Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872

2026-05-03T19:11:01Z

MichaleYarbrough: Added The Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Act of the Imperial Legislative Council of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872
| image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| imagesize = 150
| legislature = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the solemnization in India of the marriages of Christians.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2186/1/A1872-15.pdf Act No. 15 of 1872]
| territorial_extent = whole of India except the territories which, immediately before the 1st November, 1956, were comprised in the States of Travancore-Cochin, Manipur
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_enacted = 18 July 1872
| status = in force
}}
The '''Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872''' is an act of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] governing the legal marriage of [[Christianity in India|Indian Christians]]. It was enacted on 18 July 1872 and applies throughout India, excluding the territories<ref name="lawyer">{{cite web |date= |orig-date=18 July 1872 |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2186/1/A1872-15.pdf |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=lawyerslaw.org}}</ref> which, immediately before 1 November 1956, were comprised into the States of [[Travancore-Cochin]] and [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2186/1/A1872-15.pdf}}</ref> Which are now part of present day [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] and [[Shenkottai taluk|Shenkottai]]) and Manipur.

According to the act, a marriage under the 1872 law is legitimate if at least one of the parties is Christian. An [[Minister (Christianity)|ordained minister]] of any church in India, a clergyman of the [[Church of Scotland]], a marriage registrar or a special licensee may get an aspiring couple married under the act.<ref name="kanoon">{{cite web |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1166543/ |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> The marriage performer issues a marriage certificate. This certificate is recorded with the Registrar of Marriage (who is appointed by the government). As is common in other Indian marriage acts, the minimum age is 21 for the groom and 18 for the bride.<ref name="help">{{cite web |title=Christian Marriage and Registration Procedure in India |url=https://www.helplinelaw.com/family-law/CTMRR/christian-marriage-and-registration-procedure-in-india.html |website=Helplinelaw.com |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref>

The marriage ceremony must occur between 6 a.m. and 7 p.m., unless the marriage performer secures special permission. The wedding may take place in a church; however, in cases where there is no church within five miles, an appropriate alternative location may be chosen.<ref name="lawyer" />

==Conditions and requirements==
The marriage is legitimate only under the following conditions:<ref name=help/>

* The groom must be at least 21 years old.
* The bride must be at least 18 years old.
* The agreement between the two parties must be free and voluntary and without compulsion, undue influence, or threat of violence.
* The marriage must be witnessed by two reliable [[Eyewitness testimony|eye-witnesses]] and by a licensed [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2186/1/A1872-15.pdf marriage performer].

==Marriage dissolution==

Christian marriage in India can be dissolved under the Indian Divorce Act of 1869 (under Section X) under three conditions:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nambi |first1=S |title=Marriage, mental health and the Indian legislation |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |date=2005 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.46067 |pmc=2918313 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*By Section X A (as amended in 2001) both parties can file for a divorce by mutual consent.
*According to Section X (I), either party can file for divorce on the grounds that the other party is of [[Mental disorder|unsound mind]]. These grounds require two conditions:
**The party must be medically certified as 'incurable.'
**The relevant medical symptoms must have been noted at least two years prior to filing for divorce. If the symptoms were treated at any point in time, but ultimately became incurable, the period of two years will be counted from the date when the disease was certified as incurable.
*Women can request a divorce under Section X (II) on three exclusive grounds: [[rape]], [[sodomy]] and [[Zoophilia|bestiality]].

A woman married under The Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872 can seek dissolution of her marriage under the Indian Divorce Act of 1869<ref name=":0"/>

==Offence==

Any individual who performs a marriage ceremony when not appropriately licensed by the authorities or recognized by the church can be punished with a term of imprisonment of between seven and ten years.<ref name=" lawyer"/>

== Remarriage ==
Under the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|special marriage act]], any woman of any religion can marry or remarry without satisfying any religious ceremony. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/flavia-agnes-womens-rights-lawyer/|title=From Law And Politics To Religion: In Conversation With Flavia Agnes|date=2018-08-03|work=The Logical Indian|access-date=2018-08-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Marriage law in India]]
[[Category:Marriage in Christianity]]
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]

Maring people (India)

2026-05-01T10:55:43Z

MichaleYarbrough: adding new entry.

{{distinguish|text=the [[Tsembaga Maring tribe]] of New Guinea}}
{{short description|Tribe of Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Maring
| image = NorthE Guide Warshimmi Maring.png
| population = {{sigfig|25,814|3}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Language |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General of India |year=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712135523/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>
| languages = [[Maring language (India)|Maring]]
| religions = [[Christianity]], [[Animism]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Marings |url=https://maringtribe.in/ |website=maringtribe.in |access-date=17 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102102710/https://maringtribe.in/ |archive-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''Maring people''', are a [[Tangkhul–Maring languages|Tangkhul–Maring]] [[ethnic group]] of [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodson |first1=TC |title= Tribes of Manipur |date=1911}}</ref> They live in the [[Chandel district]] along the north border and in the [[Tengnoupal district]].<ref>{{e18|nng}}</ref> They speak the [[Maring language (India)|Maring]] language.<ref>{{citation |first=Graham |last=Thurgood |chapter=Sino-Tibetan: Genetic and Areal Subgroups |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |editor1=Graham Thurgood |editor2=Randy J. LaPolla |edition=2 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=9781315399492 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |page=22}}</ref> The Marings identify with the [[Naga people]].<ref name=IJPS>{{citation |first=Nehginpao |last=Kipgen |title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=October–December 2011 |volume=72 |number=4 |page=1046 |jstor=41856539}}</ref> The Marings do not have a system of hereditary chiefs.<ref>{{citation |first=Nehginpao |last=Kipgen |title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=October–December 2011 |volume=72 |number=4 |page=1048 |jstor=41856539}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Naga people}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Chandel district]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Supriya Ganesh

2026-04-30T13:20:57Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding Basic Data First Draft

{{Short description|American actress (born 1997)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Supriya Ganesh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|12|16}}
| birth_place = United States
| education = [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2018–present
}}

'''Supriya Ganesh''' (born December 16, 1997)<ref>{{Cite Instagram |last=Ganesh |first=Supriya |user=supriyaganesh_ |postid=CXjEhZtu9rq |title=✨ you're welcome for me 🎂 ✨ |date=December 16, 2021 |access-date=April 13, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Chernikoff-2025">{{cite web |last=Chernikoff |first=Leah |title=Everyone's Favorite Resident on The Pitt Is Still Processing Her Success |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/a65106013/supriya-ganesh-the-pitt-interview-2025/ |website=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |access-date=July 1, 2025 |date=June 20, 2025}}</ref> is an American actor. She{{efn|Ganesh uses both she/her and they/them pronouns. This article uses she/her for consistency.}} is known for her role as Dr. [[Samira Mohan]] on the [[HBO Max]] medical drama television series ''[[The Pitt]]'' (2025–2026), which won the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series]] in 2025.

==Early life==
Ganesh was born on December 16, 1997, in the United States to [[Tamil Nadu diaspora|Tamil]] parents from [[Tamil Nadu]], India. At the age of three, she moved with her family to India, settling in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] surrounding [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Malkin-2025">{{cite web |last=Malkin |first=Marc |title='The Pitt' Star Supriya Ganesh on Wanting to See More of Samira's Personal Life in Season 2 and Using She/They Pronouns: 'Hey, I'm Queer. See Me' |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/columns/the-pitt-supriya-ganesh-samira-season-2-queer-1236411922/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=July 1, 2025 |date=May 28, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bains-2025">{{cite web |last=Bains |first=Pahull |title='The Pitt' is over, but Supriya Ganesh is just getting started |url=https://thenodmag.com/content/supriya-ganesh-the-pitt-indian-american-actor |website=The Nod |access-date=May 1, 2025 |date=April 29, 2025}}</ref> She attended Pathways School in [[Noida, Uttar Pradesh]], where she was the valedictorian of her graduating class in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sankaranarayanan |first=Aruna |title=Dare to be different |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/dare-to-be-different/article5504131.ece |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=April 13, 2025 |date=December 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Valedictorians |url=https://www.pathwaysnoida.edu.in/valedictorians |website=Pathways School Noida |access-date=April 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130111646/https://www.pathwaysnoida.edu.in/valedictorians |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After finishing high school, Ganesh moved back to the United States for college, attending [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]], from which she graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree, majoring in neuroscience and minoring in gender studies, with the intent of attending [[medical school]].<ref name="Chernikoff-2025" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Fuentes |first=Tamara |title='The Pitt' Star Supriya Ganesh Refuses to Choose Between Art and Reality, and They're Ready to See Where Else It Leads Them |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a69936784/the-pitt-supriya-ganesh-interview/ |website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] |access-date=13 March 2026 |date=8 January 2026}}</ref> While at Columbia she began auditioning for acting roles, pursuing both paths simultaneously. Her parents, supportive but cautious, encouraged her to have a backup plan, leading her to enroll in pre-med, taking all the required courses up to organic chemistry, before choosing to prioritize acting.<ref name="goldderby">{{cite web |last=Eng |first=Joyce |title=The Pitt: Supriya Ganesh on Mohan-Abbot flirting, Season 2 |url=https://www.goldderby.com/feature/supriya-ganesh-the-pitt-interview-1206244372/ |website=[[Gold Derby]] |access-date=29 April 2026 |date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Ganesh began auditioning for acting roles while a student at Columbia University.<ref name="Malkin-2025" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Ng |first=Philiana |title='The Pitt': Supriya Ganesh on that 'devastating' scene — and why the worst is still to come |url=https://www.goldderby.com/tv/2026/the-pitt-supriya-ganesh-interview-breakdown-future/ |website=[[Gold Derby]] |access-date=13 March 2026 |date=13 March 2026}}</ref> She made her screen debut on the [[CBS]] series ''[[Blue Bloods]]'' in 2018. Over the following years she accumulated a series of episodic television roles, appearing in ''[[The Enemy Within (TV series)|The Enemy Within]]'', ''[[The Village (2019 TV series)|The Village]]'' (both 2019), ''[[New Amsterdam (2018 TV series)|New Amsterdam]]'' (2021), ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'', ''[[Everything's Trash]]'' (both 2022), ''[[Chicago Med]]'', ''[[Billions (TV series)|Billions]]'' (both 2023), and a recurring role as Nova in ''[[Grown-ish]]'' (2023–2024). She received her [[Screen Actors Guild]] (SAG) card in 2022.<ref name="Chernikoff-2025" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Allaire |first=Christian |title=From The Pitt's ER to NYFW: Supriya Ganesh Hits Her First Fashion Week |url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/supriya-ganesh-michael-kors-new-york-fashion-week-show |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=13 March 2026 |date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

She continued working as an [[MCAT]] tutor throughout this period, maintaining the medical school option as a genuine fallback.<ref name="Bains-2025" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Jessica |title="The Pitt" Has Found a Loyal Fanbase |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/11/style/the-pitt-fandom-social-media.html |url-access=subscription |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 13, 2025 |date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> She was cast as Dr. Samira Mohan, a third-year medical resident, in ''[[The Pitt]]'', a [[Max (streaming service)|Max]] medical drama created by [[R. Scott Gemmill]] and executive produced by [[John Wells (filmmaker)|John Wells]]. Set over a single 15-hour shift at a Pittsburgh emergency room led by Dr. Michael Robinavitch ([[Noah Wyle]]), the series premiered on 9 January 2025. Ganesh appeared in all 16 episodes of the first season.<ref name="Chernikoff-2025" /> She described Dr. Mohan as "almost like a version of myself had I done that."<ref name="goldderby"/> She also drew on personal experience to develop the character's cultural identity by choosing to have Samira speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]] to her mother on screen, a detail she proposed to the show's creators.<ref>{{cite web |last=Suber |first=Devan |title=Supriya Ganesh of 'The Pitt' has high hopes for Dr. Samira Mohan |url=https://joysauce.com/supriya-ganesh-of-the-pitt-has-high-hopes-for-dr-samira-mohan/ |website=[[JoySauce]] |access-date=29 April 2026 |date=16 April 2026}}</ref> She starred as Vaidehi in the world premiere of Deepak Kumar's ''House of India'' at the [[Old Globe Theatre]] in [[San Diego]] in May 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last=Higgins |first=Molly |title=See Who's Starring in Deepak Kumar's House of India at The Old Globe |url=https://playbill.com/article/see-whos-starring-in-deepak-kumars-house-of-india-at-the-old-globe |website=[[Playbill]] |access-date=April 13, 2025 |date=March 28, 2025}}</ref>

In April 2026, it was announced that Ganesh would be departing ''[[The Pitt]]'' after two seasons.<ref>{{cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |title='The Pitt' Ups Ayesha Harris to Series Regular for Season 3, Supriya Ganesh Exits (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/the-pitt-supriya-ganesh-exits-season-3-ayesha-harris-1236705534/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=2 April 2026 |date=2 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |title='The Pitt': Supriyah Ganesh Exits; Ayesha Harris Promoted For S3 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/04/the-pitt-supriyah-ganesh-exits-ayesha-harris-promoted-s3-1236772328/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |access-date=2 April 2026 |date=2 April 2026}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ganesh came out as [[queer]] in May 2025. She uses she/they pronouns.<ref name="Malkin-2025" />

==Acting credits==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[Pinball: The Man Who Saved the Game]]''
| Pamela
| rowspan="2" | <ref name="Old Globe-2025">{{cite web |title=House of India |url=https://www.theoldglobe.org/pdp/25-season/house-of-india/ |website=[[Old Globe Theatre]] |access-date=April 13, 2025 |date=2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spoiler Alert (film)|Spoiler Alert]]''
| Makeup artist
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Blue Bloods]]''
| Therapist
| Episode: "Thicker Than Water"
| <ref>{{cite press release |last1=Llewellyn |first1=Noelle |last2=Miller |first2=Amy |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Danny and Baez investigate a murder attempt against a celebrated fertility doctor with a seemingly pristine reputation, on "Blue Bloods," Friday, Oct. 26 |url=https://www.paramountpressexpress.com/cbs-entertainment/shows/blue-bloods/releases/?view=51124-danny-and-baez-discover-a-plot-against-a-celebrated-fertility-doctor-with-a-seemingly-pristine-reputation-on-blue-bloods-friday-oct-26 |publisher=[[CBS Entertainment]] |access-date=April 13, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[The Enemy Within (TV series)|The Enemy Within]]''
| Young Mother
| Episode: "Black Bear"
|
|-
| ''[[The Village (2019 TV series)|The Village]]''
| Hipster Girl
| Episode: "Heart on Fire"
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[New Amsterdam (2018 TV series)|New Amsterdam]]''
| Rahel Phillipose
| Episode: "In a Strange Land"
| <ref>{{Cite Instagram |last=Ganesh |first=Supriya |user=supriyaganesh_ |postid=CWVu_z5A5P9 |title=Been sitting on this one for a hot sec 🤭😬 Catch me on New Amsterdam tonight!! |date=November 16, 2021 |access-date=April 13, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Kayla Stuart
| Episode: "Eighteen Wheels a Predator"
| <ref>{{cite web |title=From College Walk to Studio Lot: Breaking into Entertainment |url=https://socal.alumni.columbia.edu/from_college_walk_to_studio_lot_20250326 |website=Columbia SoCal |access-date=April 13, 2025 |date=March 10, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Everything's Trash]]''
| Angela
| Episode: "Election Night Is Trash"
| <ref name="Old Globe-2025" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Chicago Med]]''
| Katie Foreman
| Episode: "It's an Ill Wind That Blows Nobody Good"
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web |last=O'Keefe |first=Meghan |title='The Pitt' Cast Guide: From Noah Wyle to Shawn Hatosy, Meet the Doctors of PTMH |url=https://decider.com/2025/01/09/the-pitt-cast-guide/ |website=[[Decider (website)|Decider]] |access-date=April 13, 2025 |date=January 9, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Billions (TV series)|Billions]]''
| Alexis
| Episode: "Game Theory Optimal"
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Grown-ish]]''
| Nova
| 2 episodes
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |title='The Pitt' Adds 9 To Cast Of Max Series Including Tracy Ifeachor, Taylor Dearden, Fiona Dourif, Isa Briones, Gerran Howell |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/the-pitt-full-cast-max-tracy-ifeachor-isa-briones-noah-wyle-1236008745/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |access-date=April 13, 2025 |date=July 12, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025–2026
| ''[[The Pitt]]''
| Dr. Samira Mohan
| Main role; 30 episodes (seasons 1-2)
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |title=Max Medical Procedural 'The Pitt' Starring Noah Wyle Sets Main Cast |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/max-medical-procedural-the-pitt-noah-wyle-cast-1236069172/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 13, 2025 |date=July 12, 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Theater===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Venue
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2025
| ''House of India''
| Vaidehi
| [[Old Globe Theatre]]
| San Diego
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |title=Full Cast and Creative Team Set for House of India at The Old Globe |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/san-diego/article/Full-Cast-and-Creative-Team-Set-for-HOUSE-OF-INDIA-at-The-Old-Globe-20250327 |website=[[BroadwayWorld]] |access-date=April 13, 2025 |date=March 27, 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Award
! Year
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Actor Awards]]
| [[32nd Actor Awards|2026]]
| [[Actor Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[The Pitt]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |title=Actor Awards, Formerly SAG Awards, Nominations: 'One Battle After Another' Leads Film Nods With 7 as 'The Studio' Tops TV With 5 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/2026-sag-awards-actor-awards-nominations-list-1236466410/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=28 February 2026 |date=7 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Queerty Awards]]
| [[Queerty#The Queerties 2026|2026]]
| Best TV Performance
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=French |first1=Kennedy |last2=Malkin |first2=Marc |title='Heated Rivalry,' Jonathan Bailey, Cynthia Erivo and Bella Ramsey Among Queerties 2026 Nominations (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/awards/awards/heated-rivalry-queerties-nominations-2026-1236630684/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=2 March 2026 |date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Malkin |first=Marc |title='Heated Rivalry,' Cynthia Erivo and Lady Gaga Win Big at Queerties Awards: Full Winners List |url=https://variety.com/2026/awards/columns/queerties-awards-full-winners-list-1236684143/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=13 March 2026 |date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesh, Supriya}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York City]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:American queer actresses]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate actresses in the United States]]
[[Category:People from Noida]]
[[Category:Place of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Queer actresses]]

Parwana (1947 film)

2026-04-29T08:00:41Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding New Details Needs Work.

{{Short description|1947 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parwana
| image = Parwana_1947.jpg
| caption =
| director = J. K. Nanda
| producer = R. B. Haldia
| writer = [[D. N. Madhok]]
| screenplay = J. K. Nanda
| story = [[D. N. Madhok]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[K. L. Saigal]] [[Suraiya]] Najma [[K. N. Singh]] [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Baby Khurshid]]
| music = [[Khwaja Khurshid Anwar|Khurshid Anwar]]
| cinematography = Dilip Gupta
| editing = N. R. Chowhan
| distributor = Jeet Productions
| released = {{Film date|1947|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Parwana''''' ({{Translation|Moth}}) is a 1947 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[drama]] film.

It was produced by R. B. Haldia and Pratap A. Rana, and directed by J. K. Nanda. The songs were composed by [[Khwaja Khurshid Anwar|Khurshid Anwar]] and became popular. The lyrics were written by [[D. N. Madhok]] and Naqshab.

==Background==
The film starred [[K. L. Saigal]], [[Suraiya]], Najma, [[K. N. Singh]], Baby Khurshid and [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]].<ref name=Upperstall>{{cite web|title=Parwana (1947 film)|url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1947/parwana|website=Upperstall.com website|access-date=16 February 2026|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531040545/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1947/parwana}}</ref> It was K. L. Saigal's last film and was released in February 1947, one month after his death in January 1947. Suraiya, who had stated in an interview that she was a big fan of Saigal's, and had already acted in two films with him.<ref name="Patel">{{cite book|last=Patel |first=Bhaichand|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|date=15 January 2016 |publisher=Penguin|location=UK|isbn=978-8184755985|page=1943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC&q=parwana+1947&pg=PT107}}</ref> The first two were ''[[Tadbir]]'' (1945) and ''[[Omar Khaiyyam]]'' (1946). ''Parwana'' was their third film together and the most famous.<ref name=Patel />

==Plot summary==
The story is about Inder, played by K. L. Saigal, who is from a well-to-do family and considerate towards the poor and needy. This causes jealousy and misunderstandings in his life. Inder (K. L. Saigal) goes to the marketplace and buys bananas along with the basket from a blind banana seller, which he gets distributed among the poor. He then leads the blind man to his house. He's concerned about the old man's young daughter Sakina (Baby Khurshid) who's been unwell. He treats her as his sister and feels she should be shown to a doctor for her daily fever. Sakina makes wooden toys and she has made some for him. Inder pays her saying he'll sell them to a shopkeeper from where he will get money. Inder stays with his rich father, mother, and three small brothers. The father's concerned about Inder's benevolent nature and tells his wife that it's time to get him married. The mother shows Inder a photo of Rupa (Nazma). Inder wants to meet Rupa and [[Talk to Her|talk to her]] before getting married but Rupa's father refuses. He says Rupa sees Inder through her father's eyes and after marriage will see the world through her husband, that is, Inder's eyes. Inder is not happy but he leaves. He and Rupa are married and he is enthralled by her beauty.

Sakina has made a shawl for Inder's wife as a wedding gift and she asks Inder to present it to her. However, Rupa is suspicious of Inder's staying out late and thinks the gift is actually for Inder. She tells him that he is a debauch spending time with loose-character women who sell themselves for the price of a shawl. A message arrives for him that Sakina is not well. He insists on bringing her home in the hope of taking good care of her. Rupa sees a young woman who is Sakina's Aunt accompanying them in the buggy and jumps to the conclusion that she's the woman called Sakina with whom Inder spends his time. While Inder goes to ring for the doctor Rupa taunts Sakina about her Aunt and in the argument that follows slaps Sakina. Inder drops Sakina back home but himself goes into a state of shock. The doctor suggests a [[hill station]] for him to recover. His condition is further worsened when he finds out that Sakina has died. He refuses to interact with anyone and stops talking to his wife. With the love and pressure from his younger brothers, he agrees to go to the hill station.

Gopi (Suraiya) lives with her brother Kishan (K. N. Singh) and his wife in a village up in the hills. It is at this place that Inder and Rupa arrive. Kishan suggests that they stay in part of their big house as it will help them monetarily. Gopi and Inder grow close as Rupa asks her to give Inder his medication and take him for walks so he can get better and he also enjoys her company. Soon there is gossip in the village about Inder and Gopi, which Kishan overhears. He realizes that his sister is in love with Inder. He confronts Inder who admits he loves Gopi but not in the way they think. He has admired her free spirit and zest for life. He decides to leave the village for the city. Once back he again falls ill. The doctor says he's in danger of losing his mind and could probably die. Rupa goes to the village to fetch Gopi as she feels that only she can make Inder better. Rupa has finally understood that Gopi had taken Sakina's place in Inder's heart. After some hesitation, Kishan agrees to let Gopi go and follows her. In the city, Rupa confronts Inder who she thinks is in love with her but is scared to acknowledge it. Inder's parents come into the room and insult and slap Gopi. Kishan who has heard everything takes her back to the village and prepares to get her married. On the wedding day, Inder and Rupa arrive to bless the couple but there is a showdown between Gopi, Kishan, and Inder where Gopi falls from the cliff and dies.

==Cast==
* [[K. L. Saigal|Saigal]] as Inder<ref name=Upperstall/>
* [[Suraiya]] as Gopi<ref name=Upperstall/>
* Najma as Rupa
* [[K. N. Singh]] as Kishan<ref name=Upperstall/>
* [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]]<ref name=Upperstall/>
* S. Nazir
* [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Baby Khurshid]] as Sakina, sister of Inder

==K. L. Saigal film songs==
K. L. Saigal died on 18 January 1947 and the film was released several months following his death. Saigal had become addicted to alcohol and, according to medical advisors of the time, he could record only after drinking. But for ''Parwana'', he recorded the songs while refraining from taking alcohol. According to composer [[Naushad]], he had recorded the song "Jab Dil Hi Toot Gaya" for ''[[Shah Jehan (film)|Shah Jehan]]'' (1946) after asking Saigal to sing without having alcohol, which Saigal did after some reluctance and uncertainty on his part.<ref name=Anantharaman>{{cite book|last=Anantharaman|first=Ganesh|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books|location=India |isbn=9780143063407|pages=30–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&q=Saigal%2BNaushad&pg=PA30}}</ref>

The news spread and Khurshid Anwar then got Saigal to do the same with the songs in ''Parwana''.<ref name=Cineplot>{{cite web|website=Cineplot.com website|title=K. L. Saigal {{endash}} Naushad Collaboration|url=http://cineplot.com/music/k-l-saigal-naushad-collaboration/|access-date=16 February 2026|url-status=dead|date=25 November 2010|archive-date=29 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129145843/http://cineplot.com/music/k-l-saigal-naushad-collaboration/}}</ref> The music became very popular. Saigal's songs had personified the musical era of the 1930s and 1940s, which was also known as the Saigal Era.<ref>{{cite web|website=Cultural India website|title=K. L. Saigal profile|url-status=dead|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/indian-singers/k-l-saigal.html|access-date=16 February 2026|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214024215/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/indian-singers/k-l-saigal.html}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Song !! Singer !! Lyricist
|-
|1. ||"Biyahi Meri Rani Havaldar Ke Sangh" ||Saigal, Suraiya, Rajkumari Dubey ||D. N. Madhok
|-
|2. ||"Toot Gaye Sab Sapne" ||[[K. L. Saigal|Saigal]]||D. N. Madhok, Naqshab and [[Tanvir Naqvi]]
|-
|3. ||"Paapi Papiha Re" || [[Suraiya]] ||[[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
|4. ||"Saiyyan Ne Ungli Marori Re" ||[[Rajkumari Dubey]]||D. N. Madhok
|-
|5. ||"Jeene Ka Dhang" ||Saigal || D. N. Madhok
|-
|6. ||"Us Mast Nazar Par"/ "Kahin Ulajh Mat Jaana" ||Saigal || D. N. Madhok
|-
|7. ||"Mohabbat Mein Kabhi Aisi Bhi Haalat" ||Saigal || D. N. Madhok, Naqshab
|-
|8. ||"Aaja Baalma Rain Andheri"||Suraiya || D. N. Madhok
|-
|9. ||"Jab Tum Hi Nahin Apne Duniya Begaani Hai" ||Suraiya ||D. N. Madhok, Naqshab
|-
|10.||"Mere Mundere Na Bol Kaaga" ||Suraiya ||D. N. Madhok
|-
|11.||"Mora Maika Chhudaiyo Dino Ram" ||Saigal ||D. N. Madhok
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0246845 |title=Parwana}}
*[http://hindi-films-songs.com/kanwar-videos/k-anwar-parwana-new.html Khurshid Anwar Parwana 1947] Copyright Khwaja Khurshid Anwar Trust and Irfan Anwar. Hindi Film Songs Surjit Singh.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:1947 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Khurshid Anwar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:1940s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1947 drama films]]

Elikkala

2026-04-27T09:18:31Z

MichaleYarbrough: made data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Elikkala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada Tulu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|31|23|N|75|23|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Venkataramana E S
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Sullia
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 574239
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Elikkala ''' is a place in [[Aletty]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 2723700 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_500_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Elikkala with population 500 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-18}}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoomaps India |accessdate=2008-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=18 December 2008 |url-status=dead }} Aletty, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Aletty]] post and village [[Sullia]] [[taluk]] of [[Dakshina Kannada district]] in Karnataka.

==Demographics==
As of 2001 India [[census]], Aletty had a population of coming soon with males and females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==Temples==
*Shree Sadashiva Temple Aletty, Historical temple

==Schools==
*Govt High School [[Aletty]] [[Sullia]]
*Higher Primary School [[Aletty]] [[Sullia]]

==Nearby places==
*[[Aletty]]
*[[Mangalore]]
*[[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]
*[[Sullia]]
*[[Thodikana]]

==How to reach==
Elikkala is 6 km from [[Sullia]] ([[Sullia]] Aletty, Baddaka, Panathuru, Kerala Road)
*Private bus available from [[Sullia]] via [[Aletty]]
*Private jeep facility available from [[Sullia]]

Nearest railway station: [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]

Nearest airport: [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore]]

==See also==
* [[Dakshina Kannada]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Dakshina{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kannada.nic.in/

[[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]

Bilasipara East Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T15:19:44Z

MichaleYarbrough: made a data...

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bilasipara East
| mla = [[Samsul Huda]]
| party = {{Color box|#0A8612}} [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| alliance = None
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Dhubri District|Dhubri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 27
| map_image = Bilasipara East Assembly constituency map.svg
| abolished= 2023
}}
'''Bilasipara East Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. Bilasipara East forms a part of the [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]].

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Town Details==

Following are details on Bilasipara East Assembly constituency<ref name="bil ref2">{{cite news |title=Bilasipara East Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bilasipara East Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bilasipara-east-election-result-s03a027/ |access-date=19 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}</ref>-

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Dhubri district .
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Dhubri Lok Sabha/Parliamentary constituency.
* Assembly Categorisation: Rural
* Literacy Level: 80.47%.
* Eligible Electors as per 2021 General Elections: 2,17,630 Eligible Electors. Male Electors:1,09,571 . Female Electors: 1,08,059.
* Geographic Co-Ordinates: 26°17'29.4"N 90°19'44.0"E.
* Total Area Covered: 493 square kilometres.
* Area Includes: Bilasipara town committee and Bilasipara thana [excluding Sapatgram town committee ard the villages specified in items (9) and (10) of the Appendix] in Dhubri sub-division, of Dhubri district of Assam:.
* Inter State Border : Dhubri.
* Number Of Polling Stations: Year 2011-217, Year 2016-235, Year 2021-27.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

Following is the list of past members representing Bilasipara East Assembly constituency in Assam Legislature.<ref name="bi ref1">{{cite news |title=Bilasipara East Election Result 2021 LIVE: Bilasipara East MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bilasipara-east-assembly-elections-as-27/ |access-date=19 November 2021 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Rookmini Kanta Roye]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) - Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Anowar Hussain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Prasanta Barua]]
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Prasanta Barua]]
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Prasanta Barua]]
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Gul Akhtara Begum]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Ashok Kumar Singhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Samsul Huda]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|}

== Election results ==

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilasipara East}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Samsul Huda
|party= All India United Democratic Front
|votes =116,068
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Ashok Kumar Singhi
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =66,768
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Kalal Das
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|votes =3,375
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Mominur Islam
|party = Independent
|votes =2,891
|percentage =
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Moshlem Uddin Choudhury
|party = Independent
|votes =1,657
|percentage =
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Abdul Monnaf Pramanik
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes =908
|percentage =
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Jitendra Nath Adhikary
|party = Independent
|votes =634
|percentage =
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Abdul Jabbar
|party = Independent
|votes =483
|percentage =
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Mizanur Rahman
|party = Independent
|votes =478
|percentage =
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Prodip Chandra Roy
|party = Republican Party of India
|votes =403
|percentage =
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Moynul Hoque
|party = Independent
|votes =371
|percentage =
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilasipara East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singhi
|votes = 59,206
|percentage = 35.29
|change = +33.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amrit Badsha
|votes = 54,110
|percentage = 32.26
|change = +19.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Moshlemuddin Choudhury
|votes = 43,213
|percentage = 25.76
|change = -10.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anwar Hussain
|votes = 4,941
|percentage = 2.94
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Siddique Hussein
|votes = 1,047
|percentage = 0.62
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amarendra Nath
|votes = 749
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Martial Russel
|votes = 733
|percentage = 0.43
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nishil Kumar Ray
|votes = 720
|percentage = 0.42
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tridippati Singha
|votes = 700
|percentage = 0.41
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Amzad Hussein
|votes = 500
|percentage = 0.29
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashwin Mahanta
|votes = 406
|percentage = 0.24
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|candidate = Mominur Ali Sheikh
|votes = 340
|percentage = 0.20
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,073
|percentage = 0.63
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,096
|percentage = 3.03
|change = -15.06
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,67,728
|percentage = 90.66
|change = +7.83
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,84,994
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilasipara East}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Gul Akhtara Begum
|votes = 49,519
|percentage = 36.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Prasanta Barua
|votes = 25,094
|percentage = 18.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Uma Rani Basumatary
|votes = 23,326
|percentage = 17.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bharati Baruah
|votes = 17,830
|percentage = 13.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Wasim Raja
|votes = 7,613
|percentage = 5.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdul Hamid
|votes = 3,904
|percentage = 2.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Purandar Nath
|votes = 2,529
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Moinul Hoque
|votes = 1,889
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Moniruzzaman
|votes = 1,707
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bipin Barman
|votes = 970
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Lok Bharti
|candidate = Mohendra Chandra Roy
|votes = 648
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,425
|percentage = 18.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,35,029
|percentage = 82.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,63,007
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.24|90.25|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Dhubri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

Debashish Samantaray

2026-04-24T21:11:52Z

MichaleYarbrough: made new article...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Debashish Samantaray
| native_name =
| image = Debashish_Samantaray.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 4 April 2024
| office2 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 19 May 2009
| term_end2 = 5 February 2019
| predecessor2 = ''Constituency Established''
| successor2 = [[Mohammed Moquim]]
| constituency2 = [[Barabati-Cuttack (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barabati-Cuttack]]
| term_start3 = 2000
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = [[Basant Kumar Biswal]]
| successor3 = [[Chiranjib Biswal]]
| constituency3 = [[Tirtol (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tirtol]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|02|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack District|Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse =
| father = [[Nityananda Samntaray]]
| mother =
}}

'''Debashish Samantaray''' is an Indian politician. He is a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Odisha]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref name="Rout 2024 o947">{{cite web | last=Rout | first=Yajati Keshari | title=Odisha Rajya Sabha Polls: Debashish Samantaray, Subhasish Khuntia & Ashwini Vaishnaw Elected Unopposed | website=Pragativadi | date=20 February 2024 | url=https://pragativadi.com/odisha-rajya-sabha-polls-debashish-samantaray-subhasish-khuntia-ashwini-vaishnaw-elected-unopposed/ | access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="ANI News 2024 l205">{{cite web | title=Debashish Samantaray thanks Odisha CM Patnaik after being elected as Rajya Sabha MP | website=ANI News | date=20 February 2024 | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/debashish-samantaray-thanks-odisha-cm-patnaik-after-being-elected-as-rajya-sabha-mp20240220205446/ | access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2024 o339">{{cite web | title=Two BJD candidates file nomination for Rajya Sabha polls, suspense over third seat | website=The Times of India | date=13 February 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-bjd-candidates-file-nomination-for-rajya-sabha-polls-suspense-over-third-seat/articleshow/107656847.cms | access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 2024 v823">{{cite web | title=BJD names D Samantray and Subhasish Khuntia for the upcoming Rajya Sabha elections | website=The Economic Times | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjd-names-d-samantray-and-subhasish-khuntia-for-the-upcoming-rajya-sabha-elections/articleshow/107670019.cms?from=mdr | access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samantaray, Debashish}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Ghotis

2026-04-22T05:59:53Z

MichaleYarbrough:

{{short description|Social group native to West Bengal}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=September 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2019}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Bengalis}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Ghoti
| population =
| regions = West Bengal and historically western parts of Bengal region<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangal-Ghoti divide still continues |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=19 October 2015 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/507401/bangal-ghoti-divide-still-continues.html |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>, parts of Bangladesh after partition
| languages = [[Central Bengali dialects|Rarhi]], [[North Central Bengali dialects|Varendri]], [[Western Bengali dialects|Manbhumi]] and [[Southern Bengali dialect|Sundarbani]] dialects of [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangal-Ghoti divide still continues |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=19 October 2015 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/507401/bangal-ghoti-divide-still-continues.html |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>
| related_groups = [[Bengalis]], [[Bangal]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangal-Ghoti divide still continues |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=19 October 2015 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/507401/bangal-ghoti-divide-still-continues.html |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>
| notes =
}}
'''Ghoti''' ({{Aka}} '''Pôshchim Bôngiyô'''; {{Translation|West Bengali}}) is a term used to refer to the [[Bengali people]] native to the [[Indian states]] of [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]]. The term is used to describe [[Bengalis]] from the west, as opposed to the [[Bengalis]] from the east, which means [[Bangal]]s of [[East Bengal]] (now Bangladesh), [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Somak|date=2020-02-15|title=The 'ghoti' versus 'bangal' rivalry in Bengali cinema|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-ghoti-versus-bangal-rivalry-in-bengali-cinema-11581666936713.html|access-date=2021-01-03|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Among the Bengalis of India, the terms "Ghoti" and "Bangal" are used as social sub-groups denoting the ancestral origin of a family.

The word "Ghoti" has been in use since at least the early 18th century.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Although all Ghotis are ethno-linguistically Bengali, the term does not refer to a single distinct population and was not primarily bound by religion. It geographically and historically refers to all the Bengali inhabitants of the western part of the historical region of Bengal.

Historically, ethnic land of Ghotis also distributed across west of the [[Padma River]], such as the districts of [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] before being partitioned to [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in 1947.

==Overview==
Going by the more strict definition, the Ghotis are those people whose ancestry is connected to the [[Western Bengal]] plains of Burdwan, Nadia, and [[Rarh region]]. The term began to be used since 1905 when Bengal was [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partitioned]]. The historic homeland of the Ghoti people remained at the presidency, and the eastern part became [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]].

Some of the people from East Bengal, mainly Hindus, migrated to West Bengal during the [[Partition of India]] in 1947. These refugees were sometimes referred to as Bangals by the native population of West Bengal. As such, the terms Ghoti and Bangal are mostly used in West Bengal while in Bangladesh, the usage of these is rare except in regions with relatively high concentrations of immigrants from West Bengal. In modern times, amongst [[Bengalis]], "Bangal" and "Ghoti" are used as social sub-groups. Those whose families came from [[East Bengal]] at the time of Partition are Bangals and those whose families were staying in West Bengal at that time are Ghotis. Similarly, the people who came to West Bengal from East Bengal before the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition]] are also known as Ghotis as they were staying in Western Bengal at the time of Independence. The term as used here has little relation to actual geography since clustered members of these groups all now live in India. Historically, in addition to marrying within their castes, people from these groups also preferred to marry within the group, whether Bangal or Ghoti. Bangals and Ghotis keep up their cultural rivalry through their respective support of the football clubs [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] (Bangals) and [[Mohun Bagan]] (Ghotis). They also cherish a rivalry through a claim of the supremacy of their respective cuisines and especially river-food delicacies, i. e., [[Prawn|Chingri]] (prawn) for Ghotis and [[Ilish]] (hilsa) for Bangals.

==Sports culture==
Traditionally, West Bengal has been a major centre for [[Association football|football]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/fifa-2018-why-bengal-is-obsessed-with-football-there-is-more-nationalism-here-and-less-sport-5217326/|title=Why Bengal is obsessed with football?|work=The Indian Express|date=15 June 2018|access-date=13 September 2019|language=en}}</ref> and a longstanding rivalry between Ghoti and Bangal people on the football field have been a hallmark of the larger social friction between the groups.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.in.com/sports/football/a-brief-history-of-origins-of-kolkata-derby-the-ghoti-bangal-rivalry-80471.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203235835/https://www.in.com/sports/football/a-brief-history-of-origins-of-kolkata-derby-the-ghoti-bangal-rivalry-80471.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2017|title=East Bengal Vs Mohun Bagan: The 'Ghoti' – 'Bangal' Rivalry|work=News18|date=3 February 2018|access-date=13 September 2019|language=en}}</ref>

In a typical season, the clubs currently meet at least 3 times a year; twice in the Indian Super League and once in the [[Calcutta Football League]]. The ultimate showdown between the teams takes place during the annual [[Kolkata Derby]], which features in [[FIFA]]'s classic derby list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-the-partition-of-derby-day-758456.html|title=East Bengal vs Mohun Bagan: The partition of Derby Day|work=Deccan Herald|date=1 September 2019|access-date=13 September 2019|language=en}}</ref>

The primary venue of the match—the 85,000-seat [[Salt Lake Stadium]]—has remained sold out on match day, for decades. The [[Kolkata Police Force]] has in recent years maintained strict supervision after riots between fans claimed lives on multiple occasions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/kolkata-derby-mohun-bagan-and-east-bengal-play-out-goalless-draw-in-calcutta-football-league-2292939.html|title=Kolkata Derby: Mohun Bagan and East Bengal Play Out Goalless Draw in Calcutta Football League|work=News18|date=1 September 2018|access-date=13 September 2019|language=en}}</ref> Often the clubs also meet in other competitions like the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation]]/[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]], the [[IFA Shield]], and the [[Durand Cup]] among others.

==See also==
{{commons category|Ghoti people}}
*[[Rarhi dialect]]
*[[Manbhumi dialect]]
*[[Sundarbani dialect]]
*[[Partition of India]]
*[[Partition of Bengal (1947)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali Hindu people}}

[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]

K. V. Palle mandal

2026-04-20T18:32:21Z

MichaleYarbrough:

{{Short description|Mandal in Annamayya district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kambhamvaripalle mandal
| other_name = K. V. Palle mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pileru revenue division|Pileru]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
}}

'''Kambhamvaripalle mandal''', commonly known as '''K. V. Palle mandal''', is one of the 30 [[mandal]]s in [[Annamayya district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Pileru revenue division]]. The mandal used to be a part of [[Chittoor district]] and was made part of the newly formed Annamayya district on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-04 |title=Heavy rain lashes easternmandals of Chittoor dist. |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/heavy-rain-lashes-easternmandals-of-chittoor-dist/article33253567.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mandals in Annamayya district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Ashish Kumar Chhabra

2026-04-18T22:37:34Z

MichaleYarbrough: new new biography v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashish Kumar Chhabra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bemetara]]
| office = Member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bemetara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bemetara]]
| term_start = 11 December 2018
| predecessor = Awadhesh Singh Chandel
| term_end = 3 December 2023
| successor = [[Dipesh Sahu]]
| occupation = Transport, Agriculture & Politician
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children = 2
| father = Surendra Kumar Chhabra
| mother =
| spouse = Amrita Kaur Chhabra
}}
'''Ashish Kumar Chhabra''' (born 10 October 1981) is an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/candidates/ashish-kumar-chhabra-mla-bemetara-2018-105459|title=ASHISH KUMAR CHHABRA INC, Chhatisgarh Election, Bemetara, Election Results 2018 | IndiaToday|website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref> representing the [[Bemetara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bemetara]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/chhattisgarh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=2065|title=Ashish Kumar Chhabra(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BEMETARA(BEMETARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He got 74914 votes during the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/chhattisgarh/candidates/ashish-kumar-chhabra-inc-2018-bemetara-69|title=Ashish Kumar Chhabra-आशीष कुमार छाबरा Inc Candidate Bemetara Election Result 2018|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Facebook|AshishChhabraMLA|Ashish Kumar Chhabra}}
*[https://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/sadasy_parichay/69.pdf Profile on Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar Chhabra, Ashish}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-INC-politician-stub}}

Lesser Himalayan Strata

2026-04-18T22:17:06Z

MichaleYarbrough: created redirect

{{Short description|Major depositional strata in the Himalaya}}
One of the major depositional [[strata]] in the Himalaya is the '''Lesser Himalayan Strata''' from the [[Paleozoic]] to [[Mesozoic]] eras. It had a quite different marine succession during the [[Paleozoic]], as most parts of it are sparsely fossiliferous or even devoid of any well-defined [[fossil]]s. Moreover, it consists of many varied [[Facies#Sedimentary|lithofacies]], making correlation work more difficult. This article describes the major formations of the ''Paleozoic – Mesozoic Lesser Himalayan Strata'', including the ''Tal Formation'', ''Gondwana Strata'', ''Singtali Formation'' and ''Subathu Formation''.

== Geological background ==
The Himalayan mountain chain is a [[fold and thrust belt]] that can be divided into four units bounded by [[Thrust fault|thrust]]s from south to north: the Sub-Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, Greater Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Najman|first1=Yanina|last2=Clift|first2=Peter|last3=Johnson|first3=Michael R. W.|last4=Robertson|first4=Alastair H. F.|title=Early stages of foreland basin evolution in the Lesser Himalaya, N India|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|date=1993|volume=74|issue=1|pages=541–558|doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.074.01.36|bibcode=1993GSLSP..74..541N |s2cid=128625649 }}</ref> The Lesser Himalayan Zone has a lower relief and elevation of the mountains compared to Greater Himalaya. The Lesser Himalaya Sequence (LHS) is bounded by two main thrusts: the [[Main Central Thrust]] (MCT) in the north and the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in the south.<ref name=":9"/>
[[File:Himalayan Litho-tectonic Zone.png|thumb|395x395px|Geographic locations of major formations discussed. Modified from N.R. McKenzie et al. (2011).]]
The main layers of the LHS includes non-fossiliferous, low-grade, metasedimentary rocks, [[Metavolcanic rock|metavolcanic]] strata and [[augen gneiss]]. These have been dated as an age ranging from 1870 Ma to 520 Ma (i.e. [[Proterozoic]] to [[Cambrian]]).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = C. | last2 = Klotzli | first2 = U. | last3 = Frank | first3 = W. | last4 = Thoni | first4 = M. | last5 = Grasemann | first5 = B. | year = 2000 | title = Proterozoic crustal evolution in the NW Himalaya (India) as recorded by circa 1.80 Ga magic and 1.84 Ga granitic magmatism | journal = Precambrian Research | volume = 103 | issue = 3–4| pages = 191–206 | doi = 10.1016/s0301-9268(00)00091-7 | bibcode = 2000PreR..103..191M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = S. | last2 = Barley | first2 = M.E. | last3 = Brown | first3 = S.J. | last4 = Jain | first4 = A.K. | last5 = Manickavasagam | first5 = E.M. | year = 2002 | title = SHRIMP U-Pb in zircon geochronology of the Chor granitoid: evidence for Neoproterozoic magmatism in the Lesser Himalayan granite belt of NW India | journal = Precambrian Research | volume = 118 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 285–292 | doi = 10.1016/s0301-9268(02)00107-9 | bibcode = 2002PreR..118..285S }}</ref> Near the end of the [[Cambrian|Early Cambrian]], there was a regional [[diastrophism]] (i.e. deformation of the Earth's crust) or crustal movement that heaved up the [[Indian subcontinent]], interrupting the [[sedimentation]] in the Lesser Himalaya and causing a widespread [[unconformity]] in Nepal. This is known as the Great Lesser Himalayan Unconformity, which separates the older LHS from the overlying younger LHS that has an age of [[Permian]] to [[Eocene|Middle Eocene]].<ref name=":9">{{cite journal|last1=Upreti|first1=B. N|title=An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|date=1 October 1999|volume=17|issue=5–6|pages=577–606|doi=10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00047-4|bibcode=1999JAESc..17..577U}}</ref>

During the [[Paleozoic]] and [[Mesozoic]], the LHS starts from the basal Tal Formation, which is part of the Outer Lesser Himalayan sequence in the Garhwal Himalaya. The Tal was deposited between the period of the [[Proterozoic|Late Proterozoic]] to [[Paleozoic|Palaeozoic]] [[Cambrian]].<ref name=":2" /> After that, there was a great hiatus between the [[Proterozoic|Middle Proterozoic]] rocks and the overlying [[Paleogene|Palaeocene]]-[[Eocene]] strata.<ref name=":1" /> This indicates that the LHS experienced a long period of [[denudation]] or non-deposition in the Western Himalaya (e.g. in the Jumla area), resulting in missing Gondwana Strata in Jumla during the [[Mesozoic]] (see more in the table of "Gondwana Strata of LHS in Western and Central Nepal").<ref name=":1">Dhital, M. R. (2015). ''Geology of the Nepal Himalaya: Regional Perspective of the Classic Collided Orogen''. Springer.</ref> In the Central and Eastern Himalaya, Gondwana strata from the [[Permian]] to [[Paleocene]] were preserved unconformably onto the older LHS.<ref name=":9" /> The next succession of the LHS in the Garhwal Himalaya comes to the Singtali Formation, which was deposited from the [[Cretaceous|Late Cretaceous]] to [[Paleocene|Palaeocene]], followed by the Subathu Formation, which was deposited from the [[Paleocene|Late Palaeocene]] to [[Eocene|Middle Eocene]],<ref name=":2">Dubey, A. (2014). ''Understanding an Orogenic Belt: Structural Evolution of the Himalaya''. Springer.</ref> marking the start of [[Cenozoic]] Era.

