
|-
!scope="row"| [[Atletismo Sudamericano|South America]] {{small|(''[[List of South American records in athletics|records]]'')}}
|| '''6475''' || {{flagathlete|[[Martha Araújo]]|COL}} || 2025
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Men's indoor heptathlon
|-
!scope="col"| Area
!scope="col"| Score
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Season
|-
!scope="row"| [[Confederation of African Athletics|Africa]] {{small|(''[[List of African records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''5911''' || {{flagathlete|[[Larbi Bourrada]]|ALG}} || 2010
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian Athletics|Asia]] {{small|(''[[List of Asian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''6229''' || {{flagathlete|[[Dmitriy Karpov]]|KAZ}} || 2008
|-
!scope="row"| [[European Athletic Association|Europe]] {{small|(''[[List of European records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''6670''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Simon Ehammer]]|SUI}} || 2026
|-
!scope="row"| [[North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association|North, Central America and Caribbean]] {{small|(''[[List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''6645''' || {{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}} || 2012
|-
!scope="row"| [[Oceania Athletics Association|Oceania]] {{small|(''[[List of Oceanian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''6344''' || {{flagathlete|[[Ashley Moloney]]|AUS}} || 2022
|-
!scope="row"| [[Atletismo Sudamericano|South America]] {{small|(''[[List of South American records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''6010''' || {{flagathlete|[[José Fernando Ferreira]]|BRA}} || 2025
|}
{{col-end}}

==All-time top 25==
===Women===
{{See also|Women's heptathlon world record progression}}

*{{As of|June 2025}}<ref name="AlltimeW">[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/combined-events/heptathlon/outdoor/women/senior Heptathlon – women – senior – outdoor]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Score
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
| align="center" |7291
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|23–24 September 1988
|[[Seoul]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 12.69/+0.8 - 1.86 - 15.80 - 22.56/+1.6 / 7.27/+0.7 - 45.66 - 2:08.51 )
|-
! rowspan="4" |2
| align="center" |7032
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Carolina Klüft]]|SWE}}
|25–26 August 2007
|[[Osaka]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.15/+0.1 - 1.95 - 14.81 - 23.38/+0.3 / 6.85/+1.0 - 47.98 - 2:12.56 )
|-
| align="center" |7032
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Hall (heptathlete)|Anna Hall]]|USA}}
|31 May – 1 June 2025
|[[Götzis]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2025 |title=Results Heptathlon |url=https://www.meeting-goetzis.at/en/Final%20Heptathlon%202025_305.pdf?var_mid=8&var_fileno=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601180816/https://www.meeting-goetzis.at/en/Final%20Heptathlon%202025_305.pdf?var_mid=8&var_fileno=2 |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=meeting-goetzis.at}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |( 13.19/-1.0 - 1.95 - 14.86 - 23.37/+0.5 / 6.44/-0.1 - 46.16 - 2:01.23 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
| align="center" |7013
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Nafissatou Thiam]]|BEL}}
|27–28 May 2017
|[[Götzis]]
|<ref name="Diego Sampaolo">{{cite news|title=Thiam scores 7013 to break meeting record in Götzis|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/hypo-meeting-gotzis-2017-warner-thiam|publisher=IAAF|author=Diego Sampaolo|date=28 May 2017|access-date=28 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.34/-0.7 - 1.98 - 14.51 - 24.40/-1.6 / 6.56/+0.8 - 59.32 - 2:15.24 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
| align="center" |7007
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Larisa Turchinskaya|Larisa Nikitina]]|URS}}
|10–11 June 1989
|[[Bryansk]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.40/+1.4 - 1.89 - 16.45 - 23.97/+1.1 / 6.73/+4.0 - 53.94 - 2:15.31 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |6
| align="center" |6985
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Sabine Braun]]|GER}}
|30–31 May 1992
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.11/-0.4 - 1.93 - 14.84 - 23.65/+2.0 / 6.63/+2.9 - 51.62 - 2:12.67 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |7
| align="center" |6981
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Katarina Johnson-Thompson]]|GBR}}
|2–4 October 2019
|[[Doha]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Heptathlon Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-800-W-u--0--.RS2.pdf?v=-523298617|publisher=IAAF|date=3 October 2019|access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.09/+0.6 - 1.95 - 13.86 - 23.08/+1.0 / 6.77/+0.2 - 43.93 - 2:07.26 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
| align="center" |6955
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Jessica Ennis-Hill|Jessica Ennis]]|GBR}}
|3–4 August 2012
|[[London]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 12.54/+1.3 - 1.86 - 14.28 - 22.83/-0.3 / 6.48/-0.6 - 47.49 - 2:08.65 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |9
| align="center" |6946
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Sabine John|Sabine Paetz]]|GDR}}
|5–6 May 1984
|[[Potsdam]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 12.64/+0.3 - 1.80 - 15.37 - 23.37/+0.7 / 6.86/-0.2 - 44.62 - 2:08.93 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |10
| align="center" |6942
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Ghada Shouaa]]|SYR|1980}}
|25–26 May 1996
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.78/+0.3 - 1.87 - 15.64 - 23.78/+0.6 / 6.77/+0.6 - 54.74 - 2:13.61 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |11
| align="center" |6935
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Ramona Neubert]]|GDR}}
|18–19 June 1983
|[[Moscow]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.42/+1.8 - 1.82 - 15.25 - 23.49/+0.5 / 6.79/+0.7 - 49.94 - 2:07.51 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |12
| align="center" |6889
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Eunice Barber]]|FRA}}
|4–5 June 2005
|[[Arles]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 12.62/+2.9 - 1.91 - 12.61 - 24.12/+1.2 / 6.78/+3.4 - 53.07 - 2:14.66 )
|-
!rowspan="2" |13
|align="center" |6867
|align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Anouk Vetter]]|NED}}
|17–18 July 2022
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|<ref name="Eugene22">{{cite web|title=Women's Heptathlon Final Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7137279/AT-800-W-u--0--.RS2.pdf|work=World Athletics|date=18 July 2022|access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.30/+0.7 - 1.80 - 16.25 - 23.73/+1.4 / 6.52/+0.3 - 58.29 - 2:20.09 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |14
| align="center" |6859
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Natalya Shubenkova]]|URS}}
|20–21 June 1984
|[[Kyiv]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 12.93/+1.0 - 1.83 - 13.66 - 23.57/-0.3 / 6.73/+0.4 - 46.26 - 2:04.60 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |15
| align="center" |6858
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Anke Behmer]]|GDR}}
|23–24 September 1988
|[[Seoul]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.20/+0.8 - 1.83 - 14.20 - 23.10/+1.6 / 6.68/ - 44.54 - 2:04.20 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |16
| align="center" |6847
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Irina Belova (athlete)|Irina Belova]]|RUS}}
|1–2 August 1992
|[[Barcelona]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.25/ - 1.88 - 13.77 - 23.34/ / 6.82/ - 41.90 - 2:05.08 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |17
| align="center" |6836
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Carolin Schäfer]]|GER}}
|27–28 May 2017
|[[Götzis]]
|<ref name="Diego Sampaolo" />
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.09/+1.0 - 1.86 - 14.76 - 23.36/+0.7 / 6.57/+0.9 - 49.80 - 2:14.73 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |18
| align="center" |6832
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Lyudmila Blonska]]|UKR}}
|25–26 August 2007
|[[Osaka]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.25/+0.1 - 1.92 - 14.44 - 24.09/+0.3 / 6.88/+1.0 - 47.77 - 2:16.68 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |19
| align="center" |6831
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Denise Lewis]]|GBR}}
|29–30 July 2000
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.13/+1.0 - 1.84 - 15.07 - 24.01/+3.6 / 6.69/-0.4 - 49.42 - 2:12.20 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |20
| align="center" |6815
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Laura Ikauniece-Admidiņa]]|LAT}}
|27–28 May 2017
|[[Götzis]]
|<ref name="Diego Sampaolo" />
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.10/+1.0 - 1.77 - 13.53 - 23.49/-2.9 / 6.64/+0.8 - 56.17 - 2:11.76 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |21
| align="center" |6808
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Brianne Theisen-Eaton]]|CAN}}
|30–31 May 2015
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.05/-0.2 - 1.89 - 13.73 - 23.34/+1.4 / 6.72/+0.9 - 42.96 - 2:09.37 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |22
| align="center" |6803
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Jane Frederick]]|USA}}
|15–16 September 1984
|[[Talence]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.27/+1.2 - 1.87 - 15.49 - 24.15/+1.6 / 6.43/+0.2 - 51.74 - 2:13.55 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |23
| align="center" |6778
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Nataliya Dobrynska]]|UKR}}
|30–31 July 2010
|[[Barcelona]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.59/-1.6 - 1.86 - 15.88 - 24.23/-0.2 / 6.56/+0.3 - 49.25 - 2:12.06 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |24
| align="center" |6765
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Prokhorova]]|RUS}}
|22–23 July 2000
|[[Tula, Russia|Tula]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.54/-2.8 - 1.82 - 14.30 - 23.37/-0.2 / 6.72/+1.0 - 43.40 - 2:04.27 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |25
| align="center" |6742
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Yorgelis Rodriguez]]|CUB}}
|26–27 May 2018
|[[Götzis]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=World leads for Thiam and Warner in Gotzis|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/world-leads-for-thiam-and-warner-in-gotzis|publisher=IAAF|author=Diego Sampaolo|date=27 May 2018|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" | ( 13.48/+0.3 - 1.86 - 14.95 - 23.96/-0.6 / 6.58/+2.3 - 48.65 - 2:12.73 )
|}

====Notes====
Below is a list of all other scores equal or superior to 6875 pts:
*[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]] also scored 7215 (1988), 7158 (1986), 7148 (1986), 7128 (1987), 7044 (1992), 6979 (1987), 6910 (1986) and 6878 (1991).
*[[Carolina Klüft]] also scored 7001 (2003), 6952 (2004) and 6887 (2005).
*[[Anna Hall (heptathlete)|Anna Hall]] also scored 6899 (2025), 6988 (2023) and 6888 (2025).
*[[Nafissatou Thiam]] also scored 6947 (2022) and 6880 (2024).
*[[Jessica Ennis-Hill|Jessica Ennis]] also scored 6906 (2012).
*[[Sabine John|Sabine Paetz]] also scored 6897 (1988).
*[[Larisa Nikitina]] also scored 6875 (1989).

====Annulled marks====
*[[Tatyana Chernova]] scored 6880 (2011), this performance was annulled due to doping offences.

=== Men ===
{{See also|Men's heptathlon world record progression}}
[[File:Ashton Eaton Istanbul 2012.jpg|thumb|Former world record holder [[Ashton Eaton]] competing at the [[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships]]]]
*{{As of|March 2026}}<ref name="AlltimeMI">[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/combined-events/heptathlon/indoor/men/senior Heptathlon – men – senior – indoor]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2023-01-31.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Score
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!1
|6670
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Simon Ehammer]]|SUI}}
|20–21 March 2026
|[[Kujawsko-Pomorska Arena Toruń|Toruń]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Heptathlon Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7199326/AT-1000sh-M-u--0--.RS2.pdf|website=World Athletics|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
!2
|6645 || align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|9–10 March 2012
|Istanbul
|
|-
!3
|6639 {{AthAbbr|A}}
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Kyle Garland]]|USA}}
|10–11 March 2023
|Albuquerque
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Heptathlon Results |url=https://flashresults.ncaa.com/Indoor/2023/033-100.pdf |website=flashresults.ncaa.com |date=11 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
!4
|6558
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Sander Skotheim]]|NOR}}
|7–8 March 2025
|Apeldoorn
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Men's Heptathlon Short Track Final Results |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7173256?eventId=10229571&gender=M |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
!5
|6518 {{AthAbbr|A}}
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Ayden Owens-Delerme]]|PUR}}
|10–11 March 2023
|Albuquerque
|<ref name="auto" />
|-
!6
|6503
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Peyton Bair]]|USA}}
|13–14 March 2026
|[[Randal Tyson Track Center|Fayetteville]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Heptathlon Results|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/95736/5846222/NCAA_Division_I_Indoor_Track__Field_Championships/Mens-Heptathlon|website=Track & Field Results Reporting System (TFRRS)|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
!7
|6489
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Damian Warner]]|CAN}}
|18–19 March 2022
|Belgrade
|<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=19 March 2022 |title=Heptathlon Results |url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138985/AT-1000-M-u--0--.RS2.pdf |access-date=19 March 2022 |publisher=World Athletics}}</ref>
|-
!8
|6479
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}}
|4–5 March 2017
|Belgrade
|<ref>{{cite web |date=5 March 2017 |title=Men's Heptathlon Results |url=http://www.european-athletics.org/externalmodules/AT/pdf/ATM700000_C73U.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305214525/http://www.european-athletics.org/externalmodules/AT/pdf/ATM700000_C73U.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=5 March 2017 |publisher=[[European Athletics Association|European Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
!9
|6476 || align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Dan O'Brien]]|USA}}
|13–14 March 1993
|Toronto
|-
!10
|6438 || align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|6–7 March 2004
|Budapest
|-
!11
|6437|| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Johannes Erm]]|EST}}
|22-23 March 2025
|Nanjing
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Heptathlon Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7136586/AT-1000sh-M-u--0--.RS2.pdf|website=World Athletics|date=23 March 2025|access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
!12
|6424 || align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Tomáš Dvořák]]|CZE}}
|25–26 February 2000
|Ghent
|-
!13
|6418
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Christian Plaziat]]|FRA}}
|28–29 February 1992
|Genoa
|-
!14
|6415 || align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Sebastian Chmara]]|POL}}
|28 February – 1 March 1998
|Valencia
|-
!15
|6412 || align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Lev Lobodin]]|RUS}}
|7–8 February 2003
|Moscow
|-
!16
|6388
|{{flagathlete|[[Till Steinforth]]|GER}}
|7–8 March 2025
|Apeldoorn
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!17
|6382|| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Garrett Scantling]]|USA}}
|26–27 February 2022
|Spokane
|<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2022 |title=Scantling and Crouser book Belgrade places with world-leading victories at US Indoor Championships |publisher=World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/us-indoor-championships-2022-sec-acc |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
!18
|6374 || align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Erki Nool]]|EST}}
|6–7 March 1999
|Maebashi
|-
!19
|6372 || align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Eelco Sintnicolaas]]|NED}}
|2–3 March 2013
|Gothenburg
|-
!20
|6371
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|8–9 March 2008
|Valencia
|-
!21
|6362
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Mikk Pahapill]]|EST}}
|7–8 March 2009
|Turin
|-
!22
|6361
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Tom Pappas]]|USA}}
|15–16 March 2003
|Birmingham
|-
!23
|6353
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Ilya Shkurenev]]|RUS}}
|7–8 March 2015
|Prague
|-
!24
|6347
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Leo Neugebauer]]|GER}}
|8–9 March 2024
|[[The Track at New Balance|Boston]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heptathlon Results |url=https://flashresults.ncaa.com/Indoor/2024/033-100.pdf |website=flashresults.ncaa.com |date=9 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
!25
|6344
| align="left" |{{flagathlete|[[Ashley Moloney]]|AUS}}
|18–19 March 2022
|Belgrade
|<ref name="auto1" />
|}

====Notes====
Below is a list of all other scores equal or superior to 6344 pts:
*[[Ashton Eaton]] also scored 6632 (2014), 6568 (2011), 6499 (2010) and 6470 (2016).
*[[Sander Skotheim]] also scored 6484 (2025), 6475 (2025) and 6407 (2024).
*[[Roman Šebrle]] also scored 6420 (2001), 6358 (2000) and 6350 (2004).
*[[Simon Ehammer]] also scored 6506 (2025), 6418 (2024), 6416 (2026) and 6363 (2022).
*[[Kyle Garland]] also scored 6415 (2023).
*[[Kevin Mayer]] also scored 6392 (2021) and 6348 (2018, 2023).
*[[Sebastian Chmara]] also scored 6386 (1999).
*[[Johannes Erm]] also scored 6380 (2025).
*[[Peyton Bair]] also scored 6371 (2026).
*[[Bryan Clay]] also scored 6365 (2004).

== Medalists ==
===Women's Olympic medalists===
{{Olympic medalists in women's heptathlon}}

===Women's World Championships medalists===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's heptathlon}}

=== Men's World Indoor Championships medalists ===
{| {{MedalistTable}}
|-
|[[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1995 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Christian Plaziat]]|FRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tomáš Dvořák]]|CZE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Henrik Dagård]]|SWE}}
|-
|[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1997 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Robert Změlík]]|CZE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Erki Nool]]|EST}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jón Arnar Magnússon|Jón Magnússon]]|ISL}}
|-
|[[1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1999 Maebashi]] {{DetailsLink|1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sebastian Chmara]]|POL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Erki Nool]]|EST}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|-
|[[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2001 Lisbon]] {{DetailsLink|2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jón Arnar Magnússon|Jón Magnússon]]|ISL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lev Lobodin]]|RUS}}
|-
|[[2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2003 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tom Pappas]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lev Lobodin]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|-
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2004 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lev Lobodin]]|RUS}}
|-
|[[2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2006 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[André Niklaus]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|-
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2008 Valencia]] {{DetailsLink|2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrei Krauchanka]]|BLR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dmitriy Karpov]]|KAZ}}
|-
|[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2010 Doha]] {{DetailsLink|2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Trey Hardee]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Aleksey Drozdov]]|RUS}}
|-
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2012 Istanbul]] {{DetailsLink|2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Oleksiy Kasyanov]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Artem Lukyanenko]]|RUS}}
|-
|[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2014 Sopot]] {{DetailsLink|2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrei Krauchanka]]|BLR}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagathlete|[[Thomas van der Plaetsen]]|BEL}}}}
|-
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2016 Portland]] {{DetailsLink|2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Oleksiy Kasyanov]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mathias Brugger]]|GER}}
|-
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2018 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Damian Warner]]|CAN}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Maicel Uibo]]|EST}}
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2022 Belgrade]] {{DetailsLink|2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Damian Warner]]|CAN}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Simon Ehammer]]|SUI}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashley Moloney]]|AUS}}
|-
|[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2024 Glasgow]] {{DetailsLink|2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Simon Ehammer]]|SUI}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sander Skotheim]]|NOR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Johannes Erm]]|EST}}
|-
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2025 Nanjing]] {{DetailsLink|2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sander Skotheim]]|NOR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Johannes Erm]]|EST}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Till Steinforth]]|GER}}
|-
|[[2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2026 Toruń]] {{DetailsLink|2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Simon Ehammer]]|SUI}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heath Baldwin]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kyle Garland]]|USA}}
|}

== World leading scores ==
=== Women's heptathlon ===
{{Table alignment}}{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultleft col2center plainrowheaders sticky-header"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|6049
|{{flagathlete|[[Zoya Spasovkhodskaya]]|URS}}
|[[Pyatigorsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|6788
|{{flagathlete|[[Ramona Neubert]]|GDR}}
|[[Kyiv]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|6845
|{{flagathlete|[[Ramona Neubert]]|GDR}}
|[[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|6935
|{{flagathlete|[[Ramona Neubert]]|GDR}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|6946
|{{flagathlete|[[Sabine John|Sabine Paetz]]|GDR}}
|[[Potsdam]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|6718
|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee|Jackie Joyner]]|USA}}
|[[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|7158
|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|[[Houston]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|7128
|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|7291
|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|[[Seoul]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|7007
|{{flagathlete|[[Larisa Nikitina]]|URS}}
|[[Bryansk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|6783
|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|[[Seattle]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|6878
|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|[[New York City]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|7044
|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|[[Barcelona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|6837
|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|[[Stuttgart]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|6741
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GER}}
|[[Talence]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|6715
|{{flagathlete|[[Ghada Shouaa]]|SYR|1980}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|6942
|{{flagathlete|[[Ghada Shouaa]]|SYR|1980}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|6787
|{{flagathlete|[[Sabine Braun]]|GER}}
|[[Ratingen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|6559
|{{flagathlete|[[Denise Lewis]]|GBR}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|6861
|{{flagathlete|[[Eunice Barber]]|FRA}}
|[[Seville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|6842
|{{flagathlete|[[Eunice Barber]]|FRA}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|6736
|{{flagathlete|[[Eunice Barber]]|FRA}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|6542
|{{flagathlete|[[Carolina Klüft]]|SWE}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|7001
|{{flagathlete|[[Carolina Klüft]]|SWE}}
|[[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|6952
|{{flagathlete|[[Carolina Klüft]]|SWE}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|6889
|{{flagathlete|[[Eunice Barber]]|FRA}}
|[[Arles]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|6740
|{{flagathlete|[[Carolina Klüft]]|SWE}}
|[[Gothenburg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|7032
|{{flagathlete|[[Carolina Klüft]]|SWE}}
|[[Osaka]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|6733
|{{flagathlete|[[Nataliya Dobrynska]]|UKR}}
|[[Beijing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|6731
|{{flagathlete|[[Jessica Ennis-Hill|Jessica Ennis]]|GBR}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|6823
|{{flagathlete|[[Jessica Ennis-Hill|Jessica Ennis]]|GBR}}
|[[Barcelona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|6790
|{{flagathlete|[[Jessica Ennis-Hill|Jessica Ennis]]|GBR}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|6955
|{{flagathlete|[[Jessica Ennis-Hill|Jessica Ennis]]|GBR}}
|[[London]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|6623
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Chernova]]|RUS}}
|[[Kazan]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|6682
|{{flagathlete|[[Katarina Johnson-Thompson]]|GBR}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|6808
|{{flagathlete|[[Brianne Theisen-Eaton]]|CAN}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|6810
|{{flagathlete|[[Nafissatou Thiam]]|BEL}}
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|7013
|{{flagathlete|[[Nafissatou Thiam]]|BEL}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|6816
|{{flagathlete|[[Nafissatou Thiam]]|BEL}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|6981
|{{flagathlete|[[Katarina Johnson-Thompson]]|GBR}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|6419
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivona Dadic]]|AUT}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|6791
|{{flagathlete|[[Nafissatou Thiam]]|BEL}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|6947
|{{flagathlete|[[Nafissatou Thiam]]|BEL}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|6988
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Hall (heptathlete)|Anna Hall]]|USA}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|6880
|{{flagathlete|[[Nafissatou Thiam]]|BEL}}
|[[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|7032
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Hall (heptathlete)|Anna Hall]]|USA}}
|[[Götzis]]
|}

=== Men's indoor heptathlon ===
{{Table alignment}}{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultleft col2center plainrowheaders sticky-header"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|6386
|{{flagathlete|[[Sebastian Chmara]]|POL}}
|[[Maebashi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|6424
|{{flagathlete|[[Tomáš Dvořák]]|CZE}}
|[[Ghent]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|6420
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|[[Lisbon]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|6291
|{{flagathlete|[[Frank Busemann]]|GER}}
|[[Tallinn]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|6412
|{{flagathlete|[[Lev Lobodin]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|6438
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|6232
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|[[Madrid]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|6229
|{{flagathlete|[[Aleksandr Pogorelov (athlete)|Aleksandr Pogorelov]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|6196
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|[[Birmingham]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|6371
|{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|[[Valencia]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|6362
|{{flagathlete|[[Mikk Pahapill]]|EST}}
|[[Turin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|6499
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Fayetteville, Arkansas|Fayetteville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|6568
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Tallinn]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|6645
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Istanbul]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|6372
|{{flagathlete|[[Eelco Sintnicolaas]]|NED}}
|[[Gothenburg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|6632
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Sopot]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|6353
|{{flagathlete|[[Ilya Shkurenyov]]|RUS}}
|[[Prague]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|6470
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|6479
|{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}}
|[[Belgrade]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|6348
|{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}}
|[[Birmingham]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|6218
|{{flagathlete|[[Jorge Ureña]]|SPA}}
|[[Glasgow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|6320
|{{flagathlete|[[Artyom Makarenko]]|RUS}}
|[[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Kirov]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|6392
|{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}}
|[[Toruń]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|6489
|{{flagathlete|[[Damian Warner]]|CAN}}
|[[Belgrade]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|6639 {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kyle Garland]]|USA}}
|[[Albuquerque]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|6418
|{{flagathlete|[[Simon Ehammer]]|SUI}}
|[[Glasgow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|6558
|{{flagathlete|[[Sander Skotheim]]|NOR}}
|[[Apeldoorn]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2026 in the sport of athletics|2026]]
|6670
|{{flagathlete|[[Simon Ehammer]]|SUI}}
|[[Toruń]]
|}

==National records==
===Women's heptathlon===
:''Updated 21 September 2025.''<ref name=AlltimeW/>
Equal or superior to 6200 pts:
{{Table alignment}}{{static row numbers}}{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultleft col-3right static-row-numbers sticky-header" style="font-size:95%"
|-
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Place
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|7291
|{{USA}}
|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]
|23–24 September 1988
|[[Seoul]]
|
|-
|7032
|{{SWE}}
|[[Carolina Klüft]]
|25–26 August 2007
|[[Osaka]]
|
|-
|7013
|{{BEL}}
|[[Nafissatou Thiam]]
|27–28 May 2017
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|7007
|{{RUS}}
|[[Larisa Nikitina]]
|10–11 June 1989
|[[Bryansk]]
|
|-
|6985
|{{GER}}
|[[Sabine Braun]]
|30–31 May 1992
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6981
|{{GBR2}}
|[[Katarina Johnson-Thompson]]
|2–4 October 2019
|[[Doha]]
|
|-
|6942
|{{flagcountry|SYR|1980}}
|[[Ghada Shouaa]]
|25–26 May 1996
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6889
|{{FRA}}
|[[Eunice Barber]]
|4–5 June 2005
|[[Arles]]
|
|-
|6867
|{{NED}}
|[[Anouk Vetter]]
|17–18 July 2022
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|
|-
|6832
|{{UKR}}
|[[Lyudmyla Blonska]]
|25–26 August 2007
|[[Osaka]]
|
|-
|6815
|{{LAT}}
|[[Laura Ikauniece-Admidiņa]]
|27–28 May 2017
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6808
|{{CAN}}
|[[Brianne Theisen-Eaton]]
|30–31 May 2015
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6750
|{{CHN}}
|[[Ma Miaolan]]
|11–12 September 1993
|[[Beijing]]
|
|-
|6742
|{{CUB}}
|[[Yorgelis Rodríguez]]
|26–27 May 2018
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6714
|{{IRL}}
|[[Kate O'Connor (athlete)|Kate O'Connor]]
|19–20 September 2025
|[[Tokyo]]
|
|-
|6695
|{{AUS}}
|[[Jane Flemming]]
|27–28 January 1990
|[[Auckland]]
|
|-
|6672
|{{POL}}
|[[Adrianna Sułek]]
|17–18 July 2022
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|
|-
|6658
|{{BUL}}
|[[Svetla Dimitrova]]
|30–31 May 1992
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6651
|{{HUN}}
|[[Xénia Krizsán]]
|29–30 May 2021
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6639
|{{SUI}}
|[[Annik Kälin]]
|8–9 August 2024
|[[Stade de France|Saint-Denis]]
|
|-
|6635
|{{BLR}}
|[[Svetlana Buraga]]
|17–18 August 1993
|[[Stuttgart]]
|
|-
|6619
|{{ROM}}
|[[Liliana Nastase]]
|1–2 August 1992
|[[Barcelona]]
|
|-
|6604
|{{LTU}}
|[[Remigija Nazaroviene]]
|10–11 June 1989
|[[Bryansk]]
|
|-
|6591
|{{AUT}}
|[[Verena Preiner]]
|29–30 June 2019
|[[Ratingen]]
|
|-
|6563
|{{FIN}}
|[[Saga Vanninen]]
|19–20 July 2025
|[[Bergen]]
|
|-
|6527
|{{JAM}}
|[[Diane Guthrie-Gresham]]
|2–3 June 1995
|[[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]]
|
|-
|6475
|{{COL}}
|[[Martha Araújo (athlete)|Martha Araújo]]
|31 May – 1 June 2025
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6462
|{{SLE}}
|[[Eunice Barber]]
|29–30 May 1999
|[[Arles]]
|
|-
|6460
|{{CZE}}
|[[Eliška Klučinová]]
|14–15 June 2014
|[[Kladno]]
|
|-
|6423
|{{MDA}}
|[[Lyubov Ratsu]]
|27–28 August 1983
|[[Chişinău]]
|
|-
|6423
|{{GHA}}
|[[Margaret Simpson (athlete)|Margaret Simpson]]
|28–29 May 2005
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6418
|{{TTO}}
|[[Tyra Gittens]]
|13–14 May 2021
|[[College Station, Texas|College Station]]
|
|-
|6392
|{{ALG}}
|[[Yasmina Azzizi]]
|26–27 August 1991
|[[Tokyo]]
|
|-
|6379
|{{ITA}}
|[[Sveva Gerevini]]
|7–8 June 2024
|[[Rome]]
|
|-
|6371
|{{BAR}}
|[[Akela Jones]]
|10–11 June 2015
|[[Hayward Field|Eugene]]
|
|-
|6349
|{{UZB}}
|[[Yekaterina Voronina]]
|28–29 May 2021
|[[Tashkent]]
|
|-
|6304
|{{ESP}}
|[[María Vicente]]
|24–25 April 2021
|[[Lana, South Tyrol|Lana]]
|
|-
|6293
|{{CRO}}
|[[Jana Koščak]]
|27–28 May 2023
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6285
|{{EST}}
|[[Pippi Lotta Enok]]
|13–14 June 2025
|[[Hayward Field|Eugene]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Heptathlon Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7222970?eventId=10229536|website=World Athletics|access-date=4 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
|6278
|{{NZL}}
|[[Joanne Henry]]
|28 February – 1 March 1992
|[[Auckland]]
|
|-
|6274
|{{BEN}}
|[[Odile Ahouanwanou]]
|19–20 June 2021
|[[Ratingen]]
|
|-
|6272
|{{KAZ}}
|[[Yelena Davydova (athlete)|Yelena Davydova]]
|13–14 July 1987
|[[Zagreb]]
|
|-
|6250
|{{BUR}}
|[[Marthe Koala]]
|29–30 May 2021
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6235
|{{GRE}}
|[[Aryiro Strataki]]
|27–28 May 2006
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|6230
|{{POR}}
|[[Naide Gomes]]
|16–17 July 2005
|[[Logroño]]
|
|-
|6226
|{{NOR}}
|[[Ida Marcussen]]
|25–26 August 2007
|[[Osaka]]
|
|-
|6211
|{{IND}}
|[[Javur Jagadeeshappa Shobha]]
|16–17 March 2004
|[[New Delhi]]
|
|}

=== Men's indoor heptathlon ===
:''Updated March 2026.''<ref name=AlltimeMI/>
Equal or superior to 6000 pts:
{{Table alignment}}{{static row numbers}}{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultleft col-3right static-row-numbers sticky-header" style="font-size:95%"
|-
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Place
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|6670
|{{SUI}}
|[[Simon Ehammer]]
|21–22 March 2026
|[[Toruń]]
|
|-
|6645
|{{USA}}
|[[Ashton Eaton]]
|9–10 March 2012
|[[Istanbul]]
|
|-
|6558
|{{NOR}}
|[[Sander Skotheim]]
|7–8 March 2025
|[[Apeldoorn]]
|
|-
|6518 {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{PUR}}
|[[Ayden Owens-Delerme]]
|10–11 March 2023
|[[Albuquerque]]
|
|-
|6489
|{{CAN}}
|[[Damian Warner]]
|18–19 March 2022
|[[Belgrade]]
|
|-
|6479
|{{FRA}}
|[[Kevin Mayer]]
|4–5 March 2017
|[[Belgrade]]
|
|-
|6438
|{{CZE}}
|[[Roman Šebrle]]
|6–7 March 2004
|[[Budapest]]
|
|-
|6437
|{{EST}}
|[[Johannes Erm]]
|22–23 March 2025
|[[Nanjing]]
|
|-
|6415
|{{POL}}
|[[Sebastian Chmara]]
|28 February – 1 March 1998
|[[Valencia]]
|
|-
|6412
|{{RUS}}
|[[Lev Lobodin]]
|7–8 February 2003
|[[Moscow]]
|
|-
|6388
|{{GER}}
|[[Till Steinforth]]
|7–8 March 2025
|[[Apeldoorn]]
|
|-
|6372
|{{NED}}
|[[Eelco Sintnicolaas]]
|2–3 March 2013
|[[Gothenburg]]
|
|-
|6344
|{{AUS}}
|[[Ashley Moloney]]
|18–19 March 2022
|[[Belgrade]]
|
|-
|6340
|{{BAH}}
|[[Ken Mullings]]
|26–27 January 2024
|[[Champaign]]
|
|-
|6303
|{{BLR}}
|[[Andrei Krauchanka]]
|7–8 March 2014
|[[Sopot]]
|
|-
|6293
|{{ISL}}
|[[Jón Arnar Magnússon]]
|6–7 March 1999
|[[Maebashi]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|6259
|rowspan=2|{{BEL}}
|[[Thomas van der Plaetsen]]
|7–8 March 2014
|[[Sopot]]
|
|-
|[[Jente Hauttekeete]]
|7–8 March 2025
|[[Omnisport Apeldoorn|Apeldoorn]]
|
|-
|6254
|{{UKR}}
|[[Oleksiy Kasyanov]]
|30–31 January 2010
|[[Zaporizhzhia]]
|
|-
|6249
|{{HUN}}
|[[Dezső Szabó (athlete)|Dezső Szabó]]
|28 February – 1 March 1998
|[[Valencia]]
|
|-
|6249
|{{ESP}}
|[[Jorge Ureña]]
|28–29 January 2017
|[[Prague]]
|
|-
|6229
|{{KAZ}}
|[[Dmitriy Karpov]]
|15–16 February 2008
|[[Tallinn]]
|
|-
|6188
|{{GBR2}}
|[[Tim Duckworth (decathlete)|Timothy Duckworth]]
|9–10 March 2018
|[[College Station, Texas|College Station]]
|
|-
|6142
|{{SWE}}
|[[Henrik Dagård]]
|11–12 March 1995
|[[Barcelona]]
|
|-
|6121
|{{ITA}}
|[[Dario Dester]]
|28 February – 1 March 2026
|[[Ancona]]
|
|-
|6099
|{{SRB}}
|[[Mihail Dudaš]]
|2–3 March 2013
|[[Gothenburg]]
|
|-
|6065
|{{AUT}}
|[[Roland Schwarzl]]
|20–21 February 2010
|[[Vienna]]
|
|-
|6036
|{{MNE}}
|[[Darko Pešić]]
|6–7 February 2021
|[[Belgrade]]
|
|-
|6035
|{{JAM}}
|[[Maurice Smith (decathlete)|Maurice Smith]]
|25–26 February 2005
|[[Fayetteville, Arkansas|Fayetteville]]
|
|-
|6032
|{{GRE}}
|[[Prodromos Korkizoglou]]
|11–12 February 2000
|[[Piraeus]]
|
|-
|6029
|{{GRN}}
|[[Lindon Victor]]
|18–19 March 2022
|[[Belgrade]]
|
|-
|6010
|{{BRA}}
|[[José Fernando Ferreira]]
|22–23 March 2025
|[[Nanjing]]
|
|}

== Men's heptathlon under-20 records ==
'''Key:'''
 
{{legend2|pink|''Unratified by [[World Athletics]]''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

✕ = Inadequate doping control

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; font-size: 95%;"
!scope="col"|Event
!scope="col"|Record
!scope="col"|{{abbr|N|Notes}}
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Nation
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Meet
!scope="col"|Place
!scope="col"|Age
!scope="col"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!rowspan=2|Heptathlon (Senior implements)
|style="background:pink; text-align: right;" |6022
|style="background:pink; text-align: right;" |✕
|style="background:pink; |[[Gunnar Nixon]]
|style="background:pink; |{{flagu|United States}}
|style="background:pink; |27–28 January 2012
|style="background:pink; |Razorback Invitational
|style="background:pink; |[[Fayetteville_AR|Fayetteville]]
|style="background:pink; |{{ayd|1993|1|13|2012|1|28}}
|style="background:pink; |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/ebooks/2018/WIC/publication/contents/pdfweb.pdf#page=244 |title=IAAF World Indoor Championships Birmingham 2018 Statistics Handbook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329112203/https://worldathletics.org/ebooks/2018/WIC/publication/contents/pdfweb.pdf#page=244 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |publisher=IAAF Athletics |website=World Athletics |date=21 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=9|( 7.10 - 7.53 - 13.97 - 2.15 / 8.21 - 4.50 - 2:40.15 )
|-
!rowspan=2|Heptathlon (U20 implements)
|align=right |6062
|
|[[Jente Hauttekeete|Jente Hauttekeete]]
|{{flagu|Belgium}}
|13–14 February 2021
|Mehrkampf - Siebenkampf U20
|[[Frankfurt]]
|{{ayd|2002|3|14|2021|2|14}}
|<ref name="Siebenkampf (Halle) Männliche Jugend U20 - Resultate Offiziell">{{cite web |url=https://ergebnisse.leichtathletik.de/Competitions/MultiResultList/236902/4220 |title=Siebenkampf (Halle) Männliche Jugend U20 - Resultate Offiziell |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214224356/https://ergebnisse.leichtathletik.de/Competitions/MultiResultList/236902/4220 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Deutcher Leichtathletik Verband}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=9|( 7.07 - 7.33 - 15.64 - 2.10 / 8.06 - 4.70 - 2:46.71 )
|-
|}

=== Men's heptathlon under-20 bests ===
(In completed heptathlons of more than 5200 points)

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col-9right col-8right col-5right" style="font-size:95%; width: 90%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Event
!scope="col"|Specification
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Nation
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Meet
!scope="col"|Place
!scope="col"|Age
!scope="col"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row"|60 m
|
|6.75
|973
|[[Ayden_Owens-Delerme|Ayden Owens]]
|{{flagu|Puerto Rico}}
|8 March 2019
|NCAA Division 1 Indoor Championships
|[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]
|{{Ayd|2000|5|28|2019|3|8}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf |title=All-time Indoor Heptathlon individual event lists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201230557/https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2024 |url-status=live |author=Yoshiaki Oikawa |website=DecaAmerica |date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Long jump
|
|7.96 m
|1050
|[[Eusebio Cáceres]]
|{{flagu|Spain}}
|6 March 2010
|Spanish Junior Indoor Championships
|[[San Sebastián]]
|{{Ayd|1991|9|10|2010|3|6}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf#page=4 |title=All-time Indoor Heptathlon individual event lists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201230557/https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf#page=4 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |url-status=live |author=Yoshiaki Oikawa |website=DecaAmerica |date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|Shot put
|6 kg
|16.51 m
|883
|[[Simon Pettersson]]
|{{flagu|Sweden}}
|10 March 2012
|Swedish Indoor Junior Combined Events Championships
|[[Gothenburg]]
|{{Ayd|1994|1|3|2012|3|10}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.friidrottsstatistik.se/resultsswe.php?CID=12962236&Season=2012 |title=Resultat: ISM-IJSM-IUSM Mångkamp, Göteborg/FH 10-11.3.12 Inne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201230841/https://www.friidrottsstatistik.se/resultsswe.php?CID=12962236&Season=2012 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Svensk Friidrotts resultat- och statistikdatabas |publisher=Friidrottsstatistik}}</ref>
|-
|7.26 kg
|15.06 m
|793
|[[Matas Adamonis]]
|{{flagu|Lithuania}}
|14 December 2017
|
|[[Šiauliai]]
|{{Ayd|1998|6|26|2017|12|14}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lengvoji.lt/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/20171214KDV.xls |title=7-kovė vyrai - Lithuanian LAF Cup Multi-Athletic Competition, Šiauliai, 2017 December 14-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008181236/http://lengvoji.lt/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/20171214KDV.xls |archive-date=8 October 2018 |url-status=live |date=16 December 2017 |website=Lithuanian Athletics Federation }}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|High jump
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|2.19 m
|rowspan=2|982
|[[Yaroslav Rybakov]]
|{{flagu|Russia}}
|13 February 1999
|Russian U20 Indoor Combined Events Championships
|[[Chelyabinsk]]
|{{Ayd|1980|11|22|1999|2|13}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf#page=9 |title=All-time Indoor Heptathlon individual event lists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201230557/https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf#page=9 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |url-status=live |author=Yoshiaki Oikawa |website=DecaAmerica |date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Andrei Krauchanka]]
|{{flagu|Belarus}}
|5 February 2005
|Reval Hotels Cup
|[[Tallinn]]
|{{Ayd|1986|1|4|2005|2|5}}
|<ref name="IAAF Top Lists - Heptathlon 2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout%3DI/ageGroup%3DN/season%3D2005/gender%3DM/discipline%3DHEP/legal%3DA/index.html |title=IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations - Top Lists - Heptathlon 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310041511/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=I/ageGroup=N/season=2005/gender=M/discipline=HEP/legal=A/index.html |archive-date=10 March 2005 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[IAAF]] }}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|First-day score
|U20 implements
|
|3476
|[[Jente Hauttekeete]]
|{{flagu|Belgium}}
|13 February 2021
|Mehrkampf - Siebenkampf U20
|[[Frankfurt]]
|{{Ayd|2002|3|14|2021|2|13}}
|<ref name="Siebenkampf (Halle) Männliche Jugend U20 - Resultate Offiziell" />
|-
|Senior implements
|
|3466
|[[Andrei Krauchanka]]
|{{flagu|Belarus}}
|5 February 2005
|Reval Hotels Cup
|[[Tallinn]]
|{{Ayd|1986|1|4|2005|2|5}}
|<ref name="IAAF Top Lists - Heptathlon 2005" />
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|60 m hurdles
|0.991 m
|7.68
|1064
|[[Maxime Moitie-Charnois|Maxime Moitie{{nbh}}Charnois]]
|{{flagu|France}}
|12 February 2023
|French U20 Indoor Combined Events Championships
|[[Val-de-Reuil]]
|{{Ayd|2004|4|15|2023|2|12}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bases.athle.fr/asp.net/liste.aspx?frmbase=resultats&frmmode=1&frmespace=0&frmcompetition=272854&frmepreuve=Heptathlon+Jh-salle+%2f+JUM |title=les Résultats des Compétitions - 11/02/23 - Championnats de France d'épreuves combinées/marche en salle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201231618/https://bases.athle.fr/asp.net/liste.aspx?frmbase=resultats&frmmode=1&frmespace=0&frmcompetition=272854&frmepreuve=Heptathlon+Jh-salle+%2F+JUM |archive-date=1 February 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=2 February 2024 |publisher=Fédération Française d'Athlétisme |website=Athlé}}</ref>
|-
|1.067 m
|7.84
|1022
|[[Ayden_Owens-Delerme|Ayden Owens]]
|{{flagu|Puerto Rico}}
|9 March 2019
|NCAA Division 1 Indoor Championships
|[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]
|{{Ayd|2000|5|28|2019|3|9}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf#page=12 |title=All-time Indoor Heptathlon individual event lists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201230557/https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf#page=12 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |url-status=live |author=Yoshiaki Oikawa |website=DecaAmerica |date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Pole vault
|
|5.55 m
|1083
|[[Oleksandr Korchmid]]
|{{flagu|Ukraine}}
|20 December 2001
|Ukraine Junior ME
|[[Brovary]]
|{{Ayd|1982|1|22|2001|12|20}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf#page=14 |title=All-time Indoor Heptathlon individual event lists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201230557/https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Indoor-Hepta-Individual-event-lists-230312.pdf#page=14 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |url-status=live |author=Yoshiaki Oikawa |website=DecaAmerica |date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|1000 m
|
|2:30.67
|980
|{{ill|Lukáš Souček|pl}}
|{{flagu|Czech Republic}}
|5 March 1994
|
|[[Prague]]
|{{Ayd|1975|7|10|1994|3|5}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atletika.cz/_sys_/FileStorage/download/17/16329/1994i.pdf#page=37 |title=Český Atletický Svaz Halová Ročenka 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121051548/https://www.atletika.cz/_sys_/FileStorage/download/17/16329/1994i.pdf#page=37 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |url-status=live |date=April 1994 |website=Český Atletický Svaz }}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|Second-day score
|U20 implements
|
|2713
|[[Maxime Moitie-Charnois]]
|{{flagu|France}}
|12 February 2023
|French U20 Indoor Combined Events Championships
|[[Val-de-Reuil]]
|{{Ayd|2004|4|15|2023|2|12}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bases.athle.fr/asp.net/athletes.aspx?base=resultats&seq=50494851455444554257485150495049&saison=2023 |title=les Résultats des Compétitions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201232254/https://bases.athle.fr/asp.net/athletes.aspx?base=resultats&seq=50494851455444554257485150495049&saison=2023 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=2 February 2024 |publisher=Fédération Française d'Athlétisme |website=Athlé}}</ref>
|-
|Senior implements
|
|2663
|[[André Niklaus]]
|{{flagu|Germany}}
|6 February 2000
|Frankfurt-Kalbach Int. ME Meeting
|Frankfurt-Kalbach
|{{Ayd|1981|8|30|2000|2|6}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout%3DI/ageGroup%3DN/season%3D2000/gender%3DM/discipline%3DHEP/legal%3DA/index.html |title=IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations - Top Lists - Heptathlon 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112031637/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=I/ageGroup=N/season=2000/gender=M/discipline=HEP/legal=A/index.html |archive-date=12 November 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[IAAF]] }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Sport of athletics}}
* [[Men's heptathlon world record progression]]
* [[Women's heptathlon world record progression]]
* [[Combined events at the Olympics]]

Other multiple event contests include:
;Summer sports
* [[Biathle]]
* [[Duathlon]]
* [[Triathlon]]
* [[Quadrathlon]]
* [[Pentathlon (athletics)]]
* [[Pentathlon]]
* [[Modern pentathlon]]
* [[Hexathlon]] (primarily a youth or junior event)
* [[Octathlon]] (primarily a youth or junior event although logistical problems have seen senior octathlons contested, for example at the [[2007 South Pacific Games]])
* [[Decathlon]]

;Winter sports
* [[Biathlon]]
* [[Nordic combined]]

;Other
* [[Chess-boxing]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120813031416/http://athletix.org/?page_id=60 National Records]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910115455/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringTables_CE_744.pdf IAAF combined events scoring tables and explanation]
* [https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=combined-events&d=heptathlon IAAF list of heptathlon records in XML]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071022023635/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout%3DO/ageGroup%3DN/season%3D0/gender%3DW/discipline%3DHEP/legal%3DA/index.html Heptathlon all-time list]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090901082725/http://koti.mbnet.fi/jvm/heptathlon.html Heptathlon points counter] {{in lang|fi}}

{{Athletics events}}
{{National records in athletics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Heptathlon]]
[[Category:Combined track and field events]]
[[Category:Events in track and field]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics]]
[[Category:Men's sport of athletics]]
[[Category:Women's sport of athletics]]

Googal (film)

2026-05-06T10:27:28Z

MickiAddy25: creating new entry first draft - done

{{Short description|2018 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{about|the film|village|Googal, Devadurga}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Googal
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| producer = V. Nagendra Prasad N.Sridhar L.Ashwathnaryan
| writer = V. Nagendra Prasad
| screenplay = V. Nagendra Prasad
| starring = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] [[Shubha Poonja]]
| music = V. Nagendra Prasad
| cinematography = Nagarjun
| editing = K.M.Prakash
| studio = Utsav Movies
| distributor = Mysore Talkies
| released = {{Film date|2018|2|16|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 128 min
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Googal''''' (or '''''Google''''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/nagendra-prasad-s-google-audio-launch-takes-place-bengaluru-69159|title=Nagendra Prasad's 'Google' audio launch takes place in Bengaluru|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=28 September 2017}}</ref> is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[family drama film]] directed by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] starring himself and [[Shubha Poonja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/Feb/13/upcoming-kannada-film-googal-is-dr-nagendra-prasads-one-man-show-1772903.html|title=Upcoming Kannada film 'Googal' is Dr Nagendra Prasad's one-man show|date=14 February 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film revolves around a husband and wife, and the wife's boyfriend. The film takes place in an ancient village named ''Googal'' in Raichur district. The film's music is by V. Nagendra Prasad.

==Cast==
*[[V. Nagendra Prasad]] as Harish
*[[Shubha Poonja]] as Nandini
*[[Shobaraj (actor)|Shobaraj]] as Baddi Babanna
*Deepak Ganesh as Balu
*Amrutha Rao
*Muni

==Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Dr Nagendra Prasad, as a producer, was clever to make this movie on a shoe-string budget. You can go on this journey with him but, if you are looking for answers, stick to Google".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Feb/16/googal-movie-review-interesting-search-but-throws-up-an-error-1774418.html|title='Googal' movie review: Interesting search, but throws up an error|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 February 2018|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Watch this film if you want to watch an emotional tale, this does promise different fare from the regular masala commercial films".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/googal/movie-review/62945999.cms|title=GOOGAL MOVIE REVIEW|date=16 February 2018|first=Sunayana|last=Suresh|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39988885}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Nagendra Prasad]]
[[Category:Kannada-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Aluva Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T09:51:11Z

MickiAddy25:

{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aluva
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 76
| map_image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Aluva New Bridge.jpg
| photo2a = Cochin International Airport Limited.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = white
| size = 200
}}
| map_caption = '''Top to Bottom''': [[Aluva]] New Bridge, [[Cochin International Airport]] at [[Nedumbassery]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,96,483 (2021)
| mla = [[Anwar Sadath]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
}}
'''Aluva State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Anwar Sadath]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Aluva Niyamasabha constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="ekm">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.
}}</ref>
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Aluva]]
| Municipality
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Chengamanad, Ernakulam district|Chengamanad]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Choornikkara]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Edathala]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Kanjoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Keezhmad]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Nedumbassery]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Sreemoolanagaram]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|[[T. O. Bava]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|T. O. Bava
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|[[M. K. A. Hameed]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|A. A. Kochunny
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|[[T. H. Musthafa|T. H. Mustafa]]
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| rowspan="6" |[[K. Mohammed Ali]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|A. M. Yousaf
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| rowspan="4" |[[Anwar Sadath]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|2026 - Current
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aluva}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anwar Sadath]]
|votes = 83899
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[A. M. Ariff]]
|votes = 54756
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = M. A. Brahmaraj
|votes = 18732
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Hakhikhath Hameed
|votes = 403
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = + 29143
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,82,360 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aluva}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anwar Sadath]]
|votes = 73,703
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = Adv. Shelna Nishad
|votes = 54,817
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = M. N. Gopi
|votes = 15,893
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = V. A. Rasheed
|votes = 2,224
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Welfare Party of India
|candidate = K. M. Shefrin
|votes = 1,713
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 939
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. V. Sarala
|votes = 569
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marxist Communist Party of India (United)
|candidate = Viswakala Thankappan
|votes = 342
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = A. G. Ajayan
|votes = 228
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 18,886
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49,489
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,76,505 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aluva}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Anwar Sadath]]|votes=69,568|percentage=47.30|change={{decrease}}2.94}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=V. Saleem|votes=50,733|percentage=34.56|change={{decrease}}5.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Latha Gangadharan|votes=19,349|percentage=13.18|change={{increase}}6.72}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Samad P. I.|votes=2,031|percentage=1.38|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Jose Mavely|votes=1,726|percentage=1.18|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Ajmal Ismail|votes=1,716|percentage=1.17|change={{decrease}}1.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=750|percentage=0.51|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Nazar Kodikuthumala|votes=480|percentage=0.33|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shamsudeen C. A.|votes=138|percentage=0.09|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Rejimon|votes=114|percentage=0.08|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=A. Brahamakumar|votes=114|percentage=0.08|change={{decrease}}0.03}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Khalid Mundappilly|votes=86|percentage=0.06|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=18,835|percentage=12.83|change={{increase}}2.50}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,46,805|percentage=83.17|change={{increase}}2.66}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}2.94}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,58,819 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aluva}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Anwar Sadath|votes=64,244|percentage=50.24|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=A. M. Youssaf|votes=51,030|percentage=39.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. N. Gopi|votes=8,264|percentage=6.46|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Roy Arackal|votes=1,684|percentage=1.32|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M .M .Yoosaf Mundakkal|votes=829|percentage=0.65|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anwar Sadath Panackaparambil|votes=547|percentage=0.43|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=K. Y. Kunjumon|votes=479|percentage=0.37|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Abdul Azeez|votes=473|percentage=0.37|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anthony Joseph Manjooran|votes=182|percentage=0.14|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K. K .Sobha|votes=138|percentage=0.11|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=13,214|percentage=10.33|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,870|percentage=80.51|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Aluva]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coords|10.10|76.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Aluva]]

Garhwal kingdom

2026-05-06T04:58:05Z

MickiAddy25: creating new details w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Monarchy in Himalaya (823–1949)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Original research|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Garhwal
| common_name = Garhwal
| status = * [[Sovereign state]] (823-1654)
* Tributary of the [[Mughal Empire]] (1655 onwards)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gommans |first1=Jos |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415239899 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA3YVOt9QZUC&dq=garhwal+mughals+tribute&pg=PA35}}</ref>
* [[Governorate]] (Kingdom of Nepal) (1804 - 1816)
* [[Indian princely state]] (1816 - 1949)
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 = [[Kanak Pal]] {{small|(''first'')}}
| leader2 = [[Fateh Shah]]
| leader3 = [[Manabendra Shah]] {{small|(''last'')}}
| year_leader1 = '''823'''
| year_leader2 = '''1684–1716''' (peak)
| year_leader3 = '''1946–1949'''
| title_leader = [[Maharaja]]
| event_start = Established
| year_start = '''823'''
| event_end = [[Instrument of Accession|Acceded to India]] and [[Political integration of India|joined the Union of India]]
| date_end =
| year_end = '''1949'''
| event1 = [[Gurkha|Conquered by the Gorkhas]] and [[Kingdom of Nepal|merged with the Kingdom of Nepal]]
| date_event1 = '''1804'''
| event2 = Restored as a [[Princely state]] of [[British Raj|British India]] following the [[Treaty of Sugauli]]
| date_event2 = '''1816'''
| event3 =
| date_event3 =
| p1 = Kuninda kingdom
| flag_p1 =
| p2 = Katyuri dynasty
| s1 = Dominion of India
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| native_name = गढ़वाल राज्य [[Garhwali language|(Garhwali)]]
| image_flag = Flag of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal.svg
| image_coat =
| coat_alt =
| symbol =
| image_map = Tehri Garhwal zoomed in.jpg
| image_map_caption = Tehri Garhwal State in [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
| capital = * Chandpur Garhi {{small|(888–1512 CE)}}
* [[Pauri|Devalgarh]] {{small|(1512–1517 CE)}}
* [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] {{small|(1517–1804 CE)}}
* [[Tehri]] {{small|(1816–1862 CE)}}
* Pratapnagar {{small|(1862–1890 CE)}}
* [[Kirtinagar]] {{small|(1890–1925 CE)}}
* [[Narendranagar]] {{small|(1925–1947 CE)}}
| national_anthem =
| common_languages = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| demonym = Garhwali
| legislature =
| today = [[Garhwal division]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
{{Princely states topics}}

The '''Kingdom of Garhwal''' was a princely state under British paramountcy in the current north-western [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] state of [[Uttarakhand]], India, founded in 823 CE by [[Kanak Pal]] the progenitor of the Panwar dynasty that ruled over the kingdom uninterrupted until 1803 CE.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=International Cyclopaedia: A Library of Universal Knowledge, Volume 6|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|year=1885|pages=451}}</ref>

The princely state was divided into two parts during the [[British Raj]], namely: the [[princely state]] ''of Garhwal'' and the ''Garhwal District'' of [[British India]]. The princely state of Garhwal consisted of the present-day [[Tehri Garhwal district]] and most of the [[Uttarkashi district]]. This former state acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in August 1949 CE.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==History==

===Ancient===
[[File:Mighty Garhwal Himalaya Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|Garhwal Himalaya]]

The royal dynasty of Garhwal started with [[Kanak Pal]]. Garhwal Kingdom was founded in 823 AD,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Kingdom that Mughals could never win |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/kingdom-that-mughals-could-never-win/199323.html |date=22 February 2016 |access-date=29 January 2018 |work=The Tribune |archive-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091453/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/kingdom-that-mughals-could-never-win/199323.html |url-status=live}}</ref> when Kanak Pal, the prince of [[Malwa]] (present day [[Madhya Pradesh]]), on his visit to the [[Badrinath Temple]], met Raja Bhanu Pratap, the ruler of Chandpur Garhi, one of the 52 Garhs of Garhwal. Raja Bhanu Pratap had no sons. The King married his only daughter to the prince and subsequently handed over his kingdom, the fortress town. Kanak Pal and his descendants of Panwar dynasty, gradually conquered all the independent fortresses (Garhs) belonging to its 52 small chieftains, and ruled the whole of Garhwal Kingdom for the next 916 years, up to 1804 AD.<ref>[http://tehri.nic.in/pages/display/53-history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703145339/http://tehri.nic.in/pages/display/53-history|date=3 July 2014}} ''[[Tehri Garhwal]]'' official website.</ref>

===Medieval===
In 1358, the 37th ruler, Ajay Pal, brought all the minor principalities for the Garhwal region, under his own rule, and founded the Garhwal Kingdom, with Devalgarh as its capital, which he later shifted to [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]].<ref>[http://uttarkashi.nic.in/Public/history.htm History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410080921/http://uttarkashi.nic.in/Public/history.htm |date=10 April 2009 }} ''[[Uttarkashi district]]'' website.</ref> Balbhadra Shah (r. 1575–1591), was the first Raja of Garhwal to use the title Shah. The capital was shifted to [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] by Mahipat Shah who ascended to the throne in 1622, and further consolidated his rule over most parts of Garhwal, though he died early in 1631, though his seven-year-old son, Prithvi Shah ascended to the throne after him, the Kingdom was ruled by Mahipat Shah's wife, [[Rani Karnavati of Garhwal|Rani Karnavati]] for many years to come, during which she successfully defended the kingdom against invaders and repelled an attack of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army led by Najabat Khan in 1640, and in time received the nickname of 'Nakti Rani' as she used to chop off the noses of any invader to the kingdom, as the Mughal invaders of the period realised.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC&dq=Rani+Karnavati&pg=PA44 Karnavati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529114352/https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Rani+Karnavati&source=web&ots=Yaa7g9fWt8&sig=hlqlJLSaZ4qSWLuFV-vZxTEH6rk&hl=en&ei=fz2eSfKVAZLSkAWNltDZCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result |date=29 May 2016 }} ''Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective'', by Ajay S. Rawat. Published by Indus Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|81-7387-136-1}}. ''Page 43-44''.</ref>

The next important ruler was [[Fateh Shah]], remained the King of Garhwal from 1684 to 1716, and is most known for taking part in the [[Battle of Bhangani]] on 18 September 1688, where combined forces of many Rajas of the [[Shivalik Hills]] (Pahari rajas) fought with 10th [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]] [[Gobind Singh]]'s army. During his reign, Sikh Guru and the ex-communicated eldest son of [[Har Rai]], [[Har Rai#Ram Rai|Ram Rai]] settled here, upon recommendations of [[Aurangzeb]], which eventually led to the establishment of modern town of [[Dehradun]]. Fateh Shah died in 1716, and his son Upendra Shah died within a year of ascending to the throne in 1717, subsequently Pradip Shah ascended and his rule led to rising fortunes of the Kingdom, this in turn attracted invaders, like [[Najib-ud-daula]] Governor of [[Saharanpur]], who invaded in 1757 along with his [[Rohilla]] Army and captured Dehradun.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} However, in 1770, the Garhwali forces defeated the Rohillas and retrieved possession of the [[Doon valley|Dun region]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rawat|first=Ajay S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC&dq=ajay+s+rawat+garhwal+himalayas+rohillas&pg=PA57|title=Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective|date=November 2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-136-8|language=en|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531084701/https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC&dq=ajay+s+rawat+garhwal+himalayas+rohillas&pg=PA57|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pande, Badri Datt|title=History of Kumaon (English version of "Kumaon Ka Itihas").|date=1993|publisher=Shyam Prakashan|isbn=81-900209-4-3|oclc=833063116}}</ref>

In 1791 Gorkha forces of the Kingdom of Nepal, invaded Kumaon and took control of most of the hill country, expelling or subduing most of the rajas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mittal|first=Arun K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kAOImX9PfwC&q=gorkhas+conquer+kumaon|title=British Administration in Kumaon Himalayas: A Historical Study, 1815–1947|date=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|language=en|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531084702/https://books.google.com/books?id=4kAOImX9PfwC&q=gorkhas+conquer+kumaon|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Twelve-year Gorkha occupation (Gorkhyani) ===
{{anchor | Gorkhyani}}

The Garhwal kings went into exile in British territory as the Gorkhas began their twelve-year rule over Garhwal region.

The [[Gorkha kingdom|Gorkhas]] ruled Garhwal with an iron fist. Their excessive taxation policy, iniquitous judicial system, slavery, torture and lack of civilised administrative set up made the Gorkha rulers extremely unpopular amongst their subjects. Cultivation declined rapidly and villages were deserted. During the Gorkha rule, a revenue settlement for Garhwal was undertaken in 1811. The rates were so high that the land-owners found it difficult to honour, and the Gorkhas sold hundreds of their family members into slavery in satisfaction of the arrears.<ref>{{Cite book|title=British Kumaun-Garhwal, Vol. I|pages=5}}</ref> If a person or his family members were not purchased as slaves in auction, such people were sent to Bhimgoda near [[Har Ki Pauri]], [[Haridwar]] for selling. The Gorkhas are said to have established a slave market at Das Bazar in [[Haridwar]]. Harak Dev Joshi, a prominent minister from the Kumaon court wrote letters to Fraser, the resident at Delhi describing the atrocities committed by the Gorkhas on the Garhwali people. British writer and explorer Captain F.V. Raper (of the 10th Bengal) has written an eye-witness account of it in the Asiatic Researches (vol. xi.):<ref>{{Cite book|title=Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal)|last=Oakley|first=E. Sherman|publisher=Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier|year=1905}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=At the foot of the pass leading from [[Har Ki Pauri]] is a Gurkhali 'chauki' or post, to which slaves are brought down from the hills and exposed for sale. Many hundreds of these poor wretches, of both sexes, from three to thirty years of age, are annually disposed of in the way of traffic. These slaves are brought down from all parts of the interior of the hills, and sold at Haridwar at from 10 to 150 rupees.|sign=F. V. Raper|source=}}

[[Scotland|Scottish]] travel writer and artist, [[James Baillie Fraser|J. B. Fraser]] wrote:

{{Blockquote|text=The Gorkhas ruled Garhwal with a rod of iron and the country fell into a lamentable decay. Its villages became deserted, its agriculture ruined and its population decreased beyond computation. It is said that two lakhs, (200,000) of people were sold as slaves, while few families of consequence remained in the country; but, to avoid the severity of the tyranny, they either went into banishment or were cut off or forcibly driven away by their tyrant.|sign=J. B. Fraser|source=British Garhwal – A Gazetteer – Volume XXXVI}}

The [[Mukhtiyar]] (prime minister) of Nepal, [[Bhimsen Thapa]] imposed a general restriction on [[human trafficking]] in [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]] and other areas in 1812 A.D.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=33}} Anti-bribery regulations were issued against regional governors and declared it illegal to give or take any form of bribes or gifts from people.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=182}} He established Hulak ([[Mail|postal]]) system through a relay of porters up to [[Yamuna river]] in [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]]. Regulations issued in July 1809 states:
{{Blockquote|In areas west of Bheri river and east of [[Yamuna River|Jamuna river]], make an estimate of the amount required for payment to Hulaki porters employed for the transport of mail on the basis of sum sanctioned in the previous order and the sum required according to arrangements made this year for different areas and submit a report accordingly.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=31}}}} The royal court sent the following orders regarding abolition of slave trading: {{Blockquote|Let not there be injustice in any matter. We had sent orders previously also banning the sale of the children of the subjects, but it seems that the practice has not been abandoned. You are, therefore, ordered to maintain checkposts and do whatever is necessary to put an end to the practice. Any person who is caught while trafficking in human beings shall be punished according to the previous order.|source=Royal orders to ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Bhakti Thapa]], ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Chandrabir Kunwar]] and ''Subba'' Shrestha Thapa on Baisakh Sudi 3, 1866 [[Vikram Samvat|V.S.]]{{sfn|Regmi|1987|p=159}}}}

===Defeat of the Gorkhas and split of Garhwal Kingdom ===
The occupation of the kingdom by the [[Gurkhas|Gorkhas]] went unopposed from 1803 to 1814 until a series of encroachments by the Gorkhas on British territory led to the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] in 1814. Sudarshan Shah, son and heir of the defeated ruler of the Kingdom of Garhwal who was in exile in British territory, saw his chance and entered into an alliance with the British in 1812. When the expected war erupted, he joined forces with them in the conquest of the hill territories. At the war's end on 21 April 1815, as a result of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], the British annexed half of the Kingdom of Garhwal ([[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]) and converted the other half ([[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]) into a subsidiary princely state.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare|last=Bose|first=Saikat|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|date=June 2015}}</ref>

==== Formation of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal ====
[[File:Royal Palace of Narendra Nagar, Uttarakhand WTK20150913-DSC00029.jpg|thumb|Royal Palace at Narendra Nagar]]
Sudarshan Shah, the heir to the Kingdom of Garhwal received approximately half his ancestral territories, limited to western Garhwal region and received recognition as Raja of a new [[princely state]] of Garhwal.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The British established their rule over the eastern half of the Garhwal region, which lies east of [[Alaknanda]] and [[Mandakini river]], which was later on known as '''British Garhwal''' and [[Dehradun]], along with [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], which was merged with [[British India]] as a result of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]]. The former [[Kumaon Kingdom]] was joined with the eastern half of the Garhwal region and was governed as a chief-commissionership, also known as the [[Kumaon Province]], on the [[Non-regulation province|non-regulation system]].<ref>Robert Montgomery Martin, ''History of the Possessions of the Honourable East India Company,'' Volume 1, pg. 107</ref>

Since the capital [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] was now part of the British Garhwal, a new capital was established at [[Tehri]], giving the name of [[Tehri]] state<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tehri|volume=26|page=507}}</ref> (popularly known as Tehri Garhwal).<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/50cities/tehri/english/profile_history.asp Tehri – History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923171722/http://210.212.78.56/50cities/tehri/english/profile_history.asp |date=23 September 2008 }} ''[[New Tehri]]'' Official website.</ref>

Sudarshan Shah died in 1859, and was succeeded by Bhawani Shah, who in turn was succeeded by Pratap Shah in 1872.<ref name=garh>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Garhwal|volume=11|page=466}}</ref> The kingdom had an area of {{convert|4180|sqmi|km2}}, and a population of 268,885 in 1901. The ruler was given the title of Raja, but after 1913, he was honoured with the title of [[Maharaja]]. The King was entitled to an 11 gun [[Salute state|salute]] and had a [[privy purse]] of 300,000 Rupees. In 1919, Maharaja Narendra Shah shifted the capital from [[Tehri]] to a new town, which was named after him, [[Narendranagar]].<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/50cities/narendranagar/english/profile_history.asp History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204025641/http://210.212.78.56/50cities/narendranagar/english/profile_history.asp |date=4 December 2008 }} ''[[Narendranagar]]''</ref>

===India's independence===
During the [[Quit India Movement]] people from this region actively worked for the independence of India. Ultimately, when the country was declared independent in 1947, the inhabitants of Tehri Riyasat (Garhwal State) started their movement to free themselves from the clutches of the Maharaja Narendra Shah (Panwar).

Due to this movement, the situation became out of his control and it was difficult for him to rule over the region. Consequently, the 60th king of Panwar dynasty, [[Manabendra Shah]], the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of the Garhwal Kingdom (1946–1949), accepted the sovereignty of the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]]. Tehri Riyasat was merged into the [[Garhwal District]] of [[United Provinces (India)|United Provinces]] (later renamed to [[Uttar Pradesh]]) and was given the status of a new district, the [[Tehri Garhwal district]]. Subsequently, on 24 February 1960, the state government separated one of its [[tehsil]]s which was given the status of a separate district named [[Uttarkashi]]. It is currently part of the [[Garhwal Division]] of the [[Uttarakhand]] state of India which was carved out of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 2000. Former royal palace of the Maharaja of Tehri Garhwal at [[Narendranagar]], now houses the [[Ananda in the Himalayas]] spa, established 2000.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E4DB133AF933A05754C0A9669C8B63 Himalayan Spa for Sybarites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531084702/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/30/travel/himalayan-spa-for-sybarites.html |date=31 May 2022 }} By CELIA W. DUGGER. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 30 July 2000.</ref>

== Flag of Garhwal ==
The flag of Garhwal was known as '''Badrinathji Ki Pataka''' or '''Garuda Dhwaj'''. It was in use since pre-1803 as a symbol of Garhwal State; and continued to be used from 1803 to 1949 as the symbol of princely state of Garhwal, (a.k.a. Tehri Garhwal / Garhwal Raj). After 1949, this flag is the symbol of Royal family and Lord Badrinath. The colour scheme is two equal stripes of white (top) and green (bottom) horizontally placed and the symbol used was [[Garuda]] (the celestial vehicle of Lord [[Vishnu]]). White stands for purity, peace, tranquillity with snow as an additional meaning for Himalayan state. Green stands for agriculture, greenery, prosperity and progress. According to Filcher11 (1984), the colours represent the snow of the Himalaya and the forests of the state. In the centre the crest of the coat of arms is placed – an eagle with expanded wings (Garuda) is the vehicle of Lord Badrinath / Vishnu with emphasis on Garhwal being God's own abode.

"As Garuda is where Lord Vishnu is, it celebrates association of Garhwal with Lord Vishnu. As Lord Himself has a role sustaining the world, the state of Garhwal is sustained by support of God. It is in a pose with expanded wings which shows readiness and preparation to soar high. Thus it gives a meaning of divinity, majesty and ambitious preparedness with readiness to embark on great undertakings."