Table showing the major formations discussed in the following sections:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |LESSER HIMALAYAN SEQUENCE
|-
! rowspan="2" |
!Western Himalaya
! rowspan="8" |
! colspan="2" |Central Himalaya
! rowspan="8" |
!Eastern Himalaya
|-
|Garhwal Himalaya
|Western Nepal
|Central Nepal
|Bhutan
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sirmur Group
| '''Subathu Formation'''
(Late Paleocene – Middle Eocene)
| colspan="2" |Tertiary Units (Bhainskati Formation)
| rowspan="4" | '''Gondwana Units'''
(Late Carboniferous – Permian)
|-
| '''Singtali Formation'''
(Late Cretaceous – Paleocene)
| rowspan="3" |'''Gondwanas'''
(Jurassic – Paleocene)
| rowspan="3" | '''Tansen Group -'''
'''Upper and Lower Gondwanas'''

(Late Permo-Carboniferous – Paleocene)
|-
| colspan="2" |Lacking Gondwana Units (Hiatus)
|-
| rowspan="3" |Mussoorie Group
| '''Tal Formation'''
(Cambrian)
|-
|Krol Formation
| colspan="2" |<nowiki>~~~~~~~~Great Lesser Himalayan Unconformity~~~~~~~</nowiki>
|Baxa Group
|-
|Blaini Formation
| colspan="2" |Nawakot Unit
|Daling-Shumar Group
|}

== Tal Formation ==
The Tal Formation belongs to the Mussoorie Group of Outer Lesser Himalaya of [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] in northwestern India. It is well exposed along the Krol Belt, and is overlying the [[Precambrian]] Krol Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hughes | first1 = N. C. | last2 = Peng | first2 = S. | last3 = Bhargava | first3 = O. N. | last4 = Ahluwalia | first4 = A. D. | last5 = Walia | first5 = S. | last6 = Myrow | first6 = P. M. | last7 = Parcha | first7 = S. K. | year = 2005 | title = Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Tal Group, Lesser Himalaya, India, and early Tsanglangpuan (late early Cambrian) trilobites from the Nigali Dhar syncline | journal = Geological Magazine | volume = 142 | issue = 1| pages = 57–80 | doi = 10.1017/s0016756804000366 | bibcode = 2005GeoM..142...57H | s2cid = 16436249 }}</ref>

The Tal in the Mussoorie Synform can be divided into the Lower Tal and Upper Tal. For the Lower Tal, there are four subdivisions: the Chert, Argillaceous, Arenaceous and Calcareous Units.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shanker | first1 = R | year = 1971 | title = Stratigraphy and sedimentation of Tal Formation, Mussoorie Syncline, Uttar Pradesh | journal = J. Palaeontol. Soc. India | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–15 | doi = 10.1177/0971102319710101 | bibcode = 1971JPalS..16....1S }}</ref> The basal black shale succession with sandy limestone represents a depositional environment of a protected [[lagoon]] or [[embayment]], while the overlying siltstone is deposited in a [[Mudflat|mud flat]] of an [[intertidal zone]].<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = I. B. | year = 1979 | title = Environment and Age of the Tal formation of Mussorie and Nilkanth Areas of Garhwal Himalaya | journal = Geological Society of India | volume = 20 | issue = 5| pages = 214–225 | doi = 10.17491/jgsi/1979/200503 | bibcode = 1979JGSI...20..214S }}</ref>

The Upper Tal can be subdivided into lower quartzitic sequence and upper thick calcareous sequence containing abundant fragmentary shells of [[Bivalve shell|bivalves]], [[Gastropod shell|gastropods]], [[bryozoa]], etc.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = G. | last2 = Dhaundiyal | first2 = J. N. | year = 1979 | title = ON THE STRATIGRAPHIC POSITION OF THE TAL FORMATION, GARHWAL SYNFORM, GARHWAL AND TEHRI GARHWAL DISTRICTS, UTTAR PRADESH | journal = Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | page = 58 | doi = 10.1177/0971102319790112 | bibcode = 1979JPalS..23...58K }}</ref> The Phulchatti quartzite succession represents the deposits of a shoal environment, while the uppermost shell limestone sequence indicates an increasing energy of the shallow tidal sea, and a [[marine transgression]] in the [[Cretaceous]].<ref>Srivastava, R. V. K., & Tewari, V. C. (1986). The nature of glauconite in the Upper Tal Formation of the Lesser Himalayan belt and its role in resolving the problem of unconformity between upper Tal Quartzite and Shell Limestone.</ref>

There is an increase of energy for deposition from the Lower Tal to the Upper Tal. Because of the lack of well-defined [[body fossils]] in the Tal, it has been proposed that the deposits of the Tal were formed in the [[Precambrian|Late Precambrian]] near [[Precambrian]]-[[Cambrian]] transition,<ref name=":3" /> except for the uppermost Manikot Shell Limestone, which has been proposed to have been formed in the Late Cretaceous and unconformably overlain by the Subathu Formation in the Tal Valley, Garhwal Himayala.<ref>PRASAD, V., & SARKAR, S. (2002). FOSSIL SC YTONEMA (NOSTOCALES) FROM THE SUBATHU FORMATION OF TAL VALLEY, GARHWAL HIMALAYA, INDIA. ''coordinates'', ''134''(x13), 5.</ref>

The details of lithologies and depositional environment of Tal Formation<ref name=":8" /> are shown in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
!Formation
!Lithologies
!Depositional Environment
|-
| rowspan="3" |Upper Tal
|Manikot Shell Limestone – Grey, oolitic, sandy, current-bedded fossiliferous limestone containing fragmentary bivalves, gastropod and quartzite
|High-energy shallow tidal sea
|-
| colspan="2" | ------------------------locally unconformable------------------------
|-
|Phulchatti Quartzite – White to purplish, felspathic, fine-grained to gritty, current-bedded, locally conglomeratic
| rowspan="2" |[[Shoal]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |Lower Tal
|Calcareous Unit – Ferruginous, sandy limestone or calcareous quartzite (locally developed)
|-
|Arenaceous Unit – Siltstone, micaceous, grey to dark grey
|[[Mixed Flats|Mixed flat]] and [[Mudflat|mud flat]] of [[intertidal zone]]
|-
|Argillaceous Unit – Shale, micaceous, grey to dark grey, locally carbonaceous with calcareous pyritous nodules
| rowspan="2" |Protected [[lagoon]] or [[embayment]]
|-
|Chert Unit – Chert, black with intercalation of black shale, phosphate beds and nodules (locally developed)
|}

== Gondwana strata ==
[[File:Nepal Himalaya.png|thumb|406x406px|Geography of Gondwana Units in Western and Central Nepal]]
Gondwana strata are not exposed in the [[Garhwal Himalaya]] after the Tal Formation owing to the great hiatus; some outcrops can be found in Central and Eastern Himalaya during Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic times.

=== Central Himalaya – Central and Western Nepal ===
[[File:Stratigraphy of Lesser Himalayan Sequence in Western and Central Nepal.png|thumb|340x340px|Gondwana Strata of LHS in Western and Central Nepal]]
In [[Nepal]], the older LHS with age ranging from the [[Paleoproterozoic]] to uppermost [[Precambrian]] are separated from the younger LHS by the Great Lesser Himalayan Unconformity.<ref name=":9" /> Missing [[Proterozoic|Early Proterozoic]] strata of the LHS suggest that the rocks may have been eroded before the deposition of the Gondwana strata. Younger continental facies Gondwana strata were first deposited after the unconformity. They are then unconformably overlain by a marine facies Tertiary Unit. The Gondwana strata are mainly developed within two zones in Nepal in the central Himalaya. The first is in central Nepal, where several outcrops of the Tansen Group can be found. The second is in western Nepal, where the Gondwana strata are exposed in the [[Jumla District|Jumla]]–[[Humla District|Humla]] basins near the Tethyan Himalaya.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal | last1 = DeCelles | first1 = P. G. | last2 = Gehrels | first2 = G. E. | last3 = Najman | first3 = Y. | last4 = Martin | first4 = A. J. | last5 = Carter | first5 = A. | last6 = Garzanti | first6 = E. | year = 2004 | title = Detrital geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous–Early Miocene strata of Nepal: implications for timing and diachroneity of initial Himalayan orogenesis | journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume = 227 | issue = 3| pages = 313–330 | doi = 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.019 | bibcode = 2004E&PSL.227..313D }}</ref>

The [[Tansen, Nepal|Tansen]] area contains Gondwana sediments that are identified by the presence of [[fossil]]s. Two major formation can be found there. They are older Sisne Formation (or the Lower Gondwanas) and younger Taltung and Amile formations (or the Upper Gondwanas). The Sisne Formation is dominated by glacial [[diamictite]] and fluvial deposits.<ref name=":11">{{cite journal | last1 = Bashyal | first1 = R. P. | year = 2001 | title = Gondwana formations of Nepal Himalayas and their regional significance | journal = Gondwana Research | volume = 4 | issue = 4| pages = 572–573 | doi = 10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70376-2 | bibcode = 2001GondR...4..572B }}</ref> In the upper part of the formation, [[shale]]s are found to contain [[Fenestellidae|fenstellid bryozoan fossils]], indicating that the Lower Gondwanas in central Nepal dates from the [[Late Carboniferous]] to the [[Permian]].<ref name=":11" />

The Upper Gondwanas are further subdivided into the Taltung and Amile formations. The Taltung Formation is characterised by coarse-grained, [[volcaniclastic]] [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]]s, [[sandstone]]s and [[Shale|silty shales]]. They were deposited by northwestward-flowing fluvial channels.<ref>Sakai, H. (1991). The Gondwanas in the Nepal Himalaya. ''Sedimentary Basins of India: Tectonic Context, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital'', 202–217.</ref> Abundant [[plant fossil]]s are found in the Taltung Formation, and they are dated to the [[Late Jurassic]] to the [[Early Cretaceous]].<ref name=":12">{{cite journal | last1 = Sakai | first1 = H | year = 1983 | title = Geology of the Tansen group of the Lesser Himalaya in Nepal | journal = Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu University | volume = 25 | pages = 27–74 }}</ref> The Amile Formation is unconformably overlying the Taltung Formation. It is dominated by white [[quartz arenite]]s, [[Sandstone|quartz pebble sandstones]], carbonaceous [[shale]]s and [[limestone]]s with [[coral]], [[mollusca|mollusc]] and [[vertebrate]] [[fossil]]s.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> In the upper part of the formation, an abrupt change of lithology from thick, coarse-grained [[quartzose sandstone]]s to interbedded layers of black [[Shale|marine shales]] and fine-grained [[quartzose sandstone]]s are observed. This is probably the contact between the Upper Amile Formation and the overlying Bhainskati Formation of the Tertiary Unit.<ref name=":10" /> The Amile Formation is dated to the [[Early Cretaceous]] to [[Early Paleocene]], while the Bhainskati Formation is biostratigraphically dated as from the Middle to Late [[Eocene]].<ref name=":12" />

In the [[Jumla District|Jumla]] area of western Nepal, Gondwana strata unconformably overly the caronbate rocks of the Uppermost Nawakot Unit of Mesoproterozoic age.<ref name=":9" /> The Gondwanas here are characterized by [[quartzose sandstone]]s, black [[shale]]s, quartz pebble [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]] as well as [[coal]] and [[lignite]]. They are dated as [[Jurassic]] to [[Paleocene]].<ref name=":12" /> The lithology of Gondwanas here is quite similar to that of the Amile Formation in central Nepal. Also, the Gondwana Unit is overlain by the Bhainskati Formation of the Tertiary Unit, similar to the situation in central Nepal.

However, in fact, the Gondwana Unit is not very well developed in the [[Jumla District|Jumla]] area.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11" /> The strata with lithology similar to that of the Taltung Formation and Lower Gondwanas are missing here. In other words, the LHS in the Jumla area is lacking a part of the Gondwana Unit of age ranging from [[Late Carboniferous|Late Carboniferous-]][[Permian]] to [[Early Cretaceous]]. This is probably due to a greater effect by the Great Lesser Himalayan Unconformity in the [[Jumla District|Jumla]] area than in the [[Tansen, Nepal|Tansen]] area.<ref name=":9" />
[[File:Stratigraphy of Lesser Himalayan Sequence in Southeastern Bhutan.png|thumb|360x360px|Gondwana Units of the LHS in Southeastern Bhutan]]

=== Eastern Himalaya – Bhutan ===
Compared with Nepal, the Gondwana strata are exposed in a relatively smaller area in [[Bhutan]]. In southeastern Bhutan, the basal LHS begins with the metamorphic Daling-Shumar Group, followed by the Baxa Group that is characterized by [[quartzite]], [[phyllite]] and [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] succession of [[Neoproterozoic]] to probably [[Cambrian]] age.<ref name=":14">{{cite journal | last1 = McQuarrie | first1 = N. | last2 = Robinson | first2 = D. | last3 = Long | first3 = S. | last4 = Tobgay | first4 = T. | last5 = Grujic | first5 = D. | last6 = Gehrels | first6 = G. | last7 = Ducea | first7 = M. | year = 2008 | title = Preliminary stratigraphic and structural architecture of Bhutan: Implications for the along strike architecture of the Himalayan system | journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume = 272 | issue = 1| pages = 105–117 | doi = 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.030 | bibcode = 2008E&PSL.272..105M | s2cid = 33571084 }}</ref><ref name=":15">{{cite journal | last1 = Long | first1 = S. | last2 = McQuarrie | first2 = N. | last3 = Tobgay | first3 = T. | last4 = Rose | first4 = C. | last5 = Gehrels | first5 = G. | last6 = Grujic | first6 = D. | year = 2011 | title = Tectonostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya of Bhutan: Implications for the along-strike stratigraphic continuity of the northern Indian margin | journal = Geological Society of America Bulletin | volume = 123 | issue = 7–8| pages = 1406–1426 | doi = 10.1130/b30202.1 | bibcode = 2011GSAB..123.1406L }}</ref> The bottom of the Gondwana Units (Diuri Formation) is then directly overlying the Baxa Group.

Generally, there are three main formations of Gondwana Units exposed in southeastern Bhutan. The bottom one is the Diuri Formation with [[Proterozoic]] to [[Permian]] ages.<ref name=":13">Gansser, A. (1983). Geology of the Bhutan Himalaya, 181 pp. ''Denkschr. Schweiz. Naturforsch. Ges'', ''96''.</ref> It consists of [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]], [[quartzite]], [[phyllite]] as well as [[diamictite]] with interbedded [[slate]]s. At the base of this formation, pebbles are composed of [[quartzite]] and siliceous dolomite. They are embedded in a fine [[quartzite]] matrix. The thicker beds of slate and phyllite are overlying the conglomerate layers. Clear [[schistosity]] can be observed.<ref name=":13" /> The diamictite found implies a source of glacial origin. It is probably correlated to the [[glaciation]] event of the [[Gondwana]] supercontinent during the [[Paleozoic|Late Paleozoic]].<ref name=":15" />

The Diuri Formation is then overlain by the Setikhola Formation, which is characterized by feldspathic [[sandstone]], [[shale]], [[Greywacke|graywacke]], coal lenses and [[plant fossil]]s. One sequence consists of interbedding of sandstone and shale and is intensely bioturbated with [[Flame structure|flames structures]] observed as well.<ref name=":1" /> This indicates a depositional environment of [[beach]] or [[mudflat]]. Also, another sequence of interbedding calcareous [[greywacke]] and carbonaceous shale is found. [[Ripple marks|Ripples]] and [[Cross bedding|cross-laminae]] can be observed on the greywacke, while small-scaled [[sun crack]]s and slump folds can be seen on shale.<ref name=":1" /> It is proposed that this sequence has a depositional environment of semi-isolated basin. The marine fossils contained here indicate a [[Permian]] age of the Setikhola Formation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" />

The uppermost Gondwana unit is the Damudas Sub-Group, which is characterized by [[arenite]], [[shale]], [[slate]] and black [[coal bed]]s. In fact, the Setikhola Formation and Damudas Sub-Group are together termed as the Gondwana succession.<ref name=":14" /> The bedrock of the Damudas Sub-Group is made up of gritty, micaceous and cross-laminated [[sandstone]]s. These friable sandstone layers are interbedded with coal beds that have been sheared and crushed.<ref name=":15" /> Abundant [[plant fossil]]s like fern leaves can be found on the carbonaceous shale, characterising the Damuda coalfields and indicating a [[Permian]] age.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" /> Generally, the strata here are lenticular and display a fining-upwards sequence. In tectonic context, it is proposed that the Gondwana strata here have experienced post—Gondwana [[Orogeny|orogenic movements]], resulting in folded rocks followed by overturned beddings.<ref name=":14" />

== Singtali and Subathu formations ==
Following a sedimentary break or unconformity, the Singtali and Subathu formations were deposited as foreland basin sediments in the Garhwal Outer Lesser Himalaya during the Late Cretaceous to Middle Palaeocene. Both formations can be found overlying the Tal Formation in an extremely complex structural setting including isoclinal overturned folding and multiple thrusting events.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":1" /> In addition, with the similarities of the lithology as well as depositional environment, it is sometimes quite difficult to distinguish between the Singtali and Subathu Formations. The main difference discussed in the following is related to the tectonic events during their deposition.

=== Singtali Formation ===
The Singtali Formation belongs to the Sirmur Group of the Outer Lesser Himalaya of [[Garhwal Himalaya|Garhwal]]. It is also called "Upper Tal" as the uppermost Manikot Shell Limestone,<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | last1 = Mathur | first1 = N.S. | year = 1977 | title = Age of the Tal and Subathu Formations in the Garhwal Region, Uttar Pradesh, India | journal = Bulletin of the Indian Geological Association | volume = 10 | pages = 21–27 }}</ref><ref>BHATIA, S.B. The Tal Tangle in Bhatia & Valdiya (eds) (1980). Stratigraphy and Correlations of Lesser Himalayan Formations. Hindustan Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 79–98.</ref> however, this formation is distinct from the basement Tal Formation upon which it rests unconformably. Its main lithology is dominated by sandy, [[Oolite|oolitic]] and shelly [[limestone]]s with subordinate [[quartz arenite]]s. Medium-bedded massive strata are predominant and no [[sedimentary structures]] are visible.<ref name=":0" /> The Singtali Formation has been assigned as a [[Cretaceous|Late Cretaceous]]-[[Paleocene|Palaeocene]] age based on faunal evidence.<ref name=":3" /> In terms of depositional environment, the dominance of [[limestone]] in the Singtali Formation and sparse [[fauna]] would imply shallow marine conditions at that time. A high-energy, agitated environment can be inferred from the presence of [[ooid]]s.<ref name=":0" />

=== Subathu Formation or Group ===
The Subathu Formation also belongs to the Sirmur Group of the Outer Lesser Himalaya of Garhwal. In 2020 literature it is referred to as Subathu Group. It is a sequence of [[limestone]]s, green [[mudrock]]s and subordinate [[sandstone]]s, and has been paleontologically dated as from [[Paleocene|Late Palaeocene]] to Middle [[Eocene]].<ref name=":4" /> The rocks are rich in [[fossil]]s. The limestones with normal marine fauna and thick [[mudstone]]s with well preserved, burrowing-type [[Mollusca|molluscs]] indicate a quiet, relatively shallow shelf environment during the period of deposition. This depositional environment is similar to that of the Singtali Formation.<ref name=":4" /> The Subathu contains the oldest [[Himalayan foreland basin]] rocks. Near the Krol and Garhwal thrusts in northeastern India, the Subathu Formation exists as a narrow and discontinuous strip, indicating that it has experienced extremely high tectonic shearing and shattering as a result of overthrusting of rocks. Consequently, the Subathu Formation is only partially preserved in the Krol nappe and under the Garhwal thrust, and unconformably overlies the Tal Formation.<ref name=":1" />

=== Distinctions between the Singtali and Subathu Formations ===
In the Singtali Formation times ([[Late Cretaceous]]-[[Paleocene|Palaeocene]]), the Indian craton submerged and stable shallow marine conditions ensued. This event is possibly related to [[flexure]], such that the Spontang [[ophiolite]] was [[Obduction|obducted]] onto the Northern [[Indian Plate]] margin.<ref name=":0" /> One more possible explanation is related to [[extensional tectonics]], such that [[India]] has drifted and detached from [[Gondwana]], and northwards [[subduction]] of the [[Neotethys]] (Tethys Ocean) beneath Asia occurred.<ref name=":0" /> Therefore, the Singtali Formation has been interpreted as pre-collisional transgressive sediments, at the same time there was a global [[eustatic]] sea level rise during the [[Late Cretaceous]].<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | last1 = Vail | first1 = P.R. | last2 = Mitchum | first2 = R.M. | last3 = Thompson | first3 = S. | year = 1977 | title = Global cycles of relative changes in sea level. In: PAYTON, C.E. (ed.) Seismic Stratigraphy – applications to hydrocarbon exploration | journal = American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoirs | volume = 26 | pages = 83–98 }}</ref>

The [[tectonic setting]] of the Subathu Formation is different from that of the Singtali Formation. It was deposited during the suturing of India and Eurasia, between the initial and terminal [[continental collision]].<ref name=":0" /> The inferred pattern of northward shallowing and reduced [[sedimentation]] conflicts with classic [[foreland basin]] models. However, these depositional patterns may reflect basement fault reactivation, giving rise to paleohighs, rather than simply crustal loading following on from the collision.

Their individual tectonic significance related to [[foreland basin]] evolution are discussed in greater detail in the next section. The general similarities and differences between the Singtali and Subathu formations are shown in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
!Formation
!Period
!Lithologies
!Depositional environment
!Tectonic event(s)
|-
|Subathu
|[[Paleocene|Late Palaeocene]] – [[Eocene|Middle Eocene]]
|[[Limestone]], [[shale]], green [[mudrock]]
|Shallow marine environment
|Indian-Eurasia [[continental collision]]
|-
|Singtali
|[[Late Cretaceous]] – [[Paleocene|Palaeocene]]
|[[Limestone]], [[sandstone]]
|Shallow marine environment
|Obduction of Spontang [[ophiolite]] onto the Northern [[Indian Plate|Indian plate]] margin;
Neotethyan [[subduction]] beneath [[Asia]];

Continued northward drift of [[India]] after detachment from [[Gondwana]]
|}

== Geological significance during Paleozoic to Mesozoic times ==

=== Gondwana strata ===
In the Nepal Himalaya, the Lower Gondwana glacial [[diamictite]] is unconformably overlain by the fluvial Taltung Formation (Upper Gondwana), which contains abundant plant fossils distributed widely within the [[Tansen, Nepal|Tansen]] area. [[Alkali basalt]] [[lava flows]] are interbedded with the fluvial beds in the Lower Taltung. Gravelly [[braided river]] facies are shown in the Lower Taltung while silty [[Meander|meandering river]] facies are displayed in the Upper Taltung, as a result, the sequence is fining upwards. The strata were deposited in a terrestrial basin on Gondwana.<ref name=":16">Sakai, H. (1989). Rifting of the Gondwanaland and uplifting of the Himalayas recorded in Mesozoic and Tertiary fluvial sediments in the Nepal Himalayas.''Sedimentary Facies in the Active Plate Margin'', 723–732.</ref>

Because of the appearance of glacial [[diamictite]] and index plant fossils found in the Lower and Upper Gondwanas respectively, it has been proposed that the Lesser Himalaya had been a part of Gondwanaland during the [[Permian]] to [[Cretaceous]].<ref name=":11" /> Later on, the presence of basaltic lava flows indicate a tectonic setting related to basaltic [[volcanism]] as the volcanic clasts were derived from the underlying lava and transported by rivers from Gondwana land. The interbedding layers of fluvial sediments and basaltic lava bands imply that there was repeated occurrence of basaltic eruption and [[erosion]] and [[sedimentation]] of fluvial deposits alternatively. These events were probably caused by breaking up and rifting of Gondwanaland during the [[Late Jurassic]] to [[Early Cretaceous]].<ref name=":16" />

The whole sequence of Upper Gondwanas (including both the Taltung and Amile Formations) represents non-marine deposition. Data from the [[paleocurrent]] direction show that the sediments were derived from the south, because the [[Indian subcontinent]] was drifting northwards towards the Lesser Himalaya.<ref name=":16" /> After that, the Bhainskati Formation was deposited in shallow marine environment. The upper Bhainskati has been found to have been deposited in a [[Brackish water|brackish]] or fresh water environment, indicating a gradual and minor [[Marine regression|regression]] period. The regression phase was probably initiated by the sea level change in the northern Neotethys.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Makhlouf | first1 = I. M. I. | year = 2006 | title = Late Triassic-early Jurassic Neotethyan evolution at Northern Gondwana (Jordan ana Libya, Mediterranean region) | journal = Geologica Acta | volume = 4 | issue = 3| pages = 371–376 | doi = 10.1344/105.000000350 | bibcode = 2006GeolA...4..371M }}</ref> However, overall there were no significant changes in tectonic setting during the [[Early Cretaceous]] to [[Early Paleocene]]. In fact, the Bhainskati Formation is correlated to the Subathu Formation in the Garhwal Himalaya. The deposition of these marine facies in a shallow marine environment is associated with the [[foreland basin]] development.<ref name=":16" />
[[File:Foreland basin development.png|thumb|509x509px|Downward displacement and flexure of the Indian Plate as a result of obduction of ophiolites onto the Indian Plate.]]

=== Tectonic events related to Singtali Formation ===
The [[Tertiary era|Early Tertiary]] geology of the Indian Lesser Himalaya conforms well with the classic [[foreland basin]] model. In [[Late Cretaceous]] times, this area of the northern region of the Indian Plate finally became submerged after a long period when sub-aerial conditions had dominated.<ref name=gaet/> This resulted in [[deposition (geology)|deposition]] of the marine Singtali Formation.<ref name="brookf"/> A possible explanation for this event is that [[ophiolite]]s such as the Spontang ophiolite were obducted onto the Indian Plate [[Zanskar]] [[continental shelf]] in the [[Campanian]]<ref name="brookf">{{cite journal|last1=Brookfield|first1=M.E.|last2=Reynolds|first2=P.H.|title=Late Cretaceous emplacement of the Indus suture zone ophiolitic mélanges and an Eocene-Oligocene magmatic arc on the northern edge of the Indian plate|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|date=September 1981|volume=55|issue=1|pages=157–162|doi=10.1016/0012-821X(81)90094-7|bibcode=1981E&PSL..55..157B}}</ref> or [[Maastrichtian]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Searle|first1=M.P.|title=Structural evolution and sequence of thrusting in the High Himalayan, Tibetan—Tethys and Indus suture zones of Zanskar and Ladakh, Western Himalaya|journal=Journal of Structural Geology|date=January 1986|volume=8|issue=8|pages=923–936|doi=10.1016/0191-8141(86)90037-4|bibcode=1986JSG.....8..923S }}</ref> resulting in downward displacement and flexure of the Indian Plate hundreds of kilometres to the south. Moreover, it has been proposed that the [[marine transgression]] is related to extensional tectonic setting, such that the [[Late Albian]] has detached from India and has started to drift from the Gondwana supercontinent, Also, the Neotethys has subducted northwards beneath Asia.<ref name=gaet>{{cite journal | last1 = Gaetani | first1 = M. | last2 = Garzanti | first2 = E. | year = 1991 | title = Multicyclic History of the Northern India Continental Margin (Northwestern Himalaya) | journal = The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin | volume = 75 | issue = 9 | pages = 1427–1446 | doi = 10.1306/0C9B2957-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D | bibcode = 1991BAAPG..751865DM }}</ref> This event is accompanied with the [[Late Cretaceous]] global [[Sea level|eustatic sea-level]] high stand as well.<ref name=":5" />

=== Tectonic events related to Subathu Formation ===
The initial contact between India and Eurasia have taken place at 62 – 60 Ma in the northwestern Himalayas, with terminal collision culminating by 55 Ma in the east.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | last1 = Klootwijk | first1 = C.T. | last2 = Conaghan | first2 = P.J. | last3 = Powell | first3 = C.McA | year = 1985 | title = The Himalayan Arc: large-scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending and back-arc spreading | journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume = 75 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 167–183 | doi = 10.1016/0012-821x(85)90099-8 | bibcode = 1985E&PSL..75..167K }}</ref> The Subathu Formation rocks were deposited during the suturing and initial collision of India and Eurasia.

However, the western intermediate structural level localities show a much thinner Subathu marine sequence compared to the eastern intermediate structural level localities and the lowest structural level. The thickness variations between the west and the east could be explained by the progressive suturing of India and Eurasia from northwest to east,<ref name=":7" /> with later suturing in the east allowing a longer period where marine conditions could predominate.

This progressive [[Suture (geology)|suturing]], however, would not explain the thickness difference between the lowest and intermediate structural levels. As the intermediate structural level restores further to the north than the lower structural level, northward shallowing of the basin (i.e. towards the load) is implied. This is different from the theoretical model, where the depocentre is close to the load and shallows towards the [[craton]].<ref name=":6">{{cite journal | last1 = Beaumont | first1 = C | year = 1981 | title = Foreland basins | journal = Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 291–329 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-246x.1981.tb02715.x | bibcode = 1981GeoJ...65..291B | doi-access = free }}</ref> In the Lesser Himalayan early [[foreland basin]], palaeohighs, which are resulted from basement fault reactivation, may have been located in the west between the load to the north and the marine Subathu basin to the south.<ref name=":0" /> This would result in shallowing towards, and reduced [[sedimentation]] on the palaeohigh, which coupled with the probable distal nature of the basin, therefore, explaining the thin sequences of the western intermediate structural level localities.

After suturing, fluvial facies are overlying the marine Subathu Formation. It is associated with the uplift of Himalaya and [[Marine regression|regression]] of sea in the Late Eocene.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[Geology of the Himalaya]]
* [[Geology of Nepal]]
* [[Himalayan foreland basin]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Geology of the Himalaya]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of Asia]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geology of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Geology of Nepal]]

Neruppu Da

2026-04-17T13:20:16Z

MichaleYarbrough:

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by B. Ashok Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neruppu Da Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = B. Ashok Kumar
| writer = B. Ashok Kumar
| producer = [[Vikram Prabhu]] Esakki Durai R. K. Ajaykumar
| starring = Vikram Prabhu [[Nikki Galrani]]
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = Thiyagu
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]
| studio = First Artist Chandra Arts
| distributor = Cine Innovations
| released = {{Film date|2017|09|08|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Neruppu Da''''' ({{Translation|Fire 'Em Up}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by debutant B. Ashok Kumar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=8 July 2016 |title='Kabali'{{'s}} 'Neruppu Da' now a film title |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kabalis-neruppu-da-now-a-film-title/article8824000.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708125903/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kabalis-neruppu-da-now-a-film-title/article8824000.ece |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=9 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Vikram Prabhu]] under his First Artist production company and stars him in the lead role alongside [[Nikki Galrani]] alongside an ensemble supporting cast including [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]], [[Vincent Asokan]], [[Varun (actor)|Varun]], and [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]]. The music was composed by [[Sean Roldan]] with cinematography by [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] and editing by debutant Thiyagu. The film's production started in July 2016, and the film was released on 8 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2017 |title=Wake me up when September begins |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/Aug/07/wake-me-up-when-september-begins-1639366.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250211150216/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/Aug/07/wake-me-up-when-september-begins-1639366.html |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Guru, Dhana, Parthi, Dass, and Samba are five childhood friends. Their main aim is to join the fire service and save lives. Until they get their jobs, they go around putting out fires and saving lives on their own. Their actions are praised by everyone, including the zonal fire officer, Narayanamoorthy, who promises them that they will secure their jobs if they pass the exam required to join the fire service.

The night before the exam, an injured Dhana meets his friends. He tells them that while returning home after visiting his sister, he was stopped by a man named Sadha and his friend Soori. Sadha repeatedly assaults Dhana and tells Soori that he is a don and is unstoppable. When Sadha slaps Dhana, Dhana pushes him away and escapes. The five friends later visit the place where the incident happened to teach Sadha a lesson. To their shock, they see Sadha dead. It is revealed that when Dhana pushed Sadha, Sadha fell, hit a rock, and succumbed to his injury. It is also revealed that he was the right-hand man of "Puliyanthoppu" Ravi, the city's most feared don.

The five friends seek help from MLA Kabali, the area counsellor and a well-wisher of Guru. Kabali tells them that Ravi will definitely come to avenge Sadha's death and that he cannot help the friends because Ravi is too powerful for him. Guru suggests that the friends finish off Ravi before he finds them, so the friends decide to kidnap him. The friends later visit Sadha's burial place, where all the dons from Chennai have assembled. Guru tells his friends that once Ravi goes away, they will kidnap him. At the site, Ravi asks Soori, who was drinking when the incident happened, who killed Sadha, only for Soori to not remember anything as he was drunk. Ravi then kills Soori in a fit of rage, and Guru is relieved since the only evidence against the friends is the dead Soori. However, Guru then gets a call from Samba and Parthi, who were hiding elsewhere. They tell him that they have kidnapped Ravi. Guru is upset and explains to his friends what happened, telling them that they are back in trouble.

As they discuss what to do next, Ravi manages to escape. He comes face-to-face with the five friends and asks them for help. Apparently, he does not know who kidnapped him as he met with an accident and became unconscious, so the friends release him. However, Ravi is keen on finding the man who kidnapped him and killed Sadha. Since he was kidnapped and hidden in the area of the friends, he inquires there and catches Kabali, who tells him everything. Ravi tracks down the five friends. Guru later engages in a fight with Ravi and his henchmen, defeating the henchmen but deciding to spare Ravi. Guru tells Ravi that Sadha's death was an accident, but Ravi still has vengeance and threatens to kill Guru's loved ones.

Some days later, Guru's father Manikkam is killed. Guru suspects Ravi and decides to take revenge. However, upon reaching Ravi's place, he finds him and his henchmen dead. Commissioner Ramkumar reveals to Guru that Ravi was killed before Manikkam. Suddenly, Guru gets a call saying that his friends and girlfriend Vasumathi (Narayanamoorthy's daughter) have been kidnapped, and he must come to a location if he wants to see them alive. There, it is revealed that the person behind the murders is Annam, Sadha's transgender wife who has been trying to avenge his death. She approaches Ravi, but he refuses to help her, saying that Sadha's death was an accident and he will not kill Guru or his friends for this. This angers Annam, who kills Ravi, his henchmen, and then Manikkam.

Annam tells Guru that Sadha had loved her despite her being a transgender and, thinking that Guru shattered her life, decides to kill Vasumathi. However, Dhana escapes and manages to push Annam into a burning pyre. Guru saves Vasumathi, his friends, and Annam, stating that even if someone is an enemy, he will never let them be killed by fire. He also apologises to Annam, saying that Sadha's death was an accident. Annam gets moved by his gesture and forgives him. Guru then leaves the place with his friends and girlfriend.

Later, the five friends take the exam, pass it, join the fire service, and rush to a spot to save some people.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vikram Prabhu]] as Guru
* [[Nikki Galrani]] as Vasumathi
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Annam
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as "Puliyanthoppu" Ravi
* [[Vincent Asokan]] as Sadhasivam
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Commissioner Ramkumar
* [[Ponvannan]] as Manikkam
* [[Rajendran]] as MLA Kabali
* [[Nagineedu]] as Narayanamoorthy
* [[Varun (actor)|Varun]] as Dhana
* [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Parthi
* Dinesh Karna as Dass
* Vincent as Samba
* Arumugam Kutty Ambani as Kootathil Oruvan
* Arumugam O. P. as Guru's friend
* Rajasimman as Sivam
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Ravi's friend
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]] as Soori
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The title of the film was taken from the popular song from [[Rajinikanth]]'s ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016), with the team feeling that Vikram Prabhu's character as a firefighter and a Rajinikanth fan meant that the title would be apt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2016 |title=Why did Vikram Prabhu copy the title of Kabali's song, Nerrupu Da for his maiden production? |url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/vikram-prabhu-turns-producer-with-neruppu-da-a-film-titled-after-kabali-s-song-vikram-pabhu-to-play-rajinikanth-fan-in-neruppu-da-song-1467805906.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708125315/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/vikram-prabhu-turns-producer-with-neruppu-da-a-film-titled-after-kabali-s-song-vikram-pabhu-to-play-rajinikanth-fan-in-neruppu-da-song-1467805906.html |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=10 July 2016 |website=CatchNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2016 |title=Rajinikanths Neruppu Da is now the title of Vikram Prabhus next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanths-neruppuda-is-now-the-title-of-vikram-prabhus-next-328002-2016-07-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708115623/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rajinikanths-neruppuda-is-now-the-title-of-vikram-prabhus-next/1/710153.html |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=9 July 2016 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film began production on 11 July 2016 at [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=9 July 2016 |title=Varun in Vikram Prabhu's Neruppu Da |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varun-in-vikram-prabhus-neruppu-da/articleshow/53115431.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130064352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Varun-in-Vikram-Prabhus-Neruppu-Da/articleshow/53115431.cms |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shooting also took place at EVP Film City for five days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=4 September 2017 |title=Location Diaries: Tryst with fire |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/Sep/04/location-diaries-tryst-with-fire-1953.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211145253/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/Sep/04/location-diaries-tryst-with-fire-1953.html |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film deals with the complete life of fire brigades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=3 September 2017 |title=Neruppuda is a tribute to real firefighters: Vikram Prabhu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030917/neruppuda-is-a-tribute-to-real-firefighters-vikram-prabhu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415092525/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030917/neruppuda-is-a-tribute-to-real-firefighters-vikram-prabhu.html |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Neruppu Da
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sean Roldan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:41
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer = Sean Roldan
| prev_title = [[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|Katha Nayagan]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sean Roldan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=10 April 2017 |title=Neruppuda (Music review), Tamil – Sean Roldan |url=https://milliblog.com/2017/04/10/neruppuda-music-review-tamil-sean-roldan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213033201/https://milliblog.com/2017/04/10/neruppuda-music-review-tamil-sean-roldan/ |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Aalangiliyae
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = Sean Roldan, [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Karukku Kallangolu
| lyrics2 = [[Rokesh]]
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length2 = 3:28
| title3 = Andha Madhiri Ponna
| lyrics3 = Rokesh
| extra3 = Ravi G
| length3 = 3:52
| title4 = Enga Pona
| lyrics4 = Sean Roldan
| extra4 = Sean Roldan
| length4 = 2:47
| title5 = Iruda Poruda
| extra5 = [[Blaaze]]
| length5 = 2:10
| total_length = 15:41
}}

== Reception ==
M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "Neruppuda, at first, feels like a tried-and-tested action film — a group of youngsters versus a powerful gangster. But Ashok Kumar keeps subverting the masala movie cliches that he throws at us." <ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=8 September 2017 |title=Neruppuda Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/neruppuda/movie-review/60424160.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909125344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/neruppuda/movie-review/60424160.cms |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Udhav Naig of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Things do get interesting after the film re-establishes itself late into the second half as an actual ‘whodunit’. But the big reveal feels contrived much like the film itself."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=8 September 2017 |title=Neruppu Da movie review: Firefighting with friends |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/neruppu-da-review-firefighting-with-friends/article61475658.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527142546/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/neruppu-da-review-firefighting-with-friends/article61475658.ece |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "I don't want to oversell Neruppu Da, which is little more than a modest entertainer (And maybe it doesn't want to be anything more). Some more skill in the making would have helped — but the sheer unpredictability keeps you watching." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=9 September 2017 |title=Neruppu Da Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/neruppuda-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512073428/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/neruppuda-movie-review |archive-date=12 May 2024 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "While Neruppu Da isn’t Vikram Prabhu’s best till date, there is little doubt that it is sure to, if you’ll pardon me for the expression, engulf his recent bad films like forest fire."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=9 September 2017 |title=Neruppu Da review: A fairly fiery affair |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Sep/09/neruppu-da-review-a-fairly-fiery-affair-1654307.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211145813/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Sep/09/neruppu-da-review-a-fairly-fiery-affair-1654307.html |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films about firefighting]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian transgender-related films]]

Tusra Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T12:03:33Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding Basic Article V1 - done

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tusra
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Bolangir district|Bolangir]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1973
| electors =
}}

'''Tusra''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Bolangir district]] of [[Odisha]]. It was established in 1961 and abolished in 1973.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Between 1961 & 1973, 3 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tusra Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/Tusra-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

List of members elected from Tusra constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Nandakishore Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2| Radhamohan Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balangir district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Balangir district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}

Lamjaotongba Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:46Z

MichaleYarbrough: adding new post.

{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lamjaotongba
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 9,430
|mla = Nongthombam Ibomcha
|party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Lamjaotongba Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Nongthombam Ibomcha || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamjaotongba<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Ibomcha |party=Independent politician |votes=4,092 |percentage=48.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Tomba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,669 |percentage=31.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mutum Janakinath |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,419 |percentage=16.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hijam Nityai |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=159 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,423 |percentage=16.83% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,457 |percentage=89.68% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,430 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

Ugesh Sarcar

2026-04-09T07:56:59Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding Initial Info V1

{{Short description|Indian illusionist and mentalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ugesh Sarcar
| image = Ugesh Sarcar.jpg
| caption = Sarcar in 2017
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Magic (illusion)|Magician]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
}}

'''Ugesh Sarcar''' is an Indian [[illusionist]], [[Mentalism|mentalist]], and author. He is known for his work in [[street magic]] and for hosting the television show ''3rd Degree''.<ref name="DNA2008">{{Cite web |title='No room for errors in street magic' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-no-room-for-errors-in-street-magic-1194004 |website=DNA India |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref> Sarcar describes himself as a "mystician" rather than a magician.<ref name="DNA2016">{{Cite web |title=Ugesh Sarcar wants to rewrite the rules of magic |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-ugesh-sarcar-wants-to-rewrite-the-rules-of-magic-2149884 |website=DNA India |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref> In 2025, he released his first book, ''What Matters: Volume One – Credibility''.<ref name="SundayGuardian2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Book ‘What Matters: Volume One – Credibility’ by Ugesh Sarcar Launched Worldwide |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/business/book-what-matters-volume-one-credibility-by-ugesh-sarcar-launched-worldwide20250917155722-140662/ |website=The Sunday Guardian |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sarcar was born and brought up in [[Bangalore]] (now Bengaluru) to a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Rajput]] family.<ref name="DNA2008" /> He is the son of M.C. Sarcar, a magician and the founder of the Karnataka Magic Academy Trust.<ref name="HT2016">{{Cite web |title=Magician Ugesh Sarcar is set to try mentalism for the first time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/magician-ugesh-sarcar-is-set-to-try-mentalism-for-the-first-time/story-vvdtX4ElQRpM0NnFhM2eWO.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref> He was introduced to magic at the age of eight and began training under his father.<ref name="HT2016" />

Sarcar is a school dropout.<ref name="DNA2008" /> Before pursuing magic professionally, he worked various jobs, including stints in [[Call centre|call centres]] and marketing. He has stated that these jobs helped him understand human [[psychology]], which he later applied to his performances.<ref name="HT2016" /><ref name="DNA2008" /> Prior to his public debut, he practiced for 18 hours a day and isolated himself for three years to prepare.<ref name="DNA2008" /> He cites his father and [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]] as his favorite magicians.<ref name="DNA2008" />

==Career==
===Television and film===
Sarcar gained prominence with his show ''3rd Degree'', which aired on the channel [[Bindass|UTV Bindass]].<ref name="DNA2008" /> The show featured Sarcar performing impromptu street magic on strangers without a script or camera tricks. Acts included bending cutlery with his gaze and reading minds.<ref name="DNA2008" /><ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite web |title=Street magician Ugesh Sarcar 3rd Degree is bringing magical stage show to India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/street-magician-ugesh-sarcar-3rd-degree-is-bringing-magical-stage-show-to-india-268469-2015-10-16 |website=India Today |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref>

In 2015, Sarcar anchored a television show titled ''Asambhav Sambhav''. The show was designed to include humour and magic acts performed on [[Bollywood]] celebrities.<ref name="TOI2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-26 |title=Ugesh Sarcar to perform magic tricks on actors on TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ugesh-sarcar-to-perform-magic-tricks-on-actors-on-tv/articleshow/47816055.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref>

Sarcar also worked as the technical director for magic on the film ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]''.<ref name="TOI2015" />

===Live performances===
Sarcar has performed stage shows such as ''Your Mind is Mine''. This theatre-style show focused on [[mentalism]], levitation, and the demonstration of "spirits".<ref name="DNA2016" /> Directed by Shakir Khan, the show was intended to be experiential, with Sarcar attempting to influence the minds of the audience.<ref name="HT2016" /><ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite web |title=Mumbai gets ready to be magically deceived with Ugesh Sarcar’s new show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/mumbai-gets-ready-to-be-magically-deceived-with-ugesh-sarcars-new-show/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref> He has expressed a desire to move away from traditional magic clichés, such as slicing a woman in half, preferring acts that manipulate the mind.<ref name="DNA2016" />

===Writing===
In September 2025, Sarcar launched his book ''What Matters: Volume One – Credibility''. The book is described as a guide to "being human" and involves a narrative about an invitation-only college where students undergo experiments to dismantle their self-perceptions.<ref name="SundayGuardian2025" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarcar, Ugesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian magicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]

Vayu Shrivastav

2026-04-07T11:47:50Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding Some Article W/ Sources

{{short description|Indian singer and songwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vayu
| image = File:Vayu Shrivastava Image.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Vayu in 2018
| alt = Vayu in 2018
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Lyricist, Singer, Music Composer
| years active = 2009–present
| website =
}}

'''Vaibhav Shrivastava''', more popularly known as '''Vayu''', is an Indian singer and songwriter, who has been active in the industry for over 10 years.
He signed on to [[Sony Music India]] as an exclusive artist in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/music/labels/180907-lyricist-composer-vayu-exclusively-signed-sony-music|title=Lyricist, composer Vayu exclusively signed by Sony Music India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://loudest.in/2018/09/08/vayu-signs-exclusively-sony-music-india/|title = Composer-Lyricist Vayu signs exclusively with Sony Music India|date = 8 September 2018|access-date = 10 May 2020|archive-date = 25 March 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190325141929/https://loudest.in/2018/09/08/vayu-signs-exclusively-sony-music-india/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vayu was born in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and spent his childhood years in small towns like [[Singrauli]] and [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]. His mother used to affectionately call him Vayu, and the nickname stuck. His parents moved to Bhopal after he finished his schooling.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Vayu moved to [[Indore]] to study Graphic Designing and later shifted to [[Pune]] to pursue Masters in Mass Communication from [[Symbiosis Institute of Mass Communication]] (SIMC).<ref name="pandolin1">{{Cite news|url=https://pandolin.com/till-date-i-havent-written-a-single-mainstream-song-lyricist-vayu/|title=Till date I haven't written a single mainstream song: Vaayu|last=Pandolin|date=2013-03-12|work=Pandolin|access-date=2018-09-20|language=en-US|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920161002/https://pandolin.com/till-date-i-havent-written-a-single-mainstream-song-lyricist-vayu/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vayu moved to [[Mumbai]] in 2009 and worked in advertising by writing for various mediums like print and TV. He finally got his first lyricist break by [[Ram Gopal Varma|Ram Gopal Verma]] in the 2010 movie, [[Rann (film)|Rann]]. With Oopar Oopar Renn De (Bro Anthem) in 2014 and Banno from [[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns|Tanu Weds Manu Returns]] in 2015, he established his credentials as a quirky and hit lyricist, and found a name in the industry. Initially, Vayu started out in [[Bollywood]] with his friend [[Tanishk Bagchi]], but the two have now gone separate solo ways, occasionally collaborating on a song or two.<ref name="pandolin1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Story-behind-the-song-Banno-tera-swagger-lage-sexy-/articleshow/47383682.cms|title = Story behind the song 'Banno tera swagger lage sexy...' - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Vayu wrote the lyrics for [[Arjun Kanungo]]'s single Gallan Tipsiyaan<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/hindi/arjun-kanungos-gallan-tipsiyaan-audio-is-out/articleshow/61736437.cms|title=Arjun Kanungo's Gallan Tipsiyaan audio is out - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref> and [[Akasa Singh|Akasa]]'s single "Thug Ranjha".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/akasa-interview/|title=BizAsia talks to Akasa about her single Thug Ranjha|date=2018-06-21|work=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Vayu has written and co-composed Sanedo from [[Mitron]], 2018 (starring [[Jackky Bhagnani]] and [[Kritika Kamra]]). He has written the lyrics for Chad Gayi Hai and Monobina from the Akshay Kumar movie, [[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]].

He has also written the lyrics for 3 songs (Milegi Milegi, Kamariya, Nazar Na Lag Jaaye) in the latest hit movie [[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]], starring [[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]] with [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Aparshakti Khurana|Aparshakti Khurrana]], and Abhishek Banerjee appearing in supporting roles.

Badhaaiyan Tenu is a track written by Vayu, for the upcoming comedy drama film [[Badhaai Ho]] directed by Amit Ravindernath Sharma.

Vayu wrote the Pepsi Anthem ''Swag Se Solo'' and also composed it along with [[Bagchi|Tanishk Bagchi]].

He is a composer, lyricist and singer of a song under label of Sony Music India named as Baatein Karo. It was released in March 2020. Shot in India and Sri Lanka. The song is a soulful track on smartphone life consuming the importance of in person talks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=March 2020|title=Baatein Karo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=bzkdY9JDgSQ|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Youtube}}</ref>

== Discography ==
Vayu has contributed to several Bollywood movies as lyricist and performer. Following is his discography.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year of Release
!Song name
!Movie
!Role
!Composer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
|Sikkon Ki Andhi Bhook Hai
|''[[Rann (film)|Rann]]''
|rowspan=10|Lyricist
|
|-
|Karma Dharma
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rakta Charitra|Rakht Charitra]]''
|
|-
|Mila To Marega
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|Jab Se Mein Choti Thi
| rowspan="3" |''[[Not a Love Story (2011 film)|Not A Love Story]]''
|
|-
|Rangeela Re
|
|-
|Woh Ek Pal
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|Kammo
| rowspan="3" |''[[Department (2012 film)|Department]]''
|
|-
|Mumbai Police
|
|-
|Bad Boys
|
|-
|2013
|Jhooth Boliya
|''[[Jolly LLB]]''
|[[Krsna Solo]]
|-
|2015
|Banno Tera Swagger
|''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns|Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
|Lyricist, Composer
|[[Tanishk-Vayu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|Beat Pe Booty
| rowspan="2" |''[[A Flying Jatt]]''
|Lyricist, Singer
|rowspan=2|[[Sachin-Jigar]]
|-
|Khair Mangda
|Lyricist
|-
| rowspan="18" |2017
|Kankad
| rowspan="5" |''[[Shubh Mangal Saavdhan|Shubh Mangal Savdhan]]''
|rowspan=8|Lyricist, Composer
|rowspan=8|Tanishk-Vayu
|-
|Kanha
|-
|Kanha (Male)
|-
|Laddoo
|-
|Rocket Saiyyan
|-
|Beat It Bijuriya
|''[[Munna Michael]]''
|-
|Twist Kamariya
|''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
|-
|Balma Yegh Karma
|''[[Brij Mohan Amar Rahe]]''
|-
|Disco Disco
| rowspan="3" |''[[A Gentleman]]''
|rowspan=7|Lyricist
|rowspan=8|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|Chandralekha
|-
|Bandook Meri Laila
|-
|Lagdi Hai Thaai
| rowspan="3" |''[[Simran (film)|Simran]]''
|-
|Majaa Ni Life
|-
|Single Rehne De
|-
|Piya Aa
|''[[Haseena Parkar]]''
|-
|Jai Mata Di
|''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]''
|Lyricist (Along with Utkarsh Naithani)
|-
|Manva Likes to Fly
|''[[Tumhari Sulu]]''
|rowspan=7|Lyricist
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
|Ye Waqt Maut Ka Hai
|''[[The House Next Door (2017 film)|The House Next Door]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2018
|Monobina
|rowspan="2" |''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
|Tanishk Bagchi
|-
|Chad Gayi Hai
|rowspan=5|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|Milegi Milegi
| rowspan="4" |''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
|-
|Kamariya
|-
|Nazar Na Lag Jaye
|-
|Dil Ka Darzi
|Lyricist, Singer
|-
|Sanedo
|''[[Mitron]]''
|rowspan=2|Lyricist, Composer
|rowspan=2|Tanishk-Vayu
|-
|Ice Cream
|''[[Lust Stories]]''
|-
|Beat Junglee
|''[[Dil Juunglee]]''
|rowspan=9|Lyricist
|rowspan=2|Tanishk Bagchi
|-
|Badhaai Ho - Title Track
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
|-
|Sajan Bade Senti
|[[JAM8]]
|-
|Shubh Din
| rowspan="3" |''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]''
|rowspan=4|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|Thare Vaaste
|-
|Kasumbi
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|The Naari Naari Song
|''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''
|-
|Zumba
|''[[Good Newwz]]''
|Tanishk Bagchi
|-
|Mumbai Dilli Di Kudiyaan
|''[[Student of the Year 2]]''
|[[Vishal-Shekhar]]
|-
|The Bhoot Song
|''[[Housefull 4]]''
|Lyricist (Along with Farhad Samji)
|[[Farhad Samji]], [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2020
|Mile Sur
|''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''
|Lyricist, Singer
|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|Start Stop
|''[[Laxmii]]''
|rowspan=3|Lyricist, Composer
|rowspan=3|Tanishk-Vayu
|-
|Raakh
|rowspan=6|''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]''
|-
|Aisi Taisi
|-
|Pyaar Kar Le
|Lyricist Along with [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], Sameer
|rowspan=4|Tanishk Bagchi
|-
|Gabru
|rowspan=9|Lyricist
|-
|Kaafi
|-
|Kya Karte
|-
|Pass Nahi
|rowspan=2|''[[Shakuntala Devi]]''
|rowspan=3|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|Rani Hindustani
|-
| rowspan="7" |2021
|Kheench Te Naach
|rowspan=2|''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
|-
|Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui 2.0
|rowspan=3|Tanishk Bagchi
|-
|Zaalima Coca-Cola
|''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]''
|-
|One Two Dance
|''[[Hello Charlie]]''
|-
|Doli
|''[[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]''
|Composer, Lyricist
|Tanishk-Vayu
|-
|Raja Boy
|rowspan=2|''[[Velle (film)|Velle]]''
|Lyricist, Singer
|rowspan=2|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|-
|Yaaron Ka Bhulava
|rowspan=2|Lyricist
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|Badhaai Do - Title Track
|''[[Badhaai Do]]''
|Tanishk Bagchi
|-
|Firecracker
|rowspan=2|''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]''
|Lyricist (Along with [[Kumaar]])
|rowspan=2|[[Vishal-Shekhar]]
|-
|Firecracker (English)
|Lyricist (Along with Kumaar and [[Vishal Dadlani]])
|-
|Bijli
|''[[Govinda Naam Mera]]''
|rowspan=6|Lyricist
|rowspan=2|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|rowspan=3|2023
|Shaadi Dope Hai
|''[[Aankh Micholi (2023 film)|Aankh Micholi]]''
|-
|Cocktail
|''[[Jogira Sara Ra Ra]]''
|rowspan=2|Tanishk Bagchi
|-
|Le Aaunga
|''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]''
|-
|2024
|"Chumma"
|''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
|Sachin–Jigar
|-
|rowspan=2|2025
|"So Lene De"
|''[[Ground Zero (2025 film)|Ground Zero]]''
|Tanishk Bagchi
|-
|"Ek Chatur Naar - Title Track"
|''[[Ek Chatur Naar]]''
|Lyricist, Composer
|Vayu-Sharan Rawat
|}

==Singles==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year of Release
!Song name
!Album
!Role
|-
|2017
|Gallan Tipsiyaan
|Single by [[Arjun Kanungo]]
|rowspan=2|Lyricist
|-
|2018
|Thug Ranjha
|Single by [[Akasa Singh|Akasa]]
|-
|2020
|Baatein Karo
|rowspan=2|Single By Vayu
|Composer, Lyricist, Singer, Performer
|-
|2021
|Tohfa
|Lyricist, Singer
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award Ceremony
!Category
!Film
!Song
!Result
!Reference(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns]]
| rowspan="2" |"Banno"
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Singers from Madhya Pradesh]]

Chaudhary Bhupendra Singh

2026-04-07T03:13:16Z

MichaleYarbrough: made a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chaudhary Bhupendra Singh
| image = Bhupendra Singh.jpg
| caption = Bhupendra Singh at BJP Office, Lucknow
| office = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 25 August 2022
| term_end = 13 December 2025
| 1blankname = National President
| 1namedata = [[JP Nadda]]
| successor = [[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
| predecessor = [[Swatantra Dev Singh]]
| office1 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 2017
| term_end1 = 30 August 2022
| 1blankname1 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| office2 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 7 July 2016
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Hriday Narayan Dikshit]]
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Moradabad district|Mahendari Sikandarpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| 2blankname1 = Ministry & Department's
| 2namedata1 = *Panchayati Raj
}}

'''Chaudhary Bhupendra Singh''' is an Indian Politician who was the 14th state president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh|Bharatiya Janata Party in Uttar Pradesh]] and former cabinet minister for Panchayati Raj in Uttar Pradesh Government .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anshuman |first=Kumar |title=MLC from Western UP, Bhupendra Chaudhary appointed new UP BJP Chief |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mlc-from-western-up-bhupendra-chaudhary-appointed-new-up-bjp-chief/articleshow/93785906.cms |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> He hails from Moradabad in Western UP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhupendra Singh Chaudhary: 5 Points On New UP BJP Chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bhupendra-singh-chaudhary-5-points-on-new-up-bjp-chief-3285854 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP News: भूपेंद्र चौधरी ने योगी कैबिनेट से दिया इस्तीफा, यूपी बीजेपी के अध्यक्ष का संभाला है कार्यभार |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/bhupendra-chaudhary-resigned-from-yogi-adityanath-cabinet-know-reason/articleshow/93871713.cms |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

On 10 June 2016, he was elected to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 10, 2016|title=UP MLC poll witnesses heavy cross voting, Samajwadi Party emerges victorious|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UP-MLC-poll-witnesses-heavy-cross-voting-Samajwadi-Party-emerges-victorious/articleshow/52694599.cms|access-date=2020-08-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bhupendra Singh was born in Mahendra Sikanderpur village in the Thana Chajalat area of Moradabad district in 1966 to a farmer family of Jat descent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2022-08-25 |title=Minister Bhupendra Singh Chaudhary appointed U.P. BJP chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/minister-bhupendra-singh-chaudhary-appointed-up-bjp-chief/article65811172.ece/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |type=News article |issn=0971-751X |quote=Party picks Jat face to counter farmer anger in western belt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Bhupendra Singh Chaudhary: New UP BJP chief ticks right boxes for party; Jat leader from western UP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bhupendra-singh-chaudhary-new-up-bjp-chief-ticks-right-boxes-8111613/lite/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=With Chaudhary's appointment, the party will hope to reach out to Jats who have a significant presence in states neighbouring Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=Jat leader Bhupendra Singh Chaudhary made UP BJP chief with eye on LS polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jat-leader-bhupendra-singh-chaudhary-made-uttar-pradesh-bjp-chief-with-eye-on-lok-sabha-polls-101661452431083.html |quote={{Verify source|date=October 2024}}}}</ref> He passed the 12th examination from RN Inter College, Moradabad.

== Early political career ==
Bhupendra Singh joined the Vishwa Hindu Parishad as a student leader and went on to join the BJP in 1991. Two years later, in 1993, he became a member of the BJP's district executive. In 2006, he was made the regional minister of Moradabad by the BJP and was made the regional chief of the party in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |first=Abhishek |last=Mishra |title=Bhupendra Singh is new UP BJP chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-minister-bhupendra-chaudhary-next-up-bjp-chief-party-sources-yogi-adityanath-1992243-2022-08-25 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

===Further reading===
* http://www.patrika.com/news/moradabad/bjp-leader-bhupinder-singh-elected-mlc-1321851/
* http://epaper.amarujala.com/mc/20160613/08.html?clip=68967
* http://www.uniindia.com/bjp-fields-rn-singh-for-biennial-elections-to-mah-state-legislative-council/india/news/503061.html
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-LUCK-uttar-pradesh-mlc-election-voting-5345578-NOR.html?seq=2 bhaskar.com]

{{Yogi ministry|Panchayati Raj=Bhupendra Singh Chaudhary}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhupendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Politicians from Moradabad]]
[[Category:Yogi ministry]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Safiyya bint Huyayy

2026-03-29T14:26:28Z

MichaleYarbrough:

{{Short description|Muhammad's tenth wife (610/614–664/672)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Wives of Muhammad|Mother of the Believers]]
| name = Safiyya bint Huyayy
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|صفية بنت حيي}}|rtl=yes}}}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| birth_date = {{circa|610–614 CE}}
| birth_place = [[Medina#Yathrib|Yathrib]], Arabia
| death_date = {{circa|664–672 CE}}
| death_place = [[Medina]], [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
| resting_place = [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]], Medina
| spouse = [[Sallam ibn Mishkam]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 624; {{abbr|div.|divorced}} 625) [[Kinana ibn al-Rabi]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 627; died 628) [[Muhammad]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 628; died 632)
| mother = [[Barra bint Samawal]]
| father = [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]]
| family = [[Banu Nadir]] (by birth) [[Ahl al-Bayt]] (by marriage)
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}}

'''Safiyya bint Huyayy'''{{Efn|{{langx|ar|صفية بنت حيي|translit=Ṣafiyya bint Ḥuyayy}}}} ({{Circa|610/614{{snd}}664/672}}) was the [[Wives of Muhammad|tenth wife of Muhammad]]. Born in [[Yathrib]] to the [[Banu Nadir]], one of the [[Jewish tribes of Arabia]], Safiyya's father [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]] and husband [[Kinana ibn al-Rabi]] were killed at the [[Battle of Khaybar]] in 628, after which she was taken captive by the [[early Muslims]] and subsequently married to Muhammad. Like other wives of Muhammad, she is known to [[Muslims]] as a "Mother of the Believers" and is buried at the [[al-Baqi]] cemetery in [[Medina]].

==Early life==
Safiyya bint Huyayy was born in [[Yathrib]], [[Arabia]] to [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]], the chieftain of the Arabian Jewish tribe [[Banu Nadir]].<ref name="EI" /> Her mother [[Barra bint Samawal|Barra bint Samaw'al]] belonged to the [[Banu Qurayza]] clan.<ref name="EI" /> Safiyya's year of birth is uncertain with various sources recording it as around {{Circa|610}} and {{Circa|614}}.<ref name="EI" />

According to a source, she was married off to [[Sallam ibn Mishkam]], who later divorced her.<ref name="EI" /> When the Banu Nadir were expelled from Medina in 625, her family settled in [[Khaybar]], an [[oasis]] 153 kilometers from Medina.<ref name="EI"/> Her father and brother went from Khaybar to join the [[Mecca]]n and [[Bedouin]] forces besieging Muhammad in Medina during the [[Battle of the Trench]]. When the Meccans withdrew, Muhammad besieged the Banu Qurayza. After the defeat of the Banu Qurayza in 627, Safiyya's father, a long-time opponent of Muhammad, was captured and [[summary execution|executed]] by the Muslims.<ref name="ReferenceA">Guillaume, A. The Life of Muhammad: Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah.</ref>

In 627 or early 628, Safiyya was married to [[Kinana ibn al-Rabi]], treasurer of the Banu Nadir; she was about 17 years old at that time.<ref name="EI"/> Muslim sources claimed that Safiyya is said to have informed Kinana of a dream she had in which the moon had fallen from the heavens into her lap. Kinana interpreted it as a desire to marry Muhammad and struck her in the face, leaving a mark which was still visible when she first had contact with Muhammad.<ref name="Stowasser">Stowasser, Barbara. ''The Mothers of the Believers in the Hadith''. The Muslim World, Volume 82, Issue 1-2: 1-36.</ref><ref>"It is related that she bore the mark of a bruise upon her eye; when the Prophet (Peace be upon him) asked her tenderly the cause, she told him that, being yet Kenāna's bride, she saw in a dream as if the moon had fallen from the heavens into her lap; and that when she told it to Kenāna, he struck her violently, saying: 'What is this thy dream but that thou covetest the new king of the Ḥijāz, the Prophet, for thy husband!' The mark of the blow was the same which Moḥammad saw." cf. Muir (1912) pp. 378-379</ref>

==Battle of Khaybar==
{{Main|Battle of Khaybar}}
In May 628, [[Muhammad]] and the [[Muslims]] [[Battle of Khaybar|invaded Khaybar]], and several [[Jews|Jewish]] tribes (including the [[Banu Nadir]]) were defeated and surrendered. Some of the Jewish tribes were allowed to remain in the city on the condition that they give half of their annual produce to the Muslims. The land itself became property of the Muslim state.<ref name="Khaybar">{{cite encyclopedia | author = Veccia Vaglieri, L. |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]] |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online| title = Khaybar | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | issn = 1573-3912}}</ref> This settlement offer, according to [[Norman Stillman|Stillman]], did not extend to the Banu Nadir tribe, who were given no mercy.<ref>Stillman (1979) p. 18</ref> As a result of the battle, Safiyya's then-husband, Kinana ibn al-Rabi, was killed.

[[Dihyah al-Kalbi|Dihya al-Kalbi]], one of Muhammad's companions, requested a slave from the captives, and Muhammad granted him the choice. Dihya thus went and took Safiyya. Witnessing this, another companion informed Muhammad, highlighting Safiyya's beauty and her status as the chief mistress of [[Banu Qurayza]] and the Nadir. The companion believed she was fit only for Muhammad, leading Muhammad to give the order to call them.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lQvAQAAIAAJ |title=Harvard Human Rights Journal |date=1998 |publisher=Harvard Law School |volume=11 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Bukhārī|1997|p=249|loc=Vol. 1, no. 371}}

When Safiyya was delivered, she came along with another woman. The latter was distressed by the sight of the slain Jews, which prompted her to cry out and induce self-injury on her face. In response, Muhammad ordered her to be taken away.{{sfn|Zeitlin|2007|p=136}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Ṭabarī |first=Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd |url=https://archive.org/details/tabari-eng/Tabari_Volume_08/page/121/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Tarikh al-Tabari |publisher=State University of New York Press |year= |isbn=0-7914-3150-9 |volume=8 |pages=122}}</ref> He directed that Safiyya be placed behind him, with his cloak covering her, indicating to the Muslims that he had chosen her for himself, and told Dihya to take any other slave girl from the captives.{{sfn|Bukhārī|1997|p=249|loc=Vol. 1, no. 371}} It was reported that Dihya got seven slaves in exchange.{{Sfn| Ibn Mājah|2007|p=298|loc=Vol. 3, no. 2272}} Muhammad married Safiyya.{{sfn|Rodinson|1971|p=254}}{{sfn|Muslim|2007|p=58|loc=Vol. 4, no. 1365}}

== Marriage to Muhammad ==
According to [[Martin Lings]], Muhammad had given Safiyyah the choice of returning to the defeated Banu Nadir or becoming Muslim and marrying him, and Safiyyah opted for the latter choice.<ref>Martin Lings, Muhammad - His Life Based On The Earliest Sources (George Allen & Unwin, 1983), p. 269</ref> [[W. Montgomery Watt]] and Nomani believe that Muhammad married Safiyya as part of reconciliation with the Jewish tribe and as a gesture of goodwill.<ref>Nomani (1970), p. 424.</ref><ref>Watt (1964), p. 195</ref> John L. Esposito states that the marriage may have been political or to cement alliances.<ref>John L. Esposito, Islam - The Straight Path, pp. 19–20</ref><ref name="Mawsili, Musnad; p. 168">Abu Ya'la al-Mawsili, Musnad, vol. 13, p. 168, Cited in Muhammad Fathi Mus'ad, The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad - Their Strives and Their Lives, p.172)</ref> Haykal opines that Muhammad's manumission of and marriage to Safiyaa was partly in order to alleviate her tragedy and partly to preserve their dignity, and compares these actions to previous conquerors who married the daughters and wives of the kings whom they had defeated.<ref>Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad (North American Trust Publications, 1976), p. 373</ref> According to some, by marrying Safiyyah, Muhammad aimed at ending the enmity and hostility between Jews and Islam.<ref name="Mawsili, Musnad; p. 168" /> Muhammad advised Safiyya to convert to Islam, she accepted and agreed to became Muhammad's wife.<ref>Ibn Saad, al-Tabaqat, pp.120-123.</ref><ref>Safiyya bint Huyay, Fatima az-Zahra by Ahmad Thompson</ref> Safiyya did not bear any children to Muhammad.<ref>Peters, F. E., ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', State University of New York Press, 1994, pp.179, {{ISBN|0-7914-1876-6}}. "At Medina he also married Umar's daughter Hafsa, Hind, Zaynab daughter of Jahsh, 16 Umm Salama, Juwayriyya, Ramla or Umm Habiba, Safiyya, and Maymuna. None of them bore him children, however, though he had a son, Ibrahim, by his [[Copt]]ic concubine Maria. Ibrahim died an infant."</ref> According to Abu Ya'la al-Mawsili, Safiyya came to appreciate the love and honor Muhammad gave her, and said, "I have never seen a good-natured person as the Messenger of Allah". Safiyyah remained loyal to Muhammad until he died.<ref>{{Citation |last=Smith |first=Charles D. |title=Haykal, Muhammad Husayn |date=2011-12-08 |work=African American Studies Center |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48911 |access-date=2026-02-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref>

=== Consummation ===
Regarding the consummation of their marriage and her 'idda (waiting period), several authentic hadith addressed this topic.<ref name="icraa1">{{cite web |last1=Cheema |first1=Waqar Akbar |title=Two Issues Around Prophet Muhammad's Marriage With Safiyya bint Huyayy |url=https://www.icraa.org/two-issues-around-prophet-muhammads-marriage-with-safiyya/ |website=ICRAA.org |access-date=11 June 2024 |date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

Her marriage was nullified after her husband was killed and she was taken as a slave, which is different from the typical case of a divorce or death of a woman's husband. Because of this, consummation was based on istibra' (assurance of being free of pregnancy via menses) rather than 'idda.<ref name="icraa1"></ref> Numerous authentic hadith reports describe this:

{{Quote hadith |Ruwaifi‘ ibn Thabit al-Ansari |text=Should I tell you what I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say on the day of Hunain: … it is not lawful for a man who believes in Allah and the Last Day to have intercourse with a captive woman till she is free from a menstrual course. |ref=<ref>Al-Sijistani, Abu Dawud, al-Sunan, Hadith 2158; graded as hasan by al-Albani and Shu‘aib al-Arna’ut</ref> |Sunni=as [[Hasan (hadith)|Hasan]] |SunniS=[[Sunan Abi Dawud|Abu Dawud]]}}

{{Quote hadith |Anas bin Malik |text=… the Prophet (ﷺ) selected her for himself, and set out with her, and when we reached a place called Sadd al-Sahba’, Safiya became lawful (i.e. clean from her menses) and the Messenger of Allah went to her in marriage. |ref=<ref>Al-Bukhari, al-Sahih, Hadith 2893, 4211, with al-‘Asqalani, Ibn Hajar, Fath al-Bari, (Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifa, 1379 AH) Vol.7, 480</ref> |Sunni=as [[Sahih]] |SunniS=[[Sahih Bukhari]]}}

{{Quote hadith |Anas bin Malik |text=The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) avoided (intimacy with) Safiyya till she was free from her menstrual course. |ar= |ref=<ref name="hp1">{{cite web |last1=السنة |first1=جامع شروح |title=جامع السنة وشروحها - الصفحة الرئيسية |url=https://www.hadithportal.com/show.php?show=show_thkreej&selid=485928&hid=18867&cat=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A&chapter=&other_shorah=yes |website=جامع السنة وشروحها |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref><ref>al-San‘ani, ‘Abdul Razzaq, al-Musannaf, Hadith 12898, 13109; al-Baihaqi, Abu Bakr, Sunan al-Kubra, (Cairo: Markaz Hijr, 2011) Hadith 15688; al-Haithami, Nur al-Din, Bughyah al-Bahith ‘an Zawa’id Musnad al-Harith, (Madina: Markaz Khidmat al-Sunnah, 1992) Hadith 502, 1005, with Ibn al-Turkamani, Abu al-Hasan, Al-Jawhar al-Naqi ‘ala Sunan al-Baihaqi, (Beirut: Dar al-Fekr, n.d.) Vol.7, 450</ref> |SunniS=[[Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq]] and [[Sunan al-Kubra (al-Bayhaqi)]] [[Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir (Al-Tabarani)]]}}
==Legacy==
Safiyya is honored by Muslims as one of the "Mothers of the Believers".<ref name="Stowasser" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naveed |first=Sarmad |date=2023-11-10 |title=Safiyya bint Huyayy, the Jewish Mother of All Muslims |url=https://www.reviewofreligions.org/44555/safiyya-bint-huyay-the-jewish-mother-of-all-muslims/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Review of Religions |language=en-GB}}</ref> After Muhammad's death, she became involved in the power politics of the early [[Muslim]] community, and acquired substantial influence by the time of her death.<ref name="EI">{{cite encyclopedia | author= Vacca, V | title=Safiyya | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] | editor= [[P. J. Bearman]] |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=[[C. E. Bosworth]] |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=[[W. P. Heinrichs]] | publisher= Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912| page=817| volume=8|edition = 2nd| isbn = 9004098348| year = 1995}}</ref> In 656, Safiyya sided with [[caliph]] [[Uthman ibn Affan]], and defended him at his last meeting with [[Ali]], [[Aisha]], and [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]]. During the period when the [[Assassination of Uthman|caliph was besieged]] at his residence, Safiyya made an unsuccessful attempt to reach him, and supplied him with food and water via a plank placed between her dwelling and his.<ref name="EI"/>

Safiyya died in 670 or 672, during the reign of [[Mu'awiya I]], and was buried in the [[Jannat al-Baqi]] graveyard.<ref>Al-Shati', 1971, p. 181</ref> She left an estate of 100,000 [[dirham]]s in land and goods, one-third of which she bequeathed to her sister's son, who followed [[Judaism]]. Her dwelling in Medina was bought by Mu'awiya for 180,000 dirhams.<ref name="EI"/>

Her dream was interpreted as a miracle, and her suffering and reputation for crying won her a place in [[Sufism|Sufi]] works. She is mentioned in all major books of [[hadith]] for relating a few traditions and a number of events in her life serve as legal precedents.<ref name="EI"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}

*{{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Russ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOxXXwAACAAJ |title=The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah |date=2012 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-3766-0 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttPdDwAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad |date=2 March 2021 |publisher=New York Review of Books |isbn=978-1-68137-493-2 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bukay |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR4uDwAAQBAJ |title=Islam and the Infidels: The Politics of Jihad, Da'wah, and Hijrah |date=12 July 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-51150-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ibn Mājah |first=Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Yazīd |url=https://www.amazon.com/English-Translation-Sunan-Majah-Commentary/dp/B001AQ6JLM |title=English Translation of Sunan Ibn Majah with Commentary |date=2007 |publisher=Darussalam Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-9960-9881-3-9 |location=Riyadh |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last=al-Ṭabarī |first=Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A.D. 626-630/A.H. 5-8 |date=1997|publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3150-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bukhārī |first=Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl |title=Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī: The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari : Arabic-English |date=1997 |publisher=Darussalam Pub. & Distr. |isbn=9960-717-32-1 |volume=1 |language=Ar-En}}
* {{Cite book |last=Garst |first=Karen L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJNcDwAAQBAJ |title=Women v. Religion: The Case Against Faith—and for Freedom |date=2018 |publisher=Pitchstone Publishing (US&CA) |isbn=978-1-63431-171-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zeitlin |first=Irving M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ScS1MjUzdYC |title=The Historical Muhammad |date=2007 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0-7456-3998-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/200861 |title=Mohammed |date=1971 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0394509082 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Muslim |first=Imam Abul-Husain |title=Sahih Muslim |date=2007 |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications Inc |isbn=978-9960-9919-0-0 |location=Riyadh |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=William Montgomerry |title=Companion to the Qur'an Based on the Arberry Translation |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415426008 |edition=English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V69atAEACAAJ |access-date=24 October 2021}}
{{refend}}

=== Further reading ===
* Awde, Nicholas ''Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an and Hadits'', Routledge (UK) 2000, {{ISBN|0-7007-1012-4}}
* [[John Esposito]] and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ''Islam, Gender, and Social Change'', Oxford University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-19-511357-8}}
* [[Leila Ahmed]], ''Women and Gender in Islam: Historical roots of a modern debate,'' Yale University Press, 1992
* Valentine Moghadam (ed), ''Gender and National Identity''.
*[[Karen Armstrong]], "[[The Battle for God]]: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam", London, HarperCollins/Routledge, 2001

{{Portal|Islam|Biography}}
{{Wives of Muhammad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Safiyyah Bint Huyayy}}
[[Category:601 births]]
[[Category:661 deaths]]
[[Category:Banu Nadir]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]]
[[Category:Women companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:Jewish Saudi Arabian history]]
[[Category:7th-century Arabian Jews]]
[[Category:Islam and Judaism]]
[[Category:Wives of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Women in medieval Asian warfare]]
[[Category:Women in war in West Asia]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab slaves]]
[[Category:7th-century women]]

Kanishka Stupa

2026-03-28T23:25:01Z

MichaleYarbrough: expanded content

{{Short description|Stupa on the outskirts of Peshawar, Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Kanishka Stupa
|native_name = {{nq|کانیشکا سټوپا}}
|alternate_name =
|image = ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg
|alt =
|caption = 1899 engraving showing the remnants of the Kanishka Stupa in [[Shaji-ki-Dheri]]
|map_type = Pakistan#Gandhara
|map_alt =
|map_size =
| map_dot_label=Kanishka stupa
|relief =yes
|coordinates = {{coord|33.9994|71.5918|format=dms|type:landmark_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Peshawar]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Pakistan]] {{flagicon|Pakistan}}
|region =
|type = [[Stupa]]
|part_of = [[Kushan Empire]] and [[Hephthalite Empire|White Huns]]
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height = {{convert|400|ft|m}} to {{convert|560|ft|m}}
|builder =
|material =
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|abandoned =
|epochs = 2nd [[Common era|C.E.]]
|cultures =
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|condition =
|ownership =
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|public_access =
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|notes =
}}
The '''Kanishka Stupa''' ({{langx|ps|کانیشکا سټوپا}}; {{langx|ur|کنشک اسٹوپ}}) was a monumental [[stupa]] established by King [[Kanishka]] of [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] during the 2nd century CE in today's [[Shaji-ki-Dheri]] on the outskirts of [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]].

The stupa was built during the Kushan era to house Buddhist relics, and was among the tallest buildings in the ancient world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA180 |language=en}}</ref> The stupa is also famous for its Buddhist relics, which were transferred to the U Khanti Hall at [[Mandalay Hill]], in [[Mandalay]], [[Burma]] after their discovery.<ref name="auto">Marshall, John H. (1909): "Archaeological Exploration in India, 1908–9." (Section on: "The stūpa of Kanishka and relics of the Buddha"). ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 1909, pp. 1056–1061.</ref><ref name="Chandra1979">{{cite book|author=Rai Govind Chandra|title=Indo-Greek Jewellery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97od3sgsAjcC&pg=PA82|access-date=13 December 2012|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-088-4|pages=82–}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
According to Buddhists the building of the stupa was foretold by the Buddha:
:"The Buddha, pointing to a small boy making a mud tope….[said] that on that spot Kanishka would erect a tope by his name." Vinaya sutra <ref>Kumar, Baldev. 1973. ''The Early Kuṣāṇas''. New Delhi, Sterling Publishers, page 91</ref>

The same story is repeated in a [[Khotan]]ese scroll found at [[Dunhuang]], which first described how Kanishka would arrive 400 years after the death of the Buddha. The account also describes how Kanishka came to raise his stupa:
:"A desire thus arose in [Kanishka to build a vast stupa]….at that time the four world-regents learnt the mind of the king. So for his sake they took the form of young boys….[and] began a stupa of mud....the boys said to [Kanishka] ‘We are making the Kanishka-stupa.’….At that time the boys changed their form....[and] said to him, ‘Great king, by you according to the Buddha’s prophecy is a Sangharama to be built wholly (?) with a large stupa and hither relics must be invited which the meritorious good beings...will bring."<ref>Kumar, Baldev. 1973. ''The Early Kuṣāṇas''. New Delhi, Sterling Publishers, page 89</ref>

===First stupa (150 CE)===
[[File:Loriyan_Tangai_complete_Stupa.jpg|thumb|upright|Probable initial appearance of the first stupa. [[Loriyan Tangai]], 2nd century CE.<ref name=BA/>]]
The original Kushan stone [[stupa]] was probably built after the death of [[Kanishka the Great]],<ref name="Le"/> between 150 and 300 CE, but probably circa 151 CE, with a shape similar to the contemporary [[Loriyan Tangai]] stupas and the addition of [[schist]] reliefs.<ref name="Le">{{cite book|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|title=Buddhist Architecture|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=9780984404308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&dq=hephthalite+peshawar&pg=PA51|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

===Second stupa (4th century CE)===
The stupa was rebuilt under Kushan rule in the 4th century CE into a [[cruciform]] stupa with a tower-like structure, with four staircases and four corner bastions, and possibly pillars at each corner.<ref name="Le"/> The stupa's symmetrically cross-shaped [[plinth]] measured {{convert|175|ft|m}}, though the plinth had large staircases at each of the stupa's sides. In total, the base of the stupa may have spanned {{convert|272|ft|m}} on each side.<ref name="Le"/> The plinth was likely decorated with sculpted reliefs,<ref name="Le"/> while niches built into the dome's four cardinal points was inlayed with precious stone.<ref name="Le"/> The tall wooden superstructure was built atop a decorated stone base,<ref name="Le"/> and crowned with a 13-layer copper-[[gilding|gild]]ed ''[[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra]].''<ref name="Le"/> Modern estimations suggest that the stupa had a height of {{convert|400|ft|m}}.<ref name="Le"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Shah-ji-ki-Dheri stupa plan.jpg|Ground plan of the second [[stupa]], of a cruxiform shape. The central square plinth is {{convert|175|ft|m}} wide, the full width, including the stairs is {{convert|272|ft|m}}.<ref name=BA>{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |pages=179–180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA179 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Jaulian Stupa A11 reliquary.jpg|A Stupa-shaped reliquary, the design of which might be used to explain the reported great height of the Kanishka stupa. [[Jaulian]] monastery.<ref name=BA/>
File:StupaWithPillarsGandhara2ndCentury.jpg|Stupa with a square base, and pillars at the four corners, Gandhara 2nd Century.
</gallery>

===Reconstruction===
The stupa's wooden superstructure was rebuilt atop the stone base,<ref name="Le"/> and crowned with a 13-layer copper-[[gilding|gild]]ed ''[[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra]].''<ref name="Le"/> In the 5th century CE, stucco imagery was probably added to the site, in keeping with contemporary popularity for Buddhist imagery.<ref name="Le"/>

===Destruction===
[[Sung Yun]] noted in the early 6th century that the tower had been struck by lightning at least three times, having been rebuilt after each strike.<ref name="Le"/> The tall stupa with a copper top acted as a [[lightning rod]]. This propensity to attract lightning strikes may explain the dearth of any surviving examples of wooden-tower stupas.<ref name="Longhurst">{{cite book|last1=Longhurst|first1=A. H.|title=The Story of the Stupa|date=1995|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120601604}}</ref>

In 726 CE, the Korean pilgrim [[Hyecho]] visited Gandhara and saw the Kanishka monastery and stupa, of which he said in his ''[[Wang ocheonchukguk jeon|Memoir of the pilgrimage to the five kingdoms of India]]'' ({{zh|往五天竺國傳}}): "The monastery is called Kanishka. There is a great stupa which constantly glows. The monastery and the stupa were built by the former king Kanishka".{{efn|"Three days' travel from this city to the west, there is a great monastery which was the residential monastery of Bodhisattvas Vasubandhu and Asanga. The monastery is called Kaniska. There is a great stupa which constantly glows. The monastery and the stupa were built by the former king Kaniska, so the monastery was named after him."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hyecho |title=''Memoir of the pilgrimage to the five kingdoms of India'' (往五天竺國傳) |date=14 February 2023 |url=https://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=20839}}</ref>}}

==Excavations==
The stupa was discovered and excavated in 1908–1909 by a British archaeological mission under [[David Brainard Spooner]], and led to the discovery in its base of the [[Kanishka casket]], a six-sided rock crystal [[reliquary]] containing three small fragments of bone,<ref>Spooner, D. B. (1908–9): "Excavations at Shāh-ji-Dherī." ''Archaeological Survey of India'', p. 49.</ref> relics of the Buddha (which were transferred to [[Mandalay]], [[Burma]]) and a dedication in [[Kharoshthi]] involving Kanishka.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Chandra1979"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Lahore Museum Buddha.jpg|Statue of the Buddha, probably [[Shaji-ki-Dheri]] (Kanishka stupa).
Shah-ji-ki-Dheri excavation 1910.jpg|Excavations in 1910.
Shah-ji-ki-Dheri remains 1910.jpg|Remains of the stupa.
Shah-ji-ki-Dheri Kubera and Hariti.jpg|Statue of [[Kubera]] and [[Hariti]].
</gallery>

==Contemporary accounts==
[[File:KanishkaCasket.JPG|thumb|The inscribed [[Kanishka casket]] found at the site of the Kanishka Stupa and containing [[relic]]s of the Buddha, now in [[Peshawar Museum]], Pakistan, while the relics are in [[Mandalay]], Burma.]]
In the 400s CE, the [[China|Chinese]] Buddhist [[pilgrim]] ''[[Faxian]]'' visited the structure and described it as "the highest of all the towers" in [[Jambudvipa|the "terrestrial world"]],<ref name="Le"/> which ancient travelers claimed was up to {{convert|560|ft|m}} tall,<ref name="Le"/> though modern estimates suggest a height of {{convert|400|ft|m}}.<ref name="Le"/>

In 520 CE, [[Sung Yun]] describes the stupa in the following terms:
:"The king proceeded to widen the foundation of the Great Tower 300 paces and more. To crown all, he placed a roof-pole upright and even. Throughout the building he used ornamental wood, he constructed stairs to lead to the top....there was an iron-pillar, 3-feet high with thirteen gilded circlets. Altogether the height from the ground was 700 feet.”

==Legacy==
The stupa is believed to have influence later constructions of "tower stupas" throughout ancient [[Turkestan|Turkistan]].<ref name="Le"/> The construction of wooden towers topped with metal ''chatras'' made such buildings act as lightning rods, which could explain why such towers have all but disappeared.<ref name="Longhurst"/>

==Current status==
[[File:Buddha relics.JPG|thumb|right|Buddha relics from Kanishka's stupa were transferred to [[Mandalay]], [[Burma]].]]
The site has not been preserved. The location was re-identified in 2011. It is located outside the Gunj Gate of the old Walled City of Peshawar and is called Akhunabad.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130617190004/http://tribune.com.pk/story/240321/gandhara-civilisation-revered-buddhist-site-rediscovered-near-peshawar Gandhara civilisation: Revered Buddhist site rediscovered near Peshawar], Manzoor Ali, 27 August 2011</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* D’Ancona, Mirella Levi. (1949): "Is the Kaniṣka Reliquary a work from Mathurā?" ''Art Bulletin'', Vol. 31, No. 4 (Dec., 1949), pp. 321–323.
* Dobbins, K. Walton. (1971): ''The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I.'' The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta.
* Dobbins, K. Walton (1968): "Two Gandhāran Reliquaries." ''East and West'', 18, 1968, pp. 151–165.
* Fenet, Annick (2020): « "In other words, authentic relics of the Buddha himself !" La fouille du stūpa de Kanishka à Shāh-jī-kī-Dherī (février-mars 1909) », in S. Alaura (ed.), Digging in the archives. From the history of oriental studies to the history of ideas, Roma (Documenta Asiana XI), 2020, p. 63-90
* Hargreaves, H. (1910–11): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Ḍhērī." ''Archaeological Survey of India'', pp. 25–32.
* Spooner, D. B. (1908-9): "Excavations at Shāh-ji-Dherī." ''Archaeological Survey of India'', pp. 38–59.

{{Gandhara|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Stupas in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kanishka]]
[[Category:History of Peshawar]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Pakistan]]

Nirbhay Wadhwa

2026-03-27T00:18:37Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding Basic Post From Scratch

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| name = Nirbhay Wadhwa
| birth_date =
| birth_place=
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|Preeti Wadhwa|2011}}
| children = 1
| birth_name =
| family = [[Gaurav Wadhwa]] (brother)
| years_active = 2013–present
}}

'''Nirbhay Wadhwa''' is an Indian film and television actor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Neha |date=31 January 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jaipurs-Nirbhay-Wadhwa-to-play-Hanuman-in-new-show/articleshow/46067075.cms |title=Jaipur's Nirbhay Wadhwa to play Hanuman in new show |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> He had appeared in [[Star Plus]]' ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', where he played the negative role of [[Dushasana]].<ref name="dushasan">{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Richa |date=20 December 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/After-Dushasan-its-Hakim-Khan-for-Jaipurs-Nirbhay-Wadhwa/articleshow/45575476.cms |title=After Dushasan, it's Hakim Khan for Jaipur's Nirbhay Wadhwa |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="horses">{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Stuti |date=27 November 2013 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Kumar-Tewary-Mahabharat-Nirbhay-Wadhwa-Dushasan/movie-review/26477332.cms |title=Nirbhay Wadhwa's hard time with the horses! |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> He also played [[Hanuman]] in ''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]]'' and ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]'', and also portrayed Kaalasur in ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]''.

==Early life==
Nirbhay Wadhwa is from [[Jaipur]]. He is the older brother of actor [[Gaurav Wadhwa]].<ref name="TOI1">{{cite web |title=Jaipur boy Gaurav Wadhwa plays lead in Super Sisters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jaipur-boy-gaurav-wadhwa-plays-lead-in-super-sisters/articleshow/65246524.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |author=Neha Chaudhary |date=3 August 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> Nirbhay spent his childhood in [[Bikaner]], Rajasthan. He did his schooling from [[St. Edmund's School Malviya Nagar Jaipur|St. Edmund's School]], [[Jaipur]].<ref name="horses"/> He later earned Bachelor's Degree in Arts from [[Rajasthan University]]. Nirbhay was always passionate to make his career in the field of entertainment and he did a lot of hard work so far to achieve his position. Nirbhay is also a pet lover and social worker and associate with the " Help in Suffering" NGO in [[Jaipur]].

==Career==
Wadhwa had appeared in [[Star Plus]] television's mythological drama ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', where he played the negative role of [[Dushasana]].<ref name="dushasan"/><ref name="horses"/> Wadhwa made his [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] debut as cameo in 2014 Hindi film ''[[Main Aur Mr. Riight]]'', where he played the role of a struggling actor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nirbhay-wadhwa-will-be-seen-playing-a-salman-khan-fan-in-his-debut-bollywood-film-main-aur-mr-riight-/articleshow/34822993.cms |title=Play a Salman Khan fan in 'Main Aur Mr Riight' Nirbhay Wadhwa |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=PTI |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> He also played the role of [[Hakim Khan Sur]] in [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]'s historical drama ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''.<ref name="dushasan"/> He played the lead antagonist in ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]'' on [[Star Plus]]. Nirbhay also played the role of Pehlwan Durjan in ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''. He played the role of [[Mahishasur]] in the show ''[[Vighnaharta Ganesha]]'' and also played the role of [[Hanuman]] in ''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]]'' which were telecasted on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. He again got the role of [[Hanuman]] in ''[[Shani (TV series)]]''. On [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]] in ''[[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]'', he played the role of [[Mahishasur]]. He is currently playing the role of [[Hanuman]] in [[Shrimad Ramayan]].

==Personal life==
On 28 June 2011, Nirbhay married Preeti Wadhwa. They have a daughter born in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Tellychakkar |title=Nirbhay Wadhwa blessed with a daughter |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nirbhay-wadhwa-blessed-daughter-160108 |access-date=21 December 2019 |work=Tellychakkar.com |date=8 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2018|reason=Source not considered reliable.}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Nirbhay Wadhwa blessed with a baby girl |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/50500957.cms |access-date=21 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=8 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
| [[Dushasana]]
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
| [[Hakim Khan Sur]]
|
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]]''
| [[Hanuman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''
| Pehelwan Durjan
|
|-
| ''[[Partners Trouble Ho Gayi Double]]''
| Leader of Chaddi Gang
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Mahakali– Anth hi Aarambh hai]]''
| rowspan = "2" | [[Mahishasura]]
|
|-
| 2018
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Vighnaharta Ganesha]]''
|
|-
| 2021
| rowspan = "2" | [[Hanuman]]
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2018
| ''[[Shani (TV series)|Karmaphal Daata Shani]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]''
| Kaalasur
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]''
| Maharaj [[Kalayavana|Kalyavan]]
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Kahat Hanuman Jai Shree Ram''
| Maharaj [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]
| <ref name="TOI_Dec2019">{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Neha |title=Nirbhay Wadhwa undergoes 15 look tests for TV show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nirbhay-wadhwa-undergoes-15-look-tests-for-tv-show/articleshow/72979154.cms |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=27 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2022
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Jai Hanuman – Sankatmochan Naam Tiharo]]''
| Maharaj [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]
| rowspan = "2" | <ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Richa |title=I don't think I will get typecast in a mythological role: Nirbhay Wadhwa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-dont-think-i-will-get-typecast-in-a-mythological-role-nirbhay-wadhwa/articleshow/95469421.cms |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=12 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Maharaj [[Sugriva|Sugreev]]
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
| [[Hanuman]]
| <ref name="TOI_Dec2019"/>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Ganesh Kartikey]]''
| Sindhurasur
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Shrikant Bashir]]''
| Sampson
| [[SonyLIV]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7287282}}
* {{Facebook|nirbhaywadhwa70}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadhwa, Nirbhay}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sathamindri Mutham Tha

2026-03-26T13:03:39Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding A Stub First Draft

{{Short description|Tamil film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sathamindri Mutham Tha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rajdev
| writer = Rajdev
| producer = Karthikeyan S.
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]]
* [[Priyanka Thimmesh]]
* [[Hareesh Peradi]]
}}
| cinematography = Yuvaraj.M
| editing = Madan.G
| music = [[Jubin]]
| studio = Celebright Productions
| released = {{film date|2024|3|01|df=yes|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sathamindri Mutham Tha''''' ({{Translation|Give a silent kiss}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written and directed by Rajdev. The film stars [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Priyanka Thimmesh]] and [[Hareesh Peradi]] in the lead roles.The film was produced by Karthikeyan.S under the banner of Celebright Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=26 February 2024 |title=Actor Srikanth: 'Satham Indri Mutham Tha' has some of the best action I've ever done |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/26/actor-srikanth-satham-indri-mutham-tha-has-some-of-the-best-action-ive-ever-done |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324121019/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/26/actor-srikanth-satham-indri-mutham-tha-has-some-of-the-best-action-ive-ever-done |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 1 March 2024.<ref name="T" />\

== Plot ==
Vignesh an engineer lives happily with his wife Sandhiya in Chennai. One day Sandhiya was found murdered in the apartment and Vignesh gets heartbroken. Enraged, he decides to find those who killed his wife. Parallelly honest inspector Edward is found dealing this case. Later it's revealed that Raghu the son of home minister Minnal Murugan had killed Sandhiya as she repeatedly rejected her advances as she is married. Edward told this to Raghu. A heartbroken Raghu stabs Raghu with a knife continuously. He finally completed his revenge

== Cast ==
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] as Vignesh<ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=18 March 2024 |title=Sathamindri Mutham Tha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/sathamindri-mutham-tha/articleshow/108591166.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324122041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/sathamindri-mutham-tha/articleshow/108591166.cms |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Priyanka Thimmesh]] as Sandhiya
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Inspector Edward
* [[Anandaraj]] as Minnal Murugan
* Viaan Mangalaserry as Raghu
* Niharika Patro as Sheela

== Production ==
The film is the directorial debut for Raj Dev.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2024 |title=சத்தமின்றி முத்தம் தா: கதை இதுதான்.. பத்திரிகையாளர் சந்திப்பில் ஓபனாக பேசிய இயக்குநர் |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/director-rajdev-revealed-the-story-of-srikanth-sathamindri-mutham-tha-movie-491145 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324122041/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/director-rajdev-revealed-the-story-of-srikanth-sathamindri-mutham-tha-movie-491145 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=சீட் எட்ஜ் திரில்லராக உருவாகி இருக்கும் 'சத்தமின்றி முத்தம் தா' |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/177425 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324122557/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/177425 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Virakesari]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated two point five out of five and noted that " Actor Srikanth makes a decent comeback to the big screen with a neat performance as Vignesh. Priyanka Timmesh, who plays the female lead, also does an equally good job".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2024 |title=Sathamindri Mutham Tha Review: A romantic thriller that works in parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/sathamindri-mutham-tha-review-a-romantic-thriller-that-works-in-parts-review-108117675 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323090418/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/sathamindri-mutham-tha-review-a-romantic-thriller-that-works-in-parts-review-108117675 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' critic wrote that if the screenplay had more menacket{{clarify|date=April 2024}} it would have made for a better thriller experience and rated two star out of five.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title=திரை விமர்சனம்: சத்தமின்றி முத்தம் தா |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1210427-sathamindri-mutham-thaa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323090434/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1210427-sathamindri-mutham-thaa.html |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' noted that "Despite a decent enough twist at its end, ''Satham Indri Mutham Tha'' squanders its potential"<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=1 March 2024 |title=Satham Indri Mutham Tha Movie Review: An invested Srikanth can't salvage this amateurish thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/01/satham-indri-mutham-tha-movie-review-an-invested-srikanth-cant-salvage-this-amateurish-thriller-52530.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323090419/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/01/satham-indri-mutham-tha-movie-review-an-invested-srikanth-cant-salvage-this-amateurish-thriller-52530.html |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Outline of Haryana

2026-03-21T19:17:05Z

MichaleYarbrough: cleanup

{{Short description|State in northwestern India}}

[[File:IN-HR.svg|thumb|Where in India [[Haryana]] is located.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Haryana.

'''[[Haryana]]''' – one of the [[States in India|28 states]] of the democratic [[Republic of India]]. Located in northern region of the [[Indian subcontinent]], it is India's [[List of states and territories of India by area|21st largest]] state by area, and [[List of states and union territories of India by population|18th most populous]] state. Haryana surrounds the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] on three sides, forming the latter's northern, western and southern borders. The economic, social and cultural facets of Haryana include high economic development, high [[List of Indian states by GDP per capita|GDP per capita]], high [[List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth|life expectancy]], low [[Indian states and territories ranking by sex ratio|female-to-male sex ratio]], and [[Haryana#Sports|rich sporting tradition]].