This verse was used with special fervour in Garhwal due to the Flag being Garuda Dhwaj. The verse was used by ruler of princely state himself while bidding farewell to state forces.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://himotsav.co.in/himotsav/tup.html|title=Himotsav {{!}} Uniting Culture|last=Bansal|first=Avinash Kumar Singh {{!}} Aadhar|website=himotsav.co.in|language=en|access-date=5 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511231532/http://himotsav.co.in/himotsav/tup.html|archive-date=11 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Rulers of Garhwal ==
According to Atkinson, there are four chronological lists of the Parmar rulers of Garhwal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |title=Garhwal Himalaya: A Study in Historical Perspective |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |year=2002 |isbn=9788173871368 |pages=22}}</ref>

[[Mola Ram]] the 18th century painter, poet, historian and diplomat of Garhwal wrote the historical work ''Garhrajvansh Ka Itihas'' (History of the Garhwal royal dynasty) which is the only source of information about several Garhwal rulers.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Rulers of Garhwal – [[Panwar|Panwar Dynasty]] Rulers
!No.
!Name
!Reign
!Portrait
!No.
!Name
!Reign
!Portrait
!No.
!Name
!Portrait
!Reign
|-
|1
|[[Kanak Pal]]
|688–699
|
|21
|Vikram Pal
|1116–1131
|
|41
|Vijay Pal
|
|1426–1437
|-
|2
|Shyam Pal
|699–725
|
|22
|Vichitra Pal
|1131–1140
|
|42
|Sahaj Pal
|
|1437–1473
|-
|3
|Pandu Pal
|725–756
|
|23
|Hans Pal
|1141–1152
|
|43
|Bahadur Shah
|
|1473–1498
|-
|4
|Abhijat Pal
|756–780
|
|24
|Som Pal
|1152–1159
|
|44
|Man Shah
|
|1498–1518
|-
|5
|Saugat Pal
|781–800
|
|25
|Kadil Pal
|1159–1164
|
|45
|Shyam Shah
|
|1518–1527
|-
|6
|Ratna Pal
|800–850
|
|26
|Kamadev Pal
|1172–1179
|
|46
|Mahipat Shah
|
|1527–1552
|-
|7
|Shali Pal
|850–857
|
|27
|Sulakshan Dev
|1179–1197
|
|47
|Prithvi Shah
|
|1552–1614
|-
|8
|Vidhi Pal
|858–877
|
|28
|Lakhan Dev
|1197–1220
|
|48
|Medini Shah
|
|1614–1660
|-
|9
|Madan Pal
|887–895
|
|29
|Anand Pal II
|1220–1241
|
|49
|[[Fateh Shah]]
|[[File:Equestrian painting of Raja Fateh Shah of Garhwal State, by Mangat Ram, Garhwal, ca.1700.jpg|233x233px]]
|1660–1708
|-
|10
|Bhakti Pal
|895–919
|
|30
|Purva Dev
|1241–1260
|
|50
|Upendra Shah
|
|1708–1709
|-
|11
|Jayachand Pal
|920–948
|
|31
|Abhay Dev
|1260–1267
|
|51
|Pradip Shah
|[[File:Painting of Raja Pradip Shah of Garhwal State, by Mola Ram, Garhwal, ca.1760.jpg|246x246px]]
|1709–1772
|-
|12
|Prithvi Pal
|949–971
|
|32
|Jayaram Dev
|1267–1290
|
|52
|Lalit Shah
|[[File:Painting of a Garhwal State raja, possibly Raja Lalit Shah, being entertained by dancing-girls, Garhwal, ca.1775.jpg|150x150px]]
|1772–1780
|-
|13
|Medinisen Pal
|973–995
|
|33
|Asal Dev
|1290–1299
|
|53
|Jayakrit Shah
|[[File:Painting of Raja Jayakrit Shah of Garhwal State on elephant, by Mola Ram, Garhwal, ca.1780.jpg|238x238px]]
|1780–1786
|-
|14
|Agasti Pal
|995–1014
|
|34
|Jagat Pal
|1299–1311
|
|54
|[[Pradyumna Shah]]
|[[File:Detail of Raja Pradyumna Shah, from a painting of Raja Pradyumna Shah of Garhwal State seated with his younger brother, Parakram, Garhwal, ca.1785 (cropped).jpg|175x175px]]
|1786–1804
|-
|15
|Surati Pal
|1015–1036
|
|35
|Jit Pal
|1311–1330
|
|55
|[[Sudarshan Shah]]
|
|1815–1859
|-
|16
|Jay Pal
|1037–1055
|
|36
|Anant Pal II
|1330–1358
|
|56
|Bhawani Shah
|
|1859–1871
|-
|17
|Anant Pal I
|1056–1072
|
|37
|Ajay Pal
|1358–1389
|
|57
|Pratap Shah
|
|1871–1886
|-
|18
|Anand Pal I
|1072–1083
|
|38
|Kalyan Shah
|1389–1398
|
|58
|Kirti Shah
|
|1886–1913
|-
|19
|Vibhog Pal
|1084–1101
|
|39
|Sundar Pal
|1398–1413
|
|59
|Narendra Shah
|
|1913–1946
|-
|20
|Suvayanu Pal
|1102–1115
|
|40
|Hansadev Pal
|1413–1426
|
|60
|[[Manabendra Shah]]
|
|1946–1949
|}

==52 Garh of Garhwal==
The term Garh means fort in Hindi.<ref name="DobhalHillAreas">{{cite book |last1=Dobhal |first1=Girdhari Lal |title=Development of the Hill Areas: A Case Study of Pauri Garhwal District |date=2005 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-223-9 |pages=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gshfsxhitPYC&dq=52+garh+of+garhwal&pg=PA56 |language=en}}</ref> The region of Garhwal derives its name from the 52 forts (Garhs) that existed during medieval times. These forts were ruled by local chieftains, clans, and small principalities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vats |first1=Aditya |title=THE GARHWAL DIARIES |date=25 February 2023 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=189–192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCOwEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> In the 14th century, Raja Ajay Pal of the Parmar dynasty unified these scattered principalities into a single kingdom, thus forming the Garhwal Kingdom.<ref name="RawatHistory">{{cite book |last1=Rawat |first1=Ajay Singh |title=History of Garhwal, 1358-1947: An Erstwhile Kingdom in the Himalayas |date=1989 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-85182-18-6 |pages=36–37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYVuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rawat |first1=Ajay Singh |title=Garhwal Himalaya: A Study in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-136-8 |pages=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Ruins of Chandpuri Garhi.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Chandpur Garhi]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+52 Garhs of Garhwal<ref>https://himalayandreamtreks.in/blog/what-were-all-the-52-garh-of-garhwal/</ref><ref>https://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/garhwal.php</ref>
! No.
! Garh Name (English)
! Garh Name (Hindi)
! Details
|-
| 1 || Nagpur Garh || नागपुर गढ़ || It was in Jaunpur Pargana. A temple of Nagdevta is located here. The last king was Bhajan Singh.
|-
| 2 || Kolli Garh || कोल्ली गढ़ || The Bachhawan Bisht people lived here.
|-
| 3 || Ravaan Garh || रवाण गढ़ || Located on the Badrinath route; Ravani people were in majority here.
|-
| 4 || Phalyan Garh || फल्याण गढ़ || Situated in Phaldkot; it was the fort of Brahmins of Phalyan caste.
|-
| 5 || Vagar Garh || वागर गढ़ || It was the fort of Nagvanshi Rana caste, it is known that the Ghirwan Khasia caste once also held control over it.
|-
| 6 || Kuili Garh || कुइली गढ़ || This was the fort of Sajwan caste.
|-
| 7 || Bharpur Garh || भरपूर गढ़ || Also a fort of Sajwan caste.
|-
| 8 || Kujni Garh || कुजणी गढ़ || This fort was associated with the Sajwan caste. The last Thokdar (wholesaler) here was Sultan Singh.
|-
| 9 || Sil Garh || सिल गढ़ || This fort was a stronghold of the Sajwan caste, and its last king was Saval Singh.
|-
| 10 || Mungra Garh || मुंगरा गढ़ || This fort, located in Rawai, belonged to the Rawat caste.
|-
| 11 || Raika Garh || रैका गढ़ || This was the stronghold of the Ramola caste.
|-
| 12 || Molya Garh || मोल्या गढ़ || This fort was situated in Ramoli and belonged to the Ramola caste.
|-
| 13 || Upu Garh || उपु गढ़ || This fort belonged to the Chauhan caste.
|-
| 14 || Nala Garh (Nalapani/Nalagari) || नाला गढ़ || Located in Dehradun district, this fort was originally known as Nalapani, later called Nalagari. It is associated with the Anglo-Gurkha War (Battle of Khalanga, 1814).
|-
| 15 || Sankari Garh || सांकरी गढ़ || Situated in Rawai; belonged to Rana caste.
|-
| 16 || Rami Garh || रामी गढ़ || Belonged to Rawat caste; related to Shimla region and served as their stronghold.
|-
| 17 || Biralta Garh || बिराल्टा गढ़ || Stronghold of Rawat caste; last chief was Bhup Singh; located in Jaunpur.
|-
| 18 || Chandpur Garh || चांदपुर गढ़ || Stronghold of Suryavanshi King Bhanu Pratap in Taili Chandpur; later taken by King Kanakpal of Panwar dynasty.
|-
| 19 || Chaunda Garh || चौंडा गढ़ || Stronghold of Chaundal caste in Sheeli Chandpur.
|-
| 20 || Top Garh || तोप गढ़ || Belonged to Topal caste; Tulsingh made a cannon here, giving the fort its name.
|-
| 21 || Rani Garh || राणी गढ़ || Stronghold of Khasi caste in Ranigarh belt; established by a queen.
|-
| 22 || Shriguru Garh || श्रीगुरु गढ़ || Located in Salan; belonged to Padiyar caste (now Parihar); last king was Vinod Singh.
|-
| 23 || Badhan Garh || बधाण गढ़ || People of Badhani caste lived here; situated above Pindar River.
|-
| 24 || Lohbagh Garh || लोहबा गढ़ || Fort of Negi (Lohbal Negi) caste; Dilevar Singh and Pramod Singh were known for bravery.
|-
| 25 || Dasholi Garh || दशोली गढ़ || Made famous by King Manwar.
|-
| 26 || Kandara Garh || कंडारा गढ़ || Stronghold of Kandari caste in Nagpur Pargana; last king Narveer Singh was defeated and drowned in Mandakini River.
|-
| 27 || Dhaun Garh || धौना गढ़ || Stronghold of Dhaunyal caste in Idwalsu belt; Kunjani lies above Brahmapuri.
|-
| 28 || Ratan Garh || रतन गढ़ || Inhabited by people of Dhamada caste.
|-
| 29 || Erasu Garh || एरासू गढ़ || Located above Srinagar.
|-
| 30 || Idia Garh || इडिया गढ़ || Stronghold of Idia caste in Rawai Barkot; destroyed by chief Roopchand.
|-
| 31 || Langur Garh || लंगूर गढ़ || Its remains are still found in Langurpatti.
|-
| 32 || Bagh Garh || बाग गढ़ || Stronghold of Baguni Negi caste in Ganga Salan; Negi caste also called Bagani.
|-
| 33 || Gharkot Garh || गढ़कोट गढ़ || Also known as Bagadwal; belonged to Bisht caste.
|-
| 34 || Gartang Garh || गढ़तांग गढ़ || Stronghold of Bhotiya caste.
|-
| 35 || Vangarh Garh || वनगढ़ गढ़ || Situated in Bangarh, south of Lakhananda.
|-
| 36 || Bhardar Garh || भरदार गढ़ || Located near Vanagadh.
|-
| 37 || Chaundkot Garh || चौंदकोट गढ़ || Famous fort of Pauri; remains visible above Chaubattakhal; people known for intelligence.
|-
| 38 || Nayal Garh || नयाल गढ़ || Situated in Katulsyun; stronghold of Nayal caste; last chief was Bhaggiu.
|-
| 39 || Ajmir Garh || अजमीर गढ़ || Belonged to Payal caste.
|-
| 40 || Kanda Garh || कांडा गढ़ || Stronghold of Rawat caste.
|-
| 41 || Savligarh || सावली गढ़ || Located in a strong fortified place (cot).
|-
| 42 || Badalpur Garh || बदलपुर गढ़ || Located in Badalpur of Pauri district.
|-
| 43 || Sangela Garh || सांगेला गढ़ || Bisht caste lived here; located in Nail Chami.
|-
| 44 || Gujaru Garh || गुजडू गढ़ || Situated in Gujru Pargana.
|-
| 45 || Jaunta Garh || जौंट गढ़ || Located in Jaunpur Pargana.
|-
| 46 || Dewalgarh || देवल गढ़ || Located in Devalgarh Pargana; built by King Devalraja.
|-
| 47 || Lodgarh || लोड गढ़ || Belonged to Lodi caste.
|-
| 48 || Jaunpur Garh || जौनपुर गढ़ || Situated on the left bank of Yamuna near Aglar–Yamuna confluence.
|-
| 49 || Champa Garh || चम्पा गढ़ || Located in Devalgarh Pargana.
|-
| 50 || Dodrakanra Garh || डोडराकांरा गढ़ || Located in Devalgarh Pargana; inhabited by Rana caste.
|-
| 51 || Bhuvana Garh || भुवना गढ़ || Situated in Devalgarh Pargana.
|-
| 52 || Lodan Garh || लोदन गढ़ || Located in Devalgarh Pargana.
|}

== Accession to India ==
{{Main|Manabendra Shah}}
Manabendra Shah was the last Maharaja of Tehri Garhwal before the princely state joined the newly independent India in 1947. He succeeded to the throne when his father Narendra Shah abdicated throne (on health grounds) on 26 May 1946. Manabendra Shah known as 'Bolanda Badri' (living incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]]) was the 60th guardian of the [[Badrinath Temple|temple of Badrinath]] in [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]]. After serving on the [[Burma campaign|Burma Front]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]] and retiring as a Lieutenant Colonel from the [[British Indian Army]], Manabendra Shah ruled the 4,800-square mile only Tehri Garhwal State from 1946 until 1949, but was proud of having been one of the first to sign the [[Instrument of Accession]], which he had helped to negotiate, with the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1549372/Manvendra-Shah.html|title=Manvendra Shah|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 April 2007|access-date=25 July 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725134448/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1549372/Manvendra-Shah.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Independence Day (India)|independence of India]], he was a long-serving member of the [[Parliament of India]], first as an [[Indian National Congress]] [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] and later as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] MP. He represented [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal constituency]] eight times in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/maharaja-s-son-stakes-claim-to-tehri/21084/|title=Maharaja's son stakes claim to Tehri|work=The Indian Express|language=en-gb|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531084704/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/maharaja-s-son-stakes-claim-to-tehri/21084/|url-status=live}}</ref> Manabendra Shah also served as Indian ambassador to [[Ireland]] from 1980 to 1983.<ref name=":2" />

His son Manujendra Shah campaigned unsuccessfully to succeed to his father's [[Lok Sabha]] seat representing the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 2007. Manujendra Shah's wife, [[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]], is the current BJP MP from Tehri Garhwal. In 2017, she and her husband, Manujendra Shah, passed on the royal baton to their daughter, Kshirja Kumari Devi in a ceremony on [[Vasant Panchami]] at the [[Ananda in the Himalayas|Ananda Palace]] in [[Narendranagar]] to anoint her as heir to the titular royal legacy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-up-elections-2017-tehri-maharani-fights-tradition-in-politics-aristocracy-2320991|title=UP Elections 2017: Tehri maharani fights tradition in politics, aristocracy|date=13 February 2017|work=dna|access-date=25 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153247/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-up-elections-2017-tehri-maharani-fights-tradition-in-politics-aristocracy-2320991|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Garhwali language]]
*[[Garhwali people]]
*[[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]
*[[List of Rajput dynasties]]
*[[Tehri Garhwal House]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
* ''The History of a Himalayan princely state: Change, conflicts, and awakening : an interpretative history of Princely State of Tehri Garhwal, U.P., A.D. 1815 to 1949 A.D.'', by Atul Saklani. Delhi : Durga Publications, 1987.
*{{citation | last = Pradhan | first = Kumar L. | title = Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2012 | isbn = 9788180698132 | location = New Delhi | pages = 278 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC&q=the+assassination+of+rana+bahadur+shah }}
*{{Citation |last= Regmi |first=Mahesh Chandra |title= Regmi Research Series |volume=19 |year=1987|publisher=Regmi Research Centre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2NDAAAAYAAJ&q=chandra+bir+kunwar}}

==Further reading==
* ''Tehri Garhwal State Constitution: As Enacted by H.H. Maharaja Manabendra Shah Under the Rajagyan Dated 27 May 1946'', by Tehri Garhwal (Princely State). Published by Mafasilite Print. Works, 1946.

==External links==
* [http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/t/tehrigarhwal.html Genealogy of Tehri Garhwal (princely state)]
* [http://www.bedupako.com/ Garhwali songs and Uttarakhand folk songs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215050139/http://www.bedupako.com/ |date=15 February 2015 }}
* An illustration of a grass rope bridge at Tehri, together with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA94|section=picture|year=1831|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP98|section=poetical illustration|page=25|year=1831|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>
* A painting entitled ''Jerdair, A hill village, Gurwall'' by [[David Cox (artist)|David Cox]], engraved by [[Thomas Higham (artist)|Thomas Higham]] as an illustration to {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834/The Zenana - Conclusion|The Zenana]]}}, a poem by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=19BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA26-IA2|section=picture|page=26|year=1833|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

{{Garhwal}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Historical regions of North India}}
{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|30.38|N|78.48|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:States and territories established in the 820s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1804]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1816]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:History of Garhwal| ]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:823 establishments]]
[[Category:1804 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1816 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Vassal and tributary states of the Mughal Empire]]

Intinti Ramayanam (2023 film)

2026-04-26T23:38:38Z

MickiAddy25: Made data - done

{{For|1979 film|Intinti Ramayanam (1979 film)}}
{{Short description|2023 Telugu-language comedy-drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Intinti Ramayanam
| image =Intinti Ramayanam (film).jpg
| director = Suresh Naredla
| producer = Venkat Upputuri Gopichand Innamuri
| writer = Suresh Naredla
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rahul Ramakrishna]]|Navya Swamy|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]}}
| music = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| editing = S. B. Uddhav
| cinematography = P. C. Mouli
| studio = Maruthi Team Ivy Productions
|distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|6|9}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Intinti Ramayanam''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by debutant Suresh Naredla and produced by Venkat Upputuri and Gopichand Innamuri, under Ivy Productions. The film features [[Rahul Ramakrishna]], Navya Swamy, [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] in primary roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=ప్రేక్షకుల స్పందనతో ఆనందం కలిగింది |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/intinti-ramayanam-thanks-meet-1653527 |access-date=16 June 2023 |publisher=sakshi |date=11 June 2023}}</ref>

==Plot==
Intinti Ramayanam is a story of the changing dynamics of relationships that exist between members of a simple middle-class family from a small village in Telangana. The events of the story are spiraled by a theft that takes place in the house after which the family’s 50-years-old patriarch, Ramulu, is torn between pursuing the thief who stole from him and pursuing his own family members as prime suspects in the theft.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Ltd |first=Arha Media & Broadcasting Pvt |title=Watch Intinti Ramayanam (Telugu) Full Movie Online - Download Now |date=30 April 2018 |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/intinti-ramayanam |access-date=8 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Ramulu, Sandhya's father
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as Seenu, Sandhya's boyfriend
* Navya Swamy as Sandhya, Ramulu's daughter
* Surabhi Prabhavathi as Lakshamma, Ramulu's wife and Sandhya's mother
* [[Gangavva]]
* Anji Mama
* Jeevan
* Radhika
* Steven Madhu
* Kavitha Srirangam
* Anji
* [[Bithiri Sathi]] in a [[special appearance]]
{{colend}}

==Release==
The film was released theatrically on 9 June 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Intinti Ramayanam' trailer: A rollercoaster ride of laughter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/intinti-ramayanam-trailer-a-rollercoaster-ride-of-laughter-drama-and-mystery/articleshow/100840536.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=8 June 2023}}</ref>

Digital streaming rights are obtained by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<ref name=":0" /> and premiered on 23 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intinti Ramayanam: ఓటీటీలో 'ఇంటింటి రామాయణం'.. స్ట్రీమింగ్‌ ఎప్పుడంటే? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/intinti-ramayanam-on-aha/0209/123106033 |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote,"On the whole, Intinti Ramayanam is a village drama with passable comedy and neat performances. But the required drama is missing in key areas and the slow pace also plays the villain. The film has nothing great to boast and is best suited for the OTT viewing.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Naresh, Rahul Ramakrishna starrer has decent comedy but fails in the emotional department |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/intinti-ramayanam-movie-review-the-naresh-rahul-ramakrishna-starrer-has-decent-comedy-but-fails-in-the-emotional-department/44b2930f7f696 |access-date=16 June 2023 |publisher=OTTplay |date=9 June 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Intinti Ramayanam (1979 film)]]
* Intinti Ramayanam (television series)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|23813062}}
* [https://www.aha.video/movie/intinti-ramayanam ''intinti-ramayanam''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]

Ghritachi

2026-04-21T09:22:20Z

MickiAddy25:

{{short description|Celestial nymph in Hindu mythology}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| gender = Female
| affiliation = [[Apsara]]
| children = {{bulleted list|Chitrangada and [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]] (from [[Vishvakarma]])|Ruru (from Pranati)|Vedavati or Devavati (from [[Parjanya]])|Ten sons of Raudrashva|A hundred daughters and a son, [[Gādhi|Gadhi]] (from [[Kushanabha]])|[[Drona]] and Shrutavati (from [[Bharadvaja]])|[[Shuka]] (from [[Vyasa]])}}
| texts = [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Puranas]]
| abode = [[Svarga]]
}}
'''Ghritachi''' ({{langx|sa|घृताची|Ghṛtācī|abounding in clarified butter}}) is a prominent [[apsara]] (celestial nymph) in [[Hindu mythology]]. She is known for her beauty and sexual relationships with many men, both divine and human, and for becoming the mother of their children.

==Literature==
Ghritachi appears in many Hindu religious scriptures, including the [[Itihasa|epic]]s, the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', as well as the ''[[Puranas]]''. She is described to be belonging to the ''daivika'' (lit. 'divine') class of apsaras,<ref name="Dalal">{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Ghritachi |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |language=en}}</ref> and presides over [[Kumbha (month)|Kumbha]], a month in [[Hindu calendar|Indian lunisolar calendar]].<ref name="wis">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-08-25 |title=Ghritaci, Ghṛtācī: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ghritaci |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The scriptures describe her procilivity to seduce men, including [[rishis]] (sages), [[gandharvas]] (celestial musicians), [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (gods) and kings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2RDwAAQBAJ&q=Gh%E1%B9%9Bit%C4%81ch%C4%AB+ |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume I A-L |date=2019-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62421-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SK">{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ6O8nwsFWgC&q=Ghritachi&pg=PR7 |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its Mythology, Religion, History, Literature, and Pantheon |date=2004 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7755-874-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=ghritaci&pg=PA143 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' mentions Ghritachi once engaged in intercourse with [[Kamadeva|Kama]], the god of desire, before being separated by his preceptor [[Brihaspati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9CTREAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6&dq=kama+ghritachi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG4u__5daTAxV4S2cHHdVJH9AQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=kama%20ghritachi&f=false |title=Shiva Purana: Volume 2 |date=2023-05-29 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-080-4 |language=en}}</ref> According to the ''[[Vamana Purana]]'', Ghritachi once lived with [[Vishvakarma]], the architect of the gods, and had a daughter named Chitrangada. Vishvakarma prohibits his daughter to marry anyone, due to which he is cursed to become a [[vanara]] (monkey) till a son is borne to him; Ghritachi liberates him by giving birth to [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]], who later helps the god [[Rama]].<ref name="Mani" /><ref name = "Child" /> The ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' attributes the origin of many mixed-caste to the children of Ghritachi and Vishvakarma.<ref name = "SK" />

Ghritachi also fell in love with the gandharva Parjanya and gave birth to a daughter, Vedavati (or Devavati).<ref name="Mani" /> In the ''Ramayana'', Ghritachi also temporarily became the wife of King [[Kushanabha]], son of Ajaka, and gave birth to a hundred daughters, whom the god [[Vayu]] wanted to marry.<ref name="Mani" /> Later, to beget a son, Kushanabha performed the ritual [[Putrakameshti|Putrakameshti Yajna]] and she gave birth to a son, [[Gaadhi|Gadhi]].<ref name = "Child" /> Ghritachi also gave birth to the ten sons of King Raudrashva, who belonged to the [[Puru and Yadu Dynasties|Puru dynasty]]. The names of these sons were Riteyu, Kaksheyu, Sthaṇḍileyu, Kriteyuka, Jaleyu, Sannateyu, Dharmeyu, Satyeyu, Vrateyu, and Vaneyu. According to the ''Mahabharata'', Ghritachi once seduced the sage Pramati, son of [[Chyavan|Chyavana]], and mothered [[Ruru (Mahabharata)|Ruru]].<ref name="Mani" /><ref name = "Child">{{Cite web |last=Mahapatra |first=Shalini |date=2020-09-09 |title=The Virtuous Children of Apsara Ghritachi Part X |url=https://www.indica.today/quick-reads/virtuous-children-apsara-ghritachi/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Indic Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name = "H" />

The ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' of the ''Mahabharata'' and ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' narrate that the sage [[Vyasa]] is desiring an heir, but is reluctant to marry. Ghritachi takes the form of a parrot and appears in front of him. Seeing her, the sage emits his seed on a fire-stick and a son, [[Shuka]], is born from it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI5D5aexThoC&dq=gh%E1%B9%9Bt%C4%81c%C4%AB&pg=PA40 |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |date=1993-02-23 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1382-1 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Adi Parva]]'' of the ''Mahabharata'' also narrates that Ghritachi, while bathing in the river [[Ganges]], is spotted by the sage [[Bharadvaja]], who becomes sexually aroused after seeing her and involuntarily ejaculates into a basket. A son [[Drona]]—who later becomes the guru of the [[Pandavas]] and [[Kauravas]]— is born from it. The ''[[Shalya Parva]]'' reveals that a similar incident took place another time, this time leading to the birth of a daughter named Shrutavati.<ref name="Mani">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=http://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0}}</ref><ref name="UP">{{Cite book |last=Handique |first=Krishnakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_JjAAAAMAAJ&q=muni+apsara |title=Apsarases in Indian Literature and the Legend of Urvaśī and Purūravas |date=2001 |publisher=Decent Books |isbn=978-81-86921-16-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhand |first=Arti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq1JvDXJ5EwC&dq=Gh%E1%B9%9Bt%C4%81c%C4%AB&pg=PA75 |title=Woman as Fire, Woman as Sage: Sexual Ideology in the Mahabharata |date=2009-01-08 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7140-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="H">{{Cite book |last1=Wagenaar |first1=Henk W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWROaer5UsC&dq=ghritaci&pg=PA949 |title=Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary |last2=Parikh |first2=S. S. |date=1993 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-86062-10-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu apsaras}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Apsara]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category: characters in the Ramayana]]

Khanpur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:01Z

MickiAddy25: Made a page - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khanpur
| mla = [[Umesh Kumar]] [[Sharma]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Haridwar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 147,459
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
| constituency_no = 32
| map_image = Khanpur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Khanpur Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |website=Eci.nic.in |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/khanpur.html |title=Khanpur (Uttarakhand) Elections and Results 2017, Candidate list, Winner and Runner-up |website=Elections.in |date=2014-04-16 |accessdate=2017-01-07}}</ref> It includes [[Khanpur, Uttarakhand|Khanpur]] area of [[Haridwar]] District.

Khanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency) is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=2 | [[Pranav Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Umesh Kumar]] [[Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umesh Kumar|Umesh Kumar Sharma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=38,767 |percentage=34.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Ravindra Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=31,915 | |percentage=28.14% |change={{decrease}}8.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rani Devyani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,834 |percentage=27.18% |change={{decrease}}22.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Singh Choudhary |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,289 |percentage=5.54% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shameem Ahmed Sabri |party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=2,082 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munesh Kumar |party=Rashtrawadi Janlok Party (Satya) |votes=1,056 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manorma Tyagi |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=805 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelu Choudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=618 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=544 |percentage=0.48% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,852 |percentage=6.04% |change= {{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,435 |percentage=76.65% |change= {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,998 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pranav Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=53,192 |percentage=49.65% |change={{increase}}27.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mufti Riyasat Ali|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=39,457|percentage=36.83%|change={{increase}}13.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yashveer Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Yashveer Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,894|percentage=6.43%|change={{decrease}}19.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ravinder Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=4,856|percentage=4.53%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunil|party=Independent politician|votes=729|percentage=0.68%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=523|percentage=0.49%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,735 |percentage=12.82% |change= {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,07,136|percentage=79.00%|change={{increase}}0.19}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,35,612 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}23.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pranav Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,072 |percentage=26.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kulveer Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=20,241|percentage=23.03%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ravinder Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=19,596|percentage=22.30%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Riyasat|party=Independent politician|votes=18,730|percentage=21.31%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Mannan|party=Mahan Dal|votes=2,408|percentage=2.74%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Pal|party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha|votes=2,172|percentage=2.47%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sadat Masood|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|votes=467|percentage=0.53%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,831 |percentage=3.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=87,891|percentage=78.81%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,521 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Landhaura (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|29.65|78.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Haridwar]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy

2026-04-19T05:47:22Z

MickiAddy25: creating first post and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy
| image = Dr. Dola Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Ministry of Social Welfare (Andhra Pradesh)|Minister of Social Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| tern_end =
| governor = [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Merugu Nagarjuna]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Disabled & Senior Citizen Welfare (Andhra Pradesh)|Minister of Disabled and Senior Citizens Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 12 June 2024
| tern_end1 =
| governor1 = [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. V. Ushashri Charan]]
| office2 = [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Sachivalayam and Village Volunteers]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 12 June 2024
| tern_end2 =
| governor2 = [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2014
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = Gurrala Venkata Seshu
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = [[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondapi]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Politician]] [[Physician|Doctor]]
}}
'''Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[Telugu Desam Party]] from [[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondapi Assembly Constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Prakasam district|Prakasam District]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondapi (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Kondapi (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kondapi |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He is included in the cabinet of the [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanath |first=S. |date=2024-06-13 |title=Andhra Pradesh: 17 new faces in Cabinet, BCs get a lion's share |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/13/andhra-pradesh-17-new-faces-in-cabinet-bcs-get-a-lions-share |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is given the Social Welfare department with an additional charge of sachivalayam and gram volunteers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Volunteers: వాలంటీర్లకు ఏపీ ప్రభుత్వం గుడ్ న్యూస్.. ప్రత్యేకంగా మంత్రిని ఏర్పాటుచేసిన చంద్రబాబు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/dola-sree-bala-veeranjaneya-swamy-get-ap-sachivalayam-and-villege-volunteers-minister-post-in-chandrababu-cabinet/articleshow/111000935.cms |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2024-06-14 |title=Naidu Government May Continue Village Volunteer System in AP |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/naidu-government-may-continue-village-volunteer-system-in-ap-898885 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2024-06-16 |title=AP Politics: వలంటీర్లపై మంత్రి బాల వీరాంజనేయ స్వామి షాకింగ్ కామెంట్స్ |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/andhra-pradesh/guntur/minister-bala-veeranjaneya-swamys-shocking-comments-on-volunteers-vk-1269024.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Swamy hails from Thurpu Naidupalem, [[Tangutur]] Mandal, Prakasam District. His father's name is Dola Kotaiah. He completed his MBBS from [[Andhra Medical College]], [[Visakhapatnam]] in 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-01 |title=Dr.Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy {{!}} MLA {{!}} TDP {{!}} Kondapi {{!}} A.P. |url=https://theleaderspage.com/dr-dola-sree-bala-veeranjaneya-swamy/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Swamy won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] when he defeated Madasi Venkaiah by a narrow margin of 1,024 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Kondapi Assembly Constituency Election 2024 (कोंडापी): Kondapi Constituency Chunav Date, Kondapi Constituency details, list of candidates, Kondapi Vidhan Sabha Election Last Winner,(कोंडापी) |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/kondapi-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> He was first elected as MLA winning the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating [[Jupudi Prabhakar Rao|Jupudi Prabhakara Rao]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 5,440 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondapi Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Kondapi Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/kondapi-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ విజేతలు {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/elections-2014/winners-in-andhra-pradesh-131007 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> He served as chairman of the Committee of Privileges and a member of the Committee on SC & ST Welfare as a TDP member.<ref name=":0" /> He also served as a member of the [[Tirumala Devasthanam|Tirupati Thirumala Devasthanam]] Board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2019-05-23 |title=ఏపీ అసెంబ్లీ ఎన్నికల ఫలితాలు 2019 |url=https://tv9telugu.com/latest-news/ap-assembly-results-2019-71808.html |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2015-05-03 |title=TTD Trust Board Chairman and 10 Members Take Oath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/May/03/ttd-trust-board-chairman-and-10-members-take-oath-755336.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondapi Assembly Election 2024: Kondapi Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kondapi-constituency-result-1110 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He polled 98,142 votes and defeated Madasi Venkaiah of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a narrow margin of 1,024 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondapi (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Kondapi (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kondapi |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> But he retained the Kondapi seat in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Audimulapu Suresh]] of YSR Congress Party by a margin of 24,756 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondapi Assembly Election Results 2024: Kondapi Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kondapi-constituency-result-1110 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy, Dola}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Saumya Saraswat

2026-04-13T16:31:50Z

MickiAddy25:

{{Short description|Indian actress, dancer and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saumya Saraswat
| image = Saumya_Saraswat.jpg
| caption = Saumya in 2026
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2020–present
| known_for = ''[[Imlie]]'' ''[[Pishachini]]''
| spouse =
}}

'''Saumya Saraswat''' (born 26 November, 1999) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress, dancer and model who primarily works in Hindi television.<ref name="A">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=5 March 2023|title=Exclusive - Saumya Saraswat on being part of Imlie: Work is my first priority and I feel privileged to play a grey shade character in a daily soap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-saumya-saraswat-on-being-part-of-imlie-work-is-my-first-priority-and-i-feel-privileged-to-play-a-grey-shade-character-in-a-daily-soap/articleshow/98433858.cms|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Saumya began her artistic journey as a dancer and choreographer. She trained rigorously in dance and was part of the Vaibhavi Merchant dance group, performing as a background dancer in various film songs. She also choreographed stage acts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rizvi|first=S Farah|date=22 March 2023|title=Saumya Saraswat: It's my dream to open a dance school|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/saumya-saraswat-it-s-my-dream-to-open-a-dance-school-101679492262111.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

Saumya made her television debut with the supernatural thriller Pishachini on Colors TV, portraying the role of Nikita Rajput. She gained further recognition for her role as Keya, a grey-shaded character, in Star Plus's daily soap Imlie.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mondal|first=Sukarna|date=19 April 2023|title=Exclusive: Imlie actress Saumya Saraswat on taking inspiration from Jennifer Winget's negative roles on TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-imlie-actress-saumya-saraswat-on-taking-inspiration-from-jennifer-wingets-negative-roles-on-tv/articleshow/99614276.cms|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> In 2024, she was cast as Geet in Ekta Kapoor's show Chahenge Tumhe Itna, describing it as a "golden opportunity" to work with Balaji Telefilms.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=29 February 2024|title=Exclusive: Saumya Saraswat bags a new show with Ekta Kapoor "Chahenge Tumhe Itna"; calls it a golden opportunity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-saumya-saraswat-bags-a-new-show-with-ekta-kapoor-chahenge-tumhe-itna-calls-it-a-golden-opportunity/articleshow/108083381.cms|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She has openly discussed her struggles during her early days in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mondal|first=Sukarna|date=1 June 2023|title=Exclusive: Imlie actress Saumya Saraswat recalls her struggles, 'Sometimes I would sleep without having food because I had no money'|url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-imlie-actress-saumya-saraswat-recalls-her-struggles-sometimes-i-would-sleep-without-having-food-because-i-had-no-money/articleshow/100658442.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|location=India|access-date =17 April 2025
}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022–2023
| ''[[Imlie]]''
| Keya Rana
|<ref name="A" />
|-
| ''[[Pishachini]]''
| Nikita Rajput
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Chahenge Tumhe Itna]]''
| Geet
|<ref name="B" />
|-
|2024
|''Mehndi Wala Ghar''
|Sheila
|
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Sub Inspector Avni
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=CID cast real names: Inspector Daya, inspector Abhijeet to ACP Pradyuman, check real names of actor and their roles in CID 2 |url=https://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/cid-cast-real-names-inspector-daya-inspector-abhijeet-to-acp-pradyuman-check-real-names-of-actor-and-their-roles-in-cid-2-417169/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|14064712}}
* {{Instagram|saumyasaraswatt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraswat, Saumya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

E. Raghavendra Rao

2026-04-04T20:32:24Z

MickiAddy25: creating basic bio first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian politician, independence activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. E. Raghavendra Rao
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1889|8|4}}
| birth_place = [[Kamptee]], [[Nagpur]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1942|6|15|1889|8|4}}
| death_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Lawyer, Politician, Freedom Fighter
| party = [[Swaraj Party]] Swatantra Congress Party [[Indian National Congress]]
| office1 = [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] of [[Central Provinces and Berar]]
| term_start1 = 1928
| term_end1 = 1936
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]]
| term_start2 = 1926
| term_end2 = 1936
| office3 = [[Central Legislative Assembly|Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
| term_start3 = 1921
| term_end3 = 1926
| office4 = Acting [[Governor of Central Province|governor of Central Provinces]]
| term_start4 = May 1936
| term_end4 = September 1936
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| profession = Lawyer, Politician, Freedom Fighter
}}
'''Dr. E. Raghavendra Rao''' (4 August 1889 – 15 June 1942) was an Indian lawyer, politician, and freedom fighter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vice President calls for a fact-based re-evaluation of Indian history |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1781847&reg=3&lang=1 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=सीएम ने स्वतंत्रता सेनानी डॉ. ई.राघवेन्द्र राव काे किया नमन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhatisgarh/raipur/news/chhattisgarh-news-cm-felicitates-freedom-fighter-dr-e-raghavendra-rao-072005-4776994.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=15 June 2019 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="0:2"/> He served as a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] from 1921 to 1926, held the position of [[Education minister|minister of education]] for the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] from 1926 to 1936, was the [[chief minister]] from 1928 to 1936, and acted as [[Governor of Central Province]]s in the British administration, during the governor's absence from May to September 1936. He was known for his involvement in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="0:1">{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes of India: E. Raghavendra Rao|url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?12072 |website=Amrit Mahotsav |date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Raghavendra Rao was born on 4 August 1889 in [[Kamptee]], [[Nagpur]]. His family later relocated to [[Raipur]]-[[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]. He completed his education in Nagpur and pursued legal studies in [[England]], where he became a [[barrister]]. He began his legal practice in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] in 1914.<ref name="0:1"/><ref name="0:2">{{cite news |last1=Rajak |first1=Kamlesh |title=स्वतंत्रता संग्राम सेनानी ई राघवेन्द्र राव ने असहयोग आंदोलन में बिलासपुर से सक्रीय भूमिका निभाई थी |url=https://www.patrika.com/bilaspur-news/freedom-fighter-e-raghavendra-rao-had-played-an-active-role-in-the-non-8424958 |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=10 August 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

He was became involved in local politics and was elected as the president of the Bilaspur District Council in 1916. In 1917, he founded the Bilaspur [[Home rule|Home Rule]] League. He participated in the May 1920 session of the [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur District]] Congress Committee, where he opposed the [[British government]]'s oppressive policies.<ref name="0:1"/><ref name="0:2"/>

During the 1920s, he engaged in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation Movement]] and resigned from his legal practice. He was elected as the president of the [[Mahakoshal]] Provincial Congress Committee and traveled extensively to promote the movement. He was arrested in 1922 during a Congress meeting in [[Raipur]].<ref name="0:1"/>

In 1921, Raghavendra Rao won a seat in the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] but resigned to align with the Congress's principles. He joined the [[Swaraj Party]] and was elected to the [[Central Provinces Legislative Council]] in 1923. In 1926, he established the Swatantra Congress Party. He served as the minister of education for Central Provinces and Berar state. He later held the position of chief minister from 1928 to 1936.<ref name="0:1"/><ref name="0:2"/> He also served as the Home Minister of the state.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nāḍiga Kr̥ṣṇamūrti |title=Indian Journalism Origin, Growth and Development of Indian Journalism from Asoka to Nehru |date=1966 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KkLAAAAMAAJ&q=E.+Raghavendra+Rao+Home+Minister}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Keshav Baliram Hedgewar |author1-link=Keshav Baliram Hedgewar |title=How Others Look at the R.S.S. |date=1989 |publisher=Deendayal Research Institute |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iu4_AAAAMAAJ&q=E.+Raghavendra+Rao+Home+Minister}}</ref>

In May 1936, he acted as the [[Governor (India)|governor]] of the state during the governor's leave, serving until September 1936. He was re-elected to the Legislative Council in 1937 and appointed to the viceroy's Executive Council in 1941. Rao died on 15 June 1942 at 52.<ref name="0:1"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, E. Raghavendra}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Central Provinces and Berar]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Indian states]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Indian states]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]

Parekh & Singh

2026-04-01T22:13:11Z

MickiAddy25: done

{{Short description|Indian dream pop duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Parekh & Singh
| image =
| image_upright = 1.15
| landscape = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| alias = Nischay Parekh, Zap
| origin = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| genre = * [[Dream pop]] 
* [[Folk music|Indie folk]]
| years_active = {{Start date|2011}}–2025
| label = [[Peacefrog Records|Peacefrog]]
| spinoff_of = The Monkey in Me
| spinoffs = TV Dinner
| website = {{URL|www.parekhandsingh.com}}
| current_members =
| past_members = Nischay Parekh Jivraj Singh Pedro Zappa George Dylan
}}

'''Parekh & Singh''' was an Indian [[dream pop]] duo from the city of [[Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]]. The duo consisted of Nischay Parekh (vocals, guitar, synths) and Jivraj Singh (drums, electronics). The band released three studio albums: ''Ocean'' (2013), ''Science City'' (2018) and ''The Night is Clear'' (2022).

== History ==

=== Background ===
The two met as teenagers, although they had both attended [[La Martiniere Calcutta|La Martiniere for Boys]]. Parekh, who was introduced to pop music by his mother, attended classes at the [[Berklee College of Music]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], United States, before returning to India and relocating to Kolkata to pursue a career in music and songwriting. Singh, meanwhile, was raised in a musical household; both parents were singers and musicians that would often tour and perform in cover bands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jan/03/parekh-singh-the-pop-princes-at-the-forefront-of-indias-new-wave|title=Parekh & Singh, the pop princes at the forefront of India's new wave|work=The Guardian|author=Vidhi Doshi|date=4 January 2017|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> Prior to the two playing together, Parekh sang and played guitar in a self-described "[[experimental music|experimental]] [[pop music|pop]]" band, The Monkey In Me. The band formed in 2009, while Parekh was still in high school.

=== Formation, early years and ''Ocean'' (2011–2015) ===
Initially, the duo performed under the banner of Nischay Parekh in 2011. Although it was ostensibly Parekh's solo project, Singh was a constant collaborator and appeared alongside Parekh for photos and performances. They released an album, ''Ocean'', independently in 2013. The album featured contributions from Singh on drums and percussion, Pedro Zappa on bass and George Matthew Dylan Varner-Hartley (AKA George Dylan) on piano and keyboards. ''Ocean'' was well-received in India, with ''[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone India]]'' naming it as one of the best Indian albums of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/best-indian-albums/ |title=Best Of Indian Albums 2013|publisher=Rolling Stone India|date=3 January 2014|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> Two singles were released from the album: "I Love You Baby, I Love You Doll" and "Panda." The duo were then briefly known as Zap in 2014, before changing their name to Parekh & Singh in 2015;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/nischay-parekh-and-jivraj-singh-parekh-and-singh/|title=Nischay Parekh and Jivraj Singh are now Parekh and Singh -|website=rollingstoneindia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> inspired by acts such as [[Simon & Garfunkel]] and [[Hall & Oates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/in-conversation-nischay-parekh-on-parekh-and-singh|title=In conversation: Nischay Parekh on Parekh & Singh|author=Rohini Kejriwal|publisher=Red Bull Music|date=3 May 2016|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> By this point, bassist Zappa had moved on to other projects and keyboardist Varner-Hartley had relocated to Canada, thus officially making the project a duo again.

=== ''Ocean'' re-release (2015–2017) ===
The band re-released ''Ocean'' under their new name in October 2016 on [[Peacefrog Records|Peacefrog]], a British [[indie label]]. Parekh & Singh then re-released the single "I Love You Baby, I Love You Doll." Its music video, which was shot on a US$5000 (INR₹322324) budget, featured an aesthetic influenced by the American film director [[Wes Anderson]]. It has since garnered over 2,000,000 views on [[YouTube]], considered to be a significant feat for an Indian indie band.<ref>Vidhi Doshi. "[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jan/03/parekh-singh-the-pop-princes-at-the-forefront-of-indias-new-wave Parekh & Singh, the pop princes at the forefront of India's new wave]". ''[[The Guardian]]''. 3 January 2017.</ref><ref>"[https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/kolkata-dream-pop-duo-parekh-singh-debut-single-premiere-7476145/ Kolkata Dream Pop Duo Parekh & Singh Arrives Stateside With Whimsical Debut 'I Love You Baby, I Love You Doll': Exclusive Premiere]". ''Billboard''. 17 August 2016.</ref><ref>Abhishek Sikhwal. "[https://scroll.in/magazine/819032/parekh-and-singh-the-musical-suits-taking-indian-internet-by-storm Parekh and Singh: The musical suits taking Indian internet by storm]". Scroll.in. 16 October 2016.</ref> Two more singles were released from the album: "Philosophize" in November 2016, and "Ghost" in May 2017. A music video for the latter, directed by Mischa Ghose, also achieved over two million views on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goecker |first1=Liesl |title=Talking Childhood, Music, and the Making of ‘Ghost’ with Parekh & Singh |url=https://theswaddle.com/parekh-and-singh-ghost-music-video/ |website=The Swaddle |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>

=== ''Science City'' (2018–2022) ===

Parekh & Singh finished touring in support of ''Ocean'' in February 2018. A month later, the band posted to Facebook to state that new music was imminent. In November 2018, after several teasers via social media, the band released a new single entitled "Summer Skin." The song was premiered on [[Vice Media|VICE India]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saraiya |first1=Naman |title=EXCLUSIVE: Parekh & Singh Shed New Colours On Latest Single 'Summer Skin' |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/exclusive-parekh-and-singh-shed-new-colours-on-latest-single-summer-skin/ |website=VICE India |publisher=Vice Media |access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> and was later selected as one of ''Rolling Stone India'''s favourite songs of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best India Singles of 2018 |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/best-indian-singles-2018/ |website=Rolling Stone India |publisher=Rolling Stone Magazine |accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref> A music video for the song was released in January 2019, which has since accumulated over 280,000 views.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murray |first1=Robin |title=Track Of The Day 23/1 - Parekh & Singh |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/track-of-the-day-231-parekh-singh |website=Clash Magazine |accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref>

On January 26, 2019, the band released the single "Hello." It was then revealed that both it and "Summer Skin" would be a part of the band's second studio album. The album was titled ''Science City'', so named after an amusement park in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview: Indie Pop Duo Parekh & Singh on Their Sophomore Album, Science City |url=https://fromtheintercom.com/interview-parekh-singh-science-city/ |website=From the Intercom |accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref> The album was released on April 26 via Peacefrog Records.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parekh and Singh - Science City |url=https://www.roughtrade.com/gb/music/parekh-and-singh-science-city |website=Rough Trade Records |accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref> A third single, entitled "Crystalline," was released on March 15.<ref>{{cite web |title=Listen : Parekh & Singh share new pop gem 'Crystalline' |url=https://dubiks.com/2019/03/18/listen-parekh-singh-share-new-pop-gem-crystalline/ |website=Dubiks |accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref>

While the band were unable to tour over the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], they performed several live-streamed home concerts. They also shared a new stand-alone single in 2020, which was a cover of [[Radiohead]]'s "[[Karma Police]]". In January 2022, they also shared a new single entitled "Chhan Chhan Chhan", which was written for the soundtrack of the Indian dramedy ''[[Kaun Banegi Shikharwati]]''. It featured Delhi singer-songwriter Kamakshi Khanna.

=== ''The Night is Clear'', hiatus, and disbandment (2022–2025)===

In January 2022, the band shared their first proper single in nearly three years, "Je Suis La Pomme Rouge". The band confirmed upon its release that it would serve as the lead single from their then-untitled third studio album.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Mathares |title=Parekh & Singh return with a new single |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/parekh-singh-return-with-a-new-single-je-suis-la-pomme/cid/1847298 |website=My Kolkata |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> A second single, "Sleepyhead", followed in March. In August 2022, the band shared "The Nightingale" on the 18th and surprise released their third album ''The Night is Clear'' on the 29th.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=Parekh & Singh Capture Magic Realism on ‘The Night Is Clear’ |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/parekh-and-singh-capture-magic-realism-on-the-night-is-clear/ |website=Rolling Stone |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> A national tour in support of the album followed in October and November 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parekh and Singh announce 'The Night Is Clear' tour |url=https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/parekh-and-singh-announce-the-night-is-clear-tour-india-tickets-concert-2022 |website=Bandwagon Asia |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> Following a final show at [[Lollapalooza]] in [[Mumbai]], the band undertook a hiatus in January 2024. Parekh has since launched a new solo project, under the moniker of TV Dinner.

In February 2025, the duo announced their disbandment on a now-deleted Instagram post. They split due to "a diversion of interests and ambitions", with the band's Instagram page now documenting Nischay's solo projects.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=Parekh & Singh Break Up, To Focus on Solo Projects |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/parekh-and-singh-break-up-to-focus-on-solo-projects/ |website=Rolling Stone India |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>

==Discography==

;Albums

*''Ocean'' (2013; re-released 2016 as Parekh & Singh)
*''Science City'' (2019)
*''The Night is Clear'' (2022)

;Singles

*"I Love You Baby, I Love You Doll" (2013; re-released 2016)
*"Panda" (2014)
*"Philosophize" (2016)
*"Ghost" (2017)
*"Summer Skin" (2018)
*"Hello" (2019)
*"Crystalline" (2019)
*"[[Drum machine|Drum Machine]]" (2019)
*"Chhan Chhan Chhan" with Kamakshi Khanna (2022)
*"Je Suis la Pomme Rouge" (2022)
*"Sleepyhead" (2022)
*"The Nightingale" (2022)
*"C C C" (2023)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parekh and Singh}}
[[Category:Indian pop music groups]]
[[Category:Peacefrog Records artists]]

Dharmasere

2026-04-01T17:20:37Z

MickiAddy25:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dharmasere
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Puttanna Kanagal]]
| producer = [[Aarathi]]
| screenplay = Puttanna Kanagal
| based_on = {{based on|''Dharma Sere''|[[G. B. Joshi|Jada Bharatha]]}}
| starring = [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] [[Aarathi]] [[Sathyapriya]] [[Jai Jagadish]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[S. Maruti Rao]]
| editing = [[V. P. Krishnan]]
| studio = Sri Amba Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979|03|07|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dharmasere''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಧರ್ಮಸೆರೆ.ogg|pronunciation}}, {{lit|The Religious Bind}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film]], based on the novel of the same name by [[G. B. Joshi|Jada Bharatha]]. It was adapted into a screenplay by [[Puttanna Kanagal]] and produced by actress [[Aarathi]] under the banner Sri Amba Films.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/dharmasere/movieshow/65224728.cms|title=Dharmasere Movie - Kannada|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film stars Aarathi as Tunga, [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Maadhu and [[Sathyapriya]] as Leela. The film tells the story of a mute girl who gets married off to her sister's husband and live the solitary life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/dharma-sere-1979|title=Dharma Sere (1979) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>

The theme of the film is based on a poignant portrayal of young dumb women of that era, the scorn, humiliation and neglect they faced from the society. It has cinematography by [[S. Maruti Rao]], and editing by [[V. P. Krishnan]]. The original score and songs were composed by [[Upendra Kumar]], with lyrics by [[Vijaya Narasimha]], and songs featuring the voices of [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[S. Janaki]].

Upon release, the film was critically acclaimed and also was commercially successful. At the [[27th Filmfare Awards South]], the film won three awards including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best actress]] for Aarathi and also [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best director]] for Kanagal. Aarathi was also awarded [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]] for her portrayal of deaf and dumb woman.

== Plot ==
This movie explores the plight of a dumb young woman Tunga. Maadhu the hero falls in love with Tunga's younger sister Leela. But the father of the girls is in the "Dharmasere" (the religious bind) that he can't get his younger daughter married even as the elder daughter is unmarried. So he requests Maadhu to marry both of them even if it is a symbolic marriage to the elder dumb girl. As fate would have it, the younger one fails to beget offspring. Desperate for an offspring, Maadhu turns to Tunga and she promptly begets a child.

== Cast ==
*[[Aarathi]] as Tunga
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Maadhu
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Leela
*Seetharam as Govardhana Raaya
*[[Sathyabhama (actress)|Sathyabhama]] as Ramabai
*Jayashree
*Baby Nandini
*[[Musuri Krishnamurthy]]
*[[Shivaram]]
*[[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]]
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*[[Dikki Madhava Rao]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dharmasere
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cover =
| released = 1979
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[World Music]]
| length =
| label = Saregama
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vijaya Narasimha]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ee Sambhashane" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vijaya Narasimha]] || 3:48
|-
| 2 || "Mooka Hakkiyu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || Vijaya Narasimha || 3:12
|-
| 3 || "Kandaa O Nanna Kanda" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Vijaya Narasimha || 5:39
|-
|}

== Awards ==
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]] - [[Aarathi]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Kannada]] - Aarathi
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada]] - [[Puttanna Kanagal]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] - Aarathi

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0231455|title=Dharmasere}}

{{Puttanna Kanagal}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
[[Category:1979 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puttanna Kanagal]]

Dasarathi

2026-03-31T02:33:14Z

MickiAddy25: creating a entry more to come - done

{{short description|Telugu poet and writer}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dasarathi Krishnamacharya
| image = Dasaradhi-Krishnamacharyulu.jpg
| caption = Dasarathi
| native_name = దాశరథి కృష్ణమాచార్య
| birth_date = 22 July 1925
| birth_place = Chinnaguduru, Mahabubabad district, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1987|11|5|1925|7|22}}
| occupation = Poet, writer, lyricist
| known_for = Revolutionary poetry, activism
| awards = Sahitya Akademi Award (1974)
}}

'''Dasarathi Krishnamacharya''' (22 July 1925 – 5 November 1987), popularly known as '''Dasarathi''', was an Indian Telugu poet and writer. He held the titles ''Abhyudhaya Kavi'' and ''Kalaprapurna''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/12/Telugu/Poetry/2%20KavithaaPushpakam.pdf |title=Kavitha Pushpakam Intro |access-date=9 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410013101/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/12/Telugu/Poetry/2%20KavithaaPushpakam.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his poetic work ''Timiramto Samaram'' ({{Translation|Fight against darkness}}) in 1974.<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa10321.htm#telugu Sahitya Akademi Awardees] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623044454/http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa10321.htm#telugu |date=23 June 2006 }}</ref> Dasarathi also served as the Aasthana Kavi ({{Translation|Court poet}}) of the Government of Andhra Pradesh.

== Early life ==
Dasarathi was born on 22 July 1925 in a middle-class Vaishnava Brahmin family. His native village, Chinnaguduru, is in the [[Maripeda]] Mandal of [[Mahabubabad district]]. He was an orthodox, yet discreet, Vaishnava devotee and an erudite scholar of Indian Puranas, with proficiency in Telugu, Sanskrit, and Tamil. Dasarathi completed his matriculation at the Khammam Government High School but left higher education to participate in the movement against the autocratic [[Nizam]] rule in the Hyderabad Kingdom.

== Career ==

=== Activism ===
As a volunteer in the left-wing Andhra Mahashaba movement, Dasarathi traveled from village to village in [[Telangana]] to educate the public. Influenced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]], he aligned himself with the political left, as many of his friends were leftists and communist revolutionaries.

=== Poetry ===
Dasarathi began writing poetry at a young age while still a student. His revolutionary poetry, influenced by the communist ideology of [[Karl Marx]], often focused on the downtrodden, the poor, and the exploited workers. He believed that the capitalist, [[feudalist]], and autocratic society under Nizam rule would eventually give way to democracy and equality.

Following the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, many independent kingdoms and principalities joined the newly formed Indian Union. However, Hyderabad State, under the autocratic rule of [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], did not join the Union. Mir Osman Ali Khan struggled to control the atrocities committed by the [[Mazlis Ittehadul Muslimeen]] Party. At this juncture, the Indian National Congress, led by [[Swamy Raamaanandateerdha]], called for action against the Nizam's autocratic rule, prompting thousands to participate in [[Satyagraha]] (civil disobedience).

=== Arrest and imprisonment ===
In 1947, Dasarathi was arrested and sent to [[Warangal]] Central Jail, along with other prominent leaders. He was later transferred to [[Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh|Nizamabad]] Central Jail, where he continued to write poetry. After his release, he moved to [[Vijayawada]], where he wrote against the Nizam in ''Telugu Desam'', a daily newspaper focused on news and articles related to Telangana and the Nizam's rule.

In 1948, the Indian Union took control of Hyderabad State through police action, ending the autocratic Nizam rule and the violence perpetrated by the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]] and the Mazlis Ittehadul Muslimeen Party. In 1956, the Telangana region of Hyderabad State was united with the state of Andhra, eventually forming the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], which existed until June 2, 2014.

After democratic rule was established in Hyderabad, Dasarathi briefly served in the government of Andhra Pradesh. He later worked for [[All India Radio]] in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Madras]] (now Chennai) as a prompter, retiring in 1971. He served as the Government Poet from 1971 to 1984 and also worked as an emeritus producer for All India Radio and Doordarshan (Television).

=== Literary works ===
Dasarathi gained fame through his revolutionary poetry. His first book, ''Agnidhara'' (Flowing Fire), was published in 1947 and focused on the Telangana Armed Struggle against Nizam's rule, which he had experienced as a revolutionary. He began writing parts of ''Agnidhara'' while in jail and completed it after his release.

His other notable works include ''Rudraveena'' (1950), ''Mahandrodyamam'', ''Punarnavam'', ''Amruthabishekam'', ''Kavithapushpakam'', and ''Ghalib Geethalu'' (1961). ''Ghalib Geethalu'' is a Telugu translation of the poems of Urdu poet [[Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib]]. He also composed lyrics for numerous Telugu films.

Dasarathi cited the "Nizam's brutal rule, the people's woes under his regime, Indian Independence, the entry of Indian Armed Forces to liberate the Nizam's state, and the fall of the Nizam" as inspirations for his writings.<ref>[http://www.telugubharati.com/kavitalu/dASarathi/agnidhAra/purAsmRitulu.html Preface Agnidhara]</ref>

=== Films ===
Dasarathi wrote lyrics for many Telugu movies, with his debut being ''[[Vagdanam]]'' (1961). Over the course of his career, he wrote lyrics for approximately 2000 songs in the Telugu film industry. His notable works include the popular films ''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1961 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]'' (1961) and ''[[Pooja (1975 film)|Pooja]]'' (1975).

== Personal life ==
Dasarathi's younger brother, [[Daasarathi Rangacharyulu]], is also an accomplished writer.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2015 |title=Telangana's Voice Dasarathi No More |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2015/jun/09/telanganas-voice-dasarathi-no-more-753116.html |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

U.S.-based singer Sarada Akunuri organized a tribute concert for lyricist Dasarathi and published a book titled ''Madilo Veenalu Mroge'' written by V. V. Ramarao in 2020 in Hyderabad.

== Bibliography ==
* ''Agnidhara''
* ''Rudraveena'' (1950)
* ''Mahandrodyamam''
* ''Punarnavam''
* ''Mahaboadhi''
* ''Ghalib Geethalu''
* ''Dasarathi Satakamu''
* ''Kavita Pushpakam''
* ''Timiram Tho Samaram''
* ''Aalochanaalochanalu''
* ''Navami''
* ''Yatraasmruti'' (autobiography)

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Vagdanam]]'' (1961)
* [[Iddaru Mitrulu (1961 film)|''Iddaru Mitrulu'']] (1961)
* ''Khiladi Bullodu'' (1972)
* ''[[Balipeetam]]'' (1975)
* ''Thota Ramudu'' (1975)
* [[Pooja (1975 film)|''Pooja'']] (1976)
* ''Pelli Kani Pelli'' (1977)

== Quotes ==
*"నా తెలంగాణ, కోటి రతనాల వీణ" [My Telangana is a beautiful hollow stringed instrument decked with innumerable diamonds]
*"నాకు ఉర్దూ తెలుగు రెండు కళ్ళు, ఈ రెండు కళ్ళతో అన్ని భాషలని చదవగలను" [Urdu and Telugu are my two eyes, with which I read every other language]
*"Edi Kakati? Evate Rudrama? Evaru Rayalu? Evadu Singana? Anni Nene! Anta Nene! Telugu Nene! Velugu Nene!"
*"Telanganamu Ritude! Musali Nakkaku Racharikambu Dakkune?"
*"Na Geetavalulenta? Na Aavirbhavulenta? Na Swarakoti?"

== Death ==
Dasarathi died on 5 November 1987 at the age of 62 due to a prolonged illness. He is remembered as a significant figure in Telugu literature and a champion of social justice through his poetry.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:People from Mahabubabad district]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Urdu–Telugu translators]]

List of educational institutions in Kasaragod district

2026-03-26T15:54:43Z

MickiAddy25: minor edit

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

[[File:Central University of Kerala.jpg|thumbnail|Central University, Kasaragod]]

The following institutions are located in [[Kasaragod district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Kerala]]:

* Primary schools: 411
* Secondary schools: 117
* Colleges: 40
* University: 1

==Universities==

* [[Central University of Kerala]]

==Organisations==

===Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI)===

[[Central Plantation Crops Research Institute]] (CPCRI) was established in 1970 as one of the agricultural research institutes in the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) under the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR). The Kerala Coconut Research Station was initially established in 1916 by the then Government of Madras and subsequently it was taken over by the Indian Central Coconut Committee in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcri.gov.in/ |title=Central Plantation Crops Research Institute(CPCRI) |publisher=cpcri |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref>

===Malik Deenar Institute of Management Studies===

Malik Deenar Institute of Management Studies (MDIMS) [http://malikdeenarmba.com/index.php] conducts M.B.A. course at Seethamgoly near Kasaragod.

===People Institute of Management Studies===
People Institute of Management Studies (PIMS) in an institute offering MBA program, and is located at Munnad. The institute is affiliated to [[Kannur University]], and approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/en/academics/affliated-colleges/colleges-Kasaragod-district/mb-colleges/people-institute-management-studies/|title = Official Website of Kannur University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pims.ac.in/mandatorydisclosure|title = People Institute of Management Studies Mandatory Disclosure|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021015504/https://pims.ac.in/mandatorydisclosure| archive-date=21 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> PIMS is managed by the Kasargod Educational Co-operative Society. The institute offers an MBA program with dual specialisation in Human Resources (HR), Marketing and Finance. Depending on student strength, specialisations in Tourism Management, and Banking and Insurance Management may also be offered. PIMS is a co-educational institute. Official Website: https://pims.ac.in/

===L.B.S.- Lal Bahadur Shastry college of engineering, Kasaragod===

(LBSCE)L.B.S College of Engineering, Povval, Kasaragod, was established in 1993 as a self-financing engineering college under the propitious of L.B.S Centre for Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, a government of Kerala undertaking. The chairman of the Governing body is Hon’ble Chief Minister of Kerala and Vice-Chairman is Hon’ble Minister for Education, Govt. of Kerala. The institution is affiliated to Kannur University and is approved by AICTE, New Delhi. The college is accredited by [[National Board of Accreditation]]. The Campus is located at Muliyar, about 12 km from [[Kasaragod railway station]], Kerala and 75 km from Mangalore airport, Karnataka. The campus covers 52-acre (210,000 m2) of land.

===[[Government College, Kasaragod]]===

The college is affiliated to Kannur University and has been recognized by the UGC under section 12b and 2f. The NAAC has been accredited with "A Grade" recently. The college has a campus of 42 acres and adequate built in area for its academic and related activities. During the last 25 years the college has expanded infrastructural facilities that in child Science blocks, PG blocks and men's hostel. A special mention may be made about the generous gesture by an old student of the college who provided the furniture in the auditorium. There is a botanical garden having a good number of medicinal plants. The green lawns, garden and other plants mainlined here have enhanced the beauty of the campus.

Courses conducted: BA, BSc., BCom, MA, MSc, PhD.

===College of Engineering Trikaripur===

It's an engineering college in Trikaripur affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University.

===Khansa Womens College For Advanced Studies, Kasaragod===

Affiliated to Kannur University, Kannur
Kasaragod, Kerala

Courses:
Bachelor of Science (BSc Bio Chemistry)
Bachelor of Science (BSc Bio-Technology)
Bachelor of Science (BSc Microbiology)

===Jamia Sa Adiya Arts and Science College, Kasaragod===
(Part of Jamia Sa Adiya Arabiya Educational and Charitable Institution, Kasaragod) Affiliated to Kannur University, Kannur
Kasaragod, Kerala

Courses:
Bachelor of Science (BSc Bio-Technology)
Bachelor of Science (BSc Computer Science)
Bachelor of Arts in English (BA English)
Bachelor of Commerce (BCom)
Bachelor of Computer application (BCA)

===Sharaf Arts & Science College, Padanna===
Affiliated to Kannur University, Kannur
Kasaragod, Kerala

Courses:
Bachelor of Science (BSc Microbiology)
Bachelor of Science (BSc Bio-Technology)
Bachelor of Business Management (BBM)
Bachelor of Commerce in Computer Applications (BCCA)
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA Tourism and Travel Management)

===Zainab Memorial B Ed Centre, Kasaragod===
(Part of National Council of Teacher Education (NCTE)) Affiliated to Kannur University, Kannur
Kasaragod, Kerala

Courses:
Bachelor of Education (BEd English)
Bachelor of Education (BEd Social Science)
Bachelor of Education (BEd Commerce)
Bachelor of Education (BEd Physical Science)
Bachelor of Education (BEd)

===Other Colleges===

*Peoples arts & science college, munnad, Kasaragod
*Co-operative arts & science college, Badiadka, Kasaragod
*St. Gregories college of engineering, Perla, Kasaragod
*Abdu razzaque kotti organisation school ( SSF ) kasaragod

===[[G.H.S.S Alampady]]===

Government Higher Secondary School [[Alampady]] (G.H.S.S Alampady) is one of the oldest school in Kasaragod, established in 1943 as a pre-primary school. The school is located at [[Alampady]], about 7 km south of the town of [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]].

==Schools==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* GUPS Pullur
* UNHS Pullur
* Durga hss Kangangad
* Aambika EM School
* AJI School, Ayyoor
* Ambedkar Vidyanikethan EM School
* Aliya Senior Secondary School
* Balabhavan EM School
* CHSS Chattanchal
* GHSS,Udma
* GHSS Chemnad
* Aliya Senior Secondary School, Paravanadukkam
* Apsara public school, Koliyadum
* Chemnad Jama Ath EM School
* Chemmanad Jama-ath Higher Secondary School
* Chinmaya Mission School
* Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Badiadka
* Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Kanhangad
* Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Nileshwaram
* Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Perikunnu
* Crescent School
* CSI Nursery School
* Dakheerath EM High School
* Divine EM School
* Dune EM School
* Essa EM School, Peruwad
* Geethanjali EM School
* [[G.H.S.S Alampady]]
* G.H.S.S Badiadka
* GFHSS Bekal
* [[G.M.V.H.S.S Thalanagara no 1]]
* GLPS Nelliyadukka
* HFHSS Rajapuram
* ICC EM School
* Infant Jesus EM School
* Infant Jesus English School
* Islamic Center Trust EM School
* IEMHSS pallikere
* Izzathul Islam EM School, Nalammile
* [[Jaimatha Senior Secondary School]]
* Jai Matha Convent EM School
* Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya
* Kasaragod Balabhavan EM School
* Kendriya Vidyalaya
* Kottapalli Valiyullahi EM School
* K.V.S.M.H.S Kurudapadavu
* Kunil Education Trust, Muttom
* Lax-An Rose School
* Little Flower GH School
* Little Lilly EM School
* Little Rose EM School
* MIC Higher Secondary School
* Mar Thoma School For The Deaf
* MES KS Abdullah School
* Mugamal Nursery School
* [[Muhimmath Higher Secondary School]]
* Mujammau English Medium Senior Secondary School, Trikaripur
* Mofats English Medium School, Izzath nagar
* Navajeevana HSS, Badiadka
* Naveen Bala Vidya Bhavan
* Sa-Adiya EM Residential Senior Secondary School
* Sirajul Huda English Medium School, Manjeshwar
* Seventh-day Adventist
* Shree Annapoorneshwari Higher Secondary School Agalpady (SAPHSS Agalpady)
* Sree Ramakrishna Vidyalaya
* Sree Ramakrishna Vidyalaya
* St Annes EM UP School
* St Anns Convent School
* St Marys EM School
* Swamy Nithyanda EM School
* The Model EM School
* TIHSS Naimarmoola.
* St Marys HS Bela
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Educational institutions in Kasaragod district}}
[[Category:Education in Kasaragod district| ]]
[[Category:Kerala education-related lists|Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:India education-related lists|GHSS Periya]]

Jaipur railway division

2026-03-24T16:08:40Z

MickiAddy25: corrected section for consistency also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Railway division of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = Jaipur railway division
| logo_filename =
| logo_size =
| system_map = Indianrailwayzones-numbered.png
| map_caption = 11-North Western Railway
| map_size =
| marks =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| locale = Rajasthan
| start_year = 
| end_year =
| predecessor_line = [[North Western Railway zone]]
| successor_line =
| gauge = Mixed
| old_gauge =
| electrification =
| length =
| hq_city = [[Jaipur Junction railway station]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Jaipur railway division''' is one of the four railway divisions under the jurisdiction of [[North Western Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> This railway division was formed on 5 November 1951. Its headquarters are located in [[Jaipur]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].

[[Ajmer railway division]], [[Bikaner railway division]] and [[Jodhpur railway division]] are the other three railway divisions under NWR Zone headquartered at [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |work=Indian Railways |access-date=13 January 2016 |format=[[PDF]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261 |title=Jaipur Railway Division |access-date=13 January 2016 |website=[[Railway Board]] |publisher=[[Western Railway zone]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031916/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C261 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> This division is one of the key enabler of the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project by virtue of running parts of the railways 1,500 km long network of [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]].

== History ==
{{See also|North Western Railway zone#History}}

== Rail transport infrastructure ==
The zone has the following [[Locomotives of India|types of locomotive engines]]:
(Legends: W - broad gauge, D - diesel, G - goods, M - mixed, P - passenger)
* [[Phulera Junction railway station]] sheds: [[YDM-4]] meter gauge locomotives

== Medical Facilities ==
For the employees and their families, the division also has the following healthcare facilities:

* Zonal Hospitals
** [[Jaipur Zonal Railway Hospital]] near [[Jaipur Junction railway station]]
* Divisional Hospitals
** None
* Sub-Divisional Hospitals
** [[Bandikui Sub-Divisional Railway Hospital]] near [[Bandikui Junction railway station]] (Jaipur division),
* Health Units, several (total 29 across the whole division, including 3 other zones)
* First Aid Posts, unknown (no more than a total of two across the whole zone)

== Training ==
The zone has the following training institutes:
* <missing>

* North Western Railway zone
** Route km: broad gauge {{convert|2575.03|km}}, metre gauge {{convert|2874.23|km}}, total {{convert|5449.29|km}}
** Track km: broad gauge {{convert|6696.36|km}}, metre gauge {{convert|733.44|km}}, total {{convert|7329.80|km}}

** Jaipur railway division
*** Route km: broad gauge {{convert|830.20|km}}, metre gauge {{convert|196.61|km}}, total {{convert|1026.81|km}}
*** Track km: broad gauge {{convert|1385.13|km}}, metre gauge {{convert|213.53|km}}, total {{convert|1598.66|km}}

==List of railway stations and towns ==
The list includes the stations under the Jaipur railway division and their station category.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No. of stations in IR based on Pass. earning of 2011 |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PASSENGER AMENITIES - CRITERIA= For Categorisation Of Stations |url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045206/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | A-1
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{rws|Jaipur}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | A
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Alwar railway station|Alwar]], [[Sikar Junction railway station|Sikar]], {{rws|Gandhinagar Jaipur}}, {{rws|Bandikui Junction}}, {{rws|Phulera}}, {{rws|Rewari}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | B
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | C suburban station
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | D
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | E
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | F halt station
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|}
Stations closed for Passengers -

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jaipur railway division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:North Western Railway zone|*]]

{{India-rail-transport-stub}}

Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)

2026-03-24T09:53:27Z

MickiAddy25: corrected intro to improve readability

{{Short description|Public transport in Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Bus transit
| name = Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Ltd.<hr/>Mānakara Pōkkuvarattu Kaḻakam (Ceṉṉai)
| former_name = *Pallavan Transport Corporation
*Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation
| ridership = 5.902 million per day (2023-24)
| image =
| headquarters = Pallavan House, [[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| locale = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| service_area = [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
| service_type = Ordinary, Express, Deluxe, Air Conditioned Deluxe and Small Bus
| passangers =
| collection =
| operator = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| parent = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.]]
| website = https://mtcbus.tn.gov.in
| logo = [[File:MTC (Chennai) Logo, 2023.png|320px]]
}}
[[File:Chennai Openstreetmap Public Transport Density Map.png|thumb|Heatmap of the coverage of public transportation in Chennai City]]

The '''Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Ltd. (MTC)''', is the agency that operates the [[public transport|public]] [[bus]] service in [[Chennai]], India. It is a subsidiary of [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd]]. As of August 2024 the MTC had a total fleet of 3,376 buses with 3,233 scheduled services, with on average 5.092 Million passengers on an average per day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Ltd |url=https://mtcbus.tn.gov.in/Home/about |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=mtcbus.tn.gov.in}}</ref> On March 22, 2016, the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] reported that Chennai had the most crowded buses in the country with 1300 passengers per bus in each direction per day.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Karthikeyan Hemalatha|date=Mar 22, 2016 |title=Chennai buses most crowded in the country {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-buses-most-crowded-in-the-country/articleshow/51505707.cms |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> During peak hours, on some routes, a bus with a capacity to accommodate 80 persons carries twice the number of people due to the extensiveness of the system. It has an operating area of {{convert|3,929|km2}}.<ref name="aboutus">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.mtcbus.org//aboutus.asp|access-date=2012-11-05|work=Metropolitan Transport Corporation}}</ref> MTC has a total of 668 routes with its largest terminus being [[Broadway bus terminus|Broadway]] in Central Chennai.