{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

== General reference ==

=== Names ===
* Common name: [[Haryana]]
** Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɑːr|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}}
* Official name: [[State of Haryana]]
* [[List of adjectives and demonyms for states and territories of India|Adjectival]](s): [[Haryana]]vi
* [[List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies|Etymology and Meaning of the Name]]: from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''[[Hari]]'' (a name of [[Vishnu]]) and ''ayana'' (home), meaning "the Abode of God".
* [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO subdivision code]]: IN-HR

=== Rankings (amongst India's states) ===
Out of total 29 states and union territories (1st highest, 35th lowest):
* [[List of states and territories of India by area|by area]] (higher rank is bigger): 21st (2011 census)
* [[India states ranked by population|by population]] (higher rank is bigger): 18th
* [[List of Indian states by GDP|by gross domestic product (GDP)]] (higher rank is better) : 13th (2014)
* [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|by per capita income]] (higher rank is better): 6th
* [[Indian states ranked by unemployment|by unemployment rate]] (lower is better): 20th (47 per 1000)
* [[Indian states ranking by families owning house|by house ownership]] (higher rank is better): 14th (88.4%)
* [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|by Human Development Index (HDI)]] (higher rank is better): 9th
* [[List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth|by life expectancy at birth]] (higher rank is better): 12th
* [[Indian states ranking by vaccination coverage|by vaccination coverage]] (higher rank is better): 8th (74.8%)
* [[Indian states ranking by underweight people|by low-BMI underweight people]]: (lower rank is better): male 12th (24.8%), female 15th (25.8%)
* [[Indian states ranking by literacy rate|by literacy rate]] (higher rank is better): 22nd
* [[Indian states and territories ranking by sex ratio|by sex ratio]] (higher rank is better): 30th
* [[Indian states and territories ranking by crime rate|by cognizable crime rate]] (lower rank is better): 4th (2015)
* [[Indian states ranked by suicide|by suicide rate]] (lower rank is better): 15th (10.9 annual suicide per lakh of population)

== Geography of Haryana ==

* Haryana is: an [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]]
* [[List of states and territories of India by area|Area of Haryana]]: 44,212 km2, or 1.34% of India's total geographical area
* [[List of states and union territories of India by population|Population of Haryana]]: 25,353,081, or 2.09% of India's population ([[2011 Census of India]])

=== Location of Haryana ===

* Haryana is situated within the following regions:
** [[Northern Hemisphere]]
** [[Eastern Hemisphere]]
*** [[Eurasia]]
**** [[Asia]]
***** [[South Asia]]
****** [[Indian subcontinent]]
******* [[India]]
******** [[North India]]
********* [[Punjab (region)|Punjab region]]
** [[Time zone]]: [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])
** Neighboring jurisdictions Haryana is located next to:
*** [[Chandigarh]]
*** [[Delhi]]
*** [[Himachal Pradesh]]
*** [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
*** [[Rajasthan]]
*** [[Uttarakhand]]
*** [[Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Geographic location|title=Outlines of places adjacent to Haryana
|Centre = Haryana
|North = [[Chandigarh]] [[Outline of Himachal Pradesh]]
|Northeast = [[Outline of Uttarakhand]]
|East = [[Outline of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Delhi]]
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest = [[Outline of Rajasthan]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Outline of Punjab, India]]
}}

=== Geographic features of Haryana ===
* Topographic features of Haryana
** Major [[Physiographic province|Physiographic Divisions]] of Haryana
*** [[Shivalik Hills]] to the north east
*** [[Punjab Plain]] in the west
*** [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar-Yamuna Plain]] in the east, forming the largest part of the state
*** [[Bagar region]] sandy plains are on the edge of [[Thar Desert]] in the south west
*** [[Aravalli Range]] in the south
** Landforms of Haryana
*** [[Dhosi Hill]], an extinct volcano
** Topographic extremes of Haryana
*** [[List of Indian states and territories by highest point|High]]: [[Karoh Peak]], [[Morni Hills]] {{convert|1467|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Template:Hydrography of Haryana|Hydrographic features of Haryana]]

=== Environment of Haryana ===
* [[Biogeographic realm]]: [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
** [[Biome]]s: [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]], [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]], and [[Deserts and xeric shrublands]]
*** [[List of ecoregions in India|Ecoregions]]: [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]], [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]], [[Northwestern thorn scrub forests]], and [[Thar Desert]]

==== Wildlife of Haryana ====
* [[Fauna of Haryana]]
* [[Flora of Haryana]]

==== [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India|Protected areas of Haryana]] ====
* National Parks of Haryana
** [[Kalesar National Park|Kalesar National Park, Yamunanagar]]
** [[Sultanpur National Park|Sultanpur National Park, Gurugram]]
* Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana
** [[Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary|Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary, Sirsa]]
** [[Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary|Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary, Jhajjar]]
** [[Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary|Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary, Panchkula]]
** [[Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary|Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary, Kurukshetra]]
** [[Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary|Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary, Jhajjar]]
** [[Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary|Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary, Panchkula]]
** [[Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary|Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary, Rewari]]
** [[Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary|Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaithal]]
* Endangered Wildlife Breeding Reserves
** [[Chinkara Breeding Centre Kairu, Bhiwani]]
** [[Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra]]
** [[Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre, Pinjore]]
** [[Pheasant Breeding Centre Morni]]
** [[Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala]]
** [[Peacock & Chinkara Breeding Centre, Jhabua]] in [[Rewari district]]
** [[Deer Park, Hisar]]
* Wetlands
** [[Dighal Wetlands]], [[Dighal]], [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]], an [[Important Bird Area]]
** [[Basai Wetland|Basai Wetland, Gurgaon]]
** [[Blue Bird Lake|Blue Bird Lake, Hisar]]

=== Hierarchy of settlements of Haryana ===
* State (Haryana)
** Divisions (comprising one or more districts)
*** Districts (comprising cities, towns and villages)
**** Cities and Towns (run by Municipal committee/corporation under Urban Development ministry)
***** Wards (city is subdivided in to several wards)
****** Colonies (each ward has one or more colonies/neighbourhood)
**** [[Tehsil]]s (Department of Revenue) and Block (Department of Rural Development, area usually overlaps with tehsil)
***** [[Gram panchayat]]
****** Village (each panchayat has one or more village)
******* Pana (subdivisions within village are called pana or ward)
******* [[Dhani (settlement type)|Dhani]] (some villages also have scattered isolated dhanis within its official geographical limits)

=== Regions of Haryana ===

==== Administrative Units of Haryana ====
* '''[[Divisions of Haryana]]'''
** [[Ambala division]]
** [[Gurgaon division]]
** [[Hisar division]]
** [[Rohtak division]]
** [[Karnal division]]
** [[Faridabad division]]
* '''[[List of districts of Haryana|Districts of Haryana]]'''
** [[Ambala district]]
** [[Bhiwani district]]
** [[Faridabad district]]
** [[Fatehabad district]]
** [[Gurgaon district]]
** [[Hisar district]]
** [[Jhajjar district]]
** [[Jind district]]
** [[Kaithal district]]
** [[Karnal district]]
** [[Kurukshetra district]]
** [[Mahendragarh district]]
** [[Mewat District]]
** [[Panchkula district]]
** [[Palwal district]]
** [[Panipat district]]
** [[Rewari district]]
** [[Rohtak district]]
** [[Sirsa district]]
** [[Sonipat district]]
** [[Yamuna Nagar district]]
** [[Charkhi Dadri district]]
* [[Tehsils of Haryana]]
* Municipalities of Haryana
** [[List of cities in Haryana by population]]

==== Miscellaneous regions of Haryana ====
* [[Ahirwal]]
* [[Bagar region]]
* [[Bhattiana]], part of bagar region
* [[Deswali region]], region of Haryana where Deswali dialect of Haryanvi language is spoken<ref name=deswali1>[http://www.thestatesman.com/cities/amit-shah-s-vistar-yatra-operation-jatland-begins-today-1501593355.html "Amit Shah's Vistar Yatra : "Operation Jatland" begins today."], [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]], 1 August 2017.</ref>
* [[Khadir and Bangar]]
* [[Braj]]
* [[Mewat]]
* [[Nardak]]
* [[South Haryana]]

== Government and Politics of Haryana ==
{{Main|Government of Haryana|Politics of Haryana}}
* Form of government: [[State governments of India|State Government of India]]
* Capital of Haryana: [[Chandigarh]], is also the capital of the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and is a [[Union territory]], separate from the two states.

=== [[Elections in Haryana]] ===
* Elections to the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
** [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
*** [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
*** [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
*** [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
*** [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
*** [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
*** [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
*** [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
*** [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
*** [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* Elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] in Haryana
** [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]] in Haryana
*** [[Indian general election in Haryana, 1991]]
*** [[Indian general election in Haryana, 1996]]
*** [[Indian general election in Haryana, 1998]]
*** [[Indian general election in Haryana, 1999]]
*** [[Indian general election in Haryana, 2004]]
*** [[Indian general election in Haryana, 2009]]
*** [[Indian general election in Haryana, 2014]]
*** [[2019 Indian general election in Haryana|Indian general election in Haryana, 2019]]
*** [[2024 Indian general election in Haryana|Indian general election in Haryana, 2024]]
* Political parties in Haryana
** [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
** [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
** [[Indian National Lok Dal]] (INLD)
** [[Jannayak Janta Party]] (JJP)
* [[Political families of Haryana]]

=== Branches of the [[Government of Haryana]] ===
* '''Executive branch of Haryana Government'''
** [[Governors of states of India|Governor of Haryana]]
*** [[List of governors of Haryana]]
**** [[Raj Bhavan (Haryana)]]
** [[State governments of India#Executive|Council of Ministers]] headed by the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister of Haryana]]
*** [[List of chief ministers of Haryana]]
**** [[Secretariat Building (Chandigarh)]]
** Haryana Government Departments
*** [[Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Elementary Education, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Environment, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Excise & Taxation, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Higher Education, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Industrial Training & Vocational Education, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Institutional Finance & Credit Control, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Labour & Employment, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Land records & Consolidation, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Rehabilitation, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana]]
*** [[Department of School Education, Haryana]]
** State Agencies of Haryana
*** [[Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam]]
*** [[Debt Conciliation Board]]
*** Director Secondary Education, Haryana
*** [[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums]]
*** [[Haryana Waqf Board]]
*** Foreign Investment and NRI Cell, Government of Haryana
*** [[Haryana Civil Medical Services]]
*** [[Haryana Environment Protection Council]]
*** [[Haryana Land Record Information System]]
*** [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation]]
*** [[Haryana Roadways]]
*** [[Haryana Seeds Development Corporation]]
*** [[Haryana State Legal Services Authority, Haryana]]
*** [[Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited]]
*** [[Haryana Urban Development Authority]]
*** State Counselling Board, Haryana
*** [[Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam]]
* '''Legislative branch of Haryana Government'''
** Legislature type: [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]] consisting of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
*** [[Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh)]]
* '''Judiciary of Haryana'''
** [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
*** [http://www.highcourtchd.gov.in/?trs=former_cj List of former Chief Justices of Punjab and Haryana High Court]
**** [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex|Palace of Justice (Chandigarh)]]

=== Law and order in Haryana ===
* [[Haryana Police]]

== [[History of Haryana]] ==


=== History of Haryana, by period ===
* Indus Valley Civilization
** [[Balu, Haryana|Balu, Kaithal]]
** [[Fatehabad district|Fetahabad District -]]
*** [[Banawali|Banawali, Fetahabad]] - on dried up Saraswati River
*** [[Bhirrana|Bhirrana, Fetahabad]]
*** [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal, Fetahabad]] - IVC "village" site
** [[Farmana|Farmana, Rohtak]]
** [[Jognakhera|Jognakhera, Kurukshetra]]
** [[Hisar district|Hisar District -]]
*** [[Lohari Ragho|Lohari Ragho, Hisar]]
*** [[Rakhigarhi|Rakhigarhi, Hisar]]
*** [[Siswal|Siswal, Hisar]]
** [[Mitathal|Mitathal, Bhiwani]]

== Culture of Haryana ==
* [[Festivals of Haryana]]
* [[Public holidays in Haryana]]

=== Art in Haryana ===
==== Literary Arts of Haryana ====
* [[Literature of Haryana]]

==== [[Performing arts of Haryana]] ====
===== [[Haryanvi cinema|Cinema of Haryana]] =====
* [[List of Haryanvi-language films]]

===== [[Theatre in Haryana]] =====
* [[Saang]]
* [[Rasa lila|Ras Leela]]
* [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]

===== Dance and Music =====
* [[List of Indian folk dances#Haryana|Folk Dances of Haryana]]
* [[Music of Haryana]]<ref name=harcu3>{{cite web|url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journalfall04.html|title=Journal of Punjab Studies - Center for Sikh and Punjab Studies - UC Santa Barbara|website=www.global.ucsb.edu|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213237/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journalfall04.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=harcu2>Sachchidananda'' Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes'' Volume 1 - 1996 817141298X p416.</ref>
** Devotional
*** [[Chaupai (poetry)|Chaupaiya]] (on verses)
*** [[Holi]] festival
*** [[Taal (instrument)|Manjira]] (type of [[Cymbal]])
*** [[Rasa lila|Ras Leela]] (of [[Krishna]] and [[Gopi]]s)
*** [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]
** Festive seasonal
*** [[Gogaji]] and [[Gugga]]
*** [[Holi]]
*** [[Phalgun|Phaag]],
*** [[Shravana|Sawan]]
*** [[Teej]]
** Ceremonial and recreational
*** Legendary bravery
**** [[Punjabi Qisse|Kissa]]
**** [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]
*** Love and romance
**** [[Pungi|Been]] (including its variant [[Nāginī]] dance)
**** [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]
*** Ceremonial
**** [[Chang dance|Dhamal Dance]],
**** [[Ghoomar]]
**** [[Jhumar|Jhoomar]] (sway, male only)
**** Khoria dance
**** Loor dance
**** [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]

==== [[Visual arts of Haryana]] ====
===== [[Architecture of Haryana]] =====

* [[Template:Forts of Haryana|Forts of Haryana]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s in Haryana: [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex]], as part of the Architectural Work of [[Le Corbusier]]
** [[Open Hand Monument]]
* [[Rock Garden of Chandigarh]]

===== [[Embroidery of India|Embroidery of Haryana]] =====

* [[Phulkari]], which has been awarded the [[Geographical indication]] (GI) status in the Indian states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Shisha (embroidery)]]

=== Clothing and ornaments in Haryana ===
==== Men ====

**[[Kurta]]
** [[Pajamas]]
** [[Dhoti]]
** Khandwa

==== Women ====
** [[Gagra choli]] ([[Lehenga]] and [[Choli]])
** [[Shalwar kameez]]
** [[Dupatta]], which sometimes used as a [[Ghoonghat]]

=== Cuisine of Haryana ===
* [[North Indian cuisine]]
** [[Punjabi cuisine]]
*** [[Indian cuisine#Haryana|Haryanvi cuisine]]
**** [[List of Indian dishes#North India|Dishes of Haryana]]

=== Languages and dialects of Haryana ===

* [[Hindi languages|Hindi (Central Zone)]]
** [[Haryanvi language]]
*** [[Deswali (dialect)]] (also called ''Deshwali'', ''Desari'' and ''Desaru'', spoken in Deswal region covering districts of Rohtak, Sonipat, Jhajjar, Delhi and north west Gurgaon.
*** [[Standard Haryanvi (dialect)]] spoken in Jind, Hisar, Hansi, Bhiwani, Tosham, Charki Dadri, Meham and Gohana.
*** [[Jatu (dialect)]](dialect of the [[Jat]]s) sub-dialect of deswali, spoken by [[Jat]]s and [[Ror]]s in low-lying [[Khadir and Bangar|khadir]] flood planes on western banks of Yamuna in Panipat, Karnal, Kuruksehtra and Yamunanagar districts.
*** [[Bangru (dialect)]] (also called ''Banagaru'', ''Hariani'' & ''Haryiani'', spoken in areas between Khadar region, Bagar region and deswali region in Kaithal District, Pehowa, Tohana, Barwala, Narwana and Assandh.
** [[Bagri dialect]] spoken in ([[Bagar region]] of sandy western Haryana covering Sirsa, Ellenabad, Fatehabad, Adampur, Balsamand, Siwani and Bahal in Haryana.
** [[Sansi dialect]] (distinct language of [[Sansi people|Sansi]] nomads, with influence of Rajasthani, Punjabi, Haryanvi and Hindi languages)
** [[Mewati language]] is spoken in Nuh District, Sohna and part of Palwal District.
*** [[Ahirwati dialect]] is spoken in Rewari, Mahendragarh, Narnaul, Loharu, Matanheil and parts of Gurugram District like Pataudi and Manesar.
*** ([[Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)|Rangri dialect]] is another type for Haryanvi language used by haryanvi-Muslim migrants living in Pakistan)
* [[Braj Bhasha]] (Faridabad and Palwal districts)
* [[Pahari languages]] (in hill areas of Ambala, Panchkula and Yamuna Nagar districts)
** [[Puadhi dialect]] is spoken in districts of Panchkula District, Ambala District and parts of Kuruksehtra District like Shahbad Markanda.
** [[Rath tribe#Language|Rathi dialect]] is spoken in central Sirsa District and northern Fatehabad district..
* [[Punjabi languages]]
** [[Malwai dialect]] is spoken in northern Sirsa District which includes Mandi Dabwali, Kalanwali and Odhan. It also spoken in Ratia Tehsil of Fatehbad District.

=== Media in Haryana ===
* TV Channels focused on Haryanavi
** [[DD Haryana]]
* Newspapers in Haryana
** [[Amar Ujala]]
** [[Dainik Jagran]]
** [[Hari Bhoomi]]
** [[Punjab Kesari]]

=== Museums in Haryana ===
* Hisar
** [[Haryana Rural Antique Museum]]
** [[Jahaj Kothi Museum]]
** [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]]
* Kurukshetra
** [[Dharohar Museum]]
** [[Shrikrishna Museum]]
** [[Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre]]

=== People of Haryana ===
* [[List of people from Haryana]]

=== Religion in Haryana ===
Population data as per [[Census of India]] 2011:<ref name=harcen1>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/6-haryana.html Religion in Haryana], [[Census of India]], 2011.</ref>
* [[Hinduism]] in Haryana, 87.46%
** [[Template:Hindu temples in Haryana|Hindu Temples in Haryana]]
* [[Sikhism]] in Haryana, 04.91%
** [[Gurdwara Toka Sahib]]
** [[Kapal Mochan]]
** [[Nada Sahib]]
** [[Taraori|Gurudwara Sheeshganj Sahib]]
* [[Islam]] in Haryana, 07.03%
** [[Kabuli Bagh Mosque]]
* [[Christianity]] in Haryana, 0.20%
** [[Cantonment Church Tower]]
** [[Immaculate Heart Church, (Karnal)]]
** [[Seventh-day Adventist Church, Nilokheri]]
** [[St. Thomas Church, Hisar]]
** [[The United Church, Nilokheri]]
* [[Jainism]] in Haryana, 0.21%
* [[Buddhism]] in Haryana, 0.03%
** [[Adi Badri (Haryana)#Buddhist stupas and monasteries|Adi Badri stupa]]
** [[Agroha Mound]]
** [[Assandh#Assandh Stupa|Assandh Stupa]]
** [[Fatehabad, Haryana#Fatehabad Ashokan Pillar|Fatehabad Ashokan Pillar]]
** [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex#Hisar Ashokan Pillar|Hisar Ashokan Pillar]]
** [[Kurukshetra#Historical sites|Thaneshwar Stupa]]
** [[Topra Kalan]] Ahokan Edicts Park
** [[Srughna]] (Sugh in Yamuna Nagaer)
* Others, 0.01%
* Not stated, 0.17%
* [[Punjabi folk religion]]
** [[Naugaja Peer]]

=== Sports in Haryana ===
* Governing Bodies for Sports in Haryana:
** Haryana Archery Association
** [[Haryana Cricket Association]]
* Sports' Clubs and Academies in Haryana:
** [[Bhiwani Boxing Club]]
** [[Chandigarh Golf Club]]
** [[DLF Golf and Country Club]]
* State Teams of Haryana:
** [[Haryana cricket team]]
** [[Haryana football team]]
* Sports venues in Haryana:
** [[Template:Stadiums in Haryana|Stadiums in Haryana]]

=== [[Symbols of Indian states and territories#Haryana|State Symbols of Haryana]] ===
* '''State animal:''' [[Blackbuck]]
* '''State Bird:''' [[Black francolin]]
* '''State Flower:''' [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]]
* '''State Tree:''' [[Peepal]]
* '''State seal:''' [[Seal of Haryana]]

== Economy and infrastructure of Haryana ==

[[Economy of Haryana]]

=== Agriculture and Allied Sectors in Haryana ===
* [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution in Haryana]]
* [[Animal husbandry in India|Livestock Breeds]] in Haryana
** [[Haryanvi cattle]], [[Mewati cattle]], and [[Sahiwal cattle]], all of which are breeds of [[Zebu]]
** [[Murrah buffalo]]
** [[Nali Sheep]], [[Muzzafarnagri (Sheep)]] and [[Hissardale (Sheep)]]
* [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]-affiliated Institutions, Universities, National Bureaus and Research Centres in Haryana
** [[Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes]] (CIRB), [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
** [[Central Sheep Breeding Farm]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
** [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
*** [[List of agricultural centres established by CCS HAU]]
** [[Government Livestock Farm, Hisar]]
** [[ICAR CIFE Rohtak centre]]
** [http://www.dwr.res.in Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
** [[Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
** [http://www.nbagr.res.in National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520230505/http://nbagr.res.in/ |date=20 May 2019 }}
** [[National Dairy Research Institute]], [[Karnal]]
** [[Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute]]
** [[National Research Centre on Equines]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
** [[Regional Fodder Station, Hisar]]

====Irrigation====
* Dams
** [[Bhakra Dam]]
** [[Lakhwar Dam]] on Yamuna (including downstream [[Yvasi Dam]] and [[Katapathar Barrage]]), under-construction
** [[Renuka lake|Renuka Dam]] on Yamuna, under-construction
** [[Kishau Dam]] on [[Tons River]], proposed
* Rivers
** [[Yamuna]] and its tributaries including [[Sahibi River]] (and tributaries)
** [[Ghagghar-Hakra river]]
* Canals
** [[Western Yamuna Canal]]
** [[Rajasthan Canal]]

=== Industry Sector in Haryana ===
* Manufacturing
** [[Automotive industry in India#Haryana|Automotive industry in Haryana]]
** [[National Fertilizers|National Fertilizers Limited plant]] at [[Panipat]]
** [[Indian Oil Corporation]]'s [[Panipat Refinery]]
* Economic and Industrial Corridors, and Investment Regions
** [[List of Special Economic Zones in India#Haryana|Special Economic Zones in Haryana]]
** [[Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor]]
** [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project]] Haryana nodes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://delhimumbaiindustrialcorridor.com/dmic-haryana.html | title=DMIC - Information About Admit Card, Result, Time Table, Recruitment - DMIC | date=4 June 2023 }}</ref>

=== Services Sector in Haryana ===
* Banking in Haryana
** [[State Bank of Patiala]], an associate bank of the [[State Bank of India|State Bank Group]]
** [[Oriental Bank of Commerce]]
** [[Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank]], a [[Regional Rural Bank]]
** [[Haryana State Cooperative Apex Bank Ltd.]]
* [[Tourism in Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Haryana Tourism | url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in | access-date=2025-05-04 | website=haryanatourism.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Transportation in Haryana ===
* '''Road network in Haryana'''
** Ancient routes passing through Haryana
*** [[Delhi–Multan road]]
*** [[Grand Trunk Road]]
** [[Expressways of India|Expressways]] passing through Haryana
*** [[Ambala–Chandigarh Expressway]]
*** [[Delhi–Faridabad Skyway]]
*** [[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway]]
*** [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]]
*** [[Faridabad–Noida–Ghaziabad Expressway]]
*** [[Himalayan Expressway]]
*** [[Western Peripheral Expressway]]
*** [[Panipat Elevated Expressway]]
*** [[Pathankot–Ajmer Expressway]]
** [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] passing through Haryana
*** North–south oriented highways (with even numbers increasing from the east to the west): [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] ([[National Highway 344 (India)|NH 344]]), [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]], [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH 52]] ([[National Highway 152 (India)|NH 152]], [[National Highway 352 (India)|NH 352]])
*** East–west oriented highways (with odd numbers increasing from the north to the south): [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] ([[National Highway 105 (India)|NH 105]]), [[National Highway 7 (India)|NH 7]] ([[National Highway 907 (India)|NH 907]]), [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]] ([[National Highway 709 (India)|NH 709]]), [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] ([[National Highway 919 (India)|NH 919]])
*** Parts of [[Golden Quadrilateral]] in Haryana
** [[State highways in India|State Highways]] in Haryana
*** [[List of state highways in Haryana]]
* '''Railway network in Haryana'''
** Freight corridors
*** [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
*** [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
** [[High-speed rail in India|High-speed rail network]]
*** [[Diamond Quadrilateral]]
** Zonation of [[Indian Railways]] with respect to Haryana
*** [[Northern Railway zone]]
**** [[Ambala railway division]]
***** [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] along with the other [[Mountain railways of India]]
**** [[Delhi railway division]]
*** [[North Central Railway zone]]
*** [[North Western Railway zone]]
**** [[Bikaner railway division]]
** [[Template:Railway stations in Haryana|Railway Stations in Haryana]]
* '''Aviation in Haryana'''
** Airports in Haryana
*** Civil airports in Haryana
**** [[Bhiwani Airport]]
**** [[Hisar Airport]]
**** [[Karnal Airport]]
**** [[Narnaul Airport]]
**** [[Pinjore Airport]], also called Kalka Airport
*** Military airports in Haryana
**** [[Ambala Air Force Station]]
**** [[Sirsa Air Force Station]]
*** Military and Civil Airports in Haryana
**** [[Chandigarh Airport]], a ''restricted international airport''
** Pilot Training Institutes in Haryana
*** [[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]]

=== Energy in Haryana ===
* Electricity sector in Haryana
** Status of [[Rural electrification]]: 100%<ref name=elect>{{cite web |title=Progress report of village electrification as on 30-09-2015 |publisher=CEA |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/electrification/2015/village_electrification-09.pdf |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110012632/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/electrification/2015/village_electrification-09.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* List of power stations in Haryana
** Coal-based power stations in Haryana
*** [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station]], [[Yamunanagar]]
*** [[Faridabad Thermal Power Station]]
*** [[Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project]], [[Jhajjar]]
*** [[Mahatma Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project]], [[Jhajjar]]
*** [[Panipat Thermal Power Station I]]
*** [[Panipat Thermal Power Station II]]
*** [[Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
** Natural gas-based power stations in Haryana
*** [[Faridabad Thermal Power Plant]]
** Diesel-based power stations in Haryana
*** [[Ambala Diesel Power Station]]
** Nuclear power stations
*** [[Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant]], [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]]
** Solar power stations in Haryana
*** [[Faridabad Solar PV Power Plant]]
*** [[IIT Bombay]] - [[Gwal Pahari]], [[Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2011/kw39/abengoa-completes-indias-first-csp-plant-at-3-mw.html |title=Abengoa completes India's first CSP plant at 3 MW |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403043006/http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2011/kw39/abengoa-completes-indias-first-csp-plant-at-3-mw.html |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Energy-related research and training Institutes in Haryana:
** [[National Power Training Institute]]
** [http://nise.res.in National Institute of Solar Energy, Gurgaon]
*** [[International Solar Alliance]] Headquarters, Gurgaon

== Education in Haryana ==
* [[Haryana Board of School Education]]
* Director Secondary Education, Haryana
* [[Central University of Haryana]]
* [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]
** [[Haryana Institute of Technology (HIT)]]
** [[Haryana Technical Institute]]
** [[ITM University, Gurgaon, Haryana]]

== Heath and safety in Haryana ==
* Herbal Parks
** [[Ch. Devi Lal Herbal Nature Park]]
** [[Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Kairu]]
** [[Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham]]
** [[Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar]]

== See also ==
* [[Outline of India]]

* [[Haryana Colony]]
* [[Haryana Gana Parishad]]
* [[Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]]
* [[Haryana State Akali Dal]]
* [[Haryana Vikas Party]]
* [[Kharkhoda (Haryana)]]
* [[Nirmal Singh (Haryana)]]
* [[Pur (Bhiwani, Haryana)]]
* [[Vishal Haryana Party]]

; Archaeological
* [[Agroha Mound]]

; Historical
* [[Bhima Devi Temple Complex|Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore]]
* [[Farrukhnagar]]
* [[Karnal#Mughal Bridge|Mughal Bridge at Kernal]]
* [[Kurukshetra#Places of interest|Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra]]
* [[Nahar Singh Mahal]]
* [[Narnaul#Tourist attractions|Narnaul]]
* [[Pataudi Palace]]
* [[Pinjore Gardens]]
* [[Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple]]
* [[Surajkund]]
* [[Kaithal#Tomb of Sheikh Tayyab|Tomb of Saikh Taiyab at Kaithal]]
* [[Tosham rock inscription]]

; Zoos in Haryana
* [[Deer Park, Hisar|Hisar Deer Park]]
* [[Rohtak Zoo]]
* [[Mini Zoo & Black Buck Breeding Centre, Pipli|Pipli Zoo]]

; Dams in Haryana
* [[Anagpur Dam]]
* [[Hathnikund Barrage]]
* [[Ottu barrage]]
* [[Tajewala Barrage]]

; Public places
* Courtyard by Marriott
* [[Kingdom of Dreams]]
* [[Mall of India]]
* [[The Oberoi, Gurgaon|The Oberoi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|voy=Haryana|Haryana}}
{{wikiatlas|Haryana}}
* [http://www.haryana.gov.in/ Government of Haryana official website]
{{Outline footer}}

[[Category:Haryana| ]]
[[Category:Outlines of Indian states|Haryana]]
[[Category:Outlines|Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana-related lists| ]]

Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore

2026-03-19T23:27:34Z

MichaleYarbrough: cleanup content further and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Jalore
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1311 – 11 May 1311<ref name="n301">{{cite web | last=Misra | first=S. C. | title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat | url=https://ia601902.us.archive.org/15/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.111119/2015.111119.The-Rise-Of-Muslim-Power-In-Gujarat_text.pdf | access-date=2 December 2025 | page=213}}</ref>
| place = [[Jalore]]
| result = Khalji victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Delhi Sultanate}}
| combatant2 = [[Chahamanas of Jalor]]
| commander1 = [[Alauddin Khalji]] [[Kamal al-Din Gurg]]
| commander2 = [[Kanhadadeva]]{{KIA}} [[Viramadeva]]{{KIA}}
}}
<mapframe text="Delhi and Jalore in present-day India" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="74.92" latitude="27.00">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Jalore]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.6253763, 25.344480] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Delhi]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.2273958, 28.661898] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
In 1311 [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] dispatched an army to capture the [[Jalore Fort]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]], India. Jalore was ruled by the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Chahamana]] ruler [[Kanhadadeva]], whose armies had earlier fought several skirmishes with the Delhi forces, especially since Alauddin's conquest of the neighboring [[Siege of Siwana|Siwana fort]].

Kanhadadeva's army achieved some initial successes against the invaders, but the Jalore fort ultimately fell to an army led by Alauddin's general [[Kamal al-Din Gurg|Malik Kamal al-Din]]. Kanhadadeva and his son [[Viramadeva]] were killed, thus ending the Chahamana dynasty of Jalore.

== Background ==

The kingdom of [[Jalore]] was ruled by a branch of the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Chahamanas]]. In 1291-92 Alauddin's predecessor [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalaluddin Khalji]] invaded Jalore, but was forced to retreat after the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]] came to the rescue of the Jalore king [[Samantasimha (Chahamana)|Samantasimha]].{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=36}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=159}}

From at least 1296–1305, Samantasimha's son and successor [[Kanhadadeva]] jointly ran the administration with his father.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=36}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=159}} During this period, in 1299, Alauddin dispatched an army to Gujarat, and [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|defeated the Vaghelas]]. During the army's return to Delhi, some of its soldiers staged an unsuccessful mutiny. The 17th-century chronicler [[Nainsi]] states that the Jalore army supported this mutiny,{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=161-162}} although this is doubtful.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=136}}

=== Cause of invasion ===

The 16th-century chronicler [[Firishta]] claims that Kanhadadeva ("Nahar Deo") accepted Alauddin's suzerainty around 1305. Some years later Kanhadadeva heard Alauddin boasting that no Hindu ruler could challenge him. This rekindled Kanhadadeva's sense of pride, and he decided to attack Alauddin, resulting in an invasion of Jalore.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=136}} This narrative is also repeated by 17th-century historian Hajiuddabir.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=137}}

According to legends in [[Padmanābha]]'s ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' (15th century) and ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat]]'' (17th century), one of Alauddin's daughters fell in love with Kanhadadeva's son Virama.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=125}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=137}} However, Virama did not want to marry a [[Turkic people|Turkic]] girl, which led to tensions between the two kingdoms, and ultimately resulted in Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=137}}

According to K.S. Lal, these reasons of invasion given by Nainsi, Firishta and Hajiuddabir are not convincing. By 1310 Alauddin had subjugated the kingdoms surrounding Jalore, including [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|Gujarat]], [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|Malwa]], [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|Chittor]], [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|Ranthambore]] and [[Siege of Siwana|Siwana]]. It appears that he attacked Jalore simply because he wanted to put an end to Jalore's independent status.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=137}}

== Initial skirmishes ==

Alauddin's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] states that after conquering Siwana, Alauddin returned to Delhi, ordering his generals to subjugate other parts of the [[Marwar]] region. According to Jinaprabha Suri's ''[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]]'', the Delhi army desecrated a [[Mahavira]] temple at Satyapura (modern [[Sanchor]]) in 1310. The 15th-century epic romance ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'', which presents Kanhadadeva as a hero, states that Alauddin's forces also captured and sacked [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] and [[Bhinmal]]. At Bhinmal the invaders took away a large number of Brahmins as captives.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=48}}

According to ''Kanhadadeva Prabandha'', these disturbances prompted Kanhadadeva to dispatch an army to counter the Delhi forces. This army was led by Devada chiefs Jaita and Mahipa, who were supported by three other generals: Lakhana Sevata (or Sebhata), Salha Sobhita and Ajayasi Molhana.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=166}} Kanhadadeva's army defeated one of the Delhi contingents left behind by Alauddin and recovered the plunder that the invaders had obtained during their raids of Bhinmal, Satyapura and other places. After this victory, Jaita and Mahipa returned to Jalore with the war spoils. The three other generals remained near the battlefield with a portion of the army, and celebrated the new moon day (''[[Amavasya]]'') by taking their armor off and bathing in a river. During these celebrations they started beating a drum captured from the Delhi army. The drum was heard by Delhi Gen. Malik Naib, who was leading another contingent on a hunting expedition.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=49}} Assuming that the drum beats were a summon for him, Malik Naib rushed to the battlefield.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=166}} His army inflicted a crushing defeat upon Kanhadadeva's remaining forces. The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' states that the defenders lost 4,000 soldiers, including the three generals, in this battle.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=50}}

== Siege of Jalore ==

After the initial setbacks faced by the Delhi forces, Alauddin sent an army to launch a direct attack on Jalore.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=50}} According to the ''Kanhadade Prabandha'', the Delhi forces made several attempts to breach the fort during the first seven days of the ensuing siege. However, these attacks were foiled by [[sortie]]s led by Kanhadadeva's brother Maladeva and his son [[Viramadeva]]. On the eighth day a severe thunderstorm forced the besiegers to retreat.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=50}} The Jalore forces launched an eight-pronged attack on one of the retreating detachments at Moklana.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=167}} The eight Jalore generals who led this attack were Maladeva, Viramadeva, Ananta Sisodia, Jaita Vaghela, Jaita Devada, Lunakarna Malhana, Jayamala and Sahajapala. The detachment's commander Shams Khan was captured along with his [[harem]], while the rest of his soldiers fled.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=51}}

The 16th-century chronicler [[Firishta]] claims that the Delhi army was commanded by Alauddin's concubine Gul Bihisht. During the war she died after a short illness. After her death the army was led by her son Shahin, who was killed in a battle soon after his mother's death. Firishta's claim is dubious, as it is not found in any contemporary accounts. Moreover, it seems absurd that Alauddin appointed a concubine as the commander of his army or that his soldiers would accept this appointment.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=137}} The story of Gul Bihisht appears to be a late invention, designed to cover up the disgraceful retreat of the Delhi army.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=167}} Firishta also inaccurately dates the invasion of Jalore to 1308 instead of 1311.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=138}}{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=198}}

=== Kamal al-Din's attack ===

Next, Alauddin dispatched a stronger army led by ''Malik'' [[Kamal al-Din Gurg]], one of his best generals. The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' mentions that Kanhadadeva sent two contingents to check the advance of Kamal al-Din. One of these contingents was commanded by Maladeva and was stationed at Vadi. The other was led by Viramadeva and was stationed at [[Bhadrajun]]. The two contingents engaged the Delhi army on alternate days, leading to heavy losses on both sides. They managed to slow down the Delhi army but were unable to prevent Kamal al-Din's gradual advance towards Jalore.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=51}} Ultimately, Kanhadadeva decided to recall both his contingents to Jalore for consultation. When Kamal al-Din got close to Jalore, Maladeva was sent to fight him while Viramadeva stayed behind to help his father prepare for the impending siege.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=52}}

Kamal al-Din besieged the fort and tried to impose a blockade, most likely intending to starve the defenders. According to ''Kanhadade Prabandha'', this strategy was thwarted by timely rains and cooperation from money lenders (''mahajans'') who helped replenish the fort's stores. The text also suggests that Maladeva briefly harassed Kamal al-Din's forces, but an army dispatched by Alauddin forced Maladeva's forces to retreat to Vandara.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=168}} Another Jalore contingent led by Lunakarna destroyed an enemy outpost at Udalapura, a suburb of Jalore, defeating ''Malik'' Nizamuddin.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=52}}

The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' as well as ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat]]'' attribute the fall of Jalore to treachery by a Dahiya Rajput named Bika. After the invaders promised to make Bika the new ruler of Jalore, he led them to an unfrequented and unprotected entrance to the fort.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=52}} When Bika's wife Hiradevi learned about his betrayal, she killed him and reported the matter to Kanhadadeva. However, by this time the defenders were no longer in a position to achieve a victory. Consequently, the men of the fort prepared for a [[last stand]], and Kanhadadeva's son Viramadeva was crowned king. The women decided to die in ''[[jauhar]]'' (mass suicide by self-immolation). The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' states that 1584 ''jauhar'' fires were lit in Jalore. Women of all castes died in this fire, including Kanhadadeva's queens Jaitalde, Bhavalde, Umade and Kamalade. The Delhi forces breached the fort, and thousands of Kanhadadeva's soldiers died in the ensuing fighting. Several of his ''[[samanta]]s'' (feudal chiefs) were also killed in the battle, including Kandhala, Kanha Uhcha, Jaita Devada, Lunakarna Malhana, Arjuna, and Jaita Vaghela.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=53}}

According to the ''Kanhadade Prabandha'', after breaching the fort the invaders took five days to reach the temple of Kanhasvami inside it. When they threatened to destroy the temple, Kanhadadeva and the last 50 of his surviving soldiers died defending it. ''Nainsi ri Khyat'' suggests that many people believed that Kanhadadeva managed to survive and disappeared.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=169}} His son Viramadeva is said to have died about three days after his coronation.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=169}}

== Aftermath ==

Alauddin commissioned a mosque on the fort premises to commemorate this victory.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=138}} Jalore remained under Muslim rule well into the [[Tughluq dynasty|Tughluq era]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=198}} It was later captured by the Rathores of [[Marwar]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Srivastava |title=The Chahamanas of Jalor |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547206 |oclc=12737199 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |oclc=3624414 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA121 |year=2005 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-020-8 }}
{{refend}}

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Chahamanas of Jalor]]

List of awards and nominations received by Katrina Kaif

2026-03-19T03:58:41Z

MichaleYarbrough: updated page

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Katrina Kaif
| image = Katrina Kaif in 2018.jpg
| alt = Katrina Kaif is looking away from camera.
| caption = Kaif at an event in 2018
| wins = 36
| nominations = 68
| award1 = '''[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]'''
| award1W = '''2'''
| award1N = '''7'''
| award2 = '''[[Filmfare Awards]]'''
| award2W = '''0'''
| award2N = '''3'''
| award3 = '''[[Screen Awards]]'''
| award3W = '''4'''
| award3N = '''10'''
| award4 = '''[[Zee Cine Awards]]'''
| award4W = '''4'''
| award4N = '''9'''
| award5 = '''[[Stardust Awards]]'''
| award5W = '''4'''
| award5N = '''15'''
| award6 = '''[[Star Guild Awards]]'''
| award6W = '''2'''
| award6N = '''4'''
| award7 = '''[[IIFA Awards]]'''
| award7W = '''1'''
| award7N = '''5'''
| award8 = '''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''
| award8W = '''0'''
| award8N = '''1'''
| award9 = '''[[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]'''
| award9W = '''2'''
| award9N = '''2'''
| award10 = '''Lions Gold Awards'''
| award10W = '''1'''
| award10N = '''1'''
| award11 = '''[[People's Choice Awards India]]'''
| award11W = '''1'''
| award11N = '''1'''
| award12 = '''[[NDTV Indian of the Year]]'''
| award12W = '''1'''
| award12N = '''1'''
| award13 = '''Others'''
| award13W = '''14'''
| award13N = '''N/A'''
}}

[[Katrina Kaif]] is a British actress who predominantly works in the [[Bollywood]] film industry. Kaif is the recipient of over 20 accolades including [[Stardust Awards]], [[Zee Cine Awards]], [[Screen Awards]], [[IIFA Awards]] and 3 [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] nominations into her credit. Kaif has also topped various listings of India's most attractive people, being named "World's Sexiest Woman" by ''[[FHM (India)|FHM]]'' 5 times, ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'}}s "Sexiest Asian Woman" 4 times, ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s "Most Desirable Woman" in 2010 and ''[[People (magazine)|People]]''{{'}}s "Most Beautiful Woman" (India) in 2011.

Kaif's feature film debut was in [[Kaizad Gustad]]'s box office flop ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]'' (2003), after which Kaif was written off due to her poor Hindi and thick British accent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Always knew Katrina Kaif would be superstar, says 'Boom' director|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Always-knew-Katrina-Kaif-would-be-superstar-says-Boom-director/articleshow/21778559.cms?referral=PM|access-date=22 October 2013|work=The Times of India|date=12 August 2013|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215035405/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Always-knew-Katrina-Kaif-would-be-superstar-says-Boom-director/articleshow/21778559.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref> She then starred as the titular character in the successful Telugu film ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]''. After a small role in ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2005), Kaif found commercial success in Bollywood with the romantic comedy ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'' (2005), in which Kaif received her first acting award — the [[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female]]; this proved to be her breakthrough in Hindi cinema. In 2007, Kaif received critical praise for her performance in ''[[Namastey London]]'' (2007). This was followed by a string of box office hits in which Kaif was often cast in glamorous roles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ghosh |first=Debasmita |title=From Boom to Dhoom: Katrina Kaif's best movies |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/From-Boom-to-Dhoom-Katrina-Kaif-s-best-movies/Article1-1127029.aspx |access-date=22 February 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221125944/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-boom-to-dhoom-katrina-kaif-s-best-movies/article1-1127029.aspx |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> In 2009, Kaif appeared in the drama thriller ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'', earning her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]. The same year, she appeared in the romantic comedy ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''. Both films earned her the Entertainer of the Year Award at [[Screen Awards|Screen]] and the Best Actress - Popular Award at [[Stardust Awards|Stardust]].

In 2010, Kaif featured in ''[[Raajneeti]]'' and ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'', receiving the [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)]] for both of them. In 2011, Kaif's performance as a free-spirited bride in ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]'' earned her a second Filmfare nomination in the Best Actress category. She also received her second Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice) for her roles in ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' (2012) and ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012). Her films ''Ek Tha Tiger'', its 2017 sequel ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'', and ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013) rank among the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Steven|title=Salman Khan's Kick beats Ek Tha Tiger at box office|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a589500/salman-khans-kick-beats-ek-tha-tiger-at-box-office.html|publisher=Digital Spy|date=11 August 2014|access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> Her roles in ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018) and the commercially successful drama ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'' (2019) garnered her widespread critical praise; her portrayal of an alcoholic actress Babita Kumari in the former is one of the most acclaimed of her career, earning her a [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]] and a third Filmfare Award nomination in the same category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-katrina-kaif-wins-best-supporting-actress-for-zero-at-zee-cine-awards-2019-calls-her-character-babita-kumari-an-incredible-role-3607694/|title=Katrina's Million Dollar Smiling Picture on Winning THIS Award is All You Need to Brush Off Mid-Week Blues|first=India com Entertainment|last=Desk|date=20 March 2019|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427014330/https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-katrina-kaif-wins-best-supporting-actress-for-zero-at-zee-cine-awards-2019-calls-her-character-babita-kumari-an-incredible-role-3607694/|url-status=live}}</ref> Katrina Kaif has also been awarded the [[Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress|Smita Patil Memorial Award]] in 2016 - for her contribution to Indian Cinema.

==[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010
| ''[[Raajneeti]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor (Film) - Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bollywoodhungama">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/12/16/6934/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424094313/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/12/16/6934/index.html |archive-date=24 April 2011 |title=Nominations of BIG Star Entertainment Awards |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 December 2010 |access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{n/a}}
| New Talent of the Decade
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bollywoodhungama"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2012
| ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Thriller Film - Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar">{{cite web|title=Big Star Awards 2012 / 2013|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/big-star-awards-2012-2013-winners-nominations/|date=17 December 2012|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325084118/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/big-star-awards-2012-2013-winners-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film - Female
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar"/>
|-
| Best On-Screen Jodi (shared with [[Shah Rukh Khan]])
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''[[Dhoom 3]]''
| Most Entertaining Dancer
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar14">{{cite web|title=Big Star Entertainment Awards Nominations List 2014 |url=http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |access-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=Reliance Broadcast Network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216084934/http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |archive-date=16 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bang Bang!]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film - Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar14"/>
|}

==[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[9th IIFA Awards|2008]]
| {{n/a}}
| [[IIFA Style Diva of the Year Award|Style Diva of the Year]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1">{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8765/index.html|title=Katrina Kaif: Awards & Nominations |access-date=12 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505214714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8765/index.html |archive-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Namastey London]]''
| rowspan="4" |[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| [[10th IIFA Awards|2009]]
| ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| [[12th IIFA Awards|2011]]
| ''[[Raajneeti]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
|[[25th IIFA Awards|2025]]
|''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-02-03 |title=IIFA 2025 Nominations: Kiran Rao’s Laapataa Ladies leads with 9 nominations, Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 follows with 7; check out the complete list : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2025-nominations-kiran-raos-laapataa-ladies-leads-9-nominations-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-follows-7-check-complete-list/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==[[Filmfare Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:30%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:30%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:3%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[55th Filmfare Awards|2010]]
| ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]''
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| [[57th Filmfare Awards|2012]]
| ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3458 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109022935/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3458 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2012 |title=Katrina Kaif | Latest Celebrity Awards |access-date=12 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[64th Filmfare Awards|2019]]
| ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards3">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |access-date=13 March 2019 |publisher=Filmfare |archive-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316052927/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==[[Screen Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2010
| {{n/a}}
| Entertainer of the Year
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]''
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Raajneeti]]'' & ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' & ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Dhoom 3]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Bang Bang!]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Crowd Favourites|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/crowd-favourites/|access-date=5 January 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=3 January 2015|archive-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103205031/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/crowd-favourites/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| {{n/a}}
| Best Real Star On Social Media
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards3"/>
|-
|2019
|''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
|Best Actress
|{{nom}}
|{{Cn|date=May 2022}}
|}

==[[Star Guild Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2008
| {{n/a}}
| Style Icon of the Year
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=3rd Apsara Awards - Winners|url=http://apsaraawards.org/3rd_apsara_awards_winners.html|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107174907/http://apsaraawards.org/3rd_apsara_awards_winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| 2011
| {{n/a}}
| Hindustan Times Reader's Choice Entertainer Of The Year Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]''
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|}

==[[Stardust Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]''
| [[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female|Breakthrough Performance – Female]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Bose|first=Derek|title=Director's choice|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/main2.htm|access-date=29 June 2014|work=The Tribune|date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830001547/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090228/saturday/main1.htm|archive-date=30 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]''
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Max Stardust Awards Nominations|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/max-stardust-awards-nominations-news-bollywood-kkfvfAdhhdjsi.html|website=[[Sify]]|date=24 January 2007|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218132217/http://www.sify.com/movies/max-stardust-awards-nominations-news-bollywood-kkfvfAdhhdjsi.html|archive-date=18 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009
| ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''
| Best Actress In A Negative Role
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''
| [[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010
| ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'' & ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''
| Best Actress - Popular
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2010 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/647/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309140255/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/647/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=18 January 2010 |access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani''
| rowspan="2" | Star of the Year – Female
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011
| ''[[Raajneeti]]'' & ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| ''Raajneeti''
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama|Best Actress in a Drama]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| ''Tees Maar Khan''
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance|Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite video|title=Max Stardust Awards 2011 - Full Length - 20th feb 2011 - Exclusive|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jikNM6RkASo#t=2h1m46s|publisher=Sony Max|date=6 February 2011|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307124321/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jikNM6RkASo#t=2h1m46s|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2012
| ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]'' & ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
| Star of the Year – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|-
| ''Mere Brother Ki Dulhan''
| Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|-
| ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara''
| Best Actress in a Drama
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2013
| ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' & ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
| Star of the Year – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|-
| ''Ek Tha Tiger''
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Thriller or Action|Best Actress in a Thriller or Action]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|-
| ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''
| Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|}

==[[Zee Cine Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]''
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Namastey London]]''
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite video|date=26 April 2008 |title=Best Actor Female |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/2008/videos/best-actor-female-1.html |publisher=Zee TV |location=London, England |access-date=14 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214110354/http://www.zeecineawards.com/2008/videos/best-actor-female-1.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| {{n/a}}
| British Indian Actor Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Raajneeti]]''
| Best Actor – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| {{n/a}}
| International Icon Female Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Greenberg|first=Julia|title=Zee Cine Awards 2012: Winners of Bollywood's Top Film Honors|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/zee-cine-awards-2012-winners-bollywoods-top-film-honors-list-photos-553854|access-date=12 November 2014|work=International Business Times|date=23 January 2012|archive-date=31 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231223919/http://www.ibtimes.com/zee-cine-awards-2012-winners-bollywoods-top-film-honors-list-photos-553854|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
| Best Actor – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|-
| 2013
| {{n/a}}
| International Icon Female Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards2"/>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|rowspan="2"|''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]''
|Best Actor – Female
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|Best Actress Viewers' Choice
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

==[[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2013
|''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' & ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
| rowspan="2" |Most Profitable Actress
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/etc-business-awards-winners-2012-2013/|title=ETC Business Awards Winners: 2012 – 2013|website=Indicine|date=4 January 2013|access-date=4 January 2013|archive-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107012501/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/etc-business-awards-winners-2012-2013/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''[[Raajneeti]]'' & ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.masala.com/bollywood-news/katrina-is-the-most-profitable-actress-of-2010-27819|title=Katrina is the most profitable actress of 2010|website=Masala|access-date=27 December 2010|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221152745/https://www.masala.com/bollywood-news/katrina-is-the-most-profitable-actress-of-2010-27819|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==[[NDTV Indian of the Year]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2011
|''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|Entertainer of the Year
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ndtv-indian-of-the-year-2011-571910|title=NDTV Indian of the Year 2011|website=Ndtv|access-date=18 October 2011|archive-date=12 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112103358/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ndtv-indian-of-the-year-2011-142183|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Other awards and recognition==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Award
! scope="col" style="width:28%;" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:28%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | {{Abbr|Result.|Reference(s)}}
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2013
| [[People's Choice Awards India]]
|| ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''
| Favorite Movie Actress
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2012 Winners|url=http://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php|access-date=12 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011729/http://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php|archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|[[Gold Awards|Lions Gold Awards]]
|''[[Raajneeti|Rajneeti]]''
|Best Actress
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/katrina-akshay-at-lions-gold-awards-8946|title=Katrina, Akshay at Lions Gold Awards|website=NDTV|access-date=12 January 2011|archive-date=18 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118050128/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/katrina-akshay-at-lions-gold-awards-8946|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| rowspan="2"|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
|{{NA}}
| Most Stylish Actor (Female)
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{NA}}
| Most Stylish Entrepreneur
| {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1229940}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katrina, Kaif}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by British actress]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Arikamedu

2026-03-17T17:33:15Z

MichaleYarbrough: new a post v1

{{Short description|Archaeological site in South India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Arikamedu
| image = ChildWithBirdVirampatnamArikamedu1-2Century.jpg
| caption = A statue of a girl with a bird, 2nd Century CE, found at Arikamedu
| map_type = India Puducherry#India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|54|3|N|79|49|13|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[India]]
| region = [[South India]]
}}
'''Arikamedu''' is an [[archaeological site]] in [[Southern India]], in [[Kakkayanthope]], [[Ariyankuppam Commune]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It is {{Convert|4|km}} from the capital, [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] of the Indian territory of Puducherry.