==History==

=== Pallavan Transport Corporation & Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation ===
The Pallavan Transport Corporation Ltd was established on 1 January 1972 with a fleet strength of 1,029 buses. The operational [[jurisdiction]] is the [[Chennai]] Metropolitan area. It served 176 routes and had 8 depots, including those at [[T. Nagar]], [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], and [[Vadapalani]]. Depots at [[Anna Nagar]] and [[K.K. Nagar]] were established in 1973.<ref name="TOI_CityNeedsMoreWheels">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtcbus.org/|title=The Growth - MTC|date=11 Dec 2017|publisher=The Times Group|location=Chennai}}</ref> The Pallavan Transport Corporation was split into two and a new Corporation, namely, Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation Ltd. started functioning from 19 January 1994. The depots in the northern areas of the city were brought under Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation Ltd and the southern depots came under Pallavan Transport Corporation. Pallavan Transport Corporation was renamed as Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Madras Division - I) Limited and Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation was renamed as Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Madras Division - II) Ltd., on 1 July 1997. In order to make the Corporations viable, and for better administrative control, Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Madras Division II) was amalgamated with Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Madras Division I) Ltd on 10 January 2001.

=== Present Day ===
As of 2012, the corporation operates 42,961 services daily in 800 routes.<ref name="MaalaiMalar_16NewDepots">{{cite news
| title = சென்னையில் கூடுதலாக 16 புதிய பணிமனைகள்: அமைச்சர் செந்தில் பாலாஜி நேரில் ஆய்வு
| newspaper = Maalai Malar
| location = Chennai
| language = ta
| date = 11 July 2012
| url = http://www.maalaimalar.com/2012/07/11120954/additional-16-workstations-in.html
| access-date = 11 Jul 2012}}</ref> The driver strength at MTC is 5,000 as against a required driver strength of 5,800.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Narayanan
| first = Vivek
| title = Beware, bus drivers on the edge
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 July 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3636579.ece
| access-date = 14 Jul 2012}}</ref>

In May 2017, the MTC had a scheduled fleet of 3688 buses and total fleet strength of 3968 buses.

==== 2018 Price Hike ====
On 20 January 2018, the MTC introduced a controversial rise in fares with minimum fares for ordinary buses going up from Rs 2 to Rs 5, and maximum fare going up from Rs 12 to Rs 23, the fares were also hiked for other categories of buses with the minimum fare for Express buses becoming Rs 8 and maximum becoming Rs 35 while the minimum fares of Deluxe buses were Rs 12 and maximum fares Rs 48, this was the first such price hike since 2011. This was followed with an increase in the number of deluxe buses (from 900 to 1200) which were the costliest buses. This led to a 30% fall in the number of daily passengers within 3 months. The MTC had projected a 40% rise in daily revenue from Rs 25 million to Rs 40 million but ended up receiving only Rs 28 million in daily revenue i.e. a 12% increase.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |date=2018-03-29 |title=2 months after fare hike, MTC's commuter base shrinks by 30% |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/2-months-after-fare-hike-mtcs-commuter-base-shrinks-by-30/article23386372.ece |access-date=2022-06-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Increase Over the Years<ref name="TOI_CityNeedsMoreWheels"/>
|-
|Year
|1972
|2020
|-
|Depots
|8
|33
|-
|Fleet
|1,029
|4,599
|-
|Scheduled Services
|892
|5,099
|-
|Route
|209
|895
|-
|Employees
|20,159
|24,202
|-
|Passenger/day
|2.2 million
|5.8 million
|-
|Collection/day
|₹0.4 million
|₹26.1 million
|-
|Occupancy ratio
|NA
|71.42%
|}

==Fleet==
The total size of fleet of the MTC is 3688, of which 3492 buses are operated every day on an average. MTC operates over 5000 services daily covering about 830 routes. The last time buses were added to the fleet was in January 2020.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Srikanth
| first = R.
| title = MTC cuts old bus routes to start new ones to suburbs
| newspaper = The Hindu (Print edition)
| location = Chennai
| pages = 3
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 20 March 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mtc-cuts-old-bus-routes-to-start-new-ones-to-suburbs/article24176276.ece
| access-date = 28 July 2018}}</ref>

Per RTO rules, an MTC bus could accommodate a maximum of 83 passengers, including 48 sitting and 27 standing. However, buses carry over 160 passengers in some routes, especially during peak hours, with many travelling on the footboard of the bus resulting in several accidents. According to Union Transport Ministry of India on March 22, 2016, Chennai was reported to have the most crowded buses in the country with 1300 passengers per bus per day per direction. This is due to the extensive routes the buses ply to and also the cost which is reasonably less than some of the major cities in the country. An exclusive and efficient BRTS on dedicated elevated roads is being proposed by MTC as well as the Tamil Nadu Government in order to improve the share of public transport. For a city like Chennai, ideally more than 60% of the people should be using public transport systems. However, owing to its vehicle density which is the second highest in the country, only 40% of the citizenry use public transport which is quite low.

[[File:A deluxe City bus in Chennai from Ashok Leyland.jpg|thumb|Deluxe bus from [[Ashok Leyland]]]]
[[File:Chennai MTC's ordinary fare bus.jpg|thumb|An ordinary fare (white board) bus]]
[[File:MTC-TataMarcopolo2.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|MTC's Tata Marcopolo Bus]]
[[File:CityBus Vestibule.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|New vestibule bus with LED display]]
[[File:MTC-AshLey-AC-Bus-570S-Velachery.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|An MTC AC bus]]
[[File:MTC Bus 21G.JPG|thumb|200 px|right|A MTC SLF plying route 21G]]

'''Normal buses'''
These buses in the MTC fleet were manufactured by [[Ashok Leyland]] and [[Tata Motors]]. These buses were launched in the 1990s and some continue to ply while the majority have been replaced in favor of newer buses.

'''Semi-Low floor buses'''
The semi-[[low floored]] and deluxe buses have improved passenger amenities like improved lighting, [[plastic moulded]] seats and driver operated pneumatic, doors into its fleet. The first set of such buses from Ashok Leyland were introduced in February 2007. The newer range of these semi-low floor buses supplied under [[JNNURM]] are BS-III compliant and have LED displays. Some continue to ply while most of them are replaced by newer buses

'''Vestibule services'''
MTC also runs [[articulated bus]]es provided by Ashok Leyland in congested routes. The fares are similar to those of ordinary services. These buses have 2 conductors, plastic moulded seats and LED boards. Around the end of 2017, some of these buses are condemned and no longer in service.

'''Air-conditioned buses'''
MTC earlier operated [[Low-floor bus|low-floor]] [[Volvo B7RLE]] air-conditioned buses on selected routes. There were 100 of these buses running on select routes at regular intervals when they were introduced. They stopped operating in 2018 owing to poor and higher cost of maintenance, and replaced in favor of newer [[Ashok Leyland]] electric buses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srikanth |first1=R. |title=After more than a year, Chennai gets AC buses again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/after-more-than-a-year-chennai-gets-ac-buses-again/article30532317.ece |access-date=8 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=10 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

'''Small buses'''
MTC has launched small-bus services to connect remote places of Chennai and its suburbs. These buses are provided by Tata.

'''Low-Floor busses''' These buses in the MTC fleet were introduced to improve accessibility for all passengers, especially the elderly and differently-abled. Manufactured by [[Ashok Leyland]], they feature pneumatic doors, low entry steps, and LED route displays. Currently there are about 611 low floor busses running in Chennai. Similarly [[Electric bus|electric]] [[Low-floor bus|low-floor]] busses have also been procured by MTC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagannath |first=G. |date=2025-05-13 |title=Electric buses roll up at MTC's Perumbakkam depot |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/electric-buses-roll-up-at-mtcs-perumbakkam-depot-833402 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+MTC Fleet Over the Years<ref>{{cite news
| last = Philip
| first = Christin Mathew
| title = Buses disemboweled, Left to Rust
| newspaper = The Times of India (e-paper)
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 20 March 2019
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/11/16&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00200&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091751/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/11/16&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00200&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| access-date = 29 Feb 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Year
|No. of buses on road
|No. of buses off-road
|Total
|-
|2007–2008
|2,344
|287
|2,631
|-
|2008–2009
|2,792
|370
|3,162
|-
|2009–2010
|2,958
|327
|3,285
|-
|2010–2011
|3,007
|355
|3,362
|-
|2011–2012
|3,034
|374
|3,408
|-
|2012–2013
|3,027
|356
|3,383
|-
|2016–2017
|3,797
|167
|3,964
|-
|2017–2018
|4,091
|182
|4273
|-
|2018–2019
|5,092
|194
|5286
|-
|}
[[File:Ashok Leyland Low Floor Bus.jpg|thumb|201x201px|Low-Floor Bus from Ashok Leyland plying route 147A]]

==Services==

* '''Ordinary Pink City Service''': It is a non-AC bus service with 2+2 bench type non-reclining seater seats built on single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]] chassis with a brown-cream livery with front and back sides in pink. Female passengers can travel for free on these buses.
* '''Ordinary City Service''': It is a non-AC bus service with 2+2 bench type non-reclining seater seats built on single-axle [[Tata Motors|Tata]] chassis with a brown-cream livery.
* '''Mini Bus Service''': It is a non-AC mini bus service with 2+2 bench type non-reclining seater seats built on single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]] chassis with a grey livery. It was launched to connect remote places, suburbs and also act as a feeder service.
* '''Deluxe City Service''': It is a non-AC bus service with 2+2 non-reclining seater seats built on single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]] or [[Tata motors|Tata]] chassis with lesser stops and a red livery.
* '''Deluxe City AC Service''': It is an AC bus service with 2+2 non-reclining seater seats built on single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]] or [[Tata motors|Tata]] chassis with lesser stops and a new red-grey livery.

==Depots==
The Metropolitan Transport Corporation had 33 depots in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-14 |title=Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Ltd |url=https://mtcbus.tn.gov.in/Home/about |access-date=2022-06-16 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814151551/https://mtcbus.tn.gov.in/Home/about |archive-date=14 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> each with an average parking capacity of 200 buses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Ltd |url=https://mtcbus.tn.gov.in/Home/about |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=mtcbus.tn.gov.in}}</ref> In 2023, the new Kilambakkam depot opened as part of the Kilambakkam Bus Terminus. The Anna Nagar East and Semmencheri depots are planned for inauguration in June – July 2025. In Phase - 1, five bus depots (Vyasarpadi, Perumbakkam, Poonamallee, Central Depot and Tondiarpet - 1) are being upgraded to electric bus depots on a PPP model. The Poonamallee diesel bus depot is temporarily operating from CMBT's 5th and 6th platforms. Once Kuthambakkam Bus Terminus opens, operations will shift there. Thiruvottriyur depot is currently closed for upgrades and parallel bus terminus construction, with operations transferred to Anna Nagar East depot. Alandur depot has been upgraded to an EV bus depot in Phase - 2, so its operations are mostly split to nearby depots, keeping the number of active depots at 33.

The 33 depots of the Metropolitan Transport Corporation (as of 2026) are listed below:
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable plainrowheaders"
|-
|+MTC Depots<ref>{{Cite web |last= |publisher=MTC |date= |title=MTC Home Fleet Scheduled Services |url=https://mtcbus.tn.gov.in/Home/fleet_scheduled_services }}</ref>
|-
!Depot
!Depot code
!Old code
!Region
!Fleet strength
!Scheduled services
|-
|[[Adambakkam]]
|AB
|NIL
|[[T. Nagar|T.Nagar]]
|76
|72
|-
|[[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]]
|AD
|B
|[[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]]
|196
|188
|-
|[[Alandur]]
|AL
|K
|[[Chromepet]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ambattur Industrial Estate|Ambattur Estate]]
|AM
|E
|[[Anna Nagar]]
|160
|148
|-
|Anna Nagar East
|AE
|NIL
|[[Ayanavaram]]
|36
|34
|-
|[[Anna Nagar West]]
|AN
|H
|[[Anna Nagar]]
|201
|191
|-
|[[Avadi]]
|AV
|X
|[[Anna Nagar]]
|178
|168
|-
|[[Ayanavaram]]
|AY
|C
|[[Ayanavaram]]
|120
|113
|-
|[[Basin Bridge]]
|BB
|NIL
|[[Ayanavaram]]
|84
|78
|-
|[[Chennai Central|Central Depot]] (EV)
|CD
|NIL
|[[Ayanavaram]]
|80
|75
|-
|[[Chromepet]] - I
|CR
|W
|[[Chromepet]]
|150
|142
|-
|[[Chromepet]] - II
|CW
|NIL
|[[Chromepet]]
|95
|84
|-
|[[Ennore]]
|EN
|K
|[[Tondiarpet]]
|88
|84
|-
|[[Iyyappanthangal]]
|IY
|Y
|[[Vadapalani]]
|143
|135
|-
|Kannagi Nagar
|KA
|NIL
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|43
|41
|-
|[[Kilambakkam bus terminus, Chennai|Kilambakkam]]
|KB
|NIL
|[[Chromepet]]
|123
|117
|-
|[[K.K.Nagar]]
|KN
|G
|[[T. Nagar|T.Nagar]]
|198
|184
|-
|[[Kundrathur]]
|KU
|NIL
|[[Vadapalani]]
|38
|36
|-
|[[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]
|MV
|F
|[[Tondiarpet]]
|156
|148
|-
|[[Mandavelli|Mandaveli]]/[[Foreshore Estate]]
|MN
|J
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|69
|65
|-
|[[Padiyanallur]]
|PL
|NIL
|[[Tondiarpet]]
|113
|109
|-
|[[Perambur]]
|PR
|S
|[[Ayanavaram]]
|132
|125
|-
|[[Perumbakkam]] (EV)
|PE
|NIL
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|131
|125
|-
|[[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus|Koyambedu]] (Temporary)
|PM
|NIL
|[[Vadapalani]]
|173
|164
|-
|[[Poonamallee]] (EV)
|PN
|V, Z
|[[Vadapalani]]
|131
|115
|-
|[[Saidapet]]
|SP
|M
|[[T. Nagar|T.Nagar]]
|101
|96
|-
|[[Semmencherry|Semmencheri]]
|SM
|NIL
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|41
|39
|-
|[[T.Nagar]]
|TN
|L
|[[T. Nagar|T.Nagar]]
|72
|68
|-
|[[Tambaram]]
|TA
|O
|[[Chromepet]]
|202
|193
|-
|[[Thiruvanmiyur]]
|TR
|R
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|126
|113
|-
|[[Thiruvottriyur]]
|TV
|N
|[[Tondiarpet]]
|
|
|-
|[[Tondiarpet]] - I (EV)
|TD
|A
|[[Tondiarpet]]
|36
|40
|-
|[[Tondiarpet]] - II
|TW
|T
|[[Tondiarpet]]
|138
|130
|-
|[[Vadapalani]]
|VP
|D
|[[Vadapalani]]
|178
|168
|-
|[[Vyasarpadi]] (EV)
|VY
|P
|[[Anna Nagar]]
|136
|130
|-
|colspan=4|'''Total'''
|'''3,944'''
|'''3,718'''
|}

== Routes ==
{{main|List of bus routes in Chennai}}

==Revenue==
As of 2012, MTC's advertisement revenue per month is {{INR}} 86 lakhs.<ref>{{cite news
| title = MTC buses to get LCD monitors
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 August 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3747246.ece
| access-date = 12 Aug 2012}}</ref> About 2,000 of the MTC's 3,400 buses have been maintained by companies that advertise on the buses since December 2011, but the advertisement space was open for all to bid. In 2012, MTC decided to allow only those companies that take up the cleaning assignment. Still they will have to pay the market rate for the space, while they will get paid for the cleaning. As of 2012, the corporation pays {{INR}} 18 per bus per cleaner every day.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Hemalatha
| first = Karthikeyan
| title = MTC plans to barter ad space for cleaning buses
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 November 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/MTC-plans-to-barter-ad-space-for-cleaning-buses/articleshow/17109177.cms
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103072112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-06/chennai/34948103_1_mtc-plans-clean-buses-advertisements
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 22 Feb 2016}}</ref>

As of 17 Apr 2013 The total revenue per day of all the buses is 2.75 cr<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Real-time-info-from-e-machines-helps-improve-Chennai-bus-services-revenues/articleshow/46120523.cms|title = Real-time info from e-machines helps improve Chennai bus services, revenues | Chennai News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=4 February 2015 }}</ref>

==Occupancy==
The MTC buses have an occupancy ratio (average number of passengers to total seating capacity in a bus) of 84.35%. Each MTC bus can carry 72 people, including 24 standing passengers. The occupancy ratio in Chennai is amongst the highest for the 38 transport corporations in the country.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan Hemalatha|title=Chennai buses burst at seams|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2013%2F02%2F23&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017194356/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2013%2F02%2F23&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|newspaper=The Times of India, Chennai|date=23 February 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="hard ride for aged">{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan Hemalatha|title=HARD RIDE FOR AGED IN CITY|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2013%2F10%2F16&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017194354/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2013%2F10%2F16&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|newspaper=The Times of India, Chennai|date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

==Connectivity with MRTS and airport==
The MTC services are not integrated with the [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Mass Rapid Transit System]].<ref name="lessons">{{cite news
| last = Sreevatsan
| first = Ajai
| title = MRTS lessons worth learning
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 16 August 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2360025.ece
| access-date = 15 August 2012}}</ref> Some of the MRTS stations are located away from bus stops which makes transfers difficult.<ref name="too far">{{cite news|last=Liffy Thomas and T.Madhavan|title=Train stations, a road too far|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/train-stations-a-road-too-far/article5203744.ece|access-date=14 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu, Chennai|date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=G Ananthakrishnan|title=Not all together here|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/not-all-together-here/article5157531.ece|access-date=14 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu, Chennai|date=23 Sep 2013}}</ref> Recently mini-buses have started to ply as a feeder to plug the gaps in connectivity. There are buses to various parts of the city from the airport and some air passengers and many airport employees, use the service. The bus stop is close to the international terminal.<ref name="airport long walk">{{cite news|last=Sunitha Sekar|title=For passengers, it's a long walk from airport to bus stop|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/for-passengers-its-a-long-walk-from-airport-to-bus-stop/article4775943.ece|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 June 2013}}</ref>

==Accidents==
The accident rate of MTC is high compared to similar metropolitan transport corporations in the country.<ref name=accidents1>{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan Hemalatha|title=No stopping MTC killing spree|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/11/30&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00200&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206051651/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/11/30&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00200&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2013|access-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=The Times of India, Chennai|date=30 November 2013}}</ref> In Chennai, 104 people died in 2012 in accidents involving MTC buses. The driver unions are blamed for violations going unpunished and continuing unabated.<ref name="fewer buses">{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan Hemalatha|title=Despite fewer buses, MTC's death rate overtakes other fleets|newspaper=The Times of India, Chennai|date=2 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Driver of bus that fell off Anna flyover dismissed by MTC
| location = Chennai
| date = 25 October 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Driver-of-bus-that-fell-off-Anna-flyover-dismissed-by-MTC/articleshow/16947389.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131208001455/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-25/chennai/34728792_1_mtc-drivers-mtc-buses-flyover
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 8 December 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 25 Oct 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="IE_MTCKillsOverA100">{{cite news
| last = Jebakumar
| first = R. Prince
| title = MTC buses kill over a 100 every year
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 29 July 2013
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+People killed in accidents involving MTC buses
|-
!style="background:white"|Year
!style="background:violet"|2007
!style="background:red"|2008
!style="background:green"|2009
!style="background:lightblue"|2010
!style="background:pink"|2011
!style="background:yellow"|2012
!style="background:lightgreen"|2013
!style="background:grey"|2016
!style="background:orange"|2017
!style="background:blue"|2018
!style="background:ivory"|2019
|-
!style="background:white"|Fatal
!style="background:grey"|142
!style="background:orange"|145
!style="background:violet"|138
!style="background:red"|132
!style="background:green"|112
!style="background:lightblue"|104
!style="background:gold"|98
!style="background:ivory"|94
!style="background:pink"|35
!style="background:lightgreen"|24
!style="background:yellow"|120
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable plainrowheaders"
|-
|+Accidents over the years<ref name="IE_MTCKillsOverA100"/>
|-
!style="background:beige"|Year
!style="background:red"|Fatal
!style="background:ivory"|Non-fatal
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|2009
!style="background:red"|109
!style="background:yellow"|384
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|2010
!style="background:red"|106
!style="background:yellow"|351
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|2011
!style="background:red"|112
!style="background:yellow"|436
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|2012
!style="background:red"|103
!style="background:yellow"|351
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|2013
!style="background:red"|62
!style="background:yellow"|215
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|2016
!style="background:red"|61
!style="background:yellow"|214
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|2017
!style="background:red"|35
!style="background:yellow"|516
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|2018
!style="background:red"|24
!style="background:yellow"|401
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|2019
!style="background:red"|120
!style="background:yellow"|432
|-
|}

To mitigate the no. of accidents, officials of the corporation and the traffic police conduct refresher courses and yoga classes for MTC drivers.<ref name="fewer buses"/><ref name="stress break rules">{{cite news|last=N Vinoth Kumar|title=Stressed into breaking the rules, say MTC drivers|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Stressed-into-breaking-the-rules-say-MTC-drivers/2013/08/01/article1711518.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803200022/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Stressed-into-breaking-the-rules-say-MTC-drivers/2013/08/01/article1711518.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2013|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express, Chennai|date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="crowded bus kill">{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan Hemalatha|title=Crowded buses kill as MTC uses few in fleet|url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes&pageid=2&max=true&articleid=Ar00202&sectid=1edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=12-12-2012&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai+-+Times+City&title=Crowded+buses+kill+as+MTC+uses+few+in+fleet&edname=&publabel=TOI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016075425/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes&pageid=2&max=true&articleid=Ar00202&sectid=1edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=12-12-2012&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai+-+Times+City&title=Crowded+buses+kill+as+MTC+uses+few+in+fleet&edname=&publabel=TOI|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|newspaper=The Times of India, Chennai|date=12 December 2012}}</ref>

==Complaints and Issues Faced==

=== Overcrowding and infrequency ===
MTC buses can be very overcrowded with footboard traveling being a common occurrence in the ordinary buses with no doors, which has led to numerous accidents.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ram Sundaram|date=Dec 9, 2021 |title=Govt Cracks Whip On Footboard Travelling {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/govt-cracks-whip-on-footboard-travelling/articleshow/88175033.cms |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The main reason for this overcrowding being the fact number of buses operated by the MTC is not enough to meet the requirement of such a large city, with the city needing a fleet of 5,160 buses just to meet the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] benchmark of 60 buses per 100,000 people, which in 2022 would require 1,706 additional buses. In addition a 2016 report by the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] found 72.1% of the buses to be overage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Natarajan |first=Aruna |date=2019-06-07 |title=Does Chennai have enough buses for its commuters? |url=https://chennai.citizenmatters.in/chennai-bus-service-mtc-routes-vs-metro-mrts-10194 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Citizen Matters, Chennai |language=en-GB}}</ref>

MTC buses are also notorious for [[bus bunching]] (i.e. two or more buses of the same route arriving together) with commuters frequently complaining about not being able to get a bus for another 30 minutes afterwards. Many routes also suffer from a low frequency of buses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagannath |first=G. |title=A bus load of problems plagues MTC |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/05/16/a-bus-load-of-problems-plagues-mtc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517025603/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/05/16/a-bus-load-of-problems-plagues-mtc |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=DT next |language=en}}</ref>

=== Finances ===
MTC has been a loss making company for a long time which has hampered its ability to improve services or add new buses, however its previous attempt to increase fares in 2018 ended up causing a steep decline in daily passengers resulting in an even greater loss of ₹730.45 crore in financial year 2017–18 as against ₹519.48 crore in the previous financial year of 2016–17. MTC finances are also strained by the constant hikes in fuel prices.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |date=2019-07-16 |title=MTC's financial woes balloon as patronage plunges to a new low |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mtcs-financial-woes-balloon-as-patronage-plunges-to-a-new-low/article28494360.ece |access-date=2022-06-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This weak financial position has led to it cutting back on some services.

Due to its weak financial position, MTC along with other STCs have found it difficult to pay their employees retirement benefits, dearness allowance, pensions, etc., with many social security measures remaining only on paper. The amount deducted from the employees' wages for welfare measures (such as health insurance) and retirement benefits is used up to finance day-to-day operation, resulting in the organisation being reliant on the state government to release funds for retirement benefits. Many retired employees have to wait for months to receive their pension, and dearness allowance arrears have been pending for years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |date=2022-07-16 |title=Hitting the brakes on retirement benefits |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hitting-the-brakes-on-retirement-benefits/article65647218.ece |access-date=2022-07-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Other issues ===
There have complaints about operator behavior<ref name="law unto">{{cite news|last=MTC drivers: a law unto themselves?|title=MTC drivers: a law unto themselves?|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/MTC-drivers-a-law-unto-themselves/2013/07/30/article1708099.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802092800/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/MTC-drivers-a-law-unto-themselves/2013/07/30/article1708099.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2013|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express, Chennai|date=30 July 2013}}</ref> on MTC buses and these have been effectively addressed by the administration by having special counseling and yoga sessions for the workers.<ref name="mtc admits rude crew">{{cite news|last=Christin Mathew Philip|title=Drivers rude, MTC officials admit after 2,000 complaints|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/10/18&PageLabel=6&EntityId=Ar00601&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021183015/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/10/18&PageLabel=6&EntityId=Ar00601&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=The Times of India, Chennai|date=18 Oct 2013}}</ref><ref name="bus stop oxymoron">{{cite news|last=Rajagopalan Venkataraman|title=Bus-stop, an oxymoron for MTC drivers?|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Bus-stop-an-oxymoron-for-MTC-drivers/2013/07/31/article1709848.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023141435/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Bus-stop-an-oxymoron-for-MTC-drivers/2013/07/31/article1709848.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2013|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express, Chennai|date=31 July 2013}}</ref> The entrances to most buses have at least two steps. This poses difficulty for some passengers to alight or board the buses.<ref name="hanging danger">{{cite news|last=M Ramya & Karthikeyan Hemalatha|title=The Hanging danger|url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes&pageid=2&max=true&articleid=Ar00202&sectid=1edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=12-12-2012&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai+-+Times+City&title=Crowded+buses+kill+as+MTC+uses+few+in+fleet&edname=&publabel=TOI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016075425/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes&pageid=2&max=true&articleid=Ar00202&sectid=1edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=12-12-2012&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai+-+Times+City&title=Crowded+buses+kill+as+MTC+uses+few+in+fleet&edname=&publabel=TOI|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|newspaper=The Times of India, Chennai|date=12 Dec 2012}}</ref> Some of the bus stations are poorly maintained.<ref>{{cite news|last=Adarsh Jain|title=Broadway MTC terminus now a stinking problem|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/12/22&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00502&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102954/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/12/22&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00502&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=22 December 2013|newspaper=The Times of India, Chennai|date=22 December 2013}}</ref>

MTC officials are under pressure from councilors and MLAs to introduce new bus routes to or through their constituency even though such a move may not be the most profitable of options. "While this is not always bad as certain routes need to be run even if they are not profitable, MTC as an operator should cover its basics first and meet the demands along high-capacity routes," said an expert in the field of public transport.{{Citation needed|reason=No source to back statement up. Reads like a newspaper quote.|date=January 2022}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[State Express Transport Corporation]]
* [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)}}
* {{Official website|https://mtcbus.tn.gov.in|Official website}}
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook_mtc.pdf Operation details under RTI]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110924181019/http://busroutes.in/chennai/ BusRoutes.In - Chennai bus and train route maps]
* [http://www.mtcbus.org/ACBusesTimeSchedule.asp MTC Volvo AC Bus Timings]

{{State owned road transport companies in India}}
{{State Agencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Metropolitan transport agencies of India]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Merchant Shipping Act, 2025

2026-03-23T06:30:26Z

MickiAddy25: new the stub initial version

{{Short description|Legislation in India}}

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Merchant Shipping Act, 2025
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to merchant shipping to ensure compliance with India’s obligation under the maritime treaties and international instruments to which India is a party and also to ensure the development of Indian shipping and efficient maintenance of Indian mercantile marine in a manner best suited to serve the national interest and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = Act No. 24 of 2025
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-merchant-shipping-bill-2024
| bill = Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024
| bill_citation = [https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedLoksabha/ASPassedMERCHANTSHIPPING882025111857AM.pdf?source=legislation Bill No. 183C of 2024]
| introduced_by = Sarbananda Sonowal, Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
| date_introduced = 10 December 2024
| enacted_by = Lok Sabha
| date_passed = 6 August 2025
| enacted_by2 = Rajya Sabha
| date_passed2 = 11 August 2025
| assented_by = President
| date_assented = 18 August 2025
| passed = 6 August 2025
| passed2 = 11 August 2025
| amends = Marine Aids to Navigation Act, 2021
| repeals = {{Ubl|Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 (except Part XIV but not including sec 411A)|Coasting Vessels Act, 1838}}
| status = not yet in force
}}

The '''Merchant Shipping Act, 2025''' is an Act of the [[Parliament of India]] that replaced the ''Merchant Shipping Act, 1958''. The 2025 Act modernises India's maritime legal framework, aligns domestic law with [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) conventions, strengthens safety and environmental protections, improves seafarer welfare provisions, and simplifies regulatory procedures to enhance ease of doing business in the shipping sector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=Parliament Passes Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2155271 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=Parliament approves The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/parliament-approves-the-merchant-shipping-bill-2025/articleshow/123234433.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Background and timeline ==

=== Background ===
The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 had become outdated and inconsistent with contemporary international shipping practice and IMO instruments. The Merchant Shipping Act, 2025 streamlines and consolidates merchant shipping law into 16 parts and 325 clauses, incorporating modern safety standards (including [[SOLAS Convention|SOLAS]]), pollution controls (including [[MARPOL 73/78|MARPOL]]), [[Ballast Water Management Convention|ballast water management]], and improved mechanisms for marine casualty investigation and [[seafarer]] protections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=Parliament Passes Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2155271 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

=== Timeline ===
* 10 December 2024: The ''Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024'' was introduced in Lok Sabha.<ref name=":0" />
* 6 August 2025: The ''Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024'' was passed by Lok Sabha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-06 |title=Lok Sabha passes Merchant Shipping Bill |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-passes-merchant-shipping-bill/articleshow/123148099.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* 11 August 2025: The ''Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024'' passed by the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=Parliament approves The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/parliament-approves-the-merchant-shipping-bill-2025/articleshow/123234433.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Provisions ==

=== Alignment with International Conventions ===
The Act incorporates India’s obligations under conventions of the [[International Maritime Organization]], including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), the Ballast Water Management Convention, and the [[Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks]].

=== Safety and Environmental Protection ===
It mandates pollution prevention measures, waste reception facilities, ballast water treatment systems, emergency preparedness plans, and periodic safety audits. The Act prescribes penalties for non-compliance with safety and environmental requirements.

=== Seafarer Welfare ===
The Act updates the framework for training, certification, service conditions, welfare measures, and dispute resolution mechanisms for seafarers, in line with the [[Maritime Labour Convention]] (MLC) standards.

=== Ship Registration and Ownership ===
It modernises vessel registration procedures, permits ownership of Indian-flagged vessels by Indian citizens, non-resident Indians (NRIs), overseas citizens of India (OCIs), Indian companies, and statutory bodies. Early registration is allowed for vessels under [[bareboat charter]] arrangements to boost Indian tonnage.

=== Ease of Doing Business ===
The Act enables electronic registration, digital certificates and agreements, simplified documentation, electronic payments, and risk-based [[port state control]] inspections to reduce delays and enhance operational efficiency.

=== Marine Casualty Investigation ===
It strengthens investigative powers for marine accidents, wreck removal, salvage operations, and apportionment of liabilities in maritime incidents.

== See also ==
* [[Indian Ports Act, 2025]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2025]]
[[Category:Shipping in India]]

Madharas Mafia Company

2026-03-21T01:14:58Z

MickiAddy25: new initial pg first draft

{{Short description|2025 Tamil gangster film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Madharas Mafia Company.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = A. S. Mukundan
| writer = A. S. Mukundan
| story = V. Suganthi Annadurai
| producer = V. Suganthi Annadurai
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anandaraj]]
* Samyuktha Shanmuganathan
* [[Munishkanth]]
}}
| cinematography = Ashokraj
| editing = S. Devaraj
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = Anna Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Madharas Mafia Company''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language gangster film directed by A. S. Mukundan in his directorial debut. The film has story written and produced by V. Suganthi Annadurai under her Anna Productions banner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-04 |title=Anandaraj and Samyuktha Shan team up for Madras Mafia Company |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/04/anandaraj-and-samyuktha-shan-team-up-for-madras-mafia-company |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004202816/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/04/anandaraj-and-samyuktha-shan-team-up-for-madras-mafia-company |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Anandaraj]] and Samyuktha Shanmuganathan in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-04 |title=Don Anandaraj to face-off against cop Samyuktha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/don-anandaraj-to-face-off-against-cop-samyuktha/articleshow/113931028.cms |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005015222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/don-anandaraj-to-face-off-against-cop-samyuktha/articleshow/113931028.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Madharas Mafia Company'' released in theatres on 14 November 2025.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anandaraj]] as Pungavanam
* Samyuktha Shanmuganathan as ACP Thigazh Bharathi IPS
* [[Munishkanth]]
* [[Deepa Shankar]]
* Sasilaya
* [[Anand Babu]]
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]]
* Mippu
* [[Shakeela]]
* Aradhaya
* [[C. Ranganathan]]
* Vadachennai Anbu
* Rishi Prakash
* Richi Green
* Muthu Buvan
* Ashmitha
* A.E. Jagadeesh Dharmaraj
* SG. Dhamodharan
}}

== Production ==
Set in the backdrop of North Chennai the film is directed by A. S. Mukundan in his debut and produced by V. Suganthi Annadurai under Anna Productions banner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-10-31 |title='மெட்ராஸ் மாபியா கம்பெனி' படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/trailer-release-of-the-film-madras-mafia-company-1187788 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Anandaraj]] and [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 4|Bigg Boss Tamil 4]] fame Samyuktha Shanmuganathan in the lead roles<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=தாதாவாக ஆனந்த் ராஜ் நடிக்கும் 'மெட்ராஸ் மாஃபியா கம்பெனி' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1321849-madras-mafia-company-movie.html |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> alongside [[Munishkanth]], [[Deepa Shankar]], Sasilaya, [[Anand Babu]] and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-09-11 |title='மெட்ராஸ் மாபியா கம்பெனி' படத்தின் டீசர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/teaser-release-of-the-film-madras-mafia-company-1178858 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta |archive-date=2025-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914174502/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/teaser-release-of-the-film-madras-mafia-company-1178858 |url-status=live }}</ref> After a formal puja ceremony, the [[principal photography]] began in early-October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=போலீஸ் அதிகாரியாக நடிக்கும் பிக் பாஸ் சம்யுக்தா |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/videos/actor-anandraj-and-big-boss-fame-samyukta-join-hands-in-madras-mafia-company-movie-531615 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> The film has cinematography handled by Ashokraj and music composed by [[Srikanth Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-11-10 |title='மெட்ராஸ் மாபியா கம்பெனி' படத்தின் பர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/launching-the-first-look-poster-of-madras-mafia-company-1129914 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta |archive-date=2024-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112030609/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/launching-the-first-look-poster-of-madras-mafia-company-1129914 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Madharas Mafia Company
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|31}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| prev_title = Kutram Thavir
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| chronology = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| misc = {{singles
|single1 = Machi Nee Paadu Daa
|single1date = 20 September 2025
|single2 = Rangalala
|single2date = 5 November 2025
|single3 = Irage
|single3date = 11 November 2025
}}{{External media|audio1={{YouTube|BNRskdH9ITU|Madharas Mafia Company - Full Album}}}}
}}
The first single "Machi Nee Paadu Daa" was released on 20 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-09-20 |title=“மெட்ராஸ் மாபியா கம்பெனி” படத்தின் பர்ஸ்ட் சிங்கிள் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/madharas-mafia-company-film-1-st-single-song-out-1180589 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta |archive-date=2025-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001203633/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/madharas-mafia-company-film-1-st-single-song-out-1180589 |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single "Rangalala" was released on 5 November 2025.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} The third single "Irage" was released on 11 November 2025.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Ku. Karthik]]
| all_music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| title1 = Machi Nee Paadu Daa
| extra1 = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| title2 = Rangalala
| extra2 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| title3 = Irage
| extra3 = [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Madharas Mafia Company'' released in theatres on 14 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-11-08 |title=ஆனந்தராஜின் “மெட்ராஸ் மாபியா கம்பெனி” படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/anandarajs-madras-mafia-company-release-date-announced-1189121 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars after criticising the film for its weak plot and scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மதறாஸ் மாபியா கம்பெனி - விமர்சனம் {2/5} : மதராஸ் மாபியா கம்பெனி - ஒன்றிரண்டு சிரிப்பு சீன்களுக்கு மட்டுமே கம்பெனி 'உத்தரவாதம்' அளிக்கிறது - Madras mafia company |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3682/Madras-mafia-company/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Director A.S. Mukundan tries dressing a serious crime story in commercial comedy clothes, but the fabric tears at every seam."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madharas Mafia Company Movie Review: Recycled gags sink rowdy comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/madharas-mafia-company/movie-review/125325666.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2025-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115084054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/madharas-mafia-company/movie-review/125325666.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33674204}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]

Kingdom of Chitral

2026-03-17T19:39:19Z

MickiAddy25: Made new entry

{{Short description|Former princely state of British India and Pakistan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{About|the former State of Chitral|other uses|Chitral District}}
{{Infobox former country
| common_name = Chitral
| conventional_long_name =
| native_name =
| status =
| official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (official, literary, and administrative language)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Allan; Buddruss |first1=Nigel J. R.; Georg |title=CHITRAL |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chitral-citral-river-valley-in-the-upper-indus-system |website=[[Encyclopedia Iranica]] |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> [[Khowar language|Khowar]] (court, mother tongue, literary language){{sfn|Pastakia|2004|p=39}}
| year_start =
| year_end = 1972
| national_languages =
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| area_km2 =
| area_label =
| area_sq_mi = 5737<ref name=":1" />
| population_census = 1,05,724<ref name=":1" />
| population_census_year = 1951
| image_coat = Coat of arms of State of Chitral.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| image_flag = Flag of State of Chitral.svg
| flag_type = State flag
| flag_border = no
| image_map = Chitral_map.png
| map_caption = Chitral highlighted in the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in 1947
| capital = [[Chitral]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&dq=mastuj+capital+chitral&pg=PA241 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |last2=Masson |first2=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich |last3=Unesco |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=C. Collin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfrXAAAAQBAJ&dq=mastuj+capital+chitral&pg=PA103 |title=The Problem of the North-West Frontier, 1890-1908 |date=2013-10-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-66209-4 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref>
| title_leader = Mehtar
| p1 = Chagatai Khanate
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Chagatai Khanate.svg
| s1 = West Pakistan
| flag_s1 = Flag of Pakistan.svg
| today = {{Tree list}}
*[[Pakistan]]
{{tree list/end}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}
'''Chitrāl''' ({{Langx|Khw|ݯھیترار}}; {{Langx|fa|{{nq|چترال}}}}) was a kingdom in the [[Hindu Kush]] region, in the northwest of [[South Asia]], existing from 17th century until its abolition in 1969. Between 1885 and 1947, it was one of the [[princely state|princely states]] in alliance with [[British Raj]], after which it became a [[Princely states of Pakistan|princely state of Pakistan]].<ref name="Ex-Mehter" /> The area it covered is now part of the [[Upper Chitral District|Upper]] and [[Lower Chitral District|Lower Chitral]] districts in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=North-West Frontier Province: Report and Tables |date=1951 |series=Census of Pakistan, 1951 |volume=4 |pages=TABLE I. POPULATION: 1-4}}</ref>

During the reign of Mehtar [[Aman ul-Mulk]] (r. 1857 – 1892), the kingdom extended from [[Asmar, Afghanistan|Asmar]] in the [[Kunar Valley]] of [[Afghanistan]] to [[Punial]] in the [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit Valley]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitral: A Bloody History and a Glorious Geography |url=http://blogcritics.org/chitral-a-bloody-history-and-a/ |access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602114345/http://blogcritics.org/chitral-a-bloody-history-and-a/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was an independent monarchy until 1885, when the British negotiated a [[subsidiary alliance]] with Aman ul-Mulk, under which Chitral became a princely state, still [[sovereignty|sovereign]] but subject to the suzerainty of the [[British Empire|British Indian Empire]]. After the [[Chitral Expedition]] in 1895, the British hold became stronger, but the internal administration remained in the hand of the Mehtar. In 1947 [[Partition of India|British India was partitioned]] and Chitral opted to accede to Pakistan. After accession, it finally became an administrative [[List of districts of Pakistan|district of Pakistan]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite book |last=Osella, Coares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0_QuKXhOuQC&pg=PA58 |title=Islam, Politics, Anthropology |date=19 March 2010 |isbn=9781444324419}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early historiography ===
Since the early 19th century, local chroniclers have been documenting the history of Chitral and are considered the main source on the subject. First known of them is the ''[[Shahnamah-i-Chitral]]'' of [[Muhammad Siyar|Baba Siyar]], the court historian of Shah Kator II (r. 1788–1838), written in the early 1800s. The [[Tarikh-i-Chitral|''Nai Tarikh-i-Chitral'']] ({{Literal translation|The new history of Chitral}}) written by Ghulam Murtaza, a son of the [[court historian]] of [[Shuja ul-Mulk]] during the British period, has come to be seen as the official historiography of Chitral, and is largely accepted by international scholarship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Cacopardo |first1=Alberto M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghFuAAAAMAAJ&q=chitral |title=Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush |last2=Cacopardo |first2=Augusto S. |date=2001 |publisher=IsIAO |isbn=978-88-6323-149-6 |pages=45–78 |language=en}}</ref> However, it has been criticized on weak chronological ground, as it traced back the advent of Islam in Chitral around the 7th century, and sought to legitimize the Kator rule by anticipating its beginning.<ref name=":0" />

=== Kafir period ===
According to the account, the history of Chitral is divided into three main periods: the Kafir period, the Rais period, and the Kator period.<ref name=":0" /> It describes the arrival of Islam in Chitral in the 7th century by an Arab army that defeated a local king named Bahman Kohistani.<ref name=":0" /> After a gap of five centuries, it describes upper Chitral under Sumalik of the [[Trakhan dynasty]], which ruled Gilgit, while lower Chitral was ruled by [[Kalash people|Kalasha]] rulers Bulasing and Rajawai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maggi |first=Wynne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVotcuQ1dvEC&dq=bulasing+kalasha+wai&pg=PA21 |title=Our Women are Free: Gender and Ethnicity in the Hindukush |date=2001 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-06783-1 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Rais dynasty ===
The Kafir period came to an end in 1320, accordingly, when a foreign chief named Shah Nadir Rais, presumably from [[Turkestan]], arrived and founded the Rais dynasty, which lasted from 1531 to 1574.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Tarikh-i-Gilgit'' ({{Literal translation|The history of Gilgit}}) of Shah Rais Khan (written 1941) makes him a member of the Trakhān dynasty of Gilgit.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |url= |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan |date=1991 |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Quaid-i-Azam University |isbn=978-969-415-016-1 |edition=2nd |location=Islamabad |pages=167-168, 201-204 |language=en |orig-date=1989}}</ref> Shah Nasir is described as the eighth of the nine Rais rulers. They were ousted by Mohtaram Shah Kator, who reigned from 1595 to 1630, coming to power due to a public backlash against Rais rule after Shah Mahmud Rais, the son of Shah Nasir, ascended to the throne. The defeat of Shah Mahmud by Mohtaram’s son Sangin Ali II in 1660 marks the final establishment of the Kator dynasty, which lasted until modern times.<ref name=":0" />

==== Alternative reconstruction by Wolfgang Holzwarth ====
Wolfgang Holzwarth has conducted a recent investigation that challenges the account's reconstruction of the Rais period, claiming that it fails to acknowledge the spread of Islam in Chitral and Gilgit.<ref name=":0" /> According to Holzwarth, the [[Chagatai Khanate]] brought Islam to the region in the early 16th century, establishing sub-centers in [[Mastuj]] and [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]]. He cites the successful military expeditions led by [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Mirza Haidar]] from [[Yarkent Khanate|Yarkand]] into the [[Hindu Kush]] between 1520 and 1550 as evidence.<ref name=":0" /> The first independent Muslim ruler in Chitral was likely Shah Babur, who came in a second Islamic wave from [[Badakhshan|Badakshan]]. He has been mentioned in the ''Bahr al-Asrar'', a 17th century court chronicle from the Uzbek [[Khanate of Bukhara|Khanate of Balkh]], as ruling Chitral in 1620. The 17th-century anonymous ''Tarikh-i-Kashgar'' further claims that Shah Babur became a tributary of [[Khanate of Kashgar]] in 1641 following an attack by Abdullah Khan Chughtai. His son, Shah Rais, is said to have been ruling in Yasin around 1660, according to ''[[Shigarnama]]'' (written 17th century).<ref name=":0" /> The next ruler known from sources outside Chitral is Shah Mahmud, who is recorded in Chinese [[Manchu people|Manchu]] annals of 1764 to have conquered Chitral from the [[Oirats|Oirat]] Mongols who replaced the Chagatai rulers in 1678. He ruled from 1713{{En dash}}20. Shah Mahmud can reasonably be identified as Shah Mahmud Rais, son of Shah Nasir, who was forced to flee to Badakhshan by Mohtaram Shah I, the first Kator ruler of Chitral, but eventually regained his throne with the help of a large army from Kashgar and Yarkand.<ref name=":0" /> In the decisive battle fought at [[Denin, Chitral|Danin]], Shah Khushwaqt, brother of Shah Mohtaram, was killed, and the other Kator princes fled from Chitral.<ref name=":0" /> The battle of Danin is likely the same event reported in the Manchu annals and the Oirat Mongol invasion of Chitral mentioned by [[John Biddulph|Biddulph]]. Shah Mahmud's counterattack, dated 1630 by the ''Nai Tarikh-i-Chitral'', should be set around the 18th century instead.<ref name=":0" />

=== Kator dynasty ===
{{See also|Katoor dynasty}}
The investigation by Wolfgang Holzwarth indicates that Kator rule may not have been established in Chitral until the mid-18th century, as documented in the Manchu annals.<ref name=":0" /> Holzwarth also suggests that the first seven rulers of the Rais period may be a recent invention, as there is no mention of them in any known source or oral tradition.<ref name=":0" /> The last three rulers are likely historical, and conflicts between the Kator and Khushwaqt branches of the same dynasty are described in more detail in the ''Nai Tarikh-i-Chitral'' after the defeat of the Rais.<ref name=":0" /> Despite this, the chronology of events in the ''Nai Tarikh-i-Chitral'' remains unreliable, and there is an effort to stretch the Kator rule back to the early 17th century, even though the first confirmed Kator ruler, Mohtaram Shah I, likely ruled in the early 18th century.<ref name=":0" /> Dynastic wars also continued to occur between close relatives of the Kator family to gain the throne.<ref name=":0" />

=== Early Kator rulers ===
According to the chronology given by [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]], Shah Kator I was a son of a certain Sang-e-Ali (or Sangin Ali, سنگِ علی). He came to power in 1585 by usurping throne from the Rais ruler who fled to Badakhshan. In 1615 Shah Mahmud bin Shah Nasir returned and retook his throne from Kators, forcing them to relocate to [[Mastuj Tehsil|Mastuj]] and [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]]. The struggle between the two dynasties continued for a long time. Shah Kator I was succeeded by Sangin Ali II, who invaded Gilgit to avenge the death of his father in 1718. He was killed while hunting in 1745 and was succeeded by his brother Muhammad Ghulam. He was too killed two years later, and was followed by a rapid succession of rulers. In 1775 Farmurz Shah Khushwaqt was enthroned. He expanded the kingdom and inflicted final defeat over Rais under Shah Abdul Qadir bin Mahmud, forcing him to flee to Badakhshan. In 1778 Mohtarim Shah II Kator occupied Chitral. After a long struggle against his kins, the Khushwaqts of Yasin, he became supreme in Chitral in 1833. He died in 1838 and was succeeded by his fifth son Shah Afzal II. Shah Afzal II died in 1853 and was succeeded by Mohtarim Shah III, who was famous for his bravery and generosity. Mohtarim Shah III was in turn succeeded by his brother [[Aman ul-Mulk]] in 1857.<ref name=":02" />

=== Aman ul-Mulk (1857–1892) ===
Aman ul-Mulk, Shah Afzal II's second son, succeeded his brother in 1857. After a brief dispute with Kashmir, in which he laid siege to the garrison at Gilgit and briefly held the [[Punial]] valley, he accepted a treaty with the Maharaja of Kashmir in 1877. Aman ul-Mulk was a strong ruler and no serious attempt to challenge his authority was made during his reign by the British.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gurdon|first=Lieut.-Colonel B.E.M.|title=Chitral Memories|url=http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/chitral-memories/|publisher=The Himalayan Club|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308181040/https://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/chitral-memories/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the course of his rule Aman ul-Mulk encountered many British officers, some of whom have noted him in the following words:

{{Quote|''His bearing was royal, his courtesy simple and perfect, he had naturally the courtly Spanish grace of a great heredity noble ''|author=[[Algernon Durand]]|source}}

{{Quote|''Chitral, in fact, had its parliament and democratic constitution. For just as the British House of Commons is an assembly, so in Chitral, the Mehtar, seated on a platform and hedged about with a certain dignity, dispensed justice or law in sight of some hundreds of his subjects, who heard the arguments, watched the process of debate, and by their attitude in the main decided the issue. Such 'durbars' were held on most days of the week in Chitral, very often twice in the day, in the morning and again at night. Justice compels me to add that the speeches in the Mahraka were less long and the general demeanour more decorous than in some western assemblies.''|author=[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the Viceroy of India|source=<ref>{{cite web|title=Democratic to the Core|url=http://www.chitraltoday.net/2013/05/17/democratic-to-the-core/|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221130548/http://www.chitraltoday.net/2013/05/17/democratic-to-the-core/|archive-date=21 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

For forty years his was the chief personality on the frontier.<ref>{{cite web|last=Durand|first=Algernon|title=A Month in Chitral by Algernon Durand (London 1899)|url=http://www.anusha.com/durand.htm}}</ref> After a relatively long reign, he died peacefully in 1892.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Siege and Relief of Chitral|url=http://www.britishbattles.com/north-west-frontier-india/seige-relief-chitral.htm}}</ref>

==== Wars of Succession ====
[[File:The Fort at Chitral as seen from the River - ILN 1895.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.5|alt=|The Siege and Relief of Chitral 1895]]
Without any law of succession, a long war of succession ensued between Aman ul-Mulk's sons after his death. Aman's younger son, [[Afzal ul-Mulk]], proclaimed himself ruler during the absence of his elder brother. He then proceeded to eliminate several of his brothers, potential contenders to his throne. This initiated a war of succession, which lasted three years. Afzal ul-Mulk was killed by his uncle, [[Sher Afzal]], the stormy petrel of Chitral and a long-time thorn in his father's side. He held Chitral for under a month, then fled into Afghan territory upon [[Nizam ul-Mulk (Mehtar of Chitral)|Nizam ul-Mulk]]'s return. Nizam, Afzal ul-Mulk's eldest brother and the rightful heir, then succeeded in December of the same year. At about that time, Chitral came under the British sphere of influence following the [[Durand Line|Durand Line Agreement]], which delineated the border between [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the British Indian Empire. Nizam ul-Mulk's possessions in [[Kafiristan]] and the [[Kunar Valley]] were recognised as Afghan territory and he was forced to cede them to [[Abdur Rahman Khan]]. Within a year, Nizam was himself murdered by his another ambitious younger brother, [[Amir ul-Mulk]]. In 1895 the British agent in [[Gilgit Agency]], Sir [[George Scott Robertson]] was besieged in [[Chitral Fort]] for 48 days, and was finally relieved by two [[Chitral Expedition|British Forces]], one marching from Gilgit and the other from [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]]. The approach of the [[Chitral Expedition]], a strong military force composed of British and Kashmiri troops, prompted Amir to eventually surrender. His ally [[Umra Khan]] fled to [[Jandol State|Jandul]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 10, p. 302.|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/REFERENCE/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V10_308.gif|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194645/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/REFERENCE/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V10_308.gif|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Shuja ul-Mulk (1895–1936) ===
{{Further|Shuja ul-Mulk}}
The British had decided to support the interests of [[Shuja ul-Mulk]], the youngest legitimate son of Aman ul-Mulk, and the only one remained uninvolved in the political upheaval. After installing the young Mehtar, British and Kashmiri forces endured the famous defence against a seven-week siege by Sher Afzal and the Umra Khan of Jandul. Although Shuja ul-Mulk was now firmly established as ruler, the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] annexed Yasin, [[Kuh Ghizer]] and [[Ishkoman Valley|Ishkoman]]. Dogra suzerainty over Chitral ended in 1911, and Chitral became a [[Salute state]] in direct relations with the British. Mastuj, removed from the Mehtar's jurisdiction in 1895, was also restored to him within two years.

Shuja reigned for forty-one years, during which Chitral enjoyed an unprecedented period of internal peace. He journeyed outside of the Hindu Kush region, visiting various parts of India and meeting a number of fellow rulers, as well making the [[Hajj]] to [[Arabia]] and meeting the King [[Ibn Saud|ibn Saud of Arabia]]. He was invited to the [[Delhi Durbar]] in January 1903.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chitral|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31447/31447-h/31447-h.htm|publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> Shuja ul-Mulk sent his sons abroad to acquire a modern education. The princes travelled to far-off places such as [[Aligarh]] and [[Dehradun]] accompanied by the sons of notables who were schooled at state expense.<ref name="Chitral, A Study in Statecraft">{{harvnb|Pastakia|2004}}</ref> He supported the British during the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919, during which four of his sons and the [[Chitral Bodyguard|Chitral State Bodyguard]] served in several actions guarding the border against invasion.

=== Mehtars after Shuja ul-Mulk (1936–1966) ===

[[Nasir ul-Mulk]] succeeded his father in 1936. He received a modern education, becoming a noted poet and scholar in his own right. He took a deep interest in military, political and diplomatic affairs, and spent much of his time on improving the administration. Dying without a surviving male heir in 1943, his successor was his immediate younger brother, [[Muzaffar ul-Mulk]]. Also a man with a military disposition, his reign witnessed the tumultuous events surrounding the [[Partition of India|Partition of 1947]]. His prompt action in sending in his own Bodyguards to Gilgit was instrumental in securing the territory for Pakistan. His brother [[Mata-ul-Mulk|Mata ul-Mulk]] played an instrumental role in the siege and [[Siege of Skardu|capture of Skardu]] on 14 August 1948, making [[Baltistan]] a part of Dominion of Pakistan.

The unexpected early death of Muzaffar ul-Mulk saw the succession pass to his relatively inexperienced eldest son, Saif-ur-Rahman, in 1948. Due to certain tensions he was exiled from Chitral by the Government of Pakistan for six years. They appointed a board of administration composed of officials from Chitral and the rest of Pakistan to govern the state in his absence. He died in a plane crash on the [[Lowari Pass|Lowari]] while returning to resume charge of Chitral in 1954.

Saif ul-Mulk Nasir (1950–2011)<ref name=Ex-Mehter>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newspakistan.pk/2011/11/02/Brief-History-of-Ex-Mehter-Chitral-HH-Prince-Saif-ul-Mulk-Nasir/ |title=Brief History of Ex Mehter Chitral HH Prince Saif ul Mulk Nasir - News Pakistan |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925213808/http://www.newspakistan.pk/2011/11/02/Brief-History-of-Ex-Mehter-Chitral-HH-Prince-Saif-ul-Mulk-Nasir/ |archive-date=25 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> nominally succeeded his father at the age of four in 1954. In his name, a [[Council of regency|Council of Regency]] reigned for the next twelve years, during which Pakistani authority gradually increased over the state. Although installed as a constitutional ruler when he came of age in 1966, Saif ul-Mulk did not enjoy his new status very long. Chitral was absorbed and fully integrated into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan by [[Yahya Khan]] in 1969. In order to reduce the Mehtar's influence, he, like so many other princes in neighbouring India, was invited to represent his country abroad. He served in various diplomatic posts in [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Pakistan's Foreign Office]] and prematurely retired from the service as Consul-General in [[Hong Kong]] in 1989. He died in 2011, and was succeeded (albeit symbolically) by his son [[Fateh ul-Mulk Ali Nasir]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chitralnews.com/Coronation-20--Oct-2011.htm |title=CHITRAL NEWS...Chitral Pakistan, News, Views, Travel, Tourism, Adventure, Culture, Lifestyle, Chitral |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127061550/http://www.chitralnews.com/Coronation-20--Oct-2011.htm |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Accession and dissolution ===
At the time of the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, the then Mehtar, Muzaffar ul-Mulk (1901–1949), stated his intention to accede to Pakistan.<ref>Kuldip Singh Bajwa, ''Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947-1948'' (2003), p. 141</ref> However, he did not execute an [[Instrument of Accession]] until 6 November 1947.<ref>W. A. Wilcox, ''Pakistan: The Consolidation'' (Columbia University Press, 1963), p. 82</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8N7sAAAAMAAJ|title=Persistence and confidence transformation in the Eastern Hindu Kush: a study of resource management systems in Mehlp Valley, Chitral, North Pakistan|last=Rahman|first=Fazlur|date=2007-01-01|publisher=In Kommission bei Asgard-Verlag|pages=32|isbn=9783537876683|language=en}}</ref><ref>Umbreen Javaid, ''Politics of Bahawalpur: From State to Region, 1947-2000'' (2004), p. 115</ref> This was contentedly accepted by the [[Government of Pakistan]] without delay.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIsMAQAAMAAJ|title=Swat State (1915-1969) from Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-political, and Economic Development|last=Sultan-i-Rome|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195471137|language=en}}</ref> In 1954 a Supplementary Instrument of Accession was signed and the Chitral Interim Constitution Act was passed whereby the State of Chitral become a [[federated state]] of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygEUAAAAIAAJ|title=The North-west Frontier Province Year Book|date=1954-01-01|publisher=Manager, Government Ptg. & Staty. Department|pages=229|language=en}}</ref> The same year, a powerful advisory council was established on the insistence of the [[Federal Government of Pakistan]], and this continued to hold much power in Chitral until 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/539766/familial-glory-in-chitral-and-swat-whats-in-a-name/|title=Familial glory: In Chitral and Swat, what's in a name? - The Express Tribune|date=2013-04-24|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Princely state|Princely States]] of [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], Chitral and [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] were finally merged through the promulgation of the Dir, Chitral and Swat Administration Regulation of 1969 under [[Yahya Khan|General Yahya Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last1=Long|first1=Roger D.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|date=2015-10-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317448204|pages=96|language=en}}</ref><ref name="A Princely Affair">{{Cite web|url=https://oup.com.pk/all-titles/a-princely-affair.html|title=A Princely Affair|website=oup.com.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513155921/https://oup.com.pk/all-titles/a-princely-affair.html|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Administration==
The [[capital city]] was [[Chitral Town]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&dq=mastuj+capital+chitral&pg=PA241 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |last2=Masson |first2=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich |last3=Unesco |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=C. Collin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfrXAAAAQBAJ&dq=mastuj+capital+chitral&pg=PA103 |title=The Problem of the North-West Frontier, 1890-1908 |date=2013-10-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-66209-4 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref> The official language of the state was Persian, used in official correspondence and literature. However, [[Khowar]] was the mother tongue of the dynasty as well as majority of population, and a number of works were written in it. The [[Khowar alphabet]] was standardized during the kingdom period.

===Mehtar===
The ruler's title was ''Mitar'' which is pronounced as ''Mehtar'' by outsiders. Aman ul-Mulk adopted the Persian style ''Shahzada'' for his sons, and the style prevailed from then on. The word ''Khonza'' (meaning ''princess'' in the Khowar language) was reserved for female members of the Mehtar’s family.

The Mehtar was an influential player in the [[power politics]] of the region as he acted as an intermediary between the rulers of [[Badakhshan]], the [[Yousafzai]] [[Pashtuns]], the Maharaja of Kashmir and later the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Amir of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lines |first=Maureen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov1tAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kalasha people of North-Western Pakistan |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=Emjay Books International |page=10 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=(Pakistan) |first=Population Census Organisation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzSFAAAAIAAJ |title=1998 District Census Report of [name of District].: Chitral |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Population Census Organisation, Statistics Division, Govt. of Pakistan |page=22 |language=en}}</ref> The Mehtar was the center of all political, economic and social activity in the state. Intimacy with or loyalty to the ruling prince was a mark of prestige among the Mehtar's subjects.<ref name="Chitral, A Study in Statecraft" />

===Civil administration===
The Mehtar was the source of all power in the land, the final authority on civil, military and judicial matters. To function effectively, he built an elaborate administrative machinery. From Chitral, the Mehtar maintained control over distant parts of the state by appointing trusted officials. From the Chitral fort, which housed the extended royal family, the Mehtar presided over an elaborate administrative hierarchy. Tribes in [[Swat Kohistan|Upper Swat]], [[Dir Kohistan|Upper Dir]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]] and Kafiristan (present day [[Nuristan]]) paid tribute to the Mehtar of Chitral.<ref name="Chitral, A Study in Statecraft" />

===State flag===
The state [[flag]] of Chitral was triangular in shape and pale green in colour. The wider side of the pennant depicted a mountain, most likely the [[Terich Mir]], the highest peak of Chitral as well as Hindu Kush. In the later Katoor period, this flag served as a symbol of the Mehtar's presence and flew above the Chitral fort. It was [[Hoist The Flag|hoisted]] every morning, accompanied by a [[salute]] from the [[Chitral Bodyguard|State Bodyguard Force]], and taken down each evening after another salutation.<ref name="Chitral, A Study in Statecraft"/>

===Residence===
The [[Chitral Fort]] was both [[Fortified house|fortified residence]] and the [[Seat of government|seat of power]] in the area.<ref>{{cite web|last=Woodburn|first=Bill|title=Forts of the Chitral Campaign of 1895|url=http://www.khyber.org/publications/011-015/chitralforts.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131025111531/http://www.khyber.org/publications/011-015/chitralforts.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 October 2013}}</ref> It remains the seat of the current ceremonial Mehtar. To the west of the fort is the [[Shahi Masjid Chitral|Royal Mosque]], built by Shuja ul-Mulk in 1922. Its pinkish walls and white domes make it one of north Pakistan's most distinctive [[mosque]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brown, Clammer, Cocks, Mock|first=Lindsay, Paul, Rodney, John|title=Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway|year=2008|page=225|isbn=9781741045420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC&q=chitral+royal+fort&pg=PA224}}</ref> The tomb of Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk is located in a corner of the mosque. The summer residence of the ex-ruler of Chitral is on the [[Chitral National Park|hill top]] above the town at Birmoghlasht.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chitral|url=http://www.khyber.org/pashtoplaces/chitral.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131026121403/http://www.khyber.org/pashtoplaces/chitral.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 October 2013}}</ref>

==List of rulers==
Following is a list of the rulers of the Kator dynasty with the date of their accession. The historicity and dates of the rulers prior to Mohtarim Shah Kator II (1788–1837) are disputed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI1ZAAAACAAJ |title=Chitral: A Study in Statecraft, 1320–1969 |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=IUCN Pakistan, Sahrhad Programme |isbn=9789698141691 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|
# Sangeen Ali (I) 1560
# Shah Muhtarram Shah Kator (I) 1585
# Sangeen Ali (II) 1655
# Muhammad Ghulam 1691
# Shah Alam 1694
# Shah Muhammad Shafi 1696
# Shah Faramurd 1717
# Shah Afzal (I) 1724
# Shah Fazil 1754
# Shah Nawaz Khan 1757
# Shah Khairullah 1761
# Shah Muhtaram Shah Kator (II) 1788
# Shah Afzal (II) 1838
# Shah Muhtarram Shah Kator (III) 1854
# [[Aman ul-Mulk]] 1856
# [[Afzal ul-Mulk]] 1892
# [[Sher Afzal]] 1892
# [[Nizam ul-Mulk (Mehtar of Chitral)|Nizam ul-Mulk]] 1892
# [[Amir ul-Mulk]] 1895
# [[Shuja ul-Mulk]] 1895
# [[Nasir ul-Mulk]] 1936
# [[Muzaffar ul-Mulk]] 1943
# Saif-ur-Rehman 1949
# Muhammad Saif-ul-Mulk Nasir 1954
# [[Fateh-ul-Mulk Ali Nasir]] 2011
|}

==See also==
* [[Chitral Scouts]]
* [[Hunza (princely state)]]
* [[Nagar (princely state)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |url=http://www.iucn.pk/publications/Chitral-A%20Study%20in%20Statecraft.pdf |title=Chitral: A Study in Statecraft (1320–1969) |first=Firuza |last=Pastakia |location=Peshawar, Pakistan |publisher=[[IUCN]] Pakistan |year=2004 |isbn=9789698141691 |oclc=61520660 |access-date=2016-10-05 }}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.mahraka.com/chitral_history.html History of Chitral: An Outline]
*[http://www.mahraka.com/ChitralEarlyHistory.html Tarikh-e-Chitral]
*[http://www.mahraka.com/chitral_judicial_system.html Chitral States Judicial System]
*[http://www.mahraka.com/pdf/TribesOfTheHindooKoosh.pdf Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh by John Biddulph]

== External links ==
* [http://www.mahraka.com/ A website on the history, culture and languages of Chitral.]

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|35|50|16|N|71|47|02|E|display=title|region:PK_type:city_source:dewiki}}

[[Category:Princely states of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Former monarchies in Pakistani history]]
[[Category:Chitral (princely state)]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1320]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1969]]
[[Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1320 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1969 disestablishments in Pakistan]]

Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala

2026-03-15T18:29:50Z

MickiAddy25: new.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Pheasant]] wildlife protection
| image_skyline = Pheasant.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30|42|8|N|77|5|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Panchkula district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1992
| founder =
| named_for =

| government_type = [[Government of Haryana]]
| governing_body = [[Forests Department, Haryana]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = [http://www.haryanaforest.gov.in www.haryanaforest.gov.in]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala''' is a purpose-built centre for breeding [[pheasant]]s situated in Berwala in the [[Panchkula district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Conservation Breeding Centres {{!}} Wildlife Department, Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://wildlife.haryanaforest.gov.in/conservation-breeding-centres/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
Several types of [[pheasant]]s are bred, including [[red junglefowl]] (''Gallus gallus''), endangered [[cheer pheasant]] (''Catreus wallichii'') and endangered [[kalij pheasant]]. The centre has a program for breeding and releasing birds into the wild.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vushii.com |title=Pheasant Breeding Centre, Panchkula, Haryana - Vushii.com |url=http://vushii.com/place.php?name=Pheasant+Breeding+Centre |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=vushii.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Protected areas of Haryana}}

[[Category:Panchkula district]]
[[Category:Animal breeding organisations in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Haryana]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Haryana]]

Puri (food)

2026-03-13T13:28:15Z

MickiAddy25: post

{{Short description|South Asian deep-fried bread}}
{{distinguish|Purée}}
{{other uses|Puri (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Puri
| image = Fluffy Poori (cropped).JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Puri on a plate
| country = Northern [[Indian subcontinent]]
| region =
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]] ([[North Indian cuisine|North India]]), [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Southeast Asian cuisine|Southeast Asia]]
| creator =
| course =
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Atta (flour)|Atta]]
| variations = [[Bhatoora]], [[Luchi]], [[Sevpuri]], [[Panipuri]]
| calories =
| other =
| no_commons = true 
}}

'''Puri''' (also '''poori''') is a type of [[Deep fry|deep-fried]] flatbread, with an [[leavening agent|unleavened]] wheat dough. Puri originated from the northern [[Indian subcontinent]], where it is one of the most common [[flatbread]]s; it is a [[staple food]] in parts of the subcontinent. It resembles [[chapati]] but is deep-fried. Similar deep-fried breads from the region include [[bhatura]], [[luchi]], and [[kachori]].

Puri is made of wheat flour, typically [[atta (flour)|atta]], which forms a dough with oil and water. This is rolled into circles that inflate while deep-frying. Due to the cooking method, puri is high in fat and calories. Puris are commonly served as a breakfast or snack, typically paired with other foods. It may be paired with savory foods, such as potato or chickpea curry, or with sweets. Variants of puri may use different types of flour or add [[purée]]d vegetables to the dough. Other variants are stuffed. Small, spherical puris are used for [[panipuri]] and [[sev puri]], while flat puris are used for [[papri chaat]] and [[bhel puri]]; these dishes are classified as [[chaat]].

Foods resembling puri may have existed in [[ancient India]], and recipes were recorded by the fifteenth century. Puri is often served on holidays and other events. It is also served as in Hindu prayer as [[prasadam]], offerings to deities.

== Name ==
The word ''puri'', or ''poori'', entered English from Hindi ({{lang|hi|पूरी}}). It originates from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{lang|sa|पूर}} ({{transliteration|sa|pura}}), meaning either 'cake'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayto |first=John |title=The Diner's Dictionary |date=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford Reference]] |isbn=978-0-19-174443-3 |edition=2nd |chapter=Puri |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199640249.001.0001/acref-9780199640249-e-1012 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> or 'blown up'.<ref name="Balasubramaniam">{{Cite news |last=Balasubramaniam |first=Chitra |date=7 February 2019 |title=Old wives’ tales |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/chaat-kt-achaya/article26203395.ece |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Sanskrit word {{lang|sa-Latn|purika}} described a fried [[gram flour]] food more similar to modern [[papri]] than puri.{{sfn|Achaya|1998|p=[https://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha/page/90 90]}}

== Preparation ==
Puris are [[flatbread]]s prepared with wheat flour{{sfn|Kumar|2016|p=30}} along with either oil or [[ghee]], enough water to form a stiff [[dough]],<ref name="Saberi" /> and a small amount of salt.{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=75|2a1=Mir|2a2=Shah|2y=2018|2p=5}} The proportions are approximately 48% water, 2%–8% oil, and 0.5%–1.5% salt.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=43}} The flour is commonly [[atta (flour)|atta]] (whole wheat). [[Maida (flour)|Maida]] (white flour) is used in some regions, though its use is often viewed as inferior.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=75}} After [[kneading]]<ref name="Saberi" /> and resting, the dough is shaped into balls, about 2 to 3 cm across, typically cut from a cylinder.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=43}} These are rolled out in circles, about 10 to 17 cm across and 1 to 3 mm thick.{{sfnm|1a1=Kumar|1y=2016|1p=30|2a2=Bhattacharya|2y=2023|2p=43}} This may also be done using a chapati press or using a [[dough sheeting]] machine that may produce thousands of puris per hour.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=143}} The oil content facilitates the rolling of the dough, preventing stickiness.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=43}}

{{Gallery
| title=Preparation of puri
| width=180
| height=120
| File:Puri making.jpg|Sheets of dough are rolled out.|alt1=Several circles of dough.
| File:Poori.jpg|Puri floats on frying oil in a [[karahi]].|alt2=A puri floats in oil, which fills a rounded pot on a stove.
| File:Puri making (10225549506).jpg|Puri is flipped to cook on both sides.|alt3=A cooked puri is removed from a pot of oil over a stove. Next to it are balls of uncooked dough.
| File:Halwa Puri, a traditional food made in Walled City of Lahore.jpg|Oil is drained.|alt4=Two puris on a rack.
}}
The circles of dough are [[deep fried]] in ghee or vegetable oil in a [[karahi]],{{sfn|Kumar|2016|p=30}}<ref name="Saberi">{{Cite book |last=Saberi |first=Helen |year=2014 |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]] |chapter=Puri |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337-e-1907 |chapter-url-access=subscription |editor-last=Davidson |editor-first=Alan |editor-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |editor-last2=Jaine |editor-first2=Tom |edition=3rd |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-175627-6}}</ref> a type of pot whose rounded shape uses less oil and avoids spillage.{{sfn|Jaffrey|1983|pp=[https://archive.org/details/madhurjaffreysin0000jaff/page/132 132], [https://archive.org/details/madhurjaffreysin0000jaff/page/135 135]}} Common frying oils include [[rice bran oil]]{{sfn|Debnath|Rastogi|Gopala Krishna|Lokesh|2012|p=250}} and [[soybean oil]].{{sfn|Sudo|Sekiyama|Watanabe|Mozammel Haque Bokul|2004|p=502}} The dough is fried for about 30–40 seconds at about {{convert|200|-|220|C|F|-1}}{{sfn|Tharanathan|Tharanathan|2001|p=74}} or for 60–180 seconds at {{convert|180|-|190|C|F|-1}}. The cooking time depends on volume, thickness, and the amount of moisture and oil.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=43}} While deep frying, puris puff up because moisture in the dough changes into steam, expanding to ten times the initial volume.{{sfn|Aguilera|2018|p=1028}} As steam forms, a puri floats to the top of the oil, causing it to cook on one side at a time. This requires it to be flipped,<ref name="Sanghvi">{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |date=August 16, 2013 |title=Rude Food: fear of frying |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-fear-of-frying/story-eSXMXnuzPFR5Ob4ISByU5I.html |access-date=October 31, 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> and it is often pushed down to be coated in oil.<ref name="Kumar Roy">{{Cite news |last=Kumar Roy |first=Prasanto |date=August 12, 2013 |title=No, a poori isn’t healthier than a paratha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/bites/no-a-poori-isn-t-healthier-than-a-paratha/ |access-date=October 31, 2025 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The steam pushes the [[crust (baking)|crust]] away from the [[Bread crumb|crumb]] and results in partial [[starch gelatinisation]] between the layers,{{sfn|Mir|Shah|2018|p=5}} which is high due to the high temperature.{{sfn|Tharanathan|Tharanathan|2001|pp=77–78}} Puri has a much denser crumb than [[yeast bread]]s.{{sfn|Mir|Shah|2018|p=5}}

Puri is cooked until [[Food browning|browned]], and the oil is drained.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|pp=43–44}} It is served hot.{{sfnm|1a1=Jaffrey|1y=1983|1p=[https://archive.org/details/madhurjaffreysin0000jaff/page/135 135]|2a1=Bhattacharya|2y=2023|2p=43}} The texture is soft{{sfn|Kumar|2016|p=30}} due to the oil.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=43}} [[Madhur Jaffrey]] writes, "it takes years of practice to make really fine, soft pooris. It is said in [[Benares]] that if twenty five pooris were stacked on a plate and a coin dropped on the lot, the sound of the coin hitting the plate should be heard with clarity."<ref name="Saberi" /> If stored at room temperature, puri lasts a few days but becomes less soft.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=44}}

Puri is categorised as a single-layer, [[Unleavened bread|unleavened]] flatbread.{{sfn|Fayaz|Dar|Kumar|Junaid|2021|p=1}} It resembles [[chapati]] in its ingredients and shape,{{sfn|Rubel|2011|p=[http://archive.org/details/breadglobalhisto0000rube 141]}} but puri is fried and puffy,<ref name="Saberi" /> whereas chapati and [[phulka]] are toasted over a flame.{{sfn|Tharanathan|Tharanathan|2001|p=74}} A bread similar to puri, popular in [[Bengali cuisine]], is [[luchi]], which is made using white flour and deep fried.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2014 |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]] |chapter=Luchi |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337-e-1449 |chapter-url-access=subscription |editor-last=Davidson |editor-first=Alan |editor-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |editor-last2=Jaine |editor-first2=Tom |edition=3rd |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-175627-6}}</ref> Another similar bread is [[bhatura]], which is made with yeast and yoghurt in the dough, while puri is made from unleavened dough.{{sfn|Ramineni|2012|p=76}} [[Kachori]], commonly described as a stuffed puri,{{sfn|Saberi|2024|p=187}} typically uses a filling of pulses and does not inflate as much as puri.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|pp=43–44}}

== Serving ==

{{Multiple image |total_width=350 |direction=horizontal
|image1=Khatte Mithe Aloo ( sweet & sour potato curry ) with Maida Poori ( Deep Fried Puffy Bread).jpg |caption1=Puri with potato curry, a common pairing
|image2=Delicious Shrikhand And Aamras Puri, Navjivan Restaurant, Patan, Gujarat.jpg|alt2=A puri on a plate with two bowls of puddings|caption2=Puri served with sweets: [[shrikhand]] and aamras
}}
Puri may be a breakfast, a light meal, or a snack.{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=75|2a1=Kumar|2y=2016|2p=30|3a1=Kohli (b)|3y=2024|3p=61}} Like other [[Indian breads]], puri is usually eaten with other foods, though it may be eaten on its own.{{sfn|Tharanathan|Tharanathan|2001|p=76}} It may be eaten with sweet or savoury foods.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=70}}

The most common accompaniments are curries of chickpeas or potatoes.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=8}} Puri served with potato curry comprises the North Indian breakfast {{lang|hi-Latn|puri-bhaji}}.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya (c)|2024|p=278}} A [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] breakfast may pair puri with both potato and chickpea curries.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya (a)|2024|p=21}} Another potato curry served with puri is the [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati]] and [[Parsi cuisine|Parsi]] dish {{lang|gu-Latn|papeta nu saakh}}.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya (c)|2024|p=278}} The chickpea curry [[chana masala]], a common street food, is served with puri.{{sfn|Sen (f)|2024|p=296}} Other savory accompaniments include [[South Asian pickle|pickle]] or fried vegetables.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=43}}

Sweets that are commonly served with puri include the East Indian [[Malpua|pua]]{{sfn|Tamang|2020|p=107}} and the Western Indian [[shrikhand]],{{sfnm|1a1=Tamang|1y=2020|1p=170|2a1=Sen (g)|2y=2024|2p=339}} [[doodhpak]],{{sfn|Sen (a)|2024|p=161}} and aamras.{{sfn|Sen (c)|2024|p=231}} The sweet [[jalebi]] is often eaten alongside puri for breakfast, served with [[halwa]] in North India.{{sfnm|1a1=Tamang|1y=2020|1p=110|2a1=Sen (b)|2y=2024|2p=178}} The [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil]] sweet {{lang|ta-Latn|pal payasam}} consists of puri dipped in [[kheer]].{{sfn|Sen (h)|2024|p=368}}
{{clear}}

== Nutrition and chemistry ==
{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Puri (white flour){{sfn|Chen|Gilbert|Khokhar|2009|pp=829–830}}
| kJ =
| carbs = 44 g
| fat = 22.3 g
| protein = 7.2 g
| water = 25 g
| thiamin_mg = 0.2
| riboflavin_mg = <0.1
| niacin_mg = 2.0
| vitB6_mg = 0.1
| vitE_mg = 6.8
| folate_ug = 31.9
| note =
}}
A typical Bangladeshi puri, which is made of 50 grams of atta and 5 grams of oil, contains 219 [[calorie]]s.{{sfn|Sudo|Sekiyama|Watanabe|Mozammel Haque Bokul|2004|p=502, 504}} Due to being deep fried, puri contains more fat than other South Asian flatbreads,{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} which makes it high in calories.{{sfn|Kumar|2016|p=30}} The fat content is between 21% and 24%,{{sfnm|1a1=Sharavathy|1a2=Urooj|1a3=Puttaraj|1y=2001|1p=|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76|3a1=Bhattacharya|3y=2023|3p=44}} or sometimes up to 30%,{{sfnm|1a1=Kumar|1y=2016|1p=30|2a1=Bhattacharya|2y=2023|2p=44}} including about 7.6% of [[trans fat]]s,{{sfn|Butt|Sultan|2009|p=1279}} while the moisture content is about 20%–23%.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=44}} Puri has a protein content of about 12% and a starch content of about 40%,{{sfnm|1a1=Sharavathy|1a2=Urooj|1a3=Puttaraj|1y=2001|1p=244|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76}} including a high level of insoluble [[dietary fibre]].{{sfn|Sharavathy|Urooj|Puttaraj|2001|p=245}} One puri contains about 300 milligrams of sodium.{{sfn|Daugirdas|2013|p=2}}

Compared to chapati, puri is low in minerals, though this may be increased using fortifications such as [[amaranth]].{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} Though the flour used in puri contains vitamins, the cooking process results in a loss of 50% of [[folate]] and 40% of other vitamins, including [[riboflavin]] and [[niacin]].{{sfn|Chen|Gilbert|Khokhar|2009|p=828}} Loss of water as steam results in significant loss of [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B12]] and fast degradation of [[Vitamin D3|vitamin D3]].{{sfn|Bajaj|Singhal|2021|p=6}}

[[File:Puri - Variation of Indian Roti.JPG|thumb|alt=Puri with a golden colour|The [[Maillard reaction]] causes the colour of puri.]]
Puris may vary in size, method, and oil uptake.{{sfn|Vatsala|Saxena|Rao|2001|p=407}} Oil uptake is high in puris,{{sfn|Chen|Gilbert|Khokhar|2009|p=829}} and it is higher in puris with lower water content.{{sfnm|1a1=Vatsala|1a2=Saxena|1a3=Rao|1y=2001|1p=412|2a1=Tharanathan|2a2=Tharanathan|2y=2001|2p=78}} As puri floats to the top of the frying oil, it absorbs less oil than foods that are fully immersed while frying (as with a [[deep fryer]]).<ref name="Sanghvi" /> Puri is often cooked at a temperature above the [[smoke point]] of the oil, resulting in the formation of contaminants such as [[4-Hydroxynonenal]] and [[acrolein]]. It is also common for the oil to be reused, causing buildup of such contaminants and further lowering the smoke point.<ref name="Kumar Roy" /> More moisture is lost in white-flour puris than wheat-flour puris, the latter containing more fibre.{{sfn|Chen|Gilbert|Khokhar|2009|p=829}} Finer grains and more damaged starch are also correlated with higher water content.{{sfn|Hitlamani|Ashok Inamdar|2025|p=9}}

The colour, flavour, and scent of puri are a result of the [[Maillard reaction]] during cooking.{{sfn|Mulla|Bharadwaj|Annapure|Singhal|2010|p=805}} Compared to chapati, puri undergoes a faster Maillard reaction, and it contains a higher level of [[acrylamide]]s, a potentially hazardous compound found in cooked food.{{sfn|Hitlamani|Ashok Inamdar|2025|p=9}} According to Mehrajfatema Z. Mulla et al., the Maillard reaction does not fully account for the level of acrylamides, which may partly result from [[lipid oxidation]].{{sfn|Mulla|Bharadwaj|Annapure|Singhal|2010|p=807}} The [[flour milling]] method influences this process as higher levels of acrylamide are correlated with higher levels of [[reducing sugar]], more damaged starch, and finer grains.{{sfn|Hitlamani|Ashok Inamdar|2025|pp=7}}

Qualities desired by consumers of puri include moist texture, pliability, tearability, height, and yellow colour.{{sfnm|1a1=Sudha|1a2=Rao|1y=2009|1pp=179–180|2a1=Hitlamani|2a2=Ashok Inamdar|2y=2025|2p=11}} According to Veeranna Hitlamani and Aashitosh Ashok Inamdar, flour milled using a {{lang|hi-Latn|[[Millstone|chakki]]}} produces the optimal qualities.{{sfn|Hitlamani|Ashok Inamdar|2025|p=11}} Multiple types of flour may be combined to result in lower-fat puri;{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=44}} a study by S. R. Shurpalekar and V. K. Shukla found that using composite flours, particularly gram flour, results in acceptable puris.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=75}} The addition of a [[hydrocolloid]] may increase moisture retention in puri dough; for one, a study by M. L. Sudha and G. Venkateshwara Rao found that [[hydroxypropyl methylcellulose]] results improves this as well as textural qualities.{{sfnm|1a1=Sudha|1a2=Rao|1y=2009|1pp=176–177, 182–183|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=75|3a1=Salehi|3y=2020|3pp=8–9|4a1=Bhattacharya|4y=2023|4p=43}} A study by K. R. Parimala and M. L. Sudha found that adding [[guar gum]] increases water retention and decreased oil uptake.{{sfn|Salehi|2020|pp=9–10}} According to studies led by Sukumar Debnath, the type of oil used for frying and the number of times it is reused do not change sensory qualities.{{sfnm|1a1=Debnath|1a2=Raghavarao|1a3=Lokesh|1y=2011|2a1=Debnath|2a2=Rastogi|2a3=Gopala Krishna|2a4=Lokesh|2y=2012|2pp=252, 254}}

== History ==
According to chef [[Manjit Gill]], puri has existed since the [[Vedic period]].<ref name="Sanghvi" /> Historian [[K. T. Achaya]] notes the existence of [[cave painting]]s depicting the preparation of round dough, identified as puri or chapati.<ref name="Balasubramaniam" /> During the late [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhist era]], a food called {{lang|pi-Latn|gulalalāvaniya}} was recorded, which Achaya describes as a small, round puri that may have had both sweet and salty varieties.{{sfn|Achaya|1998|p=[https://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha/page/39 39]}} A recipe for puri is in the fifteenth-century cookbook {{lang|fa-Latn|[[Ni'matnāmah Naṣir al-Dīn Shāhī|Ni’matnama]]}}.{{sfn|Sen (d)|2024|p=259}}

Hindus in the [[Mughal Empire]] consumed puri and bhatura with vegetable dishes such as [[saag]], but these breads were not adopted by the Muslim population.{{sfn|Achaya|1998|p=[https://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha/page/162 162]}} The sixteenth-century epic ''[[Padmavat]]'' lists puri as one of the foods served by [[Rani Padmini|the titular queen]] at an elaborate dinner.{{sfn|Achaya|1998|p=[https://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha/page/92 92]}} The cookbook {{lang|fa-Latn|Khulasat-i Makulat u Mashrubat}}, written during the reign of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]], includes a recipe for puri.{{sfn|Antani|Mahapatra|2022|p=8}}

In 19th-century [[British India]], North Indian snack foods such as puri were eaten as [[tiffin]] snacks as part of an early form of [[Indian fast food]].{{sfn|Nandy|2004|pp=12–13}} Puri and other flour-based foods became part of the cuisine of the [[Malabar Coast]] in the first half of the 20th century, when the region faced a famine and introduced wheat imports from the United States.{{sfn|Khamarunnisa|2016|p=730}}

== Consumption ==
[[File:Halwa Puri - Walled City of Lahore Punjab Pakistan is famous for this traditional food.jpg|thumb|alt=A cook spoons oil over a puri frying in a very large pot, while another cook has balls of dough. Finished puris are set on a rack.|Street vendor in Pakistan frying puri]]
Puri is from the northern part of [[South Asia]].{{sfn|Rubel|2011|p=[http://archive.org/details/breadglobalhisto0000rube/page/145 145]}} It is consumed in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh,{{sfn|Kumar|2016|p=30}} as well as in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=43}} It is the second-most consumed flatbread in South Asia, behind chapati,{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=75}} and is a [[staple food]] in much of the region.{{sfn|Mulla|Bharadwaj|Annapure|Singhal|2010|p=805}} Like chapati and [[paratha]], it is often homemade.{{sfn|Banerji|Ananthanarayan|Lele|2020|p=9}} It is sometimes packed to eat while travelling.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=43}}

According to the 2005 Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 28.5% of the country's households consume puri.{{sfn|Fiedler|Lividini|Guyondet|Bermudez|2015|p=71}} It is a popular snack from [[street food]] vendors in the country.{{sfn|Barnett|Tranchant|Prieto-Martin|Barai|2025|p=3}} In the South Indian region of [[Coastal Andhra]], puri is served with potato curry or chutney as breakfast, but is less common than South Indian [[idli]] or [[dosa (food)|dosa]].{{sfn|Staples|2020|p=57}} In the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], puri may be served alongside rice as part of a [[dham]] feast.{{sfn|Tanwar|Tanwar|Tanwar|Kumar|2018|p=102}} Puri is known in [[Burmese cuisine]] as a food served at [[tea shop]]s.{{sfn|Keeler|2017|p=49}} It is also commonly eaten by the [[Indians in Uganda|Indian-Ugandan]] community of [[Kampala]].{{sfn|Shaper|Jones|2012|p=1222}}

Puri is a common feature of [[Hindu festivals]].{{sfn|Kohli (b)|2024|p=62}} In North Indian Hindu traditions, it is classified as {{lang|sa-Latn|pukka}}, a type of food that is made with ghee, which is associated with purity, and is served when hosting guests or during festivals.{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=404}} In North India and [[West India]], puri is served with sweets during [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerji |first=Chitrita |author-link=Chitrita Banerji |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets]] |chapter=Diwali |chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001/acref-9780199313396-e-161 |chapter-url-access=subscription |date=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |editor-last1=Goldstein |editor-first1=Darra |editor-link1=Darra Goldstein |editor-last2=Mintz |editor-first2=Sidney |editor-link2=Sidney Mintz |editor-last3=Krondl |editor-first3=Michael |editor-last4=Rath |editor-first4=Eric |editor-last5=Mason |editor-first5=Laura |editor-link5=Laura Mason |editor-last6=Quinzio |editor-first6=Geraldine |editor-last7=Heinzelmann |editor-first7=Ursula |editor-link7=Ursula Heinzelmann |isbn=978-0-19-931339-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001}}</ref> In [[Odisha]], a large puri is made during [[Bali Yatra]], which is called {{lang|or-Latn|thunka puri}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=November 12, 2019 |title=A day at the fair |url=https://www.orissapost.com/a-day-at-the-fair/ |access-date=October 31, 2025 |work=[[Orissa Post]]}}</ref> Additionally, members of the [[Bene Israel]] community of Jews in India eat puri on [[Purim]].{{sfn|Koranne-Khandekar|2024|p=44}} Puri is also eaten at weddings across India.{{sfn|Nandy|2004|p=13}} It is eaten with halwa at Sikh funerals.{{sfn|Mani|2024|p=318}}

Puris are commonly given as [[prasada]] offered to Hindu deities in North India.{{sfn|Kumar|John Muthiah|Adhikari|2025}} Sweet puris are also used as prasada.{{sfn|Ferro-Luzzi|1978|pp=106–107}} In the folk religion of the [[Jad people]] of the [[Himalayas]], puri is offered to certain deities who do not receive [[animal sacrifice]]s, including Rengali.{{sfn|Mitra Channa|2013|pp=147, 163}}

== Types and variants ==
There are many variants of puri.<ref name="Saberi" />

=== Stuffed puris ===
[[File:Puri (5580431527).jpg|thumb|alt=Round dough, partly folded over a filling, is held over a bowl of the filling.|Stuffed puris are prepared by folding rolled dough over a filling.]]
In [[Stuffing|stuffed]] puri variants, the dough is rolled out, folded over a filling of vegetables and spices, then rolled out again.<ref name="Saberi" /> Puri stuffed with potatoes, or {{lang|hi-Latn|aloo puri}}, is a typical breakfast in India.{{sfn|Kohli (b)|2024|p=62}} Masala puri is stuffed with spices and vegetables such as potatoes.<ref name="Saberi" /> In [[South Indian cuisine]], puris may use a [[mashed potato]] filling also used for dosa.{{sfn|Sen (e)|2024|p=290}} Puris in [[Bihari cuisine]] are stuffed with [[sattu]], a chickpea product.{{sfn|Kohli (a)|2024|p=50}} Another variant, largely popular in North India, is called [[bedmi]] (or bedai) puri. It is prepared using a stuffing of [[urad dal]] or [[moong dal]] paste.{{sfn|Khanna|2024|p=391}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Akarshit |date=January 27, 2024 |title=Tehri To Bedai Poori: 7 Local Dishes To Try When In Ayodhya |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/food-and-drink/tehri-to-bedai-poori-7-local-dishes-to-try-when-in-ayodhya |access-date=October 31, 2025 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Traveller]]}}</ref> The dish known as paratha in the [[Paranthe Wali Gali]] area of Delhi is more similar to a stuffed puri or bedmi than a typical paratha.{{sfn|Jaffrey|2008|p=122}}

Some versions of puri are sweet. [[Gujhia]] is a sweet puri stuffed with milk, wheat, coconut, and nuts, and folded into a crescent.<ref name="Saberi" /> [[Puran poli|Puran puri]] has a sweet stuffing with [[lentil]]s, [[cardamom]], and [[saffron]].<ref name="Saberi" /> Puri dough is also used for a Gujarati cookie called [[ghari (sweet)|ghari]], made with [[khoa]] and nuts.{{sfnm|1a1=Sen (a)|1y=2024|1p=161|2a1=Sen (h)|2y=2024|2p=368}}

=== Dough variations ===
{{Multiple image
| image1=Puri used in Panipuri made from aata.jpg |alt1=A pile of small puris with dark, coarse appearance
| image2=Sooji Batashe used in Panipuri.jpg |alt2=A pile of small puris with light, smooth appearance
| footer=Puri made of wheat flour (left) and [[semolina]] (right), to be used in [[panipuri]]
}}
The type of flour used in puri may vary.<ref name="Saberi" /> In regions where wheat is not common, wheat flour is mixed with local [[maize flour]], [[jowar]], or [[gram flour]].{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=75}} Puri may also be made of [[millet flour]].{{sfn|Mishra|Mishra|2024|p=365}} As some Hindu observances involve abstaining from typical grains, adherents of these fasts may make puri using [[amaranth grain]].{{sfn|Singhal|Kulkarni|1988|p=129}}

{{lang|hi-Latn|Kadak puri}} is made with a mixture of whole wheat flour and gram flour, as well as [[turmeric]] and [[chili powder]].<ref name="Saberi" /> In the [[cuisine of Chhattisgarh]], a type of puri called [[chausela]] is made of [[rice flour]].{{sfn|Shukla|2021|pp=3}} In [[Kerala cuisine]], rice flour and coconut are used to make a type of puri called {{lang|ml-Latn|nai-patthiri}}, eaten for breakfast.{{sfn|Achaya|1998|p=[https://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha/page/124 124]}} In [[Madhya Pradeshi cuisine]], {{lang|hi-Latn|thedula}} is a puri made of wheat, gram, and spices.{{sfn|Pant|2024|p=219}} In the cuisine of the [[Malabar Muslims]], a puri called {{lang|ml-Latn|nei pathiri}}, served on special occasions, has a dough of ground rice, coconut, and [[anise]].{{sfn|Abdulla|Jalaludheen|2024|p=234}} In the [[cuisine of Delhi]], [[nagori (food)|nagori]] is a sweet puri made of wheat and semolina.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya (b)|2024|p=121}}

In some recipes, [[purée]]s of [[spinach]], [[tomato]]es, [[carrot]]s, or legumes are added to the dough.{{sfn|Thanuja|Ravindra|2014|p=421}} A type of puri from Chhattisgarh uses a dough with wheat flour, rice flour, and leaf vegetables.{{sfn|Shukla|2021|p=8}} In some rural parts of North India, sweet puris are made of a dough with wheat flour and [[Mahura flower|the flowers of the mahura tree]]s.{{sfn|Kashyap|Kumar|2023|p=30}}

=== Puri-based chaats ===
Many types of [[chaat]] that are served as street food consist of puri mixed with other ingredients.{{sfn|Oughton|Smith|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/ultimatefoodjour0000unse_r0k9/page/193 193]}}<ref name="Elsa" /> Unlike the typical version, the puris used for [[panipuri]] are a few centimetres across and very round,{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=44}}<ref name="Elsa" /> and they have a hard texture due to using less water.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=44}} They are sometimes made crisper by the use of semolina in the dough.<ref name="Elsa">{{Cite news |last=Elsa |first=Evangeline |date=May 17, 2021 |title=Pani puri and chaat: Everything you need to know about the great Indian leveller |url=https://gulfnews.com/food/pani-puri-and-chaat-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-great-indian-leveller-1.1613487889043 |access-date=October 31, 2025 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> Panipuris have a filling that may include chutney, potatoes, and chickpeas;{{sfn|Oughton|Smith|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/ultimatefoodjour0000unse_r0k9/page/193 193]}} different ingredients are used for regional variants such as golgappa and phuchka.<ref name="Elsa" /> [[Sev puri]] is another chaat dish, similarly consisting of a small puri shell with a filling. Flat puris—[[papri]]s—also have a hard texture; these are used in other chaats such as [[bhel puri]] and [[papri chaat]]. In papri chaat, flat puris are topped with other ingredients.<ref name="Elsa" /> In bhel puri, they are combined with onions, [[puffed rice]], and fried [[lentil]]s. Bhel puri is one of the most popular snacks served by [[Street food of Mumbai|street vendors in Mumbai]].<ref name="Saberi" />{{sfn|Oughton|Smith|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/ultimatefoodjour0000unse_r0k9/page/193 193]}}

{{Gallery
| title=Puri-based chaat dishes
| width=180
| height=120
| File:Gol Guppas-Noida-UP-SP001.jpg|[[Panipuri]]|alt1=Small, very round, crispy puris, some with a potato filling, are served alongside a watery sauce.
| File:Sev puri with sweet curd.JPG|[[Sev puri]]|alt2=Small, round puris with a filling topped with sev.
| File:Papdichaat Rayagada Odisha 0019.jpg|[[Papri chaat]]|alt3=Small, flat puris topped with a mixture of ingredients.
| File:Indian cuisine-Chaat-Bhelpuri-03.jpg|[[Bhel puri]]|alt4=A mixture of ingredients including puffed rice.
}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of Indian breads]]
* [[Gnocco fritto]]{{snd}}a similar bread from Italy{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=43}}
* [[Frybread]]{{snd}}a similar bread from North America{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2023|p=44}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Achaya |first=K. T. |author-link=K. T. Achaya |url=http://archive.org/details/indianfoodhistor0000acha |title=Indian food : a historical companion |date=1998 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Delhi |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]] |isbn=978-0-19-564416-6}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aguilera |first=José Miguel |date=July 2018 |title=Relating Food Engineering to Cooking and Gastronomy |journal=[[Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=1021–1039 |doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12361 |issn=1541-4337}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Antani |first=Vishu |last2=Mahapatra |first2=Santosh |date=28 April 2022 |title=Evolution of Indian cuisine: a socio-historical review |url=https://journalofethnicfoods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42779-022-00129-4 |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s42779-022-00129-4 |doi-access=free |issn=2352-6181}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bajaj |first=Seema R. |last2=Singhal |first2=Rekha S. |date=March 2021 |title=Fortification of wheat flour and oil with vitamins B12 and D3: Effect of processing and storage |journal=[[Journal of Food Composition and Analysis]] |volume=96 |article-number=103703 |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103703}}
* {{Cite book |last=Banerji |first=Anamika |title=The science and technology of chapatti and other Indian flatbreads |last2=Ananthanarayan |first2=Laxmi |last3=Lele |first3=Smita S. |date=2020 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Science_and_Technology_of_Chapatti_a.html?id=Rzf3DwAAQBAJ |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-367-46209-3 |location=Boca Raton}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Inka |last2=Tranchant |first2=Jean-Pierre |last3=Prieto-Martin |first3=Pedro |last4=Barai |first4=Anindya |last5=Sultana |first5=Sabiha |last6=Wouabe |first6=Eric Djimeu |last7=Khondker |first7=Rudaba |last8=Salm |first8=Leah |last9=Gonzalez |first9=Wendy |date=August 2025 |title=Factors shaping adolescent snack choices in urban Bangladeshi schools: a mixed methods study |journal=[[Appetite (journal)|Appetite]] |volume=212 |article-number=108019 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2025.108019}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Suvendu |title=Snack foods: processing and technology |year=2023 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-819759-2 |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Butt |first1=Masood Sadiq |last2=Sultan |first2=Muhammad Tauseef |date=2009 |title=Levels of trans fats in diets consumed in developing economies |journal=[[Journal of AOAC International]] |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=1277–1283 |doi=10.1093/jaoac/92.5.1277 |issn=1060-3271 |pmid=19916365}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Alice |last2=Gilbert |first2=Penelope |last3=Khokhar |first3=Santosh |date=1 April 2009 |title=Estimating the nutrient composition of South Asian foods using a recipe calculation method |journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]] |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=825–831 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.063}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Daugirdas |first=John T. |date=January 2013 |title=Potential Importance of Low-Sodium Bread and Breakfast Cereal to a Reduced Sodium Diet |journal=Journal of Renal Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1053/j.jrn.2012.03.002}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Debnath |first=Sukumar |last2=Raghavarao |first2=K.S.M.S. |last3=Lokesh |first3=Belur R. |date=August 2011 |title=Hydrodynamic, thermo-analytical and molecular structural investigations of enzyme interesterified oil and its thermo-oxidative stability by thermogravimetric analysis |journal=[[Journal of Food Engineering]] |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=671–679 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.03.010}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Debnath |first=Sukumar |last2=Rastogi |first2=Navin K. |last3=Gopala Krishna |first3=A.G. |last4=Lokesh |first4=B.R. |date=April 2012 |title=Effect of frying cycles on physical, chemical and heat transfer quality of rice bran oil during deep-fat frying of poori: An Indian traditional fried food |journal=Food and Bioproducts Processing |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=249–256 |doi=10.1016/j.fbp.2011.05.001}}
* {{cite book |first=Madhur |last=Jaffrey |author-link=Madhur Jaffrey |url=https://archive.org/details/climbingmangotre0000jaff |title=Climbing the Mango Trees: A Memoir of a Childhood in India |date=18 December 2008 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=9780307517692 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Govindaraj Dev |last2=John Muthiah |first2=Johana L. |last3=Adhikari |first3=Koushik |chapter=Eating and Drinking in India: A Cultural Perspective |date=2025 |title=Handbook of Eating and Drinking |pages=1–29 |editor-last=Meiselman |editor-first=Herbert L. |place=Cham |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75388-1_204-1 |isbn=978-3-319-75388-1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fayaz |first=Ufaq |last2=Dar |first2=Aamir Hussain |last3=Kumar |first3=Navneet |last4=Junaid |first4=Pir Mohammad |last5=Shams |first5=Rafeeya |last6=Khan |first6=Shafat Ahmad |date=June 2021 |title=Formulations and quality characterization of low salt flat bread: Effects on functionality, rheological and sensory properties |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2772502221000056 |journal=Applied Food Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |article-number=100005 |doi=10.1016/j.afres.2021.100005 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ferro-Luzzi |first=G. Eichinger |author-link=Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi |date=1978 |title=Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=86–108 |issn=0044-2666 |jstor=25841633}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fiedler |first=John L. |last2=Lividini |first2=Keith |last3=Guyondet |first3=Christophe |last4=Bermudez |first4=Odilia I. |date=1 March 2015 |title=Assessing Alternative Industrial Fortification Portfolios: A Bangladesh Case Study |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/156482651503600106 |journal=[[Food and Nutrition Bulletin]] |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=57–74 |doi=10.1177/156482651503600106 |doi-access=free |issn=0379-5721}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hitlamani |first=Veeranna |last2=Ashok Inamdar |first2=Aashitosh |date=30 October 2025 |title=Effect of milling methods on acrylamide levels in chapatti and poori |journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]] |volume=490 |article-number=145195 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145195}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |author-link=Madhur Jaffrey |url=https://archive.org/details/madhurjaffreysin0000jaff |title=Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cooking |publisher=Woodbury |year=1983 |isbn=9780812027006 |location=New York |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kashyap |first=Hema |last2=Kumar |first2=Sajiwan |date=2023 |title=Madhuca indica: A Potential Species for Livelihood Support of Rural Population in Central Bastar Region of Chhattisgarh, India |url=https://www.plantarchives.org/article/04%20MADHUCA-INDICA-A-POTENTIAL-SPECIES-FOR-LIVELIHOOD-SUPPORT-OF-RURAL-POPULATION-IN-CENTRAL-BASTAR-REGION-OF-CHHATTISGARH,-INDIA.pdf |journal=Plant Archives |pages=29–35 |doi=10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2023.v23.no1.004 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Keeler |first=Ward |title=The Traffic in Hierarchy |date=2017-09-30 |chapter=A Description of the Shweigyin Monastery |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-6594-8 |doi=10.21313/hawaii/9780824865948.003.0003}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Khamarunnisa |first=K. K. |date=2016 |title=Acculturation Through Colonialism: Exchange of Food Habits in Malabar |journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]] |volume=77 |pages=727–734 |doi=10.2307/26552702 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=26552702}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=A. |chapter=Chapatis and Related Products |date=2016 |title=Encyclopedia of Food and Health |pages=724–734 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-384947-2.00131-8 |isbn=978-0-12-384953-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mir |first=Shabir Ahmad |title=Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry |last2=Shah |first2=Manzoor Ahmad |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-12-814045-1 |chapter=Indian Flatbreads: How Structure Influences Properties |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21697-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shruti |last2=Mishra |first2=Shivang |chapter=Food Processing Techniques to Conserve Millet-Based Ethnic Food Products of India |date=2024 |title=Sustainable Food Systems |volume=1 |pages=363–380 |editor-last=Thakur |editor-first=Monika |place=Cham |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-47122-3_17 |isbn=978-3-031-47121-6}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mitra Channa |first=Subhadra |title=The Inner and Outer Selves: Cosmology, Gender, and Ecology in the Himalayas |chapter=The Sacred |pages=135–177 |date=2013-09-01 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-807942-2 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198079422.003.0005}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mulla |first=Mehrajfatema Z. |last2=Bharadwaj |first2=Vikas R. |last3=Annapure |first3=Uday S. |last4=Singhal |first4=Rekha S. |date=1 June 2010 |title=Effect of damaged starch on acrylamide formation in whole wheat flour based Indian traditional staples, chapattis and pooris |journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]] |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=805–809 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.016}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nandy |first=Ashis |date=May 2004 |title=The Changing Popular Culture of Indian Food: Preliminary Notes |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0262728004042760 |journal=[[South Asia Research]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1177/0262728004042760 |issn=0262-7280}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ultimatefoodjour0000unse_r0k9 |title=Ultimate food journeys : the world's best dishes & where to eat them |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]] |year=2011 |isbn=9781405358668 |editor-last=Oughton |editor-first=Julie |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Sadie |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Parimala |first1=K. R. |last2=Sudha |first2=M. L. |date=2015-01-02 |title=Wheat-Based Traditional Flat Breads of India |journal=[[Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.647121 |pmid=24915406 |issn=1040-8398}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramineni |first=Shubhra |title=Entice With Spice: Easy Indian Recipes for Busy People |year=2012 |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing|Tuttle]] |isbn=978-1-4629-0527-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpXTAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rubel |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/breadglobalhisto0000rube |title=Bread: a global history |date=2011 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |location=London |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-86189-854-8}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Salehi |first=Fakhreddin |date=16 August 2020 |title=Effect of coatings made by new hydrocolloids on the oil uptake during deep‐fat frying: A review |journal=[[Journal of Food Processing and Preservation]] |volume=44 |issue=11 |doi=10.1111/jfpp.14879 |issn=0145-8892}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Colleen Taylor |author-link=Colleen Taylor Sen |chapter=Indian meals |date=2009 |title=Meals in Science and Practice |pages=394–412 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |doi=10.1533/9781845695712.6.394 |isbn=978-1-84569-403-6}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian cuisine |year=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-12864-4 |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=Colleen Taylor |editor-link=Colleen Taylor Sen |editor-last2=Bhattacharyya |editor-first2=Sourish |editor-last3=Saberi |editor-first3=Helen}}
** {{harvc |last=Bhattacharyya (a) |first=Sourish |c=Amritsar |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Koranne-Khandekar |first=Saee |c=Bene Israelis |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Kohli (a) |first=Megha |c=Bihar |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Kohli (b) |first=Megha |c=Breads |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Bhattacharyya (b) |first=Sourish |c=Delhi |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Sen (a) |first=Colleen Taylor |c=Gujarat |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Sen (b) |first=Colleen Taylor |c=Jalebi |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Saberi |first=Helen |c=Kachori |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Pant |first=Kamal K. |c=Madhya Pradesh |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Sen (c) |first=Colleen Taylor |c=Mango |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last1=Abdulla |first1=Ummi |last2=Jalaludheen |first2=Nazaneen |c=Mappilas |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Sen (d) |first=Colleen Taylor |c=Ni’matnama |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Bhattacharyya (c) |first=Sourish |c=Parsis |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Sen (e) |first=Colleen Taylor |c=Potato |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Sen (f) |first=Colleen Taylor |c=Pulses |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Mani |first=Priya |c=Rites of Passage |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Sen (g) |first=Colleen Taylor |c=Shrikhand |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Sen (h) |first=Collen Taylor |c=Sweets |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
** {{harvc |last=Khanna |first=Sangeeta |c=Uttar Pradesh |in1=Sen |in2=Bhattacharyya |in3=Saberi |year=2024}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Singhal |first=R. S. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=P. R. |date=April 1988 |title=Amaranths—an underutilized resource |journal=International Journal of Food Science & Technology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb00559.x |issn=0950-5423}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shaper |first=A. G. |last2=Jones |first2=K. W. |date=2012-10-01 |orig-date=1959 |title=Serum-cholesterol, diet, and coronary heart-disease in Africans and Asians in Uganda |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=1221–1225 |doi=10.1093/ije/dys137 |issn=0300-5771}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sharavathy |first=M. K. |last2=Urooj |first2=Asna |last3=Puttaraj |first3=Shashikala |date=November 2001 |title=Nutritionally important starch fractions in cereal based Indian food preparations |journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]] |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=241–247 |doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00120-0}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shukla |first=Akhilesh |date=18 October 2021 |title=Ethnic food culture of Chhattisgarh state of India |url=https://journalofethnicfoods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42779-021-00103-6 |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s42779-021-00103-6 |doi-access=free |issn=2352-6181}}
* {{Cite book |last=Staples |first=James |title=Sacred Cows and Chicken Manchurian |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-295-74789-7 |chapter=Everyday South Indian Foodways |id={{Project MUSE|81795|type=book}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sudha |first=M. L. |last2=Rao |first2=G. Venkateswara |date=April 2009 |title=Influence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose on the Rheological and Microstructural Characteristics of Whole Wheat Flour Dough and Quality of Puri |journal=[[Journal of Texture Studies]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=172–191 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-4603.2009.00175.x |issn=0022-4901}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sudo |first=Noriko |last2=Sekiyama |first2=Makiko |last3=Watanabe |first3=Chiho |last4=Mozammel Haque Bokul |first4=A. T. M. |last5=Ohtsuka |first5=Ryutaro |date=September 2004 |title=Gender differences in food and energy intake among adult villagers in northwestern Bangladesh: a food frequency questionnaire survey |journal=[[International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition]] |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=499–509 |doi=10.1080/09637480400015844 |issn=0963-7486}}
* {{Cite book |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-981-15-1485-2 |editor-last=Tamang |editor-first=Jyoti Prakash |editor-link=Jyoti Prakash Tamang |location=Singapore |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1486-9}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Thanuja |first=D. |last2=Ravindra |first2=M.R. |date=27 January 2014 |title=Thermodynamic Analysis of Moisture Sorption Characteristics of Cheese- Puri Mix: Sorption Analysis of Cheese-Puri Mix |journal=[[Journal of Food Processing and Preservation]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=420–429 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00790.x}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tanwar |first=Monica |last2=Tanwar |first2=Beenu |last3=Tanwar |first3=Rattan S. |last4=Kumar |first4=Vikas |last5=Goyal |first5=Ankit |date=June 2018 |title=Himachali dham: Food, culture, and heritage |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=99–104 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2017.10.006}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tharanathan |first=M. |last2=Tharanathan |first2=R.N. |date=July 2001 |title=Resistant Starch in Wheat-based Products: Isolation and Characterisation |journal=Journal of Cereal Science |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=73–84 |doi=10.1006/jcrs.2000.0383}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Vatsala |first=C. N. |last2=Saxena |first2=C. Dharmesh |last3=Rao |first3=P. Haridas |date=2001-12-20 |title=Optimization of ingredients and process conditions for the preparation of puri using response surface methodology |url=https://academic.oup.com/ijfst/article/36/4/407/7912845 |journal=International Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=407–414 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2621.2001.00474.x |doi-access=free |issn=0950-5423}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{cookbook|Puri}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Flatbreads}}
{{Deep fried foods}}
{{Indian bread}}
{{Pakistani bread}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Burmese cuisine}}
{{Street food}}

[[Category:Puri (food)|Puri]]
[[Category:Flatbreads]]
[[Category:Unleavened breads]]
[[Category:Whole wheat breads]]
[[Category:Deep fried foods]]
[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Pakistani breads]]
[[Category:Breakfast dishes]]
[[Category:Snack foods]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:North Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Andhra cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]
[[Category:Burmese cuisine]]
[[Category:Gujarati cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Odisha]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]

Padmasambhava

2026-03-11T19:02:53Z

MickiAddy25: updated page

{{Short description|8th-century Buddhist lama}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Guru Rinpoche in mist 2.jpg|thumb|[[Rewalsar Lake#Colossus of Padmasambhava|Colossus of Padmasambhava]], 123 ft. (37.5 m) high, in mist overlooking [[Rewalsar Lake]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]]]
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmasambhava
| birth_place = [[Oddiyana]]{{refn|name="loc"|group=note|For debate on its geographical location, see also the article on [[Oddiyana]].}}
| known = Credited with founding the [[Nyingma]] school of Tibetan Buddhism
| occupation = Vajra master
| education = [[Nalanda]]
}}

'''Padmasambhava''' ('Born from a Lotus'),{{refn|[[Sanskrit]] पद्मसम्भव {{IAST|Padmasambhava}}; {{bo|t=པདྨ་འབྱུང་གནས།|w=pad+ma 'byung gnas (EWTS)|alternative=[[THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription|TH]] Pemajungné}}); [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] ловон Бадмажунай, ''lovon Badmajunai'', {{zh|莲花生大士}} ({{zh|p=Liánhuāshēng}})|group=note}} also known as '''Guru Rinpoche''' ('Precious Guru'), was a semi-legendary<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gyaltsen Karmay |first1=Samten |title=The Great Perfection (rDzogs Chen): A Philosophical and Meditative Teaching of Tibetan Buddhism |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004151420 |pages=6–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyS71NvZPXsC&q=padmasambhava+semi+mythical}}</ref> tantric Buddhist [[Vajracharya|Vajra master]] from [[medieval India]], who according to hagiographical sources fully revealed the [[Vajrayana]] in [[Tibet]], circa 8th – 9th centuries.<ref name="tthr">{{harvnb|Kværne|2013|p=[https://archive.org/details/tibetanhistoryre00tutt/page/n196 168]}}.</ref><ref name="KPSR8">{{harvnb|Palden Sherab Rinpoche|1992}}</ref>{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|pp=34–5}}<ref name="Doney 2015">{{harvnb|Doney|2015}}.</ref> He is considered an emanation or [[Nirmāṇakāya]] of [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] as foretold by the Buddha himself.<ref name="KPSR8"/> According to early Tibetan sources including the ''[[Testament of Ba]]'', he came to Tibet in the 8th century and designed<ref name= KPSR8/> [[Samye Monastery]], the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet,{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|pp=34–5}} during the reign of King [[Trisong Detsen]]. He, the king, and Khenpo [[Shantarakshita]] are also responsible for creating the [[Tibetan canon|Tibetan Canon]] through translating all of the Buddha's teachings and their commentaries into the Tibetan language.

According to Lewis Doney, while his historical authenticity was questioned by earlier [[Tibetology|Tibetologists]], it is now "cautiously accepted.” Padmasambhava himself was recorded as saying he was a historical person, and marks in rocks believed to be his footprints are regarded as evidence.<ref name="KPSR8"/><ref name="Doney 2015" /> Padmasambhava later came to be viewed as a central figure in the transmission of Buddhism to Tibet.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=600}}{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|pp=34–5, 96–8}} Starting from around the 12th century, [[Hagiography|hagiographies]] concerning Padmasambhava were written. These works expanded the profile and activities of Padmasambhava, now seen as taming all the Tibetan spirits and gods, and concealing various secret texts (''[[Terma (religion)|terma]]'') for future [[Tertön|tertöns]].{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|p=96}} [[Nyangrel Nyima Özer|Nyangral Nyima Özer]] (1124–1192) was the author of the ''Zangling-ma'' (Jeweled Rosary), the earliest biography of Padmasambhava.{{sfn|Doney|2014}}{{sfn|Dalton|2004}} He has been called "one of the main architects of the Padmasambhava [[myth]]os – who first linked Padmasambhava to the [[Dzogchen|Great Perfection]] in a high-profile manner."<ref name="Germano 2005">{{harvnb|Germano|2005}}.</ref><ref name="thlib.org2">{{harvnb|Gyatso|2006}}.</ref>

In modern [[Tibetan Buddhism]], Padmasambhava is considered to be a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]] that was foretold by Buddha Shakyamuni.<ref name="KPSR8" /> According to traditional hagiographies, his students include the great female masters [[Yeshe Tsogyal]] and [[Mandāravā|Mandarava]].{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|pp=34–5, 96–8}} The contemporary [[Nyingma]] school considers Padmasambhava to be a founding figure.{{sfn|Harvey|2008|p=204}}<ref name="Doney 2015" /> The Nyingma school also traditionally holds that its [[Dzogchen]] lineage has its origins in [[Garab Dorje]] through a lineage of transmission to Padmasambhava.<ref name="KPSR" />

In Tibetan Buddhism, the teachings of Padmasambava are said to include an oral lineage (''kama''), and a lineage of the hidden treasure texts (''termas'').<ref name="Khenchen" /> Tibetan Buddhism holds that Padmasambhava's termas are discovered by fortunate beings and [[tertön]]s (treasure finders) when conditions are ripe for their reception.{{sfn|Fremantle|2001|p=19}} Padmasambhava is said to appear to tertöns in visionary encounters, and his form is visualized during guru yoga practice, particularly in the Nyingma school. Padmasambhava is widely venerated by [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhists]] in [[Tibet]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], the [[Himalayan states]] of India, and in countries around the world.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=600}}

== History ==

=== Early sources ===
[[File:Guru - Boudha.jpg|thumb|Padmasambhava statue at Ghyoilisang peace park, [[Boudha|Boudhanath, Kathmandu]]]]
[[File:British_Library_fragment_of_the_Testament_of_Ba.jpg|right|thumb|Fragment of the ''Testament of Ba'' at the [[British Library]], with six incomplete lines of [[Tibetan script|Tibetan writing]] ({{IDP|Or.8210/S.9498A}})|245x245px]]
One of the earliest chronicle sources for Padmasambhava as a historical figure is the ''[[Testament of Ba]]'' (''Dba' bzhed'', c. 9th–12th centuries), which records the founding of [[Samye|Samye Monastery]] under the reign of King [[Trisong Detsen]] (r. 755–797/804).{{sfn|van Schaik|Iwao|2009}}<ref name="Doney 2015" /> Other early manuscripts from [[Dunhuang]] also mention a tantric master associated with [[Vajrakilaya|kilaya]] rituals named Padmasambhava who tames demons, though they do not associate this figure with Trisong Detsen.{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|pp=34–5, 96–8, 273}}<ref name="Doney 2015" />

According to the ''Testament of Ba'', [[Trisong Detsen]] had invited the Buddhist abbot and Indian philosopher [[Śāntarakṣita]] (725–788) to Tibet to propagate Buddhism and help found the first Buddhist monastery at Samye ('The Inconceivable'). However, certain events like the flooding of a Buddhist temple and lightning striking the royal palace had caused some at the Tibetan court to believe that the local gods were angry.{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|pp=34–5}}

Śāntarakṣita was sent to Nepal, but was then asked to return after the anti-Buddhist sentiments had subsided. On his return, Śāntarakṣita brought Padmasambhava who was an Indian tantric adept from [[Oddiyana]].{{refn|name="loc"|group=note}}{{sfn|Meulenbeld|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y53pT_gGE_0C&pg=PA93 93]}}{{sfn|Kazi|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_MwDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT45 45]}}{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|p=80}} Padmasambhava's task was to tame the local spirits and impress the Tibetans with his magical and ritual powers. The Tibetan sources then explain how Padmasambhava identified the local gods and spirits, called them out and threatened them with his powers. After they had been tamed, the construction of Samye went ahead.{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|pp=34–5}} Padmasambhava was also said to have taught various forms of tantric Buddhist yoga.{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|p=35}}

When the royal court began to suspect that Padmasambhava wanted to seize power, he was asked to leave by the king.{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|p=35}} The Testament of Ba also mentions other miracles by Padmasambhava, mostly associated with the taming of demons and spirits as well as longevity rituals and water magic.<ref name="Doney 2015" />

Evidence shows that Padmasambhava's [[Tantras (Buddhism)|tantric]] teachings were being taught in Tibet during the 10th century. Recent evidence suggests that Padmasambhava already figured in spiritual hagiography and ritual, and was already seen as the enlightened source of tantric scriptures up to 200 years before [[Nyangrel Nyima Özer]] (1136–1204),{{sfn|Cantwell|Mayer|2013|p=22}} the primary source of the traditional hagiography of Padmasambhava.

Lewis Doney notes that while numerous texts are associated with Padmasambhava, the most likely of these attributions are the ''Man ngag lta ba'i phreng ba'' (''The Garland of Views'')'','' a commentary on the 13th chapter of the ''[[Guhyagarbha tantra]]'' and the ''Thabs zhags padma 'phreng'' (''A Noble Noose of Methods, The Lotus Garland'')'','' an exposition of [[Mahayoga]]. The former work is mentioned in the work of [[Nubchen Sangye Yeshe]] (c. 9–10th centuries) and attributed to Padmasambhava.<ref name="Doney 2015" />

=== Development of the mythos ===
[[File:Thangka_%28AM_1931.626-5%29.jpg|thumb|Thangka of Padmasambhava|318x318px]]
While in the eleventh and twelfth centuries there were several parallel narratives of important founding figures like Padmasambhava, [[Vimalamitra]], Songtsen Gampo, and [[Vairotsana]], by the end of the 12th century, the Padmasambhava narrative grew to dominate the others, becoming the most influential legend of the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet.{{sfn|Davidson|2005|pp=229, 278}}{{sfn|van Schaik|2011|p=96}}

The first full biography of Padmasambhava is a [[Terma (religion)|terma]] (treasure text) said to have been revealed by Nyangrel Nyima Özer, abbot of Mawochok Monastery. This biography, ''The Copper Palace (bka' thang zangs gling ma),'' was very influential on the Padmasambhava hagiographical tradition. The narrative was also incorporated into Nyima Özer's history of Buddhism, the ''Flower Nectar: The Essence of Honey (chos 'byung me tog snying po sbrang rtsi'i bcud)''.{{sfn|Hirschberg|2013}}<ref name="Doney 2015" /><ref name="thlib.org2" /><ref name="Germano 2005" />

The tertön Guru Chöwang (1212–1270) was the next major contributor to the Padmasambhava tradition, and may have been the first full life-story biographer of [[Yeshe Tsogyal]].<ref name="thlib.org2" />

The basic narrative of ''The Copper Palace'' continued to be expanded and edited by Tibetans. In the 14th century, the Padmasambhava hagiography was further expanded and re-envisioned through the efforts of the [[Orgyen Lingpa]] (1323 – c. 1360). It is in the works of Orgyen Lingpa, particularly his ''Padma bka' thang'' (Lotus Testament, 1352), that the "11 deeds" of Padmasambhava first appear in full.<ref name="Doney 2015" /> The ''Lotus Testament'' is a very extensive biography of Padmasambhava, which begins with his ordination under [[Ānanda|Ananda]] and contains numerous references to Padmasambhava as a "second Buddha."<ref name="Doney 2015" />

== Hagiography ==
[[File:Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche, 8th century) LACMA M.2005.154.7 (1 of 6).jpg|thumb|Statue of Guru Rinpoche, Central Tibet, Tsang Valley, 15th–16th century|353x353px]]
According to [[Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche|Khenchen Palden Sherab]], there are traditionally said to be nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine biographies of Padmasambhava.<ref name="KPSR8" /> They are categorized in three ways: Those relating to Padmasambhava's Dharmakaya buddhahood, those accounts of his Sambhogakaya nature, and those chronicles of his Nirmanakaya activities.<ref name="KPSR8" />

=== Birth and early life ===
Hagiographies of Padmasambhava such as ''The Copper Palace,'' depict Padmasambhava being born as an eight-year-old child appearing in a lotus blossom floating in [[Lake]] Dhanakosha surrounded by a host of [[dakini]]s, in the kingdom of [[Oddiyana]].<ref name="Doney 2015" /><ref name=":4">{{harvnb|Trungpa|2001|pp=26–27}}</ref>{{refn|name="loc"|group=note}}

However there are other birth stories as well, another common one states that he was born from the womb of Queen Jalendra, the wife of king Sakra of Oddiyana and received the name Dorje Duddul (Vajra Demon Subjugator) because of the auspicious marks on his body were identified as those of a demon tamer.<ref name="Doney 2015" />

As [[Nyingma]] scholar [[Palden Sherab|Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche]] explains: {{blockquote|There are many stories explaining how Guru Padmasambhava was born. Some say that he instantly appeared on the peak of Meteorite Mountain, in Sri Lanka. Others teach that he came through his mother's womb, but most accounts refer to a miraculous birth, explaining that he spontaneously appeared in the center of a lotus. These stories are not contradictory because highly realized beings abide in the expanse of great equanimity with perfect understanding and can do anything. Everything is flexible, anything is possible. Enlightened beings can appear in any way they want or need to.<ref name=KPSR8/>}}

In ''The Copper Palace,'' King [[Indrabhuti]] of Oddiyana is searching for a wish fulfilling jewel and finds Padmasambhava, who is said to be an incarnation of Buddha [[Amitābha|Amitabha]]. The king adopts him as his own son and Padmasambhava is enthroned as the Lotus King (''Pema Gyalpo'').<ref name="Doney 2015" /><ref name=":4" /> However, Padmasambhava's [[khaṭvāṅga]] staff falls on one of Indrabhuti's ministers, killing him, and Padmasambhava is exiled from the kingdom, which allows him to live as a [[mahasiddha]] and practice tantra in charnel grounds throughout India.<ref name="Doney 2015" /><ref name=":4" />{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=208}}

In [[Himachal Pradesh, India]] at [[Rewalsar Lake]], known as Tso Pema in Tibetan, Padmasambhava secretly gave [[Tantra|tantric teachings]] to princess Mandarava, the local king's daughter. The king found out and tried to burn both him and his daughter, but it is said that when the smoke cleared they were still alive and in meditation, centered in a lotus arising from a lake. Greatly astonished by this miracle, the king offered Padmasambhava both his kingdom and Mandarava.{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998}}

Padmasambhava is then said to have returned home with Mandarava and together they converted the kingdom to Vajrayana Buddhism.<ref name="Doney 2015" />

=== Nepal ===
[[File:Religious Cave Cave Sesh Narayan Dachhinkali Kathmandu Nepal Rajesh Dhungana (2).jpg|thumb|223x223px|[[Pharping]] cave in Nepal where the Guru did the penance combining Yangdak [[Heruka]] and [[Vajrakilaya]] and attained the ultimate [[Mahamudra]] ]]Padmasambhava and [[Mandarava]] are also said to have travelled together to the [[Halesi-Maratika Caves|Maratika Cave]] in eastern Nepal to practice long life rituals of [[Amitābha|Amitāyus]].{{sfn|Buffetrille|2012}} It was the place where, after the penance, they achieved the blessing of immortality from lord [[Amitābha|Amitāyus]], the Buddha of long life. In the village of [[Pharping]], located on the southern edge of [[Kathmandu]] district, the Guru is said to have done long penance combining the practices of Yangdak [[Heruka]] and [[Vajrakilaya]], and attained the ultimate [[Mahamudra]] (or "the Great Seal").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asura & Yangleshö Caves (Pharping) |url=https://www.nekhor.org/padmasambhava/nepal/asura-yanglesho |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Nekhor |language=en-US}}</ref>
The Tibetan Buddhism also mentions that Guru Rinpoche meditated at [[Muktinath]] (lord of liberation) temple in western Nepal before departing for Tibet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief history of Muktinath-Chumig Gyatsa at the Annapurna Circuit - Nepal |url=https://muktinath.org/muktinath/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=muktinath.org}}</ref> The nuns residing in the temple complex of Muktinath are revered as goddesses and offspring of the women who were taught and initiated by Padmasambhava. A statue of Padmasambhava, which is believed to have built by him in his own image, currently resides in the Mharme Lhakhang Gompa and is taken care of by these nuns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muktinath: An Exemplar of Religious Symbiosis {{!}} Buddhistdoor |url=https://www2.buddhistdoor.net/features/muktinath-an-exemplar-of-religious-symbiosis |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=www2.buddhistdoor.net}}</ref>

=== Tibet ===
[[File:Guru Padmasambhava of bSam-yas Monastery in Tibet.jpg|thumb|The famous "looks like me" statue of Padmasambhava at [[Samye]] which is traditionally said to have been blessed by him personally]][[File:Entrance to Dawa Puk, Padmasambhava's cave, Yerpa 1993.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Dawa Puk, [[Guru Rinpoche]]'s cave, [[Yerpa]], 1993]]
Padmasambhava hagiographies also discuss the activities of Padmasambhāva in Tibet, beginning with the invitation by King Trisong Detsen to help in the founding of Samye. Padmasambhava is depicted as a great tantric adept who tames the spirits and demons of Tibet and turns them into guardians for the Buddha's Dharma (specifically, the deity [[Pehar Gyalpo|Pe har]] is made the protector of Samye). He is also said to have spread Vajrayana Buddhism to the people of Tibet, and specifically introduced its practice of Tantra.{{sfn|Snelling|1987}}{{sfn|Harvey|1995}}<ref name="Doney 2015" />

The subjection of subduing deities and demons is a recurrent theme in Buddhist literature, as noted also in [[Vajrapani#Vajrapani and Mahesvara|Vajrapani and Mahesvara]] and Steven Heine's "Opening a Mountain".{{sfn|Heine|2002}}

Because of his role in the founding of Samye monastery, the first monastery in Tibet, Padmasambhava is regarded as the founder of the [[Nyingma]] school ("Ancients") of Tibetan Buddhism.{{sfn|Norbu|Turnbull|1987|p=162}}{{sfn|Snelling|1987|p=198}}{{sfn|Snelling|1987|p=196, 198}} Padmasambhava's activities in the Tibet include the practice of tantric rituals to increase the life of the king as well as initiating king Trisong Detsen into tantric rites.<ref name="Doney 2015" />

The various biographies also discuss stories of Padmasambhava's main Tibetan consort, princess [[Yeshe Tsogyal]] ("[[Jnana|Knowledge]] Lake Empress"), who became his student while living in the court of Trisong Deutsen. She was among Padmasambhava's three special students (along with the King, and [[Namkhai Nyingpo]]) and is widely revered in Tibet as the "Mother of Buddhism".<ref name="thlib.org2" /> Yeshe Tsogyal became a great master with many disciples and is widely considered to be a female Buddha.{{sfn|Changchub|Nyingpo|2002|p=xxxvii}}

Padmasambhava hid numerous termas in Tibet for later discovery with her aid, while she compiled and elicited Padmasambhava's teachings through the posing of questions, and then reached [[Buddhahood]] in her lifetime. Many [[thangka]]s and paintings depict Padmasambhava with consorts at each side, Mandarava on his right and Yeshe Tsogyal on his left.{{sfn|Meulenbeld|2001|p=52}}{{sfn|Huntington|Bangdel|2004|p=150}}

Many of the Nyingma school's [[Terma (religion)|terma]] texts are said to have originated from the activities of Padmasambhava and his students. These hidden treasure texts are believed to be discovered and disseminated when conditions are ripe for their reception.<ref name="KPSR">{{harvnb|Palden Sherab Rinpoche|Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche|1998}}.</ref> The Nyingma school traces its lineage of [[Dzogchen]] teachings to [[Garab Dorje]] through Padmasambhava's termas.<ref name="Khenchen">{{harvnb|Palden Sherab Rinpoche|Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche|2013}}.</ref>

In ''The Copper Palace,'' after the death of Trisong Detsen, Padmasambhava is said to have travelled to Lanka in order to convert its blood thirsty raksasa demons to the Dharma. His parting words of advice advocates for the worship of [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteshvara]].<ref name="Doney 2015" />

According to Tibetan Buddhist legends of the local [[Monpa people|Monpa]] tribe, [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]], also known as the '108 waterfalls' got created after a mythical showdown between [[Guru Padmasambhava]] and a high priest of the Bonpa sect that ruled supreme in Tibet and surrounding areas including Arunachal Pradesh in the pre-Buddhist times. The waterfall was formed when [[Guru Padmasambhava]] flung his rosary against a rock and 108 streams gushed out.{{sfn|Arunima|2022}}{{better source needed|date=December 2022}} Chumi Gyatse waterfall is revered and holy for the [[Monpa people|Monpas]], the Tibetan Buddhists.

=== Bhutan ===
[[File:Paro, Taktsang Goemba (Tiger's Nest) (15221622304).jpg|thumb|Paro Taktsang ("Tiger's Nest") monastery|224x224px]]

[[Bhutan]] has many important pilgrimage places associated with Padmasambhava. He visited Bhutan three times. Guru Rimpoche first came to Bhutan in 810 A.D. from Nepal via Nabji Korphu in the [[Trongsa District]]. The second and third visits were from Tibet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 20 May 2021|title=Guru Rinpoche in Bhutan: His Visits to Bhutan and Sacred Sites |url=https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/guru-rinpoche-and-his-visit-to-bhutan/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.bhutanpilgrimage.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The most famous site of Guru Rinpoche is [[Paro Taktsang]] or "Tiger's Nest" monastery which is built on a sheer cliff wall about 900m above the floor of [[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]] valley. It was built around the ''Taktsang Senge Samdup (stag tshang seng ge bsam grub) cave'' where Padmasambhava is said to have meditated.<ref name="KPSR8"/>

Guru Rinpoche is said to have flown there from [[Singye Dzong]] on the back of [[Monmo Tashi Khyidren]], whom he transformed into a flying tigress for the purpose of the trip.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paro Taktsang, the Sacred Place of Guru Rinpoche's Enlightened Mind |url=https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/paro-taktsang-tigers-nest-the-sacred-place-of-guru-rinpoches-enlightened-mind/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=bhutanpilgrimage.com |date=21 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, he travelled to [[Bumthang District|Bumthang district]] to subdue a powerful [[deity]], [[Shelging Karpo]] who was offended by a local king, Sindhu Raja of the [[Kingdom of Bumthang]]. According to legend, Padmasambhava's body imprint can be found in the wall of a cave at nearby [[Kurjey Lhakhang|Kurje Lhakhang]] temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurjey Lhakhang {{!}} Bhutan Monastery {{!}} Bhutan Travel {{!}} Druk Asia |url=https://www.drukasia.com/bhutan/bhutan-landmarks/kurjey-lhakhang/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.drukasia.com |language=en}}</ref>

While in Bumthang, Guru Rinpoche meditated and blessed [[Tang Rimochen Lhakhang]], [[Thowadra Monastery|Thowadrak Monastery]], [[Kunzangdrak Monastery]], [https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/zhabjethang-the-plain-where-guru-rinpoche-meditated-and-left-his-footprint/ Zhabjethang Lhakhang], [[Choedrak Monastery]] and [[Shuk Drak Goenpa|Shudrak Goenpa]]. He also hid many treasures in [[Membartsho]], the burning lake in Bumthang.<ref name=":0" /> Guru Rimpoche then traveled to Eastern Bhutan where he blessed [https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/gomphu-kora-a-meditative-cave-of-guru-rinpoche-for-circumambulation/ Gomphu Kora], [https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/gongza-ney-a-sacred-place-where-guru-rinpoche-was-offered-midday-tea/ Gongza Ney], [[Dechen Phodrang Ney]], and [https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/omba-ney-the-taktsang-of-eastern-bhutan/ Omba Ney] in Trashiyangtse. Guru Rinpoche also blessed [https://bhutanpilgrimage.com/aja-ney-a-sacred-site-of-hundred-inscriptions-of-the-syllable-aa/ Aja Ney] in Monggar, and [[Neychhen Rinchen Bumpa]] and [[Singye Dzong]] in Lhuentse.<ref name=":0" />

== Eight manifestations ==
[[File:Wrathful Padmasambhava.jpg|alt=|thumb|Guru Senge Dradrog, a wrathful manifestation of Padmasambhava (painting in Tashichho Dzong)]]
[[File:Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche, 8th century) in his form as Dorje Drolo, Subduer of Demons LACMA M.86.281.jpg|thumb|Guru Dorje Drolo, Subduer of Demons]]
[[File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century]]

The eight manifestations are also seen as Padmasambhava's biography that spans about 1500 years. As [[Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche]] states, {{blockquote|When Guru Padmasambhava appeared on earth, he came as a human being. In order to dissolve our attachment to dualistic conceptions and destroy complex neurotic fixations, he also exhibited some extraordinary manifestations.<ref name=KPSR8/>}}

In accord, Rigpa Shedra also states the eight principal forms were assumed by Guru Rinpoche at different points in his life. Padmasambhava's eight manifestations, or forms (Tib. ''Guru Tsen Gye''), represent different aspects of his being as needed, such as wrathful or peaceful for example.

The eight manifestations of Padmasambhava belong to the tradition of Terma, the Revealed Treasures (Tib.: ter ma),<ref name="KPSR8" /><ref group=note>For the eight manifestations as terma, see {{harvnb|Watt|1999}}.</ref> and are described and enumerated as follows:{{cn|date=May 2023}}

# ''' [[Padma Gyalpo|Guru Pema Gyalpo]]''' (Wylie: ''gu ru pad ma rgyal-po'', Skt: ''Guru Padmarāja'') of [[Oddiyana]], meaning "Lotus King", king of the Tripitaka (the Three Collections of Scripture), manifests as a child four years after the Mahaparinirvana of Buddha Shakyamuni, as predicted by the Buddha. He is shown with a reddish pink complexion and semi-wrathful, seated on a lotus and wearing yellow-orange robes, a small damaru in his right hand and a mirror and hook in his left hand, with a top-knot wrapped in white and streaming with red silk.
# ''' Guru Nyima Ozer''' (Wylie: ''gu ru nyi-ma 'od-zer'', Skrt: ''Guru Suryabhasa'' or ''Sūryaraśmi''{{sfn|Boord|1993|p=115}}), meaning "Ray of Sun", the Sunray Yogi, semi-wrathful, manifests in [[India]] simultaneously with Guru Pema Gyalpo, often portrayed as a crazy wisdom wandering yogi, numerous simultaneous emanations, illuminates the darkness of the mind through the insight of Dzogchen. He is shown seated on a lotus with left leg bent and with a golden-red complexion, semi-wrathful with slightly bulging eyes, long hair with bone ornaments, moustache and beard, bare-chested with a tiger-skin skirt, right hand holds a khatvanga and left hand is in a mudra, interacting with the sun.
# ''' Guru Loden Chokse''' (Wylie: ''gu ru blo ldan mchog sred''; Skrt: ''Guru Mativat Vararuci'',{{sfn|Boord|1993|p=115}}) meaning roughly "Super Knowledge Holder", peaceful, manifests after Guru Pema Gyalpo departs Oddiyana for the great charnel grounds of India and for all knowledge, the Intelligent Youth, the one who gathers the knowledge of all worlds. He is shown seated on a lotus, white complexion, wearing a white scarf with ribbons wrapped around his head, and a blue-green lotus decorating his hair, holding a damaru in the right hand and a lotus bowl in the left hand.
# '''Guru Urygen Dorje Chang''' (Skt: ''Guru Padmasambhava''), meaning "Lotus Essence", a symbol of spiritual perfection, peaceful, manifests and teaches [[Mandāravā|Mandarava]], transforming negative energies into compassionate and peaceful forms. He is shown with a rich wblue complexion, very peaceful, and is positioned in [[Yab-Yum]] with Mandarava.
# ''' Guru Shakya Senge''' (Wylie: ''shAkya seng-ge'', Skt: ''Guru Śākyasimha'') of Bodh Gaya, meaning "Lion of the Sakyas", peaceful, manifests as Ananda's student and brings [[Ashoka's Hell|King Ashoka]] to the Dharma, Lion of the Sakyas, embodies patience and detachment, learns all Buddhist canons and Tantric practices of the eight Vidyadharas. He is shown similar to Buddha Shakymuni but with golden skin in red monk's robes, a unishaka, a begging bowl in the left hand and a five-pointed vajra in the right hand.
# ''' Guru Senge Dradrog''' (Wylie: ''gu ru seng-ge sgra-sgrogs'', Skt: ''Guru Simhanāda'',{{sfn|Boord|1993|p=115}}) meaning "The Lion's Roar", wrathful, subdues and pacifies negative influences, manifests in India and at Nalanda University, the Lion of Debate, promulgator of the Dharma throughout the six realms of sentient beings. He is shown as dark blue and surrounded by flames above a lotus, with fangs and three glaring eyes, crown of skulls and long hair, standing on a demon, holding a flaming vajra in the right hand, left hand in a subjugation mudra.
# '''Guru Pema Jungne''' (Wylie: ''pad ma 'byung-gnas'', Skt: ''Guru Padmakara''), meaning "Born from a Lotus", manifests before his arrival in [[Tibet]], the [[Vajrayana]] Buddha that teaches the Dharma to the people, embodies all manifestations and actions of pacifying, increasing, magnetizing and subjugating. As the most depicted manifestation, he is shown sitting on a lotus, dressed in three robes, under which he wears a blue shirt, pants and Tibetan shoes. He holds a vajra in his right hand, and a skull-bowl with a small vase in his left hand. A special trident called a khatvanga leans on the left shoulder representing [[Yeshe Tsogyal]], and he wears a Nepalese cloth hat in the shape of a lotus flower. Thus he is represented as he must have appeared in Tibet.
# ''' Guru Dorje Drolo''' (Wylie: ''gu ru rDo-rje gro-lod'', Skt: ''Guru Vajra''), meaning "Crazy Wisdom", very wrathful, manifests five years before Guru Pema Jungne departs Tibet, 13 emanations for 13 Tiger's Nests caves, the fierce manifestation of [[Vajrakilaya]] (wrathful Vajrasattva) known as "Diamond Guts", the comforter of all, imprinting the elements with Wisdom-Treasure, subduer for degenerate times. He is shown dark red, surrounded by flames, wearing robes and Tibetan shoes, conch earrings, a garland of heads, dancing on a tiger, symbolizing Tashi Kyeden, that is also dancing.