Sir [[Mortimer Wheeler]] 1945, and Jean-Marie Casal conducted archaeological excavations there in 1947–1950. The site was identified as the port of Podouke, known as an "emporium" in the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] and [[Ptolemy]]. Digs have found [[Amphorae]], [[Terra sigillata#Arretine ware|Arretine ware]], Roman lamps, glassware, glass and stone beads, and gems at the site. Based on these excavations, Wheeler concluded that the Arikamedu was a Greek ([[Yavana]]) trading post that traded with [[Rome]], starting during the reign of [[Augustus|Augustus Caesar]], and lasted about two hundred years—from the late first century BCE to the first and second centuries CE. Subsequent investigation by Vimala Begley from 1989 to 1992 modified this assessment, and now place the period of settlement from the 2nd century BCE to the 8th century CE.

Significant findings at Arikamedu include numerous Indo-Pacific beads, which facilitated fixing the period of its origin. Red and black ceramics—known as [[megalithic]] stones or Pandukal in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] meaning "old stones" and used to mark graves—have existed at the site even prior to dates of the trading post, and also in later periods.

==Location==
[[File:Arikamedu, Early Historic Site 03.jpg|right|thumb|Entrance to the Arikamedu site]]
Arikamedu is a coastal fishing village, under the Ariankuppam Panchayat, on the southeastern coast of India, {{Convert|4|km}} from Pondicherry, on the Pondicherry-Cuddalore road; it was originally a French colonial town. It is located on the bank of the [[Ariyankuppam River]] (for most part of the year the river is considered a lagoon), also known as Virampattinam River, which forms the northern outlet of the [[Gingee River]] as it joins the [[Bay of Bengal]]. As the site is located at the bend of the river it provides protection to sea-going vessels that dock there. The site has been subject to extensive archaeological excavations.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/18/stories/2004101803320300.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030182703/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/18/stories/2004101803320300.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=30 October 2004| title=Rome mulling funding for Arikamedu project| date=18 October 2004| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=27}}<ref name=Arikamedu>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_pondicherry.asp|title= Excavations – Important – Pondicherry|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref>{{Sfn|Singh|2008|pp=415–17}}<ref name= Venkatramani>{{Cite web|last= Venkatramani |first=S.H.|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/19840229-arikamedu-ancient-indo-roman-archaeological-site-lies-neglected-due-to-fund-crunch-802808-1984-02-28|title=Arikamedu: Forgotten heritage|date= 29 February 1984|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=India Today}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ray|2003|p=127}} The archaeological site is spread over an area of {{Convert|34.57|acre}} and has been under the control of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] since 1982.<ref name=Hindu/>

==Etymology==
The name Arikamedu, an archaeological usage for the excavated site, originates from a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word that means ''Mound of Arakan'', based on the figurine of an [[avatar]] (incarnation) of the [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]] found at the site. It is also linked with Viraiyapattinam or Virampattinam, meaning ''Port of Virai'', a village next to Arikamedu. Virai, according to [[Sangam literature]], was well known as a port and also for its salt pans during the [[Athiyamān|Velir dynasty]]. Arikamedu-Virampatnam together find mention as Poduke, a major port in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' in the first century CE and as Poduke emporion in [[Geography (Ptolemy)|Ptolemy's Geographia]] of mid first century CE. Poduke is a Roman name and is also said to be a corrupted version of the Tamil name ''Potikai'', meaning a "meeting place", also known for the local Poduvar clan.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=27}}<ref name=Bead>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebeadsite.com/13.2.pdf|title=The Margaretologist:Final Report on Arikamedu, India |year=2001|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=The journal of the Center for Bead Research, Volume 13, Number 2 Issue 30}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg|right|thumb| Grey pottery with engravings found at the Arikamedu site]]
The first mention about Arikamedu was in 1734, in a communication from the Consul of the Indo-French colony of Pondicherry. It informed the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] that villagers were extracting old bricks from the Virampattinam. The earliest mention of the Arikamedu archaeological site was by [[Le Gentil]] of [[France]], who the King of France had assigned to observe notable astronomical occurrences in the world. Gentil, after visiting Arikamedu, confirmed the earlier report of the Consul of the Indo-French colony.

In 1765, when he visited the ruins at the site, he found the people of the village collecting large ancient bricks exposed at the river bank.<ref name=Bead/>{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=27}} The villagers told him that they had retrieved the bricks from an old fort of the king the Vira-Raguen.<ref name=Bead/> In 1937, Jouveau Dubreuil, an [[Indologist]], also from France, purchased gem stone antiquities from local children, and also gathered some exposed on the site's surface. In particular, he found an [[Engraved gem|intaglio]] carved with the picture of a man. As a numismatist, he identified the intaglio as Augustus Caesar. He also found fine beads and gems. He concluded that these antiquities belonged to the [[Roman Empire]]. Dubreuil informed the local Governor of Pondicherry about his find, and called Arikamedu "a true Roman city." He published a short note about his findings.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=27-28}}<ref name= Venkatramani/>{{Sfn|Ray|2003|p=127}}<ref name=Bead/>

In the early 1940s, Service des Travaux Publics carried out random excavations. Father Fancheux and Raymand Surleau, who were not qualified archaeologists, carried out the excavations at Arikamedu and sent a few antiquities to Indian museums, and also to the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]] in [[Hanoi]].{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=28}}

[[Mortimer Wheeler|Sir R.E.M. Wheeler]], the Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], in the 1940s saw a few potsherds of Arikamedu site displayed in the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Madras Museum]], which he identified as ''"terra sigillata"'', or Arretine ware, an expensive ceramic made until 50 CE in [[Arezzo]], [[Italy]].{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=28}} Thereafter, when he visited the [[Pondicherry Museum]] and saw more of the findings from the Arikamedu site, he was impressed and thought that he had found the links between the Classical Mediterranean and [[Ancient India]].<ref name=Bead/> Soon thereafter in 1945, the penultimate year of [[World War II]], he mounted excavations in a scientific manner. He was looking for an archaeological site in India that could establish its cultural link, a datum of the Indian antiquities to the Greco-Roman period, and this quest led him to the Arikamedu site. These excavations also involved Indian archaeologists, who were trained on the site.

Wheeler published his findings in 1946. He noted that, for the local fishermen of the village, the antiquities were strange—as they consisted of lamps, glass items, gemstones, cutlery and crockery, wine containers, etc. He also observed that traders traveled from west coast and from [[Ceylon]], Kolchoi (Colchi) and the [[Ganges]] area to trade goods such as gems, pearls and spices, and silk.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=29}}{{Sfn|Ray|2003|p=127}} He carried out excavations carefully, so that none of the antiquities were damaged. This was followed by investigations after the war, from 1947 to 1950 by Jean-Marie Casal. His report of excavations was not as fully published as Wheeler's. His report was not well known in India, as it was not written in [[English language|English]]. However, his important conclusion was that the site belonged to an early [[megalithic|megalithic period]], as he had located megalithic burials marked by stones, locally known in Tamil as ''Pandukal'' close to the site.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=29}}<ref name= Venkatramani/><ref name=Bead/><ref name=Arik>{{cite journal |last1=Begley |first1=Vimala |title=Arikamedu Reconsidered |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |date=October 1983 |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=461–481 |doi=10.2307/504104 |jstor=504104 |s2cid=245265477 }}</ref>

The excavations led to antiquities of Roman origin such as beads and gems, amphorae (wine making vats) with remnants of wine, a Roman stamp, big bricks recovered from an old wall, Arretine ware and so forth. From these antiquities Wheeler concluded that the site was related to a period of trading with [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and that it was first established by emperor Augustus. He also noted that this Indo-Roman trade lasted for a period of about 200 years, till 200 CE.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=30}}<ref name= Venkatramani/><ref name=Arik/> Wheeler also found the Chinese [[celadon]], identified to belong to the Song-Yuan dynasty, and Chola coins from about the eleventh century, but these were rejected as [[Looting|despoiling]] items or remnants left by brick-robbers. Items Chinese blue-and-white ware were also recovered from the site.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=30}}<ref name=Bead/>

Wheeler noted that "rouletted Ware" found at the site (designated as "Arikamedu Type 1" in the scientific study under the "Arikamedu Type 10 Project: Mapping Early Historic Networks in South Asia and Beyond") was not of an Indian origin, but was from the [[Mediterranean]] region. A ceramic sherd, ("Arikamedu Type 10) has also been investigated for its style and spatial distribution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://community.dur.ac.uk/arch.projects/arikamedutype10/|title=The Arikamedu Type 10 Project: Mapping Early Historic Networks in South Asia and Beyond|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher= Durham University}}</ref>

After a gap of several decades, in the early 1980s, Vimala Begley studied the ceramics find of the site and proposed a preliminary version of the chronology of the occupation of the site. At the same time she started researching on the beads, organized a proper sequential display of the artifacts of the site at the Pondicherry Museum, and brought out an information brochure.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=29}}

Begley obtained approvals to carry out excavations at the site in collaboration with the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and the [[University of Madras]]; she and K.V. Raman were the directors of operation from 1989 to 1992. Steven Sidebothom of the [[University of Delaware]], who had background knowledge of Roman Egypt, was in charge of the trenching at the site.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=30}} Further excavations were done during six working seasons from 1989 to 1992, which led to a contradictory view that the brick structures and the wells investigated by Wheeler were of poor quality as they were founded on poor sandy foundations. The wood work was also noted to be of poor quality and the houses had no waterproofing. The excavations also lead to a view that Arikamedu's Roman trading link was more of an inference. The excavations have now established that the trading with Rome extended to a period beyond that assessed by Wheeler;{{Sfn|Ray|2003|p=127}} that trading continued from the second century BCE to the seventh or eighth century CE.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=30}}

The extensive findings of glass and stone beads at the site provided Begley the link to Arikamedu's history. She identified the beads as ''Indo-Pacific'' beads crafted at Arikamedu.<ref name=Bead/> Based on the antiquities and structural features from the excavations, Begley and Raman established a revised sequence of six major periods of occupation of the site. Finds of new variety of Roman Amphorae ware also facilitated revision of the dates of occupancy.<ref name=Arikamedu/> They have also inferred that the site has been in continuous occupation since at least 2nd or 3rd century BCE to much more recent times.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=30}}

==Excavations==
[[File:Site of Arikemedu's ancient harbour.jpg|right|thumb|Site of the ancient harbour]]
[[File:Arikamedu.jpg|right|thumb|Old brick built building structure]]
The excavated area of the mound was demarcated into two zones on the basis of occupation and elevation. Northern sector of the mound is nearer to the sea coast while the southern sector is farther away from the coast. The ceramic find of crockery and cooking vessels found in the northern sector were indicative of mass feeding of sailors and traders who camped there. Wine stored in amphorae was the principal item imported from the western countries during the later part of the 2nd century BCE.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=30}}

According to Wheeler the finds from the northern and southern part of the mound belong to the period from the later part of the 1st century BCE to the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Identified structures include:

* A brick and lime mortar plaster structure of oblong shape {{Convert|45|m}} in length, with a divide wall, used as a storehouse in the southern part<ref name=Arikamedu/>{{Sfn|Singh|2008|pp=415–17}}
*Two walled enclosures with ponds and drainage systems in the northern part of the mound that could indicate of [[dyeing]] operations that used vats to dye [[muslin]] for export
*Pottery, both local and Mediterranean, such as amphorae and Arretine ware{{Sfn|Singh|2008|pp=415–17}} that belonged to the [[Terra Sigillata]] (stamped pottery) of the 1st century BCE, which went out of use by 50 CE<ref name=Arikamedu/>
*Pink amphorae jars used to store wine or oil with two handles and a yellow slip, found in all layers of excavations<ref name=Arikamedu/>{{Sfn|Singh|2008|pp=415–17}}

Smaller objects include a wheel-turned blackware ceramic, a few terracotta figurines, shell beads, gems, gold, terracotta, iron nails, copper percussion beater, red fragment of a Roman lamp shade, an engraved emblem of emperor Augustus, an ivory handle, and a wooden toy boat. Based on these antiquities Wheeler concluded that the Arikamedu was a Greek (Yavana) trading station. However, recent excavations by Begley have altered this assessment.{{Sfn|Singh|2008|pp=415–17}}

The buildings in the northern part of the mound indicative urbanization, with people of different ethnic groups—Indian and non-Indian—but it has not been possible to date them in view of the limited depth of excavations.{{Sfn|Francis|2002|p=30}}

==Religious idols==

The excavation site also found few idols denoting ancient [[Tamils]] as the followers of [[Hinduism]]. [[Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia|H D Sankalia]] States that even though religious idols were rare in south India and Arimekadu was one of the rare sites where they excavated a statue of [[Brahma]] which was not found even in the northern part of India.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929438 | jstor=42929438 | title=A Terracotta Figurine of Brahma | last1=Sankalia | first1=H. D. | journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute | date=22 January 2024 | volume=11 | issue=1 | pages=1–2 }}</ref> Several other idols of Hindu gods were found in the site.<ref>Ancient India, No. 2, July 1946, 102, XXXV A and XXXVi A </ref> [[Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia|H D Sankalia]] also states that the representation of Brahma was seated in a lotus similar to the brahma emerging from [[Vishnu|Vishnu's]] Navel. He further states that the Brahma Statue had a hole in the centre of the lotus so that the figure could be fixed on the peg of the stalk coming out from Vishnu's navel.<ref name="auto"/>

==Conservation==
[[File:Arikamedu - Archaeological site sign. 2010.jpg|thumb|300px|Arikamedu - Archaeological site sign. 2010]]
An international conference that the [[Government of Pondicherry]] and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs held in October 2004 decided to investigate the Arikamedu site jointly for conservation, as its ancient commercial link with the Romans has been established. During this conference, the Government of Pondicherry also decided to propose the site for status as a [[World Heritage Site]] of [[UNESCO]].<ref name=Hindu/> The Archaeological Survey of India also proposed the site for UNESCO Cultural Heritage Site status, under the title ''[[Silk Road sites in India|Silk Road Sites in India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5492/|title=Silk Road Sites in India|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=UNESCO Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Silk Road Sites in India|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5492/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India {{!}} Silk Roads Programme|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/india|access-date=2022-01-10|website=en.unesco.org}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Roman trade with India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= Francis |first=Peter |title=Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzZBdGQN_TIC&pg=PA30|date=1 January 2002|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2332-0}}
*{{cite book|last= Ray |first=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C&pg=PA127|date=14 August 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-01109-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA415|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Arikamedu}}

*
{{Authority control}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Ariyankuppam]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Roman-Indian relations]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Sangam period]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]

Bilahari

2026-03-17T15:47:24Z

MichaleYarbrough:

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Bilahari
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}

'''Bilahari''' is a [[rāga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale) from the 29th ''[[melakarta]]'' scale ''[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Sankarabharanam]]''. It is a ''janya'' scale, as it does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes) in the ascending scale. It is a combination of the pentatonic scale ''[[Mohanam]]'' and the ''[[sampurna raga]]'' scale ''Sankarabharanam''.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref>

== Structure and Lakshana ==
[[Image:Mohanam scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Ascending scale with ''shadjam'' at C, which is same as ''Mohanam'' scale]]
[[Image:Shankarabharanam scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Descending scale with ''shadjam'' at C, which is same as ''Sankarabharanam'' scale]]

''Bilahari'' is an asymmetric rāgam that does not contain ''madhyamam'' or ''nishādham'' in the ascending scale. It is an ''audava-sampurna'' rāgam (or ''owdava'' rāgam, meaning pentatonic ascending scale).<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows:

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|foot=yes}} they are used in every song

*[[Avarohanam|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|foot=yes}}

The notes used in this scale are ''shadjam, chathusruthi rishabham, antara gandhara, panchamam'' and ''chathusruthi dhaivatham'' in ascending scale, with ''kakali nishadham'' and ''shuddha madhyamam'' included in descending scale. For the details of the notations and terms, see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]].

This rāgam also uses ''kaishiki nishadham'' (N2) as an external note (''anya swara'') in the descending scale. Hence it is considered a ''bhashanga rāgam'', a scale with notes external to the parent scale.<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" />

==Popular compositions==
There are many compositions set to ''Bilahari'' rāgam. Here are some popular ''[[Kriti (music)|kritis]]'' composed in ''Bilahari''.

*''Sharanu Janakana'' By [[Purandara Dasa]]
*''Belagu Javadi Baro'' By [[Vadiraja Tirtha]]
*''Lakshmi Shobhane'' By [[Vadiraja Tirtha]]. This is one of the greatest literary works of [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] with 112 Charanas and the longest composition known by a carnatic composer
*''Hanumana Maneyavaru'' by Vidyaprasanna Teertha in [[Kannada]]
*''Na Jeevadhara'', ''Tolijanma'', ''Dorakuna Ituvanti'', ''Kshethra Palaka'', ''Intha Kannanandamemi'', ''Narasimha Nannu Brovave'' and ''Kanugontini'' composed by [[Tyagaraja]]
*''Sri Balasubramanya'', ''Kamakshi Sri Varalakshmi'', ''Sri Sambashivam'', ''Ekadantham Bhajeham'', ''Hatakeshwara'' and ''Sri Madhurapuri'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
*''Smara Sada'', ''Aaraadhayaami'', ''Gopalam Seveham'', ''Pahi Padmanabha'', ''Jaya Suganalaya'', ''Pahi Sarasanabha'', ''Sri Narasimha Jaya'', ''Santhatham Bhajami'' and ''Vimukhava Tava'' by Maharaja [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]
*''Karpagambike'', ''Sarvesha Adimaiyai'', ''Vaa Sharavanaa'', ''Jaya Vittala'', ''Pahi Meenalochani'' and '' Nijamunnai Nambinen'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
*''Parithana Michite'' and ''Raara Venugopa Bala([[Swarajati]])'' by [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]]
*''Sri Chamundeshwari'', ''Evarani Vedani'' and ''Dasharathe Pahimam'' by [[Mysore Vasudevacharya]]
*''Anaamilo Mahaboob'' is a Khayal in [[Hindi]] by Maharaja [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]
*''Vidudhalai Vidudhalai'' by [[Subramania Bharati]]
*'' Puraya Mama Kamam '' is a Tharangam by [[Narayana Teertha]]
*''Kaanbadeppo'' by [[Ambujam Krishna]]
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]] has composed ''Ami Marer Sagor Pari Debo''
*''Intha Chouka'' is an [[Adi tala]] [[Varnam]] composed by [[Veena Kuppayyar]]
*''Nenarunchi Elukora'' is an Ata [[tala (music)|tala]] [[varnam]] by Sonti Venkatasubbayya
*''Chalamela'' is an [[Adi tala]] [[Varnam]] composed by [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]
*''Maa Mayura'' a Tamil [[Kriti (music)|Kriti]] composed by Mazhavai Chidambara Bharathi
*''Maal Maruganai Ninaindidhu'' by Ramaswami Shivan
*''[[Tillana]]'' by [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]]
*''Paripovalera'', ''Telise Vagalella'' and ''Iturara'' are Javalis by [[Pattabhiramayya]]

==Film songs==
===Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]]===
{|class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Orumaiyudan Ninathu Thirumalaradi
|[[Konjum Salangai]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|[[Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
|Unnaikkandu Naanada
|[[Kalyana Parisu]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]]
| rowspan="3" |[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Aval Melai Sirithaal
|[[Pachhai Vilakku (1964 film)|Pachhai Vilakku]]
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|-
|Vellikizhamai
|[[Nee!]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|Alayamani Kathave Thalthiravai
|[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[T. L. Maharajan|Master Maharajan]]
|-
|Kondaliley Megam
|[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Illayaraja]]
|rowspan="2"|[[K.J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Nee ondruthan
|[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]
|-
|Maaman Veedu
|[[Ellam Inba Mayyam]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
|Thendrale
|[[Kadhal Desam]]
|rowspan="8"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Unni Krishnan]]
|-
|Omana Penne
|[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]
|[[Benny Dayal]], [[Kalyani Menon]]
|-
|Poo Pookum Osai
|[[Minsara Kanavu]]
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|Pookkale Satru Oyevidungal
|[[I (2015 film)|I]]
|[[Haricharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Kummi Adi
|[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]
|[[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]], [[Swarnalatha]], [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Theni Kunjarammal]], Vignesh, Chorus
|-
|Kadhal Anukkal
|[[Enthiran]]
|[[Vijay Prakash]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Vaanga Makka Vaanga
|[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]
|[[Haricharan]],Dr. Narayanan
|-
|Azhagiye
|[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]
|[[Arjun Chandy]], [[Haricharan]], [[Jonita Gandhi]]
|-
|Vaan Engum Nee Minna
|[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Harris Jeyaraj]]
|[[Aalap Raju]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
|-
|Then Kathu
|[[Gethu]]
|[[Haricharan]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
|-
| Mun Andhi
| [[7 Aum Arivu]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
|-
|Kalyana Sundari Yaro Oru Murai
|[[Adaikalam]]
|[[Sabesh–Murali]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]],[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|Kanna Nee Thoongadaa
|[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|Nayana Nair
|-
|Koelae
''("Nethalla Marandhida Adingada Janda")''
|[[RRR]]
|Vishal Mishra, Benny Dayal, Sahiti Chagandi, Harika Narayan
|-
|Siru Thoduthalile
|[[Laadam]]
|[[Dharan Kumar]]
|[[Bombay Jayashree]], [[Haricharan]]
|-
|Pularaadha
|[[Dear Comrade]]
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Sid Sriram]], Aishwarya Ravichandran
|-
|Rasavachiye
|[[Aranmanai 3]]
|[[C. Sathya]]
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|-
|Aradhya
|[[Kushi (2023 film)]]
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|[[Sid Sriram]], [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|-
|Kaami Kaami
|[[Tughlaq Durbar]]
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|Govind Vasantha, Swastika Swaminathan
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

=== Scale similarities ===
*[[Mohanam]] has a symmetric pentatonic scale, with the notes same as the ascending scale of ''Bilahari''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 P D2 S : S D2 P G3 R2 S
*[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Shankarabharanam]] is a rāgam with the notes same as the descending scale of ''Bilahari''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N3 S : S N3 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S
*[[Mohanakalyani]] is a rāgam which has the ''prati madhyamam'' in descending scale (descending scale of ''[[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]'') in place of the ''shuddha madhyamam''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 P D2 S : S N3 D2 P M2 G3 R2 S
*[[Garudadhvani]] is a rāgam which has the ascending and descending scales interchanged, in comparison with ''Bilahari''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N3 S : S D2 P G3 R2 S
*''Desakshi'' is a rāgam which is similar to Bilahari. The arohana remains the same, while the sampoorna avarohana has Kaishiki Nishada in place of Kakali Nishada. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 P D2 S : S N2 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

Deo Raj

2026-03-10T21:33:30Z

MichaleYarbrough: made a info...

{{History of Bihar}}
{{Short description|Zamindari estate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Deo Raj''', was a [[zamindari]] (estate) situated in what is now [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="SaranPandey19921">{{cite book|author1=Anirudha Behari Saran|author2=Gaya Pandey|title=Sun Worship in India: A Study of Deo Sun-Shrine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XimO39s7_gC&dq=Deoraj+&pg=PA49|year=1992|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-030-7|pages=30}}</ref> The Deo Raj family were notable for being the protectors of Deo Sun shrine (Deo Surya Mandir).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Priya |title=Deo Sun Temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/bihar/deo-sun-temple/ps52430772.cms |accessdate=7 April 2019 |agency=Times of India}}</ref> The dynasty came to an end in 1934, as [[Jagannath Prasad Singh Kinkar]], its last ruler, died without leaving a descendant.<ref name="SaranPandey19922">{{cite book|author1=Anirudha Behari Saran|author2=Gaya Pandey|title=Sun Worship in India: A Study of Deo Sun-Shrine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XimO39s7_gC&pg=PA49|year=1992|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-030-7|pages=28–30}}</ref>

==Origins==
During either 14th or 15th century, there was a migration of [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] [[Rajput]]s from [[Mewar]] to South Bihar. These migrant Rajputs, along with local [[Hindu]] rulers, played a significant role in renovating and maintaining numerous Hindu shrines and temples. The region contains a 15th-century inscription that records the dedication of a temple by King Bhairavendra. The inscription names twelve of his ancestors and suggests that the area was once under the rule of his dynasty. The migrant Deo Rajas eventually became the overlords of Umga through a matrimonial alliance with this lineage.
<ref name="SaranPandey19922"/>
[[File:Sun-temple DEO Aurangabad Bihar,India.jpg|thumb|The Deo Sun temple which was patronised by the Deo Raj family]]
The Deo Rajas were among a number of Rajput migrant groups to arrive in Southern Bihar and they replaced the previous Umga chiefs.<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC&pg=PA64|date=30 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52658-6|pages=64–65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Tahir Hussain Ansari |title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 |date=20 June 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-065152-2 |pages=253 |quote=This family belonged to Gaya and seems to be one of the oldest families of Bihar. It traced its origin from the family of the Sisodia Rajputs. This chieftaincy was founded during the Mughal period.}}</ref>

==Relations with the British==
The zamindars of the Deo estate generally maintained cordial relations with the [[British East Indian Company|British]].<ref name=Prasad1976>{{cite journal | title=The Role of the Rulers of Deo Estate in the Anti-British Movements in Bihar (1781-1858 A.D.) | author= R. N. Prasad | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 37| year=1976 | pages= 352–353|jstor = 44138974}}</ref> They refused to join other rebellious zamindars in the [[Zamindars of Bihar|1781 rebellion]] and the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]. They also refused to join the nearby tribal uprisings including the [[Santhal rebellion]].<ref name=Prasad1976 /> It is notable that the Rajas of Deo did not provide help to [[Kunwar Singh]] despite Raja Fateh Narayan Singh, the then ruler of Deo, marrying his daughter of to Kunwar Singh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=K. K. |title=Biography of Kunwar Singh and Amar Singh |date=1957 |publisher=K. P. Jayaswal Institute |page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13066/page/n38 20] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13066 |accessdate=7 April 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Zamindars of Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Deo, Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput estates]]
[[Category:Zamindars of Bihar]]

Minister of External Affairs (India)

2026-03-06T14:25:29Z

MichaleYarbrough:

{{short description|Head of the Ministry of External Affairs}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of External Affairs of the Republic of India
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|hi|Videś Mantrī}}
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Ministry of External Affairs India.svg
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| image = Subrahmanyam Jaishankar (2024) (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| alt =
| incumbent = [[S. Jaishankar]]
| incumbentsince = {{start date|2019|05|30|df=y}}
| type =
| status =
| department = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| style =
| member_of = [[Union Cabinet of India]] [[Cabinet Committee on Security]]
| reports_to = [[President of India]] [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Parliament of India]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified = on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| termlength = Five years (renewable)
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = {{start date|1947|df=y}}
| first = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names = Foreign Minister
| deputy = [[Minister of State for External Affairs (India)|Minister of State for External Affairs]]
| salary =
| abbreviation = MEA
| website =
}}
The '''Minister of External Affairs''' (or simply the '''External Affairs Minister'''; ''Hindi:'' '''''Videsh Mantri''''') is the head of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] of the [[Government of India]]. One of the senior-most offices in the [[Cabinet of India|union cabinet]], the chief responsibility of the minister of external affairs is to represent the government of India in the international community and advance its interests on the global stage. As such, the minister plays an important role in shaping and directing the country's [[Indian foreign policy|foreign policy]]. Typically, the minister is assisted by one or more junior ministers, known as Ministers of State (MoS) for External Affairs.

The role, created when India became [[Dominion of India|independent in August 1947]] as '''Minister of External and Commonwealth Affairs''', was held by India's first prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] throughout his 17-year premiership; Nehru remains the longest serving external affairs minister followed by [[S. Jaishankar]], the incumbent minister. It was renamed Minister of External Affairs upon [[Constitution of India|India's becoming of a republic]] in 1950.

Several other Prime Ministers have since held the additional charge as the Minister of External Affairs, but never has any other cabinet minister held additional charge of the office—although during Nehru's premiership, [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] was acknowledged as ''de facto'' minister of external affairs beyond his official designation as [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]]. There have been a number of external affairs ministers who went on to become the prime minister like [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and [[I. K. Gujral]]. Two former career-diplomats have served as ministers of external affairs, including [[Natwar Singh]] (2004{{ndash}}2005) who served as India's ambassador to Poland and as high commissioner to Pakistan, and the current minister [[S. Jaishankar]] who retired as the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|foreign secretary]]. Two other ministers, [[M. C. Chagla]] and [[I. K. Gujral]] also served as ambassadors, with Chagla serving as India's ambassador to the United States and high commissioner to the United Kingdom, while Gujral served as ambassador to the Soviet Union.

The current minister of external affairs is [[S. Jaishankar]], who succeeded [[Sushma Swaraj]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 30 May 2019.

==Cabinet Ministers==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of External and Commonwealth Affairs
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jawaharlal Nehru close-up (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]''' {{small|(1889{{ndash}}1964) MCA for [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 15 August 1947
| 26 January 1950
| {{ayd|15 Aug 1947|26 Jan 1950}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:7em"| Self
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of External Affairs
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[File:Jawaharlal Nehru close-up (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]''' {{small|(1889{{ndash}}1964) MCA for [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] (till 1952) MP for [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur]] (from 1952)}} (Prime Minister)
| rowspan="4"| 26 January 1950
| rowspan="4"| 27 May 1964{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| rowspan="4"| {{ayd|1950|1|26|1964|5|27}}
| rowspan="12"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| Self
|-
| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
|-
| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
|-
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1998) MP for [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| {{ayd|1964|5|27|1964|6|9}}
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| Self
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri (from stamp).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1966) MP for [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 9 June 1964
| 17 July 1964
| {{ayd|1964|6|9|1964|7|17}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Swaran Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Swaran Singh]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jullundur]]}}
| 17 July 1964
| 11 January 1966
| rowspan="3"| {{ayd|1964|7|17|1966|11|14}}
|-
| 11 January 1966
| 24 January 1966
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
| 24 January 1966
| 14 November 1966
| rowspan="2"| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="8"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[M. C. Chagla]]''' {{small|(1900{{ndash}}1981) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}
| 14 November 1966
| 13 March 1967
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1966|11|14|1967|9|5}}
|-
| 13 March 1967
| 5 September 1967
| rowspan="4"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|70px]]
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 6 September 1967
| 13 February 1969
| {{ayd|1967|9|6|1969|2|13}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Dinesh Singh Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)|Dinesh Singh]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1995) MP for [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]}}
| 14 February 1969
| 27 June 1970
| {{ayd|1969|2|14|1970|6|27}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Swaran Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Swaran Singh]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jullundur]]}}
| 27 June 1970
| 18 March 1971
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1970|6|27|1974|10|10}}
|-
| 18 March 1971
| 10 October 1974
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Yashwantrao Chavan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]}}
| 10 October 1974
| 24 March 1977
| {{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|24}}
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]}}
| 26 March 1977
| 28 July 1979
| {{ayd|1977|3|26|1979|7|28}}
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}; color:white"|
| [[File:Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]}}
| 28 July 1979
| 14 January 1980
| {{ayd|1979|7|28|1980|1|14}}
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[Charan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Hanamkonda Lok Sabha constituency|Hanamkonda]]}}
| 14 January 1980
| 19 July 1984
| {{ayd|1980|1|14|1984|7|19}}
| rowspan="10"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|70px]]
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 19 July 1984
| 31 October 1984{{note label|†|†|†}}
| {{ayd|1984|7|19|1984|10|31}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]}} (Minister without portfolio assisting the Prime Minister)
| 19 July 1984
| 2 August 1984
| {{ayd|19 Jul 1984|2 Aug 1984}}
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:RajivGandhi.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 31 October 1984
| 31 December 1984
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1984|10|31|1985|9|24}}
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="7"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| 31 December 1984
| 24 September 1985
| rowspan="6"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Bali Ram Bhagat portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Bali Ram Bhagat]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2011) MP for [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]}}
| 24 September 1985
| 12 May 1986
| {{ayd|1985|9|24|1986|5|12}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:P. Shiv Shankar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. Shiv Shankar]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2017) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Gujarat]]}}
| 12 May 1986
| 22 October 1986
| {{ayd|1986|5|12|1986|10|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[N. D. Tiwari]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2018) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| 22 October 1986
| 25 July 1987
| {{ayd|1986|10|22|1987|7|25}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:RajivGandhi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 25 July 1987
| 25 June 1988
| {{ayd|1987|7|25|1988|6|25}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]]}}
| 25 June 1988
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|1988|6|25|1989|12|2}}
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. P. Singh]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2008) MP for [[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 2 December 1989
| 5 December 1989
| {{ayd|1989|12|2|1989|12|5}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[V. P. Singh]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]}}
| 5 December 1989
| 10 November 1990
| {{ayd|1989|12|5|1990|11|10}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Chandra Shekhar Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 10 November 1990
| 21 November 1990
| {{ayd|1990|11|10|1990|11|21}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Vidya Charan Shukla (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vidya Charan Shukla]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]}}
| 21 November 1990
| 20 February 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|2|20}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Chandra Shekhar Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 20 February 1991
| 21 June 1991
| {{ayd|1991|2|20|1991|6|21}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Madhavsinh Solanki.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Madhavsinh Solanki]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2021) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Gujarat]]}}
| 21 June 1991
| 31 March 1992
| {{ayd|1991|6|21|1992|3|31}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 31 March 1992
| 18 January 1993
| {{ayd|1992|3|31|1993|1|18}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Dinesh Singh Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)|Dinesh Singh]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1995) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| 18 January 1993
| 10 February 1995
| {{ayd|1993|1|18|1995|2|10}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pranab Mukherjee]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2020) Rajya MP for [[West Bengal]]}}
| 10 February 1995
| 16 May 1996
| {{ayd|1995|2|10|1996|5|16}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 May 1996
| 21 May 1996
| {{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|5|21}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sikander Bakht Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sikander Bakht]]''' {{small|(1918{{ndash}}2004) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}
| 21 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|5|21|1996|6|1}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2012) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}} (Prime Minister from 21 April 1997)
| 1 June 1996
| 21 April 1997
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1996|6|1|1998|3|18}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
| 21 April 1997
| 19 March 1998
| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| Self
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 19 March 1998
| 5 December 1998
| {{ayd|1998|3|19|1998|12|5}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Jaswant Singh in 2001.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Jaswant Singh]]''' {{small|(1938{{ndash}}2020) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
| 5 December 1998
| 13 October 1999
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1998|12|5|2002|7|1}}
|-
| 13 October 1999
| 1 July 2002
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Yashwant Sinha IMF.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Yashwant Sinha]]''' {{small|(born 1937) MP for [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]}}
| 1 July 2002
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|2002|7|1|2004|5|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:K. Natwar Singh 2005.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Natwar Singh]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2024) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 6 November 2005
| {{ayd|2004|5|23|2005|11|6}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2024) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Assam]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 6 November 2005
| 24 October 2006
| {{ayd|2005|11|6|2006|10|24}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pranab Mukherjee]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]}}
| 24 October 2006
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2006|10|24|2009|5|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:India-eam-krishna (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[S. M. Krishna]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2024) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]]}}
| 23 May 2009
| 28 October 2012
| {{ayd|2009|5|23|2012|10|28}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Salman Khurshid portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Salman Khurshid]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]}}
| 28 October 2012
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|2012|10|28|2014|5|26}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Secretary Tillerson is Greeted by Indian Minister of External Affairs Swaraj (24074726498) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sushma Swaraj]]''' {{small|(1952{{ndash}}2019) MP for [[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency|Vidisha]]}}
| 26 May 2014
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2014|5|26|2019|5|30}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:The official portrait of External Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[S. Jaishankar]]''' {{small|(born 1955) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Gujarat]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 30 May 2019
| rowspan="2"| Incumbent
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2019|5|31}}
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

== Ministers of state ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Charu Chandra Biswas image.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Charu Chandra Biswas]]''' {{small|(1888{{ndash}}1960)}}
| 13 May 1950
| 13 May 1952
| {{ayd|13 May 1950|13 May 1952}}
| rowspan="8"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3" style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Syed Mahmud Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Syed Mahmud]]''' {{small|(1889–1971) MP for [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]]}}
| 7 December 1954
| 17 April 1957
| {{ayd|7 Dec 1954|17 Apr 1957}}
| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[File:Lakshmi N. Menon (1963).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Lakshmi N. Menon]]''' {{small|(1899{{ndash}}1994) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}
| rowspan="4"| 16 April 1962
| rowspan="4"| 24 January 1966
| rowspan="4"| {{ayd|1962|4|16|1966|1|24}}
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Dinesh Singh Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)|Dinesh Singh]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1995) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| 24 January 1966
| 13 March 1967
| {{ayd|1966|1|24|1967|3|13}}
| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Bali Ram Bhagat portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Bali Ram Bhagat]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2011) MP for [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]}}
| 14 November 1967
| 14 February 1969
| {{ayd|1967|11|14|1969|2|14}}
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Surendra Pal Singh portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Surendra Pal Singh (politician)|Surendra Pal Singh]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]}}
| 5 February 1973
| 10 October 1974
| {{ayd|1973|2|5|1974|10|10}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Samarendra Kundu.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Samarendra Kundu]]''' {{small|(1930{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]}}
| 14 August 1977
| 28 July 1979
| {{ayd|1977|8|14|1979|7|28}}
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}"|
|
| '''[[Bedabrata Barua]]''' {{small|(born 1928) MP for [[Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency|Kaliabor]]}}
| 4 August 1979
| 14 January 1980
| {{ayd|1979|8|4|1980|1|14}}
| [[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]
| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[Charan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:A.A.Rahim(inc).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A. A. Rahim]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1995) MP for [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Chirayinkil]]}}
| 2 September 1982
| 31 October 1984
| {{ayd|1982|9|2|1984|10|31}}
| rowspan="9"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2010) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
| 2 August 1984
| 31 October 1984
| {{ayd|1984|8|2|1984|10|31}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:A.A.Rahim(inc).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A. A. Rahim]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1995) MP for [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Chirayinkil]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 4 November 1984
| rowspan="2"| 31 December 1984
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1984|11|4|1984|12|31}}
| rowspan="2"| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="7"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2010) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Khurshed Alam Khan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Khurshed Alam Khan]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]}}
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| {{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Sh. Kocheril Raman Narayanan AI-enhanced portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. R. Narayanan]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2005) MP for [[Ottapalam Lok Sabha constituency|Ottapalam]]}}
| 25 September 1985
| 22 October 1986
| {{ayd|1985|9|25|1986|10|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Eduardo Faleiro (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Eduardo Faleiro]]''' {{small|(born 1940) MP for [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|Mormugao]]}}
| 12 May 1986
| 14 February 1988
| {{ayd|1986|5|12|1988|2|14}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:K. Natwar Singh 2005.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Natwar Singh]]''' {{small|(1929–2024) MP for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]}}
| 22 October 1986
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|1986|10|22|1989|12|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''Kamla Kant Tiwari''' {{small|MP for [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]}}
| 25 June 1988
| 22 April 1989
| {{ayd|1988|6|25|1989|4|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian People's Front}}"|
| [[File:Hari Kishore Singh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Hari Kishore Singh]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]}}
| 23 April 1990
| 10 November 1990
| {{ayd|1990|4|23|1990|11|10}}
| [[Indian People's Front]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Eduardo Faleiro (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Eduardo Faleiro]]''' {{small|(born 1940) MP for [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|Mormugao]]}}
| 21 June 1991
| 18 January 1993
| {{ayd|1991|6|21|1993|1|18}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:R. L. Bhatia.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[R. L. Bhatia]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]}}
| 2 July 1992
| 16 May 1993
| {{ayd|1992|7|2|1993|5|16}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Salman Khurshid portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Salman Khurshid]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]}}
| 18 January 1993
| 16 May 1996
| {{ayd|1993|1|18|1996|5|16}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Badaun]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 9 June 1997
| rowspan="2"| 19 March 1998
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|
| '''[[Kamala Sinha]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2014) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vasundhra Raje.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vasundhara Raje]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Jhalawar Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar]]}}
| 20 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| {{ayd|1998|3|20|1999|10|13}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="6"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Ajit Kumar Panja]]''' {{small|(1936{{ndash}}2008) MP for [[Calcutta North East Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North East]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 16 March 2001
| {{ayd|1999|10|13|2001|3|16}}
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Uppalapati Krishnam Raju.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Krishnam Raju]]''' {{small|(1940{{ndash}}2022) MP for [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]}}
| 30 September 2000
| 22 July 2001
| {{ayd|2000|9|30|2001|7|22}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}"|
| [[File:Omar Abdullah (portrait).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Omar Abdullah]]''' {{small|(born 1970) MP for [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar]]}}
| 22 July 2001
| 23 December 2002
| {{ayd|2001|7|22|2002|12|23}}
| [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
| [[File:Dig Vijaysingh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]''' {{small|(1955{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]}}
| 1 July 2002
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|2002|7|1|2004|5|22}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vinod Khanna at Esha Deol's wedding at ISCKON temple 11 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vinod Khanna]]''' {{small|(1946{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]}}
| 29 January 2003
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|2003|1|29|2004|5|22}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"|
| [[File:The portrait of the Minister of State for Railways, Shri E. Ahammed.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[E. Ahamed]]''' {{small|(1938{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| rowspan="3"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Rao Inderjit Singh taking over as Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Planning in May 2014 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rao Inderjit Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Mahendragarh]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 29 January 2006
| {{ayd|2004|5|23|2006|1|29}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Anand Sharma - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anand Sharma]]''' {{small|(born 1953) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Himachal Pradesh]]}}
| 29 January 2006
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2006|1|29|2009|5|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Preneet Kaur.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Preneet Kaur]]''' {{small|(born 1944) MP for [[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|2009|5|28|2014|5|26}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Sasi Tharoor 2021 at Kollam.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shashi Tharoor]]''' {{small|(born 1956) MP for [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 19 April 2010
| {{ayd|2009|5|28|2010|4|19}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"|
| [[File:The portrait of the Minister of State for Railways, Shri E. Ahammed.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[E. Ahamed]]''' {{small|(1938{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]}}
| 19 January 2011
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|2011|1|19|2014|5|26}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:India's Minister of State for External Affairs Vijay Kumar Singh (15760995677) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| {{small|General}} '''[[V. K. Singh]]''' {{small|(Retd.)}} {{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|ADC}} {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ghaziabad]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2014|5|27|2019|5|30}}
| rowspan="7"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="7"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:M. J. Akbar assuming office in 2016 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. J. Akbar]]''' {{small|(born 1951) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}
| 5 July 2016
| 17 October 2018
| {{ayd|2016|7|5|2018|10|17}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vellamvelly Muraleedharan and Gustavo Zlauvinen 02 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. Muraleedharan]]''' {{small|(born 1958) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}
| 31 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|2019|5|31|2024|6|9}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Meenakshi Lekhi with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Meenakshi Lekhi]]''' {{small|(born 1967) MP for [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|2021|7|7|2024|6|9}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Rajkumar Ranjan Singh in January 2022.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajkumar Ranjan Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MP for [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|2021|7|7|2024|6|9}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Kirtivardhan Singh assuming charge as the Minister of State of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1966) MP for [[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 10 June 2024
| rowspan="2"| Incumbent
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Pabitra Margherita in 2024 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pabitra Margherita]]''' {{small|(born 1974) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Assam]]}}
|-
|}

==Deputy ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations
|-
! 1
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. V. Keskar portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[B. V. Keskar]]''' {{small|(1903{{ndash}}1984) MCA for [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]}}
| 7 December 1948
| 26 January 1950
| '''{{ayd|7 Dec 1948|26 Jan 1950}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:9em"| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of External Affairs
|-
! (1)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. V. Keskar portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[B. V. Keskar]]''' {{small|(1903{{ndash}}1984) MCA for [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]}}
| 31 January 1950
| 13 May 1952
| '''{{ayd|31 Jan 1950|13 May 1952}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="7"| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Anil Kumar Chanda portrait.gif|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Anil Kumar Chanda]]''' {{small|(1906{{ndash}}1976) MP for [[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum]]}}
| 12 August 1952
| 17 April 1957
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|12 Aug 1952|1 May 1957}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
|-
| 17 April 1957
| 1 May 1957
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
|-
! 3
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Lakshmi N. Menon (1963).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Lakshmi N. Menon]]''' {{small|(1899{{ndash}}1994) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}
| 17 April 1957
| 10 April 1962
| '''{{ayd|17 Apr 1957|10 Apr 1962}}'''
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! rowspan="4"| 4
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[File:Dinesh Singh Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)|Dinesh Singh]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1995) MP for [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]}}
| 8 May 1962
| 27 May 1964
| rowspan="4"| '''{{ayd|8 May 1962|24 Jan 1966}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]'''
|-
| 15 June 1964
| 11 January 1966
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]'''
|-
| 11 January 1966
| 24 January 1966
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
|-
! rowspan="3"| 5
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Surendra Pal Singh portrait.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Surendra Pal Singh (politician)|Surendra Pal Singh]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 18 March 1967
| rowspan="2'| 18 March 1971
| rowspan="3"| '''{{ayd|18 Mar 1967|5 Mar 1973}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="5"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|-
| 18 March 1971
| 5 February 1973
| rowspan="3"| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
|-
! colspan="7"|
|-
! 6
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Bipinpal Das portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bipinpal Das]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}2005) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Assam]]}}
| 17 October 1974
| 24 March 1977
| '''{{ayd|17 Oct 1974|24 Mar 1977}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
|-
! 7
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Dig Vijaysingh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]''' {{small|(1955{{ndash}}2010) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}
| 28 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| '''{{ayd|28 Nov 1990|21 Jun 1991}}'''
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]'''
|-
|}

== Length of Tenure ==
===List by length of tenure===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Finance Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 |Party
! colspan="2" |Length of term
|-
! Longest continuous term
! Total tenure
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 14 years, 122 days
| 14 years, 122 days
|-
! data-sort-value="2" |2
| '''[[S Jaishankar]]'''
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| '''{{Age in years and days|30 May 2019}}'''
| '''{{Age in years and days|30 May 2019}}'''
|-
! data-sort-value="3" | 3
| [[Swaran Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4 years, 120 days
| 6 years, 225 days
|-
! data-sort-value="4" | 4
| [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5 years, 4 days
| 5 years, 4 days
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Indian Foreign Secretary]]
* [[S. Jaishankar|S Jaishankar]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://mea.gov.in/ Official Website of Ministry of External Affairs]
* [https://mealib.nic.in/ MEA Library]

{{External Affairs Ministers of India}}
{{Heads of the Ministries of the Government of India}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:External_Affairs_(India) Minister}}
[[Category:Union ministers of India]]
[[Category:Lists of ministers of foreign affairs|India]]
[[Category:Ministers for external affairs of India| ]]
[[Category:Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of India]]

Ravana (film)

2026-03-06T04:06:39Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding New Article Needs Work.

{{Short description|2009 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{for|the 2010 Indian film|Raavanan (2010 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ravana
| image =
| caption =
| director = Yogish Hunsur
| based_on = ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003)
| producer = [[Uday K. Mehta]] Mohan G Nayak
| writer = Yogish Hunsur Malavalli Saikrishna
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]
*[[Sanchita Padukone]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Abhimann Roy]]
| cinematography = R Giri
| editing = Srinivas G Babu
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|12|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ravana''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language
[[romance film|romantic]] [[psychological thriller]] film
directed by Yogish Hunsur starring [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and [[Sanchita Padukone]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Oct/01/yogi-to-dance-in-ravana-as-well-92879.html|title=Yogi to dance in Ravana as well|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=1 October 2009}}</ref> It is a remake of the Tamil-language film ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/03/slide-show-1-south-yogish-vs-diganth-at-bo.htm|title=It's Yogish vs Diganth at the box office|date=3 December 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=R. G. Vijayasarathy}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vinod, an orphan, falls in love with his classmate Divya. When he realises that she considers him as a friend and is in love with someone else, he takes up the risky task of reuniting two lovers.