Padmasambhava's various Sanskrit names are preserved in mantras such as those found in the ''Yang gsang rig 'dzin youngs rdzogs kyi blama guru mtshan brgyad bye brag du sgrub pa ye shes bdud rtsi'i sbrang char zhe bya ba''.{{clarify|date=October 2018}}{{sfn|Boord|1993|p=115}}<ref group=note>See also image and description in {{harvnb|Watt|1999}}.</ref>

==Iconography==
[[File:Padma_Sambhava_FS-7619_10.jpg|thumb|351x351px|[[Thangka]] of Padmasambhava, 19th century, Lhasa, Central Tibet]]
Padmasambhava has one face and two hands.<ref name="Wangpo">{{harvnb|Wangpo|2022}}.</ref><ref name="Drakpa">{{harvnb|Drakpa|2022}}.</ref> He is wrathful and smiling.<ref name="Wangpo" /> He blazes magnificently with the splendour of the major and minor marks.<ref name="Wangpo" /> His two eyes are wide open in a piercing gaze.<ref name="Wangpo" /> He has the youthful appearance of an eight-year-old child.<ref name="Drakpa" /> His complexion is white with a tinge of red.<ref name="Drakpa" /> He is seated with his two feet in the royal posture.<ref name="Wangpo"/><ref name="Drakpa" /><ref name="Patrul">{{harvnb|Patrul Rinpoche|2022}}.</ref>

On his head he wears a five-petalled lotus hat,<ref name ="Wangpo" /><ref name="Patrul" /> which has three points symbolizing the three kayas, five colours symbolizing the five kayas, the sun and moon symbolizing skillful means and wisdom, a vajra top to symbolize unshakable [[samadhi]], and a vulture's feather to represent the realization of the highest view.<ref name="Drakpa" />

Padmasambhava wears a white vajra undergarment. On top of this, in layers, a red robe, a dark blue mantrayana tunic, a red monastic shawl decorated with a golden flower pattern, and a maroon cloak of silk brocade.<ref name ="Wangpo" /> Also, he wears a silk cloak, Dharma robes and gown.<ref name="Patrul" /> He is wearing the dark blue gown of a mantra practitioner, the red and yellow shawl of a monk, the maroon cloak of a king, and the red robe and secret white garments of a [[bodhisattva]].<ref name="Drakpa" />

In his right hand, he holds a five-pronged [[vajra]] at his heart.<ref name ="Wangpo" /><ref name="Drakpa" /><ref name="Patrul" /> His left hand rests in the gesture of equanimity,<ref name ="Wangpo" /> In his left hand he holds a skull-cup brimming with nectar, containing the vase of longevity that is also filled with the nectar of deathless wisdom<ref name ="Wangpo" /><ref name="Drakpa" /> and ornamented on top by a wish-fulfilling tree.<ref name="Patrul" />

Cradled in his left arm he holds the three-pointed [[khatvanga]] (trident) symbolizing the Princess consort Mandarava, one of his two main consorts.<ref name ="Wangpo" /><ref name="Patrul" /> who arouses the wisdom of bliss and emptiness, concealed as the three-pointed khatvanga.<ref name="Drakpa" /> Other sources say that the khatvanga represents the Lady [[Yeshe Tsogyal]], his primary consort and

main disciple.{{sfn|Huntington|Bangdel|2004|p=358}} Its three points represent the essence, nature and compassionate energy (ngowo, rangshyin and tukjé).<ref name="Drakpa" /><ref name="Patrul" /> Below these three prongs are three severed heads, dry, fresh and rotten, symbolizing the [[dharmakaya]], [[sambhogakaya]] and [[nirmanakaya]].<ref name="Drakpa" /><ref name="Patrul" /> Nine iron rings adorning the prongs represent the nine yanas.<ref name="Drakpa" /><ref name="Patrul" /> Five-coloured strips of silk symbolize the five wisdoms<ref name="Drakpa" /> The khatvanga is also adorned with locks of hair from dead and living mamos and dakinis, as a sign that the Master subjugated them all when he practised austerities in the Eight Great Charnel Grounds.<ref name="Drakpa" /><ref name="Patrul" />

Around him within a lattice of five-coloured light, appear the eight [[vidyadhara]]s of India, the twenty-five disciples of Tibet, the deities of the three roots, and an ocean of oath-bound protectors<ref name="Patrul"/>

==Attributes==

=== Pureland paradise ===
{{Main|Pure land}}

His pureland paradise is Zangdok Palri (the Copper-Coloured Mountain).{{sfn|Yeshe Tsogyal|1993|pp=252–53}}

=== Samantabhadra and Samantabhadri ===
Padmasambhava said:
{{blockquote|My father is the intrinsic awareness, [[Adi-Buddha|Samantabhadra]] (Sanskrit; Tib. ཀུན་ཏུ་བཟང་པོ). My mother is the ultimate sphere of reality, [[Samantabhadri]] (Sanskrit; Tib. ཀུན་ཏུ་བཟང་མོ). I belong to the caste of non-duality of the sphere of awareness. My name is the Glorious Lotus-Born. I am from the unborn sphere of all phenomena. I consume concepts of duality as my diet. I act in the way of the Buddhas of the three times.{{cite quote}}}}

Another translation of Guru Rinpoche's statement is:

{{poemquote|
My father is wisdom and my mother is voidness.
My country is the country of Dharma.
I am of no caste and no creed.
I am sustained by perplexity; and I am here to destroy lust, anger and sloth.|Guru Padmasambhava<ref name=KPSR8/>}}

== Associated practices ==
From the earliest sources to today, Padmasambhava has remained closely associated with the [[Kīla (Buddhism)|Kila (''phurba'') dagger]] and also with the deity [[Vajrakilaya]] (a meditation deity based on the kila).<ref name="Doney 2015" />

===Vajra Guru mantra===
[[File:TsozongOm-wiki.jpg|thumb|The Vajra Guru Mantra inscribed on a rock]]
[[Image:Vajra Guru Mantra.svg|thumb|The Vajra Guru Mantra in [[Lantsa Script|Ranjana script]] and [[Tibetan script]]]]

The ''Vajra Guru [[mantra]]'' is:

{{blockquote|Oṃ āḥ hūṃ vajra guru padma siddhi hūṃ<ref name="Wangpo" />}}

Like most Sanskrit mantras in Tibet, the Tibetan pronunciation demonstrates [[dialect]]ic variation and is generally ''Om Ah Hung Benza Guru Pema Siddhi Hung''. This mantra does require transmission and it is usually requested that no one shares the mantra, but it can only be read.

In the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, particularly in Nyingma, the Vajra Guru mantra is held to be a powerful mantra engendering [[wikt:communion|communion]] with the Three Vajras of Padmasambhava's [[mindstream]] and by his [[Divine grace|grace]], all enlightened beings.{{sfn|Sogyal Rinpoche|1992|pp=386–389}} The 14th century tertön Karma Lingpa wrote a famous commentary on the mantra.{{sfn|Karma Lingpa|2022}}

According to the great tertön [[Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo]], the basic meaning of the mantra is:

{{blockquote|It begins with OṂ ĀḤ HŪṂ, which are the seed syllables of the three vajras (of body, speech and mind). Vajra signifies the dharmakāya since [like the adamantine vajra] it cannot be 'cut' or destroyed by the elaborations of conceptual thought. Guru signifies the sambhogakāya, which is 'heavily' laden with the qualities of the seven aspects of union. Padma signifies the nirmāṇakāya, the radiant awareness of the wisdom of discernment arising as the lotus family of enlightened speech. Remembering the qualities of the great Guru of Oḍḍiyāna, who is inseparable from these three kāyas, pray with the continuous devotion that is the intrinsic display of the nature of mind, free from the elaboration of conceptual thought. All the supreme and ordinary accomplishments—Siddhi—are obtained through the power of this prayer, and by thinking, "HŪṂ! May they be bestowed upon my mindstream, this very instant!"<ref name="Wangpo"/>}}

=== Seven Line Prayer ===
{{Quote box
| title = Padmasambhava on Enlightenment for Female Seekers
| quote = "The basis for realizing enlightenment is a human body. Male or female, there is no great difference. But if she develops the mind bent on enlightenment, the woman’s body is better."
| width = 28%
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
}}
The '''Seven Line Prayer''' to Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) is a well-known prayer that is recited by many Tibetans daily and is said to contain the most sacred and important teachings of Dzogchen:{{sfn|Karma Lingpa|2022}}

{| border=0 style="background: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|-
|
:ཧཱུྃ༔ ཨོ་རྒྱན་ཡུལ་གྱི་ནུབ་བྱང་མཚམས༔
:པདྨ་གེ་སར་སྡོང་པོ་ལ༔
:ཡ་མཚན་མཆོག་གི་དངོས་གྲུབ་བརྙེས༔
:པདྨ་འབྱུང་གནས་ཞེས་སུ་གྲགས༔
:འཁོར་དུ་མཁའ་འགྲོ་མང་པོས་བསྐོར༔
:ཁྱེད་ཀྱི་རྗེས་སུ་བདག་བསྒྲུབ་ཀྱི༔
:བྱིན་གྱིས་བརླབ་ཕྱིར་གཤེགས་སུ་གསོལ༔
:གུ་རུ་པདྨ་སིདྡྷི་ཧཱུྃ༔<ref name="Lotsawa SLP">{{Cite web |title=Seven Line Prayer |url=https://www.lotsawahouse.org/topics/seven-line-prayer/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Lotsawa House}}</ref><ref group="note">A common transliteration used by Western practitioners reads:
{{poemquote|HUNG. OR GYAN YUL GYI NUB JANG TSAM
PAD MA GE SAR DHONG PO LA.
YA TSAN CHHOG GI NGO DRUB NYEY
PAD MA JUNG NAY ZHEY SU DRAG
KHOR DU KHA DRO MANG PÖ KOR
KHYED KYI JEY SU DAG DRUB KYIY.
JIN GYIY LOB KHYIR SHEK SU SOL.[https://www.ripaladrang.org/get-involved/prayers/]}}
The same text with audio can be found at [https://chagdudgonpaamrita11.wildapricot.org/Precious-Echoes], p. 5.</ref>
||
:Hūṃ! In the north-west of the land of Oḍḍiyāna
:In the heart of a lotus flower,
:Endowed with the most marvellous attainments,
:You are renowned as the ‘Lotus-born’,
:Surrounded by many hosts of ḍākinīs
:Following in your footsteps,
:I pray to you: Come, inspire me with your blessing!
:''guru padma siddhi hūṃ''.<ref name="Lotsawa SLP"/>
|}

[[Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso]] composed a famous commentary to the Seven Line Prayer called ''White Lotus''. It explains the meaning of the prayer in five levels of meaning intended to catalyze a process of realization. These hidden teachings are described as ripening and deepening, in time, with study and with contemplation.{{sfn|Mipham|2007|p={{pn|date=December 2022}}}} There is also a shorter commentary by Tulku Thondup.{{sfn|Tulku Thondup|1995|p={{pn|date=December 2022}}}}

=== Cham dances ===
[[File:Jakar tshechu, Guru Tshengye, Guru Rinpoche with two helpers and six manifestations (15222639594).jpg|thumb|Jakar [[tshechu]], Guru Tshengye, and Guru Rinpoche with two helpers and six manifestations]]
The life of Padmasambhava is widely depicted in the [[Cham dance]]s which are masked and costumed dances associated with religious festivals in the Tibetan Buddhist world.{{sfn|Dobson|2004}} In Bhutan, the dances are performed during the annual [[religious festival]]s or [[tshechu]].

=== Terma cycles ===
There are numerous [[Terma (religion)|Terma]] cycles which are believed to contain teachings of Padmasambhava.{{sfn|Laird|2006|p=90}} According to Tibetan tradition, the ''[[Bardo Thodol]]'' (commonly referred to as the Tibetan Book of the Dead) was among these hidden treasures, subsequently discovered by a Tibetan tertön, [[Karma Lingpa]] (1326–1386).

Tantric cycles related to Padmasambhava are not just practiced by the [[Nyingma]], they even gave rise to a new offshoot of [[Bon|Bön]] which emerged in the 14th century called the New Bön. Prominent figures of the Sarma (new translation) schools such as the [[Karmapa]]s and Sakya lineage heads have practiced these cycles and taught them. Some of the greatest scholars who revealed teachings related to Padmasambhava have been from the [[Kagyu]] or [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] lineages. The hidden lake temple of the [[Dalai Lama]]s behind the [[Potala Palace]], called [[Lukhang]], is dedicated to [[Dzogchen]] teachings and has murals depicting the eight manifestations of Padmasambhava.{{sfn|Baker|2001}}

== Five main consorts ==
{{See also|Dakini|Yeshe Tsogyal|Mandarava}}
[[File:Padmasambhava in yam-yum.jpg|thumb|right|Padmasambhava in yab-yum form with a spiritual consort]]
Many of the students gathered around Padmasambhava became advanced [[Vajrayana]] tantric practitioners, and became enlightened. They also founded and propagated the [[Nyingma]] school. The most prominent of these include Padmasambhava's five main female consorts, often referred to as [[dakini|wisdom dakinis]], and his twenty five main students along with king Trisong Detsen.

Padmasambhava had five main female tantric consorts, beginning in India before his time in Tibet and then in Tibet as well. When seen from an outer, or perhaps even historical or mythological perspective, these five women from across South Asia were known as the ''Five Consorts.'' That the women come from very different geographic regions is understood as a mandala, a support for Padmasambhava in spreading the dharma throughout the region.

Yet, when understood from a more inner tantric perspective, these same women are understood not as ordinary women but as [[dakini|wisdom dakinis]]. From this point of view, they are known as the "Five Wisdom Dakinis" (Wylie: ''Ye-shes mKha-'gro lnga''). Each of these consorts is believed to be an [[Emanationism|emanation]] of the tantric [[yidam]], [[Vajravārāhī]].{{sfn|Dowman|1984|p=265}} As one author writes of these relationships: {{blockquote|Yet in reality, he [Padmasambhava] was never separate from the five emanations of Vajravarahi: the Body-emanation, [[Mandarava]]; the Speech-emanation, [[Yeshe Tsogyal]]; the Mind-emanation, Shakyadema; the Qualities-emanation, Kalasiddhi; and the Activity-emanation, Trashi [sic] Chidren.{{sfn|Changchub|Nyingpo|2002|pp=3–4}} }}

In summary, the five consorts/wisdom dakinis were:

* [[Yeshe Tsogyal]] of [[Tibet]], who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Speech ([[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]]: ''gsung''; [[Sanskrit]]: ''vāk'');
* Mandarava of Zahor, northeast India, who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Body (Tibetan: ''sku''; Sanskrit: ''kāya'');
* Belwong Kalasiddhi of northwest India, who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Quality (Tibetan: ''yon-tan''; Sanskrit: ''guṇa'');
* Belmo Sakya Devi of [[Nepal]], who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Mind (Tibetan: ''thugs''; Sanskrit: ''citta''); and
* Tashi Kyeden (or Kyedren or Chidren), sometimes called Mangala, of [[Bhutan]] and Tiger's Nest caves, is an emanation of Vajravarahi's Activity (Tibetan: ''phrin-las''; Sanskrit: ''karma'').<ref group=note>Tibetan Wylie transliteration and Sanskrit transliteration are found in {{harvnb|Dowman|1984|p=193}}.</ref> Tashi Kyeden is often depicted with Guru Dorje Drolo.<ref name=KPSR8/>

While there are very few sources on the lives of Kalasiddhi, Sakya Devi, and Tashi Kyedren, there are extant biographies of both [[Yeshe Tsogyal]] and Mandarava that have been translated into English and other western languages.

== Twenty-five main students ==
Padmasambhava has twenty five main students ({{bo|w=rje 'bangs nyer lnga|t=རྗེ་འབངས་ཉེར་ལྔ}}) in Tibet during the Nyingma's school's Early Translation period. These students are also called the "Twenty-five King and subjects" and "The King and 25" of [[Chimphu]].{{sfn|Palden Sherab Rinpoche|Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche|2008|p=179}} In Dudjom Rinpoche's list,<ref name=DudjomRinpoche>{{harvnb|Dudjom Rinpoche|2002|pp=534–537}}.</ref> and in other sources, these include:

* King Trisong Detsen ({{bo|t=ཁྲི་སྲོང་ལྡེའུ་བཏཟན|w=khri srong lde'u btzan}})
[[File:Denma Tsemang.jpg|thumb|Denma Tsémang]]
* [[Denma Tsémang]] ({{bo|t=ལྡན་མ་རྩེ་མང|w=ldan ma rtse mang}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Denma Tsemang
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-10
| date = August 2007
| url = http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Denma-Tsemang/9624
}}</ref>
* Nanam Dorje Dudjom, [[Dorje Dudjom]] of Nanam ({{bo|t=རྡོ་རྗེ་བདུད་འཇོམ|w=rdo rje bdud 'joms}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Nanam Dorje Dudjom
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-10
| date = August 2007
| url = http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Nanam-Dorje-Dudjom/P0RK1005
}}</ref> [[:File:Dorje Dudjom.jpg|(image on Wikimedia commons)]]
* [[Drokben Khyechung Lotsawa]] ({{bo|t=ཁྱེའུ་ཆུང་ལོ་ཙཱ་བ|w=khye'u chung lo tsā ba}})
* Lasum Gyelwa Changchup, [[Gyalwa Changchub of Lasum]] ({{bo|t=ལ་སུམ་རྒྱལ་བ་བྱང་ཆུབ|w= la sum rgyal ba byang chub}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Dorje
| first = Gyurme
| title = Lasum Gyelwa Jangchub
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-10
| date = August 2008
| url = http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Lasum-Gyelwa-Jangchub/84
}}</ref> [[:File:Gyalwa Janchub.jpg|(image on Wikimedia commons)]]
* [[Gyalwa Choyang]] ({{bo|t=རྒྱལ་བ་མཆོག་དབྱངས|w=rgyal ba mchog dbyangs}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Gyelwa Choyang
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-10
| date = August 2007
| url = http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Gyelwa-Choyang/4903
}}</ref>
* Dre Gyelwei Lodro, [[Gyalwe Lodro]] of Dré ({{bo|t=རྒྱལ་བའི་བློ་གྲོས|w=rgyal ba'i blo gros}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Gyelwai Lodro
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-10
| date = August 2007
| url = http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Gyelwai-Lodro/13057
}}</ref>
* Nyak Jnanakumara, [[Jnanakumara of Nyak]]({{bo|t=གཉགས་ཛཉའ་ན་ཀུ་མ་ར|w=gnyags dzny' na ku ma ra}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Garry
| first = Ron
| title = Nyak Jñānakumara
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-10
| date = August 2007
| url = http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Nyak-Jnyanakumara/9121
}}</ref>
* [[Kawa Paltsek]] ({{bo|t=སྐ་བ་དཔལ་བརྩེགས|w=ska ba dpal brtsegs}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Kawa Peltsek
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-10
| date = August 2007
| url = http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Kawa-Peltsek/10881
}}</ref>
* Karchen Za, [[Khandro Yeshe Tsogyal]] the princess of Karchen ({{bo|t=མཁར་ཆེན་བཟའ་མཚོ་རྒྱལ|w=mkhar chen bza' mtsho rgyal}})
* Langdro Konchok Jungue, [[Konchog Jungné of Langdro]] ({{bo|t=ལང་གྲོ་དཀོན་མཆོག་འབྱུང་གནས|w=lang gro dkon mchog 'byung gnas}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Langdro Konchok Jungne
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-10
| date = August 2007
| url = http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Langdro-Konchok-Jungne/86
}}</ref>
* Sogdian Lhapel, [[Lhapal the Sokpo]] ({{bo|t=སོག་པོ་ལྷ་དཔལ|w=sog po lha dpal}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Sokpo Pelgyi Yeshe
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-10
| date = August 2007
| url = http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Sokpo-Pelgyi-Yeshe/5281
}}</ref>
* [[Namkhai Nyingpo]] ({{bo|t=ནམ་མཁའི་སྙིང་པོ|w=nam mkha'i snying po}})
* [[Nanam Zhang Yeshe De]] ({{bo|t=ཞང་ཡེ་ཤེས་སྡེ|w=zhang ye shes sde}})
* Lhalung Pelgi Dorje, [[Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje]] ({{bo|t=ལྷ་ལུང་དཔལ་གྱི་རྡོ་རྗེ|w=lha lung dpal gyi rdo rje}})<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje
| work = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-19
| date = August 2007
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Lhalung-Pelgyi-Dorje/9618
}}</ref>
[[File:Palgyi Sengge.jpg|thumb|Palgyi Senge]]
* Shuphu Pelgi Senge, [[Palgyi Senge]] ({{bo|t=དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ|w= dpal gyi seng ge}})<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Lang Pelgyi Sengge
| work = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-19
| date = August 2007
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Lang-Pelgyi-Sengge/96
}}</ref>
* [[Karchen Palgyi Wangchuk]] ({{bo|t=དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག|w=dpal gyi dbang phyug}})<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Kharchen Pelgyi Wangchuk
| work = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-19
| date = August 2007
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Pelgyi-Wangchuk/490
}}</ref>
* Odren Pelgi Wangchuk, [[Palgyi Wangchuk of Odren]] ({{bo|t=འོ་དྲན་དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག|w='o dran dpal gyi dbang phyug}})<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Odren Pelgyi Wangchuk
| work = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-19
| date = August 2007
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Odren-Pelgyi-Wangchuk/13058
}}</ref>
* [[Palgyi Yeshe]] ({{bo|t=དཔལ་གྱི་ཡེ་ཤེས|w=dpal gyi ye shes}})
* Ma Rinchen-chok, [[Rinchen Chok of Ma]] ({{bo|t=རྨ་རིན་ཆེན་མཆོག|w=rma rin chen mchog}})<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Ma Rinchen Chok
| work = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-19
| date = August 2007
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Ma-Rinchen-Chok/5234
}}</ref>
* [[Nubchen Sangye Yeshe]] ({{bo|t=སངས་རྒྱས་ཡེ་ཤེས|w=sangs rgyas ye shes}}), reincarnated as Tsasum Lingpa<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Nubchen Sanggye Yeshe
| work = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-19
| date = December 2009
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Nubchen-Sanggye-Yeshe/4626
}}</ref>
* [[Shubu Palgyi Senge]] ({{bo|t=ཤུད་བུ་དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ|w=shud bu dpal gyi seng ge}})
* Vairocana, [[Vairotsana]], the great translator ({{bo|t=བཻ་རོ་ཙ་ན|w=bai ro tsa na}})
* [[Yeshe Yang]] ({{bo|t=ཡེ་ཤེས་དབྱངས|w=ye shes dbyangs}})<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Mandelbaum
| first = Arthur
| title = Yeshe Yang
| work = The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters
| access-date = 2013-08-19
| date = August 2007
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Yeshe-Yang/9141
}}</ref>
* Gyelmo Yudra Nyingpo, [[Yudra Nyingpo]] of Gyalmo ({{bo|t=ག་ཡུ་སྒྲ་སྙིང་པོ|w=g.yu sgra snying po}})

Also, but not listed in the 25:
* [[Vimalamitra]] ({{bo|t=དྲུ་མེད་བཤེས་གཉེན|w=dru med bshes gnyen}})
* [[Tingdzin Zangpo]] ({{bo|t=ཏིང་འཛིན་བཟང་པོ|w=ting 'dzin bzang po}})<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Leschly
| first = Jakob
| title = Nyang Tingdzin Zangpo
| work = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-19
| date = August 2007
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Nyang-Tingngedzin-Zangpo/6205
}}</ref> [[:File:Nyangben Tingdzin Zangpo.jpg|(image on Wikimedia commons)]]

In addition to Yeshe Tsogyal, 15 other women practitioners became accomplished Nyingma masters during this Early Translation period of the Nyingma school:<ref name=DudjomRinpoche/><ref name=KPSR/>
* [[Tsenamza Sangyetso]]
* [[Shekar Dorjetso]]
* [[Tsombuza Pematso]]
* [[Melongza Rinchensho]]
* [[Ruza Tondrupma]]
* [[Shubuza Sherampa]]
* [[Yamdrokza Choki Dronma]]
* [[Oceza Kargyelma]]
* [[Dzemza Lhamo]]
* [[Barza Lhayang]]
* [[Chokroza Changchupman]]
* [[Dronma Pamti Chenmo]]
* [[Rongmenza Tsultrim-dron]]
* [[Khuza Peltsunma]]
* [[Trumza Shelmen]]

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Pema Jungne-One-of-manifestations-of-Padmasambhava.jpg|[[Thangka]] of Guru Pema Jungne
File:Hemis Padmasambhava.jpg|Padmasambhava statue in [[Hemis]] Monastery, [[Ladakh]], India
File:Guru Padmasambhava sideview.jpg|The Holy Statue of Guru Padmasambhava at Samdruptse, [[Namchi]], [[Sikkim]], India
File:Guru Rinpoche, Yerpa 1993.JPG|Statue of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) in his meditation cave at [[Yerpa]], Tibet
File:Hand print of Guru Rinpoche embedded in rock.jpg|Guru Rinpoche hand print embedded in the rock at Pharping, Kathmandu
File:Vajra Guru Mantra - Tibetan Script.svg|Mantra of Padmasambhava in Tibetan script
File:Guru Rinpochey..jpg|Guru Rinpoche statue at Serlung Goenpa
</gallery>

==Biographies in English==
* {{cite book |title=Biography of Orgyen Guru Pema Jungne |author=Adzom Drukpa |translator=Padma Samye Ling |publisher=Dharma Samudra}}
* {{cite book |title=The Legend of the Great Stupa and the Life Story of the Lotus Born Guru |first=Orgyen |last=Chokgyur Lingpa |author-link=Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa |translator=[[Keith Dowman]] |publisher=Dharma Publishing |year=1973}}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Wish-Fulfilling Tree |author=Chokgyur Lingpa |title=The Great [[Terton]] |translator=Phakchok Rinpoche |publisher=Lhasey Lotsawa Publications |year=2016}}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Wish-Fulfilling Tree |author=Chokgyur Lingpa |title=Following in Your Footsteps: The Lotus-Born Guru in Tibet: Volume III |translator=Samye Translations |publisher=Samye Translations and Publications |year=2023}}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Wish-Fulfilling Tree |author=Chokgyur Lingpa |title=Terchen Chokgyur Dechen Zhikpo Lingpa: The Great Tertön, The Seven Transmissions and The Thirty-Seven Treasure Sites |translator=Samyé Translations |publisher=Samyé Translations and Publications |year=2023}}
* {{cite book |chapter=A Short Biography of Padmasambhava |first=Jamgon |last=Kongtrul |author-link=Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Thaye |title=Dakini Teachings |translator=[[Erik Pema Kunsang]] |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publishing |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |title=The Vajra Garland and the Lotus Garden: Treasure Biographies of Padmakara and Vairochana |last=Kongtrul |first=Jamgon |translator=Yeshe Gyamtso |publisher=KTD Publications |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=Following in Your Footsteps: The Lotus-Born Guru in Nepal: Volume I |first=Jamgön |last=Kongtrul |translator=[[Neten Chokling|Neten Chokling Rinpoche]] & Lhasey Lotsawa Translations |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publishing |year=2019}}
* {{cite book |title=Following in Your Footsteps: The Lotus-Born Guru in India: Volume II |first=Lhasey |last=Lotsawa |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe |year=2021}}
* {{cite book |title=The Condensed Chronicle |author=Orgyen Padma |translator=Tony Duff |publisher=Padma Karpo Translation Committee |year=2004}}
* {{cite book |title=Dzogchen and Padmasambhava |author=[[Sogyal Rinpoche]] |publisher=Rigpa International |year=1990}}
* {{cite book |title=The Life and Liberation of Padmasambhava. Padma bKa'i Thang. (Parts I & II) |author=[[Yeshe Tsogyal]] |translator=Gustave-Charles Toussaint |translator2=Kenneth Douglas |translator3=Gwendolyn Bays |publisher=Dharma Publishing |year=1978}} {{ISBN|0-913546-18-6}} and {{ISBN|0-913546-20-8}}.
* {{cite book |title=The Lotus-Born: The Life Story of Padmasambhava |author=Yeshe Tsogyal |translator=Erik Pema Kunsang |place=Boston |publisher=Shambhala Publications |year=1993 |editor1-last=Binder Schmidt |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Hein Schmidt |editor2-first=E.}} Reprint: Boudhanath: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2004. {{ISBN|962-7341-55-X}}.
* {{cite book |title=Padmasambhava Comes to Tibet |author=Yeshe Tsogyal |translator=[[Tarthang Tulku]] |publisher=Dharma Publishing |year=2009}}
* {{cite book |title=The Life of Padmasambhava |author=[[Taranatha]] |translator=Cristiana de Falco |publisher=Shang Shung Publications |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=Guru Rinpoché: His Life and Times |first=Ngawang |last=Zangpo |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |year=2002}}

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Bardo Thodol|''Bardo Thodol''}}
* {{annotated link|Epic of King Gesar|''Epic of King Gesar''}}
* {{annotated link|Padmasambhava Mahavihara monastery}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |title=Border Clash: India's Tourism Push Near Yangtze, Holy Site for Arunachal and Tibet, Riled Up the Chinese? |author=Arunima |editor-first=Nitya |editor-last=Thirumalai |website=News18.com |publisher=CNN-News18 |date=13 December 2022 |place=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/border-clash-indias-tourism-push-near-yangtze-holy-site-for-arunachal-and-tibet-riled-up-the-chinese-6606283.html |access-date=2022-12-26}}
* {{cite web |first=Ian A. |last=Baker |date=4 January 2001 |title=The Lukhang: A hidden temple in Tibet |website=Asianart.com |url=http://www.asianart.com/articles/baker/index.html |access-date=2022-12-26}}
* {{cite book |last=Boord |first=Martin |year=1993 |title=Cult of the Deity Vajrakila |publisher=Institute of Buddhist Studies |isbn=0-9515424-3-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Buffetrille |first=Katia |author-link=Katia Buffetrille |editor-last=Buffetrille |editor-first=Katia |date=2012 |title= Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World |pages=163–208 |chapter=Low Tricks and High Stakes Surrounding a Holy Place in Eastern Nepal: The Halesi-Māratika Caves |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3011609 |location=Leiden/Boston |publisher=Brill | series=Brill's Tibetan Studies Library |volume=31 |isbn=978-9004232174| issn=1568-6183 |via=Academia.edu}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Buswell |editor1-first=Robert E. |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |editor2-last=Lopez |editor2-first=Donald S. Jr. |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8 |location=Princeton, NJ}}
* {{cite conference |last1=Cantwell |first1=Cathy |last2=Mayer |first2=Rob |chapter=Representations of Padmasambhava in early post-Imperial Tibet |year=2013 |editor1-first=Christoph |editor1-last=Cüppers |editor2-first=Robert |editor2-last=Mayer |editor3-first=Michael |editor3-last=Walter |title=Tibet after Empire: Culture, Society and Religion between 850–1000 |series=LIRI Seminar Proceedings Series |pages=19–50 |isbn=978-9937-553-05-6 |chapter-url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5d15f677-4bb2-44a7-8305-330d5a299348/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Representations_of_Padmasambhava_in_earl.pdf&type_of_work=Book+section |access-date=2022-12-26}}
* {{cite book |first1=Gyalwa |last1=Changchub |first2=Namkhai |last2=Nyingpo |title=Lady of the Lotus-born: The Life and Enlightenment of Yeshe Tsogyal |translator=the Padmakara Translation Group |publisher=Shambhala Publications |place=Boston & London |year=2002 |isbn=1-57062-544-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dalton |first=Jacob |jstor=4132116 |title=The Early Development of the Padmasambhava Legend in Tibet: A Study of IOL Tib J 644 and Pelliot tibétain 307 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=124 |number=4 |date=October–December 2004 |pages=759–772|doi=10.2307/4132116 }}
* {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Ronald M. |title=Tibetan Renaissance |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2005}}
* {{cite conference |conference=UNESCO Regional Expert Symposium on Arts Education in Asia |place=Hong Kong |year=2004 |title=Dancing on the demon's back: the dramnyen dance and song of Bhutan |first=Elaine |last=Dobson |url=https://pdfcoffee.com/demonpdf-pdf-free.html |access-date=2022-12-26}}
* {{cite book |last=Doney |first=Lewis |year=2014 |title=The Zangs gling ma: The First Padmasambhava Biography. Two Exemplars of the Earliest Attested Recension |place=Andiast |publisher=International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies |isbn=978-3-03809-118-9 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11971945 |access-date=2022-12-22| via=Academia.edu}}
* {{cite book |last=Doney |first=Lewis |year=2015 |chapter=Padmasambhava in Tibetan Buddhism |editor-last=Silk |editor-first=Jonathan A. |display-editors=etal |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism |pages=1197–1212 |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden, Boston |isbn=978-9004299375}}
*{{cite book |first=Keith |last=Dowman |author-link=Keith Dowman |title=Sky Dancer: The Secret Life and Songs of the Lady Yeshe Tsogyal |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1984 |isbn=978-0710095763 |url=https://archive.org/details/skydancersecretl00dowmrich |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Dudjom Rinpoche |author-link=Dudjom Rinpoche |title=The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History |translator=Gyurme Dorje and Matthew Kapstein |place=Boston: Wisdom Publications |year=2002 |isbn=0-86171-199-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gyatso |first1=Janet |title=A Partial Genealogy of the Lifestory of Ye shes mtsho rgyal |journal=The Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies |date=August 2006 |issue=2 |url=http://www.thlib.org/collections/texts/jiats/#!jiats=/02/gyatsoj/ |access-date=2022-12-23}}
* {{cite book |last=Fremantle |first=Francesca |year=2001 |title=Luminous Emptiness: Understanding the Tibetan Book of the Dead |place=Boston |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |isbn=1-57062-450-X}}
* {{cite journal |last=Germano |first=David |year=2005 |title=The Funerary Transformation of the Great Perfection (Rdzogs chen) |journal=Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies |number=1 |pages=1–54}}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Peter |year=1995 |title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Harvey |first1=Peter |title=An Introduction to Buddhism Teachings, History and Practices |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-67674-8 |edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book |last=Heine |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Heine |year=2002 |title=Opening a Mountain. Koans of the Zen Masters |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite serial |url=http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Nyangrel-Nyima-Ozer/5999 |title=Nyangrel Nyima Ozer |last=Hirschberg |first=Daniel |date=April 2013 |work=The Treasury of Lives |issn=2332-077X |access-date=2017-07-18}}
* {{cite book |first1=John |last1=Huntington |first2=Dina |last2=Bangdel |title=The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art |publisher=Serindia Publications |place=Chicago |year=2004 |isbn=978-1932476019}}
* {{cite book |last=Kazi |first=Jigme N. |title=Sons of Sikkim: The Rise and Fall of the Namgyal Dynasty of Sikkim |date=2020 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64805-981-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kværne |first1=Per |url=https://archive.org/details/tibetanhistoryre00tutt |title=The Tibetan history reader |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14469-8 |editor1-last=Tuttle |editor1-first=Gray |location=New York |author-link1=Per Kværne |editor2-last=Schaeffer |editor2-first=Kurtis R. |editor2-link=Kurtis Schaeffer |url-access=limited}}
* {{cite book |last=Laird |first=Thomas |year=2006 |title=The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama |publisher=Grove Press |place=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-1827-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Meulenbeld |first=Ben |title=Buddhist Symbolism in Tibetan Thangkas: The Story of Siddhartha and Other Buddhas Interpreted in Modern Nepalese Painting |date=2001 |publisher=Binkey Kok |isbn=978-90-74597-44-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Morgan |first=D. |year=2010 |title=Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice |place=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-38452-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Norbu |first1=Thubten Jigme |author1-link=Thubten Jigme Norbu |last2=Turnbull |first2=Colin |year=1987 |title=Tibet: Its History, Religion and People |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-021382-1}}
* {{cite book |first=Khenchen |last=Palden Sherab Rinpoche |author-link=Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche |title=The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava |translator=Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche |place=Padma Gochen Ling |date=May 1992 |publisher=Turtle Hill |url=https://turtlehill.org/cleanup/khen/eman.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204090128/https://turtlehill.org/cleanup/khen/eman.html |archive-date=2022-12-04 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |first1=Khenchen |last1=Palden Sherab Rinpoche |first2=Khenpo |last2=Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche |editor-first=Joan |editor-last=Kaye |year=1998 |title=Lion's Gaze: A Commentary on Tsig Sum Nedek |publisher=Sky Dancer Press |translator=Sarah Harding |isbn=978-1880975053}}
*{{cite book |first1=Khenchen |last1=Palden Sherab Rinpoche |first2=Khenpo |last2=Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche |title=Illuminating the Path: Ngondro Instructions According to the Nyingma School of Vajrayana Buddhism |year=2008 |publisher=Padmasambhava Buddhist Center |isbn=978-0965933940}}
*{{cite book |first1=Khenchen |last1=Palden Sherab Rinpoche |first2=Khenpo |last2=Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche |title=The Beauty of Awakened Mind: Dzogchen Lineage of the Great Master Shigpo Dudtsi |year=2013 |publisher=Dharma Samudra |isbn=978-0983407416}}
*{{cite book |last1=Powers |first1=John |title=Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism |date=2007 |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |location=[[Ithaca, New York]] |isbn= 978-1-55939-282-2 |edition=rev.}}
* {{cite book |author=Samten Lingpa |translator1=Lama Chönam |translator2=Sangye Khandro |title=The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava: the Indian Consort of Padmasambhava |year=1998 |place=Boston |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0861711444}}
* {{cite book |last=Snelling |first=John |year=1987 |title=The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice |location=London |publisher=Century Paperbacks}}
* {{cite book |author=Sogyal Rinpoche |author-link=Sogyal Rinpoche |year=1992 |title=[[The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying]] |publisher=Rider |isbn=0-7126-5437-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Tulku Thondup |year=1995 |chapter=The Meaning Of The Vajra Seven Line Prayer To Guru Rinpoche |title=Enlightened Journey: Buddhist Practice as Daily Life |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-1570626074 |chapter-url=http://www.quietmountain.org/links/teachings/7_Line_Prayer_To_Guru_Rinpoche/7lnpryr.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107172252/http://www.quietmountain.org/links/teachings/7_Line_Prayer_To_Guru_Rinpoche/7lnpryr.htm |archive-date=2008-01-07 |url-status=dead}}
* {{citation |author-link=Chogyam Trungpa |last=Trungpa |first=Chögyam |year=2001 |title=Crazy Wisdom |place=Boston |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=0-87773-910-2}}
* {{cite book |last=van Schaik |first=Sam |author-link=Sam van Schaik |title=Tibet: A History |date=2011 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-19410-4}}
* {{cite journal |last1=van Schaik |first1=Sam |last2=Iwao |first2=Kazushi |year=2009 |title=Fragments of the Testament of Ba from Dunhuang |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=128 |number=3 |pages=477–487 |issn=0003-0279}}
* {{cite web |last=Watt |first=James |date=January 1999 |title=Padmasambhava – 8 Forms: Dorje Drolo |website=Himalayan Art Resources |url=http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/261.html |access-date=2022-12-26}}

====Sadhanas and commentaries====
* {{cite web |first=Chökyi |last=Drakpa |date=17 March 2022 |title=A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices |website=Lotsawa House |url=http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path |access-date=2022-12-20}}
* {{cite web |author=Karma Lingpa |date=4 May 2022 |title=The Benefits of the Vajra Guru Mantra and an Explanation of Its Syllables: A Treasure Text Revealed by Tulku Karma Lingpa |website=Lotsawa House |url=https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/karma-lingpa/benefits-vajra-guru-mantra |access-date=2022-12-26}}
* {{cite book |author=Mipham |translator=Padmakara Translation Group |year=2007 |title=White Lotus: An Explanation of the Seven-line Prayer to Guru Padmasambhava |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1590305119}}
* {{cite web |author=Patrul Rinpoche |author-link=Patrul Rinpoche |date=28 June 2022|title=Brief Guide to the Stages of Visualization for the Ngöndro Practice |website=Lotsawa House |url=https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro |access-date=2022-12-20}}
* {{cite web |first=Jamyang Khyentse |last=Wangpo |author-link=Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo |date=7 April 2022 |title=Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience: Notes on the Longchen Nyingtik Ngöndro |website=Lotsawa House |url=https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path |access-date=2022-12-20}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Csoma de Körös Memorial Symposium |last=Bischoff |first=F. A. |year=1978 |title=Padmasambhava est-il un personnage historique? |trans-title=Is Padmasambhava a historical figure? |location=Budapest |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |pages=27–33 |isbn=963-05-1568-7 |editor1-first=Louis |editor1-last=Ligeti |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Guenther |first=Herbert V. |author-link=Herbert V. Günther |year=1996 |title=The Teachings of Padmasambhava |place=Leiden |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=90-04-10542-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=D. |year=1979 |jstor=2053510 |title=Review: The Life and Liberation of Padmasambhava (Padma bKaí thang) |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=39 |pages=123–25 |doi=10.2307/2053510 |s2cid=161669619 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author=Padmasambhava |editor-first=Marcia Binder |editor-last=Schmidt |title=Advice from the Lotus-Born: A Collection of Padmasambhava's Advice to the Dakini Yeshe Tsogyal and Other Close Disciples |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |year=1994 |isbn=978-9627341208 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Prabir Kumar |title=Uddiyana Guru Padmasambhava : The Second Buddha |place=Odisha, India |publisher=B K publications Private Limited |year=2024 |isbn=978-81-19348-70-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Thondup |first=Tulku |title=Hidden Teachings of Tibet: An Explanation of the Terma Tradition of the Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism |place=London |publisher=Wisdom Publications |year=1986 |isbn=978-0861710416 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wang |first=S. A. |year=1975 |title=Can Man Go Beyond Ethics?: The System of Padmasambhava |journal=The Journal of Religious Ethics |volume=3 |number=1 |pages=141–155 |jstor=40017721 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Padmasambhava/7442 Padmasambhava biography by Jacob Dalton on The Treasury of Lives (peer reviewed)]
* {{wikiquote inline}}
* {{commons and category-inline|Padmasambhava}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Padmasambhāva| ]]
[[Category:8th-century Buddhists]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:8th-century writers]]
[[Category:Bodhisattvas]]
[[Category:Brahmins]]
[[Category:Buddhas]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Dzogchen lamas]]
[[Category:Dzogchen lineages]]
[[Category:Founders of Buddhist sects]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian missionaries in China]]
[[Category:Indian royal advisors]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Nyingma]]
[[Category:Nyingma lamas]]
[[Category:Politics of Tibet]]
[[Category:Rinpoches]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist yogis]]
[[Category:Asian people whose existence is disputed]]
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]

Sangeeta (Telugu actress)

2026-03-08T18:25:11Z

MickiAddy25: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{distinguish|Sangeetha Krish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{BLP one source|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangeeta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =[[Warangal]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| spouse = Sundar Rajan
| yearsactive = 1975-present
| other_names = Mutyala Muggu Sangeeta M.G.R Sangeeta
}}
'''Sangeeta''' is an Indian actress who has predominantly worked in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films, alongside [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] films.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} She has appeared with leading actors like [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Chiranjeevi]]. In the late 1990s she started appearing as a character artist. She has appeared in over 500 films{{Until when|date=February 2026}} in various south Indian languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-01|title=ఎన్టీఆర్ దర్శకత్వంలో సీతగా నటించా|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/actress-sangeetha-special-interview-190904|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref>

==Early life ==
Sangeeta hails from [[Warangal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-25|title=టీఆర్‌ఎస్ పార్టీలో చేరాలనుకుంటున్నా : హీరోయిన్‌|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/mutyala-muggu-heroine-sangeeta-join-trs-party-402586|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-24|title=టిఆర్ఎస్ లో చేరనున్న అలనాటి హీరోయిన్.. ఎవరో తెలుసా ..?|url=https://www.teluguin.com/featured/actor-sangeetha-to-join-trs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085540/https://www.teluguin.com/featured/actor-sangeetha-to-join-trs.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=2021-05-10|website=TeluguIN}}</ref> She debuted in 1975 with the ''[[Mutyala Muggu]]'', though she shot for ''[[Teerpu]]'' before.<ref name=":0" />

Sangeeta is married to Sundar Rajan.<ref name=":0" />

==Notable filmography==
''This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.''
===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|-
|1975
|''[[Mutyala Muggu]]''
|
|Debut in Telugu
|-
|1975
|''[[Teerpu]]''
|
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Andharu Bagundali]]''
|Geetha
|
|-
|1976
|''Peddannayya''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Chilakamma Cheppindi]]''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''Manushulu Chesina Dongalu''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''Manishilo Manishi''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Sri Rama Pattabhishekam]]''
|[[Goddess Sita]]
|
|-
|1978
|''Yetthuku Pai Yetthu''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Rathi Manmadha''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Tayaramma Bangarayya]]''
|Vani
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Sri Tirupati Venkateswara Kalyanam]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Maha Shakti''
|[[Mahadevi]]
|
|-
|1980
|''Sannayi Appanna''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Nakili Manishi]]''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Bhale Krishnudu]]''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''Kodalu Vastunaru Jagratha''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Badai Basavayya]]''
|Kantham
|
|-
|1980
|''Bangaru Lakshmi''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Prema Natakam''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Tyagayya (1981 film)|Tyagayya]]''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Jatagadu''
|
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya]]''
|
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Bangaru Bhoomi]]''
|Rajyalakshmi and Susheela
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Pelleedu Pillalu]]''
|Durga
|
|-
|1982
|''Kadali Vachina Kanakadurga''
|
|
|-
|1982
|''Griha Pravesham''
|
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju]]''
|
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]''
|Sooryam's Elder Sister
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Mahanagaramlo Mayagadu]]''
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]''
|Kamakshi
|
|-
|1984
|''Aada Puli''
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Hero (1984 film)|Hero]]''
|
|
|-
|1985
|''Punnami Rathri''
|Annapurna
|
|-
|1985
|''Maya Mohini''
|
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Sri Katna Leelalu]]''
|Rani
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Seetharama Kalyanam (1986 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]]''
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Kashmora (1986 film)|Kashmora]]''
|Sharada
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Karu Diddina Kapuram]]''
|
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Lawyer Suhasini]]''
|
|
|-
|1987
|''Maa Inti Krishnudu''
|
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Sthree Sahasam (1987 film)|Sthree Sahasam]]''
|Jyothi
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Raktabhishekam]]''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Rajakeeya Chadarangam]]''
|
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Atiloka Sundari]]''
|Teacher
|
|-
|1990
|''Muddula Menalludu''
|
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Sathruvu]]''
|
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Allari Alludu]]''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Aame]]''
|Ooha's Mother
|
|-
|1994
|''Ammayi Kapuram''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Gharana Alludu]]''
|Sharada
|
|-
|1994
|''Raithu Bharatam''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Captain Shiva''
|
|
|-
|-
|1994
|''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]''
|Padma's Mother
|
|-
|1994
|''Pelli Koduku''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]''
|Geetha
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Raja Simham]]''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''Subhamastu''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''Patha Basti''
|
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Sarada Bullodu]]''
|
|
|-
|1996
|''Konaseema Monagadu''
|
|
|-
|1996
|''Soggadi Pellam''
|
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Gokulamlo Seeta]]''
|
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Manasichi Choodu (film)|Manasichi Choodu]]''
|
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]''
|Balu's Mother
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Manasichi Choodu (film)|Manasichi Choodu]]''
|
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Manasulo Maata]]''
|
|
|-
|1999
|''Ratnagiri Ammoru''
|
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]''
|
|
|-
|2000
|''Adavi Chukka''
|
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Ninne Premistha]]''
|
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Chiru Navvutho]]''
|
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''
|
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Prema Sandadi]]''
|
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Chinna (2001 film)|Chinna]]''
|
|
|-
|2001
|''Jai Ganesh Deva''
|
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Snehamante Idera]]''
|
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Idiot (2002 film)|Idiot]]''
|
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Seema Simham]]''
|
|
|-
|2002
|''Lagna Patrika''
|
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Nee Sneham]]''
|
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]''
|
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Sivamani (film)|Sivamani]]''
|
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Anaganaga O Kurraadu]]''
|
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Swetha Naagu]]''
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Aunanna Kadanna]]''
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Nuvvante Naakishtam]]''
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Ayyenda Leda''
|
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Seethakoka Chiluka]]''
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|Sundarakanda]]''
|
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Ek Niranjan]]''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Pappu''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Sevakudu]]''
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]''
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Tholu Bommalata]]''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]''
|
|
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1976
|''[[Anna Nee En Deivam]]''
|
|Unreleased; Debut in Tamil
|-
|1977
|''[[Aadu Puli Attam (1977 film)|Aadu Puli Attam]]''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Dheepam]]''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Thanikudithanam]]''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''Panchamirdham''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Punniya Boomi]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Aadu Pambe''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Mahalakshmi]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Pancha Boodham''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''Nenjukku Needhi''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''Bombay Mail 109''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''Muzhu Nilavu''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Kadavulin Theerpu''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Mangala Lakshmi''
|
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Villiyanur Matha]]''
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]''
|Radha's Sister||
|-
|1984
|''[[Uravai Kaatha Kili]]''
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Oh Maane Maane]]''
|
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]''
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]''
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]''
|Asha Devi
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Uthami]]''
|
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]''
|
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Anbulla Appa]]''
|
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Poovukkul Boogambam]]''
|
|Guest appearance
|-
|1990
|''[[Avasara Police 100]]''
|Seetha
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Aarathi Edungadi]]''
|
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]''
|Ranjitha's Mother||
|-
|1990
|''[[Nanbargal]]''
|Priya's Mother||
|-
|1990
|''Vazhndhu Kattuvom''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Brahmachari (1992 film)|Bramachari]]''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]''
|Priya's Mother||
|-
|1992
|''[[Innisai Mazhai]]''
|Michael's Mother||
|-
|1992
|''[[Bharathan (1992 film)|Bharathan]]''
|Janaki
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Unakkaga Piranthen]]''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[David Uncle]]''
|Selvi's Mother||
|-
|1992
|''Thevar Veetu Ponnu''
|Sangari and Savithri's Mother||
|-
|1992
|''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]''
|
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Uzhaippali]]''
|
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Prathap (1993 film)|Prathap]]''
|
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Athma (film)|Aathma]]''
|Saravanan's Mother||
|-
|1994
|''[[Captain (1994 film)|Captain]]''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''[[En Rajangam]]''
|Suresh's Mother||
|-
|1994
|''[[Jallikattu Kaalai]]''
|Radha's Mother||
|-
|1994
|''[[Mettupatti Mirasu]]''
|Valliammai
|
|-
|1994
|''Pudhusa Pootha Rosa''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Manathile Oru Paattu]]''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Raja Pandi]]''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Thirumoorthy]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Chinna Mani]]''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Ragasiya Police]]''
|Suriya's Mother||
|-
|1995
|''[[Marumagan]]''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Murai Maman]]''
|Saratha
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Vetri Vinayagar]]''
|Asirikai
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Periya Thambi]]''
|Sivagami
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Golmaal (1998 film)|Golmaal]]''
|Aishwarya's Mother||
|-
|2000
|''[[Priyamaanavale]]''
|Priya's Mother||
|-
|2004
|''[[Swetha Naagu|Madhumathi]]''
|
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Sudesi]]''
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]''
|Deivanai||
|-
|}

===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1982
|''[[Nyaya Ellide]]''
|
|Debut in Kannada
|-
|1984
|''Pavitra Prema''
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Khaidi (1984 film)|Khaidhi]]''
|
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Shiva Mecchida Kannappa]]''
|
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Nee Nanna Daiva]]''
|Rohini
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Gajapathi Garvabhanga]]''
|
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Mahabharatha]]''
|
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Yare Nee Abhimani]]''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Sugreeva (film)|Sugreeva]]''
|
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]]''
|
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Krishnan Marriage Story]]''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Kiladi Kitty]]''
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Dandupalya 2]]''
|
|
|-
|}

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1976
|''[[Samasya]]''
|
|Debut in Malayalam
|-
|1984
|''Kadamattathachan''
|
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Uyirthezhunnelppu]]''
|
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Kadinjool Kalyanam]]''
|Pothuval's Wife
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]''
|Ani's Mother ||
|-
|1991
|''[[Uncle Bun]]''
|Saramma James
|
|-
|1991
|''Chanchattam''
|
|
|-
|}

===Odia===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1978
|''Sankha Mahuri''
|
|
|-
|}

==Television==
* ''Vasantham'' (SUN TV) - Tamil (2010-2011) - Sakthi

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0762660|name=Sangeetha}}
* [http://tollywood.anilkishore.com/2007/08/interview-mutyaala-muggu-sangeetha.html Sangeethe Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023211430/http://tollywood.anilkishore.com/2007/08/interview-mutyaala-muggu-sangeetha.html |date=23 October 2016 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangeeta}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Telangana]]

Rajvir Jawanda

2026-03-07T19:48:14Z

MickiAddy25:

{{Short description|Indian singer and actor (1990–2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rajvir Jawanda
| image = Rajvir Jawanda (Cropped).jpg
| birth_date = 20 April 1990
| birth_place = Jagraon, [[Ludhiana]], Punjab, India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2025|10|8|35|df=y}}
| death_place = Fortis Hospital [[Mohali]], Punjab, India
| years_active = 2014 – 2025
| occupation = Singer, actor
}}'''Rajvir Jawanda''' (20 April 1990 – 8 October 2025) was an Indian singer and actor associated with [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language music and films. He gained popularity with songs such as ''Kangani'', ''Khush Reha Kar'', and ''Hon Wala Sardar''.<ref name="ETdeath">{{cite news |title=Punjabi singer Rajvir Jawanda dies at 35, days after road accident |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/punjabi-singer-rajvir-jawanda-dies-at-35-days-after-road-accident/articleshow/124377646.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="HTdeath">{{cite news |title=Rajvir Jawanda dies at 35 after 11 days in critical care following road accident; tributes pour in |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/rajvir-jawanda-dies-11-days-after-horrific-road-accident-tributes-pour-in-neeru-bajwa-manish-sisodia-101759902082238.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="IEdeath">{{cite news |title=Popular Punjabi singer Rajvir Jawanda passes away 11 days after bike accident |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/popular-punjabi-singer-rajvir-jawanda-passes-away-11-days-after-bike-accident-10294443/ |work=The Indian Express |date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref> He made his acting debut in ''[[Jind Jaan]]'', which was released in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Kristina |title=Rajvir Jawanda Starrer 'Jind Jaan' Gets a New Release Date {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-news/rajvir-jawanda-starrer-jind-jaan-gets-a-new-release-date/5cca813121cc0451364aab8e |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
He rose to fame in the Punjabi music industry with his 2016 song ''Kali Jawande Di'', followed by hits such as ''Khush Reha Kar'', ''Sardari'', ''Landlord'', and ''Do Ni Sajna''.<ref name="NDTVaccident">{{cite news |title=Punjabi singer Rajvir Jawanda critical after major road accident; Diljit Dosanjh and others pray for recovery |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/punjabi-singer-rajvir-jawanda-critical-after-major-road-accident-diljit-dosanjh-and-others-pray-for-his-speedy-recovery-9359811 |work=NDTV |date=29 September 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Livemint">{{cite news |title=Who is Rajvir Jawanda? Punjabi singer 'critical' after road accident in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/who-is-rajvir-jawanda-punjabi-singer-critical-after-road-accident-in-himachal-pradesh-11758983765271.html |work=LiveMint |date=27 September 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>

== Accident and death ==
On 27 September 2025, Jawanda was riding his motorcycle en route to [[Shimla]] when he lost control due to a fight between stray animals on the road near [[Baddi]], Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="TOIaccident">{{cite news |title=Punjabi singer Rajvir Jawanda admitted to hospital after road accident; condition 'CRITICAL' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/rajvir-jawanda-road-accident-punjabi-singer-admitted-to-hospital-condition-critical-after-road-mishap/articleshow/124181669.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 September 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="IEaccident">{{cite news |title=Punjabi singer Rajvir Jawanda 'critical' after bike accident in Baddi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjabi-singer-rajvir-jawanda-critical-after-bike-accident-in-baddi-10275298/ |work=The Indian Express |date=28 September 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref> He sustained severe head and spinal injuries and was initially treated at a hospital in [[Solan]], before being transferred to [[Fortis Hospital]], [[Mohali]].<ref name="IEaccident" /> His condition remained critical for 11 days, during which he was kept on ventilator support.<ref name="TOIcritical">{{cite news |title=Rajvir Jawanda remains in critical condition, hospital confirms no improvement; requires prolonged ventilator support |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/rajvir-jawanda-remains-in-critical-condition-hospital-confirms-no-improvement-requires-prolonged-ventilator-support/articleshow/124237862.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref> He died at Fortis Hospital, Mohali on 8 October 2025, at the age of 35.<ref name="ETdeath" /><ref name="HTdeath" /><ref name="IEdeath" />

=== Public and industry reaction ===
Following news of his death, several Punjabi film and music industry figures expressed grief and condolences on social media. The incident sparked renewed discussion about road safety among Punjabi celebrities and fans.<ref name="ETreason">{{cite news |title=Rajvir Jawanda death reason: How the accident happened that led to Punjabi singer's death after 11 days in hospital |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/rajvir-jawanda-death-reason-how-the-accident-happened-that-led-to-punjabi-singers-death-after-11-days-in-hospital/articleshow/124378318.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role / Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Subedar Joginder Singh (film)|Subedar Joginder Singh]]'' || Sipahi Bahadur Singh (supporting role) || {{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Jind Jaan]]'' || Lead role || {{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}
|-
| 2019 || ''Mindo Taseeldarni'' || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://punjabimania.com/person/rajvir-jawanda/filmography/ |title=Rajvir Jawanda Filmography |website=Punjab Mania |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|YAMLA
|Lead Role
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/news/yamla-release-date-out-late-punjabi-singer-rajvir-jawanda-last-movie-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date-10278869|title=Yamla Release Date Out: Late Punjabi Singer Rajvir Jawanda’s Last Movie To Hit Theatres On THIS Date}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/rajvir-jawanda-s-last-film-yamla-set-for-theatrical-release-at-november-end-deets-inside-2025-11-08-1016487|title=Rajvir Jawanda’s last film Yamla set for theatrical release at November end {{!}} Deets Inside}}</ref>
|}

== Songs ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
* ''Surname'' (≈2016)
* ''Shaandaar'' (≈2016)
* ''Kangani'' (2017)
* ''Patiala Shahi Pagg'' (≈2017)
* ''Landlord'' (2017)
* ''Daler'' (2017)
* ''24 25 26'' (2017)
* ''Kesri Jhande'' (2017)
* ''Patiale Wala'' (≈2017)

* ''Brown Eye'' (date not listed on some sources) (early titles and years pulled from streaming/lyrics indexes).
** ''Mitra Ne Dil Mangeya'' (listed 2019 on some sites)
** ''Putt Jatt Da'' (collab credits in some lists)
** ''Thar''
** ''Ambran De Chann Warga''
** ''Radkan Te Madkan''
** ''Zindabaad''
** ''Dhokha''
** ''Ankhi''
** ''Chakvi Kadhai'' (Many of these appear on lyric sites and artist playlists; exact release years vary by source)
*** ''Sukoon'' (appears in 2022–2023 listings)
*** ''Khush Reha Kar''
*** ''Hon Wala Sardar''
*** ''Reborn Heer''
*** ''Maavan''
*** ''Afreen''
*** ''Veham''
*** ''Do Ni Sajna'' (2024 listings)
*** ''Apne Vyah De Vich'' (2024)
*** ''Oh Hai Nihang (feat. Jodha)'' (2024).
**** ''Tu Dis Painda'' — single (2025; Spotify / Apple Music / SoundCloud listing Aug 2025). Spotify+2Apple Music - Web Player+2
**** ''Rabb Karke'' (2025 — listed on streaming platforms) . Amazon Music
**** ''Kangani (Dhol Remix)'' (2025)
**** ''Zor'' (2025)
**** ''Sohni'' (2025)
**** ''Morni'' (2025) (These are listed as 2025 releases on streaming/retail pages and artist playlist)

== Studio songs ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
Ban

Sardari

Surname

Kamla

Kesari Jhande

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name| 9449730}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawanda, Rajvir}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actors]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:Motorcycle road incident deaths]]

Kollam Rentha

2026-03-07T12:42:41Z

MickiAddy25:

{{tone|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox clothing type
| name = Kollam Rentha
| image_file =
| image_size =
| caption =
| type = [[Lace]]
| material = [[Cotton]]
| location = [[Eravipuram]], [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| manufacturer =
| url =
}}

''' Kollam Rentha ''' (കൊല്ലം റേന്ത) is a type of [[bobbin lace]] created around the [[Eravipuram]] area of [[Kollam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Design students from Denmark to visit Kollam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/design-students-from-denmark-to-visit-kollam/article8316700.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Rentha is derived from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word for lace, ''renda''. Five centuries have passed since this craft reached the coastal areas of Eravipuram.

==History==
From 1515 to 1544, a few Portuguese nobles lived in Eravipuram. It is assumed that the local women learned this art from the Portuguese ladies who were engaged in making rentha as a creative and leisure pursuit. The art form of Rentha, handed down from generation to generation, is confined to a few houses along the coastal streets of Eravipuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=റേന്ത അഥവാ ലയ്സ് |url=https://samanwayam.com/entertainment/2017/06/06/%e0%b4%b1%e0%b5%87%e0%b4%a8%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a4-%e0%b4%85%e0%b4%a5%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%be-%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%af%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%b8%e0%b5%8d/ |website=Samanwayam News: Latest Malayalam News {{!}} Breaking News {{!}} Kerala News {{!}} India {{!}} Politics {{!}} Sports {{!}} Movie {{!}} Lifestyle |date=6 June 2017}}</ref>

==Work==
Rentha making in these areas is done primarily by women, and entirely by hand without the use of machinery.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Geography of Travancore Second Part.1936|last=Krishnapillai|first=C.R.|publisher=SR Book depot|year=1936|isbn=|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=47}}</ref> The main manufacturing materials are motu needle and thread. Rentha is made on the outside of a circular pillow made of coir. First, the design drawn on paper is fixed on to the pillow by nailing the knotted needle at the specified positions. The yarn-wrapped bobbins are tied to the knot needles with yarn. The lace is constructed when the bobbins are moved by the dexterity of the hand movements. Veerla is made from pieces of wood three and a half inches long. Frocks, table cloths, window curtains, chair backs, bed sheets, pillow covers, caps, meter laces, etc. are made in this way.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Rentha making was a cottage industry for the people of Eravipuram until 1969 when a group called the Women Cottage Industrial Cooperative Society was started in Eravipuram to nurture and protect the cottage industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazing Lace: The Women Makers of Kerala |url=https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/fabric-of-india/the-south-india-edit/amazing-lace-the-women-makers-of-kerala-4438 |website=www.thevoiceoffashion.com |language=en}}</ref> Rentha was exported to Belgium and America. White lace was in good demand abroad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Desabhimani Hand Book|last=|first=|publisher=Desabhimani|year=2019|isbn=|location=Kollam|pages=241}}</ref> Now the work of this group has stopped.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Meticulousness and neatness are desirable elements of rentha construction. If not done correctly, the intended design will not form on the canvas.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Culture of Kollam]]

Kanti (film)

2026-03-03T21:43:19Z

MickiAddy25: Made stub

{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanti
| image = Kanti (film).jpg
| caption =
| director = S. Bharath
| producer = R. Srinivas M. Kantharaj K. P. Srikanth
| writer = S. Bharath
| story = Kala Kantirava Shivarajkumar Abhimanigala Sangha (Belagavi)
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Sriimurali|Murali]]
* [[Divya Spandana|Ramya]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = [[H. C. Venugopal|H. C. Venu]]
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| studio = R. S. Productions Company Films
| distributor = Company Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|7|9}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Kanti''''' is a 2004 Kannada-language [[romance drama film]] directed by debutant S. Bharath, starring [[Sriimurali|Murali]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]. The music for the film was composed by [[Gurukiran]].

==Plot==
The plot revolves around a Kannada college student who upon falling in love with a Marathi girl, gets embroiled politically.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sriimurali|Murali]] as Srikantha "Kanti"
* [[Divya Spandana|Ramya]] as Reema
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Samblekar
* T.V. Gurumurthy
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Avinash
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Beera
* Pawan Kumar
* Chandru
* [[Vinayak Joshi]] as Chidanand
* Venkata Rao
* Malathi Sardeshpande as Bharathi Devi, a lecturer
* [[Mumtaj]] in a special appearance in "Ussaaru Ussaaru" song
}}

== Production ==
The film takes place in Belgaum, a city in Karnataka that has a sizeable Marathi-speaking population. The film was shot in Bangalore and Belgaum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_kanti.asp|title= Mumtaz's 'item dance' in Kanti|work=Viggy|date=2004}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music was composed by [[Gurukiran]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Kanti
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt = Guru Kiran
| released = 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:28
| label = Ashwini Recordings
| producer = [[Gurukiran]]
| prev_title = Partha
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Apthamitra]]
| next_year = 2004
}}

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Baaninda Baa Chandira
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 4:04
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| title2 = Eddelu Hey Rambha
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length2 = 3:38
| lyrics2 = Bhangiranga
| title3 = Jinu Jinugo
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:22
| lyrics3 = Kaviraj
| title4 = Bhramhachari
| extra4 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]]
| length4 = 4:30
| lyrics4 = Bhangiranga
| title5 = Ussaaru Ussaaru
| extra5 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length5 = 4:55
| lyrics5 = [[V. Manohar]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
The release of the film was delayed after the film was sent to the censor revision committee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanti faces censor problems|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8645 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |accessdate=30 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804041733/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8645 |archivedate=4 August 2004 |date=30 July 2004}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Debutant director Bharat has taken care over the script that is convincing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kanti-review-kannada-pclv4zfbdjdbd.html|title=Kanthi|work=[[Sify]]|date=13 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410000000/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ph5qWYOhNeAJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/kanti-review-kannada-pclv4zfbdjdbd.html+&cd=7&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|archive-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Debutant director Bharat has handled the controversial Kannada-Maratha issue with all seriousness".<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanti |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july112004/mr3.asp |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |accessdate=9 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825221938/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july112004/mr3.asp |archivedate=25 August 2004 |date=11 July 2004}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_murali.asp|title=Short Takes - a casual chat with Murali|work=Viggy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/excuse-me-exceeds-all-expectations-kannada-top-films/949/story.htm|title='Excuse Me' exceeds all expectations - Kannada Top Films|last=Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|date=17 July 2004|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning}}</ref> After the success of this film, Murali did not have a single successful film till the release of ''[[Ugramm]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140530/entertainment-sandalwood/article/after-14-flops-sri-murli-finally-got-success|title=After 14 flops, Sri Murli finally got success|date=31 May 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Awards==
In [[2004–05 Karnataka State Film Awards]], [[Sriimurali|Murali]] won [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], T Shashi Kumar won [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editing]] and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shruti, Murali bag Karnataka film awards|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Shruti-Murali-bag-Karnataka-film-awards/articleshow/1238722.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=29 March 2017|date=22 September 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2004-05 |website=viggy.com|accessdate= 8 August 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14755060}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2004 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Sugreeva (film)

2026-03-03T21:35:06Z

MickiAddy25: expanded details for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sugreeva
| image = Sugreeva film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Om Prakash Rao]] [[P. N. Sathya]] [[Prasanth Mambully]] [[Nagashekar]] Nagendra Magadi Raghava Loki R. Anantharaju
 Vijay Pramod Chakravarthy [[Tushar Ranganath]] [[A. P. Arjun]]
| story = Anaji Films
| screenplay = Pramod Chakravarthy
| based_on = ''[[John Q.]]'' (English)(2002)
| producer = Anaji Nagaraj
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Yagna Shetty]] [[Dileep Raj (Actor)|Dilip Raj]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = Manohar Niranjan Babu Venus Murthy Shekar Chandru Sathya Hegde B. Suresh Babu M. R. Seenu R. Giri Sudhakar Vishnu
| studio = Anaji films
| editing = Thirupathi Reddy
| released = {{Film date|2010|02|26|df=y}}
| runtime =
| language = Kannada
| country = [[India]]
}}

'''''Sugreeva''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada language]] film shot within 18 hours. The film was directed by 10 directors. [[Shiva Rajkumar]] acted as the protagonist. The film is a remake of the 2002 American film ''[[John Q]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bypassing-copycats-sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms | title=Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style | access-date=17 April 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009214014/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> which had earlier been remade in Hindi in 2006 as ''[[Tathastu]]''.

==Story==
The story of the film revolves around a happily married mechanic hijacking a hospital to save his son who is suffering from heart disease. The film is a remake of the American film ''[[John Q]]'' starring [[Denzel Washington]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2010/sugreeva-review-150310.html |title=Sugreeva – Review |author=Hooli, Shekhar H. |date=15 March 2010 |work=oneIndia |publisher= |access-date=29 February 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524134452/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/reviews/2010/sugreeva-review-150310.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Sugreeva
* [[Yagna Shetty]] as Pooja
* Master Chiranjeevi as Kiran
* [[Harish Raj]]
* [[Dileep Raj (Actor)|Dileep Raj]]
* [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]]
* [[Raju Talikote]]
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
* [[Harshika Poonacha]]
* Manjubashini
* Neenasam Ashwath
* Kote Prabhakar
* Anitha Bhat
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]

==Production==
The movie Sugreeva started shooting at 6 a.m. on 11 October 2009 and was completed at 11:55 p.m on 11 October 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2011/Apr/29/sugreeva-enters-limca-book-of-records-248908.html|title='Sugreeva' enters Limca Book of Records|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=29 April 2010}}</ref> The crew included:

* 10 Directors
* 10 Cameraman
* 30 Assistant directors
* 40 Camera assistants
* 120 Light assistants
* 20 Art assistants
* 30 Set assistants
* 60 Production assistants
* 10 Makeup men
* 10 Costumers
* 80 stuntmen

60 artists and 600 junior artists worked day and night for the film. The film had 66 scenes in total. It was shot in eight different sets erected in and near Raj Rajeshwari Hospital at [[Bengalooru]]-[[Mysooru]] Highway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Oct/06/anaji-nagaraj-on-a-superfast-trail-94169.html|title=Anaji Nagaraj on a superfast trail|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 October 2009}}</ref>

The film failed to make it into the [[Guinness Book Of World Records]] as the quickest film ever made, because they measure the time from the beginning of shooting to the release of the movie in theatres. The current record for the quickest movie made lies with the 1999 Tamil film ''[[Suyamvaram]]''.

== Reception ==
Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Shivarajkumar is good as a doting father. He gets his emotions right as both a father and a hijacker. He, however, disappoints as a dancer. Yagna Shetty is convincing as a helpless mother. Harish Raj and serial artistes Manjubashini, Dilip Raj and Ashwath Ninasam are part of the cast".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sugreeva/20100226.htm|title=Watch Sugreeva for Shivarajkumar|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=26 February 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "The film is more of actor Shivanna’s film than that of Hattrick Hero Shivarajkumar. Still, the dialogue writers can’t escape some cliches but all is forgiven in this race-to-the-finish fare".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/55157/sugreeva.html|title=Sugreeva|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=26 February 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "This film also conveys a message to the people, especially middle-class families, on the need to save some money for the rainy day. It also highlights the importance of the ration card, especially the below poverty line (BPL) cards, to avail medical treatment at government hospitals".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/feb/27/a-very-good-effort-135151.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901090216/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/feb/27/a-very-good-effort-135151.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 September 2022|title=A very good effort|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 February 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Achyuth Kumar, Harish Raj and Harshika Poonacha make a mark even in their small roles. Sugreeva may not stand upto Niskarsha, the standard of hostage thrillers in Kannada, but it is a must watch for those who appreciate a well-made film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/sugreeva-perfect-18-hours/articleshow/21915396.cms|title=Sugreeva: Perfect 18 hours|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=26 February 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13730042}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. N. Sathya]]
[[Category:2010 thriller films]]

Yakshi – Faithfully Yours

2026-03-03T20:49:34Z

MickiAddy25: added info

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yakshi - Faithfully Yours
| image = Yakshi – Faithfully Yours.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Abhiram Suresh Unnithan
| producer = Madhusoodhanan Mavelikkara
| writer = Abhiram Suresh Unnithan
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Aithihyamala]]''|[[Kottarathil Sankunni]]}}
| starring = Faizal [[Avanthika Mohan]] [[Parvati Nair]]
| music = Aravind Chandrasekhar
| cinematography = Jemin Jom Ayyaneth
| editing = Sobin K Soman
| studio = Sea Shell Movies
| distributor = Mulakupaadam Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|12|14|Kerala}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Yakshi – Faithfully Yours''''' is a 2012 [[Malayalam]] [[romantic fantasy]] film written and directed by debutant Abhiram Suresh Unnithan, son of veteran Malayalam director [[Suresh Unnithan]].<ref name="Fresh faces for Yakshi, Faithfully..">{{cite news|title=Fresh faces for Yakshi, Faithfully..|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/fresh-faces-yakshi-faithfully-752|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215163707/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/fresh-faces-yakshi-faithfully-752|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2011|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> The film features new faces in the lead roles. The main characters of the film are inspired from the Malayalam [[mythology]] work ''[[Aithihyamala]]''.<ref name="Yakshi- Faithfully Yours">{{cite web|title='Yakshi- Faithfully Yours'|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/75340.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111132155/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/75340.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|work=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref> The film was released on 14 December 2012.

==Plot==
Nagayakshi is a celestial creature of lust who comes to Earth and turns into a woman, mates with virginal men, and kills them after she orgasms. Things take a turn when she falls in love with two mortal non-virginal men.

==Cast==
* Faizal as Vishnu bhattathiri/ unni
* [[Avanthika Mohan]] as Nagayakshi
* Ved as Jithu
* Akhil Devan as Kishore
* Shivakumar as Inspector Mukunda Raman
* [[Parvathy Nair]] as Meenakshi
* Manoj Madhusoodanan
* Likhiya Jamal as Shreya
* Vishnu Manohar
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Unni's mother
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Appan thampuran

==Production==
''Yakshi – Faithfully Yours'' is an experimental film dealing with real time film making. The film presents the title character of [[Yakshi]] as the one who is not to be looked upon with fear or horror, but with emotions and feelings.<ref name="Yakshi- Faithfully Yours" /> The film started its shooting in Olappamanna Mana on 16 January 2012.<ref name="Yakshi Faithfully Yours Malayalam film started">{{cite web|title=Yakshi Faithfully Yours Malayalam film started|url=http://filmglitz.com/malayalam/?p=1076|publisher=Filmglitz|access-date=15 December 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack of ''Yakshi – Faithfully Yours'' includes four major tracks composed by debutant Aravind Chandrasekhar, with lyrics from veteran poet Devadas and debutant M. T. Pradeep Kumar and one OST track from the band ''Downtroddence''.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Irul Nananju Raamazha
| extra1 = Sangeeth , [[Neha Nair]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Manjukaalam
| extra2 = [[Neha Nair]]
| length2 = 4:39
| title3 = Mizhiyoram Minnipaayum
| extra3 = Sreeram Sreekumar, Charu Hariharan
| length3 = 4:56
| title4 = Neeharardram
| extra4 = Abhiram Suresh Unnithan, Aravind Chandrasekhar
| length4 = 2:46
| title5 = OST
| extra5 = The Downtroddence
| length5 = 2:35
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Malayalam horror films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt2448852}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yakshi - Faithfully Yours}}
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:2012 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{fantasy-film-stub}}

Champion (2019 film)

2026-03-03T03:01:22Z

MickiAddy25: small changes

{{short description|Indian Tamil language sports drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Champion
| image = Champion Film Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = First look poster
| director = [[Suseenthiran]]
| producer = Raghavi
| writer = Suseenthiran
| screenplay = Suseenthiran
| starring = {{ubl|Vishwa|Sowmika Pandiyan|[[Mirnalini Ravi]]|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]|[[Manoj Bharathiraja]]}}
| music = [[Arrol Corelli]]
| cinematography = [[Sujith Sarang]]
| editing = Thiyagu
| studio = Kalanjiyam Cine Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|12|13}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Champion''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[sports drama]] film written and directed by [[Suseenthiran]]. The film stars newcomers Vishwa, Sowmika Pandiyan and [[Mirnalini Ravi]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], and Stun Siva play pivotal roles. The music for the film is composed by [[Arrol Corelli]] while cinematography is handled by [[Sujith Sarang]]. The film is produced by Raghavi under the production banner Kalanjiyam Cine Arts. [[Principal photography]] of the film commenced on 30 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2018 |title=Suseenthiran's 'Champion' shooting starts today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suseenthirans-champion-shooting-starts-today/articleshow/64380210.cms |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film had its theatrical release on 13 December 2019 and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Champion review:A watchable sports drama (2019) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/champion-reviewa-watchable-sports-drama-review-tamil-tmnmOQdgjefah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213155156/https://www.sify.com/movies/champion-reviewa-watchable-sports-drama-review-tamil-tmnmOQdgjefah.html |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.sify.com}}</ref><ref name="H">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=2019-12-13 |title=‘Champion’ movie review: Relegation material |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/champion-movie-review-relegation-material/article30295524.ece |access-date=2019-12-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Vishwa as Jones
*Sowmika Pandiyan as Pavithra
*[[Mirnalini Ravi]] as Sana
*[[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Santha
*[[Manoj Bharathiraja]] as Gold Star Gopi
*Stun Siva as Dhanasekar
*Vasuki as Jaya
*[[Vinod Sagar]] as Rajiv Gandhi
*B. H. Tarun Kumar as Bhai
*Kutty
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced to be made as a sports drama film mainly based on the sport of football by director Suseenthiran after his previous sports drama films including ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009), [[Jeeva (2014 film)|''Jeeva'']] (2014) which turned out to be successful. The shooting of the film went on floors from 30 May 2018. [[Mirnalini Ravi]] was selected to play one of the heroines with another newcomer Vishwa, the nephew of actor [[R. K. Suresh]] playing the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vishwanathan |first=Aditi Subramanian & Vishnupriya |date=2019-10-08 |title=Where we spend a day on the sets of ‘Champion’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/having-a-ball-in-champion/article29618226.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The shooting of the film wrapped up in around 19 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2018 |title=Suseenthiran wraps shooting for 'Champion' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suseenthiran-wraps-shooting-for-champion/articleshow/66282266.cms |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The first look poster of the film was unveiled by actor [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] through his [[Twitter]] account on 29 January 2019 coinciding on the eve of emotional 10 years anniversary of director Suseenthiran's filming career since making his directorial debut through ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' which was released on the same day (29 January) in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal releases the first look of Suseenthiran's 'Champion' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-releases-the-first-look-of-suseenthirans-champion/articleshow/67742070.cms |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suseenthiran completes a decade in the industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suseenthiran-completes-a-decade-in-the-industry/articleshow/67738794.cms |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Champion
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arrol Corelli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:19
| language = Tamil
| label = [[TrendMusic]]
| producer = [[Arrol Corelli]]
| prev_title = [[Igloo (2019 film)|Igloo]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Lock Up (2020 film)|Lock Up]]
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Xe41PN0_fak|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The songs were composed by [[Arrol Corelli]] with one song by Vishwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2019 |title=Champion Tamil Movie - Audio Jukebox - Vishwa, Mirnalini, Narain - Suseenthiran - Arrol Corelli |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe41PN0_fak |website=TrendMusic}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Veerane Vana
| lyrics1 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra1 = Nivas, Arrol Corelli
| length1 = 4:45
| title2 = Manathin Saalayil
| lyrics2 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra2 = Arrol Corelli
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Vaa Maganey
| lyrics3 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
| length3 = 2:38
| title4 = Aandavan Thoorigayil
| lyrics4 = Viveka
| extra4 = Karthik Kumar
| length4 = 2:09
| title5 = Enga Pullinga Ellam Bayangaram
| lyrics5 = Vishwa, Gaana Udhaya
| extra5 = Vishwa, Gaana Stephen
| length5 = 2:09
| total_length = 17:19
}}

== Release ==
''The Times of India'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and wrote that "''Champion'' is a redemption for Susienthiran whose last few films were so underwhelming that it felt like the director had become a spent creative force".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Champion Movie Review: Susienthiran redeems himself with Champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/champion/movie-review/72529744.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> On the contrary, ''The Hindu'' wrote that "''Champion'' only champions the cause for Susienthiran to script better films".<ref name="H" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt8489916}}
{{Suseenthiran}}

[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2010s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2019 sports films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suseenthiran]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian association football films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai

2026-03-03T02:25:42Z

MickiAddy25: starting a details

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Ram}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ram (director)|Ram]]
| writer = Ram
| producer = [[Suresh Kamatchi]]
| starring = [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editing = {{ubl|Mathi V. S.}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = V House Productions
| released = {{film date|2024|05|15|df=yes|[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]]}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}15 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotzathanasis |first=Panos |date=2024-02-04 |title=Interview With Ram: I Want to Do Something Different Each Time Because Otherwise I Get Bored |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/02/interview-with-ram/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221015002/https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/02/interview-with-ram/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai''''' ({{Translation|Seven Seas Seven Hills}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by [[Ram (director)|Ram]] and produced by [[Suresh Kamatchi]] under V House Productions. It stars [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]. The film's score and soundtrack album is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], with cinematography and editing handled by [[N. K. Ekambaram]] and Mathi V. S., respectively.

The film was internationally premiered at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] and received rave reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-07 |title='Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai' receives rave reviews at Rotterdam Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-receives-rave-reviews-at-rotterdam-film-festival/articleshow/107495001.cms |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219024159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-receives-rave-reviews-at-rotterdam-film-festival/articleshow/107495001.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotzathanasis |first=Panos |date=2024-02-04 |title=Film Review: Seven Seas Seven Hills (2024) by Ram |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/02/film-review-seven-seas-seven-hills-2024-by-ram/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221013327/https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/02/film-review-seven-seas-seven-hills-2024-by-ram/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was one of the 12 films selected to compete for the [[VPRO]] Big Screen award at the Rotterdam film festival, but has yet to receive a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Director Ram: Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai is an action thriller that’s nothing like Paranthu Po |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/director-ram-yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-is-an-action-thriller-that-s-nothing-like-paranthu-po-ottplay-101751431073728.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is set on a moving train where an encounter between a 32-year-old [[everyman]] and an 8,000-year-old immortal – and a rat – triggers a series of events that would intertwine their destinies.
{{no plot|date=June 2024}}

== Cast ==
* [[Nivin Pauly]]
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]

== Production ==
The title of the film was announced<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-11 |title=Nivin Pauly's film with Ram titled 'Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivin-paulys-film-with-ram-titled-yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai/article65996142.ece |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102131120/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivin-paulys-film-with-ram-titled-yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai/article65996142.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai: Nivin Pauly, Ram promise an epic love story |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-nivin-pauly-ram-promise-an-epic-love-story-8202249/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219024157/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-nivin-pauly-ram-promise-an-epic-love-story-8202249/ |url-status=live }}</ref> on Nivin Pauly's 38th birthday, marking the actor's third tamil film as a lead, after ''[[Neram]]'' (2013) and [[Richie (film)|''Richie'']] (2017). Anjali is playing the female lead role, marking her third collaboration with Ram, after ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' (2007) and ''[[Peranbu]]'' (2018).

==Music==
The music and background score is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], in his first collaboration with Nivin Pauly and his fifth with Ram after [[Kattradhu Thamizh]], [[Thanga Meengal]], [[Taramani (film)|Taramani]] and [[Peranbu]]. The audio rights were acquired by [[Think Music|Think Music India]]. The first single titled "Marabudi Nee" was released on 14 February 2024, coinciding [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2024 |title=First single update from Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai is here; Yuvan Shankar Raja’s Marabudi Nee to release on Valentine’s Day |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/first-single-update-from-yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-is-here-yuvan-shankar-rajas-marabudi-nee-to-release-on-valentines-day/e1308e66dc784 |website=[[OTTplay]] |access-date=16 February 2026 |archive-date=11 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211022026/https://www.ottplay.com/news/first-single-update-from-yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-is-here-yuvan-shankar-rajas-marabudi-nee-to-release-on-valentines-day/e1308e66dc784 |url-status=live }}</ref>The second single titled "Yezhezhu Malai" was released on 5 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2024 |title=Watch: New Single Yezhezhu Malai From Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai Is A Soulful Yuvan Number |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/new-single-yezhezhu-malai-from-yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-is-a-soulful-yuvan-number-article-111529987 |website=[[Times Now]] |access-date=16 February 2026 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218034418/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/new-single-yezhezhu-malai-from-yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-is-a-soulful-yuvan-number-article-111529987 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Marabudi Nee
| extra1 = [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Yezhezhu Malai
| extra2 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| length2 = 3:04
}}

== Release ==
=== Premiere ===
The film was showcased at the [[53rd International Film Festival Rotterdam]], held at [[Netherlands]] on 1 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Seas Seven Hills {{!}} IFFR |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2024/films/seven-seas-seven-hills |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=iffr.com |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219023307/https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2024/films/seven-seas-seven-hills |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Ram (director)}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Suresh Kamatchi]]

Kaanch Ke Rishte

2026-02-16T22:04:16Z

MickiAddy25: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Indian television drama series}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Unreferenced|date=February 2026}}
{{Notability|date=February 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Salvia International Productions]]
| writer =
| director = [[Arshad Khan (Indian filmmaker)|Arshad Khan]]
| starring = [[Kaanch Ke Rishte#Cast|see below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| producer = Tarun Burman Lalit Arora
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 30 minutes
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2009|3|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Kaanch Ke Rishte''''' is a television drama series that aired on [[DD National]]. It is based on the story of a retired journalist and his wife. The series premiered on 29 March 2009. It was directed by [[Arshad Khan (Indian filmmaker)|Arshad Khan]], and written by Nawaab Arzoo. The supervising producer and creative director of this show was Tariq Mohammad (Tariq Mohd.).

==Plot==
{{tone|section|date=April 2009}}
The story follows a retired [[newspaper editor]] and his wife, who reside alone in a large mansion by the sea, distanced from their sons and extended family. When builders express interest in purchasing the property, they approach the couple's sons with an offer of a substantial sum of money, contingent on convincing their parents to vacate the mansion. The sons initially conspire to persuade their parents to leave and sell the property, but eventually come to regret their actions upon recognizing the emotional harm inflicted on their parents.

==Cast==
*Rajiv Verma
*Rupa Devatia
* [[Surendra Pal]]
*Anant Jog
*Neeraj Bhardwaj
*Feroj Khan
*Raj Gopal
*Digvijay Purohit
*Shravani Goswami
*Asha Vyas

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Bhima

2026-02-14T08:51:04Z

MickiAddy25: adjust references further and added references

{{short description|Second Pandava in the epic Mahabharata}}
{{about|a warrior in the Mahabharata|other uses|Bhima (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Personal Information
| image = Vintage Bhim oleograph litho Ravi Varma Press B.jpg
| weapon = {{hlist|[[Gada (mace)|Mace]]|[[Bow and arrow|Bow]]|[[Arrow]]}}
| caption = An oleograph of Bhima by Ravi Varma Press
| spouse = {{bulleted list|[[Hidimbi]]|[[Draupadi]]|[[Balandhara]]|Unnamed sister of [[Shishupala]]<ref name=":7" />
}}
| affiliation = [[Pandavas]]
| family = '''Parents''' {{bulleted list|[[Vayu]] (father)|[[Kunti]] (mother)|[[Pandu]] (adoptive father)|[[Madri]] (step-mother)|}}'''Brothers''' (Kunti) {{bulleted list|[[Karna]] by [[Surya]]|[[Yudhishthira]] by [[Yama (Hinduism)|Dharmaraja]]|[[Arjuna]] by [[Indra]]}}'''Half-Brothers''' (Madri) {{bulleted list|[[Nakula]] by [[Ashvins|Nasatya]]|[[Sahadeva]] by [[Ashvins|Darsa]]}}
| children = '''Sons'''{{bulleted list|[[Ghatotkacha]] by Hidimbi|
[[Upapandavas#Sutasoma|Sutasoma]] by Draupadi|
[[Sarvaga]] by Balandhara}}
| relatives = {{bulleted list|[[Kauravas]] (paternal cousins)|[[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]] (Maternal cousins)|[[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Vidura]] (paternal uncles)|[[Hanuman]] (half-brother)}}
}}
'''Bhima''' ({{langx|sa|भीम}}, {{IAST3|Bhīma}}), also known as '''Bhimasena''' ({{langx|sa|भीमसेन}}, {{IAST3|Bhīmasena}}), is a [[hero]] and one of the most prominent characters in the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. As the second of the five [[Pandava]] brothers, Bhima was born to [[Kunti]]—the wife of King [[Pandu]]—fathered by [[Vayu]], the wind god, which bestowed upon him superhuman strength from birth. His rivalry with the [[Kauravas]], especially [[Duryodhana]], defined much of his life, with this tension ultimately erupting in the [[Kurukshetra War]], where Bhima killed all hundred Kaurava brothers.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/JamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism/page/n139/mode/2up?view=theater |title=James Lochtefeld The Illustrated Encyclopedia Of Hinduism |language=English}}</ref>

Bhima's life was filled with extraordinary episodes that showcased his strength and bravery. From childhood, where he was poisoned, to his victories over formidable foes like [[Bakasura]], [[Hidimba]], and [[Jarasandha]], Bhima's adventures are integral to the ''Mahabharata''’s storyline. His raw, earthy nature is reflected in the brutal slaying of his enemies, his immense appetite and his marriage with [[Hidimbi]], a [[rakshasi]] (a demoness), who bore him a son, [[Ghatotkacha]], a powerful warrior who would later play a significant role in the Kurukshetra War.<ref name=":52"/>

Despite his immense physical strength, Bhima was deeply loyal and protective towards his family, particularly towards [[Draupadi]], the common wife of the Pandavas. When Draupadi was humiliated in the Kaurava court, Bhima swore vengeance. He vowed to drink [[Dushasana]]'s blood and smash Duryodhana's thigh, and years later, he fulfilled these vows during the Kurukshetra War. Bhima's fierce devotion to Draupadi was also evident when he killed [[Kichaka]], who had molested her during the Pandavas' year in disguise at the court of King [[Virata]].<ref name=":52"/>

A master of [[gada (mace)|mace combat]], Bhima was considered one of the strongest warriors of his time, with his strength often compared to that of thousands of elephants. Yet, despite his brute force, Bhima also embodied a strong sense of justice and duty, which guided his actions throughout the epic. After the war, Bhima aided his brother [[Yudhishthira]] in ruling the kingdom and stood by his brother when he later renounced the throne. Bhima accompanied Yudhishthira and the other Pandavas on their final journey to the [[Himalayas]], where he eventually succumbed to his flaw of [[gluttony]]. His character endures in [[Indian culture|Indian]] and [[Javanese culture]]s as a symbol of immense power, righteous anger, and unwavering loyalty.<ref name=":52"/>

==Etymology and epithets==
The word ''Bhīma'' in [[Sanskrit]] means "terrifying," "formidable," or "fearsome," describing someone who inspires awe or fear through their sheer strength or power. In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Bhima is renowned for his vast size, immense physical strength and fierce nature.<ref name=":4" /> The suffix ''sena'' is often appended to his name, forming ''Bhīmasena'', which can be literally interpreted as "one who possesses a formidable army.".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Monier-Williams|first1=Sir Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC&q=Monier-Williams,+Monier;+Leumann,+Ernst;+Cappeller,+Carl+(1899).+A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary:+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+languages.+Clarendon+Press.&pg=PR14|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|last2=Leumann|first2=Ernst|last3=Cappeller|first3=Carl|date=1899|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House|isbn=978-81-208-3105-6|language=en|pages=758}}</ref>

In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Bhima is referred to by several synonyms, including:<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":4" />
* ''Vṛkodara'' — 'wolf bellied', referring to his large appetite
* ''Anilātmaja'', ''Mārutātmaja'', ''Māruti'', ''Pavanātmaja'', ''Prabhañjanasuta'', ''Samīraṇasuta'', ''Vāyuputra'', ''Vāyusuta'' — all meaning 'son of the [[Vayu|wind god]]'
* ''[[Kaunteya]]'', ''Pārtha'' — meaning 'son of Pritha or [[Kunti]]'
* ''Arjunāgraja'', ''Arjunapūrvaja'' — 'elder brother of [[Arjuna]]'
* ''Acyutānuja'' — younger brother of [[Achyuta]]
* ''Vallava'' — 'cook'
* ''Pāṇḍava'' — 'a descendant of [[Pandu]]'
* ''Bhīmadhanvā'' — 'having a formidable bow'
* ''Jaya'' — 'victory'
* ''Kaurava'' — 'a descendant of Kuru', though this term is more prominently used for his cousins—the sons of [[Dhritarashtra]]
* ''Kuśaśārdūla'' — 'fierce like a tiger'
* ''Rākṣasakaṇṭaka'' — 'one who is a torment to the [[Rakshasa|demons]]'

==Literary background==
Bhima is a significant character in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', one of the [[Sanskrit]] epics from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It mainly narrates the events and aftermath of the [[Kurukshetra War]], a war of succession between two groups of princely cousins, the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandavas]]. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text may date to near 400 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brockington |first=J. L. |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA26 |title=The Sanskrit Epics |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-9-00410-260-6 |page=26}}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.<ref>{{cite book|first= Robert N.|last= Minor|title= Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ|year= 1982|publisher= South Asia Books|isbn= 978-0-8364-0862-1|pages= l–li|access-date= 28 June 2020|archive-date= 16 April 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075912/https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ|url-status= live}}</ref> The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct a [[critical edition]], relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|Vishnu Sukthankar]] at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], preserved at [[Kyoto University]], [[Cambridge University]] and various Indian universities.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |year=2004 |title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Brill Academic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |pages=19–26 |isbn=978-9-00413-729-5 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075934/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bhima also appears in few of the later written ''[[Puranas|Puranic scriptures]]'', most prominent being the Krishna-related ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Pürnendu Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIBBAAAAYAAJ&dq=bhagavata+Purana+Bhima&pg=PA344 |title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism |date=1901 |publisher=Freeman & Company, Limited |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Birth and early life===
[[File:Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists - The House of Lac.jpg|thumb|Bhima and the Pandavas escaping from the burning of lac, Bhima is shown carrying his mother on his shoulders. Illustration by [[Nandalal Bose]], 1914|left]]
Bhima was the second of the five [[Pandava]] brothers, the adoptive sons of retired Kuru king [[Pandu]], and was born to [[Kunti]] with divine intervention due to Pandu's inability to conceive. According to the epic, Kunti invoked the wind god, [[Vayu]], using a mantra provided by the sage [[Durvasa]], resulting in Bhima's birth. This divine connection bestowed upon him immense physical strength. At the time of his birth, a celestine prophecy declared that he would become the mightiest warrior. A notable incident in his infancy underscored his extraordinary strength: when he accidentally fell from his mother's lap onto a rock, the rock shattered into pieces while Bhima remained unscathed. This event served as an early indication of his formidable abilities.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/56/mode/2up?view=theater&q=bhima |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0}}</ref>

After Pandu's demise in the forest, the Pandavas were raised alongside their cousins, [[Kaurava]]s, in [[Hastinapura]], the capital of [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]. During his childhood, Bhima's strength was frequently displayed, often to the dismay of the Kauravas, particularly [[Duryodhana]]. Bhima's physical prowess frequently led to his victories in their childhood games, resulting in animosity and jealousy among the Kauravas. This enmity culminated in a plot by Duryodhana, who conspired to eliminate Bhima. In one such plot, Bhima was given poisoned food and thrown into the [[Ganges]] River while unconscious. However, this plan inadvertently led to Bhima's encounter with the [[Nāga|Nagas]] (divine serpents) in their underwater realm.
As Bhima descended into the river's depths, he reached the Naga realm, where the serpents bit him. Their venom neutralised the poison in his body, effectively reviving him. In this realm, Bhima met Aryaka, a Naga chieftain and his maternal relative. Recognising Bhima's divine heritage, Aryaka introduced him to [[Vasuki]], the king of the Nagas. Impressed by Bhima's lineage and potential, Vasuki offered him a divine elixir. Bhima consumed eight pots of this elixir, thereby acquiring the strength of a thousand elephants. He spent eight days in the Naga realm to fully assimilate this power. On the ninth day, the Nagas, honouring his newfound strength, returned Bhima to Hastinapura, where he rejoined his family.<ref name=":12"/>

In Hastinapura, Bhima, along with his brothers, was trained in the arts of warfare under the tutelage of [[Dronacharya]], the royal guru. Bhima specialised in the use of the mace ([[Gada (mace)|gada]]) and became an unmatched mace fighter. Additionally, he received advanced training from [[Balarama]], known for his expertise in mace combat. Bhima's training also included proficiency in various other weapons, establishing him as a versatile warrior.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabharata Text |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05022.htm}}</ref>

Bhima was also renowned for his giant appetite – at times, half of the total food consumed by the Pandavas was eaten by him.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Kapoor|editor-first=Subodh|title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788177552577|page=7535|edition=1st}}</ref>

===Hiding and encounters with Rakshasas===
[[File:Hungry Bakasura Meets Bhima.jpg|thumb|Bhima encounters the demon Bakasura, book illustration]]
The rivalry between the [[Pandava]]s and the [[Kauravas]] intensified as they grew older. Bhima's physical strength and assertiveness were sources of constant irritation for [[Duryodhana]], who viewed him as a significant threat. The poisoning incident was one of several attempts by the Kauravas to eliminate Bhima. Another major scheme involved sending the Pandavas, along with Kunti, to Varanavata, where they were placed in a palace made of lac, known as [[Lakshagriha]], with the intention of burning them alive. However, the Pandavas, forewarned by their uncle [[Vidura]], managed to escape through a secret tunnel they had prepared, marking the beginning of their period of concealment to avoid further problems from the Kauravas.<ref name=":12"/><ref name="Mahabharata Text">{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Jarasandhta-badha Parva: Section XXIX |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02029.htm |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

After their escape from the burning Lakshagriha, the Pandavas, accompanied by their mother Kunti, traversed the forest to avoid further threats from the Kauravas. During their journey, Kunti and her sons, except Bhima, were overcome with fatigue. Demonstrating his exceptional strength, Bhima carried his mother and brothers on his shoulders through the forest. Their journey led them to the [[Kamyaka Forest|Kamyaka]] forest, inhabited by the [[Rakshasa]] (here, man-eating race) [[Hidimba]] and his sister [[Hidimbi]].
While the Pandavas rested under a tree, Hidimba, who desired to consume them, dispatched his sister Hidimbi to lure them. However, upon encountering Bhima, Hidimbi was struck by his physical appearance and power, and she proposed marriage to him. When Hidimba discovered her intentions, he became enraged and attacked Bhima. Bhima engaged in combat with Hidimba and, after a fierce battle, killed him. Moved by Hidimbi's plight, Kunti consented to Bhima's marriage to her, on the condition that he would rejoin his family after some time. Bhima and Hidimbi had a son, [[Ghatotkacha]], who later became a significant ally of the Pandavas.<ref name=":12"/>

Following this episode, the Pandavas proceeded to the village of Ekachakra, where they lived incognito. During their stay, Bhima encountered and killed the Rakshasa [[Bakasura]] who had been terrorising the villagers by eating them one by one.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaivara {{!}} Chikkaballapur District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://chikkaballapur.nic.in/en/tourist-place/kaivara/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahabharata Text|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01167.htm}}</ref>

===Marriages and children===
[[File:Bhima and Hedemba.jpeg|alt=Bhima and Hidimbi, Publisher Ravi Varma Press, Malavi Bombay|thumb|Bhima encounters the Rakshasi Hidimbi, 20th century print published by Ravi Varma Press]]
The ''Adi Parva'' mentions three wives of Bhima-[[Hidimbi]], [[Draupadi]] and [[Valandhara|Balandhara]], with whom he had one son each. Bhima's first wife, [[Hidimbi]], also known as Hidimbā, was from the [[Rakshasa]] race—supernatural beings typically associated with evil deeds, such as consuming humans. Together, they had a son named [[Ghatotkacha]] (see [[Bhima#Hiding and encounters with Rakshasas|previous section]] for details). Both Hidimbi and Ghatotkacha are notable exceptions, exhibiting benevolent qualities despite their Rakshasa origins.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":52"/>

Draupadi was the daughter of King [[Drupada]] of [[Panchala]], who held a [[svayamvara]], an ancient ceremony in which a princess could choose her husband from among assembled suitors. During their hiding, they heard of it and went to Panchala to attend it in disguise. During the svayamvara, numerous princes and warriors failed to fulfil the challenge set by King Drupada. However, Arjuna, disguised as a [[Brahmin]], succeeded in the archery challenge, winning Draupadi's hand. The Pandavas, who were in exile and disguised as Brahmins at the time, returned to their temporary abode with Draupadi. In a twist of events, Kunti, unaware of what Arjuna had won, instructed her sons to "share the alms" equally among them. Adhering to their mother's words, the Pandavas agreed to marry Draupadi collectively. Thus, Draupadi became the wife of all five Pandavas, a union that was sanctified by divine mandate. Bhima, being one of her husbands, was known for his deep affection and protective nature toward Draupadi throughout their lives. From Draupadi, Bhima fathered [[Sutasoma (Mahabharata)|Sutasoma]].<ref name=":12" />

Bhima's other wife Balandhara, the daughter of King of [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kashi]], was won by him at her svayamvara contest. They had a son named Savarga.<ref name=":12" /><ref name="web.archive.org2">{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section XCV |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116130453/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="BernsteinGanguli20172">{{cite book |author1=Erin Bernstein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kcsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT470 |title=The Mahabharata: A Modern Retelling: Volume I: Origins |author2=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |date=12 July 2017 |publisher=BookRix |isbn=978-3-7438-2228-3 |pages=470–}}</ref> The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' records Balandhara as Kali and Savarga as Sarvagata.<ref name=":62"/>

Later in the ''[[Ashramavasika Parva|Ashramvasika Parva]]'', the character [[Sanjaya]] mentions another wife of Bhima, described as the sister of "one who always opposed [[Krishna]]". Scholars have deduced this figure to be [[Shishupala]], the king of [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxx4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=After the War: The Last Books of the Mahabharata |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-755339-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Brodbeck |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8lXf1c3VMoC&q=introduces+two+wives+unmentioned+elsewhere&pg=PA3 |title=The Mahābhārata Patriline: Gender, Culture, and the Royal Hereditary |date=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-6787-2 |language=en}}</ref> Simon Brodbeck theorizes that this marriage might have taken place after the [[Kurukshetra War]], as this unnamed wife is not mentioned elsewhere.<ref name=":7" /> On the other hand, [[Wendy Doniger]] equates this unknown wife with Balandhara.<ref name=":8" />

===Conquest for Rajasuya===
[[File:Jarasangh Vadh.jpg|thumb|Bhima wrestles with Jarasandha, print by Ravi Varma Press]]
After their marriage to Draupadi, the Pandavas' survival was revealed in [[Hastinapura]], leading to the division of the kingdom and the founding of [[Indraprastha]]. Yudhishthira aspired to perform the [[Rajasuya]] Yajna, a royal sacrifice that required the allegiance of other kings. Bhima was tasked with subjugating the eastern kingdoms,<ref name=":12"/> as [[Bhishma]]—the Grandsire of the Kuru princes— thought the easterners were skilled in fighting from the backs of elephants and in fighting with bare arms. He deemed Bhima to be the most ideal person to wage wars in that region. Bhima first diplomatically won over the [[Pañcāla|Panchalas]], then defeated the Gandakas, [[Videha]]s, and [[Dasarna kingdom|Dasarnas]], appointing King Sudharman of Dasarna as his commander after a fierce battle. His conquests continued with victories over Rochamana of Aswamedha, the kings of [[Pulinda]], Sukumara and Sumitra, and peaceful submission by [[Shishupala]] of [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]]. He further subdued King Srenimat of Kumara, [[Brihadbala]] of [[Kosala kingdom|Kosala]], Dirghayajña of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], and conquered Northern Kosalas, Gopalakaksha, and the Mallas, reaching the Bhallata and Suktimanta mountains.<ref name="Mahabharata Text" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCAnrHq8r1kC&q=Shadeva+rajasuya&pg=PA319 |title=The Mystery of the Mahabharata: Vol.4 |publisher=India Research Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Jarasandhta-badha Parva: Section XXVIII |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02028.htm |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

Bhima's campaign expanded with the defeat of King Subahu of [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kasi]] and King Kratha of Suparsa, followed by conquests in [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]], Maladas, Pasubhumi, Madahara, Mahidara, and the Somadheyas. He subdued Vatsabhumi, Bhargas, Nishadas, Manimat, Southern Mallas, and the Bhagavanta mountains. Through diplomacy, he gained the submission of the Sarmakas and Varmakas, and easily conquered King Janaka of [[Videha]]. Bhima also overcame the Sakas and several barbarian tribes, defeated seven Kirata kings near Indra mountain, and subjugated the Suhmas and Prasuhmas. En route to Magadha, he subdued Kings Danda and Dandadhara.<ref name="Mahabharata Text" />

The major obstacle was [[Jarasandha]] of [[Magadha]], a formidable foe allied against [[Krishna]]. Disguised as Brahmins, Krishna, Bhima, and Arjuna challenged him. Jarasandha chose Bhima for a wrestling duel, which lasted several days. Following Krishna's symbolic advice, Bhima tore Jarasandha's body apart, killing him and liberating 100 imprisoned kings, who then pledged allegiance to Yudhishthira.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabharata Text |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02024.htm}}</ref> Afterwards, Bhima conquered [[Anga]] and slew the mighty ruler of Madagiri. He continued his conquests against Vasudeva of Pundra, Mahaujah of Kausika-kachchha, and the king of Vanga, also subduing Samudrasena, Chandrasena, Tamralipta, and the rulers of Karvatas and Suhmas. Bhima subdued the [[Mleccha|Mlechchha tribes]] along the coast, amassed wealth from Lohitya, and returned to Indraprastha.<ref name="Mahabharata Text" />

Yudhishthira was able to perform the Rajasuya Yajna successfully. During the grand ceremony, Bhima's valor was acknowledged, and he played a prominent role in the various rituals and the protection of the sacrificial arena. However, the Rajasuya Yajna also sowed the seeds of future conflict. During the ceremony, a dispute arose regarding the distribution of royal honours. Bhima notably supported Krishna in the ensuing altercation with Shishupala, a vocal critic of Krishna and an antagonist to the Pandavas.<ref name=":12"/> Later, Duryodhana fell into a water pool, Bhima, along with the twins, laughed at him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section XLVI |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

===Game of Dice and vows to slay the Kauravas===
The splendour of Yudhishthira's [[Rajasuya]] Yajna and the prosperity of the Pandavas caused intense jealousy among the Kauravas, particularly [[Duryodhana]]. Seeking to usurp the Pandavas' power and wealth, Duryodhana, with the counsel of his maternal uncle [[Shakuni]], invited Yudhishthira to a [[Pachisi|game of dice]]. Despite his misgivings, Yudhishthira accepted the challenge, driven by the codes of Kshatriya honour and hospitality. The game of dice was a turning point in the epic. Shakuni, who played on behalf of Duryodhana, used deceitful means to ensure Yudhishthira's defeat. As the game progressed, Yudhishthira lost his kingdom, wealth, and even his brothers, including Bhima, one by one. Eventually, he wagered [[Draupadi]] and lost her as well.<ref name=":12"/><ref name="MW" />

The Kauravas' subsequent treatment of Draupadi, especially the attempt to disrobe her in the assembly hall, provoked Bhima's fury. Bhima was the only one from the Pandavas' side to protest against the wrongdoing, with [[Vidura]] and [[Vikarna]] raising objections from the Kauravas' side. Unable to act due to his bondage through the game, Bhima became extremely upset with Yudhishthira and asked [[Sahadeva]] to bring fire so that he could "burn Yudhishthira's hands." When [[Arjuna]] pacified, Bhima responded by stating that when elders committed mistakes, verbally insulting them was equivalent to punishing them. Bhima also contemplated killing the Kauravas on the spot. However, Arjuna calmed him down, and Yudhisthira firmly prohibited any confrontation.<ref name = "MW" >{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&dq=bhima+burn+Yudhisthira+hands&pg=PA324 |title=A History of Indian Literature |date=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3 |language=en}}</ref>

After the Kauravas exiled the Pandavas for thirteen years, Bhima swore terrible oaths of vengeance. He vowed to kill Duryodhana by breaking his thigh, a reference to Duryodhana's insulting gesture during the dice game, when he exposed his thigh (a euphemism for the genitals<ref name=":52"/>) and commanded Draupadi to sit on his lap. Bhima also swore to avenge Draupadi's humiliation by drinking the blood of [[Dushasana]], who had forcibly dragged her by her hair and attempted to disrobe her in the Kauravas' assembly.<ref name = "MW" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ernest |first=Phillip |date=2006 |title=True Lies - Bhīma's Vows and the Revision of Memory in the "Mahābhārata's" Code |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692062 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=87 |pages=273–282 |jstor=41692062 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>

===Exile and Life in the Forest===
[[File:Bhima Tries to Lift Hanuman's Tail.jpg|thumb|Bhima tries to lift Hanuman's tail, a folio from the ''[[Razmnama]]'' (Persian translation of the ''Mahabharata'', c. 16th century)]]
During their twelve-year exile in the forest following their loss in the game of dice, the [[Pandavas]] encountered numerous adversities and engaged in various significant events. Bhima, with his immense strength and courage, was instrumental in addressing many challenges that arose during this period.<ref name=":12"/>

A prominent encounter during their exile in the [[Kamyaka]] forest was with the Rakshasa [[Kirmira]], the brother of the Rakshasa [[Bakasura|Baka]], whom Bhima had previously slain in Ekachakra. Kirmira, seeking revenge for his brother's death, confronted the Pandavas, but was killed by Bhima.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03010.htm|title=Mahabharata Text}}</ref>

At one point, [[Arjuna]] departed to the [[Himalayas]] to undertake severe penance in order to acquire celestial weapons from the god [[Shiva]]. During Arjuna's prolonged absence, Bhima and the remaining Pandavas grew increasingly concerned for his safety. The Pandavas ventured to Mount Gandhamadana in search of Arjuna. During this arduous journey, they encountered numerous challenges, including fatigue and harsh terrains. At one point, Draupadi fainted from exhaustion. Bhima then invoked his son [[Ghatotkacha]], who promptly arrived and assisted the Pandavas. Ghatotkacha carried the Pandavas on his shoulders, allowing them to continue their journey with greater ease. Their journey eventually led them to the ashrama of [[Nara and Narayana]]. While resting there, Bhima noticed a fragrant Saugandhika flower, which had been carried to Draupadi by the northeast wind. Draupadi expressed her desire to possess more of these flowers. To fulfil her wish, Bhima set out in the northeast direction toward the Saugandhika forest. This journey brought Bhima to Kadalivana, where he encountered [[Hanuman]], his half-brother, as both were sons of the wind god, [[Vayu]]. Initially, Hanuman tested Bhima's strength and humility by blocking his path with his tail. Despite Bhima's efforts, he was unable to move Hanuman's tail. Recognising the limits of his strength, Bhima humbled himself, prompting Hanuman to reveal his true identity. Hanuman blessed Bhima and provided him guidance to the Saugandhika forest. Following this encounter, Bhima ventured into the forest, overcame the Rakshasas known as Krodhavasas guarding it, and successfully collected the flowers, which he later presented to Draupadi.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03154.htm|title=Mahabharata Text}}</ref>

On another incident, Bhima was spurred into action when Draupadi expressed a desire to see the summit of the Gandhamadana mountain. On his way, he encountered fierce Rakshasas and Yakshas guarding the region around Kubera's palace and defeated them all in a brutal battle. They retreated after Bhima slew their leader, the mighty Rakshasa Maniman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03159.htm|title=Mahabharata Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CLIX|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref> However, through his seemingly rash actions, Bhima fulfilled an old curse placed on [[Kubera]] and Maniman by the sage Agastya. When Kubera arrived, he was not angry but was pleased, explaining that Bhima's deeds were destined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03160.htm|title=Mahabharata Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CLIX|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>

Another notable event during the Pandavas' exile involved the abduction attempt by [[Jayadratha]], the king of [[Sindhu Kingdom|Sindhu]]. While the Pandavas were away hunting, Jayadratha encountered Draupadi alone and abducted her. On learning of this, Bhima, along with his brothers, pursued and confronted Jayadratha. Bhima overpowered Jayadratha's forces, captured him, and expressed a desire to kill him for his transgression. However, Yudhishthira intervened, advocating for a less violent resolution. Consequently, Bhima and his brothers humiliated Jayadratha by shaving his head, leaving him with a mark of disgrace before releasing him.<ref name=":12"/>

During their time in the forest, the Pandavas also encountered various sages and divine beings, from whom they received blessings and spiritual knowledge. These interactions not only provided them with guidance but also augmented their abilities to face future challenges. One significant episode was their encounter with [[Nahusha]], a former king who had been transformed into a python due to a curse. Bhima, while traversing the forest, was captured by this python. Despite his strength, Bhima was unable to free himself. Yudhishthira arrived and, recognising the being as Nahusha, engaged in a dialogue with him. Through Yudhishthira's wisdom, Nahusha was released from his curse and restored to his original form.<ref name=":12"/>

The Pandavas also had to contend with the ever-present threat of the Kauravas during their exile. On one occasion, the Kauravas, led by Duryodhana, encamped near the Pandavas' dwelling in [[Dvaitavana]]. During this encampment, Duryodhana and his forces clashed with the [[Gandharva]] [[Chitrasena (Mahabharata)|Chitrasena]]. Duryodhana was captured by the Gandharvas, and upon hearing this, Bhima expressed amusement at his plight. However, at Yudhishthira's behest, Bhima and the Pandavas intervened and freed Duryodhana from captivity. Although reluctant to assist their adversary, the Pandavas acted in accordance with their dharma, thereby upholding their principles.<ref name=":12"/>

In another minor incident in the epic, [[Jatasura]], a [[rakshasa]] disguised as a Brahmin abducted Yudhishthira, Draupadi and the twin brothers, Nakula, and Sahadeva during their stay at [[Badrinath|Badarikashrama]]. His objective was to seize the weapons of the Pandavas. Bhima, who was gone hunting during the abduction, was deeply upset when he came to know of Jatasura's evil act on his return. A fierce encounter followed between the two gigantic warriors, where Bhima emerged victorious by decapitating Jatasura and crushing his body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03156.htm|title=Mahabharata Text}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Rashmi|title=Tibetans in exile : struggle for human rights|year=2010|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788179752487|page=625}}</ref>

===Incognito life in Virata's kingdom===
[[File:Draupdadi watching Kichaka and Bhima fighting (crop).jpg|thumb|Kichaka and Bhimasena fight while Draupadi watches them from aside, Folio from a Dispersed Mahabharata Series, [[Mysuru]], c. 1670. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper.]]
After completing their twelve-year exile, the Pandavas entered their thirteenth year, during which they were required to live incognito. They sought refuge in the kingdom of Matsya, ruled by King Virata, and assumed various disguises. Bhima took on the role of Vallabha, a cook, and wrestler in King Virata's palace. Within themselves, Pandavas called him Jayanta. His primary duties involved working in the royal kitchens, though his position as a wrestler occasionally necessitated the display of his physical prowess.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Kapoor|editor-first=Subodh|title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788177552577|page=4462|edition=1st}}</ref> There was a wrestling bout where a wrestler from a different state, Jimuta proved to be invincible. Much to the delight of King [[Virata]] and his subjects, Bhima challenged Jimuta and knocked him out in no time. This greatly enhanced the reputation of the Pandavas in unfamiliar territory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahabharata Text|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04013.htm}}</ref>

A significant incident during this period was Bhima's encounter with Kichaka, the brother-in-law of King Virata. Kichaka developed an infatuation with Draupadi, who was serving in the palace under the guise of a maid named Sairandhri. Kichaka's advances toward Draupadi escalated and he tried to sexually assault her, prompting her to seek Bhima's protection. Bhima devised a plan to eliminate Kichaka without revealing their true identities. He arranged for Draupadi to lure Kichaka into a secluded area, where Bhima, disguised, awaited him. A physical confrontation ensued, during which Bhima killed Kichaka. This incident was carried out discreetly to avoid compromising the Pandavas' incognito status. Kichaka's brothers blamed Sairandhri (Draupadi) for his death and tried to forcefully cremate her along with Kichaka, but Bhima slew them and rescued Draupadi.<ref name=":12"/>

Despite Kichaka's death raising suspicions within the palace, the Pandavas successfully maintained their disguises. Towards the end of their incognito year, the Kauravas and Trigartas raided the Matsya kingdom's cattle in an attempt to expose the Pandavas. Bhima, along with his brothers, defended the kingdom, ensuring that their true identities remained hidden until the incognito period concluded.<ref name=":12"/>

===The Kurukshetra War===
Following the Pandavas' return from their exile, the [[Kaurava]]s refused to restore their share of the kingdom. This refusal led to the inevitability of the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Bhima played a significant role in the events leading up to the war and was a key combatant throughout the eighteen days of conflict, which are documented in four books of the Mahabharata-[[Bhisma Parva]], [[Drona Parva]], [[Karna Parva]] and [[Shalya Parva]].

Before the war commenced, discussions were held among the Pandavas and their allies regarding the strategy and leadership of the army. Bhima suggested that [[Shikhandi]], who had the ability to challenge [[Bhishma]] due to Bhishma's oath not to fight against a woman or someone perceived as a woman, should lead the Pandava forces. However, [[Yudhishthira]] and [[Arjuna]] decided to appoint [[Dhrishtadyumna]] as the commander-in-chief.<ref name=":12"/> Bhima's chariot was driven by his charioteer, Vishoka, and bore a flag with a gigantic lion in silver, its eyes made of [[lapis lazuli]]. His chariot was yoked to horses described as being as black as bears or black antelopes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahabharata Text|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07023.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Kapoor|editor-first=Subodh|title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788177552713|page=4462|edition=1st}}</ref> Bhima wielded a celestial bow named Vayavya, gifted to him by his divine father, Vayu, and also possessed the massive conch named Paundra. Additionally, he wielded a colossal mace, said to have the strength of a hundred thousand maces, which had been presented to him by [[Mayasura]].

Before hostilities broke out, [[Krishna]] sought a final compromise to avoid war. During these peace talks, Bhima expressed his opinion that peace was preferable to war ([[Udyoga Parva]], Chapter 74). However, he also asserted that he was prepared for battle and spoke confidently about his prowess in the upcoming conflict (Udyoga Parva, Chapter 76). When [[Duryodhana]] sent [[Uluka]] with a message to the Pandavas, Bhima responded with an insulting reply, rejecting any form of submission or negotiation (Udyoga Parva, Chapter 163).<ref name=":12"/>

====Bhishma Parva (1st - 11th days)====
[[File:Bhima slaughtering his enemies.jpg|thumb|A 19th century manuscript depicting Bhima slaughtering his enemies.]]
During the early phase of the war, Bhima confronted [[Duryodhana]] multiple times. Bhima engaged in combat with the forces of the [[Kalinga kingdom|Kalingas]] and killed the Kalinga prince Shakradeva and another key warrior, Bhanuman. In the same battle, Bhima targeted the chariot of King Shrutayus, slaying warriors named Satyadeva and Shalya (distinct from another warrior also named [[Shalya]]), who were guarding the chariot wheels, as well as Ketuman. Bhima also decimated the Kaurava elephant division.<ref name=":12"/>

Later in the war, Bhima once again faced Duryodhana and successfully defeated him. Bhima also engaged [[Bhishma]], the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army, in combat on multiple occasions. Bhima also targeted the Kaurava brothers in a specific engagement, where he killed eight sons of [[Dhritarashtra]].<ref name=":12"/>

In the course of the war, Bhima defeated [[Kritavarma]] and killed Bhishma's charioteer. Following this, Bhima killed eight more sons of Dhritarashtra. Bhima's clashes also included a direct engagement with [[Drona]]charya, whom he struck with such force that the latter fell unconscious. Bhima continued his assault on the Kaurava brothers, killing nine more sons of Dhritarashtra. In another encounter, Bhima faced Bahlika, whom he defeated in combat. He also engaged [[Bhurishravas]] in a duel. Bhima's also killed ten [[Maharathis]] (great chariot warriors) of the Kaurava army in a single battle.<ref name=":12"/>

====Drona Parva (12th - 15th days)====
[[File:Sadiq, bhima uccide l'elefante asvatthama, india del nord, periodo mogul, 1598.jpg|thumb|An illustration from [[Razmnama]] (c. 1598 CE) depicting a scene of Drona Parva{{mdash}}Bhima slaying the elephant Ashvathamma.]]
[[Dhritarashtra]], the Kaurava patriarch, acknowledged Bhima's prowess in the [[Drona Parva]] (Chapter 10). Bhima fought with Vivinsati in a combat engagement (Chapter 14, Verse 27). He then entered into a club fight with [[Shalya]], defeating him (Chapter 15, Verse 8). Following this, Bhima fought with Durmarshana (Chapter 25, Verse 5). In this phase of the war, Bhima also killed Anga, the King of the [[Mleccha]] tribe (Chapter 26, Verse 17).<ref name=":12"/>

Bhima's confrontation with [[Bhagadatta|Bhagadatta's]] elephant was a notable encounter in which he was defeated and forced to retreat temporarily (Chapter 26, Verse 19). Later, he targeted [[Karna]]'s forces, attacking them and killing fifteen warriors in the process (Chapter 32, Verse 32). Bhima then fought against Vivinsati, Chitrasena, and Vikarṇa (Chapter 96, Verse 31).
In another engagement, Bhima fought [[Alambusha]] and emerged victorious (Chapter 106, Verse 16). Bhima then clashed with [[Kritavarma]] (Chapter 114, Verse 67). During a moment of distress, Bhima consoled [[Yudhishthira]], who was facing a crisis of confidence (Chapter 126, Verse 32). Bhima confronted [[Drona]] again and was able to defeat him (Chapter 127, Verse 42). Following this battle, he killed a group of warriors, including Kundabhedi, Sushena, Dirghalochana, Vrindaraka, Abhaya, Raudrakarma, Durvimocana, Vinda, Anuvinda, Suvarma, and Sudarshana (Chapter 127, Verse 60). In a display of combat skill, Bhima threw Dronacharya off his chariot eight times (Chapter 128, Verse 18). Bhima engaged [[Karna]] in battle and succeeded in defeating him (Chapter 122). However Karna was fighting mildly with Bhima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bibek Debroy |url=http://archive.org/details/the-mahabharata-set-of-10-volumes-by-bibek-debroy-veda-vyasa-vyasa-veda-vyas-z-lib.org |title=The Mahabharata, 10 Volumes by B. Debroy |pages=3912}}</ref> In a separate battle, Bhima killed Dussala, another warrior (Chapter 129). He later faced Karna once again (Chapter 131). In subsequent engagements, Bhima killed Durjaya (Chapter 133, Verse 13) and Durmukha (Chapter 134, Verse 20). He continued his campaign against the Kaurava brothers, killing Durmarshana, Dussaha, Durmada, Durdhara, and Jaya (Chapter 135, Verse 30).<ref name=":12"/>

Bhima fought Karna repeatedly, destroying many of his bows during their encounters (Chapter 139, Verse 19). In an aggressive maneuver, Bhima attempted to capture Karna by jumping into his chariot (Chapter 139, Verse 74). However, Karna aggressively retaliated and Bhima hid behind an elephant to save himself. Karna later dragged Bhima with the tip of his bow, but recalled his vow to [[Kunti]] and chose to spare his life instead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bibek Debroy |url=http://archive.org/details/the-mahabharata-set-of-10-volumes-by-bibek-debroy-veda-vyasa-vyasa-veda-vyas-z-lib.org |title=The Mahabharata, 10 Volumes by B. Debroy |pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07135.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Jayadratha-Vadha Parva: Section CXXXVIII}}</ref> Subsequently, Bhima killed the prince of [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]] by thrashing and kicking him (Chapter 155, Verse 24). He continued his offensive against key warriors, pushing and beating Jayarata, Dhruva, Durmada, and Dushkarna to death (Chapter 155). Bhima also rendered the great hero Somadatta unconscious with his club (Chapter 157, Verse 10). Bhima encountered [[Vikarna]] along with seven Kaurava brothers . In the battle that ensued, Vikarna was killed. Bhima grieved Vikarna's death by praising his noble deeds.<ref><{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Jayadratha-Vadha Parva Parva: Section CXXXVI|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07133.htm|access-date=2022-11-08|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> In this chapter, Bhima also killed [[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]] (Chapter 157, Verse 11)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona parva : Section 188|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01002.htm|access-date=2021-08-11|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> and other warriors including Nagadatta, Dridharatha, Mahabahu, Ayobhuja, Dridha, Suhastha, Viraja, Pramathi, Ugra, and Anuyayi (Chapter 157, Verse 16).<ref name=":12"/>

On the 15th day of the war, Bhima attacked [[Duryodhana]] and defeated him after a fierce exchange.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07162.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Ghatotkacha-badha Parva: Section CLXV}}</ref> Bhima's son [[Ghatotkacha]] was killed by Karna, leading to Bhima lament over his death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona parva : Section 188|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07185.htm|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref> Bhima then killed the elephant named Ashvatthama as part of a strategic deception to spread the false news that Drona's son, [[Ashwatthama|Ashvatthama]], had been killed (Chapter 190, Verse 15). This ruse led to Drona's surrender and eventual downfall. Bhima then fought against the [[Narayanastra]], a celestial weapon deployed by Ashvatthama (Chapter 199, Verse 45). During this encounter, Bhima's charioteer was killed (Chapter 199, Verse 45).<ref name=":12"/> Bhima was the only warrior who refused to submit to the invincible Narayanastra weapon and had to dragged to his safety by [[Arjuna]] and [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07197.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Drona-vadha Parva: Section CCI}}</ref>

====Karna Parva (16th-17th days)====
[[File:Bhima drinks blood.jpg|thumb|A print showing Bhima drinking Dushasana's blood, by Dharmik Picture House Lahore, 1930s]]
In the [[Karna Parva]], Bhima killed Kshemadhurti, the King of Kalata, in another battle (Chapter 12, Verse 25). He then fought Ashvatthama, but was struck down unconscious in this encounter (Chapter 15). Bhima killed Bhanusena, the son of [[Karna]], in a subsequent duel (Chapter 48, Verse 27). He then killed Vivitsu, Vikata, Sama, Kratha, Nanda, and Upananda in another engagement (Chapter 51, Verse 12).<ref name=":12"/>

Bhima once again defeated [[Duryodhana]] in battle (Chapter 61, Verse 53). During this phase of the war, he took upon himself the responsibility of the battle's outcome and directed Arjuna to guard Yudhishthira (Chapter 65, Verse 10). Bhima also defeated [[Shakuni]] in combat (Chapter 81, Verse 24). He engaged Duryodhana in another fierce encounter (Chapters 82 and 83).<ref name=":12"/>

In a critical moment of the war, Bhima killed [[Dushasana]], fulfilling his vow and symbolically drinking the blood from Dushasana's chest after ripping out his limbs and tearing his chest open. (Chapter 83, Verse 28).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva: Section LXXXVIII|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08083.htm}}</ref> Following this, Bhima killed ten more sons of Dhritarashtra: Nisangi, Kavaci, Pasi, Dandadhara, Dhanurgraha, Alolupa, Sala, Sandha, Vatavega, and Suvarcas (Chapter 84, Verse 2).Bhima continued his assault on the Kaurava forces, killing 25,000 infantrymen single-handedly in one engagement (Chapter 93, Verse 28).<ref name=":12"/>

====Shalya Parva (18th day)====
[[File:Bhima hurled his mace with fury.jpg|left|thumb|An illustration by Evelyn Paul depicting the mace duel between Bhima and Duryodhana, c. 1913]]
In the [[Shalya Parva]], Bhima defeated [[Kritavarma]] in combat (Chapter 11, Verse 45). He then fought [[Shalya]] in a club fight (Chapter 12, Verse 12). Bhima once again defeated [[Duryodhana]] (Chapter 16, Verse 42). In a subsequent battle, he killed the charioteer and horses of Shalya (Chapter 17, Verse 27).
Bhima then killed another 25,000 infantrymen (Chapter 19, Verse 49). He targeted the sons of Dhritarashtra, killing eleven more of them: Durmarshana, Shrutanta, Jaitra, Bhuribala, Ravi, Jayatsena, Sujata, Durvisha, Durvimocana, Duspradharsha, and Shrutavarma (Chapter 27, Verse 49).<ref name=":12"/>

In the climactic battle of the war, Bhima engaged Duryodhana in a mace duel. [[Duryodhana]] had gone and hid under a lake. The [[Pandava]]s brothers and [[Krishna]] thus went to the lake and taunted Duryodhana off his refuge. Yudhishthira proposed a final challenge to Duryodhana, to a battle against any of the Pandavas under any weapon of Duryodhana's desire. [[Yudhishthira]] also promised Duryodhana that should he win, he would reign as the next King of Hastinapura. After given the option to choose the opponent, Duryodhana chose Bhima as his opponent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section XXXII |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09032.htm}}</ref>

Though Bhima had superior strength, Duryodhana had superior skills. Krishna reminded Arjuna about Bhima's oath to smash Duryodhana's thigh during the duel. Arjuna signaled to Bhima by slapping his thigh. Understanding that sign, Bhima threw his mace towards Duryodhana's thigh while the latter was in mid-air during a jump.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 58 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09058.htm}}</ref> After defeating Duryodhana, Bhima taunted Duryodhana by kicking his head repeatedly and dancing madly.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 59 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09059.htm}}</ref> Enraged at this sight, [[Balarama]] grabbing his plough attempted to attack Bhima, but was stopped by Krishna. Krishna convinced his brother by reminding him of Bhima's oath and the encroaching onset of the Kali Yuga.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 60 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09060.htm}}</ref>

===Later years and death===
[[File:The blind Dhritarashtra attacks the statue of Bhima.jpg|thumb|The blind Dhritarashtra attacks the statue of Bhima, from [[Razmnama]] manuscript, c. 1616 - 1617]]
After the [[Kurukshetra War]], Bhima played a significant role in the events that followed. He pursued [[Ashwatthama|Ashvatthama]], who had killed [[Upapandavas|Draupadi's sons]] (including Bhima's son Sutasoma) in a night raid on the Pandava camp (Sauptika Parva, Chapter 13, Verse 16). After Ashwatthama was subdued and his powerful gem was taken from him, Bhima presented the gem to [[Draupadi]] (Sauptika Parva, Chapter 16, Verse 26), consoling her. Later, Bhima apologised to [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], the mother of the [[Kaurava]]s (Stri Parva, Chapter 15), and [[Dhritarashtra]], who attempted to kill him by crushing him in a bear hug. Krishna intervened by replacing Bhima with a metal statue, and Dhritarashtra's rage was appeased when he shattered the statue, allowing him to partially forgive him.<ref name=":12"/>

When [[Yudhishthira]] expressed a desire to renounce the world and take up the life of a sannyasin, Bhima urged Yudhishthira to remain on the throne (Shanti Parva, Chapter 19). Yudhishthira appointed Bhima as the commander-in-chief of Hastinapura. (Shanti Parva, Chapter 41, Verse 9)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12a041.htm|title=Mahabharata Text}}</ref> and settled him in the palace that had belonged to Duryodhana (Shanti Parva, Chapter 44, Verse 6). During the [[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha Yajna]] conducted by Yudhishthira, Bhima took on the responsibility of measuring the sacrificial ground alongside the Brahmins (Ashvamedha Parva, Chapter 88, Verse 6). During this period, [[Babhruvahana]], a son of [[Arjuna]], visited Bhima, who sent him back with gifts of money and food grains (Ashvamedha Parva, Chapter 88, Verse 6). Bhima initially opposed Dhritarashtra's request for funds to perform riyuals for those who had died in the war, but agreed after persuasions from Dhritarashta and Yudhishthira (Ashramavasika Parva, Chapter 11, Verse 7). After Dhritarashtra, Gandhari, and [[Kunti]] retired to the forest, Bhima visited them once (Ashramavasika Parva, Chapter 23).<ref name=":12"/>

After almost three decades, upon the onset of the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', the [[Pandava]]s delegated the administration of the kingdom to [[Parikshit]], and embarked on their final journeyto the [[Himalayas]]. During the journey, [[Draupadi]], [[Sahadeva]], [[Nakula]], and [[Arjuna]] each succumbed to death in succession. Bhima inquired about the cause of these deaths, and Yudhishthira provided him with appropriate explanations. When Bhima himself was on the verge of death, he questioned the reason, and Yudhishthira attributed it to Bhima's [[gluttony]].<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17002.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section II}}</ref> In some versions of the story, Yudhishthira points out Bhima's boastfulness, gluttony, and battle-lust as the reasons for his fall. Bhima is seen among the [[Maruts]] and sitting next to his father [[Vayu]], when Yudhisthira ascended to [[Svarga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m18/m18004.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 18: Svargarohanika Parva: Section IV}}</ref>

== Outside Indian subcontinent ==
=== Indonesia ===
[[File:Nusa-Dua Bali Indonesia Statue-of-Bhima-01.jpg|thumb|Statue of Bhima in [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]]]
[[File:Bima Statue 284.jpg|thumb|Werkudara or Bhima statue at the [[National Museum of Indonesia]]]]

Bhima, also known as Werkudara in Indonesian and Javanese culture, is a prominent figure in Indonesia's wayang traditions, particularly within [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Balinese people|Balinese]] cultures. Renowned for his strength, bravery, and wisdom, Bhima is portrayed as a figure who treats everyone equally, adhering to principles of honesty and loyalty. His character refrains from using refined speech or showing subservience, except in special circumstances, such as when he becomes a sage in the "Bhima Suci" play or during his meeting with Dewaruci.<ref name=":3" />

In Indonesia, Bhima is highly skilled in the use of various weapons, including the mace (Gada) and other divine armaments like the Pancanaka and Rujakpala. He is also endowed with supernatural powers, including Aji Bandungbandawasa and Aji Ketuglindhu. Additionally, he is known for his symbolic attire, such as the Nagabanda belt and Cinde Udaraga pants, representing his divine stature.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bima-ngaji-maknai-asal-dan-tujuan-hidup-manusia/ |title= "Bima Ngaji", Maknai Asal Dan Tujuan Hidup Manusia|date= 3 December 2016|publisher= Kembdikbud|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>

Bhima's presence in Indonesian mythology extends into the [[wayang]] puppet theater, where his stories are celebrated. He is depicted as the son of the wind god, Batara Bayu, and is known for his exceptional strength and ability to control the wind. Various tales recount his adventures, including his encounters with giants, his quest for divine knowledge, and his key role in the Mahabharata epic, particularly in the Baratayuda (the Javanese version of the Kurukshetra War).<ref name=":3" />

Bhima's image is also revered in Indonesia through various statues, such as those in Bali and at the National Museum of Indonesia. His cultural significance persists, making him a well-known figure among Javanese people, including the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[Muslims]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=MacGregor |first=Neil |title=A History of the World in 100 Objects |publisher=[[Viking Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-670-02270-0 |edition=First American |location=New York |page=540 |author-link=Neil MacGregor}}</ref>

====Wayang story====
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajangfiguur van perkament mogelijk voorstellende Bima TMnr 8-255.jpg|thumb|Werkudara or Bhima wayang (puppetry) in [[Indonesian culture]], especially [[Java]]]]
[[File:Bhima Relief, Candi Sukuh 1233.jpg|thumb|Bhima relief at [[Sukuh|Sukuh temple]], a hero of the Mahabharata, who stands opposite a pedestaled god within a horseshoe-shaped arch. The figures are sculpted in wayang puppet style, resembling their. leather-puppet counterparts in posture, costume, and sideways presentation.]]

In the Javanese and Balinese [[wayang]] tradition, Bhima (also known as Werkudara) is a prominent and revered character, representing strength, courage, and an unwavering sense of righteousness. The wayang (shadow puppet theater) performances have transformed the story of Bhima into a narrative deeply infused with spiritual and moral themes, often differing from the classical Indian Mahabharata. In these performances, Bhima's journey is not only physical but spiritual, as he seeks wisdom, power, and enlightenment.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Suparyanto |first=Petrus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1atDwAAQBAJ&dq=bhima+wayang&pg=PA79 |title=Bhima's Mystical Quest: As a Model of Javanese Spiritual Growth |date=2019 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-90883-4 |language=en}}</ref>

One of the most well-known stories in wayang featuring Bhima is his encounter with Dewaruci, a powerful spiritual episode that symbolizes Bhima's quest for inner knowledge. In this story, Bhima is tasked with finding the Tirta Amerta, the water of life, which symbolizes eternal truth. This leads him into the ocean, where he faces several trials. During this quest, Bhima meets Dewaruci, a miniature divine form of himself, who reveals the secrets of the universe to Bhima, teaching him the values of humility, inner strength, and the importance of enlightenment beyond physical might. The character of Bhima in wayang is also portrayed as a defender of the weak and a warrior who fights not only external battles but internal struggles as well. His devotion to his family, especially to his mother Kunti and brothers, is emphasized, highlighting his loyalty and dedication. His weapon of choice, the mace (gada), is a symbol of both his physical power and his ability to uphold justice.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8JwAAAAMAAJ&q=bima+wayang|title=Citra Bima dalam kebudayaan Jawa|work=Woro Ariandini|year=2000|isbn=9789794562130|last1=Ariandini|first1=Woro}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The wayang performances often extend Bhima's role beyond the original Indian epic, incorporating elements of local folklore, myth, and cultural values. As such, Bhima becomes a symbol of Javanese ideals—strength tempered by wisdom, loyalty to family and community, and the pursuit of spiritual knowledge. The wayang version of Bhima is deeply ingrained in Indonesian culture, serving as a moral guide and a heroic figure whose stories resonate with audiences across generations.<ref name=":3" />

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bhīma}}

{{Mahabharata}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Pandavas]]
[[Category:Heroes in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Hanuman]]
[[Category:People of the Kurukshetra War]]
[[Category:Demigods]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]

Sreekandan Nair

2026-02-12T02:51:23Z

MickiAddy25: starting page

{{Short description|Indian media personality, television anchor and journalist}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Sreekandan Nair(1942)
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = R.
Sreekandan Nair
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Managing director]]|[[Television personality]]|Television Host|[[Television producer|Producer]]}}
| years_active = 1983{{endash}}present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = N. Raman Pillai (father) Janaki Amma (mother)
}}
'''Sreekandan Nair aka SKN''' is a media personality, television anchor, veteran journalist and Managing Director of [[Flowers TV]] and [[24 News]].

He has hosted several [[Malayalam]] TV shows, including ''Oru Nimisham'', ''Nammal Thammil'', and ''Samadooram''. He was formerly a presenter on [[Doordarshan]], the content head and senior Vice President of [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] in the [[Kerala]] sector of India, and a consultant to the entertainment television operations of [[Mazhavil Manorama]]. He has hosted a talk show called the 'Sreekandan Nair Show'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flowerstv.in/tag/sreekandan-nair-show-latest-episode/|title=sreekandan nair show latest episode Archives - Flowers TV|publisher=}}</ref> on [[Flowers TV]] in which he achieved [[Guinness World Records]] along with [[Flowers TV]] for hosting a TV talk-show for 6 hours and asked 674 questions on 18 March 2018 .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinetrooth.in/2015/12/31/sreekandan-nair-talk-show-on-flowers-tv-saturdays-at-10-pm/|title=Sreekandan Nair Talk Show on Flowers Television - Saturdays at 10 PM|first=Biju Cherian|last=Manalethu|date=31 December 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/108486-most-questions-asked-by-a-tv-talk-show-host-in-6-hours|title=Most questions asked by a TV talk show host in 6 hours|publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1984, Sreekandan Nair started his career as a programme executive at [[All India Radio]]. There, he penned and staged over 1500 satirical radio plays, radio dramas, and documentaries. He also anchored the program ''Oru Nimisham'' on [[Doordarshan]]. He wrote a screenplay for Malayalam movie Raajathanthram.

He later joined [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] as the head of its TV content division in Kerala. While working there, he launched the Malayalam television talk show ''Nammal Thammil'', which spanned 750 episodes over 17 years. He eventually became the Show Director of the event management division of Asianet. In 2003, he became the senior vice president of Asianet.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.leadersofkerala.com/documents/Biography/d6a8924622194e65b972f71fc8ffa793_134.pdf | title=R Sreekandan Nair | publisher=leadrsofkerala.com | accessdate=16 September 2018 }}</ref> He simultaneously worked for [[Mazhavil Manorama]] as a consultant and founded the company Magic Media Infotainment Private Limited. Under its banner, he produced and anchored the talk show ''Samadooram'' and the television serial Kathayile Rajakumari, which was broadcast on Mazhavil Manorama.

On 4 January 2016, he launched a talk show called the ''Sreekandan Nair Show'' on [[Flowers TV]], of which he is the managing director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/12/sreekandan-nair-show-on-flowerstv-from.html|title=VINODADARSHAN: SreeKandan Nair Show on Flowers TV from January 2, 2016|last=Vinodadarshan|publisher=}}</ref> He later launched another talk show called ''<nowiki/>'Oru Nimisham''' on the same channel.

Sreekandan Nair launched a show called Flowers Oru Kodi, which allows participants to win 1 crore through a quiz session. The show is live since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author=News Desk |date=2021-07-27 |title='Flowers Oru Kodi'; How to apply and be a part of the extravagant show |url=http://e.twentyfournews.com/2021/07/27/flowers-oru-kodi/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Twentyfour English |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!year
! Program
!Channel
!Role
! Notes
|-
|1990's||''Oru Nimisham''||DD Malayalam||Host||
|-
|1995-2011||''Nammal Thammil''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Host||Replaced by [[John Brittas]]
|-
|2011-2012||''Kathayile Rajakumari''||rowspan=2|Mazhavil Manorama||Producer||Serial
|-
|2012||''Samadooram''||Host||
|-
|2013-2014||''Sreekandan Nair Show''||Surya TV||Host||
|-
|2015-2016||''Smart Show'' ||rowspan=5|Flowers TV ||Host||
|-
|2016 – 2019||''Sreekandan Nair Show''|| Host||
|-
|2016-2017||''Oru Nimisham''||Host||
|-
|2016||''Anavaranam''||Host||
|-
|2019||''Anantharam''||Host||Replaced by [[Govind Padmasoorya]]
|-
|2019 – present||''Good Morning''||rowspan=4|Twentyfour News||Co-Host ||
|-
|2020–present||''Encounter''||Host||
|-
|Rowspan=3|2020||''Covid Commerce''||Host||
|-
|''Break the chain''||Mentor||Awareness program
|-
|''Koodathayi''||rowspan=10|Flowers TV||Story, Script, dialogue||rowspan=2|Serial
|-
|2020-2021||''Nandanam''||Producer
|-
|2021–Present||''[[Flowers Oru Kodi]]''||Host||
|-
|2022||''Oru Kodi Kilukkam''||Co-Host||12 hour live event
|-
|2022||''Chirikkarude Samsthanasammelanam''||Co-Host||
|}

==Films==
• Kalimannu Tv Anchor

• Arjunan Sakshi Tv Anchor
* Raajathanthram (1997) (Story, Screenplay, dialogue)
*[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]] as Sreekandan Nair

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sreekandan-nair-to-break-graham-nortons-guinness-world-record/articleshow/63283881.cms Sreekantan Nair to Break Guinness World Record - TOI]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sreekandan-nair-rewrites-the-guinness-world-record/articleshow/63375738.cms Sreekantan Nair achieves Guinness World Record - Times of India]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Sreekandan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kollam]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nokia Life

2026-01-17T22:09:10Z

MickiAddy25: done.