== Cast ==

* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Vinod
* [[Sanchita Padukone]] as Divya
* Santhosh Kumar as Adhi
* [[Dwarakish]]
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
* Ninasam Ashwath
* Srinath Vasista
* K V Manjaiah

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Ravana
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Abhimann Roy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:32
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| VkTebTBjZaU| Ravana - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:32
| title1 = Chakli Nippattu
| extra1 = [[Abhimann Roy]]
| length1 = 4:46
| title2 = Jooba Jooba
| extra2 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length2 = 4:12
| title3 = Ethake Munisu (Bit)
| extra3 = [[Abhimann Roy]], Yashaswini Roy
| length3 = 1:08
| title4 = Ninna Manevaregu
| extra4 = Badri Prasad
| length4 = 4:29
| title5 = Hejjeya Guruthugalu
| extra5 = [[Anuradha Bhat]], Chethan Sosca
| length5 = 5:14
| title6 = Guttu Helale (Bit)
| extra6 = Ramanujam L R
| length6 = 1:16
| title7 = Beautiful (Bit)
| extra7 = [[Avinash Chebbi]]
| length7 = 0:57
| title8 = Thampu Thampu
| extra8 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length8 = 5:10
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Music director Abhiman has provided melodious music. It is worth watching for those who love action films and have not watched the Tamil or Telugu versions".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2009/Dec/05/watch-it-for-the-punches-and-kicks-110260.html|title=Watch it for the punches and kicks|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=5 December 2009}}</ref> B S Srivani from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "So has R Giri’s camerawork, supported by a good finish. But ‘''Ravana''’ is guilty. Of cleverly inserting the flashback scenes of the original (where the detailing was perfect, down to the boy resembling Dhanush) and getting dubbing artistes to work on them. Perhaps this is one such money-saving method the producers are desperately looking for. A sham. However, Yogesh fans can look forward to a slew of ‘anti-hero’ roles from him".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/39493/ravana.html|title=Ravana|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=4 December 2009}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "Yogish, though impressive, struggles to give life to his tough character. Sanchita has done a neat job and Santhosh excels. Music director Abhiman Roy has composed some melodious numbers. Camerawork by R Giri is good".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ravana/movie-review/5308374.cms|title=RAVANA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[Sify.com]] wrote "It is a right kind of role for Yogish but he has to involve in avoiding inconsequential situations. Sanchitha Padukone has a good debut in Kannada. She is tall and beautiful. Srinivasamurthy and Dwarakish have nothing to boast. Abhiman Roy after a long innings has done a good job in the music. Three of his five scorings are very melodious. The lyrics are also good. Giri camera work is flawless".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/ravana-review-kannada-pclxwTadebjjd.html|title=Ravana|work=[[Sify.com]]|date=7 December 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Films scored by Abhimann Roy]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Indian teen drama films]]

Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh

2026-03-05T13:08:20Z

MichaleYarbrough:

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Chhatisgarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Chief Minister
| body = Chhattisgarh
| insignia = Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of Chhatisgarh
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| image = Vishnu_Deo_Sai,_Chief_Minister_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| status = Leader of the Executive
| type = [[Head of government]]
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]}}
| abbreviation = CMoChhatisgarh
| member_of = {{bulletedlist|[[Sai ministry|State Cabinet]]|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]}}
| style = [[The Honourable]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr./Mrs. Chief Minister]] {{small|(informal)}}
| seat = Mahanadi Bhawan, [[Nava Raipur]]
| reportsto = * [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">{{cite book|author=[[Durga Das Basu]]|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|year=1960|pages=241, 245|publisher=LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa|location=Nagpur|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9}}</ref>
| formation = {{Start date and age|2000|11|01|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| salary = *{{INRConvert|230000}}/monthly
*{{INRConvert|2760000}}/annually
| incumbent = [[Vishnudeo Sai|Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| incumbentsince = 13 December 2023
| appointer = [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]]
| appointer_qualified = by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| nominator = MLAs of the majority party or alliance
| inaugural = [[Ajit Jogi]]
| residence = B-3, Civil Lines, [[Raipur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/english_new/cabinet5.html|title=Cabinet|website=Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709043146/http://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/english_new/cabinet5.html|archive-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>
| website = [https://cmo.cg.gov.in/ Official website]
| deputy = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]
}}

The '''Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh''' is the [[head of government|chief executive]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governors of states of India|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]]. Following elections to the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]], the [[Governor of Chhattisgarh|state's governor]] usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the [[Government of Chhattisgarh|government]]. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1"/> Chief Minister also serves as Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house</ref>

Four people have served as the state's chief minister since Chhattisgarh's formation on 1 November 2000 as a result of the [[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1717/17170370.htm|volume=17|issue=17|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|title=Chhattisgarh: quite arrival|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|location=Raipur|date=1 September 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803234135/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1717/17170370.htm|archive-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> The first was [[Ajit Jogi]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was succeeded in 2003 by [[Raman Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who served three consecutive five-year terms. Third person to serve in the office was Congress leader [[Bhupesh Baghel]], who served from 2018 to 2023, was succeeded by [[Vishnudeo Sai]], the current incumbent, following the resounding victory<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-12-04|title=What caused the stunning turnaround in Chhattisgarh?|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/what-caused-the-stunning-turnaround-in-chhattisgarh/articleshow/105708698.cms|access-date=2023-12-14|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023 elections]].
== Oath as the state chief minister ==
The chief minister serves five years in the office. The following is the oath of the chief minister of state:
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}
==List==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"| No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Chief Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! rowspan="2"| Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office
!Governor
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
!Governor
|-
! 1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ajit Jogi.png|Ajit Jogi|80x80px]]
| {{small|(1946{{ndash}}2020) MLA for [[Marwahi Assembly constituency|Marwahi]]}}
| {{ndash}} {{small|(Interim)}}{{efn|The first Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh was constituted by the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] elected in the 1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, whose constituencies were in the newly formed Chhattisgarh.<ref name=MRA>{{cite web|url=http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A2000-28.pdf|title=The Madhya Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2000|date=2000|page=6|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708131707/http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A2000-28.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>}} 
| 1 November 2000
| 7 December 2003
| {{ayd|1 Nov 2000|7 Dec 2003}}
|[[Dinesh Nandan Sahay]]
[[Krishna Mohan Seth]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Jogi ministry]]
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Dr Raman Singh at Press Club Raipur Mood 2.jpg|80x80px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Raman Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MLA for [[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]], until 2004 MLA for [[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]], from 2004}}
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] {{small|([[2nd Chhattisgarh Assembly|2nd]])}}
| rowspan="3"| 7 December 2003
| rowspan="3"| 11 December 2018
| rowspan="3"| {{ayd|7 Dec 2003|11 Dec 2018}}
|[[Krishna Mohan Seth]]
[[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Raman Singh ministry|Singh I]]
|-
| [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]] {{small|([[3rd Chhattisgarh Assembly|3rd]])}}
|[[Shekhar Dutt]]
| [[Second Raman Singh ministry|Singh II]]
|-
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] {{small|([[4th Chhattisgarh Assembly|4th]])}}
|[[Balram Das Tandon]]
[[Anandiben Patel]]
(additional charge)
| [[Third Raman Singh ministry|Singh III]]
|-
! 3
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Bhupesh Baghel.jpg|80x80px]]
| '''[[Bhupesh Baghel]]''' {{small|(born 1960) MLA for [[Patan, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Patan]]}}
| [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|([[5th Chhattisgarh Assembly|5th]])}}
| 17 December 2018
| 13 December 2023
| {{ayd|17 Dec 2018|13 Dec 2023}}
|[[Anandiben Patel]]
(additional charge)
Anusuiya Uikey
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Baghel ministry|Baghel]]
|-
! 4
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vishnu_Deo_Sai,_Chief_Minister_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MLA for [[Kunkuri Assembly constituency|Kunkuri]]}}
| [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]] {{small|([[6th Chhattisgarh Assembly|6th]])}}
| 13 December 2023
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|13 Dec 2023}}
|[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] ,
[[Ramen Deka]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Sai ministry|Sai]]
|-
|}

== Statistics ==

{{Pie chart|
| caption = Fraction of time of holding CMO by party (as of January 2026)
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| value1 = 80
| color1 = orange
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| value2 = 20
| color2 = cyan
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! colspan="2" |Term of office
|-
! Longest continuous term
! Total duration of chief ministership
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[Raman Singh]]
| {{Party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party }}
| 15 years, 10 days
| 15 years, 10 days
|-
! data-sort-value="2" | 2
| [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4 years, 361 days
| 4 years, 361 days
|-
! data-sort-value="3" | 3
| [[Ajit Jogi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 34 days
| 3 years, 34 days
|-
! data-sort-value="4" | 4
| '''[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]'''
| {{Party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party }}*
| '''{{age in years and days|2023|12|13}}'''
| '''{{age in years and days|2023|12|13}}'''
|-
|}

== Time period ==

{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:15
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:200 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =

id:inc value:rgb(0,0.748,1) legend: INC
id:bjp value:rgb(1,0.6,0.2) legend: BJP
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/2000 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:2000
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:2000

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:150

TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

BarData =
bar:Jogi
bar:Singh
bar:Baghel
bar:Sai

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Jogi
from: 01/11/2000 till: 07/12/2003 color:inc text:"[[Ajit Jogi]]" fontsize:10
bar:Singh
from: 07/12/2003 till: 17/12/2018 color:bjp text:"[[Raman Singh]]" fontsize:10
bar:Baghel
from: 17/12/2018 till: 13/12/2023 color:inc text:"[[Bhupesh Baghel]]" fontsize:10
bar:Sai
from: 13/12/2023 till: $today color:bjp text:"[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]" fontsize:10

}}

==Notes==
{{commons category|Chief ministers of Chhattisgarh}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{Chhattisgarh}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh-related lists|Chief Ministers]]

Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State

2026-03-04T06:28:19Z

MichaleYarbrough: cleanup

{{Short description|History of Kanyakumari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{sources|date=May 2023}}
The present-day [[Kanyakumari district]] and parts of Tenkasi district of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in India was originally a part of the [[Travancore-Cochin]] state. Between 1945 and 1956, especially after the Government of India announced plans to [[States Reorganisation Commission|reorganize states]] along linguistic lines, the people of [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-majority Kanyakumari campaigned for its inclusion in the [[Madras State]] (later Tamil Nadu) instead of the [[Malayalam]]-majority [[Kerala]] state. In Tamil, the campaign is also known as ''Therkku Ellai Porattam'' ("South Frontier Struggle").

The campaign was successful: [[Agastheeswaram taluk|Agastheeswaram]], [[Kallkkulam taluk|Kalkulam]], [[Thovalai taluk|Thovalai]], [[Vilavancode taluk|Vilavancode]] and half part of [[Shenkottai taluk|Shenkottai]] [[taluk]]s were merged with Madras as per the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Jebagnanam Cyril Kanmony |title=Human rights violation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NE5UKHOFVGYC&pg=PA41 |year=2010 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-347-6 |page=41 }}</ref> The first four were combined to form the present-day Kanyakumari district, while Shenkottai was merged with the [[Tirunelveli district]] present day tenkasi district

== Background ==

Thus there was a significant Tamil population in the [[Thovalai]], [[Agastheeswaram]], [[Sengottai]], [[Eraniel]], [[Vilavancode]], [[Kalkulam]], [[Devikulam]], [[Peerumedu]], [[Neyyattinkara]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] South and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] North [[taluk]]s of erstwhile Travancore State.<ref name="r1881">{{Cite book|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1881)|publisher=Government of India|year=1884|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=135, 258|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf}}</ref> In the Tamil regions, Malayalam was the official language and there were only a few Tamil-medium schools. The Travancore State Government continued rejecting the requests of Tamils.<ref>V. S. Sathianesan - Tamil Separatism in Travancore</ref>

During that period the Travancore State Congress favoured the idea of uniting all the Malayalam speaking regions and the formation of a "Unified Kerala". In protest against this idea, many Tamil leaders vacated the party. Tamils gathered together at [[Nagercoil]] on 16 December 1945 under the leadership of Sam Nathaniel and formed the new political party All Travancore Tamilian Congress. That party was continuously compelling for the merger of Tamil regions in Travancore with [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>R. Isaac Jeyadhas - Kanyakumari District and Indian Independence Struggle (Tamil)</ref>

===Languages===
===Demographics of Travancore===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|-
! Census year
| '''Total population'''
| colspan="2" style="background:Red;"|[[Malayalam|'''Malayalam''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Tamil language|'''Tamil''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|[[Languages of India|'''Others''']]
|Source
|-
! 1875
| 2,311,379
| 1,902,533
| '''82.32%'''
| 387,909
| '''16.78%'''
| 20,937
| '''0.91%'''
|<ref name="r1881" />
|-
! 1881
| 2,401,158
| 1,937,454
| '''80.69%'''
| 439,565
| '''18.31%'''
| 24,139
| '''1.01%'''
|<ref name="r1881" />
|-
! 1891
| 2,557,736
| 2,079,271
| '''81.29%'''
| 448,322
| '''17.53%'''
| 30,143
| '''1.18%'''
|<ref name="r1891" />
|-
! 1901
| 2,952,157
| 2,420,049
| '''81.98%'''
| 492,273
| '''16.68%'''
| 39,835
| '''1.35%'''
|<ref name="r1901">{{Cite book|title=Census of India-1901, Volume-XXVI, Travancore (Part-I)|last=Iyer|first=N. Subrahmanya|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1903|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=224–225|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55974}}</ref>
|-
! 1911
| 3,428,975
| 2,836,728
| '''82.73%'''
| 554,618
| '''16.17%'''
| 37,629
| '''1.10%'''
|<ref name="r1911">{{Cite book|title=Census of India – 1911, Volume-XXIII, Travancore (Part-I)|last=Iyer|first=N. Subramhanya|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1912|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=176|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20Travancore%20-%20Vol%20I.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! 1921
| 4,006,062
| 3,349,776
| '''83.62%'''
| 624,917
| '''15.60%'''
| 31,369
| '''0.78%'''
|<ref name="r1921">{{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1921, Volume-XXV, Travancore|last=Iyer|first=S. Krishnamoorthi|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1922|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=91|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56017}}</ref>
|-
! 1931
| 5,095,973
| 4,260,860
| '''83.61%'''
| 788,455
| '''15.47%'''
| 46,658
| '''0.92%'''
|<ref name="r1931" />
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Distribution of Language by Division (1881)<ref name="r1881"/>
|-
| style="background:Orange;"|[[List of districts of Kerala|'''Name of Division''']]
| style="background:Red;"|[[Malayalam|'''Malayalam (%)''']]
| style="background:Green;"|[[Tamil language|'''Tamil (%)''']]
|-
! [[Padmanabhapuram]] Division
| '''11.24'''
| '''88.03'''
|-
! [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Division
| '''87.05'''
| '''12.09'''
|-
! [[Kollam|Quilon]] Division
| '''92.42'''
| '''6.55'''
|-
! [[Kottayam|Cottayam]] Division
| '''95.19'''
| '''3.65'''
|-
! [[Devikulam|Devicolam]] Division
| '''36.18'''
| '''59.14'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Languages by [[Tehsil|Taluk]]s (1881)<ref name="r1881"/>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:Black;"|[[List of districts of Kerala|'''Name of Taluk''']]
| '''Total population'''
| colspan="2" style="background:Red;"|[[Malayalam|'''Malayalam''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Tamil language|'''Tamil''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|[[Languages of India|'''Others''']]
|-
! 1
! [[Thovalai]]
| 30,260
| 190
| '''0.63%'''
| 29,708
| '''98.18%'''
| 362
| '''1.20%'''
|-
! 2
! [[Agasteeswaram]]
| 78,979
| 705
| '''0.89%'''
| 76,645
| '''97.04%'''
| 1,629
| '''2.06%'''
|-
! 3
! [[Eraniel]]
| 112,116
| 9,640
| '''8.60%'''
| 102,389
| '''91.32%'''
| 87
| '''0.08%'''
|-
! 4
! [[Kalkulam|Culcoolum]]
| 60,908
| 10,528
| '''17.29%'''
| 49,930
| '''81.98%'''
| 450
| '''0.74%'''
|-
! 5
! [[Vilavancode]]
| 69,688
| 18,497
| '''26.54%'''
| 51,172
| '''73.43%'''
| 19
| '''0.03%'''
|-
! 6
! [[Neyyattinkara]]i
| 110,410
| 97,485
| '''88.29%'''
| 12,809
| '''11.60%'''
| 116
| '''0.11%'''
|-
! 7
! [[Thiruvananthapuram]] South
| 51,337
| 39,711
| '''77.35%'''
| 10,522
| '''20.50%'''
| 1,104
| '''2.15%'''
|-
! 8
! [[Thiruvananthapuram]] North
| 51,649
| 38,979
| '''75.47%'''
| 11,102
| '''21.50%'''
| 1,568
| '''3.04%'''
|-
! 9
! [[Nedumangad|Nedoomangad]]
| 52,211
| 48,492
| '''92.88%'''
| 3,573
| '''6.84%'''
| 146
| '''0.28%'''
|-
! 10
! [[Chirayinkeezhu|Sheraingil]]
| 87,072
| 82,339
| '''94.56%'''
| 4,629
| '''5.37%'''
| 146
| '''0.17%'''
|-
! 11
! [[Kottarakkara]]i
| 55,924
| 51,836
| '''94.56%'''
| 3,994
| '''7.14%'''
| 94
| '''0.17%'''
|-
! 12
! [[Pathanapuram]]
| 37,064
| 35,264
| '''95.14%'''
| 1,603
| '''4.32%'''
| 197
| '''0.53%'''
|-
! 13
! [[Sengottai]]
| 30,477
| 7
| '''0.02%'''
| 29,694
| '''97.43%'''
| 776
| '''2.55%'''
|-
! 14
! [[Kollam|Quilon]]
| 108,469
| 103,775
| '''95.67%'''
| 3,650
| '''3.37%'''
| 1,044
| '''0.96%'''
|-
! 15
! [[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnathur]]
| 62,700
| 60,330
| '''96.22%'''
| 2,339
| '''3.73%'''
| 31
| '''0.05%'''
|-
! 16
! [[Karunagappally|Karunagapully]]
| 101,039
| 99,079
| '''98.06%'''
| 1,814
| '''1.80%'''
| 146
| '''0.14%'''
|-
! 17
! [[Karthikappally|Karthikapully]]
| 81,969
| 79,705
| '''97.24%'''
| 1,059
| '''1.29%'''
| 1,205
| '''1.47%'''
|-
! 18
! [[Mavelikkara]]i
| 111,731
| 107,404
| '''96.13%'''
| 4,139
| '''3.70%'''
| 188
| '''0.17%'''
|-
! 19
! [[Chengannur]]
| 81,301
| 80,295
| '''98.76%'''
| 986
| '''1.21%'''
| 20
| '''0.02%'''
|-
! 20
! [[Thiruvalla]]i
| 103,007
| 101,041
| '''98.09%'''
| 1,664
| '''1.62%'''
| 302
| '''0.29%'''
|-
! 21
! [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalappulay]]
| 93,401
| 82,345
| '''88.16%'''
| 5,864
| '''6.28%'''
| 5,192
| '''5.56%'''
|-
! 22
! [[Cherthala|Sharetala]]
| 113,704
| 107,108
| '''94.20%'''
| 2,312
| '''2.03%'''
| 4,284
| '''3.77%'''
|-
! 23
! [[Vaikom|Vycome]]
| 76,414
| 72,827
| '''95.31%'''
| 2,684
| '''3.51%'''
| 903
| '''1.81%'''
|-
! 24
! [[Ettumanoor|Yettoomanoor]]
| 79,058
| 75,004
| '''94.87%'''
| 3,879
| '''4.91%'''
| 175
| '''0.22%'''
|-
! 25
! [[Kottayam|Cottayam]]
| 64,958
| 63,831
| '''98.27%'''
| 722
| '''1.11%'''
| 405
| '''0.62%'''
|-
! 26
! [[Changanassery|Chunganacherry]]
| 74,154
| 66,481
| '''89.65%'''
| 7,394
| '''9.97%'''
| 279
| '''0.38%'''
|-
! 27
! [[Meenachil|Meenachel]]
| 57,102
| 55,186
| '''96.64%'''
| 1,857
| '''3.25%'''
| 59
| '''0.10%'''
|-
! 28
! [[Muvattupuzha|Moovattupulay]]
| 95,460
| 93,473
| '''97.92%'''
| 1,930
| '''2.02%'''
| 57
| '''0.06%'''
|-
! 29
! [[Thodupuzha|Todupulay]]
| 24,321
| 23,227
| '''95.50%'''
| 1,085
| '''4.46%'''
| 9
| '''0.04%'''
|-
! 30
! [[Kunnathunad|Cunnathunad]]
| 109,625
| 108,083
| '''98.59%'''
| 831
| '''0.76%'''
| 711
| '''0.65%'''
|-
! 31
! [[Alangad|Alangaud]]
| 66,753
| 65,839
| '''98.63%'''
| 571
| '''0.86%'''
| 343
| '''0.51%'''
|-
! 32
! [[North Paravur|Paravoor]]
| 61,966
| 56,495
| '''91.17%'''
| 3,332
| '''5.38%'''
| 2,139
| '''3.45%'''
|-
! 33
! [[Cardamom Hills]]
| 6,228
| 2,253
| '''36.18%'''
| 3,683
| '''59.14%'''
| 292
| '''4.69%'''
|-
!-
! Travancore
! 2,401,158
! 1,937,454
! '''80.69%'''
! 439,565
! '''18.31%'''
! 24,139
! '''1.01%'''
|}
{{Further|topic=the language Nanam Monam, also known as|Naanam Moonam}}

== Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (T.T.N.C) ==
In the working committee meeting of Tamilian congress at Eraviputhur on 30 June 1946, the name of the political party was changed to Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (T.T.N.C). T.T.N.C was popular among the Tamils living in Thovalai and Agateeswaram Taluks. Mr. Ma. Po. Sivagnanam ([[Ma. Po. Si.|Ma.Po.Si]]) was the only leader from Tamil Nadu who functioned in favour of T.T.N.C.<ref name="DDaniel">D. Daniel - Travancore Tamils: Struggle for Identity.</ref>

After the independence of India, State Assembly Elections were announced in Travancore. As a consequence, T.T.N.C improved its popularity among Tamils. A popular and leading advocate from Vilavancode Mr. [[A. Nesamony]] organised a meeting of his supporters at Allan Memorial Hall, Nagercoil on 8 September 1947. In that meeting it was declared that they must achieve their objective through their political organisation, the T.T.N.C. And T.T.N.C started gaining strength and momentum in Kalkulam - Vilavancode Taluks.<ref name="BYogeeswaran">B. Yogeeswaran - History of Travancore Tamil Struggle (Tamil)</ref>

== 1948 police firing ==
During the election propaganda campaign, clashes occurred between the Tamil speaking communities and the Malayalam speaking communities at various places in Kalkulam - Vilavancode Taluks. police force suppressed the agitating Nadars. In February 1948 police opened fire and two Tamil speaking Nadars were killed.<ref name="DDaniel"/>

T.T.N.C won in 14 constituencies in the election to the State Legislative Assembly. Mr. [[A. Nesamony]] was elected as the legislative leader of the party. Then under his leadership, the awakened Tamil population was prepared to undergo any sacrifice to achieve their goal.<ref name="DPeter">D. Peter - Malayali Dominance and Tamil Liberation (Tamil)</ref>

== 1952 general elections ==

In 1950, a meeting was held at [[Palayamkottai]] to make compromises between state congress and T.T.N.C. The meeting met with failure and Mr. Sam Nathaniel resigned from the post of president of T.T.N.C Mr. P. Ramasamy Pillai, a strong follower of Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as the New President.<ref name="BYogeeswaran"/>

The first general election of Independent India was held on 1952. T.T.N.C won 8 legislative assembly seats. Mr. A. Chidambaranathan became the minister on behalf of T.T.N.C in the coalition state government formed by the Congress. In the parliamentary Constituency Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as M.P. and in the Rajyasabha seat. Mr. A. Abdul Razak was elected as M.P. on behalf of T.T.N.C.<ref name="BYogeeswaran"/>

In due course, accusing the Congress government for not showing enough care the struggle of the Tamils, T.T.N.C had broken away from the coalition and the Congress government lost the majority. So fresh elections were announced. In 1954 elections, T.T.N.C gained victory in 12 constituencies.<ref name="BYogeeswaran"/>

== 1954 police firing ==

[[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai|Pattom Thanu Pillai]] was the chief minister for Thiru - Kochi legislative assembly. He engaged hard measures against the agitations of Tamils. Especially the Tamils at [[Devikulam]] - [[Peerumedu]] regions went through the atrocities of Travancore Police force. Condemning the attitude of the police, T.T.N.C leaders from Nagercoil went to [[Munnar]] and participated in agitations against the prohibitive orders. The leaders were arrested and an uncalm atmosphere prevailed in South Travancore.<ref>R. Kuppusamy - Historical foot prints of a True War (Tamil)</ref>

On 11 August, Liberation Day celebrations were held at many places in South Travancore. Public meetings and processions were organised . Communists also collaborated with the agitation programmes. Police opened fire at the processions in Thoduvetty (Martandam) and Puthukadai. Nine Tamil volunteers were killed and thousands of T.T.N.C and communist sympathizers were arrested in various parts of Tamil main land. At the end, Pattom Thanu Pillai's ministry was toppled and normalcy returned to the Tamil regions.<ref name="DPeter"/>

== States Reorganization Commission ==

The central government had appointed [[Fazal Ali Commission]](1953 dec) for the states reorganisation based on language. It submitted its report on 10 August 1955. Based on this report, Devikulam - Peermedu and [[Neyyattinkara]] Taluks were merged with [[Kerala state]].<ref>B. Mariya John - Linguistic Reorganisation of Madras Presidenty</ref>

On 1 November 1956 - four Taluks Thovalai, Agastheeswaram, Kalkulam, Vilavancode were recognised to form the New Kanyakumari District and merged with Tamil Nadu State. Half of [[Sengottai]] Taluk was merged with [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli District]]. The main demand of T.T.N.C was to merger the Tamil regions with Tamil Nadu and major part of its demand was realised. So T.T.N.C was dissolved thereafter.<ref name="DPeter"/>

==Retainment of Devikulam and Peerumedu Taluks in Kerala==
{{See also|Idukki district}}
Apart from [[Kanyakumari district]], the Taluks of [[Devikulam]] and [[Peermade]] in present-day [[Idukki district]] also had a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-majority until late 1940's.<ref name="idukki">{{Cite news|title=Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari without a fight?|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/10/31/why-did-kerala-surrender-kanyakumari-to-tamil-nadu.html|last=Ayyappan|first=R|date=31 October 2020|access-date=16 June 2021|work=Onmanorama}}</ref> The T.T.N.C had also requested to merge these Taluks with [[Madras State]].<ref name="idukki"/> However it was due to some decisions of [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]], who was the first prime minister of Travancore, that they retained in the modern-state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="idukki"/> Pattom came up with a colonisation project to re-engineer the demography of [[Cardamom Hills]].<ref name="idukki"/> His colonisation project was to relocate 8,000 [[Malayalam]]-speaking families into the Taluks of [[Devikulam]] and [[Peermade]].<ref name="idukki"/> About 50,000 acres in these Taluks, which were Tamil-majority area, were chosen for the colonisation project.<ref name="idukki"/> As a victory of the Colonisation project done by post-independence [[Travancore]], these two Taluks and a larger portion of [[Cardamom Hills]] retained in the state of [[Kerala]], after [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="idukki"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:1950s in Madras State]]
[[Category:1950s in Kerala]]

Uthapuram caste wall

2026-02-22T16:50:47Z

MichaleYarbrough: content update

{{short description|Wall reportedly built for caste based segregation}}
The '''Uthapuram caste wall''', called by various names as the wall of shame, the wall of [[untouchability]] is a 12 ft high and 600 meter long wall built by [[dominant caste]] villagers reportedly to segregate the Dalit population in the Village of [[Uthapuram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The village witnessed violence between Dalits and the dominant castes during 1948, 1964 and 1989 and was also known for its caste based discrimination.

Protests started in 2008 campaigning to demolish the wall led mostly by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] organizations. Later a small portion of the wall was demolished by the government to allow entry to the Dalits to access the main road. Many dominant caste villagers left the village and moved 3 km away with their belongings reportedly as a protest for demolishing the wall.

70 houses belonging to the Dalits were attacked in October 2008 reportedly in retaliation for the demolition of the wall and a Dalit man was shot dead by the police. Tensions continued until 2015, when during a clash between the communities several vehicles were set on fire and many were hospitalized.

== Background ==

=== Caste divisions and clashes ===
The Village of Uthapuram in the [[Madurai district]] has two major castes, the dominant caste [[Pillai (surname)|Vellala Pillaimar]] and the [[Dalit]] [[Pallar]] caste. The village was known for its caste tensions and there were violent conflicts between the castes during the years 1948, 1964 and 1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news
|location=Uthapuram |first=S. |last=Viswanathan
|date=6 June 2008
|title=The fall of a wall
|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30196334.ece
|access-date=2020-09-02
|journal=Frontline - the Hindu
|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|first=S. |last=Dorairaj
|date=18 November 2011
|title=Accord in Uthapuram
|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30177752.ece
|access-date=2020-09-02
|journal=Frontline - the Hindu |language=en
}}</ref>

=== Caste discrimination ===
The dominant caste villagers reportedly blocked attempts of the Dalits to build a [[bus stop]] and increased the elevation of a [[parapet]] close to the bus stop to discourage the Dalits from sitting before them. The [[Tea shops|tea-shops]] managed by caste Hindus are not visited by the Dalits. The Dalits are not permitted to enter a dominant caste-dominated streets and are refused space in the [[community halls]] and in the village squares and were also denied entry to [[burial sites]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2008-04-17|title=Electrified wall divides people on caste lines|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Electrified-wall-divides-people-on-caste-lines/article15205203.ece|access-date=2020-09-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Uthapuram Dalits count on CPM">{{Cite web|title=Uthapuram Dalits count on CPM|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2009/may/04/uthapuram-dalits-count-on-cpm-46294.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref>

=== The wall ===
The wall which was 600 meters long and 12 ft high was described in variously as a caste wall, a wall of shame, a wall of bias and a wall of untouchability, was built by caste-Hindus in 1989 after a caste violence in the village. The passes through areas intended for common use by members of all the castes. It also barred Dalits from directly entering the main road.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=2008-05-14|title=TN: Caste Hindus return to Uthapuram village|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/14/caste-hindus-return-to-uthapuram-village-1210747152.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-02|website=OneIndia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=A wall that divides people for over two decades|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/a-wall-that-divides-people-for-over-two-decades/564007|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-02|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Dalits have to use a circular path and walk a some more miles to get to the main road.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Finally, caste wall that divided a village is breached - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/finally--caste-wall--that-divided-a-village-is-breached/306247/0|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-02|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-05-13|title=Everybody's walled up against Dalits here|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-everybody-s-walled-up-against-dalits-here-1255504|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-03|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

== Clashes and protests in 2008 ==
The fourth conflict began in 2008 after a period of 20 years, and kept going in numerous ways for another 5 years. It began in April 2008 when the caste Hindus used iron rods to electrify the 600 meter wall to prevent the Dalits from entering into the dominant caste areas during night times.<ref name=":1" /> Initially, the Dalits were hesitant to contend but the [[Tamil Nadu Untouchability Eradication Front]] (TNUEF), [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM), [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and [[All India Democratic Women's Association]] (AIDWA) opposed this action by the dominant caste villagers vigorously.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Caste torment, from south to north Communist war against 'Berlin Wall'|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/caste-torment-from-south-to-north-communist-war-against-berlin-wall/cid/581064|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Telegraph India}}</ref> A member of the TNUEF alleged that two cows were [[electrocuted]] by the electrified wall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 March 2019|title=Watch: The history behind caste walls in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-history-behind-caste-walls-tamil-nadu-99246|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-03|website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref> Following the state-wide protests of the progressive organisations, the electricity minister of Tamil Nadu called for the removal of the power line. The CPI(M) along with local Dalits started a campaign for the destruction of the caste wall. The Dalits orchestrated a demonstration at the front of the Taluk office calling for the wall to be pulled down. The CPI(M)'s general secretary, [[N. Varadarajan]] said that his party cadre will demolish the wall on their own if the government did not take any actions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Caste Conflict and Peace Process in Uthapuram (2008-2012): Lessons for Social Workers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239588826|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Researchgate}}</ref><ref name="Uthapuram Dalits count on CPM"/>

== Demolition ==
On 6 May, the district administration got involved and destroyed a 15-foot portion of the wall to allow the Dalits to travel in the presence of a few hundred policemen and the supervision of the district officials. In an act of protest, some caste Hindus returned their [[ration cards]] to the [[Tehsildar]].<ref name=":2" /> About 600 dominant caste members left the village during the demolition and moved to Thalaiyoothu, a place 3 km from the village with their livestock and declared that they would not return.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 February 2010|title=Another caste wall goes|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30179325.ece|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Frontline - The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hole in wall prompts upper caste exodus|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hole-in-wall-prompts-upper-caste-exodus/cid/581648|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=7 May 2008|title=Wall of untouchability breached {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Wall-of-untouchability-breached/articleshow/3017060.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The problem became tense again when the dominant caste villagers who left the village didn't listen to a request from the [[District magistrate|District Collector]] to come back soon so that everyone in the village can live in peace. When district officials met with them, they made several demands including a patta for a temple where they had been worshiping for more than 400 years, a permanent police outpost in the village, and new housing for people whose residences which they claimed were destroyed by Dalit anti-socials during the riots of 1989.<ref name=":0" />

At Thalaiyoothu on May 12, The leader of the village's dominant caste group, told [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] that his people left the village more out of panic than as a mark of rebellion. After the wall was taken down, he said they felt insecure. He claimed the Dalits live better now with most of them having government jobs or being land owners. He also claimed that since the Dalits were actually on a buying spree and the dominant caste members fear that they might be forced to sell their property to Dalits. He also claimed that the wall was built to protect the dominant caste villagers. However this version is not accepted by the village's Dalits. They assert they were at the receiving side of hostility, instead of the other way around.<ref name=":0" />

== Attacks ==
On 1 October 2008, more than 70 Dalits houses were attacked as a response to the destruction of the wall and a Dalit youth was shot dead by the police as a result of the tensions on November 4, 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|last=RAJ|first=S. DORAI|date=17 May 2012|title=Wall vs will|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30165558.ece|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Frontline - The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Uthapuram 'wall' demolished years ago, still no peace between Dalits and caste Hindus here|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uthapuram-%E2%80%98wall%E2%80%99-demolished-years-ago-still-no-peace-between-dalits-and-caste-hindus-here|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-03|website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref>

== Continued tensions ==
On 10 November 2011, several Dalits entered a temple controlled by dominant caste with police protection. Although several dominant caste members welcomed them with folded arms, there were women crying in the streets opposing their entry.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sundar|first=S.|date=2011-11-11|title=Uthapuram Dalits enter temple after more than two decades|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/uthapuram-dalits-enter-temple-after-more-than-two-decades/article2615879.ece|access-date=2020-09-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalits given entry into Tamil Nadu temple after decades|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dalits-given-entry-into-tamil-nadu-temple-after-decades-566170|access-date=2020-09-03|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In 2012, the Dalits were not allowed to participate in the temple's consecration ceremony and in 2013 the Dalits did not attend the temple festivals. In April 2014, the dominant caste villagers locked the temple and left the village opposing the High court order for allowing the Dalits for Temple entry.<ref name=":3" />

In October 2015, the Dalits and the dominant caste villagers clashed during a temple festival which started over a dispute over placing a [[garland]] over a tree. Six [[Motorbikes|motor-bikes]] were set ablaze and the [[tehsildar]]s vehicle was also damaged. The police filed cases on 70 people belonging to both the castes and arrested 21. Several injured during the clashes were hospitalized.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-10-22|title=15 injured in clash during temple festival|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/15-injured-in-clash-during-temple-festival-115102200789_1.html|access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TN: 15 Injured in Clash During Temple Festival|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/tn-15-injured-in-clash-during-temple-festival/917797|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-03|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30177752.ece Accord in Uthapuram - The Hindu Frontline]

[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Separation barriers]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:Violence against Dalits in Tamil Nadu]]

AMM Higher Secondary School, Edayaranmula

2026-02-22T12:31:13Z

MichaleYarbrough: new some entry added tags

{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| image = File:37001 AMMHSS EDAYARANMULA PATHANAMTHITTA DIST. 2025.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| name = Abraham Marthoma Memorial Higher Secondary School
| motto = Keep the Light Shining
| established = 1919
| type = Aided school
| affiliation = Kerala State Syllabus
| status = Active
| district = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| school_code = 37001
| grades = 5th to 12th standard
| principal = Tharakan (2025-Present)
| headmaster = Anila Samual K
| staff = 57
| nickname = Mottakkal School
| free_label1 = Phone number
| free_text1 = +91 94950 86002
| native_name = AMMHSS Edayaranmula
| enrollment =
| location = [[Aranmula|Edayaranmula]]
| region = Edayaranmula
| city = Aranmula
| coordinates = {{coord|9.326482|76.666059|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| state = Kerala
| postal_code = 689532
| country = India
| website = [https://ammhssedayaranmula.in]
| lastupdate = 01/04/2025
}}

'''AMM Higher Secondary School''', or its full name '''Abraham Marthoma Memorial Higher Secondary School''' (AMMHSS), is a higher secondary school situated in Edayaranmula, [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Jinoy Jose |date=2022-10-26 |title=Sathyameva Jayathe: Kerala initiative aims to educate students in spotting fake news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/sathyameva-jayathe-kerala-initiative-aims-to-educate-students-in-spotting-fake-news/article66056748.ece |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-17 |title=Kerala Floods: 200 people rescued, Several stranded in Pathanamthitta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Aug/17/kerala-floods-200-people-rescued-several-stranded-in-pathanamthitta-1858822.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-22 |title=Pathanamthitta has lowest pass percentage in HSE |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pathanamthitta-has-lowest-pass-percentage-in-hse/article7238037.ece |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Education in Pathanamthitta district]]
* [[List of schools in Pathanamthitta district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1919]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in India]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Ashwanth Ashokkumar

2026-02-22T01:26:16Z

MichaleYarbrough: new initial biography w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian child actor}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashwanth Ashokkumar
| image = Junior Super Star Ashwanth.jpg
| caption = Ashwanth at Junior Super Star
| image_size =
| death_place =
| occupation = Child actor
| years_active = 2016{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Ashwanth Ashokkumar''' is an Indian child actor who works in Tamil-language films. In 2016, he participated in the show ''[[Junior Super Star]]'' in [[Zee Tamil]] and won the title. He is known for his role as Rasukutty in ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' (2019).

== Career ==
In 2016, he participated in the show ''[[Junior Super Star]]'', a show which tests kids' acting capabilities, on [[Zee Tamil]] along with Lisha. He won the season title of the show. Lisha and Ashwanth went on to star in Zee Tamil's television series, ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (TV series)|Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]''.<ref name="G">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/genes-child-actor-lisha-imitates-priya-raman-from-sembaruthi/articleshow/68739981.cms|title=Genes: Child actor Lisha imitates Priya Raman from Sembaruthi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 April 2019|accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> He starred in ''[[Airaa]]'' (2019) before getting his breakthrough in ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' that same year.<ref name="H"/><ref name="C"/><ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vijay-sethupathi-birthday-wishes-supre-deluxe-rasukutti-ashwanth-ashokkumar-mimicry-viral-video/|title=விஜய்சேதுபதி குரலில் மிமிக்ரி செய்து வாழ்த்து சொன்ன சூப்பர் டீலக்ஸ் ராசுக்குட்டி; வைரல் வீடியோ [Super Deluxe Rasukutty Mimics Vijay Sethupathi's voice and thanks him; Viral video]|date=17 January 2020|language=ta|work=Indian Express}}</ref> In ''Super Deluxe'', he played Rasukutty, a child who still cares for his father, Manickam ([[Vijay Sethupathi]]) after he declares himself as a woman, Shilpa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/super-deluxe/movie-review/68623088.cms|title=Super Deluxe Review {4/5}: There is ambition, genius, and also a beating heart|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2019|title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade|website=Film Companion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rasukutty-on-eat-sleep-and-repeat-mode-during-quarantine/articleshow/75099428.cms|title=Rasukutty on eat, sleep and repeat mode during quarantine|website=The Times of India}}</ref> He landed the role after the makers saw his performance on ''Junior Super Star''.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-raasukutty-gaaji-balaji-and-mutta-puffs-from-super-deluxe/article26721501.ece|title=Loved 'Super Deluxe'? Meet the film's unsung heroes|first1=Srinivasa|last1=Ramanujam|first2=Srivatsan|last2=S|date=3 April 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Ashwanth was offered a role in ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017), but didn't take the offer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/little-star-ashwanths-video-about-coronavirus-goes-viral/articleshow/74691505.cms|title=Little star Ashwanth's video about Coronavirus goes viral|website=The Times of India}}</ref> He played supporting roles in several films including ''[[Thambi (2019 film)|Thambi]]'' (2019) before playing one of the lead roles in ''[[God Father (2020 film)|God Father]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/video-ashwanth-dancing-for-a-popular-song-of-mgr-goes-viral/articleshow/77927317.cms|title=VIDEO: Ashwanth dancing for a popular song of MGR goes viral|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-impressed-with-master-ashwanths-performance-in-thambi/articleshow/72587922.cms|title=Karthi impressed with master Ashwanth's performance in 'Thambi'|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/feb/22/god-father-movie-review-engaging-even-if-inconsistent-battle-of-the-dads-2106676.html|title=God Father movie review: Engaging, even if inconsistent, battle of the dads|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2020, he directed a children's stop-motion web series titled ''Ondipulli''. He has given a voice-over during the episodes in addition to writing the series.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ashwanth-directs-a-short-film/articleshow/75448249.cms|title=Ashwanth directs a short film|website=The Times of India}}</ref> His upcoming films include ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]'' and an untitled film with [[Balaji Sakthivel]].<ref name="T">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/master-ashwanth-ashokkumar-joins-dhanush-on-d-40-sets-see-pic/articleshow/71273758.cms|title=Master Ashwanth Ashokkumar joins Dhanush on D 40 sets. See pic|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/20/super-deluxe-breakout-star-joins-dhanush---karthik-subbaraj-project-13100.html|title=Super Deluxe breakout star joins Dhanush - Karthik Subbaraj project|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref name="H" />

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' || Sembaruthi's brother ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2019 || ''[[Airaa]]'' || Babloo ||
|-
| ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' || Rasukutty ||
|-
| ''[[Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2]]'' || Young Saravanan ||
|-
| ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]'' || Ashwanth ||
|-
| ''[[Thambi (2019 film)|Thambi]]'' || Kutta ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[God Father (2020 film)|God Father]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]'' || Dheeran||
|-
| rowspan=2 |2022 || ''[[My Dear Bootham (film)|My Dear Bootham]]'' || Thirunavukarasu ||
|-
| [[The Legend (2022 film)|''The Legend'']] || Thirupathi's son ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Bagheera (2023 film)|Bagheera]]''
|Young Prabhu
|-
|2024 ||''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' ||Church assistant ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Junior Super Star]]'' || Contestant || Season winner
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (TV series)|Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]'' || Ashwanth || Season 2 only
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Junior Senior (TV series)|Junior Senior]]'' || Contestant ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Zee Dance League]]'' || Contestant ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Genes (season 3)|Genes]]'' || Guest || One episode only<ref name="G" />
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Half Pants Full Pants]]'' || Anand Subbarao aka Dabba || [[Hindi]] series
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2020 || ''Ondipulli'' || All animals || Voice only; also director and writer
|-
| 2021 || ''Sodhanai Mael Sodhinai'' || Ashwanth ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
! Work
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2018 || Galatta Nakshatra Awards || Best Child Artist || ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (TV series)|Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]'' || {{nom}} ||style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indwiki.co.in/galatta-nakshatra-awards-2018-in-zee-tamil-28th-29th-april-2018-winners-celebrities-performance/|title=Galatta Nakshatra Awards 2018 in Zee Tamil 28th, 29th April 2018 Winners Celebrities Performance|website=IndWiki}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Awards Tamil]] || Best Child Artist || rowspan="2"|''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' ||{{Won}} ||style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-dhanush-bags-best-actor-award-peranbu-wins-best-film-115399|title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020: Dhanush bags Best Actor award, 'Peranbu' wins Best Film|work=News Minute|date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] || Best Child Artist || {{Won}} ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flickstatus.com/tamil/celebraties-at-edison-awards-2020.html|title=Celebraties At Edison Awards 2020|date=14 January 2020}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10568843}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashokkumar, Ashwanth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Child actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]

Sudeshna Sinha

2026-02-21T07:58:45Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding Basic Pg Nd Citations - done

{{short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sudeshna Sinha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| spouse = [[Kapil Hari Paranjape]]
| children = Shruti Paranjape
| field = Non-linear Physics
| work_institution = [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai]], [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali]]
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kanpur]], [[TIFR]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| prizes = B M Birla Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sudeshna Sinha''' is a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali]]. She was at the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai]], for over a decade. She works in the field of nonlinear physics. Her work on 'chaos-based' hardware (so-called "[[Chaos computing]]") is being developed commercially by the US-based company Chaologix.<ref name="Lilavati">{{cite web|title=IAS - Women in Science|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/sudeshna.html#86|accessdate=6 April 2014}}</ref> Chaologix has now been acquired by [[Arm Holdings|ARM]] (Cambridge, England).<ref>{{cite web |title = Chaologix|url=https://www.design-reuse.com/news/43525/arm-chaologix-acquisition.html}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sinha is married to [[Kapil Hari Paranjape]], who is a professor of mathematics at the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali]].
Her maternal grandfather was Dr. [[Prabodh Chandra Bagchi]], formerly the vice-chancellor of [[Viswa Bharati University]] and historian.

==Education==
Sinha holds a Master of Science (Five Years Integrated Programme in Chemistry) from the [[Indian Institute of Technology]], Kanpur, in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/alumni-profile |title=Notable Alumni of IIT Kanpur}}</ref> She completed her Ph.D. from the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai, in 1990.<ref name="CV">{{cite web|title= Curriculum Vitae|url=https://web.iisermohali.ac.in/dept/physics/Sudeshna_Sinha.html}}</ref>

==Career & publications==
Sinha is currently a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali]] and works in the field of nonlinear physics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iisermohali.ac.in/faculty/dps/sudeshna |title=Faculty listing}}</ref> Her research areas include [[Nonlinear system|nonlinear dynamics]], chaos, [[complex system]]s, networks, and computation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=yc87OXUAAAAJ&hl=en |title= Publications }}</ref> She is an editor of the AIP journal Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aip.scitation.org/cha/info/editors |title=Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science}}</ref> and associate editor of Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation ([[Elsevier]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/communications-in-nonlinear-science-and-numerical-simulation/editorial-board| title=Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation}}</ref> She is also on the editorial boards of Pramana - Journal of Physics<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Journals/Pramana_%E2%80%93_Journal_of_Physics/Editorial_Board | title=Pramana - Journal of Physics}}</ref> and Indian Journal of Physics.<ref>{{cite web |url=
https://www.springer.com/journal/12648/editors | title=Indian Journal of Physics}}</ref>

==Awards==

* Elected Fellow of the [[World Academy of Sciences]], 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twas.org/directory/sinha-sudeshna |title = Fellowship of The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)}}</ref>
* [[Jagadish Chandra Bose|J. C. Bose]] National Fellowship (2016-2020; renewed 2021-2025).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/nationalfellows?combine=J.%20C.%20Bose%20Fellowship |title = J C Bose National Fellowship}}</ref>
* Elected Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], New Delhi in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P15-1700 |title = Fellowship of Indian National Science Academy }}</ref>
* Elected Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bangalore in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sinha,_Prof._Sudeshna |title = Fellowship of Indian Academy of Sciences }}</ref>
* Awarded the [[Brij Mohan Birla|B. M. Birla]] Prize for Physics in 1998 : The B M Birla prizes are awarded to Indian scientists below the age of 40 who have made outstanding original contributions in their fields.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-dec-2001/b-m-birla-science-awards-announced|title = Birla Prize }}</ref>
* Associate Member of the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]], [[Trieste]], Italy during 1995-2000
* General Proficiency Prize from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] (1985): Awarded to the "Best Outgoing Student in the master's degree (five years integrated programme in Physics) for the year"
* [[National Talent Search Scholarship]], during 1978-1985

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.chaologix.com/ Chaologix]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Sudeshna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women physicists]]

Faridkot district

2026-02-11T04:02:09Z

MichaleYarbrough: added info

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Faridkot, Punjab}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Faridkot district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Punjab, India|District]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| nickname =
| image_skyline = Its pic of Govt.Brijindra College Faridkot.jpg
| image_caption = Brijendra College in [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]
| image_map = Faridkot in Punjab (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Punjab (India) on a white background (1).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 13th century
| founder = Raja Mokalsi
| named_for = Sheikh Fariduddin Ganjshakar
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Vineet Kumar, IAS
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1458
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 196
| population_total = 617,508
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 17
| population_density_km2 = 424
| population_demonym = Faridkotian, Faridkotiya
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151203
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-1639
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/890 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 69.60%
| website = {{URL|www.faridkot.nic.in}}
}}

'''Faridkot district''' is a district lying in the South-Western part of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India with [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] city as the district headquarters.

== Etymology ==
The district is named after its headquarters, [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot city]], which in turn is named in the honor of [[Baba Farid]], who was a [[Sufi]] saint and a [[Muslim]] missionary. The town of Faridkot was founded during the 13th century as Mokalhar by Raja Mokalsi, the grandson of Rai Munj, a Bhatti Chief of [[Bhatnair]], [[Rajasthan]]. According to popular folklore, the Raja renamed Mokalhar to Faridkot after [[Baba Farid]] paid a visit to the town. It remained the capital during the reign of Mokalsi's son Jairsi and Wairsi.