{{Notability|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
'''Nokia Life''', earlier ''Ovi Life Tools'' and ''Nokia Life Tools'', was an [[SMS]] based, subscription information service designed for the "Next Billion Users" in [[emerging markets]], and offers a wide range of information services covering healthcare, agriculture, education and entertainment. The project began with Nokia's Emerging Market's Anand Narang and Jawahar Kanjilal, wherein they worked with BCG to identify the services for consumers in emerging markets to expand Nokia's footprint and drive long-term loyalty. The team then carried on consumer research, insights generation, proposition development & concept definition for the "Next Billion Consumers". Post Board approval, Nokia teams led by Jawahar Kanjilal, Anand Narang and Hemant Madan created a suite of services, branding, distribution, piloting, pricing & digital subscriptions business model for the [[Bottom of the Pyramid]] (BoP) consumers, because of the significant brand- and distribution presence that it already had in those markets at that time. The Nokia Life Tools was borne out of first hand market visits to small towns and villages in China, India, Nigeria, Indonesia, Egypt, Brazil and Ukraine to name a few, where Anand and Jawahar noticed that consumers didn't have access to relevant, timely and useful information in areas like healthcare, education and agriculture for their children and families. In addition, Nokia started facing competition from the cheaper Chinese and Indian companies. To build loyalty amongst existing customers and provide a genuine life-enhancing and well-being service, a suite of Nokia Life Tools was borne. These services when introduced brought life-changing experiences in Nokia customers' lives. The service has been available in India, China, Indonesia, Nigeria and Pakistan. Around 125 million people have experienced Nokia Life services in these five countries. In 2013 Nokia Life was eliminated due to Nokia's switch in focus and the arise of Internet-based information services in those markets.

Nokia Life was launched as ''Mera Nokia'', in the state of Maharashtra in India in early 2009.<ref>[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/04/08/nokia_life_tools/ The Register: Nokia Life Tools help Indian farmers get one]</ref> After the successful pilot, a wider commercial deployment of the service under the name Nokia Life Tools began in India in June 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://press.nokia.com/2008/11/04/inform-involve-empower-nokias-service-mantra-for-emerging-markets-with-nokia-life-tools/ |title=Nokia Life Tools – Inform, Involve, Empower |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825022912/http://press.nokia.com/2008/11/04/inform-involve-empower-nokias-service-mantra-for-emerging-markets-with-nokia-life-tools/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The service was later expanded to Indonesia in November 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://press.nokia.com/2009/11/04/nokia-launches-five-new-affordable-mobile-phones-and-nokia-life-tools-in-indonesia/ |title=Nokia Press: Nokia Life Tools Launches in Indonesia |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-date=1 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601025822/http://press.nokia.com/2009/11/04/nokia-launches-five-new-affordable-mobile-phones-and-nokia-life-tools-in-indonesia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> China in May 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://press.nokia.com/2010/05/07/nokias-ovi-life-tools-launched-in-china/ |title=Nokia Press: Nokia Life Tools Launched in China |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-date=7 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507045454/http://press.nokia.com/2010/05/07/nokias-ovi-life-tools-launched-in-china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Nigeria in November 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://press.nokia.com/2010/11/02/nokia-launches-ovi-life-tools-in-africas-largest-mobile-market/ |title=Nokia Press: Nokia Life Tools Launches in Nigeria |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825024057/http://press.nokia.com/2010/11/02/nokia-launches-ovi-life-tools-in-africas-largest-mobile-market/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nokia Life was able to use the existing distribution network of Nokia by pre-installing it on Nokia devices. The first two supported devices were the Nokia 2323 Classic and Nokia 2330 Classic devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mobilegazette.com/nokia-2323-2330-classic-08x11x04.htm|title=Nokia 2323 Classic and 2330 Classic - Mobile Gazette - Mobile Phone News}}</ref>

== Customer-centric approach ==
Nokia Life was precursor of the customer-centric approach. Customer studies in the form of pilots, surveys, observation, and prototyping were used as input and testing for both the product design and the business model. Consequently, the trick was to scale the service to a personal content level to address multiple micro segments. [[Affordability]] is one of the most important challenges to overcome when targeting the Bottom of the Pyramid.<ref name="Prahalad (2012)">{{cite journal|last1=Prahalad|first1=C.K.|title=Bottom of the Pyramid as a Source of Breakthrough Innovations|journal=Journal of Product Innovation Management|date=2012|volume=29|issue=1|pages=6–12|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00874.x}}</ref> The customer-centric approach contributed to achieving affordability by ensuring that Nokia Life invested time and money in activities and elements that were most relevant for the targeted customer segments.<ref name="Jansen (2016)">{{cite journal|last1=Jansen|first1=W.|title=Overcoming the affordability barrier with business models|journal=Master Thesis Erasmus University|date=2016}}</ref> Therefore, Nokia Life operated on a local level with locally-insights driven teams. The service has been built from the ground-up based on the insights that local teams were gathering about each specific market in order to overcome the paradox of distance by adjusting the product or service to the local needs in order to increase the fit with the customer segment. The unit was headed by Jawahar Kanjilal, Global Head for Nokia Life.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/global/2009/1116/wireless-singapore-jawahar-kanjilal-nokia-emerging-market.html Forbes: Nokia’s Emerging Hope]</ref> The languages were also adjusted to local preferences. For example, the services in [[India]] supported 11 local languages.<ref>[http://www.psfk.com/2008/11/nokia-life-tools.html PSFK: Nokia Life Tools]</ref> ([[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Oriya language|Oriya]]).

== Value Proposition ==
Basically, Nokia Life helped people to make decisions at one specific moment in time. Therefore, it had to make sure that it created value by providing the right content for that decision, and delivering the value at that specific moment in time. For example, the agricultural part of the service consists of localized information including weather conditions, advice about crop cycles, general tips and techniques, as well as market prices for crops. Farmers in the pilot scheme said getting daily prices on their phones reduced their dependency on agents for basic information, enabling them to negotiate with greater confidence. The relevance of the service is described in an anecdote from the former Strategic Manager:<ref name="Jansen (2016)"/> ''"One of our customers was a farmer who had a son that drove all day around on his bicycle to visit markets and determine the market prices. At the end of the day, when the farmer was loading his crops, the son gave this information to his father so that he knew what price he could ask for his crop".'' The proposition from Nokia Life was built around how it could improve people's live and livelihoods.

Furthermore, the educational tools provide simple English and general knowledge courses in local languages, as well as study modules in a variety of state and ICSE board topics, including history, geography, biology, physics and chemistry. In India, it also includes a service that allows students to retrieve their exam results through their NLT app.

The healthcare services offers pregnancy and childcare advice, men's health, and women's health in all countries. There is also a range of health topics like respiratory, heart, diabetes, hepatitis and digestive health which are specific to some countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/04/07/healthcare-tips-start-to-gain-traction/ |title=Nokia Conversations: Healthcare Tips Start To Gain Traction |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410014238/http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/04/07/healthcare-tips-start-to-gain-traction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Finally, the entertainment services suite offering varies regionally and includes among others cricket & football scores, news, wallpapers, astrology, and ringtones.

== 'A rupee a day kind of service' ==
People at the BoP find a [[cost of ownership]] structure that matches their [[disposable income]] more important than the total amount of money that has to be paid at the end of the cycle.<ref name="Jansen (2016)"/> Consequently, Nokia Life was aiming for '''a rupee a day kind of service'''. The price differentiated per country, but was always between $0.50 and $1.00 per month. The former CEO explains the degree of affordability of Nokia Life: ''"One rupee will not even get you a cigarette, so people should value the service more than a cigarette".''

== Partnerships ==
Nokia Life included partners in their business model to complement each other in order to serve a common goal. It built a platform that could reach specific segments while other parties were also looking to reach this segment with certain content. Nokia Life's need for content and the partner's need for a [[Computing platform|platform]] were combined. In return those partners were willing to bear costs in the form of sponsorships and to provide free content and resources. Partnerships included some services that were free to the end consumer and paid for by the partner (advertiser). Here the partner paid for a sequential engagement with the Nokia Life user. This sequential engagement unit (SEU) was offered to partners to help drive behavioral and attitudinal changes. These SEU's helped build the context and reinforce the messaging by targeted communication with the users over a specified time duration.<ref>[http://www.medianama.com/2011/09/223-arogya-nokia-life-tooks-mhealth/ Medianama: Arogya Powers Diabetes Prevention mHealth Updates In India On Nokia Life Tools]</ref> The most critical partnerships involved content providers for free content (e.g. governmental organizations, NGOs, universities, content agencies), and Nokia and operators as distribution partners. The service provider included at first partners that were used to get the content and offering in place, and secondly go-to-market partners (operators) were included.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[http://www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1266168 Nokia's announcement of Nokia Life Tools]

{{Nokia services}}
{{Nokia}}

[[Category:Nokia services]]
[[Category:Symbian software]]

Ali Naqi Naqvi

2026-01-15T02:57:33Z

MickiAddy25: added references

{{Short description|Indian poet, writer and jurist (1905–1988)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Sources exist|date=April 2020}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2020}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = Syed-ul-Ulama
| name = Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi Nasirabadi
| honorific_suffix = Naqqan
| image =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Usuli]] [[Twelver]] [[Shi`a Islam]]
| location = [[Lucknow]], India
| title = [[Grand Ayatollah]]
| post = Grand Ayatollah
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1905|12|26}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1988|5|18|1905|12|26}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| website =
| predecessor1 = Maulana Abdul Hasan Naqvi
}}

[[Grand Ayatollah]] '''Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi Nasirabadi''' (26 December 1905 – 18 May 1988)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sayyid Ali Naqi Naqvi |url=https://al-islam.org/ur/person/sayyid-ali-naqi-naqvi |access-date=2025-07-22 |website= Al-Islam}}</ref> was an Indian [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]] [[Marja'|marja]], poet, writer, [[jurist]] and interpreter of the [[Quran]]. He has authored numerous books on [[Shia Islam]] in both [[Arabic]] and [[Urdu]], such as ''Shaheed-e-Insaniyat'' and ''Tareekh-e-Islam'', as well as a commentary on his translation of the Quran. Contemporary accounts and later scholars have described him as an influential religious writer and teacher.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Early life and education ==

Naqvi was born on 26 December 1905, in [[Lucknow]], [[British India]]. Around 1327 [[Hijri era|Hijri]] (1909), when he was three or four years old, his father, Syed Abul Hasan Naqvi (Mumtaz al-Ulama), took him and his family to [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Syed Rizwan Zamir |url=http://archive.org/details/syed_ali_naqan |title=syed_ali_naqan}}</ref> At the age of seven, he had a [[Bismillah ceremony|''Bismillah'' ceremony]] that was held at the Rauza-e-Imam Ali in Najaf, [[Iraq]]. Naqvi's formal education then began in Iraq, where he studied Arabic and [[Persian language|Persian]] grammar, and the basics of the Quran.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

In 1914, the family returned to India, and Naqvi's religious education continued under his father's tuition. He later attended the [[Sultanul Madaris|Sultan al-Madaris]] Seminary and studied Arabic literature with Mufti Muhammad Ali. Naqvi passed the exam for certification as a religious scholar ''(alim)'' from [[Allahabad University]] in 1923 and soon gained certifications from Nazamiyyah College and Sultan al-Madaris Seminary. In 1925, he was awarded a degree in literature ''(Fazil-e Adab).''{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

In 1927, Ali Naqvi departed for the seminaries of Iraq to study Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic theology ''(Kalam).'' He had already written and published four books. While studying in Iraq Naqvi wrote several works in Arabic, including ''Rooh Aladab Sharah Alamiyatal Arab'', ''Albait Al Mamoor Fi Emaratal Qubur'', ''Faryaad e Musalmanane Aalam'', and ''Altawae Haj Per Sharaee Nuqtae Nazar Se Bahas''. His first book published in Arabic, "''Kashf annaqab ann aqaaed Abdul Wahab Najdi''," was written in Najaf while he was a student days is the first book written against [[Wahhabis]]. His second book in Arabic, "''Aqalatalaashir fi eqamatalshaaer''", defended the act of "Matam".

Naqvi studied Islamic jurisprudence with Ayatullah Na'ini, [[Abu l-Hasan al-Isfahani|Ayatollah Abu Hasan Isfahani]] and Ayatullah [https://en.wikishia.net/view/Diya%27_al-Din_al-%27Iraqi Sayyid Diya' Iraqi]; Hadith with [[Abbas Qomi|Shakyh 'Abbas Qummi]] and Sayyid Husayn Sadr; and Islamic theology with [[Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi|Sayyid Sharf al-Din]], Shaykh Muhammad Husayn Kashif al-Ghita', Shaykh Jawad Balaghi, and Sayyid Muhsin Amin Amli. After completing his seminary education, he received certification (ijaza') for [[ijtihad]] and became a mujtahid at the age of 27. He was given [[ijazah]] by [[Muhammad Hossein Naini|Ayatollah Naaini]]. {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Career ==
{{Unsourced section|date=September 2023}}
In 1932 Naqvi returned to India where, in 1933 he was appointed the title professor in the Oriental College Department of Lucknow University. He taught Arabic and Persian there for over two decades.

In 1959, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] invited him to be in the Reader in the Theology (Dniyat) Department, which did not yet have a teaching faculty. The department created two parallel streams of Sunni and Shi'i theology, and Ali Naqvi began to oversee the affairs of the Shi'i branch. He was the Dean of Shi'i theology from 1967 to 1969 and retired from the university in 1972. <ref name=":0" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable, as the captured website provides very little information other than he was a professor at the university|date=October 2025}}

From 1972 to 1975, Naqvi was given a research professorship through the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), and he stayed permanently in Aligarh.

== Death ==
Naqvi died of a [[stroke]] in 1988 in [[Lucknow]] on [[Eid-ul-Fitr]] at the age of 83. {{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Publications ==
Naqvi's works include:

# ''Alami Mushkilat ka hal'' in Shu'a-i 'Amal (Jul 2009): 30–39 https://archive.org/stream/syed_ali_naqan/syed_ali_naqan_djvu.txt
# ''Ashk-i matam'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quaumi Press, 1957.
# ''Asiri-yi ahl-i haram'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quaumi Press, 1940.
# ''Aurat awr Islam'' in Shu'a'-i 'Amal (May 2009): 6–13
# ''Aza-yi Husayn ki ahamiyat'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quaumi Press,1959.
# ''Aza-yi Husayn par tarikhi'' tabsarah. Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quaumi Press, np.
# ''Bani umayyah ki adavat-i-Islam ki mukhtasir tarikh'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1994.
# ''Hamaray rusum va quyud'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, 1939. 313
# ''Hayat-i qaumi'' Lucknow: Imamia Mission, 1941
# ''Hazrat 'Ali ki shakhsiyat: 'Ilm aur a'taqad ki manzil par'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, 1969.
# ''Husayn aur Islam'' Lucknow: Manshurah Imamiyah Mission, 1931. (Pdf Hindi)
# ''Husayn Husayn aik tarruf'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quaumi Press, 1964.
# ''Husayn ka atam balaydan'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1936.
# ''Husayn ka paygham 'alam-i insaniyat kay nam'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1959 (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Husayn ki yad ka azad Hindustan say mutalbah'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, 1950
# ''Husayni iqdam ka pahla qadam'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, 1953.
# ''Ibadat aur tariqi ibadat'', 2nd ed. Lucknow: Nizami Press, np.
# ''Iqalat al-athir fiiqamat al-sha'a'ir al-Husayniyah'' Najaf: Matba'ah Haydariyyah, 1929.
# ''Isbat-i pardah'' Lahore: Imamia Mission, 1961.
# ''Islam ka paygham pas-uftadah aqwam kay nam'' Lucknow: Imamiah Mission, 1936.
# ''Islam ki hakimanah zindagi'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1935.
# ''Islami culture kia hay?'' Lahore: Imamiyah Mission, 1960.
# ''Jadid tuhfatul avam'' Lahore: Iftikhar Book Depot, np.
# ''Karbala ka tarikhi vaqi'ah mukhtasar hay ya tulani?'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, 1960.
# ''Karbala ki yadgar payas'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, 1959.
# ''Khilafat-i Yazid kay muta'alliq azad ara'in'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1953. (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Khuda ki ma'rafat'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1938.
# ''Khutbaat-e-Karbala'' ([http://www.slideshare.net/changezi/khutbat-e-karbala-hindiby-syed-ul-ulema-syed-ali-naqi-naqvi-sahab-ts Pdf Hindi / Pdf Urdu]
# ''Khutbat-i Sayyidul 'ulama' muta'lliq karnama-yi Husayn'' Lucknow: Idarah-yi Payam-i Islam, np.
# ''La tufsidu fi alard''. 3rd ed. Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1998.
# ''Ma'rakah-yi Karbala'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, 1935.
# ''Majmu'ah-yi taqarir''. 5 vols. Lahore: Imamiyah Kutubkhana, np.
# ''Maqalat-i Sayyidul 'ulama’'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1996.
# ''Maqsad-i Husayn'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, 1956.
# ''Mas'alah-yi hayat an-nabi aur vaqi'ah-yi vafat-i rusul'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1973.
# ''Masa'il va dala'il'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, 1944.
# ''Mawlud-e-Ka'bah'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qaumi Press, np. (Pdf Hindi)
# ''Mazhab aur 'aql'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1941. 314
# ''Mazhab shi'ah aik nazar main'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1970. (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Mazlum-i Karbala'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission 1941.
# ''Mi‘raj-i insaniyat: sirat-i rasul aur al-i rasul ki roshni main'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1969
# ''Mujahidah-yi Karbala'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1933.
# ''Muqaddamah-yi tafsir-i Qur'an'' Lucknow: Idarah 'Ilmiyah and Nizami Press, 1940.
# ''Muqaddema Nahjul-balagha''
# ''Muslim personal law – Na qabil-i tabdil'' Lucknow: Imamia Mission, 1996.
# ''Mut'ah aur Islam'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qawmi Press, 1933.
# ''Nigarshat-e-Sayyidul 'ulama’''. Lahore: Imamiah Mission, 1997.
# ''Nizam-i zindagi'', 4 vols. Lucknow: Al-Va'iz Safdar Press, 1940. (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Qatil al-'abrah'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1960.
# ''Qatilan-e-Husayn ka madhhab'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1932.
# ''Qur'an aur nizam-i hukumat'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1972.
# ''Qur'an kay bayan al-aqvami irshadat'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1976. (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Qur'an-i majid kay andaz-i guftagu main ma'yar-i tahzib va ravadari'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1976. (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Radd-i Wahhabiyya'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, np. (Pdf English / Pdf Hindi / Pdf Urdu)
# ''Rahbar-i kamil: Savanih-i 'Ali'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1961.
# ''Rahnumayan-i Islam'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1962. (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Rusul-i Khuda'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1961.
# ''Safar namah-yi Hajj'' Lucknow: Nizami Press, 1977. (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Sahifah al-'amal'' Lucknow: np., 1939.
# ''Shahid-i insaniyat'' Lahore: Imamiyah Mission Pakistan Trust, 2006.
# ''Shuja'at kay misali karnamay'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1954.
# ''Ta'ziahdari ki mukhalfat ka asal ra'' z Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1963.
# ''Tadhkirah-i huffaz-i shi'a'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1935.
# ''Tafsir fasl al-khatab''. 8 vols Lahore: Misbah al-Qur'an Trust, 1986.
# ''Tahrif-i Qur'an ki haqiqat'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1932.
# ''Taqiyah'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1952. (Pdf Hindi)
# ''Tarikh-i Islam'' 4 vols. Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1961. 315
# ''The compilation of Nahjul-balagha ''(Pdf Urdu / [http://maulaali.com/Ali-Maula/the-compilation-of-nahjul-balagha/ English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203174209/http://maulaali.com/Ali-Maula/the-compilation-of-nahjul-balagha/ |date=3 December 2019 }}
# ''Tijarat aur Islam'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1933. (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Usul aur arkan-i din'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1973 (Pdf Hindi)
# ''Usul-i din aur Qur'an'' Lahore: Imamiyah Mission, 1964.
# ''Usvah-yi Husayni'' Lucknow: Imamiyah Mission, 1986.
# ''Va'dah-yi jannat'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qawmi Press, 1979.
# ''Vujud-i hujjat'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qawmi Press, 1932. (Pdf Urdu)
# ''Yad aur yadigar'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qawmi Press, 1968.
# ''Yazid aur jang-i Qustantaniyah'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Quqmi Press, 1965.
# ''Zikr-i Husayn'' Lucknow: Imamia Mission, np.
# ''Zindah savalat'' Aligarh University Press, 1971.
# ''Zindah-i javid ka matam'' Lucknow: Sarfaraz Qawmi Press, 1935.

== Controversy ==
Naqvi faced opposition from some members of the [[Shia Islam]] community for some contents of his book ''Shaheed-e-insaniyat''. Some sections of the book claim that there was water in the tents of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] during the [[Battle of Karbala]]. Other parts question if [[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn|Ali Asghar]] was truly martyred by Hurmula's arrow. {{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

''Shaheed-e-insaniyat'' was privately published by Idaar-e-Yaadgar-e-Husaini, an organization of 300 members whose purpose was to review, compile, edit, and present a book on Karbala that would be acceptable for a broader audience to read. The book was written in 1942 (1361 AH) by a team of Ulemas from different religions: Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Naqi Naqvi compiled their contributions into a book form.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

Initially 500 copies were printed for review by the organization members who were asked to comment on the text. The public release of this draft led to the controversy, with Naqvi being criticized by some members of the community, due to them believing that he was the sole author of the book.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

== Family ==
After his father's early death, Naqvi raised his four brothers, all of whom became scholars of [[Shia Islam]].

* Maulana Syed Abdul Hasan Naqvi (1940–2001), Lucknow, India
* Maulana Syed Murtaza Naqvi (1927–1994), Lucknow, India
* Maulana Syed Kazim Naqvi (1934–2018), Chairman, Dean of the Faculty of Theology, Aligarh Muslim University, [[Aligarh|Aligarh, India]]
* Maulana Syed Baqir Naqvi (1938 – present), [[Dubai|Dubai, UAE]]

Naqvi's son, Professor Syed Ali Mohammad Naqavi, was the Dean of the Faculty of Theology at Aligarh Muslim University, a position previously held by his uncle. Naqavi currently heads the Dara Shikoh Interfaith Center of Aligarh Muslim University and has published at least 34 books on various topics.<ref name=":0">{{cite web
|url = http://www.amu.ac.in/ShowFaculty.jsp?did=85
|title = Department of Shia Theology
|publisher = amu.ac.in
|author = Aligarh Muslim University
|accessdate = 16 January 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110105153401/http://www.amu.ac.in/ShowFaculty.jsp?did=85
|archive-date = 5 January 2011
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.slideshare.net/changezi/rizwan-ph-d PhD Thesis of Syed Rizwan Zamir on Syedul Ulama Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi t.s.]
*[http://www.slideshare.net/changezi/syed-ul-ulama-hayat-aur-karname-salamat-rizvi Syed ul ulama hayat aur karname – By Salamat Rizvi]
*[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%22Syed+Ul+Ulema+Maulana+Syed+Ali+Naqi+Sahab+Naqvi%22# Video Majalis of Syed Ul Ulema Allama Ali Naqi Naqvi (Naqqan Sahib)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naqvi, Ali Naqi}}
[[Category:Indian grand ayatollahs|Ayatollah Syed ul-Ulema Ali Naqi Naqvi]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:Ijtihadi family]]
[[Category:Scholars from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Lucknow]]

Karma Korma

2026-01-12T07:27:30Z

MickiAddy25: Made info - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Karma Korma poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Psychological Thriller]]|[[Dark Comedy]]|[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]}}
| creator = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| developer =
| based_on =
| writer = Pratim D. Gupta
| screenplay = Pratim D. Gupta
| director = Pratim D. Gupta
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sohini Sarkar]]
* [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = 22 Pally
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = 22 Pally
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Mahendra Soni
| editor = Sanglap Bhowmik
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Prosenjit Chowdhury
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = 22-26 minutes
| company = Fish Curry Movies
| released = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Karma Korma''''' ({{translation|[[Karma]] [[Korma]]}}) is a 2025 Indian Bengali [[Psychological thriller|psychological culinary thriller]] web series directed by [[Pratim D. Gupta]], in his directorial debut for a Bengali web series. Produced by Mahnedra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and Fish Curry Movies, the series stars [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]] and [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] in the lead roles.<ref name="irelease">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The teaser of the upcoming Hoichoi series Karma Korma shines as a dark, twisted, revenge comedy |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-teaser-of-the-upcoming-hoichoi-series-karma-korma-shines-as-a-dark--twisted--revenge-comedy/2002328 |access-date=25 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2Online]] |date=24 November 2025}}</ref>

The series revolves around a chef whose culinary expertise becomes a tool for delivering metaphorical justice and [[Karma]] to his guests.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=Ritabhari Chakraborty talks about instinct, chaos, curation and the upcoming Hoichoi series Karma Korma |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/ritabhari-chakraborty-talks-about-instinct--chaos--curation-and-the-upcoming-hoichoi-series-karma-korma/2002608 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=t2Online |date=8 December 2025}}</ref> 22 Pally had composed the music and background score for the series. The cinematography was done by Prosenjit Chowdhury while Sanglap Bhowmik handled the editing. The series was released on 12 December 2025, on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=মশলা মাখানো জ্যান্ত মানুষ! ঢিমে আঁচে রান্না করবেন সোহিনী? গায়ে কাঁটা দেওয়া ভয়ঙ্কর রেসিপি তৈরি ঋতাভরীর |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/pre-teaser-released-of-upcoming-hoichoi-thriller-series-karma-korma-177589 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=15 November 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Jhinuk is a dubbing artist. She belongs from a middle-class background and struggles with her alcoholic husband, Gopal. On the other hand, Shahana belongs from an affluent family but suffers from loneliness in her marriage. Jhinuk and Shahana met at a cooking workshop in Kolkata and slowly develop a close bond over shared recipes and domestic grievances. One day, in a moment of mutual frustration, they jokingly struck a deal to murder each other's husbands. This dark fantasy turned into a nightmare when Gopal was found dead on the street. Shahana claimed credit for the murder and demanded Jhinuk to honour their agreement by killing her husband, Arjun. As Jhinuk gets pushed to her limits, Inspector Bhupen Bhaduri begins investigation regarding the suspicious death. The series uses culinary metaphors that represent emotional manipulation and the inescapable cycle of karma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karma Korma: When friendship turns into a recipe for revenge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/karma-korma-when-friendship-turns-into-a-recipe-for-revenge/articleshow/125343870.cms |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=Times of India |date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanjiv Kumar |first1=Chetupelli |title=ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చిన రివేంజ్ క్రైమ్ థ్రిల్లర్- ఒకరి భర్తను మరొకరు చంపేలా భార్యల డీల్- ట్విస్టులు అదుర్స్- ఇక్కడ చూడండి! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/karma-korma-ott-streaming-on-hoichoi-and-airtel-xstream-revenge-crime-thriller-series-karma-korma-ott-release-261766476279190-amp.html |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 December 2025 |language=te}}</ref>

== Cast ==
Source:<ref name="releaseinfo">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Arpita |title=Karma Korma OTT release date: When and where to watch Ritabhari Chakraborty and Sohini Sarkar's Bengali revenge thriller series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/karma-korma-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-ritabhari-chakraborty-and-sohini-sarkars-bengali-revenge-thriller/9afaf94f10395 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=6 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Sohini Sarkar]] as Jhinuk
* [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]] as Shahana
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as [[Inspector]] Bhupen Bhaduri
* Pratik Dutta as Gopal, Jhinuk's husband
* [[Shataf Figar]] as Arjun, Shahana's husband
* Durbar Sharma as Kanai, Bhupen's associate
* Kalpan Mitra as Anupam
* [[Avijit Dutt]] as the Chef

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Biryani
|DirectedBy = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
|WrittenBy = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Chaap
|DirectedBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|WrittenBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Kofta
|DirectedBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|WrittenBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Kaliya
|DirectedBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|WrittenBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Rezala
|DirectedBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|WrittenBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Nihari
|DirectedBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|WrittenBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Korma
|DirectedBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|WrittenBy = Pratim D. Gupta
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Announcement and development ===
''Karma Korma'' was announced by Hoichoi as a part of its 2025 festive season releases, titled as "#UtshoberNotunGolpo", on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Durga Puja Special: New Bengali shows to add thrill to your festive evenings |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/durga-puja-special-new-bengali-shows-to-add-thrill-to-your-festive-evenings-626912 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=11 September 2025}}</ref> [[Sohini Sarkar]] and [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]] were cast in the lead roles. The first look poster for the series was released on 14 November 2025. It revealed the characters played by Sarkar and Chakraborty.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sohini Sarkar, Ritabhari Chakraborty to headline Pratim D. Gupta's 'Karma Korma' for Hoichoi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sohini-sarkar-ritabhari-chakraborty-to-headline-pratim-d-guptas-new-hoichoi-series-karma-korma-first-look-poster-out/cid/2132910 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=14 November 2025}}</ref> The second poster released from the series on 14 September 2025, revealed [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] in the role of a police inspector.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title='কার্মা কোরমা'র প্রথম পোস্টারেই খাকি উর্দিতে বাজিমাত ঋত্বিকের! সিরিজে তাঁর সঙ্গে রয়েছেন কোন দুই জনপ্রিয় অভিনেত্রী? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/ritwik-chakraborty-stuns-in-the-first-poster-of-pratim-d-gupta-s-new-series-karma-korma-112834#google_vignette |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=14 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Ritabhari Chakraborty]] shared in an interview the brief that she got from the director — "Imagine [[Gayatri Devi]]’s grace paired with the psyche of a psychopath." She said that it was enough to make her agree to do the series. This marked Ritabhari's collaboration with Sohini, 15 years after the television soap opera ''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Shundori]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Ritabhari Chakraborty on trading 'good girl' image for a grey character with Hoichoi's 'Karma Korma' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ritabhari-chakraborty-on-trading-good-girl-image-for-a-grey-character-with-hoichoi-series/cid/2137293 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=11 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "Pratimda and I are working for the second consecutive project - we also did Rannabati. I have always admired his work. And I often work with Hoichoi because I really value the critical acclaim their projects receive. So I try to do at least one project with them every year."
| source = — [[Sohini Sarkar]], regarding her experience of working on a Hoichoi project and collaborating with [[Pratim D. Gupta]]<ref name="t2">{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=Director Pratim D. Gupta serves up a flavourful recipe for empowerment in the new Hoichoi series Karma Korma |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/director-pratim-d--gupta-serves-up-a-flavourful-recipe-for-empowerment-in-the-new-hoichoi-series-karma-korma/2001091 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=t2Online |date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 60%
}}

The series was shot in the second half of 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Pratim Dasgupta suggests CSR-like model to ensure slots for indie films in theatres |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pratim-dasgupta-suggests-csr-like-model-to-ensure-slots-for-indie-films-in-theatres/cid/2137557 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=12 December 2025}}</ref> The major part of the filming was done at [[Beliaghata]] in [[Kolkata]]. For Ritabhari's costumes, a lot of her personal sarees and jewellery were being used in the film for her role because she had a dressing sense similar to the character played by her in the series.<ref name="t2"/>

== Release ==
''Karma Korma'' was initially scheduled to be streamed on 5 December 2025.<ref name="irelease"/> After being postponed for a week, the series was finally streamed on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi on 12 December 2025.<ref name="releaseinfo"/>

== Marketing ==
The teaser of ''Karma Korma'' was released on 22 November 2025, which revealed the release date to be 5 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Teaser - Karma Korma {{!}} Sohini Sarkar {{!}} Ritabhari {{!}} Pratim D Gupta {{!}} 5 DEC {{!}} hoichoi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQVmOJ9z1eg |website=Youtube |publisher=Hoichoi |access-date=6 January 2026 |date=22 November 2025}}</ref> The trailer for the series was dropped on 1 September 2025 and revealed the final release date of 12 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Trailer - Karma Korma {{!}} Sohini {{!}} Ritabhari {{!}} Ritwick C {{!}} Pratim D Gupta {{!}} 12 DEC {{!}} hoichoi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGJSH-Q456U&t=1s |website=Youtube |publisher=Hoichoi |access-date=6 January 2026 |date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the series and wrote "Karma Korma does not play by the established rules of the conventional Bengali web thriller. It borrows the ingredients — crime, revenge, broken marriages, and a police investigation — but cooks up a dish that feels fresh." He praised the balance between comedy and seriousness, the commanding performance by Ritabhari and Sohini, Ritwick's "unpredictable" acting, the cinematography, lighting and the curiosity being maintained till the last episode but bemoaned the fantasy sequences and imaginary scenarios.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='Karma Korma': Pratim Dasgupta's Hoichoi series is a slow-burn thriller that blends food and fate |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pratim-dasguptas-web-series-streaming-on-hoichoi-is-a-slow-burn-thriller-that-blends-food-and-fate/cid/2137828 |access-date=25 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

Atreyee Poddar of ''[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]]'' reviewed the film and opined "Karma Korma doesn’t look or feel like standard hoichoi content. It’s restrained, uncomfortable, and quietly confident. Not perfect, but undeniably ambitious." She applauded Ritwick's calm intelligence and subtle authoritative presence in his silent moments, Ritabhari's restrained acting, Sohini's performance, the discomfort in the plot, the spaced writing, the end, the music and the purposeful occasionally misleading sound design.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poddar |first1=Atreyee |title=Karma Korma: Pratim D. Gupta brings a smart thriller that outsmarts expectations |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Dec/13/karma-korma-pratim-d-gupta-brings-a-smart-thriller-that-outsmarts-expectations |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=13 December 2025}}</ref>

[[Mimi Chakraborty]] reviewed the film on behalf of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|t2Online]]'' and noted "Karma Korma is a series that starts off with a gripping dramatic tension and gradually settles into a raw, grounded realism that almost feels too close to life." She praised the metaphorical usage of food as an emotional connector, the interplay between gastronomy and storytelling, Sohini's nuanced performance, Ritabhari's complex screen presence, Ritwick's unpredictability, the cinematography, climax, background score and the colour palette but bemoaned the over-stretched surveillance on Sohini's character during the investigation scenes and slow pace in the initial episodes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Mimi |title=Mimi Chakraborty writes about the series Karma Korma |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/mimi-chakraborty-writes-about-the-series-karma-korma/2002693 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2Online]] |date=13 December 2025}}</ref>

A critic from ''Digit Binge'' rated the series 6.8/10 stars and highlighted "With Ritwick Chakraborty adding spice to this dangerous mix, Pratim D. Gupta serves a thriller where trust burns, emotions boil, and karma is cooked to perfection."<ref>{{cite news |title=Karma Korma |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/shows/karma-korma-894569.html |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=Digit Binge}}</ref> [[Taslima Nasrin]] heavily criticized the series and quoted "Since when have Bengalis been making such low-quality movie series! Director Pratim D Gupta fed us Korma, Biryani, Rezala, Nihari, etc. one by one. I couldn't eat any of it. The spices were not mixed with the oil, the rice was not cooked, the meat was not boiled. Everything was raw. It is not right to start making movies or series with such raw hands. If you want to make Bengali culture delicious, cook it with seasoned hands."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title='বাঙালি কবে থেকে এত নিম্নমানের সিনেমা-সিরিজ বানাচ্ছেন?' কী দেখে সোশ্যাল মিডিয়ায় ক্ষোভ উগরে দিলেন তসলিমা নাসরিন? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/taslima-nasrin-criticize-hoichoi-web-series-karma-korma-on-social-media-entertainment-news-tollywood-1162907 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=24 December 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das Banerjee |first1=Swati |title='ঋত্বিক কী করে রাজি হলেন...?' 'কর্মা কোর্মা'-কে 'অখাদ্য সিরিজ' বলে দাবী তসলিমার |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/taslima-nasrin-not-satisfied-to-see-karma-o-korma-web-series-in-hoichoi-271766552581682.html |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 December 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39013928}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/karma-korma Karma Korma] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/Karma-Korma-Bengali/0MSVMRQ4W4XCPC9Z9EZB9LT1OR Karma Korma] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Crime thriller web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]

Bhagonwali – Baante Apni Taqdeer

2025-12-23T03:26:07Z

MickiAddy25: Started new bio

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer =
| director = K. Mohit Kumar Jha Bharat Bhatiya Ranjan Kumar Singh Jafar Shaikh Vicky Chauhan Arvind Gupta
| producer =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme = "Bhagonwali"
| composer =
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = Samidha Khalid's Creative Lab
| country = India
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
| num_episodes = 318
| first_aired = {{Start date|2010|12|6|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2012|2|17|df=y}}
| image_alt =
| creator =
| list_episodes =
| network =
| released =
}}

'''''Bhagonwali''''' is an Indian daily soap opera that aired on [[Zee TV]]. The series premiered on 6 December 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://citiesbazar.com/india/maharashtra/zeetv_bhagonwali_mumbai-291110-9.php |title=Zee TV Bhagonwali - Baante Apni Taqdeer |access-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813153930/http://citiesbazar.com/india/maharashtra/zeetv_bhagonwali_mumbai-291110-9.php |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is produced by Samidha Khalid's Creative Lab. It tells the story of Runjhun who brings good luck and fortune wherever she goes. However, her own life is riddled with misfortune and hard work because of her circumstances. This show went off air on 17 February 2012, ending with a total of 318 episodes.<ref>{{YouTube|id=aIw6DApiEZc|title= Bhagonwali - Baante Apni Taqdeer: Episode 318 - 17-02-2012 }}</ref> The show was replaced by [[Punar Vivaah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara|Punar Vivaah]].

==Plot==
The story is set in [[Kannauj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Runjhun, an orphan, lives with her uncles and aunts and is treated like a servant in the house. However, Runjhun remains cheerful and ready to do any work. Her maternal grandmother tries to shield her after she learns that Runjhun is a ''bhagonwali'' (the lucky one) who will bring good luck and prosperity wherever she goes. Runjhun's aunts plot against her and get her married to a local goon Guddu Shukla who agrees to live with them. Runjhun throws Guddu a challenge that she will turn him into a good husband and human being.

Guddu decides to teach Runjhun's evil relatives a lesson but she feels bad for them and tries to help them. This upsets Guddu who tries to convince her that they deserve it. Guddu and Runjhun's relationship worsens when his ex-girlfriend, Nilu, enters their lives. She has Runjhun abducted. She forces Guddu to marry her if he wants to know where Runjhun is being held. Guddu marries Nilu though Runjhun escapes but before she can stop the wedding, she is shot by Jhabbu. When Nilu takes Guddu to where Runjhun was held, she is killed by the kidnapper who is then arrested.

Guddu finally finds Runjhun who has lost her memory. Her relatives try to deceive her. She is overcome with maternal feelings and wants a child and so asks Guddu to marry her. Not wanting to take advantage of her memory loss, he initially refuses but finally agrees. As they marry, Runjhun begins to remember. Her relatives finally accept her and the family is reunited in a happy ending.

==Cast==
The following is a list of the cast members and the characters they play on the television show:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/bhagonwali-baante-apni-taqdeer/cast.html |title=Cast - Bhagonwali - Baante Apni Taqdeer - zeetv.com |accessdate=2011-05-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613235729/http://www.zeetv.com/shows/bhagonwali-baante-apni-taqdeer/cast.html |archivedate=13 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* [[Nivedita Tiwari]] as Runjhun Guddu Shukla
* [[Himmanshoo A. Malhotra]] as Guddu Shukla
* [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Ahilya Devi / Runjhun's Nani (grandmother)
* [[Ankit Bathla]] as Abhigyan
* Vaishali Nazareth as Billo Pandey
* Sagar Saini as Rajju Pandey
* Mona Ray as Mittho Pandey
* [[Jyotsna Chandola]] as Mahadevi Pandey
* Madan Tyagi as Vishnu Pandey
* Suruchi Verma as Kalsanwali
* Jayesh Yadav as Kukkan
* Aashutosh Tiwari as Jabbu
* Supriya Kumari as Nilu
* Aakash Pandey as Khabri Tiwari
* Avdhesh Kushwaha as '''Bantu Pandey'''.

==Awards==
'''Zee Rishtey Awards 2011'''
Favourite Mastikhor Sadasya - Guddu Shukla{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]

Multiple units of India

2025-12-22T17:17:00Z

MickiAddy25: new a info v1

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2022}}

A [[multiple-unit]] train or simply multiple unit (MU) is a self-propelled [[train]] composed of one or more [[Coach (rail)|carriages]] joined together, which when coupled to another multiple unit can be controlled by a single driver,<ref name="Gloss">{{cite web| title = Rulebook Master: Glossary of Railway Terminology, Train Working "Coupled in multiple - Traction units coupled to allow through controls by one driver"| url = https://www.rssb.co.uk/rgs/rulebooks/GERM8000-master-module%20Iss%201.pdf| publisher = RSSB| access-date = 28 September 2017| archive-date = 10 August 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180810143338/https://www.rssb.co.uk/rgs/rulebooks/GERM8000-master-module%20Iss%201.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> with [[multiple-unit train control]]. Although multiple units consist of several carriages, single self-propelled carriages, such as [[railbus]]es and [[tram]]s – are in fact multiple-units when two or more of them are working connected through multiple-unit train control.

In India, MUs are used for all [[Suburban rail in India|suburban train]]s and [[Rapid transit in India|metro]]s and are increasingly used for short-medium-long distance trains also such as DEMUs, SSEMUs, [[MEMU]]s and [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat Express]].

==Design==
Most MUs are powered either by [[traction motors]], receiving their power through a [[Third rail electric system|third rail]] or [[overhead lines|overhead wire]] ([[electric multiple unit|EMU]]), or by a [[diesel engine]] driving a generator producing electricity to drive traction motors ([[diesel multiple unit|DMU]]).

A MU has the same power and traction components as a [[locomotive]], but instead of the components being concentrated in one car, they are spread throughout the cars that make up the unit. In many cases, these cars can only propel themselves when they are part of the unit, so they are semi-permanently coupled. For example, in a DMU one car might carry the [[prime mover (locomotive)|prime mover]] and [[traction motor]]s, and another the engine for [[head-end power]] generation; an EMU might have one car carry the [[Pantograph (rail)|pantograph]] and [[transformer]], and another car carry the traction motors. MU cars can be a motor or trailer car, it is not necessary for every one to be motorized.

== Usage ==

=== Rapid transit ===
[[File:DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg|thumb|An EMU of the [[Delhi Metro]]]]

There are currently 16 operational [[rapid transit]] (popularly known as 'metro') systems in fifteen cities across India. With [[Delhi Metro]] being the largest metro system which connects too few other nearby cities in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ylEObaYWxcC7lGO2E2e4wJ/The-rise-of-metro-rail-network-in-India.html|title=How metro rail networks are spreading across India|first=Jyotika|last=Sood|date=26 July 2017|website=livemint.com}}</ref> As of October 2022, India has {{Cvt|810|km|4=0}} of operational metro lines and 631 15 systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/metro-lines-cover-only-3-of-gurugram/articleshow/70905439.cms|title=Metro lines cover only 3% of Gurugram | Gurgaon News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 August 2019 }}</ref> A further 568.15 km of lines is under construction.

Metro trains are all [[electric multiple unit]]s (EMUs). Different metro systems have different configuration of trains. Earlier metro lines tended to use the mainline {{Track gauge|indian|allk=on}} while most of the more recent systems instead opt for {{Track gauge|standard|allk=on}} for economies of scale with international systems. Power is varyingly supplied by either 750 V DC third rails as is typical on older metros in areas such as North America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and the former Soviet Union, or [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC 50 hz]] overhead catenary, which is very rare on metros outside of India. Delhi Metro uses Hyundai ROTEM EMUs and Bombardier MOVIA EMUs. Mumbai Metro uses CRRC, BEML EMUs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-gets-first-make-in-india-metro-coach-where-you-can-even-carry-bicycles-see-pictures-1568097462016.html | title=Mumbai gets first Make-in-India metro coach where you can even carry bicycles | date=10 September 2019 }}</ref>

=== Suburban ===
[[File:AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Air conditioned EMU of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]]]

Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a [[conurbation]] or other locations that draw large numbers of people daily. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals".
[[File:Image of old and modern emu.jpg|thumb|Left is the Single-Phase EMU and Right is the 3-Phase EMU.]]
[[Suburban train]]s that handle commuter traffic are all [[electric multiple unit]]s (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen, to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus, a nine or twelve coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on [[25 kV AC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html#volt|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Electric Traction — I|website=[IRFCA] The Indian Railways Fan Club|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> They are mainly of two types, Single-Phase EMUs and 3-Phase EMUs. Single-Phase EMUs are old and top speed is 120km/hr and 3-Phase EMUs are modern and top speed is 140km/hr. Single-Phase EMU are mainly of Aerodynamic and Flatface while 3-Phase EMU is only Aerodynamic. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai occupy no more than 7.1% of the Indian Railways network, but account for 53.2% of all railway passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/09/07/why-indias-metro-and-suburban-railways-should-merge|title=Why India's Metro and suburban railways should merge|last=Chaturvedi|first=Sumit|date=7 September 2015|website=Newslaundry|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> In some cities of India, the opening of [[Rapid transit in India|rapid transit systems]] has led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.<ref>{{cite news |last= Varma|first= Vishnu|date= 11 March 2016|title= Ring Railway left behind as Delhi swells beyond boundaries|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ring-railway-in-an-ever-expanding-delhi-a-ghost-railway-service-lingers/ |work= The Indian Express|location= New Delhi|access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>

===SSEMU===
[[File:BEML SSEMU Photo 1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|BEML SSEMU of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]]]

SSEMU is an acronym for ''Stainless steel EMU''. Most modern SSEMUs are produced by [[BEML]], with manufacturing processes and internals different from MEMUs. They are operated by Single-Phase Motors. They have been specifically developed for coastal cities like [[Kolkata]], Mumbai, Chennai etc. Stainless steel reduces corrosion and thus the maintenance cost of MEMUs. Indian Railways has already deployed SSEMUs in coastal regions of West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.slideshare.net/engineeringwatch/beml-limited-27234945 | title=Beml limited }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/may/30/southern-railways-gets-energy-efficient-emu-rakes-1983551.html | title=Southern Railways gets energy-efficient EMU rakes }}</ref>

=== DEMU and MEMU ===
[[File:DEMU_Local_at_Sitaphalmandi_railway_station.jpg|thumb|DEMU Local to Medchal at Sitaphalmandi railway station, Secunderabad]]

The DEMUs and [[MEMU]]s are [[diesel multiple unit]]s (DMUs) and [[electric multiple unit]]s (EMUs) that serve short and medium-distance routes in India, as compared to normal EMU trains that connect urban and suburban areas. The acronyms stand for "Diesel-Electric Multiple Unit" and "Mainline Electric Multiple Unit".<ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=MEMU Trains in India|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/memu.php|access-date=8 February 2021|website=Total Train Info}}</ref>

These have two-sided cabs for changing and reversing the route, which is a bigger advantage over the attachment-detachment process of rakes and locomotives. [[Indian Railways]] (IR) is progressively replacing all locomotive-hauled slow and fast passenger and intercity trains with various EMUs. After replacing with EMUs, passenger trains would be re-branded as either MEMU or DEMU.

=== Vande Bharat Express ===
The [[Vande Bharat Express]], previously known as Train 18,<ref name="VBE">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965|title=India's fastest to be called Vande Bharat Express|work=Indian Express|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> is a [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high-speed]], [[electric multiple unit]] train,<ref name="express24">{{citation|title=Train 18, India's first engine-less train, set to hit tracks on October 29|date=24 October 2018|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/train-18-indias-first-engine-less-train-set-to-hit-tracks-on-october-29-5415892/|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> operated by the IR on few routes. It is a seater train which serves medium to long distance routes.

The Vande Bharat Express's exterior appearance consists of [[Nose cone|aerodynamic design]], narrowing at each end of the train which is designed to combat air resistance.<ref name="ectimespti">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|title=Train 18: Country's first engine-less train rolled out; Train 20 next|date=29 October 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> It has a driver cabin at each end, allowing for faster turnaround at terminating stations.<ref name="unitedtrial">{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/india/self-propelled-train-18-debuts-for-trial-run/1391824.html|title=Self-propelled Train 18 debuts for trial run|date=29 October 2018|work=[[United News of India]]|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> The train has 16 passenger cars, with a seating capacity of 1,128 passengers.<ref name="shine">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/indian-railways/the-crown-jewel-of-indian-railways-is-a-billion-rupee-made-in-india-train-118102900370_1.html|title=Train 18, India's first engine-less train, is also the country's fastest|last1=Shine|first1=Jacob|date=29 October 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=4 November 2018|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> The chassis of a coach is 23 meters long, and the frame of the train is made entirely of stainless steel.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Moushumi Das |date=23 October 2022 |title=Hi-tech machines, 9,000+ workforce — inside Integral Coach Factory making Vande Bharat trains |url=https://theprint.in/india/hi-tech-machines-9000-workforce-inside-integral-coach-factory-making-vande-bharat-trains/1175653/ |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Alternate coaches are motorised to ensure even distribution of power and to help in quicker acceleration and deceleration. The gangways are interconnected and fully sealed to allow better mobility between coaches and to reduce noise respectively. The train features GPIS-based passenger information system, bio-vacuum toilets, and rotational seats which can be aligned in the direction of travel (only in executive class).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/train-18-top-features-and-facilities-of-the-countrys-fastest-train/article25652410.ece|title=Train 18: Top features and facilities of the country's 'fastest train'|work=The Hindu|date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Tram ===
[[File:Kolkata transport.jpg|thumb|A double-coach tram in Kolkata]]

The double-coach [[trams in Kolkata]] are also multiple-units. The pantograph which draws power is in one coach and another coach is a trailer coach. Cabs are there at both ends.

==Comparison to locomotive-hauled trains==
{{further|Multiple unit#Comparison to locomotive-hauled trains}}

== See also ==
* [[Locomotives of India]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[Indian Railways]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Multiple units, motor coaches and railcars of India}}

{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Multiple units of India| ]]

Hatirampur, Bankura

2025-12-21T10:41:48Z

MickiAddy25:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hatirampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|03|47.8|N|86|52|38.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB-
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hatirampur''' is a village in [[Bankura district]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It falls under the jurisdiction of [[Hirbandh (community development block)|Hirbandh Community Development Block]] and Shankha Subhra Dey is the Block Development officer of the block.{{fact|date=October 2023}}

==Education==
Located in the center of Hatirampur and Baharamuri village, Hirbandh [KHATRA-II] block and is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1970. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 10 computers and a library with 1,900 books.{{fact|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura District}}

{{Bankura-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]

Jagat Singh Mehta

2025-12-21T02:03:39Z

MickiAddy25: further added structure as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician and diplomat}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jagat Singh Mehta
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Foreign Secretary of India]]
| term_start = 1976
| term_end = 1979
| predecessor = [[Kewal Singh]]
| successor = [[Ram Sathe]]
| birth_date = 17 July 1922
| birth_place =
| death_date = 6 March 2014
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| party =
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Leighton Park School]], [[Allahabad University]], [[Cambridge University]]
| occupation = Diplomat, Social Worker
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| parents = [[Mohan Sinha Mehta]]
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{flag|British India}}
|branch= {{navy|British India}}
|serviceyears= 1945–1947
|rank=[[Sub-lieutenant|Sub-Lieutenant]]
|unit=
|commands=
|battles=[[Second World War]]
|awards=
|relations=
|signature = }}
| relations = [[Ali Khan Mahmudabad]] (Grandson)
}}
'''Dr. Jagat Singh Mehta''' (17 July 1922 – 6 March 2014) was a civil servant, diplomat, academician, and author who served as India’s [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] from 1976 to 1979. His career in the [[Indian Foreign Service]]s (IFS) spanned from 1947 to 1980 during which he played a pivotal role in shaping India’s foreign policy.

Prior to his appointment as the Foreign Secretary, he served in various capacities, both in India and abroad, and worked closely with Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawahar Lal Nehru]], Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], and [[Morarji Desai]]. His diplomatic assignments included postings in Berne, London, Bonn, Peking, and [[Dar-es-Salaam]]. He occupied positions such as Charge d'affaires in China between 1963 and 1966, High Commissioner to Tanzania between 1970 and 1974, and Additional Secretary of the IFS between 1972 and 1976,

Mehta's diplomatic contributions earned him widespread recognition, including prestigious honors such as the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2002.

Beyond his diplomatic career, he played a pivotal role in resurrecting and leading Vidya Bhawan, driven by his commitment and his father’s vision of bridging the gap between the rich and the poor by providing civic-minded education to all. He sought to extend the lessons of diplomacy into education, fostering democratic values and egalitarian principles among young students while ensuring access to high-quality education for all.

Jagat Singh Mehta died at the age of 91 in Udaipur due to age-related health issues.

== Early life and education ==
Jagat Singh Mehta was born in Udaipur to a family of public servants who had served in the princely State of [[Mewar]] since [[Rana Hamir Singh|Rana Hamir’s]] time. His mother died due to tuberculosis when he was 2 years old, leaving him as the only child to the care of his father, [[Mohan Singh Mehta|Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta]], and his extended family. After pursuing some of his early years of schooling in Indore, Mehta was admitted to the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]] in Delhi which was then the best-known non-missionary educational institution in northern India. In 1932, he was admitted to Vidya Bhawan, a school started by his father Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta with his associates with the goal of inculcating Gandhian ideals in youngsters and providing “uncommon education to common children”.

In 1937, Jagat’s father got him admitted to [[Leighton Park School|Leighton Park]], a Quaker school in Reading, England. He completed his A-levels there and returned back to India at the onset of World War II where he enrolled at [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]]. He led a rich life, involving himself in sports such as squash and the University Training Corps (UTC), where he became platoon of his service after 2 years. He got a first-class MA (final) at Allahabad University. He then taught as a lecturer at Allahabad University for six months in the English Department.

In 1945, he got a wartime commission in the [[Royal Indian Navy]] and was even offered a permanent commission, but he turned it down because he had a deep desire to join the Indian Civil Services. After sitting for the exam, he proceeded to study Economics at [[St John's College, Cambridge]], where he learned that he had been selected in the Indian Civil Services. His selection came at a time when there was a transition being made from the ICS and IPS to the Indian Administrative Services and the Indian Foreign Services respectively. Based on his examination and an interview with Prime Minister Jawahar Lal, he was appointed to the Indian Foreign Services in 1947.

== Career ==

=== Early diplomatic assignments ===
Jagat Mehta began his diplomatic career in 1947 as Private Secretary to the Secretary General of the Indian Foreign Service, working closely with Prime Minister Nehru on key foreign policy issues and assignments, including India-Pakistan relations post-partition, Kashmir Resolution at the UN, and the [[1948 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference]]. He was subsequently appointed Under Secretary for Southeast Asia.

In the next few years to follow, Mehta served abroad, first in Bern as First Secretary, and later in London as the Principal Private Secretary to the High Commissioner.

Upon returning to India, he was appointed Deputy Secretary (Personnel), where he led the first structured review of the Indian Foreign Service. During this period, he played a pivotal role in shaping India’s diplomatic stance during the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]], serving as Secretary of the Indian Delegation at the [[Users Conference|Users' Conference]] in London and advocating for Egypt’s right to nationalize the Suez Canal.

=== India–China relations ===
In 1956, Mehta was appointed Deputy Secretary (East) with responsibilities of overseeing India’s policy towards tensions arising in Northeast India along with other Asian nations including Japan, Mongolia, China, Tibet, Sikkim, and Bhutan. He assumed key responsibility in negotiating boundary disputes with China in Aksai Chin and the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (now Arunachal Pradesh). Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru constructed a positive attitude towards the tribal belt to be implemented by the newly constituted. Indian Frontier Administrative Services (IFAS). Nehru wanted to introduce a controlled development of NEFA and protect tribals from commercialisation and exploitation which could likely be done by duplication of civil administration in the plains districts. Mehta’s task as Deputy Secretary was confined to marshaling facts and ensuring the implementation rather than focusing on policy planning

After a 2-year long posting in Bonn, Germany superintending a large and active Indian embassy with the main goal being to harness Federal Germany’s economic assistance in India’s Second and Third Five Year Plans, Mehta was transferred to Peking as the Head of the Embassy in 1963 until 1966 where he also became Charge d’Affaires. His experience in holding long negotiations related to the Sino-India boundary dispute made him command particular interest from many heads of the mission. He was involved in back-channel diplomacy and building confidence-building measures with China.

Mehta’s work and speeches have often reflected the belief that India and China can work together in unity and with peace due to their shared interests in regional stability and development.

=== Policy Planning Division ===
In 1966, Mehta was recalled to India from Peking to establish the Policy Planning Division at the Ministry of External Affairs. He was made responsible for devising the key structure and organization of the policy planning division along with hashing out its roles and responsibilities which he formalised as evaluating how global developments might affect India in the future. In the original structure, Mehta had recommended that the Foreign Secretary preside over the PPD so that those with operational responsibilities could interact with planners with recommendations. However, PPD occupied a more ad-hoc utilization over the years, being treated as either supplementary or as a replacement, but never the same as an in-house think tank.

Between 1966 and 1969, Mehta authored 20 major policy papers during his time at the PPD.

=== Ambassador to Tanzania and African diplomacy (1970–1974) ===
After completing his sabbatical at [[Harvard University]] as the first Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer in the International Fellowship program, Mehta received a posting to Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagat Mehta Papers |url=https://archives.ashoka.edu.in/paper_details/292 |website=Archives of Contemporary India}}</ref> Initially, Mehta was wary of the posting, suspecting it was a punitive repercussion for his assertive and independent conduct, especially during his time in China. However, his doubts soon gave way to what became one of the most rewarding experiences of his career.

In Tanzania, Mehta worked to enhance economic cooperation and create employment opportunities for the Indian expatriate community. Despite underlying tensions between India and African nations at the time, he focused on fostering a stable and mutually beneficial relationship. He deeply admired President [[Julius Nyerere]]’s integrity and social values and, in return, earned the President’s respect—who praised him as one of the finest envoys he had encountered.

Mehta’s time in Tanzania deeply influenced his approach to foreign service appointments. Committed to raising the importance of postings in Africa and other developing regions, he prioritized assigning capable and promising IFS officers to these roles. He introduced a policy requiring officers to gain relevant experience in developing countries before occupying senior positions at headquarters. Through initiatives like this, Mehta solidified his reputation for fostering strong international relations and securing India’s position as a nation committed to global development.

=== Additional Secretary ===
In 1974, he was recalled to India by Foreign Secretary Kewal Singh, who intended to appoint him as Additional Secretary at the Ministry of External Affairs. In this role, Mehta oversaw the administration division and directed the Policy Planning Division. He was involved in administrative duties related to key events at the time, such as India’s Peaceful Nuclear Explosion in Pokhran and the annexation of Sikkim with the Indian Union. His main effort was to bring greater transparency in the day-to-day functioning of the Ministry’s administration. He upheld the rotational system for appointments and transfers, earning a reputation for fairness and integrity. He became a central figure within the ministry, assisting Foreign Secretary Kewal Singh in handling many parliamentary inquiries. By the end of his term, he was effectively regarded as an Assistant Foreign Secretary.

=== Foreign Secretary of India (1976–1979) ===
In February 1976, it was announced that Jagat Singh Mehta would be the next Foreign Secretary of India. His tenure was marked by advancing regional diplomacy and resolving long-standing disputes.

A major focus of Mehta’s efforts was on improving relations with Pakistan which had stagnated since the [[Simla Agreement]] of 1972. He made efforts to lead initiatives for the comprehensive normalization of relations, including restoring diplomatic ties, resuming civil aviation, facilitating state trading in key goods, and reopening rail links and roadways. He played a significant role in resolving the Salal hydropower project dispute which stemmed from concerns over the project's design and its potential impact on water flow from the [[Chenab River]], which was allocated to Pakistan under the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] of 1960. Leading bilateral talks in 1976, Mehta facilitated negotiations that resulted in India agreeing to modify the project’s design which would reduce the height of the dam by a few meters, ensuring uninterrupted water flow to Pakistan—a significant achievement in peaceful conflict resolution. Mehta feels that this minor concession saved the bilateral relations between India Pakistan. The 1976 normalisation eventually led to a visit by the then-foreign minister Atal Behari Vajpayee to Pakistan in 1978 where he reaffirmed faith in friendship with Pakistan.

Moreover, after the [[Saur Revolution]] in Afghanistan in 1978, Jagat Mehta played a key role in preventing the militarization of Pakistan. He consistently worked on strengthening India-Pakistan ties, emphasizing dialogue over military escalation to prevent a destructive weapons race by reassuring Pakistan that India’s interest was in a peaceful and stable region, rather than exploiting the political upheaval in Afghanistan. Mehta’s consistent emphasis on [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] sought to distance India from being drawn into the ideological conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. His approach helped maintain relations with both superpowers while fostering regional peace and cooperation.

Mehta played a crucial role in negotiations with Bangladesh over the water-sharing issues at the [[Farakka Barrage]]. Amid concerns over reduced water flow from the Ganges, he served as deputy leader of the Indian delegation. As deputy leader of the Indian delegation, he guided the talks, leading to a 1977 agreement that allocated 34,500 cusecs of the 55,000 cusecs upstream flow of the Ganges to Bangladesh. The two countries discussed the issue bilaterally and managed to sign an agreement for a limited duration, which paved the way for a formal water-sharing treaty in 1996.

Mehta played a key role in negotiating and managing trade and transit agreements that ensured the smooth flow of goods, services, and people between India and Nepal. Given Nepal's landlocked status, the country had long sought separate trade and transit arrangements with India, although India had initially hesitated. In 1978, through skillful negotiations, Mehta helped facilitate an agreement that addressed Nepal’s concerns by separating the two agreements. Mehta viewed these concessions as essential in preventing growing anti-Indian sentiment in Nepal and believed they would contribute to a more stable and cooperative bilateral relationship.

Mehta served as Foreign Secretary during a period of political transition, staying in office when [[Morarji Desai]] of the Janata Party succeeded Indira Gandhi as prime minister in 1977, with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] as foreign minister. Despite the change in leadership, Mehta ensured continuity in India’s foreign policy, focusing on the core principles of nonalignment. He maintained stable relations with both Cold War superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as with other major global powers. Under his leadership, India also worked to strengthen its relationships with neighboring countries, including Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. Mehta emphasized the importance of diplomatic consistency and fostering cooperative ties with India’s neighbors. His approach ensured that India’s foreign policy remained steady during a time of political change at home, focusing on long-term stability and peace. Throughout his term, he brought out diplomatic breakthroughs, and global and regional cooperation and also maintained a steadfast commitment to non-alignment.

After serving 38 months in office, in 1979 Mehta was asked to step down following [[Charan Singh]]’s appointment as prime minister.

=== Life after Foreign Services ===
Following his retirement from foreign service, Mehta immersed himself in academia. Even before officially relinquishing his duties in July 1980, he was invited by Ben Brown, the director of the Fellows Programme at Harvard’s Center for International Affairs (CFIA). Mehta spent an academic year at Harvard, marking the beginning of his post-diplomatic career in the field of education. After completing his tenure at Harvard, he became a Fellow at the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] in Washington, D.C., where he served for nine months, becoming the first Indian official to hold this prestigious position.

In 1983-1984, Mehta was appointed the Distinguished Tom Slick Professor of World Peace at the [[Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs|LBJ School of Public Affairs]], where he taught a postgraduate course titled Misperceptions in Post-War Diplomacy and organized a World Peace conference focusing on the theme ''Third World Militarization: A Challenge to Third World Diplomacy.'' This experience marked the beginning of a long-term academic engagement, as he continued to teach at the university every autumn term from 1984 to 1996.

== Personal life ==

=== Marriage and family ===
Jagat Singh Mehta first met his wife, [[Rama Mehta]] in the [[Delhi Gymkhana Club]] in 1948. Soon after that, she was assigned to his office in the Ministry of External Affairs for official training as one of the two women Foreign Services officers. At this time he was the Private Secretary to the Secretary-General but also volunteered to work as US (undersecretary) of the Arab World and Turkey. Two months after their meeting, Jagat sought the approval of his family to take a bride of his choosing and proposed to Rama, who came from a wealthy Gujarati family and was the daughter of N.C Mehta, an Indian Civil Servant in the Uttar Pradesh cadre. Rama and Jagat got married in Udaipur. Rama Mehta completed her undergraduate degree at [[Isabella Thoburn College]], Lucknow. She led a short career in the IFS but she was given independent charge as Under Secretary, Iran and Afghanistan as well as Americas's Under Secretary. She completed her MA in Philosophy at [[Delhi University]]. In 1946, she pursued a degree in Psychology from Columbia University, New York. Rama left the foreign service in 1951, after her daughter was born and when Jagat Mehta got posted abroad. She went on to publish a few books, one of which received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].

They had four children together – Vijay, Vikram, Ajay and Uday. Rama Mehta died on 4 June 1978 after an unforeseen heart attack.

=== Philanthropy ===
After retiring in 1980 and transitioning to academia and teaching at the University of Texas for nearly five years, Jagat Mehta returned to India at the request of the trustees of [[Seva Mandir]], who sought his leadership as Chief Executive to address the institution’s ongoing crisis and uphold the legacy of his father. Jagat Mehta took charge of Seva Mandir during a period of fear, uncertainty, and growing cronyism. Endemic poverty and persistent drought had made it increasingly difficult to sustain the institution, a challenge compounded by insufficient government support and imbalanced internal power dynamics. Mehta subsequently implemented a series of administrative and operational reforms to revitalize the organization.

Following his father’s death in 1985, Mehta took over as the President of [[Seva Mandir]] and subsequently as the president of Vidya Bhawan in 1993. His tenure at Vidya Bhawan was marked by the implementation of significant structural reforms, including the ratification of a new constitution and efforts to unify its various institutional branches. Serving as president for six years, he prioritized bridging socioeconomic disparities by ensuring high-quality education was accessible to underprivileged communities. His efforts were guided by focusing on empowerment through education.

Mehta’s leadership at Vidya Bhawan was driven by his commitment to eliminating caste and religious inequalities through inclusive education. He sought to instill values of social justice, democracy, and egalitarianism in the youth, ensuring that education became a tool for societal transformation.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jagat S. |date=2015 |title=The Tryst Betrayed: Reflections on Diplomacy and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aq3dCQAAQBAJ |location= |publisher=Penguin |page= |isbn=9788184757842 |access-date=15 May 2025}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kewal Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary of India]]|years=1976 - 1979}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ram Sathe]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Jagat Singh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of India]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Tanzania]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in China]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]

Indian television drama

2025-12-03T14:23:01Z

MickiAddy25:

{{Short description|Soap operas written, produced, and filmed in India, with characters played by Indians}}
{{Distinguish|Bollywood}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

'''Indian television dramas''', also known as '''Indian series''' or '''Indian serials''', are scripted [[Television show|television programmes]] produced in [[India]] and featuring Indian actors. These dramas are broadcast on various Indian television networks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=Indian TV Serial or Korean Drama: What Does an Indian Viewer Prefer? |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/ott/indian-tv-serial-or-korean-drama-what-does-indian-viewer-prefer-186371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124033218/https://m.sakshipost.com/news/ott/indian-tv-serial-or-korean-drama-what-does-indian-viewer-prefer-186371 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |website=Sakshipost}}</ref><ref>Pak-Hind Ka Swag, Book 5, "Culture, Technology and Fun", chapter 16, "Soap Opera, Serials and Films".</ref>

India's first television drama, ''[[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]]'' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]), aired from 1984 to 1985 and consisted of 154 episodes.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 1985 |title=SOAP OPERAS CAST A SPELL OVER INDIA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/21/movies/soap-operas-cast-a-spell-over-india.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (2000–2008) became the first Indian television drama to surpass 1,000 episodes, completing 1,833 episodes and earning a place in the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Saas-bahu-and-The-End/articleshow/3641504.cms Saas Bahu and the End]</ref> The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] series ''[[Char Divas Sasuche]]'' (2001–2013) reached 3,200 episodes, becoming the first Indian television series to exceed 3,000 episodes, also entering the Limca Book of Records. The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] serial ''[[Abhishekam (TV series)|Abhishekam]]'' (2008–2022) was the first Indian show to reach 4,000 episodes, concluding on 1 February 2022. The Hindi series ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' (2009–present), with over 5,000 episodes as of December, 2025, is India's longest-running Hindi television drama and [[soap opera]], having aired for 16 years and is the first to reach that mark<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=G. C. |date=6 September 2018 |title=More Spellbinding Soap Gathas |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/more-spellbinding-soap-gathas/300602 |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=Outlook}}</ref>

Indian television dramas are produced in most major languages spoken across the country, often blending the regional language with English. These shows are also broadcast in several other regions, including [[South Asia]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Central Asia]], [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[North America]], [[Latin America]], and parts of [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Geeta |last=Pandey |title=BBC - Culture - Indian soap operas: Family affairs |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140502-family-affair-indian-soap-operas |work=BBC Culture |date=21 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2013 |title=India Marginalized in Myanmar |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/magazine-guest-column/india-marginalized-in-myanmar.html}}</ref>

By the late 2010s, the popularity of daytime and afternoon dramas had declined, and mainstream channels ceased broadcasting such programmes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Dopahar to call it a day, all shows to end on September 30 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/star-dopahar-to-call-it-a-day-all-shows-to-end-on-september-30-tv-news-4834240/ |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> However, in 2017, television networks attempted to regain viewership by reintroducing shows in the afternoon and daytime slots. Currently, the major Indian television networks with nationwide prime-time dramas include [[JioStar]], [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee]], [[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]], and [[ETV Network|ETV]].

''[[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]]'' was India's first television drama, airing from 1984 to 1985 with a total of 154 episodes.<ref name="Kohli2006">{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Vanita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hllyb6ymMy0C&pg=RA1-PA8-IA1 |title=The Indian Media Business |date=14 June 2006 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9780761934691 |pages=1– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> At the time, it was the longest-running serial in Indian television history. The show attracted approximately 60 million viewers, with each episode lasting about 25 minutes, except for the final episode, which was approximately 55 minutes long.<ref name="Gokulsing2004">{{cite book |last=Gokulsing |first=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAgVZ-lJFIC&pg=PA32 |title=Soft-soaping India: The World of Indian Television Soap Operas |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |isbn=9781858563213 |pages=32– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

== Impact ==

Television dramas have had a significant impact on Indian society, influencing issues related to national integration, [[identity (social science)|identity]], [[Globalization in India|globalisation]],<ref>Gokulsing, K. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAgVZ-lJFIC Soft-Soaping India: The World of Indian Televised Soap Operas]''. Trentham Books, UK. {{ISBN|1-85856-321-6}}. p. 105.</ref> the status of [[women in India|women]], ethics, and social issues in rural areas.<ref>Gokulsing, K. (2004). ''Soft-Soaping India: The World of Indian Televised Soap Operas''. Trentham Books, UK. p. 105.</ref> The first Indian television drama series, ''[[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]]'', was originally conceptualised as a [[family planning in India|family planning]] programme but soon evolved into an entertainment-oriented show. Despite this shift, it continued to promote pro-development messages, serving as a model for using television serials as a form of "[[educational entertainment|edutainment]]"—a concept later adopted in several countries around the world.<ref name="AggarwalGupta2001">{{cite book |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Vir Bala |last2=Gupta |first2=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCIf8MM1ZlAC&pg=PA208 |title=Handbook of Journalism and Mass Communication |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170228806 |pages=208– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

A 2007 study examining the introduction of cable television in rural [[India]] found that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of [[domestic violence in India|domestic violence towards women]] and [[abortion in India|son preference]], as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." The study also presented "suggestive evidence that exposure to cable television increases [[education in India|school enrolment]] among younger children, possibly due to the increased participation of women in household decision-making."<ref>Jensen, Robert & Oster, Emily (August 2007). ''"[http://www.nber.org/papers/w13305 The Power of TV: Cable Television and Women's Status in India]"''. [[Quarterly Journal of Economics]], MIT Press. Vol. 124(3), pp. 1057–1094.</ref><ref>Munshi, Shoma (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=agw0m5m9oS8C Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television]''. Routledge, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-0-415-55377-3}}. p. 200.</ref>

== Television rating point and rankings ==

Since the 2000s, Indian television serials have relied on [[television rating point|television rating points (TRPs)]]—also referred to as target rating points—as key indicators and benchmarks of a programme's success, used to measure audience interest and viewership.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most watched shows of the week: The latest TRP rankings revealed, "Anupamaa" continued to dominate the top spot |work=The Times of India |date=August 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/most-watched-tv-shows-of-week-anupamaa-maintains-top-spot-kanwar-dhillon-neha-harsoras-udne-ki-aasha-surpasses-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-and-yeh-rishta/articleshow/112202697.cms}}</ref>

Storylines in many serials are frequently modified based on TRP performance. In some cases, declining TRP levels have resulted in shows being concluded prematurely or ending abruptly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeete Hain Jiske Liye taken off air |work=The Times of India |date=16 August 2007 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-smita-bansal-feels-cheated/articleshow/2283206.cms}}</ref>

TRPs are calculated using the total number of people in the target audience as the denominator and the number of people from that audience who watched the programme as the numerator, multiplied by 100. The basic formula for TRP calculation is:

* TRP = (Number of viewers in the sample audience / Total target audience) × 100.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==International reception==
=== Afghanistan ===

Indian soap operas gained immense popularity in [[Afghanistan]] during the 2000s, building upon the long-standing appeal of Bollywood cinema in the region. In 2006, a [[Reuters]] report highlighted the broadcast of ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', dubbed into [[Dari]], which captivated a wide audience across the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian soap opera mesmerises Afghanistan |date=18 May 2006 |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/indian-soap-opera-mesmerises-afghanistan-1.237349}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Men, women, young, and old—anyone with access to a television—became enthralled by the family drama.}}

Reports suggested that, during the years of conflict in Afghanistan, armed militants occasionally paused fighting to watch Indian television dramas.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's influential soft power in Afghanistan: Giving edge over Pakistan |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-influential-soft-power-afghanistan-giving-edge-over-pakistan/}}</ref>

However, the growing popularity of Indian serials also drew criticism from conservative groups who regarded them as a threat to Afghanistan’s religious and national values. Responding to such concerns, the government of [[Hamid Karzai]] ordered television broadcasters to halt the airing of Indian dramas in April 2008. Several broadcasters refused to comply, arguing that the ban contravened the country's media law.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2008 |title=Indian soap operas stir outrage in Afghanistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghan-tv-idUSISL22857320080417 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>

Afghanistan's first domestically produced television drama serial, ''Palwasha'', was created by Aina Afghan Media and began airing on 25 November 2007. Although filmed in [[Kabul]] and in [[Dari]], the series was directed by an Indian filmmaker and featured several Indian contributors. The lead role was portrayed by Indian actress [[Sonal Udeshi]].<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2007 |title=Kabul TV airs first Afghan commercial serial made by Indians |url=https://eoi.gov.in/kabul/?pdf0232?000 |work=India Review |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Neha |date=19 November 2007 |title=Starting this week on Kabul TV: First Afghan serial, made by Indians |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/starting-this-week-on-kabul-tv-first-afghan-serial-made-by-indians/240785/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Padukone |first1=Chaitanya |date=19 November 2013 |title=Tales from Kabul |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tales-from-kabul-1111239 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Teresa L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9J1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1380 |title=Encyclopedia of Health Communication |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781483346410}}</ref>

=== Brazil ===

''[[Caminho das Índias]]'' (''India: A Love Story''),<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2006 |title=Meet Maya and Bahuan, the protagonists of Caminho Das Indias (India's Way), a Brazilian television show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/brazil-s-number-one-tv-show-is-all-indian/story-6Mfx38GPJM4e9dd7mFEddK.html |access-date=19 July 2009 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> a popular [[Brazilian telenovela|Brazilian television soap opera]], was centred on Indian culture and became widely popular in Brazil.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2006 |title=The Indian soap opera that's taken Brazil by storm |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-indian-soap-opera-thats-taken-brazil-by-storm/20090624.htm |access-date=25 June 2009 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Dubai ===

''[[Khwaish]]'', which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] and [[ARY Digital]], became a popular show in [[Dubai]] in 2007. In 2016, responding to strong audience interest, [[A-Plus TV]] dubbed the Hindi romantic drama ''[[Jeevan Saathi – Humsafar Zindagi Ke]]'' from [[Colors TV]] into [[Urdu]], further enhancing its appeal among viewers.

=== Indonesia ===

Indian television dramas such as ''[[Uttaran]]'' and ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' achieved significant success in [[Indonesia]], where they were dubbed in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and aired multiple times until their conclusions. ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' was also highly popular and was broadcast under the title ''Gopi'', named after the main character. It aired from 15 September 2016 to 19 April 2017 and was rebroadcast from 2021 to 2022, with the Indonesian version comprising around 600 episodes.

Other serials, including ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'', ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'', ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' (aired in Indonesian as ''Lonceng Cinta''), ''[[Anupamaa]]'', ''[[Imlie]]'', ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'', and ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'', also received high [[television rating point|TRP]] ratings in Indonesia. Additionally, serials such as ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]'', ''[[Jabb Love Hua]]'', ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'', and ''[[Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara|Punar Vivaah]]'' were broadcast on [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Hiburan]], the 24-hour general entertainment channel of [[Zee TV]] in Indonesia, following the success of their original Hindi versions.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 August 2016 |title=Zee Hiburan completes one year in Indonesia |url=https://admin.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zee-hiburan-completes-one-year-in-indonesia-160325 |access-date=25 March 2016 |publisher=indiantelevision.com}}</ref>

''[[Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali]]'' was also dubbed in Indonesian and telecast on [[ANTV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.popmagz.com/salim-anarkali-antv-tayang-sore-kisah-cinta-anak-jodha-akbar-22577/ |title=Salim Anarkali ANTV aired on Indonesia |publisher=Popmagz |access-date=20 August 2025}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===

''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'', a love triangle drama from [[Zee TV]], was set and filmed in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-serial-review-rab-se-sohna-isshq-1720283 |title=Serial review: 'Rab Se Sohna Isshq' |date=27 July 2012 |website=DNA India}}</ref> It was the first cross-continental show in Indian television history. The series was later dubbed in English as ''Eternal Love'' and broadcast on [[Zee World]] and its sister channel [[Zee TV UK]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-uk-re-run-classic-shows-in-afternoon-band/ |title=ZEE TV UK re-run classic shows in afternoon band |last=Baddhan |first=Raj |date=25 January 2019 |website=BizAsia – Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music |language=en-GB |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Ivory Coast and Senegal ===

''[[Vaidehi – Ek Aur Agni Pareeksha]]'' gained notable popularity in [[Ivory Coast]] and [[Senegal]]. In 2010, responding to strong audience demand, the series was dubbed into [[Arabic]] to reach a wider audience.

=== Nepal ===

In the mid-2000s, Indian television dramas such as ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'', and ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' gained widespread popularity in [[Nepal]], attracting large audiences.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2003 |title=Indian serials drawing big crowds in Nepal |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/indian-serials-drawing-big-crowds-in-nepal_76213.html |publisher=Zee News}}</ref> This surge in popularity encouraged the production of more Nepali serials, including ''Sindur'', ''Maiti'', and ''Ghat Pratighat'', which were developed to cater to the increasing television audience.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 August 2023 |title=After 17 years, Pragya is making teleserial ''Sindoor'' again |url=https://www.newsofglobal.com/details/7444.html |publisher=News of Global}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===

Indian television dramas have been widely popular in [[Pakistan]], with shows such as ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' achieving higher viewership than local Pakistani serials. Their popularity is partly attributed to the [[mutual intelligibility]] between [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Chander Mohan Jindal |title=My Experiences of Lahore and Pakistan Railway |url=http://www.irastimes.org/Experiences_of_Lahore_and_Pakistan_Railway.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112045945/http://www.irastimes.org/Experiences_of_Lahore_and_Pakistan_Railway.htm |archive-date=12 November 2012 |website=irastimes.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2010 |title=Pakistani women love India's 'saas-bahu' sagas – The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/75602/pakistani-women-love-indias-saas-bahu-sagas/ |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk}}</ref>

However, the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] has prohibited the broadcast of Indian films and television shows.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian TV Channels Banned in Pakistan |url=http://www.defence.pk/forums/current-events-social-issues/70682-indian-tv-channels-banned-pakistan.html |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=Pakistan Defence |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905020629/http://www.defence.pk/forums/current-events-social-issues/70682-indian-tv-channels-banned-pakistan.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite this, the [[BBC]] reported that many [[cable television]] operators in Pakistan continue to air Indian serials in violation of the ban due to high demand. Indian TV shows constitute nearly 60% of all foreign programmes broadcast in the country.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2006 |title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - Pakistan allows Indian TV shows |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5263530.stm |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

In June 2006, Pakistani comedian [[Rauf Lala]] won the Indian [[comedy]] show ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'', but Pakistani audiences were unable to watch it due to the broadcasting restrictions.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2006 |title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - Pakistani comic's Indian joy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5120838.stm |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> An official commented that "[[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] and Indian TV drama have invaded our homes".<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 2005 |title=BBC NEWS - Entertainment - Pakistan confirms Bollywood ban |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4095232.stm |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

Indian TV dramas have become so popular in Pakistan that mainstream newspapers, such as the [[Pakistan Tribune]], frequently publish articles on these shows.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2012 |title=10 things I hate about Indian soaps |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/319826/10-things-i-hate-about-indian-soaps/ |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk}}</ref> Many viewers have resorted to satellite connections to access uninterrupted broadcasts of Indian programmes.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rob Crilly in Islamabad |date=3 October 2010 |title=Pakistanis snap up Satellite dishes for Indian soaps |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8040017/Pakistanis-snap-up-Satellite-dishes-for-Indian-soaps.html |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>

Despite historical anti-Indian sentiment and four wars over approximately 50 years, Indian television shows and Bollywood have contributed to a shift in perception, with many Pakistanis viewing India and its people more favourably. Indian tourists visiting Pakistan have noted that locals tend to be particularly friendly when they learn the visitor is from India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serial Lovers - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Serial-Lovers/articleshow/10888106.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403094215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-27/special-report/30446463_1_serials-karachi-pakistanis |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

On 27 October 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan reinstated the ban on Indian content on local television channels. Channels such as Filmazia and [[Urdu 1]] temporarily suspended Indian programming following the ruling.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2018 |title=Pakistan bans Indian TV channels |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46003662 |access-date=28 October 2018 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Baloch |first=Shafi |date=27 October 2018 |title=SC reinstates ban on airing of Indian content on TV channels |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1441739 |access-date=28 October 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Russia ===

The Indian television serial ''[[Dishayen]]'' was dubbed in [[Russian language|Russian]] and gained popularity in [[Russia]] in 2005.

=== Sri Lanka ===

The Hindi serials ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' were dubbed in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and received a positive response in [[Sri Lanka]]. Another popular show, ''[[Kindurangana]]'', a remake of the Hindi serial ''[[Kasamh Se]]'', also garnered favourable reception among Sri Lankan viewers. Additionally, the serial ''Shanti'', which was popular during the 1990s, was dubbed in Sinhala and broadcast in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian TV shows in Indonesia, Turkey, Sri Lanka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indonesia-turkeysri-lanka-crazy-about-desi-tv-shows-too/articleshow/52587864.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===

''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?|Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon]]'' was dubbed in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] for broadcast in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian TV shows in Indonesia, Turkey, Sri Lanka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indonesia-turkeysri-lanka-crazy-about-desi-tv-shows-too/articleshow/52587864.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

=== Africa ===

''[[Tu Tevha Tashi]]'', a Marathi daily soap, was dubbed in English as ''Never Too Late for Love'' for African audiences and broadcast on [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Africa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Marathi TV serial dubbed for African viewers leaves netizens in splits |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/marathi-tv-serial-dubbed-african-viewers-netizens-in-splits-9413575/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Other countries ===

The series ''[[Mayavi (TV series)|The Iron Handed Phantom – Mayavi]]'' was dubbed in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and [[Korean language|Korean]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayavi wins Jury Special Award in South Korea for Seoul Drama Award for Excellence in TV drama |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/award-for-3d-serial/article2253758.ece |access-date=3 October 2007 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mayavi Tamil 3D serial to be dubbed in Mandarin and Korean |url=https://www.domain-b.com/industry/mayavi-tamil-3-d-serial-to-be-dubbed-in-mandarin-and-korean |access-date=7 September 2007 |website=Domain-B}}</ref> and was also broadcast in [[Europe]] and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=GV Films' Mayavi attracts interest from Asian, European and Australian TV channels |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/gv-films-3d-tv-serial-mayavi-bags-seoul-drama-award-27640.html |access-date=7 September 2007 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref>

Additionally, several popular [[Colors TV]] dramas, including ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'', ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'', ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'', ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'', ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'', ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'', ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki|Shakti]]'', ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'', and ''[[Bepannah]]'', were dubbed in [[Thai language|Thai]] to cater to audiences in Thailand and other South Asian markets, including [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Viacom18 library dubbed in Thai for viewers in Thailand and other key South Asian markets |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/i27z0ARGQDy57l3S0WZ7LN/IndiaCast-partners-with-Thai-company-JKN-Media-for-content-d.html |access-date=12 December 2018 |website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Outpouring of grief in Vietnam for Balika Vadhu |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/outpouring-of-grief-in-vietnam-for-balika-vadhu/cid/1488924}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tamil television drama]]
* [[List of longest-running Indian television series]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Television drama series |state=collapsed}}

{{WorldTV}}
{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Asian drama]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television drama]]

Devendra Goel

2025-11-21T23:44:30Z

MickiAddy25: refine lead for clarity

{{short description|Indian film director (1919–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Devendra Goel
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1919|03|03}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1979|02|26|1919|03|03}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| othername =
| years_active = 1950 to 1978
| spouse = Rajkumari Sadanah
| homepage =
| awards = Silver Jubilee Award for ''Dus Lakh''
}}

'''Devendra Goel''' (3 March 1919 – 26 February 1979) was an Indian [[film director]] and [[film producer|producer]] of [[Bollywood]] films and best known for his work in the 1950s and early 1960s.

He directed [[Aankhen (1950 film)|Aankhen]] on his debut. Devendra Goel also directed the Marathi film, ''Dost Asava Tar Asa'' with [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Deven Verma|Deven Varma]] and [[Padma Chavan]]. He directed the hit ''[[Ek Saal (1957 film)|Ek Saal]]'' (1957) with [[Madhubala]]. His son Ajay Goel was also a filmmaker.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbasi |first=Yasir |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Yeh_Un_Dino%C3%B1_Ki_Baat_Hai/fq9wDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Devendra+Goel&pg=PT235&printsec=frontcover |title=Yeh Un Dinoñ Ki Baat Hai: Urdu Memoirs of Cinema Legends |date=2018-12-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-87471-05-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 15, 1985 |title=Library Visitors During February |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_library-of-congress-information-bulletin_1985-04-15_44_15/page/1984/mode/2up?q=Devendra+Goel+film |journal=Library of Congress Information Bulletin |volume=44 |issue=15 |pages=83 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

==Filmography==

*[[Aankhen (1950 film)|''Aankhen'']] (1950)
*[[Ada (1951 film)|''Ada'']] (1951)
*[[Aas (1953 film)|''Aas'']] (1953)
*[[Albeli (1955 film)|''Albeli'']] (1955)
*''[[Vachan]]'' (1955): producer<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bharatan |first=Raju |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Journey_Down_Melody_Lane/WnxABAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Devendra+Goel&pg=PT184&printsec=frontcover |title=A Journey Down Melody Lane |date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-05-0 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Narsi Bhagat (1957 film)|''Narsi Bhagat'']] (1957)<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Ek Saal (1957 film)|Ek Saal]]'' (1957)
*[[Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan|''Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan'']] (1959)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Razia Sultana (1961 film)|''Razia Sultana'']] (1961)
*[[Pyaar Ka Saagar|''Pyaar Ka Saagar'']] (1961)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Door Ki Awaz|''Door Ki Awaz'']] (1964)<ref>{{Citation |last=Devendra Goel |title=Door Ki Awaz(1964) |date=1964 |url=http://archive.org/details/door-ki-awaz-1964-classic-hindi-film-devendra-goel-saira-banu-joy-mukherjee |access-date=2025-11-21}}</ref>
*[[Dus Lakh|''Dus Lakh'']] (1966)<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Neepa |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Companion_to_Indian_Cinema/G5F-EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Devendra+Goel+film&pg=PA243&printsec=frontcover |title=A Companion to Indian Cinema |last2=Mazumdar |first2=Ranjani |date=2022-08-23 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-04819-0 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ek Phool Do Mali|''Ek Phool Do Mali'']] (1969)<ref name=":1" />
*''[[Dharkan]]'' (1972)
*[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka|''Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka'']] (1975)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyarelal |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Dream_Come_True_Dharmendra/oRogEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Devendra+Goel+film&pg=PA158&printsec=frontcover |title=A Dream Come True - Dharmendra |date=2024-09-09 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=158 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Aadmi Sadak Ka|''Aadmi Sadak Ka'']] (1977)
*[[Do Musafir|''Do Musafir'']] (1978)
*[[Dost Asava Tar Asa|''Dost Asava Tar Asa'']] (Marathi Film)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0324389}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goel, Devendra}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Shyam Sharma (politician)

2025-09-13T21:56:28Z

MickiAddy25: starting new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Shyam Sharma
| term_start = 2025
| constituency = [[Hari Nagar Assembly constituency|Hari Nagar]]
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Raj Kumari Dhillon]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Shyam Sharma''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Delhi]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Hari Nagar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Hari Nagar, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Live: BJP's Shyam Sharma maintains lead of 49699 votes over AAP's Surinder Kumar Setia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/hari-nagar-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676397-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Nagar Election Result 2025: Shyam Sharma of BJP Wins, Defeats Surinder Kumar Setia of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/hari-nagar-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218835.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Hari Nagar">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Hari Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0528.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313080304/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0528.htm |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hari Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Hari Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/hari-nagar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313080310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/hari-nagar |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He passed Matriculation from National Institute of Open Schooling in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shyam Sharma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HARI NAGAR(WEST) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=133 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Shyam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mathicode

2025-09-13T19:15:43Z

MickiAddy25:

{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mathicode
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village Panchayat]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|13|29|N|77|15|49|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6243
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 629403
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mathicode''' is a village and [[Gram panchayats of Tamil Nadu|gram panchayat]] located in Killiyur Circle in [[Kanyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. This panchayat falls under [[Killiyoor Assembly constituency]] and [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=தமிழக ஊராட்சிகளின் பட்டியல் | trans-title=List of panchayats in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/tn_village_details.pdf |date= |website=tnrd.gov.in |publisher=தமிழ்நாடு ஊரக வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் ஊராட்சித்துறை [Tamil Nadu Rural Development and Panchayat Department]|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=கிள்ளியூர் வட்டார வரைபடம் |trans-title=Killiyur District Map |url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blks_info.php?dcode=30&blk_name=Agastiswaram&dcodenew=28&drdblknew=1 |date= |website=tnmaps.tn.nic.in |publisher=தேசிய தகவலியல் மையம், தமிழ்நாடு [National Informatics Centre, Tamil Nadu] |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033159/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blks_info.php?dcode=30&blk_name=Agastiswaram&dcodenew=28&drdblknew=1 |url-status=dead |language=ta}}</ref> This panchayat has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies. 7 Panchayat Council members are elected from these. According to the 2011 India census, the total population is 6243. Among them 3176 females and 3067 males.<ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=தமிழக ஊராட்சிகளின் புள்ளிவிவரம் |trans-title=Statistics of Panchayats in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/coresite/download/Village_Panchayat.pdf |date= |website=tnrd.gov.in |publisher=தமிழ் இணையக் கல்விக்கழகம் [Tamil Internet Education Institute]|language=ta}}</ref>

== Small towns ==
Villages in this panchayat include:<ref>{{cite web |title=தமிழக சிற்றூர்களின் பட்டியல் |trans-title=List of Small Towns in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/Habitation.pdf |date= |website=tnrd.gov.in |publisher=தமிழ்நாடு ஊரக வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் ஊராட்சித்துறை [Tamil Nadu Rural Development and Panchayat Department] |language=ta}}</ref>

* West Mathuravila
* Ambalakottai
* Mathicode
* Mathiravilai
* Muvarpuram
* Mulamuttuvilakam
* Vadakankarai
* Velliyavilai
* Mathikodu AD Colony


==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kanyakumari district}}

[[Category:Kanyakumari district geography stubs]]
[[Category:Villages in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in India]]

Ranchi Ring Road

2025-08-10T22:55:20Z

MickiAddy25: new

{{Short description|Road in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Ranchi Ring Road
| map =
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes =
| image =
| caption =
| state = Jharkhand
| cities = [[Ranchi]]
| length_km = 86
| formed = {{start date and age|2008}}
| history =
| maint =
| junction =
}}

'''Ranchi Ring Road''' is a 86 km long [[ring road]] encircling [[Ranchi]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/fresh-push-for-ring-road/cid/1429633/|title=Fresh push for Ring Road}} {{deadlink|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lagatar.in/pm-gave-gift-to-jharkhand-laid-foundation-stone-and-inaugurated-eight-road-projects-at-a-cost-of-rs-1717-19-crore/|title=पीएम ने दी झारखंड को सौगात, 1717.19 करोड़ की लागत से आठ सड़क परियोजनाओं का किया शिलान्यास व लोकार्पण|date=11 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://reporterpost.in/article/top-stories/33618/pm-gifted-to-jharkhand-laid-foundation-stone-and-inaugurated-eight-road-projects-at-a-cost-of-rs-1717-19-crore/|title=PM gifted to Jharkhand, laid foundation stone and inaugurated eight road projects at a cost of Rs 1717.19 crore}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Roads in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]

Right to recall laws in India

2025-08-02T13:41:22Z

MickiAddy25: details

{{Short description|Mechanisms for removal of public servants}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Politics of India}}
"'''Right To Recall (RTR)'''" are existing laws in some states of India that allow citizens to remove or replace public servants holding posts of [[Sarpanch]], [[Mukhi]]ya, [[Municipal corporations in India|Corporator]] and [[Municipal corporations in India#Administration|Mayor]] in the government.

==History==

In modern India, [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] was the first to demand the right to replace public servants. The manifesto of the Hindustan Republican Association was written by Sachindra Nath Sanyal some when in December 1924. In his manifesto it's written that, "In this Republic the electors shall have the right to recall their representatives, if so desired, otherwise the democracy shall become a mockery."<ref name="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">{{Cite web |title=Shaheed Bhagat Singh great martyrs of punjab(India).Shaheed Bhagat Singh was the hero of freedom struggle in india, great freedom fighter of Punjab, great freedom fighter of India, true freedom fighter of Punjab, true freedom fighter of india |url=http://www.shahidbhagatsingh.org/index.asp?link=revolutionary |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.shahidbhagatsingh.org}}</ref>

The debate over Recall of elected representatives has a long history in the Indian democracy; the matter was even discussed in the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]]. The debate was centered on the belief that the Right to Recall must accompany the Right to Elect and the voters must be provided with a remedy 'if things go wrong'. However Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar|B.R. Ambedkar]] did not accept this amendment.<ref name="Constituent Assembly">"Journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies January - December 2015" https://ipsdelhi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Right-to-Recall-in-India-An-Analysis-Kota-Neelima-1.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629161349/https://ipsdelhi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Right-to-Recall-in-India-An-Analysis-Kota-Neelima-1.pdf |date=29 June 2019 }}</ref>

While some members believed that Recall would help in political education of the people and would encourage voters to think, others argued that it would be improper to provide a Recall provision at the infancy of the Indian democracy. It was felt that Recall would render the constituencies a battleground between candidates and unnecessarily make them victims of political rivalry.<ref name="Constituent Assembly" />

"If there are any stray instances or some black sheep who having lost the confidence of their constituency still want to continue to represent the constituency in the House, for some such bad instances we should not disfigure our Constituency. We should leave it as it is, to the good sense of the members concerned" Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel on 18 July while discussing proposed amendment on power to recall in Constituent Assembly Debates.<ref name="Debates_1947">"CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA DEBATES (PROCEEDINGS)-VOLUME IV Friday, the 18th July 1947" http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C18071947.html</ref>

At the same time, however, some members feared that village or municipal level bodies could become autocratic in absence of No Confidence Motion or Recall.<ref name="Constituent Assembly" />

The first recall law came as a provision of No confidence motion over Sarpanch by Gram Sabha members in Uttar Pradesh in 1947.<ref name="UP_Law">"The U.P. Panchayat Raj Act, 1947, page 32, section 14" http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/docs/ActsnRules/GP-Act-1947-English.pdf</ref>

==States having recall laws at panchayat level==
Recall has been implemented at Panchayat level in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="UP_Law"/> [[Uttarakhand]],<ref name="UK_Law">"उत्तराखंड पंचायती राज अधिनियम, 2016" http://ukpanchayat.org/pdf/Panchayati-Raj-Adhiniyam-2016.pdf</ref> [[Bihar]],<ref name="BH_Law">"THE BIHAR PANCHAYAT RAJ ACT, 2006" http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/StateActRules/ACT_Bihar%20Panchayat%20Raj%20Act%202006%20-%20English.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331133146/http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/StateActRules/ACT_Bihar%20Panchayat%20Raj%20Act%202006%20-%20English.pdf |date=31 March 2020 }}</ref> [[Jharkhand]],<ref name="JH_Law">"The Jharkhand Panchayat Raj Act, 2001" https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/135070/the-jharkhand-panchayat-raj-act-2001-complete-act {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629161353/https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/135070/the-jharkhand-panchayat-raj-act-2001-complete-act |date=29 June 2019 }}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref name="MP_Law">{{Cite web |title=M.P. Panchayat Raj Avam Gram Swaraj Adhiniyam, 1993 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/MP/MP558.HTM?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref> [[Chhattisgarh]],<ref name="CH_Law">{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Panchayat Raj Adhiniyam, 1993 |url=https://www.bareactslive.com/Ch/CG043.HTM?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="MH_Law">"THE MAHARASHTRA VILLAGE PANCHAYATS ACT" https://mahasec.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/GR/The%20Maharashtra%20Village%20Panchayts%20Act.pdf</ref> and [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref name="HP_Law".<ref>"THE HIMACHAL PRADESH PANCHAYATI RAJ ACT, 1994" https://hppanchayat.nic.in/PDF/THE%20HIMACHAL%20PRADESH%20PANCHAYATI%20RAJ%20ACT,%201994(Final).pdf</ref>
Recall has been implemented at Panchayat level in the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] since 1994 as provision of no confidence motion.
Right To Recall Sarpanch is also recently passed for [[Haryana]].

The procedure of Recall over Sarpanch is a 2 step procedure which can be directly initiated by the citizens. After a lock-in period of 1–2 years varying from state to state, certain number of voters of the Gram Sabha need to submit their signatures / thumbprints and petition the Collector office. After verification of the signatures, a meeting of all the Gram Sabha members is organized and if majority of the Gram Sabha votes against the sitting Sarpanch, the Sarpanch is removed.<ref name="UP_Law"/><ref name="BH_Law"/><ref name="JH_Law"/><ref name="MH_Law"/><ref name="HP_Law"/>

==Failure of influence of right to recall laws at panchayat level==
Right to Recall has been in vogue in Uttar Pradesh since 1947 and in Madhya Pradesh for over a decade now but not exercised much at Gram Panchayats level, due to lack of awareness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-16 |title=MP: 'Right to Recall' in Panchayats not exercised |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/madhya-pradesh/mp-right-to-recall-in-panchayats-not-exercised_731873.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

In spite of villagers in these states having direct power to remove their Sarpanch, the corruption done by Sarpanch of these states is high and widespread.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PMAY: Corruption Brings Housing Construction to a Standstill in UP's Village – Video Volunteers |url=https://www.videovolunteers.org/pmay-corruption-brings-housing-construction-to-a-standstill-in-ups-village/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.videovolunteers.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thane: Woman Sarpanch Accepts Rs. 2.5 Lakh Bribe By Cheque, Arrested |url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/thane-woman-sarpanch-accepts-rs-2-5-lakh-bribe-by-cheque-arrested-584091 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>"बेलगांव सरपंच ने पीएम आवास में लांघी भ्रष्टाचार की सीमा" http://www.palpalindia.com/2017/11/07/anuppur-mp-Belgaum-Sarpanch-PM-Housing-Scheme-Corruption-Interests-Bribery-news-in-hindi-216877.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629161355/http://www.palpalindia.com/2017/11/07/anuppur-mp-Belgaum-Sarpanch-PM-Housing-Scheme-Corruption-Interests-Bribery-news-in-hindi-216877.html |date=29 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-20 |title=सचिव सरपंच की मिलीभगत से पंचायत के लाखों रुपए के कामों में हेराफेरी का आरोप, आंगनवाड़ी भवन बना खंडहर, दीवारों में आईं दरारें {{!}} New India Times |url=https://www.newindiatimes.net/?p=44496 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.newindiatimes.net |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Millionaire mukhiyas |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/millionaire-mukhiyas-42170 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |date=12 September 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

==States having recall laws at municipal level==
Recall has been implemented at Municipal level in the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>"The Madhya Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1961" http://www.mpurban.gov.in/pdf/MunicipalCorporationACT1961.pdf</ref> [[Chhattisgarh]],<ref>"The Chhattisgarh Municipalities Act, 1961 Complete Act" https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134620/the-chhattisgarh-municipalities-act-1961-complete-act {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629161349/https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134620/the-chhattisgarh-municipalities-act-1961-complete-act |date=29 June 2019 }}</ref> [[Bihar]],<ref>"बिहार नगरपालिका विधेयेक 2007" http://urban.bih.nic.in/Acts/AR-02-29-03-2007.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303113138/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Acts/AR-02-29-03-2007.pdf |date=3 March 2019 }}</ref> [[Jharkhand]]<ref>"The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 Complete Act" https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/135068/the-jharkhand-municipal-act-2011-complete-act {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629161350/https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/135068/the-jharkhand-municipal-act-2011-complete-act |date=29 June 2019 }}</ref> and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>"The Rajasthan Municipalities (Amendment) Act, 2010" http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/rajasthan/2010/2010Rajasthan19.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629161349/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/rajasthan/2010/2010Rajasthan19.pdf |date=29 June 2019 }}</ref>

==Right to recall proposed bills for MP and MLA==
Constitution (Amendment) Bill about Voter's right to recall elected representatives was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] by [[C. K. Chandrappan]] in 1974 and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] had supported this but the bill did not pass.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k_AAAAMAAJ&q=Right+to+Recall&pg=RA11-PA1910|title=Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (5 September 1996). "State of the Nation". Shipra Publications – via Google Books.|isbn=9788185402703|last1=Vajpayee|first1=Atal Bihari|year=1996|publisher=Shipra Publications }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazares-call-on-right-to-reject-and-right-to-recall-rekindled-debate-over-electoral-concepts/articleshow/9775883.cms|title= Social activist Anna Hazare during his protests had been campaigning for Right to Recall and right to Reject.|newspaper= The Economic Times}}</ref>

This Right has been opposed by [[Election Commission of India]] and debated and highlighted in [[Politics of India|Indian politics]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-19 |title=Right to recall a dangerous idea |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/right-to-recall-a-dangerous-idea/article20351844.ece1 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=A Critical Take On 'Right To Recall' {{!}} Live Law |url=https://www.livelaw.in/critical-take-right-recall/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726071205/https://www.livelaw.in/critical-take-right-recall/ |archive-date=26 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b75ODwAAQBAJ&q=%22right+to+recall%22+india&pg=PT104|title=The Dramatic Decade – Landmark Cases of Modern India: Landmark Cases of Modern India|last=Penguin Random House India Private Limited – via Google Books|date=13 December 2017|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=9789387625372}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPanAwAAQBAJ|title=Kumar, Sanjay (8 January 2014). "Indian Youth and Electoral Politics: An Emerging Engagement". SAGE Publications India – via Google Books.|isbn=9788132118831|last1=Kumar|first1=Sanjay|date=8 January 2014|publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref>

A [[private member bill]], The Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill, 2016 was introduced by [[Varun Gandhi]] in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/sCmKArN2FdBGyEzXMch6rK/Varun-Gandhi-moves-bill-in-Lok-Sabha-to-recall-MPs-MLAs-for.html|title=Varun Gandhi moves bill in Lok Sabha to recall MPs, MLAs for non-performance|date=28 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/right-to-recall-representatives-a-must-for-people-varun-gandhi/articleshow/61596751.cms|title=Right to recall representatives a must for people: Varun Gandhi|newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>

== Campaign for right to recall laws on PM and CM ==
[[Rahul Chimanbhai Mehta]] an [[IIT Delhi]] graduate, [[Activism|activist]] and [[politician]] of [[India]] started first draft based campaign for right to recall laws on [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and [[Chief minister (India)|Chief minister]] posts in [[India]] in 1999 after returning from [[United States]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fight for recall right |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/fight-for-recall-right/37560635.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Right-to-recall activist spurred by Anna's win |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/right-to-recall-activist-spurred-by-annas-win/36616620.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> He proposed written drafts for recall of [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] and [[Chief minister (India)|CM]] in his book ''Vote Vapasi Dhan Vapasi''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Rahul Chimanbhai |title=Vote Vapasi Dhan Vapasi |last2=Sharma |first2=Pawan Kumar |publisher=Notion Press |date=14 December 2021 |isbn=979-8885306997 |location=India |language=Hindi |author-link=Rahul Chimanbhai Mehta}}</ref> He floated a group named ''right to recall group'' in 2006 and started contesting elections to promote his drafts.<ref name=":0" />

After 3 years of formation of ''Right to Recall group'', Mehta want to form a [[political party]] to give more publicity to his proposed drafts by using election as a tool and in 2019 he founded Right to Recall Party and became its national president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of parties registered after 15.03.2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9641-list-of-parties-registered-after-15032019/ |website=ECI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ECI gives Elections symbol to Right to Recall Party |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14631-letter-to-the-chief-electoral-officer-of-gujarat-dated-07-11-2022/?do=download |website=ECI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=NH Web |date=2019-10-26 |title=In a first, a newspaper ad calls for action against EVMs |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/an-ad-calls-out-for-action-against-evms |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Chimanbhai Mehta, National President, Right to Recall Party |url=https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/ViewFile?fileName=qIVDIWgqsxUFjfAfS85D6upT9rI7S9NDI7i6jyJ4Z2wKJ0Jz8lTModiYLewer5ARHASH__HASHkA3fW27RdHASH__HASH1tMHASH_HASHjvtqdgvEGOR9vYBhHASH_HASHFCPwgB3BHnCV27ynAk6ezTHASH__HASHLvA4PWUpHASH__HASHQLbhtDR0HqjifMYlHASH_HASHSMQ7Q== |website=ECI |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418014025/https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/ViewFile?fileName=qIVDIWgqsxUFjfAfS85D6upT9rI7S9NDI7i6jyJ4Z2wKJ0Jz8lTModiYLewer5ARHASH__HASHkA3fW27RdHASH__HASH1tMHASH_HASHjvtqdgvEGOR9vYBhHASH_HASHFCPwgB3BHnCV27ynAk6ezTHASH__HASHLvA4PWUpHASH__HASHQLbhtDR0HqjifMYlHASH_HASHSMQ7Q== |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mehta had contested various elections from [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar loksabha constituency]] and [[Ghatlodia Assembly constituency|Ghatlodia assembly constituency]] to promote his drafts.

== See also ==
* [[Recall election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Election law in India]]

Śāntarakṣita

2025-06-03T18:46:53Z

MickiAddy25: cleaned up details further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian Buddhist philosopher (725-788)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image = Shanta Rakshita Khenchen Bodhisattva at Guru Lhakhang Monastery at Bouddhanath.jpg
| image_size = 275px
| caption = Statue of Śāntarakṣita at Guru Lhakhang Monastery, [[Boudhanath|Bouddhanath]]
| birth_date = 725 CE
|death_date = 788 CE
| religion = [[Mahayana Buddhism]]
| occupation = Translator, Philosopher, Abbot
| education = [[Nalanda]]
}}

'''{{IAST|Śāntarakṣita}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: शान्तरक्षित; {{bo|t=ཞི་བ་འཚོ|w=zhi ba tsho}},<ref>Murthy (1989) p.18-27, 41–43</ref> 725–788),<ref name="stanford.edu">stanford.edu: [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/saantarak-sita/ Śāntarakṣita (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]</ref> whose name translates into English as "protected by the One who is at peace"<ref>Śāntarakṣita's name might be understood as a poetic way of rendering "protected by the Buddha". Technically, like "Dharmarakṣita" or "Devadatta", the compound `Śānta-rakṣita' is to be understood as a `tṛtīyātatpuruṣa', or instrumental determinative compound, comprising the noun `Śānta-' ("peaceful [person]") in its (implicit) instrumental inflection on the one hand and the past passive participle `rakṣita' ("protected") on the other.</ref> was an important and influential Indian [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] philosopher, particularly for the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] tradition.<ref name=":1" /> Śāntarakṣita was a [[philosopher]] of the [[Madhyamaka]] school who studied at [[Nalanda]] monastery under [[Jñānagarbha]], and became the founder of [[Samye]], the first [[Vihāra|Buddhist monastery]] in Tibet.

Śāntarakṣita defended a synthetic philosophy which combined [[Madhyamaka]], [[Yogachara|Yogācāra]] and the [[Buddhist logico-epistemology|logico-epistemology]] of [[Dharmakirti]] into a novel Madhyamaka philosophical system.<ref name=":1">Blumenthal (2018)</ref> This philosophical approach is known as ''Yogācāra-Mādhyamika'' or ''Yogācāra-Svatantrika-Mādhyamika'' in Tibetan Buddhism.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1" /> Unlike other Madhyamaka philosophers, Śāntarakṣita accepted Yogācāra doctrines like mind-only (''cittamatra'') and self-reflective awareness (''svasamvedana''), but only on the level of conventional truth.<ref>Blumenthal, James. "Two Topics Concerning Consciousness in Śāntarakşita's Yogācāra-Madhyamaka Syncretism" in Garfield and Westerhoff (2015) ''Madhyamaka and Yogācāra: Allies or Rivals?''

</ref><ref name=":6">Blumenthal (2004), pp. 22-24.</ref> According to James Blumenthal, this synthesis is the final major development in Indian Buddhist philosophy before the disappearance of Buddhism from India (c. 12-13th centuries).<ref name=":6" />

==Biography==

There are few historical records of Śāntarakṣita, with most available material being from [[Hagiography|hagiographic]] sources. Some of his history is detailed in a 19th-century commentary by [[Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso]] drawn from sources like the ''[[Blue Annals]]'', [[Buton Rinchen Drub|Buton]] and [[Taranatha]]. According to Ju Mipham, Śāntarakṣita was the son of the king of Zahor. Some sources have identified Zahor with the area surrounding [[Bhagalpur]] and [[Banka district|Banka]] in eastern [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Lal Mani |title=Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D. |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120802810 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-epU7NHNCOQC&dq=zahor+%22bhagalpur%22&pg=PA158}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pattanaik |first1=Prabir Kumar |title=Uddiyana Guru Padmasambhava : The Second Buddha |date=2024 |publisher=BK Publications |isbn=9788119348701 |page=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LM0VEQAAQBAJ&dq=zahor+%22bhagalpur%22&pg=PA242}}</ref> Tibetan sources refer to him, Jñānagarbha and Kamalasila as ''rang rgyud shar gsum'' meaning the "three eastern Svātantrikas".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald |title=Śāntarakṣita |journal=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2014 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-3868?rskey=ftTDUD&result=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Shyam Deo Prasad |title=Nalanda Pandit Santarakshita-His Writings and Endeavour to Propagate Buddhism in Tibet and Nepal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1981 |volume=42 |pages=110–114 |jstor=44141119}}</ref><ref name="padmakara2">Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp.2–3</ref>

Most sources contain little information about his life in India, as such all that can be known is that he was an Indian monk in the [[Mulasarvastivada]] lineage who lived during the time of the [[Pala Empire]]. Tibetan sources also state he studied under [[Jñānagarbha]] and eventually became the abbot of [[Nalanda]] University after mastering all branches of learning.<ref name=":0"/><ref>Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005) p. 85.</ref>

He was first invited to Tibet by king [[Trisong Detsen]] (c. 742–797) to help establish Buddhism there and his first trip to Tibet can be dated to 763.<ref name=":0"/> However, according to Tibetan sources like the ''[[Blue Annals]],'' his first trip was unsuccessful and due to the activities of certain local spirits, he was forced to leave.<ref name="Blumenthal 2004, p. 26">Blumenthal (2004), p. 26.</ref> He then spent six years in Nepal before returning to Tibet.<ref name=":0"/>

Tibetan sources then state that Śāntarakṣita later returned along with a tantric adept called [[Padmasambhava]] who performed the necessary magical rites to appease the unhappy spirits and to allow for the establishment of the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet. Once this was done, Śāntarakṣita oversaw the construction of [[Samye]] monastery (meaning: "the Inconceivable", Skt. ''acintya'') starting in 775 CE on the model of the Indian monastery of [[Uddandapura|Uddaṇḍapura]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":4">[http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1982_03_01.pdf Banerjee, AC (1982) "Acarya Santaraksita"]</ref>

He then ordained the first seven Tibetan Buddhist monastics there with the aid of twelve Indian monks (circa 779).<ref name=":0"/> He stayed at Samye as the abbot (''upadhyaya'') for the rest of his life (thirteen years after completion). At Samye, Śāntarakṣita established a Buddhist monastic curriculum based on the Indian model.<ref name=":0"/> He also oversaw the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Tibetan. During this period, various other Indian scholars came to Tibet to work on translation, including [[Vimalamitra]], [[Buddhaguhya]], Śāntigarbha and Viśuddhasiṃha.<ref name=":4" /> Tibetan sources state that he died suddenly in an accident after being kicked by a horse.<ref name=":4" />

== Philosophy and teachings ==
[[File:Shantirakshita - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|19th-century painting depicting biographical episodes from the life of Shantarakshita]]
According to Tibetan sources, Śāntarakṣita and his students initially focused on teaching the 'ten good actions' (Sanskrit: [[Buddhist ethics|''daśakuśalakarmapatha'']]), the six [[Pāramitā|paramitas]] (transcendent virtues), a summary of the [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] and 'the chain of dependent origination' (''[[pratītyasamutpāda]]'').<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gzhon-Nu-Dpal|first1=ʼgos Lo-tsā-ba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2R6OaXn76IgC&q=dasa+kusalani+ten&pg=RA1-PA43|title=The Blue Annals|last2=Roerich|first2=George|year=1988|isbn=9788120804715}}</ref><ref name=":2">Dargyay, Eva M. (author) & Wayman, Alex (editor) (1977, 1998). ''The Rise of Esoteric Buddhism in Tibet''. Second revised edition, reprint. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd. Buddhist Tradition Series Vol. 32. {{ISBN|81-208-1579-3}} (paper), p.7</ref>

Tibetan sources indicate that he and his student [[Kamalaśīla]] mainly taught a [[Buddhist paths to liberation|gradual path]] to [[Buddhahood]] (most thoroughly outlined in the ''[[Bhāvanākrama]]'' of Kamalaśīla).<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Blumenthal 2004, p. 26"/> Ju Mipham writes that when he came to Tibet, "he set forth the ten good virtues, the [[Skandha#Eighteen Dhātus and Four Paramatthas|eighteen dhatus]], and the twelve fold chain of dependent arising."<ref>Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005) p. 88.</ref>

Śāntarakṣita is best known for his syncretic interpretation of Madhyamaka philosophy which also makes use of Yogācāra and Dharmakirtian epistemology. His Madhyamaka view is most clearly outlined in his ''Madhyamakālaṃkāra'' (''The Ornament of the Middle Way'') and his own commentary on that text, the ''Madhyamakālaṃkāravṛtti'' (''The Auto-Commentary on The Ornament of the Middle Way'').<ref name=":1" /> Śāntarakṣita is not the first Buddhist thinker to attempt a synthesis of Madhyamaka thought with Yogācāra. Though Śāntarakṣita is often regarded as the leading exponent of this approach, earlier figures such as Vimuktisena, Srigupta and Śāntarakṣita's teacher Jñānagarbha had already written from a similar syncretic perspective.<ref>Ruegg, David Seyfort (1981) ''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India'', p. 87. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.</ref>

Like other Indian Madhyamaka thinkers, Śāntarakṣita explains the ontological status of phenomena through the use of the doctrine of the [[Two truths doctrine|"two truths"]]: the ultimate (''paramārtha'') and the conventional (''[[Samvriti|saṃvṛti]]''). While in an ultimate or absolute sense, all phenomena as seen by Madhyamaka as being [[Śūnyatā|"empty" (''shunya'')]] of essence or inherent nature (''[[svabhava|svabhāva]]''), they can be said to have some kind of [[Conventionalism|conventional]], [[Nominalism|nominal]] or provisional existence.<ref name=":1" /> James Blumenthal summarizes Śāntarakṣita's syncretic view thus: "Śāntarakṣita advocates a Madhyamaka perspective when describing ultimate truths, and a Yogācāra perspective when describing conventional truths."<ref>Blumenthal (2004), p. 43.</ref>

According to Blumenthal, Śāntarakṣita's thought also emphasized the importance of studying the "lower" Buddhist schools. These lesser views were "seen as integral stepping stones on the ascent to his presentation of what he considered to be the ultimately correct view of Madhyamaka". This way of using a [[Doxography|doxographic]] hierarchy to present Buddhist philosophy remains influential in Tibetan Buddhist thought.<ref name=":6" />

=== Ultimate Truth and neither-one-nor-many ===
{{Buddhist Philosophy sidebar}}
Like other Madhyamaka thinkers, Śāntarakṣita sees the ultimate truth as being the emptiness of all phenomena (i.e., their lack of inherent existence or [[essence]]). He makes use of the "neither-one-nor-many argument" in his ''Madhyamakālaṃkāra'' as a way to argue for emptiness. The basic position is outlined by the following stanza:<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>These entities, as asserted by our own [Buddhist schools] and other [non-Buddhist schools], have no inherent nature at all because in reality they have neither a singular nor manifold nature, like a reflected image.<ref>Blumenthal (2004), p. 24.</ref></blockquote>The main idea in his argument is that any given phenomenon (i.e. ''dharma''), cannot be said to have an inherent nature or essence (i.e. ''svabhāva''), because such a nature cannot be proven to exist either as a singular nature (''ekasvabhāva'') or as a multiplicity of natures (''anekasvabhāva'').<ref name=":1" /><ref>Ruegg, David Seyfort (1981) ''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India'', p. 91. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.</ref>

In the ''Madhyamakālaṃkāra'', Śāntarakṣita analyses all the different phenomena posited by Buddhist and non-Buddhist schools through the neither-one-nor-many schema, proving that they cannot be shown to exist as a single thing or as a manifold collection of many phenomena. Śāntarakṣita usually begins by looking at any phenomenon that is asserted by his interlocutor as having a truly singular nature and then showing how it cannot actually be singular.<ref name=":1" />

For example, when analyzing the [[Samkhya|Sāṃkhya]] school's doctrine of a Fundamental Nature (''[[Prakṛti]]'', the permanent, un-caused absolute cause of everything), Śāntarakṣita states that this permanent and fundamental nature cannot be truly singular because it "contributes to the production of successive effects." Since "each successive effect is distinct", then this fundamental nature which is contributing to all these different effects arising at different times is not really singular.<ref name=":1" />

After critiquing the non-Buddhist ideas, Śāntarakṣita turns his arguments against Buddhist ideas, such as the theory of ''svabhāva,'' the theory of atoms (''paramanu''), the theory of the person (''pudgala''), theories regarding space (''akasa'') and [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvana]].<ref>Ruegg, David Seyfort (1981) ''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India'', p. 91. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden</ref> He also critiques the [[Sautrāntika|Sautrantika]] and Yogacara Buddhists who held that consciousness (''[[vijñāna]]'') is truly singular and yet knows a variety of objects.<ref name=":1" /> In his analysis of consciousness, Śāntarakṣita concludes that it is just like other entities in the sense that it can be neither unitary nor multiple. Therefore, he (like other Madhyamikas) refuses to assign any ultimate reality to consciousness and sees it as empty of any inherent nature.<ref name=":5">Ruegg, David Seyfort (1981) ''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India'', p. 92. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden</ref> Furthermore, he also critiques the Yogacara theory of the three natures.<ref name=":5" />

Śāntarakṣita then turns to a critique of the idea that there is a truly manifold nature in phenomena. Śāntarakṣita's main argument here is that any manifold nature or essence would depend on an aggregation of singular essences. But since singular essences have been proven to be irrational, then there can also be no manifold essence. Because of this, phenomena cannot have any inherent nature or essence at all, since the very idea of such a thing is irrational.<ref name=":1" />

=== The Conventional ===
All Madhyamikas agree on an [[Anti-essentialism|anti-essentialist]] view which rejects all permanent essences, inherent natures, or true existence. However, they do not all agree on conventional truth, that is, the best way of describing how it is that phenomena "exist" in a relative sense. In his ''Madhyamakālaṃkāra'', Śāntarakṣita argues that phenomena which are "characterized only by conventionality" are those phenomena that "are generated and disintegrate and those that have the ability to function."<ref name=":1" />

According to Blumenthal, the main criteria for conventional entities given by Śāntarakṣita in his ''Madhyamakālaṃkāra'' and its commentary are the following:<ref name=":1" />

# that which is known by a mind,
# that which has the ability to function (''i.e.'', that it is causally efficacious),
# that which is [[Impermanence|impermanent]], and
# that which is unable to withstand analysis which searches for an ultimate nature or essence in entities.
Furthermore, causal efficacy and impermanence are qualities that conventional truths have due to the fact that they are [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependently originated]], that is, they arise due to causes and conditions which are themselves impermanent (and so on).<ref name=":1" /> Also, conventional truths are described by Śāntarakṣita as being known by conceptual thought and designated based on worldly custom.<ref name=":1" />

One important element of Śāntarakṣita's presentation of conventional truth is that he also incorporates certain views from the Yogācāra school, mainly the idea that conventional phenomena are just consciousness as well as the concept of self-cognizing consciousness or reflexive awareness (''[[Svasaṃvedana|svasamvedana]]'').<ref>Blumenthal, James. "Two Topics Concerning Consciousness in Śāntarakşita's Yogācāra-Madhyamaka Syncretism" in Garfield and Westerhoff (2015) ''Madhyamaka and Yogācāra: Allies or Rivals?''</ref> The ''Madhyamakālaṃkāra'' argues in favor of the Yogācāra position on a conventional level and states that "that which is cause and result is mere consciousness only".<ref name=":1" /> Thus, Śāntarakṣita incorporates the Yogācāra school's analysis into his Madhyamaka framework as a useful way of understanding conventional reality and as a stepping stone to the highest view of emptiness of all phenomena.<ref name=":1" />

==Works==
Around 11 works may have been written by Śāntarakṣita, some survive in Tibetan translation and others in Sanskrit. Some of his texts survive in [[Jainism|Jain]] libraries, showing that he was a figure that was taken seriously even by some of his non-Buddhist opponents.<ref name=":1" />

His main known works include:<ref name=":0">Eltschinger (2019)</ref>

* ''*Aṣṭatathāgatastotra'' (D 1166/ P 2055), a short praise.
* ''*Śrīva-jradharasaṅgītibhagavatstotraṭīkā'' (D 1163/ P 2052), a short praise.
* ''Tattvasiddhi'' (D 39a1/ P 42a8), a philosophical defense of tantra, the authorship is doubtful.
* ''Saṅvaraviṃśakavṛtti'' (D 4082/ P 5583), focuses on the training and practice of a bodhisattva and is actually a commentary on [[Chandragomin|Candragomin's]] ''Bodhisattvasaṃvaraviṃśaka.'' It is also related to the [[Yogacarabhumi-sastra|''Bodhisattvabhumi.'']]
* ''Satyadvayavibhaṅgapañjikā'' (D 3883/ P 5283), an extensive commentary on Jñānagarbha's ''Satyadvayavibhaṅga.'' The authorship has been questioned by various scholars, including some Tibetans like Tsongkhapa and Taranatha.
* ''Paramārthaviniścaya'', now lost.
* ''Vādanyāyaṭīkā vipañcitārthā'' (D 4239/ P 5725), a commentary on Dharmakīrti's Vādanyāya.
* ''Tattvasaṅgraha'', a massive polemical compendium of Indian philosophy covering Buddhist and non-Buddhist views. There is also a commentary on this text by Kamalaśīla.
* ''Madhyamakālaṅkāra'' and its autocommentary, the ''Madhyamakālaṅkāravṛtti''. This is his main exposition of his synthetic Madhyamaka views. Kamalaśīla also composed a commentary to this text, the ''Madhyamakālaṅkārapañjikā''.

=== ''Tattvasaṅgraha'' ===
Śāntarakṣita's ''[[Tattvasamgraha|Tattvasaṅgraha]]'' (''Compendium on Reality''/''Truth'') is a huge and encyclopaedic treatment (over 3,600 verses distributed into 26 chapters) of the major Indian philosophic views of the time. In this text, the author outlines the views of the numerous non-Buddhist Indian traditions of his time.<ref name=":0" />

Unlike previous Madhyamaka texts which were organized around Buddhist categories to be refuted and discussed, the ''Tattvasaṅgraha'' is mainly organized around refuting non-Buddhist views which were becoming increasingly sophisticated and prominent during Śāntarakṣita's era (though space is also saved for certain Buddhist views as well, like [[pudgalavada]] i.e. "personalism").<ref>Carpenter, Amber (2014) ''Indian Buddhist Philosophy,'' pp. 233-235. Routledge.</ref> In this text, Śāntarakṣita explains and then refutes many non-Buddhist views systematically, including Sāṅkhya's primordial matter Nyāya's creator god ([[Ishvara|Īśvara]]) and six different theories on the self ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]]).<ref name=":0" /> He also defends the Buddhist doctrine of momentariness, rejects the [[Vaisheshika|Vaiśeṣika]] ontological categories, discusses philosophy of language and epistemology as well as Jain theories, [[Sarvastivada]] philosophy, and critiques the materialism of the [[Charvaka|Cārvākas]] and the scriptural views of [[Mīmāṃsā]].<ref name=":0" />

A [[Sanskrit]] version of this work was discovered in 1873 by Dr. G. Bühler in the [[Jainism|Jain]] temple of [[Pārśva]] at [[Jaisalmer]]. This version contains also the commentary by Śāntarakṣita's pupil Kamalaśīla.

=== ''Madhyamakālaṅkāra'' ===

Śāntarakṣita's synthesis of Madhyamaka, Yogacara, and Dharmakirtian thought was expounded in his ''[[Madhyamakālaṃkāra|Madhyamakālaṅkāra]]'' (''Ornament of the Middle Way''). In this short verse text, Śāntarakṣita critiques some key Hindu and Buddhist views and then details his presentation of the [[two truths doctrine]]. This presents Yogacara Idealism as the superior way of analyzing conventional truth while retaining the Madhyamaka philosophy of emptiness as the ultimate truth. In the last verses of this text, he summarizes his approach as follows: <blockquote>“Based on the standpoint of mind-only one must know the non-existence of external entities. Based on this standpoint of the non-intrinsic nature of all dharmas one must know that there is no self at all even in that which is mind-only. Therefore, those who hold the reins of logic while riding the carriage of the two systems [Mādhyamika and Yogācāra], attain the stage of a true Mahāyānist.”<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote>

==Influence==
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
Mipham lists Śāntarakṣita's main Indian students as [[Kamalaśīla]], [[Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)|Haribhadra]] and Dharmamitra. He also notes that other Indian scholars like masters Jñanapada, and [[Abhayakaragupta|Abhayākaragupta]] (c. 1100 CE) "also established the view of Prajnaparamita in accordance with this tradition".<ref name=":3">Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005) p. 86.</ref> Furthermore, according to [[David Seyfort Ruegg]], other later Indian scholars such as Vidyākaraprabha (c. 800 CE), Nandasri, Buddhajñāna(pāda), [[Jitāri]], and Kambalapāda also belongs to this Yogācāra-Mādhyamaka tradition.<ref>Ruegg, David Seyfort (1981) ''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India'', pp. 99-107. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.</ref>

Ju Mipham further states that this tradition was continued by Tibetan scholars such as Ngok Lotsawa, Chaba Chökyi Senge and Rongton Choje.<ref name=":3" /> Śāntarakṣita's work also influenced numerous later Tibetan figures such as [[Yeshe De]] (''ca.'' 8th c.), [[Sakya Pandita]] (1182–1251), [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsongkhapa]] (1357–1419) and [[Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso|Ju Mipham Gyatso]] (1846–1912).<ref name=":1" />

Śāntarakṣita's philosophy remained the main interpretation of Madhyamaka in Tibetan Buddhism from the 8th century until the time of the second dissemination in the eleventh and twelfth centuries when [[Chandrakirti|Candrakirti's]] work began to be translated. Blumenthal notes that already in the time of [[Patsab Nyima Drakpa|Patsab]] (12th century) "the Prasaṅgika-Madhyamaka view began to be widely taught and the privileging of Śāntarakṣita's system began to encounter serious opposition."<ref name=":7">Blumenthal (2004) p. 27.</ref> Je Tsongkhapa's (1357-1419) interpretation of [[Prasaṅgika]] Madhyamaka, and his new school, the [[Gelug]], raised serious and influential critiques of Śāntarakṣita's position. In no small part due to his efforts, [[Prasaṅgika]] Madhyamaka replaced Śāntarakṣita's Madhyamaka as the dominant interpretation of Madhyamaka in Tibetan Buddhism.<ref name=":7" />

In the late 19th century, Ju Mipham attempted to promote Yogācāra-Mādhyamaka again as part of the [[Rimé movement]] and as a way to discuss specific critiques of Je Tsongkhapa's widely influential philosophy. The Rimé movement was funded by the secular authorities in [[Derge]], [[Kham]], and began to establish centres of learning encouraging the study of traditions different from the dominant [[Gelug]] tradition in central Tibet. This Rimé movement revitalised the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]], [[Kagyu]], [[Nyingma]] and [[Jonang]] traditions, which had been by almost supplanted by the Gelug hegemony.<ref name="padmakara45">Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp.4–5</ref>

As part of that movement the 19th century Nyingma scholar Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso wrote the first commentary in almost 400 years about Śāntarakṣita's ''Madhyamakālaṅkāra''. According to his student Kunzang Palden, Mipham had been asked by his teacher [[Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo]] to write a survey of all the major Mahayana philosophic shastras for use in the Nyingma monastic colleges.<ref name="padmakara45" /> Mipham's commentaries now form the backbone of the Nyingma monastic curriculum. The ''Madhyamakālaṅkāra'', which was almost forgotten by the 19th century,<ref name="padmakara45" /> is now studied by all Nyingma [[shedra]] students.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Banerjee, Anukul Chandra. ''Acaraya Santaraksita'' in Bulletin of Tibetology, New Series No. 3, p. 1–5. (1982). Gangtok, Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology and Other Buddhist Studies. [http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/bot/bot_1982_03_01.pdf]
* Blumenthal, James. ''The Ornament of the Middle Way: A Study of the Madhyamaka Thought of Shantarakshita''. Snow Lion, (2004). {{ISBN|1-55939-205-3}} – a study and translation of the primary Gelukpa commentary on Shantarakshita's treatise: Gyal-tsab Je's ''Remembering The Ornament of the Middle Way''.
* Blumenthal, James and James Apple, "Śāntarakṣita", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/saantarak-sita].
* Doctor, Thomas H. (trans.) Mipham, Jamgon Ju. ''Speech of Delight: Mipham's Commentary of Shantarakshita's Ornament of the Middle Way''. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications (2004). {{ISBN|1-55939-217-7}}
* Eltschinger, Vincent. "Śāntarakṣita" in ''Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Volume II: Lives (2019)''
* Ichigō, Masamichi (ed. & tr.). ''Madhyamakālaṁkāra of śāntarakṣita with his own commentary of Vṛtti and with the subcommentary or Pañjikā of Kamalaśīla''. Kyoto: Buneido (1985).
* Jha, Ganganath (trans.) ''The Tattvasangraha of Shantaraksita with the Commentary of Kamalashila''. 2 volumes. First Edition : Baroda, (G.O.S. No. Lxxxiii) (1939). Reprint; Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, (1986).
* Murthy, K. Krishna. ''Buddhism in Tibet''. Sundeep Prakashan (1989) {{ISBN|81-85067-16-3}}.
* Prasad, Hari Shankar (ed.). ''Santaraksita, His Life and Work.'' (Collected Articles from "''All India Seminar on Acarya Santaraksita''" held on 3–5 August 2001 at Namdroling Monastery, Mysore, Karnataka). New Delhi, Tibet House, (2003).
* Phuntsho, Karma. ''Mipham's Dialectics and Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither''. London: RoutledgeCurzon (2005) {{ISBN|0-415-35252-5}}
* Śāntarakṣita (author); [[Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso]] (commentator); [[Padmakara Translation Group]] (translators)(2005). ''The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.'' Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. {{ISBN|1-59030-241-9}} (alk. paper)
* [[Khenpo Sodargye|Sodargye, Khenpo]] ([[Khenpo Sodargye|索达吉堪布]]) (trans.) . ''中观庄严论释'' (A Chinese translation of the Mipham's Commentary of Ornament of the Middle Way). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101208120805/http://www.zhibeifw.com/book/sdj/sdj-xm20.htm online version]
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Śāntarakṣita (author); [[Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso]] (commentator); [[Padmakara Translation Group]] (translators)(2005). ''The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.'' Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. {{ISBN|1-59030-241-9}} (alk. paper)

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/tattvasangraha-english The Tattvasangraha (with commentary)] English translation by Ganganatha Jha, 1937 (includes glossary)
*{{cite SEP |url-id=saantarak-sita |title=Śāntarakṣita |last=Blumenthal |first=James}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santaraksita}}
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Madhyamaka]]
[[Category:Yogacara]]
[[Category:History of Tibetan Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist logic]]
[[Category:Idealists]]
[[Category:Indian logicians]]
[[Category:Place of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Place of death unknown]]
[[Category:725 births]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]

Swapnanchya Palikadle

2024-12-03T10:15:40Z

MickiAddy25: starting biography

{{Short description|Marathi-language drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Swapnanchya Palikadle.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| opentheme = "Season 1" by [[Bela Shende]] "Season 2" by [[Vaishali Samant]] and [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1216
| list_episodes =
| producer = Jitendra Gupta Mahesh Tagde
| editor = Prathamesh patkar
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| company = Tell-a-Tale Media
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2010|08|16}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|06|14}}
| related =
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
}}

'''''Swapnanchya Palikadle''''' ({{translation|''Beyond the Dreams''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] television series that aired on [[Star Pravah]]. It stars Gauri Nalawade and [[Chinmay Udgirkar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Swapnanchya Palikadle to go off air - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swapnanchya-palikadle-chinmay-udgirkar-gauri-nalawade-madhavi-kulkarni-ashok-shinde/articleshow/28624754.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vaidehi, a happy and carefree girl from a wealthy family, fell in love with Shreyas, a nice guy from a middle-class background. At first, Vaidehi's parents weren't so keen on the match because of social differences, but eventually, they agreed. After getting married and moving into the Patkar family, Vaidehi had to get used to a different, more middle-class way of life. It took her some time, but she embraced it with a positive attitude.

Now, here's where the drama kicks in. Anvita, Vaidehi's sister-in-law, wasn't too thrilled about Vaidehi getting all the attention and love. Anvita tried a bunch of things to make Vaidehi look bad in front of everyone, but nothing seemed to work. Vaidehi was winning people's hearts with her kindness and adaptability. However, jealousy can be a powerful thing. One day, Anvita's plan to tarnish Vaidehi's image worked, leading to a tragic end to Vaidehi and Shreyas' love story.

After those events, Vaidehi and Shreyas are reborn into wealthy families, taking on the names Pavani and Shubham. As they grow older, they begin to remember their past lives and realize that their reincarnation serves a purpose—to teach Anvita a valuable lesson. Determined to fulfill their mission, Pavani and Shubham work together to impart wisdom to Anvita, guiding her towards a positive transformation.

Through various experiences and lessons, Anvita starts to understand the consequences of her past actions. Eventually, the truth unfolds, leading to Anvita's arrest. The journey of Pavani and Shubham's punarjanma becomes a tale of redemption, growth, and justice as they successfully accomplish their mission to bring about positive change in Anvita's life.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Chinmay Udgirkar]] as
** Shreyas Patkar - Vaidehi's husband, Yashwant and Shalini's son
** Shubham Rajadhyaksha reborn Shreyas- Vishwajeet's son
* Gauri Nalawade as
**Vaidehi Patkar - Shreyas's wife
** Pawani Rajadhyaksha - Reborn Vaidehi

=== Recurring ===
* Sai Kalyankar as Shalu
* [[Madhavi Nimkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhavi Kulkarni to play double role in Swapnanchya Palikadle - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/madhavi-kulkarni-swapnanchya-palikadle-chinmay-udgirkar-gauri-nalawade/articleshow/25427346.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Anvita Patkar
** Nikita inamdar as Anvita's daughter
*[[Usha Naik]] as Anuradha Patkar; Shreyas's grandmother
*[[Ashok Shinde]] as Yashwant Patkar; Shreyas's father
*Bharati patil as Shalini Patkar; Shreyas's mother
*Vinayak Bhave as Mayuresh Patkar; Shreyas's brother and Anvita's husband
*Pallavi Vaidya as Yogini Patkar; Mayuresh's second wife
*Divesh Medge as Raj Patkar; Mayuresh and Yogini's son
*Yogesh Sohoni as Varun Kumar
*Manasi Naik as Asawari
*[[Shashank Ketkar]] as Aniket Gaydhani; Shalu's husband
* [[Tushar Dalvi]] as Mr. Gaydhani
* Sagar Talashikar as Shubham's father
*Vikas Patil as Gandhar; Shubham's brother
*Siya Patil as Vibha; Gandhar's wife
*[[Suruchi Adarkar]] as Veena; Pawani's cousin and Kunda's daughter
* [[Kishori Shahane]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The new entrants in Marathi tele serials - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/the-new-entrants-in-marathi-tele-serials/articleshow/14774465.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Vasundhara
* Madhavi Gogate as Shailaja
* Sharmila Shinde as Shreyas's love interest
* Aarti More as Manasi Patkar
* [[Swapnil Rajshekhar]] as Kaushal; Varun's father
* Nisha Parulekar as Kiran; Varun's mother
* Rujuta Deshmukh as Sakshi
* Prajakta Dighe as Pawani's mother
* [[Vivek Lagoo]] as Pawani's father
* Sumukhi Pendse as Shobhana; Shubham's step-mother
* Prachi Pisat as Shikha; Shubham's love interest
* Chaitanya Chandratre as Nikunj
* Chaitrali Gupte as Vaidehi's sister-in-law
* Vikram Gaikwad as Vaidehi's brother
* Sunil Godse as Raman
* [[Ajinkya Deo]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='स्वप्नांच्या पलिकडले'मध्ये अजिंक्य देवची दमदार एन्ट्री|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-ajinkya-devs-special-entry-in-the-patkar-family-4301296-NOR.html|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
* Jyoti Malashe
*Anjali Ujawane as Kunda; Pawani's Aatya
* Shekhar Navare
* Akshata Shinde
*Amol Bavadekar as Megharaj
*[[Shubhangi Joshi]] as Mai; Megharaj's mother
*Tejashree Dharane as Krushna
*Triyug mantri as Kshitij

== Reception ==
The show reran again on [[Star Pravah]] from 15 May to 19 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘अग्निहोत्र’ आणि ‘स्वप्नांच्या पलिकडले’ या मालिका प्रेक्षकांच्या पुनर्भेटीला|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/agnihotra-and-swapnanchya-palikadle-serials-of-star-pravah-will-retelecast-soon-1472792/lite/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> In week 24 of 2011, it garnered 2.2 TVR maintaining second position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=STAR Pravah crosses 200 GRP mark!|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/star-pravah-crosses-200-grp-mark.php|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref> In week 5 of 2012, it garnered 4.2 TVR maintaining top position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=STAR Pravah records new high with 234 GRPs!|url=https://www.adgully.com/star-pravah-records-new-high-with-234-grps-49219.html|website=Adgully}}</ref> In week 13 of 2012, it garnered 4.0 TVR maintaining second position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Pravah is Maharashtra’s No 1 Choice!|url=https://www.disneystar.com/newsroom/star-pravah-is-maharashtra-s-no-1-choice/?page=422|website=[[Disney Star]]}}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|Week 12
|2012
|0.67
|4
|98
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 12 (18/03/2012-24/03/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413205815/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=18/03/2012&endperiod=24/03/2012|archive-date=2012-04-13|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=18/03/2012&endperiod=24/03/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2012
|0.73
|3
|84
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 15 (08/04/2012-14/04/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233411/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=08/04/2012&endperiod=14/04/2012|archive-date=2012-04-25|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=08/04/2012&endperiod=14/04/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2012
|0.67
|3
|85
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 16 (15/04/2012-21/04/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605235516/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=15/04/2012&endperiod=21/04/2012|archive-date=2012-06-05|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=15/04/2012&endperiod=21/04/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2012
|0.88
|2
|75
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 17 (22/04/2012-28/04/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517011042/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=22/04/2012&endperiod=28/04/2012|archive-date=2012-05-17|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=22/04/2012&endperiod=28/04/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2012
|0.78
|3
|76
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 21 (20/05/2012-26/05/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607001753/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=20/05/2012&endperiod=26/05/2012|archive-date=2012-06-07|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=20/05/2012&endperiod=26/05/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2012
|0.85
|3
|60
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 22 (27/05/2012-02/06/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224005923/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=27/05/2012&endperiod=02/06/2012|archive-date=2013-02-24|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=27/05/2012&endperiod=02/06/2012}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/swapnanchya-palikadale/14072 ''Swapnanchya Palikadle''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt12664886}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]

Indian Naval Hydrographic Department

2024-07-26T21:14:18Z

MickiAddy25: small changes

#REDIRECT [[National Hydrographic Office]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}