== History ==
{{historical populations|21=1951|22=182145|23=1961|24=244718|25=1971|26=293475|27=1981|28=370556|29=1991|30=455005|31=2001|32=550892|33=2011|34=617508|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}

The region was a self-governing princely state during the British Raj. Before independence, most of the area was ruled by the Sikh Maharaja of [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]],<ref>1915 Faridkot State Gazetters [https://revenue.punjab.gov.in/?q=punjab-state-gazetteer Available here]</ref> while the [[Jaitu|Jaito]] [[pargana]], consisting of 16 villages, was part of [[Nabha State]].<ref>''Punjab Phulkian States Gazetteers, Volume XVII-A, 1904'', p. 339. [[iarchive:dli.ministry.08612|Available at Archive.org]]</ref>

In 1947–48, both states acceded to the Dominion of India and became part of the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU]] in 1948. Faridkot was made a tehsil of [[Bathinda district]]. In 1956, [[PEPSU]] was merged into Punjab.<ref name=":02">[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31763 1951 Census of india, Punjab, Pepsu, Hiamchal, delhi, bilaspur Part- I Report]</ref><ref name=":12">Page No. 10,11 - [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30478 General Population Tables, Part II-A, Vol-XIII, Punjab - Census 1961]</ref>

Faridkot was carved out as a separate district on 7 August 1972, comprising Faridkot tehsil (from [[Bathinda district]] ) and Moga and Muktsar tehsils (from [[Firozpur|Ferozepur]]).<ref name=":0">Brief Industrial Profile Of District FARIDKOT -https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/Faridkot.pdf</ref> In November 1995, the district was trifurcated: [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]] and [[Nihal Singh Wala]] tehsils were formed into the new [[Moga district]], while [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Muktsar tehsil]] was granted the status of a separate district.<ref>Page no. 2 - [https://revenue.punjab.gov.in/sites/default/files/Punjab%20District%20Gazetteers%20-%20Moga.pdf Moga District Gazzetters 2010]</ref><ref>[https://forest.punjab.gov.in/en/organogram/circle-division/ferozepur-circle/ferozepur/#:~:text=Moga%20district%20is%20the%2017th,of%20the%20state%20of%20Punjab. Punjab Forest Moga District Hisotry]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab district census handbook - Muktsar |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0310_PART_B_DCHB_MUKTSAR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713002523/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0310_PART_B_DCHB_MUKTSAR.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-13}}</ref>

== Location, area & Administration ==
Faridkot district is surrounded by district [[Firozpur|Ferozepur]] in the North-West, [[Muktsar district|Muktsar]] in the South-West, Bathinda in the South, and Moga in the East.

The District covers an area of 1469 km2 which is 2.92% of the total area of the State and accommodates a population of 552,466, which is 2.27% of the total population of the State.

It has three Subdivisions/ Tehsils namely Faridkot, Kotkapura and Jaito and a Sub Tehsil namely Sadiq comprising a total of 171 villages. Faridkot District has two development blocks namely [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] and [[Kotkapura]].

In 2020, Faridkot has been made new police division. Earlier, Faridkot was part of Ferozepur police division. Moga and Mukatsar districts were also attached with Faridkot police division.

== Politics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Name of MLA
! colspan="2" | Party
!Bench
|-
!87
|[[Faridkot Assembly constituency|Faridkot]]
|[[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!88
|[[Kotkapura Assembly constituency|Kotkapura]]
|[[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!89
|[[Jaitu Assembly constituency|Jaitu]] (SC)
|[[Amolak Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|}

==Overview==
The Faridkot district contains 2 Cities [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]], [[Kotkapura]]. More than 7 towns/villages are quite notable in the Faridkot area such as [[Jaitu]], [[Bajakhana]], Panjgarain Kalan, Deep Singh Wala, [[Golewali|Golewala]], [[Jhok Sarkari]], Doad, Ghugiana, Sadiq, Chand Bhan, etc. Faridkot is a hub for premier educational institutions. North India's only Medical University i.e. [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]] is also named after [[Baba Farid]] besides [[Guru Gobind Singh Medical College]], Engineering and [[Dental college|Dental Colleges]].

<gallery>

File:Entrance of Farmer's House Faridkot 02.jpg|Entrance of Farmer's House Faridkot
File:Foundation Stone of Harindra - Civil Hospital Faridkot 04.jpg|Foundation Stone of Harindra - Civil Hospital Faridkot
File:Foundation Stone of Harindra - Civil Hospital Faridkot 05.jpg|Foundation Stone of Harindra - Civil Hospital Faridkot
File:Foundation stone of Govt. School of Bargari.jpg|Foundation stone of Govt. School of Bargari (Faridkot)
File:Entrance of District Court Faridkot.jpg|Entrance of District Court Faridkot
File:Foundation Stone of Davies Model Agricultural Farm and Farmers's House Faridkot 03.jpg|Foundation Stone of Davies Model Agricultural Farm and Farmers's House Faridkot
File:Govt. Brijindra College Faridkot.jpg|Govt. Brijindra College Faridkot
File:Its pic of Govt.Brijindra College Faridkot.jpg|Govt.Brijindra College Faridkot
</gallery>

==List of villages==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Ahel (Village)|Ahel]]
* [[Arayianwala Kalan]]
* [[Arayianwala Khurd]]
* [[Aulakh]]
* [[Bageana]]
* [[Bajakhana]]
* [[Bargari, Faridkot|Bargari]]
* [[Beguwala]]
* [[Behbal kalan]]
* [[Behbal khurd]]
* [[Bhag Singh wala]]
* [[Bhagthala Kalan]]
* [[Bhagthala Khurd]]
* Bhairon-Ki-Bhatti
* [[Bhana, Faridkot|Bhana]]
* [[Bihlewala]]
* [[Bholuwala, Faridkot|Bholuwala]]
* Bir Bholuwala
* Bir Chahal
* Bir Sikhanwala
* [[Burj Jawahar Singh Wala]]
* [[Burj Masta]]
* [[Buttar (Village)|Buttar]]
* [[Chahal (Village)|Chahal]]
* Chak Dhudi
* Chak Kalyan
* Chak Sahu
* Chak Seman
* Chak Shama
* [[Chambeli]]
* [[Chand baja]]
* [[Chaina, Faridkot|Chaina]]
* [[Chet Singh Wala]]
* Chugewala
* Dabrikhana
* [[Daggo Romana]]
* [[Dallewala]]
* [[Dana Romana]]
* Dawareana
* [[Deep Singh Wala]]
* Deviwala
* [[Dhab Sher Singh Wala]]
* [[Dhaipai]]
* [[Dhilwan Kalan]]
* [[Dhilwan Khurd]]
* [[Dhimanwali]]
* [[Dhudi]]
* [[Dhurkot, Faridkot|Dhurkot]]
* [[Dod, Faridkot|Dod]]
* [[Faridkot (Rural)]]
* Ghaniewala
* [[Ghoniwala]]
* [[Ghuduwala]]
* [[Ghugiana]]
* [[Ghumiara]]
* Gondara
* [[Golewala]]
* Gurusar
* [[Hardialeana]]
* [[Hari Nau]]
* Hariewala
* [[Hassan Bhatti]]
* Jalaleana
* [[Jand Sahib]]
* [[Jandwala, Faridkot|Jandwala]]
* [[Janerian]]
* Jeonwala
* Jhakhar Wala
* [[Jhariwala]]
* [[Jhok Sarkari]]
* [[Jhotiwala]]
* [[Kabalwala]]
* [[Kaler (Village)|Kaler]]
* [[Kamiana]]
* [[Kanianwali, Faridkot|Kanianwali]]
* [[Kauni, Faridkot|Kauni]]
* [[Khara, Faridkot|Khara]]
* Khilchi
* [[Kingra]]
* [[Koharwala]]
* [[Kot Sukhia]]
* Kotha Guru
* Kothe Kehar Singh
* [[Lambwali]]
* [[Machaki Kalan]]
* [[Machaki Khurd]]
* [[Machaki Mal Singh]]
* Malla
* [[Mallewala]]
* Mandwala
* [[Mani Singh Wala]]
* [[Marahar]]
* [[Matta, Faridkot|Matta]]
* [[Maur, Faridkot|Maur]]
* [[Mehmuana]]
* Midu Maan
* [[Mishriwala]]
* [[Moranwali]]
* [[Mumara]]
* Nangal
* Naraingarh
* Nathalwala
* Nathewala
* [[Pakhi Kalan]]
* Pakhi Khurd
* [[Pakka, Faridkot|Pakka]]
* [[Panjgrain Kalan]]
* [[Pehluwala]]
* Phide Kalan
* Phide Khurd
* [[Pindi Balochan]]
* [[Pipli (Village)]]
* [[Qila Nau]]
* Rajowala
* [[Ratti Rori]]
* Rupianwala
* [[Sadhanwala]]
* Sadhuwala
* [[Sadiq (town)|Sadiq]]
* Saideke
* [[Sandhwan]]
* [[Sangatpura]]
* [[Sango Romana]]
* [[Sangrahur]]
* Sarawan
* [[Sher Singh Wala]]
* Sibbian
* Sikhanwala
* Simrewala
* [[Sirsari]]
* [[Sukhanwala]]
* [[Tehna]]
* Thara
* [[Virewala Kalan]]
* Virewala Khurd
* [[Wander Jatana]]
* Wara Daraka
* Rorikapura{{div col end}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Faridkot district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 617,508,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Faridkot |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/988/download/2966/DH_2011_0311_PART_A_DCHB_FARIDKOT.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Solomon Islands]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Solomon Islands 571,890 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Vermont]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=Vermont 625,741 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 519th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/>
The district has a [[population density]] of {{convert|424|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.18%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Faridkot has a [[sex ratio]] of 889 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 70.6%. Scheduled Castes made up 38.92% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Gender===
The table below shows the sex ratio of Faridkot district through decades.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Sex ratio of Faridkot district<ref>{{cite web |title=District-wise Decadal Sex ratio in Punjab |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-decadal-sex-ratio-punjab |website=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
! Census Year !! 1951 !! 1961 !! 1971 !! 1981 !! 1991 !! 2001 !! 2011
|-
! Sex Ratio || 856 || 849 || 866 || 879 || 883 || 883 || 890
|}

The table below shows the child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in the rural and urban areas of Faridkot district.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in Faridkot district<ref>{{cite web |title=District-wise Rural and Urban Child Population (0-6 years) and their sex ratio in Punjab |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-rural-and-urban-child-population-0-6-years-and-their-sex-ratio-punjab |website=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
!Year!!Urban!!Rural
|-
|2011||844||854
|-
|2001||797||820
|}

===Religions===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Faridkot district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389/download/14502/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|76.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Punjabi Hindus|Hinduism]]|darkorange|22.89}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Punjab, India|Islam]]|green|0.51}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}
|float=right
}}

The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Faridkot district.
Note:- The separation of Moga and Muktsar district from Faridkot in 1995 caused significant changes in the population numbers after that year.

{|class="wikitable sort"
|+Absolute numbers of different religious groups in Faridkot district<ref>{{cite web | url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-population-religion-punjab | title=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India | date=21 January 2022 }}</ref>
!Religion!!Urban (2011)!!Rural (2011)!!Urban (2001)!!Rural (2001)!!Urban (1991)!!Rural (1991)
|-
|Hindu||1,12,625 ||28,738||97,765 ||21,937||1,97,618||98,506
|-
|Sikh||1,00,593||3,69,196 ||93,290||3,33,814||1,42,770||9,87,591
|-
|Muslim||1,503||1,622 ||729||1,010||447||4,697
|-
|Christian||743 ||484||543 ||396||1,181||1,209
|-
|Other religions||1,587 ||417||1,244||164||15,538||656
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Faridkot District ([[British Punjab province]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881A">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |pages=14 |last1=Edward Maclagan |first1=Sir |volume=2 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |pages=27 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 40,187
| {{Percentage | 40187 | 97034 | 2 }}
| 47,164
| {{Percentage | 47164 | 115040 | 2 }}
| 52,721
| {{Percentage | 52721 | 124912 | 2 }}
| 55,397
| {{Percentage | 55397 | 130294 | 2 }}
| 66,658
| {{Percentage | 66658 | 150661 | 2 }}
| 92,880
| {{Percentage | 92880 | 164364 | 2 }}
| 115,070
| {{Percentage | 115070 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 29,035
| {{Percentage | 29035 | 97034 | 2 }}
| 34,376
| {{Percentage | 34376 | 115040 | 2 }}
| 35,996
| {{Percentage | 35996 | 124912 | 2 }}
| 37,105
| {{Percentage | 37105 | 130294 | 2 }}
| 44,813
| {{Percentage | 44813 | 150661 | 2 }}
| 49,912
| {{Percentage | 49912 | 164364 | 2 }}
| 61,352
| {{Percentage | 61352 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 27,463
| {{Percentage | 27463 | 97034 | 2 }}
| 33,079
| {{Percentage | 33079 | 115040 | 2 }}
| 35,778
| {{Percentage | 35778 | 124912 | 2 }}
| 37,377
| {{Percentage | 37377 | 130294 | 2 }}
| 38,610
| {{Percentage | 38610 | 150661 | 2 }}
| 20,855
| {{Percentage | 20855 | 164364 | 2 }}
| 21,814
| {{Percentage | 21814 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 349
| {{Percentage | 349 | 97034 | 2 }}
| 408
| {{Percentage | 408 | 115040 | 2 }}
| 406
| {{Percentage | 406 | 124912 | 2 }}
| 409
| {{Percentage | 409 | 130294 | 2 }}
| 473
| {{Percentage | 473 | 150661 | 2 }}
| 550
| {{Percentage | 550 | 164364 | 2 }}
| 800
| {{Percentage | 800 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 97034 | 2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 115040 | 2 }}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 124912 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 130294 | 2 }}
| 107
| {{Percentage | 107 | 150661 | 2 }}
| 167
| {{Percentage | 167 | 164364 | 2 }}
| 247
| {{Percentage | 247 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 97034 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 115040 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 124912 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 130294 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 150661 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 164364 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 97034 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 115040 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 124912 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 130294 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 150661 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 164364 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 115040 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 124912 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 130294 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 150661 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 164364 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 97034 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 115040 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 124912 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 130294 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 150661 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 164364 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 97,034
! {{Percentage | 97034 | 97034 | 2 }}
! 115,040
! {{Percentage | 115040 | 115040 | 2 }}
! 124,912
! {{Percentage | 124912 | 124912 | 2 }}
! 130,294
! {{Percentage | 130294 | 130294 | 2 }}
! 150,661
! {{Percentage | 150661 | 150661 | 2 }}
! 164,364
! {{Percentage | 164364 | 164364 | 2 }}
! 199,283
! {{Percentage | 199283 | 199283 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note1: [[British Punjab province]] era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases. Note2: [[British Punjab province]] era figures are for [[Faridkot State]].}}
|}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Faridkot district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value1 = 91.79 |color1 = sky blue
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 6.91 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.30 |color3 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 91.79% of the population spoke [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 6.91% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Punjab |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219/download/13331/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0300.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Health==
The number of registered doctors in the Faridkot district were 1,345 and 2,997 registered nurses, as of year 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.gov.in/resource/districtwise-registered-number-doctors-punjab-1968-2018-april-march | title=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India | date=21 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.gov.in/resource/district-wise-registered-nurses-punjab-1968-2018-april-march | title=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India | date=21 January 2022 }}</ref>

The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Fridkot, as of year 2020.

{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|+ District nutrition profile of children under 5 years of age in Fridkot, year 2020<ref name="niti.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-07/Faridkot-Punjab.pdf |author1=Singh. N. |author2=P.H. Nguyen |author3=M. Jangid |author4=S.K. Singh |author5=R. Sarwal |author6=N. Bhatia |author7=R. Johnston |author8=W. Joe |author9=P. Menon |title=District Nutrition Profile: Faridkot, Punjab |date=March 2022 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[International Food Policy Research Institute]]}}</ref>
!Indicators!!Number of children (<5 years)!! Percent (2020)!! Percent (2016)
|-
|Stunted||13,534||28%||35%
|-
|Wasted||4,931||10%||23%
|-
|Severely wasted||1,328||3%||11%
|-
|Underweight||9,973||21%||27%
|-
|Overweight/obesity||1,313||3%||1%
|-
|Anemia||32,889||76%||61%
|-
|Total children||48,111||||
|}

The table below shows the district nutrition profile of Fridkot of women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, as of year 2020.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+District nutritional profile of Fridkot of women of 15–49 years, in 2020<ref name="niti.gov.in"/>
!Indicators!!Number of women (15–49 years)!! Percent (2020)!!Percent (2016)
|-
|Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m^2)||31,663||16%||11%
|-
|Overweight/obesity||76,581||39%||24%
|-
|Hypertension||50,788||26%||12%
|-
|Diabetes||29,369||15%||NA
|-
|Anemia (non-preg)||123,249||63%||43%
|-
|Anemia (preg)||6,298||58%||27%
|-
|Total women (preg)||10,907||||
|-
|Total women||194,368||||
|}

The table below shows the current use of family planning methods by currently married women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, in Faridkot district.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Family planning methods used by women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, in Faridkot district<ref>"National Family Health Survey - 5
2019 -21, District Fact Sheet, Kapurthala, Punjab", https://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs-5_fcts/PB/Kapurthala.pdf{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>"National Family Health Survey - 4
2015 -16, District Fact Sheet, Faridkot, Punjab", Page 2, http://rchiips.org/nfhs/FCTS/PB/PB_FactSheet_45_Faridkot.pdf</ref>
!Method!! Total (2015–16)!!Urban (2015–16)!!Rural (2015–16)
|-
|Female sterilization||48.1%||46.6%||48.7%
|-
|Male sterilization||0.1%||0.0%||0.2%
|-
|IUD/PPIUD||11.1%||11.8%||10.9%
|-
|Pill||2.4%||2.2%||2.5%
|-
|Condom||12.1%||19.6%||9.5%
|-
|Any modern method||73.9%||80.1%||71.7%
|-
|Any method||81.5%||85.0%||80.3%
|-
|Total unmet need||5.6%||2.3%||6.8%
|-
|Unmet need for spacing|| 4.1%||1.4%||5.1%
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://faridkot.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Faridkot district
|North =
|Northeast =
|East = [[Moga district]]
|Southeast = [[Bathinda district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Muktsar district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Firozpur district]]
}}

{{Faridkot district}}
{{Punjab (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Faridkot district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Nipun Malhotra (social entrepreneur)

2026-02-09T04:56:27Z

MichaleYarbrough: minor changes

{{Short description|Indian social entrepreneur and disability rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nipun Malhotra
| image = Nipun_Malhotra,_Hi-Res.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|09|01|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| alma_mater = {{Ubl
| [[St.Stephen's College, Delhi]]
| [[Delhi University]]
| [[Delhi School of Economics]]
| [[Indian School of Business]]
}}
| occupation =
| parents =
| organization = Nipman Foundation
| known for = Disability activism
}}


'''Nipun Malhotra''' (born 1 September 1987) is an Indian [[social entrepreneur]] and [[disability rights]] activist. He was born in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, with [[arthrogryposis]]. In 2012, he started a disability rights advocacy organization based in Delhi called Nipman Foundation. Malhotra is the Founder Chair of [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]]'s (FICCI) Diversity & Inclusion Working Group on Empowering Persons with Disability.<ref>{{cite news |title=Corporates join hands to promote diversity and inclusivity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/corporates-join-hands-to-promote-diversity-and-inclusivity/articleshow/73081912.cms |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Times of India |agency=TNN |date=3 January 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Malhotra studied economics at [[St.Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi University]] and [[Delhi School of Economics]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kattakayam |first1=Jiby J |title=Man who travels on wheels is opening doors of hope for many |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-man-who-travels-on-wheels-is-opening-doors-of-hope-for-many-2283670 |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=DNA |date=17 December 2016}}</ref> He later attended the [[Indian School of Business]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=A little goes a long way|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20141013-a-little-goes-a-long-way-805460-2014-10-04|work=India Today|date=4 October 2014}}</ref>

== Advocacy Work ==
===Delhi Odd-Even rule exemption===
Malhotra filed a writ petition in the [[Delhi High Court]] in December 2015 seeking exemption of private vehicles of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) from the [[Odd–even rationing#India|Odd-Even rule]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dehadrai |first1=Jai Anant |title=After Kejriwal's Odd-Even Formula Forgot About The Specially-Abled, This Man Successfully Fought For It |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/after-kejriwal-s-odd-even-formula-forgot-about-the-specially-abled-this-man-successfully-fought-for-it-248815.html |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=India Times |date=27 December 2015}}</ref> Under this rule, vehicles with registration numbers ending in odd numbers are allowed on the roads on only odd days and even-numbered vehicles are allowed on the roads on only even days. The rule was announced to be introduced in Delhi in 2016 to reduce pollution and smog. However, the private vehicles of PwDs are generally retrofitted to meet their needs and due to lack of accessible infrastructure and accessible public transport, PwDs could only have moved out on alternate days. His petition led to an exception being carved out for PwDs and a status check on disability audit of Government buildings and the infrastructure [[retrofitting]] done by the Government to check how accessible Delhi was for Persons with Disabilities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Durgesh Nandan |title=Odd-even: Last petitioner standing wants disability audit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Odd-even-Last-petitioner-standing-wants-disability-audit/articleshow/50553195.cms |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Times of India |date=13 January 2016}}</ref>

===Low-floor accessible buses===
As a result of Malhotra's writ petition in the [[Supreme Court of India]], the [[Government of Delhi]] was directed to only buy low-floor buses in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Dhananjay |title=After PIL, SC seeks Delhi government's response on buying only low-floor buses |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68016782.cms |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Times of India |date=16 February 2019}}</ref> The government had taken a decision on 1 September 2017 to induct 2,000 standard-floor buses. The petition challenged Delhi government and the [[Delhi Transport Corporation]]'s (DTC) decision to buy 2,000 standard-floor buses instead of low-floor buses for the national capital.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Pritam Pal |title=Delhi High Court halts move to add standard-floor buses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-high-court-halts-move-to-add-standard-floor-buses/ |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 June 2018}}</ref> On 5 August 2019, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of mandating low-floor buses in Delhi.

===Insurance and congenital anomalies===
The writ petition asked the [[Government of India]] to direct [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]] (IRDAI) and insurance companies to remove congenital anomalies from the list of general exclusions in the health or life insurance policies.<ref>{{cite news |title=No insurance cover to persons suffering from congenital anomalies: Delhi HC seeks IRDAI explanation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/no-insurance-cover-to-persons-suffering-from-congenital-anomalies-hc-seeks-irdai-explanation-5408805/ |work=The Indian Express |date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HC asks insurance cos to change attitude towards disabled |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/hc-asks-insurance-cos-to-change-attitude-towards-disabled/story/322943.html |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Business Today |date=27 February 2019}}</ref> IRDAI had been denying the rights of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) to seek insurance cover for themselves on the ground that their conditions were categorized under the scope of "congenital anomalies", which was allowed as an exception to granting insurance.<ref>{{cite news |title=HC seeks explanation from IRDAI for not granting insurance cover to people suffering from congenital anomalies. |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/latest-news/hc-seeks-explanation-from-irdai-for-not-granting-insurance-cover-to-people-suffering-from-congenital-anomalies/ |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Latest Laws.com |date=20 October 2018}}</ref>

===GST on disability aids and assistive devices===
The [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST) on Braille typewriters and papers, carriages for disabled people, wheelchairs and other assistive devices was fixed at rates of 5–18%. This was claimed by some to be equivalent to a tax on walking or seeing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schoolboy bats for removal of GST on equipment for divyang |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-schoolboy-bats-for-removal-of-gst-on-equipment-for-divyang |accessdate=21 May 2020 |work=The Free Press Journal |date=11 April 2019}}</ref> The GST rate on all mobility and disability aids across India has now been reduced from 18% to 5% after the 16th GST council meeting. However, the petition aims for a zero-rated GST, with a special refund scheme for input tax credit. This means that the entire value chain of the supply should be exempt from tax. Under this regime, not only is the final output exempt from payment of tax, the input for making/providing the output supply is exempted too.<ref name="BS-20170822">{{cite news |title=GST levy on equipment for disabled; SC seeks Centre's reply |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gst-levy-on-equipment-for-disabled-sc-seeks-centre-s-reply-117082200026_1.html |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

===Indian Sign Language (ISL) recognition===
In order to recognize [[Indian Sign Language]] as the 23rd official language of India, Malhotra filed a writ petition in the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wangchuk |first1=Rinchen Norbu |title=Meet the Delhi Man Fighting To Get Indian Sign Language Officially Recognised |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/159928/nipun-malhotra-indian-sign-language-delhi/ |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=The Better India |date=21 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aasheesh |title=Breach the wall of silence: Give State recognition to Indian Sign Language |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/breach-the-wall-of-silence-give-state-recognition-to-indian-sign-language/story-hg7lj7LTWzfKgYB19prOhP.html |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 September 2018}}</ref> ISL gives an identity to the deaf community and is the only language they use to communicate. The issue was submitted for the consideration of the central government and they took notice of the matter. The quest to formalise Indian Sign Language gained momentum after this petition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhillon |first1=Dilsher |title=The quest to formalise Indian Sign Language is gaining momentum |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/the-quest-to-formalise-indian-sign-language-is-gaining-momentum/articleshow/66534786.cms |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Business Insider India |date=7 November 2018}}</ref> The government in power committed to spend more resources on the Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre. For the first time ever, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] released a 12-minute video explaining the highlights of the party's manifesto in sign language for the [[2019 Indian general election]]<ref>{{cite news |title=CPI(M) releases video explaining manifesto in sign language |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/cpim-releases-video-explaining-manifesto-in-sign-language/article26758200.ece |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=6 April 2019}}</ref> and the largest opposition party in India, [[Indian National Congress]], promised to recognize Indian Sign Language in their national election manifesto.<ref>{{cite web |title=SWABHIMAAN Self-Esteem For The Deprived - Persons with Disabilities |url=https://manifesto.inc.in/en/persons_with_disabilities.html |publisher=Indian National Congress |accessdate=22 May 2020}}</ref>

===Zomato's disabled-friendly filter===
There were not too many restaurants in Delhi and other Indian cities that advertised themselves as disabled-friendly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Vikas |title=Making restaurant visits 'a pleasure' for India's disabled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35118750 |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=BBC News, Delhi |date=18 December 2015}}</ref> Malhotra was denied entry at Keya, located in DLF Promenade Mall in Vasant Kunj in March 2015 because "as a 'policy', the restaurant did not allow entry to disabled persons".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareek |first1=Shreya |title=After Being Denied Entry in a Restaurant, This Man Got Zomato to Add a Disabled Friendly Filter |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/31211/filter-for-disabled-friendly-restaurants-on-zomato/ |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=The Better India |date=11 August 2015}}</ref> Protests by disability-rights groups forced the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] government to order a magisterial inquiry into the incident. Malhotra contacted executives at the [[Zomato]] restaurant review and delivery website in August 2015 and suggested introducing a feature that could filter "disabled-friendly" restaurants. The idea was welcomed by them. The filter was added to the Zomato app in six metropolitan areas{{Snd}} Delhi, Mumbai, [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gulati |first1=Sumegha |title=Thanks Nipun! Zomato Will Now List 'Disabled-friendly' Restaurants |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/thanks-nipun-zomato-will-now-list-disabled-friendly-restaurants |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=the quint |date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Adrija |title=This 27-Year-Old Got Zomato To List 'Disabled-Friendly' Restaurants |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/10/zomato-disabled-friendly_n_7963784.html |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=Huffington Post |date=10 August 2015}}</ref>

===X-ray scanning in airport security===
After being harassed and mocked by the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) officer on duty at the [[Bangalore Airport]] on 30 November 2016,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shakil |first1=Sana |title=Wheelchair-bound passenger 'humiliated' at Bangalore airport |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-wheelchair-bound-passenger-humiliated-at-bangalore-airport-2281449 |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=DNA India |date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Malhotra, along with some other disability activists, lobbied with CISF to ease security procedures for PwDs at airports. There had been multiple similar reported instances from across the country. On 11 October 2017, the [[Bureau of Civil Aviation Security]] (BCAS) allowed using [[X-ray]] scanning for [[prosthetics]] and [[orthotics]] only as a measure of last resort. It was decided that checking of PwDs with a hand-held [[explosives trace detector]] (ETD) device would suffice and X-ray screening would only be used in cases of "sufficient doubt." Instructions were also issued to make wheelchair users get up from their wheelchairs only in exceptional cases for security checks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Gaurav Vivek |title=Bureau of Civil Aviation and Security Allows for X-Ray Scanning for PwDs as Measure of Last Resort |url=https://thewire.in/government/bureau-civil-aviation-security-accepts-recommendations-x-ray-pwd-last-resort |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=The Wire |date=13 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gandhiok |first1=Jasjeev |title=No X-ray screening for disabled at airports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/no-x-ray-screening-for-disabled-at-airports/articleshow/61074850.cms |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=14 October 2017}}</ref>

==Nipman Foundation Microsoft Equal Opportunity Awards==
The Equal Opportunity Awards were instituted in 2014 to recognize organizations and individuals making significant contributions to people with disabilities in their workspace and lifestyles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nipman Foundation presented first edition of the Equal Opportunity Awards in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nipman-foundation-presented-first-edition-of-the-equal-opportunity-awards-in-delhi/articleshow/41353984.cms |accessdate=15 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=2 September 2014}}</ref>

The reason for starting the Awards was to encourage more companies to hire persons with disabilities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nandita |title=With Nipman awards, we want to motivate companies to hire people with disabilities |url=https://theprint.in/report/nipun-malhotra-of-nipman-foundation/19269/ |accessdate=15 May 2020 |date=29 November 2017}}</ref> In 2016, Microsoft came on board as the title partner for the Awards. In the sixth edition of the Nipman Foundation Microsoft Equal Opportunity Awards in 2019, awards were given in seven categories: Technological Innovations Empowering PwDs, Non-technological Innovations Empowering PwDs, Companies Hiring PwDs, Inclusive and Integrated Schools, Physical Accessibility Promoting Universal Design, Entrepreneur with a Disability, and Professional with a Disability<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sirur |first1=Simrin |title=Being disability friendly a lesson in business & economics: Amitabh Kant |url=https://theprint.in/india/being-disability-friendly-a-lesson-in-business-economics-amitabh-kant/320767/ |accessdate=25 May 2020 |work=The Print |date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

==Wheels For Life==
Malhotra is the founder of Wheels for Life - a crowdsourcing platform connecting those who need wheelchairs to donors who can financially contribute for them. This initiative was started in October 2016.

==Project Delhi==
Malhotra co-founded Project Delhi in April 2020 for supporting Persons with Disabilities amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kuriakose |first1=Simi |title=Access Denied |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/access-denied-1699704-2020-07-12 |publisher=India Today |accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> The idea of Project Delhi was to help persons with disabilities procure essential items by offering contactless delivery of groceries and medicines. Those with mobility issues and high support needs were finding it difficult to step out for buying essentials, primarily groceries and medicines. Through Project Delhi, the volunteers signed up online and delivered these essentials to any disabled person at the MRP.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banka |first1=Richa |title=People with disabilities suffer hardships |date=22 April 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/people-with-disabilities-suffer-hardships/story-4tvpCPZmsLMrf4nJGHVwSN.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.nipmanfoundationawards.com/index.html Equal Opportunity Awards]
*[http://www.wheelsforlife.in/index.html Wheels For Life]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Nipun}}
[[Category:Indian disability rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]

Biography

2026-02-07T00:18:20Z

MichaleYarbrough: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Written account of a person's life}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
[[File:Plutarchs Lives Vol the Third 1727.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Third volume of a 1727 edition of [[Plutarch]]'s ''[[Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans]]'' printed by [[Jacob Tonson]]]]

A '''biography''', or simply '''bio''', is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. Unlike a profile or [[curriculum vitae]] ([[résumé]]), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of their life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality.

Biographical works are usually [[non-fiction]], but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing. Works in diverse media, from literature to film, form the [[genre]] known as biography.

An '''authorized biography''' is written with the permission, cooperation, and at times, participation of a subject or a subject's heirs. An [[unauthorized biography]] is one written without such permission or participation. An [[autobiography]] is written by the person themselves, sometimes with the assistance of a collaborator or [[ghostwriter]].

== History ==
At first, biographical writings were regarded merely as a subsection of history with a focus on a particular individual of historical importance. The independent genre of biography as distinct from general history writing, began to emerge in the 18th century and reached its contemporary form at the turn of the 20th century.{{sfn|Kendall}}

=== Historical biography ===
[[File:Einhard.jpg|thumb|right|Einhard as scribe]]
Biography is the earliest literary genre in history. According to Egyptologist [[Miriam Lichtheim]], writing took its first steps toward literature in the context of the private tomb funerary inscriptions. These were commemorative biographical texts recounting the careers of deceased high royal officials.<ref>Miriam Lichtheim, [[iarchive:MiriamLichtheimAncientEgyptianLiteratureVolI/page/n1/mode/2up|Ancient Egyptian Literature]], Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006, vol I, p 3.</ref> The earliest biographical texts are from the 26th century BC.

In the 21st century BC, another famous biography was composed in Mesopotamia about [[Epic of Gilgamesh|Gilgamesh]]. [[Gilgamesh and Aga|One of the five versions]] could be historical.

From the same region a couple of centuries later, according to [[Bible|another famous biography]], departed [[Abraham]]. [[Patriarchs (Bible)|He and his 3 descendants]] became subjects of ancient Hebrew biographies whether fictional or historical.

[[Xenophon]] (c. 430 – 355/354 BC) wrote the [[Cyropaedia|biography of Cyrus]], the founder of the Persian Empire.

One of the earliest Roman biographers was [[Cornelius Nepos]], who published his work ''Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae'' ("Lives of outstanding generals") in 44 BC. Longer and more extensive biographies were written in Greek by [[Plutarch]], in his ''[[Parallel Lives]]'', published about 80 A.D. In this work famous Greeks are paired with famous Romans, for example, the orators [[Demosthenes]] and [[Cicero]], or the generals [[Alexander the Great]] and [[Julius Caesar]]; some fifty biographies from the work survive. Another well-known collection of ancient biographies is [[The Twelve Caesars|''De vita Caesarum'']] ("On the Lives of the Caesars") by [[Suetonius]], written about AD 121 in the time of the emperor [[Hadrian]]. Meanwhile, in the eastern imperial periphery, [[Gospel]] described the life of [[Jesus]].

In the early [[Middle Ages]] (AD 400 to 1450), there was a decline in awareness of the [[classical antiquity|classical]] culture in Europe. During this time, the only repositories of knowledge and records of the early history in Europe were those of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]. [[Hermit]]s, [[monk]]s, and [[priest]]s used this historic period to write biographies. Their subjects were usually restricted to the [[Church Fathers|church father]]s, [[martyr]]s, [[pope]]s, and [[saint]]s. Their works were meant to be inspirational to the people and vehicles for [[Religious conversion|conversion]] to [[Christianity]] (see [[Hagiography]]). One significant secular example of a biography from this period is the [[Vita Karoli Magni|life of Charlemagne]] by his courtier [[Einhard]].

In [[Western India|Medieval Western India]], there was a [[Sanskrit]] Jain literary genre of writing semi-historical biographical narratives about the lives of famous persons called [[Prabandha]]s. Prabandhas were written primarily by [[Jainism|Jain]] scholars from the 13th century onwards and were written in colloquial Sanskrit (as opposed to [[Classical Sanskrit]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thaker |first=Jayant Premshankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eK7apI_l4oC |title=Laghuprabandhasaṅgrahah |date=1970 |publisher=Oriental Institute |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref> The earliest collection explicitly titled ''Prabandha-'' is [[Jinabhadra]]'s ''Prabandhavali'' (1234 CE).

In [[Islamic Golden Age|Medieval Islamic Civilization]] ({{circa|AD 750}} to 1258), similar traditional Muslim biographies of [[Muhammad]] and other important figures in the early [[history of Islam]] began to be written, beginning the [[Prophetic biography]] tradition. Early [[Biographical dictionary|biographical dictionaries]] were published as compendia of famous Islamic personalities from the 9th century onwards. They contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period. The earliest biographical dictionaries initially focused on the lives of the [[prophets of Islam]] and [[Sahaba|their companions]], with one of these early examples being ''[[The book of The Major Classes (book)|The Book of The Major Classes]]'' by [[Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi]]. And then began the documentation of the lives of many other historical figures (from rulers to scholars) who lived in the medieval Islamic world.{{sfn|Nawas|2006|p=110}}

[[File:Foxe's Book of Martyrs - Frontispiece (1761).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[John Foxe]]'s ''[[Foxe's Book of Martyrs|The Book of Martyrs]]'', was one of the earliest English-language biographies.]]
By the late Middle Ages, biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of [[monarch|king]]s, [[knight]]s, and [[tyrant]]s began to appear. The most famous of such biographies was ''[[Le Morte d'Arthur]]'' by Sir [[Thomas Malory]]. The book was an account of the life of the fabled [[King Arthur]] and his [[Knights of the Round Table]]. Following Malory, the new emphasis on [[humanism]] during the [[Renaissance]] promoted a focus on secular subjects, such as artists and poets, and encouraged writing in the vernacular.

[[Giorgio Vasari]]'s ''[[Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects|Lives of the Artists]]'' (1550) was the landmark biography focusing on secular lives. Vasari made celebrities of his subjects, as the ''Lives'' became an early "bestseller". Two other developments are noteworthy: the development of the [[printing press]] in the 15th century and the gradual increase in [[literacy]].

Biographies in the English language began appearing during the reign of [[Henry VIII]]. [[John Foxe]]'s ''[[Actes and Monuments]]'' (1563), better known as ''Foxe's Book of Martyrs'', was essentially the first dictionary of the biography in Europe, followed by [[Thomas Fuller]]'s ''The History of the Worthies of England'' (1662), with a distinct focus on public life.

Influential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates, ''[[A General History of the Pyrates]]'' (1724), by Charles Johnson, is the prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates.{{sfn|Johnson|2002|p=?}}

A notable early collection of biographies of eminent men and women in the [[United Kingdom]] was ''[[Biographia Britannica]]'' (1747–1766) edited by [[William Oldys]].

The American biography followed the English model, incorporating [[Thomas Carlyle]]'s view that biography was a part of history. Carlyle asserted that the lives of great human beings were essential to understanding society and its institutions. While the historical impulse would remain a strong element in early American biography, American writers carved out a distinct approach. What emerged was a rather didactic form of biography, which sought to shape the individual character of a reader in the process of defining national character.{{sfn|Casper|1999|p=?}}{{sfn|Stone|1982|p=?}}{{clear}}

=== Emergence of the genre ===
[[File:James Boswell of Auchinleck.jpg|thumb|[[James Boswell]] wrote what many consider to be the first modern biography, ''[[The Life of Samuel Johnson]]'', in 1791.]]

The first modern biography, and a work that exerted considerable influence on the evolution of the genre, was [[James Boswell]]'s ''[[The Life of Samuel Johnson]]'', a biography of lexicographer and man-of-letters [[Samuel Johnson]] published in 1791.{{sfn|Butler|2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2020}}{{sfn|Ingram|Rawson|Waingrow|Boswell|1998|pp=319-320}}{{sfn|Turnbull|2019}}

While Boswell's personal acquaintance with his subject only began in 1763, when Johnson was 54 years old, Boswell covered the entirety of Johnson's life by means of additional research. Itself an important stage in the development of the modern [[genre]] of biography, it has been claimed to be the greatest biography written in the [[English language]]. Boswell's work was unique in its level of research, which involved archival study, eye-witness accounts and interviews, its robust and attractive narrative, and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character – a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=Steven |date=16 May 2013 |title=James Boswell: The Man who Re-Invented Biography |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-22540020 |website=BBC News |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

Biographical writing generally stagnated during the 19th century – in many cases there was a reversal to the more familiar [[hagiography|hagiographical]] method of eulogizing the dead, similar to the biographies of [[saint]]s produced in [[Medieval era|Medieval]] times. A distinction between mass biography and [[Biography in literature|literary biography]] began to form by the middle of the century, reflecting a breach between high culture and [[middle-class]] culture. However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public. This revolution in publishing made books available to a larger audience of readers. In addition, affordable [[paperback]] editions of popular biographies were published for the first time. [[Periodical]]s began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.{{sfn|Casper|1999}}

[[Autobiography|Autobiographies]] became more popular, as with the rise of education and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop. Autobiographies were written by authors, such as [[Charles Dickens]] (who incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and [[Anthony Trollope]] (his ''Autobiography'' appeared posthumously, quickly becoming a bestseller in [[London]]{{sfn|Roberts|1883|p=13}}), philosophers, such as [[John Stuart Mill]], churchmen – [[John Henry Newman]] – and entertainers – [[P. T. Barnum]].

=== Modern biography ===
The sciences of [[psychology]] and [[sociology]] were ascendant at the turn of the 20th century and would heavily influence the new century's biographies.{{sfn|Stone|1982}} The demise of the [[Great man theory|"great man"]] theory of history was indicative of the emerging mindset. Human behavior would be explained through [[Darwinian]] theories. "Sociological" biographies conceived of their subjects' actions as the result of the environment, and tended to downplay individuality. The development of [[psychoanalysis]] led to a more penetrating and comprehensive understanding of the biographical subject, and induced biographers to give more emphasis to [[childhood]] and [[adolescence]]. Clearly these psychological ideas were changing the way biographies were written, as a culture of autobiography developed, in which the telling of one's own story became a form of therapy.{{sfn|Casper|1999}} The conventional concept of heroes and narratives of success disappeared in the obsession with psychological explorations of personality.

[[File:Eminent Victorians title page.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[Eminent Victorians]]'' set the standard for 20th century biographical writing, when it was published in 1918.]]
British critic [[Lytton Strachey]] revolutionized the art of biographical writing with his 1918 work ''[[Eminent Victorians]]'', consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the [[Victorian era]]: [[Henry Edward Manning|Cardinal Manning]], [[Florence Nightingale]], [[Thomas Arnold]], and [[Charles George Gordon|General Gordon]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levy |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Levy (journalist) |date=20 July 2002 |title=A String Quartet in Four Movements |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jul/20/featuresreviews.guardianreview22 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=1 February 2016 }}</ref> Strachey set out to breathe life into the [[Victorian era]] for future generations to read. Up until this point, as Strachey remarked in the preface, Victorian biographies had been "as familiar as the ''cortège'' of the undertaker", and wore the same air of "slow, funereal barbarism." Strachey defied the tradition of "two fat volumes{{nbsp}}... of undigested masses of material" and took aim at the four iconic figures. His narrative demolished the myths that had built up around these cherished national heroes, whom he regarded as no better than a "set of mouth bungled hypocrites". The book achieved worldwide fame due to its irreverent and witty style, its concise and factually accurate nature, and its artistic prose.{{sfn|Jones|2009}}

In the 1920s and 1930s, biographical writers sought to capitalize on Strachey's popularity by imitating his style. This new school featured iconoclasts, scientific analysts, and fictional biographers and included [[Gamaliel Bradford (biographer)|Gamaliel Bradford]], [[André Maurois]], and [[Emil Ludwig]], among others. [[Robert Graves]] (''I, Claudius'', 1934) stood out among those following Strachey's model of "debunking biographies." The trend in [[literary biography]] was accompanied in popular biography by a sort of "celebrity voyeurism", in the early decades of the century. This latter form's appeal to readers was based on curiosity more than morality or patriotism. By [[World War I]], cheap hard-cover reprints had become popular. The decades of the 1920s witnessed a biographical "boom."

American professional historiography gives a limited role to biography, preferring instead to emphasize deeper social and cultural influences. Political biographers historically incorporated moralizing judgments into their work, with scholarly biography being an uncommon genre before the mid-1920s. [[Allan Nevins]] was a major contributor in the 1930s to the multivolume ''[[Dictionary of American Biography]]''. Nevins also sponsored a series of long political biographies. Later biographers sought to show how political figures balanced power and responsibility. However, many biographers found that their subjects were not as morally pure as they originally thought, and young historians after 1960 tended to be more critical. The exception is [[Robert Remini]] whose books on Andrew Jackson idolize its hero and fends off criticisms. The study of decision-making in politics is important for scholarly political biographers, who can take different approaches such as focusing on psychology/personality, bureaucracy/interests, fundamental ideas, or societal forces. However, most documentation favors the first approach, which emphasizes personalities. Biographers often neglect the voting blocs and legislative positions of politicians and the organizational structures of bureaucracies. A more promising approach is to locate a person's ideas through intellectual history, but this has become more difficult with the philosophical shallowness of political figures in recent times. Political biography can be frustrating and challenging to integrate with other fields of political history.<ref>Jack P Green, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American political history'' (Scribner's, 1984) 1:2-4.</ref>

The feminist scholar [[Carolyn Gold Heilbrun|Carolyn Heilbrun]] observed that women's biographies and autobiographies began to change character during the second wave of [[Feminism|feminist]] activism. She cited [[Nancy Milford|Nancy Milford's]] 1970 biography ''Zelda'', as the "beginning of a new period of women's biography, because "[only] in 1970 were we ready to read not that [[Zelda Fitzgerald|Zelda]] had destroyed [[F. Scott Fitzgerald|Fitzgerald]], but Fitzgerald her: he had usurped her narrative." Heilbrun named 1973 as the turning point in women's autobiography, with the publication of [[May Sarton|May Sarton's]] ''Journal of a Solitude,'' for that was the first instance where a woman told her life story, not as finding "beauty even in pain" and transforming "rage into spiritual acceptance," but acknowledging what had previously been forbidden to women: their pain, their rage, and their "open admission of the desire for power and control over one's life."{{sfn|Heilbrun|1988|pp=12, 13}}

===Recent years===
In recent years,{{when?|date=August 2025}} [[multimedia]] biography has become more popular than traditional literary forms. Along with documentary [[biographical film]]s, [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] produced numerous commercial films based on the lives of famous people. The popularity of these forms of biography have led to the proliferation of TV channels dedicated to biography, including [[A&E Network|A&E]], [[The Biography Channel]], and [[History (U.S. TV channel)|The History Channel]].

CD-ROM and online biographies have also appeared. Unlike books and films, they often do not tell a chronological narrative: instead they are archives of many discrete media elements related to an individual person, including video clips, photographs, and text articles. Biography-Portraits were created in 2001, by the German artist [[Ralph Ueltzhoeffer]]. Media scholar [[Lev Manovich]] says that such archives exemplify the database form, allowing users to navigate the materials in many ways.{{sfn|Manovich|2001|p=220}} General "life writing" techniques are a subject of scholarly study.{{sfn|Hughes|2009|p=159}}

In recent years, debates have arisen as to whether all biographies are fiction, especially when authors are writing about figures from the past. President of Wolfson College at Oxford University, [[Hermione Lee]] argues that all history is seen through a perspective that is the product of one's contemporary society and as a result, biographical truths are constantly shifting. So, the history biographers write about will not be the way that it happened; it will be the way they remembered it.{{sfn|Derham|2014}} Debates have also arisen concerning the importance of space in life-writing.{{sfn|Regard|2003}}

Daniel R. Meister in 2017 argued that:
:Biography Studies is emerging as an independent discipline, especially in the Netherlands. This Dutch School of biography is moving biography studies away from the less scholarly life writing tradition and towards history by encouraging its practitioners to utilize an approach adapted from microhistory.{{sfn|Meister|2018|p=2}}

===Biographical research===
[[Biographical research]] is defined by Miller as a research method that collects and analyses a person's whole life, or portion of a life, through the in-depth and unstructured interview, or sometimes reinforced by semi-structured interview or personal documents.{{sfn|Miller|2003|p=15}} It is a way of viewing social life in procedural terms, rather than static terms. The information can come from "oral history, personal narrative, biography and autobiography" or "diaries, letters, memoranda and other materials".{{sfn|Roberts|2002}} The central aim of biographical research is to produce rich descriptions of persons or "conceptualise structural types of actions", which means to "understand the action logics or how persons and structures are interlinked".{{sfn|Zinn|2004|p=3}} This method can be used to understand an individual's life within its social context or understand the cultural phenomena.

=== Critical issues ===
There are many largely unacknowledged pitfalls to writing good biographies, and these largely concern the relation between firstly the individual and the context, and, secondly, the private and public. Paul James writes:
{{cquote| The problems with such conventional biographies are manifold. Biographies usually treat the public as a reflection of the private, with the private realm being assumed to be foundational. This is strange given that biographies are most often written about public people who project a ''persona''. That is, for such subjects the dominant passages of the presentation of themselves in everyday life are already formed by what might be called a 'self-biofication' process.{{sfn|James|2013|p=124}}}}

== Book awards ==
Several countries offer an annual prize for writing a biography such as the:
*[[Drainie-Taylor Biography Prize]] – Canada
*[[National Biography Award]] – Australia
*[[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography]] – United States
*[[Costa Book Awards|Whitbread Prize for Best Biography]] – United Kingdom
*[[J. R. Ackerley Prize for Autobiography]] – United Kingdom
*[[Prix Goncourt de la Biographie]] – France

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography
}}
* [[Historiography]]
* [[Historiography of science]]
* [[Historiography of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Historiography of the United States]]
* [[Legal biography]]
* [[Letter collection]]
* [[Psychobiography]]
* [[Autobiography]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite web |url=http://libraries.umw.edu/blog/2012/04/19/james-boswells-life-of-johnson-the-first-modern-biography/ |title=James Boswell's 'Life of Johnson': The First Modern Biography |last1=Butler |first1=Paul |date=19 April 2012 |website=University of Mary Washington Libraries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111164251/http://libraries.umw.edu/blog/2012/04/19/james-boswells-life-of-johnson-the-first-modern-biography/ |archive-date=11 November 2014 |access-date=1 February 2016}}
* {{cite book |last1=Casper |first1=Scott E. |year=1999 |title=Constructing American Lives: Biography and Culture in Nineteenth-Century America |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-4765-7 }}
* {{Cite AV media |url=http://iai.tv/video/the-art-of-life |title=The Art of Life: Are Biographies Fiction? |last=Derham |first=Katie |type=Video |publisher=Institute of Arts and Ideas |year=2014 |others=[[Stephen Frears]], [[Hermione Lee]], [[Ray Monk]] |orig-year=First published in 2014 |access-date=1 February 2016 |format=MP4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Heilbrun |first1=Carolyn G. |author-link1=Carolyn Gold Heilbrun |year=1988 |title=Writing a Woman's Life |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-02601-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/writingwomanslif00heilrich}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=Kathryn |year=2009 |title=Review of ''Teaching Life Writing Texts'', ed. Miriam Fuchs and Craig Howes |url=https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_5/Volume_5_Hughes.pdf |journal=Journal of Historical Biography |volume=5 |pages=159–163 |issn=1911-8538 |access-date=1 February 2016 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ou7Bm11IgEC |title=A General History of the Robberies & Murders of the most Notorious Pirates |date=2002 |publisher=Conway Maritime |isbn=0-85177-919-0 |location=London}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ingram |first1=Allan |last2=Rawson |first2=Claude |last3=Waingrow |first3=Marshall |last4=Boswell |first4=James |date=1998 |title=James Boswell's 'Life of Johnson': An Edition of the Original Manuscript, in Four Volumes. Vol. 1. 1709-1765 |journal=The Yearbook of English Studies |volume=28 |pages=319–320 |doi=10.2307/3508791|jstor=3508791 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=James |first1=Paul |title=Closing Reflections: Confronting Contradictions in Biographies of Nations and Peoples |journal=Humanities Research |date=2013 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=124 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3231040}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Jones |first1=Malcolm |date=28 October 2009 |title=Boswell, Johnson, & the Birth of Modern Biography |url=http://www.newsweek.com/boswell-johnson-birth-modern-biography-81357 |magazine=Newsweek |location=New York |issn=0028-9604 |access-date=31 January 2016}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Kendall |first1=Paul Murray |author-link=Paul Murray Kendall |title=Biography |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/biography-narrative-genre |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Hermione |author-link1=Hermione Lee |year=2009 |title=Biography: A Very Short Introduction
|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-953354-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyverysho0000leeh}}
* {{cite book |last1=Manovich |first1=Lev |author-link1=Lev Manovich |year=2001 |title=The Language of New Media |series=Leonardo Book Series |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-63255-3 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meister |first1=Daniel R. |date=2018 |title=The biographical turn and the case for historical biography |journal=History Compass |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=2 |article-number=e12436 |doi=10.1111/hic3.12436 |issn=1478-0542}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Miller |first1=Robert L. |editor1-last=Miller |editor1-first=Robert L. |editor2-last=Brewer |editor2-first=John D. |editor2-link=John David Brewer |encyclopedia=The A–Z of Social Research: A Dictionary of Key Social Science Research Concepts |title=Biographical Method |year=2003 |location=London |publisher=Sage Publications |pages=15–17
|isbn=978-0-7619-7133-7 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Nawas |first1=John A. |year=2006 |title=Biography and Biographical Works |editor-last=Meri |editor-first=Josef W. |editor-link=Josef W. Meri |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=110–112 |isbn=978-0-415-96691-7 }}
* {{cite conference |year=2003 |editor-last=Regard |editor-first=Frédéric |editor-link=Frédéric Regard |title=Mapping the Self: Space, Identity, Discourse in British Auto/Biography |location=Saint-Étienne, France |publisher=Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne |isbn=978-2-86272269-6 }}
* {{cite Americana |wstitle=Biography |year=1918 |volume=3 |pages=718–719 |noicon=1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Brian |year=2002 |title=Biographical Research |series=Understanding Social Research
|location=Buckingham, England |publisher=Open University Press |isbn=978-0-335-20287-4 }}
* {{cite magazine |editor-last=Roberts |editor-first=Charles George Douglas |date=6 December 1883 |title=Literary Gossip |url=https://archive.org/details/weekcanadianjour01toro |magazine=[[The Week (Canadian magazine)|The Week]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/weekcanadianjour01toro/page/n8 13]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=Albert E. |year=1982 |title=Autobiographical Occasions and Original Acts: Versions of American Identity from Henry Adams to Nate Shaw |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7845-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographical0000ston}}
* {{cite ODNB |title=Boswell, James (1740–1795), lawyer, diarist, and biographer of Samuel Johnson |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-2950 |last1=Turnbull |first1=Gordon |date=2019-10-10 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/2950 |access-date=2020-05-14}}
* {{cite tech report |last1=Zinn |first1=Jens O.|year=2004 |title=Introduction to Biographical Research |type=Working paper 2004/4 |location=Canterbury, England |institution=Social Contexts and Responses to Risk Network, University of Kent }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Biography |volume= 3 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 952–954 }}
* Meyers, Jeffrey. 2026. ''The Biographer's Quest.'' Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
* {{cite Q|Q107333538}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Solomon |first=Maynard |author-link=Maynard Solomon |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Biography |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.41156 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000041156 }} {{Grove Music subscription}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546vf "Biography"], ''In Our Time'', BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Holmes, Nigel Hamilton and Amanda Foreman (June 22, 2000).

{{Subject bar|commons=yes|commons-search=Category:Biographies|n=yes|wikt=yes|b=yes|q=yes|s=yes|s-search=Category:Biographies|v=yes|v-search=Biographies|d=yes|d-search=Q36279}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Biography (genre)| ]]
[[Category:Genres]]
[[Category:Non-fiction literature]]
[[Category:History]]

Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency

2026-02-03T09:08:22Z

MichaleYarbrough: added references

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gopiballavpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Gopiballavpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Gopiballavpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Khagendra Nath Mahata]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| constituency_no = 221
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| electors = 2,26,417
}}

'''Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Jhargram district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 221 Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Beliabera, Kharbandhi, Pet Bindhi and Tapshia [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Gopiballavpur II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Aguiboni, Chandri, Chubka, Dudhkundi, Lodhasuli, Nedabahara, Patashimul, Shalboni and Sardiha gram panchayats of [[Jhargram (community development block)|Jhargram]] CD Block and [[Sankrail, Jhargram (community development block)|Sankrail]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref>

Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 33 [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (ST).<ref name=delimitation/>

==Election results==
===2026===
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===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Gopiballavpur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Khagendra Nath Mahata]]
|votes = 104,115
|percentage = 52.00
|change = -4.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjit Mahato
|votes = 80,347
|percentage = 40.00
|change = +28.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Prasanta Das
|votes = 5,819
|percentage = 3.00
|change = -25.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 2,781
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Banamali Nayek
|votes = 1,260
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Gopiballavpur }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Churamani Mahata
|votes = 100,323
|percentage = 56.00
|change = -0.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Pulin Bihari Baske]]
|votes = 50,765
|percentage = 28.00
|change = -8.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sushil Kumar Ghosh
|votes = 21,338
|percentage = 12.00
|change = +8.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 3,622
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Gopiballavpur<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25221.htm |title = Gopiballavpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516054747/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25221.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=221 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Gopiballavpur |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |archive-date = 26 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526063952/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=221 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Gopiballavpur |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030813/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Churamani Mahato]]
|votes = 90,070
|percentage = 56.70
|change = +24.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rabi Lal Maitra
|votes = 58,050
|percentage = 36.55
|change = -26.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjit Mahata
|votes = 5,935
|percentage = 3.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Independent
|candidate = Upangshu Mahato
|votes = 4,789
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 158,844
|percentage = 89.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 51.27#
}}
{{Election box end}}

# Swing calculated on Congress +Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Rabi Lal Maitra of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Gopiballavpur assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Swapan Patra of [[All India Trade Union Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Bhabani Shankar Hatial of CPI(M) defeated Samay Mandi of Trinamool Congress in 2001. Rana Shakti of CPI(M) defeated Rekha Rani Mahata of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996. Atul Chandra Das of CPI(M) defeated Prasun Sarangi of Congress in 1991. Sunil De of CPI(M) defeated Bijoy Kumar Sahu of Congress in 1987 and [[Santosh Rana]], Independent, in 1982. Santosh Rana, Independent, defeated Abani Bhusan Satpathi of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp230.htm |title = 230 - Gopiballavpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
[[Harish Mahapatra]] of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Dhananjoy Kar of [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] won in 1969 and 1967. Surendra Nath Mahata of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In 1957 and 1951 Gopiballavpur had dual seats. Surendra Nath Mahata and Jagatpati Hansda, both of Congress, won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. Dhanajoy Kar and Jagatpati Hansda, both of [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]], won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-20 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jhargram district topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Jhargram district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Mount Nagrik Sahakari Bank

2026-01-31T05:18:17Z

MichaleYarbrough: adding new info

{{Short description|Bank in northern India}}
{{One source|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mount Nagrik Sahakari Bank Ltd.
| logo = Mount Bank.jpg
| type = [[Co-operative bank]]
| industry = {{ubl|[[Banking]]|[[Financial service]]s}}
| foundation = 1972
| location = [[Sirohi, Rajasthan]], India
| key_people = Narendra Singh Dabi ([[Managing Director|MD]] & [[CEO]])
| products = {{ubl|[[Deposits]]|[[Savings]]|[[Loans]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees = 350
| title =
| homepage = {{url|https://mount.bank.in/}}
}}
'''Mount Nagrik Sahakari Bank Ltd.''' is a multi-state co-operative bank with 49 branches across states of Rajasthan and Gujarat that has been in operation since 1972.

==History==
Established on 5 September 1972 as Sirohi District Commercial Co-operative Bank Limited; was setup with an objective to promote financial cooperation among low income group members of society and to encourage savings for creating funds to aid the deserving members. It was in line with the government’s focus on raising the living standards and earning capacity of farmers and laborers. The bank was registered under provisions of Rajasthan Co-operative Society Act, 1965. Initially, it was able to mobilize 52 members and a capital of Rs. 51,700 and banking business started from 18 October 1972.

Bank was functioning in both rural as well as urban areas since its inception in 1972, which continued until 1986. The banking business continued in Sirohi district with 4 branches, but thereafter, new branches were opened to cater larger area and customers. Initially in the adjoining districts of Jalore, Pali, Udaipur later in Jaipur and Ajmer districts of Rajasthan. By March 2009, the number of branches of bank reached 25.Within this period bank created benchmarks for others to follow by setting standards in terms of exemplary customer service and in terms of having a vast base of highly satisfied customers, both in rural as well as in urban areas.

Going beyond the boundaries of Sirohi district in Rajasthan and expanding network of branches in Gujarat too, bank earned the distinction by becoming the first bank in the state to get registered under the Multi State Cooperative Societies Act 2002. In 2009, Sri Deesa Nagrik Sahakari Bank Ltd of Deesa, Gujarat and Surendranagar Mercantile Co-operative Bank of Surendranagar District of Gujarat was merged, Resulting; change in its name from Madhav Nagrik Sahakari Bank Limited to Adarsh Co-operative Bank Ltd and now present name Mount Nagrik Sahakari Bank Limited. Mount Nagrik Sahakari Bank increasing its area of operations and customer base.

As on date all the 49 branches stand computerized and the bank holds the honor of being one of the first computerized banks. The bank has also achieved highest growth rate amongst the cooperative banks in Northern India.

==Awards and recognition==
* "Best performing Co-operative Bank award" in 2008-2009 by Indian Achievers Forum, secured First position in the state of [[Rajasthan]] and ninth position on All India Basis.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}
* "Excellence in Customer Service Award" at The Banking Frontiers in Co-opative Banking Awards 2010 held by [[Banking Frontiers]] on 23 December 2010 at [[Goa]].<ref>http://www.bankingfrontiers.com/2010/nov/fcba.pdf{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Co-operative banking]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://mount.bank.in// Official website]

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Banks established in 1972]]
[[Category:Cooperative banks of India]]
[[Category:Sirohi district]]
[[Category:Companies based in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi

2026-01-26T15:02:30Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding Some Data Basic Info.

{{Short description|Indian historian (1926–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = Islam
| title =
| honorific_prefix = Mawlānā
| name = Nizāmuddīn Asīr Adrawi
| image = Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1926}}
| birth_place = [[Adari]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|5|20|1926}}
| death_place = Adari, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| region = India
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* Jamia Miftahul Uloom
* [[Madrasa Shahi]]
}}
| main_interests = [[History]]
| notable_works = {{Bulleted list|''Tarikh Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind''|''Tehreek-e-Azadi aur Musalman''| ''Karwan-e-Rafta''}}
| influences = [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]], [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Habibur Rahman Azami|Habib al-Rahman al-A'zami]]
| founder = Madrassa Darus Salam, Adri
}}

'''Nizāmuddīn Asīr Adrawi''' (also known as '''Asīr Adrawi'''; 1926 – 20 May 2021) was an Indian [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslim scholar, biographer, historian and author in the [[Urdu]] language. He established the Madrassa Darus Salam in [[Adari]] and served as the Officer In Charge of the [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] in [[Lucknow]] from 1974 to 1978.

Asīr was an alumnus of the Jamia Miftahul Uloom, Madrassa Ehya-ul-Uloom and the [[Madrasa Shahi]]. He taught Islamic sciences at the Madrasa Jamia Islamia in Rewri Talab, [[Varanasi]]. His works include the ''Maʼās̲ir-i Shaik̲h̲ulislām'', ''Tafāsīr mai Isrā'īli Riwāyāt'' and the biographies of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Imamuddin Punjabi]], [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]], [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].

==Biography==
Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi was born in 1926 in [[Adari]], [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], then in the [[United Provinces of British India]].<ref name="inaam">{{cite news |author1=Syed Inaamul Hasan |title=مولانا اسیر ادروی: ایک تعارف |trans-title=Mawlāna Asīr Adrawi: An Introduction|url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/146963 |access-date=21 May 2021 |work=Baseerat Online |date=21 May 2021 |language=ur}}</ref> He was schooled at the Madrasa Faydh al-Ghuraba in Adari, and then at the Jamia Miftahul Uloom where he studied with [[Habibur Rahman Azami|Habib Al-Rahman Al-Azmi]], Munshi Zahīr-ul-Haq Nishāt Simābi and Abdul Latīf Nomāni. He then went to the Madrassa Ehya-ul-Uloom in [[Mubarakpur, Azamghar|Mubarakpur]], where he studied with scholars such as [[Shukrullah Mubarakpuri]]. He then moved to [[Darul Uloom Mau]] where he studied the ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih|Mishkat]]'' with Abdur Rasheed al-Hussayni and the ''[[Tafsir al-Jalalayn|Jalalayn]]'' with Qari Riyasat Ali.<ref name="inaam"/> He applied for admission to the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] but was unsuccessful and thus went to the [[Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi|Madrasa Shahi]] for higher studies and graduated in 1942.<ref name="qindeel1">{{cite news |author1=Nayab Hasan |title=مولانا نظام الدین اسیر ادروی:اسیرِ علم و قلم |trans-title=Mawlāna Asīr Adrawi: The prisinor of pen and knowledge |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-nizam-aseer-adrawi-aseere-elmu-qalam/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=Qindeel Online |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150350/https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-nizam-aseer-adrawi-aseere-elmu-qalam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="qindeel"/> He studied the ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih Bukhari]]'' with [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]], the ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' with Ismail Sambhali and the works of ''[[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]]'' with [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]].<ref name="hayat">{{cite journal |last1=Aafi |first1=Aaqib Anjum |title=مولانا نظام الدین اسیر ادروی: حیات اور کارنامے |journal=Pasban |date=September–October 2019 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=18–21 |publisher=Idara Pasban Ilm-o-Adab |location=Azamgarh |language=ur}}</ref>

Asīr participated in the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name="qindeel1"/> He was associated with the [[Indian National Congress]] until 1948, when he joined the [[Congress Socialist Party]].<ref name="hayat" /> He established the Madrassa Darus Salam in Adari, [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] in 1954, and taught there for around sixteen years.<ref name="inaam"/> He served as the Officer In Charge of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]], Uttar Pradesh in [[Lucknow]] from 1974 to 1978 and thereafter taught Islamic Sciences at the Madrasa Jamia Islamia in Rewri Talab, [[Varanasi]] from 4 February 1978 till he was bedridden due to old age.<ref name="dastan">{{cite book |author=Asir Adrawi |url=https://archive.org/details/Dastaan-i-Natamam-Khud-Nosht-Swaneh-Maulana-Nizamuddin-Aseer-Adravi-Sahib |title=Dastan Na'tamam |publisher=Kutub Khana Husainia |date=November 2009 |location=Deoband |pages=13, 21–28, 331 |language=ur |trans-title=An Unfinished Story}}</ref>

Asīr was the editor of the ''3 monthly Tarjumān'' and wrote hundreds of articles for it. He was a columnist and a writer for the ''Weekly Al-Jamiat'' and ''Daily al-Jamiat'' of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind.<ref name="fikrinqelab">{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Urdu Ke Farogh Mai Ulama-e-Deoband Ka 150 Saala Kirdar |trans-title=The 150 Year Role of the Darul Uloom Deoband in the Promotion of Urdu |journal=Fikr-e-Inqelab (Lit. Revolutionary Thought) |language=Urdu |publisher=All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Haque |volume=5 |issue=112 |page=533}}</ref> He wrote short stories and [[legend]]s including the ''Itnā'', ''Do LāsheiN'', ''Nashīb-o-Farāz'' and ''Aetirāf-e-Shikast''. His legends such as the ''Hand bag'' and ''Aspatāl'' were published by the Nawai Pakistan of [[Lahore]]. He also contributed to the ''Kāmyāb, Delhi'' and the ''Risālā Dārul Uloom'' of the Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name="hayat" /> Several of his works have been considered primary sources for various Darul Uloom Deoband related issues.<ref name="qindeel1" />

Asīr died on 20 May 2021 in Adari, [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Qasmi |first1=Sana-ul-Huda |title=مولانا اسیر ادروی- تمام ہوئی داستان ناتمام |trans-title=Mawlānā Asīr Adrawī: The Incomplete Story is Now Complete |url=https://urdu.udannews.in/archives/4468 |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=Udan News |date=21 May 2021 |language=ur |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213071804/https://urdu.udannews.in/archives/4468 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Arshad Madani]] expressed grief at his death and said that "Asīr Adrawi's death is an irreparable loss."<ref name="qindeel">{{cite news |title=مولانا نظام الدین اسیر ادروی کا انتقال ناقابلِ تلافی خسارہ:مولانا ارشدمدنی |trans-title=Maulana Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi's death is an irreparable loss: Arshad Madani |url=https://qindeelonline.com/moulana-nizamuddin-aseer-adrawi-ka-inteqal-na-qabile-talafi/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=Qindeel Online |date=20 May 2021 |language=ur |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150327/https://qindeelonline.com/moulana-nizamuddin-aseer-adrawi-ka-inteqal-na-qabile-talafi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Literary works==
Asīr wrote biographies of the Islamic theologians [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], [[Imamuddin Punjabi]], [[Rahmatullah Kairanawi]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] and [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]].<ref name="fikrinqelab"/> He abridged the four-volume ''Tarīkh-e-Islām'' ({{Translation|History of Islam}}) by [[Muinuddin Ahmad Nadwi]] into four thin volumes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Nita |author1-link=Nita Kumar |title=The Politics of Gender, Community, and Modernity: Essays on Education in India |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=92 |isbn=978-0-19-568273-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1ScAAAAMAAJ&q=asir+adravi |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> His book, the ''Taḥrīk-i āzādī aur Musalmān'' ({{Translation|''The Independence Movement and the Muslims''}}) is part of the curricula of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and several other affiliated [[madrasa]]s.<ref name="qindeel1" /> His other books include:<ref name="inaam" /><ref name="viaf">{{cite web |title=Books authored by Maulana Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |url=https://viaf.org/viaf/26160834 |website=viaf.org |publisher=[[Virtual International Authority File]] |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref>
* ''Afkār-e-Aalam'' ({{Translation|Thoughts on the World}})
* ''Dabistān-i Devband kī ʻilmī k̲h̲idmāt'' ({{Translation|Academic Services of the Deoband School}})
* ''Dārulʻulūm Devband, iḥyā-yi Islām kī ʻaẓīm taḥrīk'' ({{Translation|Darul-ulum Deoband, a magnificent movement of Islamic revival}})
* ''Fun asma-ur-Rijal'' ({{Translation|Techniques for writing biographies and critiques on the narrators of the Hadiths}})
* ''Maʼās̲ir-i Shaik̲h̲ulislām'' ({{Translation|Life and Times of Shaykh al-Islam}}, the biography of Hussain Ahmed Madani)
* ''Tafāsīr mai Isrā'īli Riwāyāt'' ({{Translation|[[Isra'iliyyat|Jewish Traditions]] in Quranic [[Exegesis|Exegeses]]}})
* ''Tārīkh Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind'' ({{Translation|The History of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind}})
* ''Tārīkh-e-Tabri ka tehqīqi jayzah'' ({{Translation|A Methodical Survey of [[Al-Tabari]]'s Histories}})
* ''Urdu sharah Dīvān-i Mutanabbī'' ({{Translation|An Urdu Explanation of [[Al-Mutanabbi]]'s Diwan}})

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asir Adrawi, Nizamuddin}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic studies scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian historians of Islam]]
[[Category:Madrasa Shahi alumni]]
[[Category:People from Mau district]]
[[Category:Students of Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]]

Rangachar Narayana Iyengar

2026-01-19T19:35:16Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding New Article Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rangachar Narayana Iyengar
| image = RNIyengar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = R.N. Iyengar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|06|02}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| fields = [[disaster mitigation]], [[structural dynamics]], [[random vibration]], [[nonlinear systems]], [[earthquake engineering]], [[railway track-dynamics]], [[rainfall modeling]], [[history of science]], [[archeo-astronomy]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India]] [[Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, India]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Science]] (Ph.D.) [[Indian Institute of Science]] (M.Sc.(Engg.))
| doctoral_advisor = K.T.S. Iyengar
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rangachar Narayana Iyengar''' (born 2 June 1943), also known as '''RNI''', is a civil engineer and professor from India. He was with the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore for about four decades. He has been the director of [[Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee]] (1994–2000). He is currently a Raja Ramanna Fellow, and the Director for the [[Center for Ancient History and Culture]] (CAHC) at the [[Jain University]], Bangalore. He also setup the Center for Disaster Mitigation (CDM) at the Jain University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiainteracts.in/gossip/2009/12/11/16169/Underwriters-Laboratories-associates-with-Jain-Group-of-Institutions/ |title=Indiainteracts.in}}</ref>

He has in the past been the editor of 'SADHANA' published by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bangalore. Apart from his contributions to Engineering, he is also widely recognized for his work in History of Science.

He is a fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences, [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]. He was awarded the Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (Senior 1978–80, 1992 and 1997). He is the recipient of the Sir M Visvesvaraya award (Government of Karnataka 1996) for senior scientists for lifetime contributions to science and technology. He has held visiting positions at the Purdue University, Brooklyn Polytechnic, New York and Distinguished Schimdt Visiting Chair, Florida Atlantic University (1995). He has led field investigations after the Khilari (1993), Chamoli (1999) and Kutch (2001) earthquakes. He has been a consultant to various industries and research & development organizations in India including NPC, IGCAR, DRDO, RDSO, BHEL and Kerala State Government.

==Career==

R N Iyengar joined the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore as Masters student and obtained his M.Sc. (Engineering) (1966) and PhD (1970) from IISc. His PhD thesis on stochastic modeling of earthquake loads was the first doctoral thesis in the country in the area of random vibrations.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} He joined IISc as a faculty member in 1969 and became a professor in 1986. Until his retirement, he was the KSIIDC Chair Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and also Professor in Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

After his retirement from IISc, he joined [[Jain University]] and was instrumental in setting up the [[Underwriters Laboratories|UL-Jain Fire Laboratory]] (UL-JFL). The UL-JFL is a state-of-art engineering laboratory devoted to fire safety education and research that will promote industry academia interaction, contributing to mitigation of fire hazard in the Indian habitat.

Since 2012, he is the Director of the Center for Ancient History and Culture (CAHC) at the university, working on research in the area of [[History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent|history of science in India]].

==Research==

Professor Iyengar's fields of expertise have encompassed the areas of structural dynamics, random vibrations, earthquake engineering, disaster mitigation, railway track dynamics, rainfall modeling and history of science. In history of science, his present work area, he has worked in historical records of Natural Disasters and Rainfall, Archaeo Astronomy and [[history of music]]. He has inspired several generations of students in the above areas of research. He has supervised more than 13 PhD students.

==Contributions to the history of science==

Besides his distinguished contributions as a structural engineer, he has contributed immensely to the field of history of science, especially to Pre-Siddantic Indian Astronomy. Some of the problems he has studied are as follows.
*Earthquake history of India in medieval times (1999)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_2/20005a62_181.pdf | title=Earthquake history of India in medieval times | year=1999 | journal=Indian Journal of History of Science | volume=34 | issue=3 | accessdate=2014-02-10 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100401/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_2/20005a62_181.pdf | archivedate=22 February 2014 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*Earthquakes in ancient India (1999)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sept25/articles32.htm |title=Earthquakes in ancient India |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222095145/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sept25/articles32.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Historicity of celestial observations of Mahabharata (2003)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/6290755/Historicity-of-Mahabharata-by-RN-Iyengar-QJMythic-society2003 | title=Historicity of Mahabharata by RN Iyengar; Q.J.Mythic society,2003 | Eclipse | Solar Eclipse | Free 30-day Trial}}</ref>
*Profile of a natural disaster in ancient Sanskrit literature (2004)<ref>abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/maha/skandapuranadisaster.pdf</ref>
*Description of rainfall variability in Brhatsamhita of Varâha-mihira (2004)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Description of rainfall variability in Brhat-samhita of Varâha-mihira | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_087_04_0531_0533_0.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040432/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_087_04_0531_0533_0.pdf | archive-date=2014-02-22}}</ref>
*On Some Comet Observations in Ancient India (2005)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/id/eprint/15301 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140210015935/http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/id/eprint/15301 | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 February 2014 | title=Ernet.in }}</ref>
*Eclipse Period Number 3339 in the Rgveda (2005)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/maha/rigvedaeclipse/ | title=Eclipse period number 3339 in the Rgveda | access-date=10 February 2014 | archive-date=3 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603143442/http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/maha/rigvedaeclipse/ | url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Some Celestial Observations Associated with Krsna-Lore (2006)
*Archaic Astronomy of Parasara and Vrddha Garga (2008)
*Geographical location of Vedic Irina in Southern Rajasthan-Discussion (2008)

In his book ''Parasharatantra'',<ref>{{YouTube|z8R1Ghd0dEc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Prof. Roddam Narasimha releases a book on "Parasaratantra" | url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20131202271856.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154326/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20131202271856.htm | access-date=2026-01-18 | archive-date=2014-02-22}}</ref> R.N Iyengar has reconstructed the original text of Parashara, which is contained as quotations in the works of later authors. With modern astronomical techniques, Iyengar has shown that [[Parashara]] knew planets and their periods along with 26 comets and their intervals; he gave the correct observational condition for the heliacal visibility and set of star [[Canopus]] ([[Agastya]]). [[Parashara]] knew that lunar eclipses can occur at 6 months interval. He denoted total penumbral eclipse as 'Nirodha'.

==Publications==

He has published nearly 100 papers in leading refereed journals across the globe.
* List of papers on [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=KISAL2oAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar].
* Books authored by Prof. RNI [https://www.amazon.in/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=R.N.+Iyengar&search-alias=stripbooks on Amazon].

==Honors and distinctions==

*Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.
*Fellow, Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi.
*Fellow, National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad.
*Member, Asia-Pacific Academy of Materials.
*Member, European Academy of Sciences, Brussels
*Alexander Von Humboldt Fellowship (Senior), Germany 1978 to 80, 1992, 1997
*First Prize of the Railway Board for the paper "Identification of Damping in Railway Vehicles under Running Condition" 1989–90.
*National Representative, General Assembly of IUTAM 1987-92
*Plenary Speaker GAMM Conference, on Applied Mechanics, Leipzig, Germany, 1992
*Distinguished Schmidt Visiting Chair, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, U.S.A. 1995,
*Shelter Award by the Shelter Promotion Council of India, Calcutta, 1996
*Sir M. Visvesvaraya Award for Senior Scientists for lifetime Contribution to Science and Technology; Govt. of Karnataka, 1996.
*Narayanan Memorial lecture Award, Acoustical Society India, 1996.
*18th ISET Annual Lecture Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, 1997
*A.K. Sen Memorial Lecture Award, IIT, Kharagpur, 1998.
*Chairman and Organizer IUTAM Symposium on "Nonlinearity and Stochastic Structural Dynamics", 4–8 January 1999,? IIT? Madras.
*Invited Sectional Lecture, ICTAM, Chicago, USA. August 2000,
*Swamy Rao Memorial Lecture Award, JNTU, Kakinada, 2001.
*NRDC-Technology Day Award for "Pollution Control Device for Brick Kilns" (Shared), 2001
*Member, editorial board, ''Journal of Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics'', Elsevier Applied Sciences, U.K.(1994–2004)
*Member, editorial board, ''Sadhana'', Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.
*Member, editorial board, ''Journal of Indian Soc''. of Earthquake Technology.
*Associate editor, ''Journal of Indian Institute of Science'', Bangalore (1987–92).
*Editor-in-chief, ''Sadhana-Journal of Engineering Science'', Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.

==In media==
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ichr-nod-to-map-science-in-ancient-india-2851289/ The Indian Express: ICHR approves first project to map ancient India’s scientific achievements]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121106011742/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/30/stories/2010033055211000.htm The Hindu: Preparing for a big earthquake]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040227205335/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/22/stories/2004012210200300.htm The Hindu: `Strategy to reduce quake-associated damage must']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070810010524/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/04/stories/2005110411650500.htm The Hindu: 'Tremors cause panic in KGF']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051029153018/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102801211000.htm The Hindu: 'Kashmir earthquake: history repeats itself']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720045354/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/comcom/inter12.htm Interview with R N Iyengar, Director, CBRI, Roorkee, India]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2002/03/11/stories/2002031100010100.htm The Hindu Business Line: 'Building successes']
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?226234The Outlook: 'A Hundred Ground Zeroes']
* [http://www.americanscientist.org/my_amsci/restricted.aspx?act=pdf&id=20247051762829 American Scientist: 'Kashmir Valley Megaearthquakes']

==See also==
* [[List of Iyengars|List of famous Iyengars]]

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{citation|last=Iyengar|first=R. N.|year=2013|title=Parasharatantra|edition=1st|publisher=Jain University Press (Bangalore)|isbn=978-81-9209-924-8}}

==External links==
* [http://civil.iisc.ernet.in/~rni/ Prof. R N Iyengar's IISc homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080313125126/http://www.the-couturiers.com/inae/show.asp?flag=0&srno=389 R N Iyengar's profile at Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE, New Delhi)]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Iyengar&intials=Rangachar&year=02-06-1943 R N Iyengar's profile at The Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore]
*[http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=I R N Iyengar's entry the National Academy of Sciences, India]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/sadhana/index.html SADHANA - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyengar, Rangachar Narayana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]

LAD Square metro station

2025-12-19T18:02:17Z

MichaleYarbrough: Added A Info W/ Sources.

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = LAD Square
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = LAD Square metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Corporation Colony, Gandhi Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.13288|N|79.05473|E|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] Platform-2 → [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|10|22}}
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Aqua|left=Shankar Nagar Square|right=Dharampeth College}}
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''LAD Square''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in [[Nagpur]], India. It was opened on 22 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CMRS gives safety node to launch metro services on four new stations in Nagpur|url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/cmrs-gives-safety-node-to-launch-metro-services-on-four-new-stations-in-nagpur|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Nagpur Metro's Double Decker Viaduct Inaugurated|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/11/16/nagpur-metros-double-decker-viaduct-inaugurated/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = LAD Square track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Dharampeth College metro station|Dharampeth College]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Shankar Nagar Square metro station|Shankar Nagar Square]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Shankar Nagar Square metro station|Shankar Nagar Square]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Dharampeth College metro station|Dharampeth College]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]

Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar

2025-12-18T19:32:06Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding First Bio First Draft - done

{{short description|Mughal garden at Dal Lake, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{For|other gardens of the same name|Shalimar Gardens (disambiguation){{!}}Shalimar Gardens}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox park
|name = Shalimar Bagh
|native_name =
|photo = Shalimar Bagh 1.jpg
|image_alt =
|photo_caption = Shalimar Bagh's marble pavilion
|type = [[Mughal garden]]
|location = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
|coords = {{coord|34|8|32.48|N|74|51|46.48|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|area = {{convert|12.4|ha|acre}}
|plants =
|species =
|collections =
|opened = 1619 A.D.
|owner = Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Department
|operator = Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Department
|budget =
|visitors =
|founder = [[Jahangir]]
|status =
|website = {{URL|https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden|srinagar.nic.in}}
|designer = Jahangir
}}

'''Shalimar Bagh''' ({{IPA|ur|ʃɑːliːmɑːr bɑːɣ}} ; {{IPA|ks|ʃaːlɨməːr baːɣ}}) is a [[Mughal garden]] in [[Srinagar]] of [[India]]n-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], located at the northeast of [[Dal Lake]]. It is also known as '''Shalimar Garden, Farah Baksh''', and '''Faiz Baksh'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shalimar Garden {{!}} District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/#:~:text=Shalimar%20Bagh%20is%20a%20Mughal,during%20Maharaja%20Hari%20Singh's%20rule. |access-date=2025-05-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> The other famous shoreline garden in the vicinity is [[Nishat Bagh]], 'The Garden of Delight'. The Bagh was built by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Jahangir]] in 1619. The Bagh is considered the high point of Mughal [[horticulture]]. It is now a public park and also referred to as the "Crown of Srinagar".<ref name="Bagh">{{Cite web |title=Shalimar Gardens in Srinagar |url=http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8861 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509173939/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8861 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2009-12-25 |publisher=Archnet.org}}</ref>

It is the earliest of the Mughal imperial gardens called '''Shalimar Gardens''', followed by the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|one in Lahore]], begun in 1641 under [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Shalimar Gardens, Delhi|the one in Delhi]], begun in 1653 by [[Izz-un-Nissa]], his wife.

==Etymology==
Several other [[Mughal garden]]s situated in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] share the name 'Shalimar'.<ref name="Suvorova">{{Cite book |last=Suvorova |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9evtgAACAAJ |title=Lahore: Topophilia of Space and Place |date=2012-02-09 |publisher=OUP Pakistan |isbn=978-0-19-906355-0 |language=en}}</ref> Although the exact origin of the word remains unknown, the most correct etymology could be [[Persian language|Persian]]-[[Arabic]] mixed expression ''[[shah]] al-‘imarat'' (Master of Buildings).<ref name="Suvorova"/>

==History==
[[File:A view of Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar.jpg|thumb|A view of Shalimar Bagh]]
Shalimar Bagh was built by Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1619.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt. Website |url=https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/#:~:text=The%20Bagh%20was%20built%20by,called%20as%20crown%20of%20Srinagar.}}</ref> He enlarged the ancient garden in 1619 into a royal garden and called it 'Farah Baksh' ('the delightful'). In 1630, under Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]’s orders, Zafar Khan, the governor of Kashmir, extended it. He named it ‘Faiz Baksh’ ('the bountiful'). It then became a pleasure place for the Sikh governors of the province.

During the rule of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the marble pavilion was the guest house for European visitors. Electrification of the premises was done during [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]]’s rule. Thus, over the years, the garden was extended and improved by many rulers and called by different names, but the most popular name, ‘Shalimar Bagh’, continues to this day.<ref name=Bagh/><ref name="Shalimar">{{Cite web |title=Shalimar Bagh Mughal Garden, Srinagar |url=http://www.asiaexplorers.com/india/shalimar_bagh_mughal_garden.htm |access-date=2009-12-30}}</ref>

During the Mughal period, in particular, Emperor Jahangir and his wife [[Nur Jahan]] were so enamoured of Kashmir that during summer, they moved to Srinagar with their full-court entourage from [[Delhi]] at least 13 times. Shalimar Bagh was their imperial summer residence and the Royal Court. They crossed the arduous snowy passes of the [[Pir Panjal]] mountain range on elephants to reach Srinagar.<ref name="Asif">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Gardners of Mughal India |url=http://www.alshindagah.com/marapr2005/india.html |access-date=2009-12-30}}</ref>

==Layout==
[[File:The entrance to Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance channel to Shalimar Bagh from Dal Lake, 1864 view]]
The layout of the garden is an adaptation of another [[Islamic garden]] layout known as the [[Persian gardens]]. The garden was built on flat land on a square plan with four radiating arms from a central location as the water source. It needed to be modified to suit the hilly terrain and availability of a well, which could be diverted from a higher elevation to the planned gardens. Modifications involved the main channel running through the garden axially from the top to the lowest point. This central channel, known as the Shah Nahar, is the main axis of the garden. It runs through three terraces. This layout left out the radial arms, and the shape became rectangular, instead of a square plan of the Chahar Bagh.<ref name=Bagh/>

The garden covers an area of {{convert|12.4|ha|acre}} built with a size of {{convert|587|m|ft}} length on the main axis channel and with a total width of {{convert|251|m|ft}}. The garden has three terraces fitted with fountains and with [[Platanus orientalis|chinar]] (sycamore) tree-lined vistas. The ''Shahnahar'' is the main feeder channel to all the terraces. Each one of the three terraces has a specific role.<ref name=Bagh/>

The garden was linked to the open Dal Lake water through a canal of about {{convert|1.6|km}} length and {{convert|11|m}} in width that ran through the swampy quagmire. Willow groves and rice terraces fringed the lake edge. Broad green paths bordered the lake with rows of chinar trees. The garden was laid in trellised walkways lined by avenues of aspen trees planted at {{convert|0.61|m}} intervals.<ref name="Stuart">{{Cite book |last=Stuart |first=C.M. Villiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpCb6ezD-m0C&q=Gardens+of+the+Great+Mughals+(1913),++C.M.+Villiers+Stuart's&pg=PR2 |title=Gardens of the Great Mughals (1913) |work= |publisher=Read Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4097-1962-5 |pages=162–166 |access-date=2009-12-30}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Shalimar Gardens, Kashmir..jpg|thumb|right|View of Shalimar Bagh]]
[[File:Shalimar Garden Shrinagar Pavilion.jpg|thumb|The marble pavilion]]
The architectural details of the three terraces of the garden are elaborate.

The first terrace is a public garden or the outer garden ending in the Diwan-e-Aam (public audience hall). In this hall, a small black marble throne was installed over the waterfall.<ref name="Bagh" /><ref name="Asif" />

The second terrace garden along the axial canal, slightly broader, has two shallow terraces. The Diwan-e-Khas (the Hall of Private Audience), which was accessible only to the noblemen or guests of the court, now derelict, is in its centre. However, the carved stone bases and a fine platform surrounded by fountains are still seen. The royal bathrooms are located on the north-west boundary of this enclosure. The fountain pools of the Diwan-e-Khas, the Diwan-e-Aam, and in turn, the Zenana terrace are supplied in succession.<ref name="Royal">{{Cite web |date=2009-04-04 |title=History of Shalimar Bagh |url=https://searchkashmir.blogspot.com/2009/04/history-of-shalimar-bagh.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121128033502/http://searchkashmir.blogspot.com/2009/04/history-of-shalimar-bagh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=2009-12-30 }}</ref> It has 410 fountains.

[[File:Mughal era architecture inside of the Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar.jpg|thumb|Mughal era architecture, inside of the Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar.]]
[[File:A view of Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, in 2013.jpg|thumb|Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, April 2013.]]
In the third terrace, the axial water channel flows through the Zenana garden, which is flanked by the Diwan-e-Khas and chinar trees. At the entrance to this terrace, there are two small pavilions or guard rooms (built in Kashmir style on a stone plinth) that are the restricted and controlled entry zone of the royal harem. Shah Jahan built a [[Baradari (building)|baradari]] of black marble, called the Black Pavilion, in the zenana garden. It is encircled by a fountain pool that receives its supply from a higher terrace. A double cascade falls against a low wall carved with small niches (chini khanas), behind the pavilion. Two smaller, secondary water canals lead from the Black Pavilion to a small baradari. Above the third level, two octagonal pavilions define the end wall of the garden. The baradari has a lovely backdrop of the snow mountains, which is considered a befitting setting for the Bagh.<ref name=Bagh/><ref name= Royal/>

The Shalimar Bagh is well known for ''chini khanas'', or arched niches, behind garden waterfalls. They are a unique feature in the Bagh. These niches were lit at night with oil lamps, which gave a fairytale appearance to the waterfalls. However, now the niches hold pots of flowers that reflect their colours behind the cascading water.<ref name=Bagh/><ref name= Royal/>

Another unusual architectural feature mentioned is the doors of the Baradari. In the garden complex, the Baradari had four exquisite doors made of stone supported by pillars. It is conjectured that these stone doors were ruins from old temples that were demolished by Shahjahan. The garden also provided large water troughs where a variety of fountains were fixed.<ref name="Stuart p.167">Stuart p.167</ref>

It has been aptly described by a chronicler glowingly:<ref name="Stuart p.167">Stuart p.167</ref>{{cquote|A subtle air of leisure and repose, a romantic indefinable spell, pervades the royal Shalimar: this leafy garden of dim vistas, shallow terraces, smooth sheets of falling water, and wide canals, with calm reflections broken only by the stepping stones across the streams.}}

Even in later years, during Maharaja's rule, the gardens were well maintained and continue to be so even now as it is one of the prominent visitor attractions around the Dal Lake.

The garden is considered to be very beautiful during the autumn and spring seasons due to the colour change in the leaves of the famed Chinar trees.

The gardens were the inspiration for other gardens of the same name, notably the [[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi]] in [[Delhi]] (built in 1653, which now also has an upscale colony), and [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], built by Emperor Shah Jahan in 1641.

The black pavilion built during the early part of Jahangir's reign (1569–1627), in the top terrace of the Shalimar Bagh, has the famous inscription in [[Persian Language|Persian]], which says:<ref name="kausar">{{Cite web |last=Sajjad Kausar |date=July 2005 |title=Meaning of Mughal Landscape |url=http://conferences.ncl.ac.uk/unescolandscapes/files/KAUSARSajjad.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103627/http://conferences.ncl.ac.uk/unescolandscapes/files/KAUSARSajjad.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2009-12-31 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Blake">{{Cite book |last=Blake |first=Stephen P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ0e0kfgttUC&q=Shalimar+Gardens+inscription+-Scribid-+If+there+is+a+paradise+on+earth%2C+it+is+this%2C+it+is+this%2C+it+is+this&pg=PA44 |title=Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India (1639-1739) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-521-52299-4 |page=44 |access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref>
<blockquote>
اگر فردوس بر روے زمین است 
همین است و همین است و همین است 
''Agar Firdaus bar rōy-e zamin ast, ''
''hamin ast-o hamin ast-o hamin ast''.
</blockquote>
This is a couplet wrongly attributed to the [[Persian language|Persian-language]] poet [[Amir Khusrau]], but written by a Persian poet [['Orfi Shirazi|, Orfi Shirazi]] during his visit to Kashmir,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ذکر کشمیر در ادب فارسی |url=https://www.iranboom.ir/shekar-shekan/adabiat/8301-zekr-keshmir-dar-adab-farsi.html |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=www.iranboom.ir}}</ref> which is inscribed on many buildings in the Indian subcontinent.

Translated to [[English Language|English]], it means:
{{cquote|If there is a paradise on earth, it is here, it is here, it is here.}}

It is also mentioned that when Jahangir was asked on his deathbed about his cherished desire, he is credited with saying:<ref name="Akbar">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTR7X6pmY94C&q=Jahangir's+words+-+If+there+is+a+paradise+on+earth,+it+is+this,+it+is+this,+it+is+this&pg=PA248 |title=Byline |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2003 |isbn=81-8028-003-9 |page=248 |access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref>

{{cquote|Kashmir, the rest is worthless.}}

==In popular culture==
The poem "[[Kashmiri Song]]" by Laurence Hope (pseudonym of [[Violet Nicolson]]) opens with the line referring to Shalimar:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amy Woodforde-Finden |first=Laurence Hope |url=http://archive.org/details/fourindianlovel00hopegoog |title=Four Indian Love Lyrics: From "The Garden of Kama." |date=1902 |publisher=Boosey & Co. |others=Harvard University |pages=13 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Doctor |first=Geeta |date=2015-04-18 |title=The story behind the Kashmiri Song that entranced Britain between the wars |url=http://scroll.in/article/695936/the-story-behind-the-kashmiri-song-that-entranced-britain-between-the-wars |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=<poem>Pale hands I loved beside the Shalimar</poem>|title=''Four Indian Lyrics''|source="Kashmiri Song", p.13}}

The song was set to music by Lawrence Hope herself and was very popular in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amy Woodforde-Finden |first=Laurence Hope |url=http://archive.org/details/fourindianlovel00hopegoog |title=Four Indian Love Lyrics: From "The Garden of Kama." |date=1902 |publisher=Boosey & Co. |others=Harvard University |pages=14 |language=English}}</ref> [[Salman Rushdie]]'s 2005 novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'' refers to the garden in its title as well as the name of the central character, a man who "has turned from a benign, tightrope-walking clown in a Kashmiri village into a Muslim terrorist".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-09-17 |title=Salman, you're slayin' me! |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/salman-youre-slayin-me/article986788/ |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rushdie |first=Salman |url=http://archive.org/details/shalimarclownnov0000rush |title=Shalimar the clown |date=2006 |publisher=London : Vintage |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-09-949809-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vallath |first=Kalyani |title=A Contemporary Encyclopedia of Indian Literature in English |publisher=Vallath Books |year=2024 |isbn=978-81-945632-7-3 |volume=2 |pages=77}}</ref> The fiction deals with the fate of Kashmir in a world steeped in terrorism as it moves from California to Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-09-09 |title=SHALIMAR THE CLOWN (Published 2005) |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/09/style/shalimar-the-clown.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |last1=Kakutani |first1=Reviewed by Michiko }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dev |date=2005-05-17 |title=Shalimar The Clown |url=https://www.salmanrushdie.com/shalimar-the-clown/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Salman Rushdie |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Sreyoshi |date=2016-09-01 |title=Shalimar the Clown and the Politics of "Worlding" the Kashmir Conflict |journal=Commonwealth Essays and Studies |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=23–33 |doi=10.4000/ces.4731 |issn=2270-0633|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[The Globe and Mail]] praises the book as being a "devastating portrait of the destruction of Kashmir.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dev |date=2005-05-17 |title=Shalimar The Clown |url=https://www.salmanrushdie.com/shalimar-the-clown/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Salman Rushdie |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Gardening}}
* [[Achabal Gardens]]
* [[Verinag]]
* [[Gardens in India]]
* [[Indo-Islamic Architecture]]

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)}}
* [http://www.pem.org/library/collections/offen The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum]

{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Gardens in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Mughal gardens in India]]
[[Category:Mughal terraced gardens]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Persian gardens in India]]
[[Category:1610s establishments in India]]
[[Category:1610s establishments in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1619 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Srinagar district]]

Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology

2025-12-11T07:54:35Z

MichaleYarbrough: Added Basic Data W/ Sources

{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{short description|Proposed group of academic institutions}}
'''Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology''' (abbreviated as '''IIEST''') was a planned group of academic institutions in [[India]] for research and education in engineering, originally proposed by the [[Government of India]] in 2007<ref>{{cite web | title=IIEST press release | url=http://www.pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2007/May07/2007050113.pdf|website=Pib.nic.in|accessdate=23 October 2018}}</ref> to meet the increasing demand for technological and scientific workforce in the industrial and service sectors of India as well as the growing need for qualified personnel in [[research and development]].

==Conversion of BE College to IIEST==
The first institute to be upgraded to IIEST was [[Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur]] ('''BESU'''), which was a university under the [[Government of West Bengal]] prior to the upgrade process. It took some years for the Government of India to finally decide to go ahead with the process recommended by the Anandakrishnan Committee for upgrading the selected group of state universities to the nation level under the IIEST banner. It was thus in October 2010, that the Union Cabinet of Ministers of the Government of India formally approved the process of conversion of [[Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur]] to [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]], by suitably amending the [[National Institutes of Technology]] and Science Education and Research Act, 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=66290|title=Press Information Bureau|website=Pib.nic.in|accessdate=23 October 2018}}</ref> Accordingly, the amendment bill was tabled in the lower house ([[Lok Sabha]]) of the [[Parliament of India]] in March 2013 and subsequently passed by it in December 2013. Following this, the bill was also passed in the upper house ([[Rajya Sabha]]) in February 2014.<ref>{{cite web | title=Passage of NITSER (Amendment) Bill 2013 | url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-national-institutes-of-technology-science-education-and-research-amendment-bill-2013-2663/|website=Prsindia.org|accessdate=23 October 2018}}</ref> The bill received the presidential assent by [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on 4 March 2014, thereby legalizing the upgrade process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158429.pdf|title=THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY, SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2014 (NO. 9 OF 2014)|website=Egazette.nic.in|accessdate=23 October 2018}}</ref> —In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (2) of Section 1 of the [[National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007|NITSER]](Amendment) Act, 2014, the Central Government appointed the 4th day of March, 2014 (i.e. date of receiving assent of the President) as the date on which the provisions of the said Act shall come into force. That is BESU has become the first IIEST of the country with effect from 4 March 2014. The conversion process of BESU to IIEST shall be mentored by [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140307/jsp/calcutta/story_18054754.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140308040613/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140307/jsp/calcutta/story_18054754.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2014|title=Pranab nod to Besu upgrade|website=The Telegraph|location=India|accessdate=23 October 2018}}</ref>

IIEST was inaugurated by President of India, Pranab Mukherjee on 24 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.becs.ac.in/component/content/article/123-vcspeaks/2931-inauguration-of-iiest-shibpur-by-shri-pranab-mukherjee-the-president-of-india-on-24th-august-2014-article |title=Inauguration of IIEST, Shibpur by Shri Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India on 24th August 2014 |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325211936/http://www.becs.ac.in/component/content/article/123-vcspeaks/2931-inauguration-of-iiest-shibpur-by-shri-pranab-mukherjee-the-president-of-india-on-24th-august-2014-article |archive-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?1060 |title=Press Releases Detail - the President of India |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103246/http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?1060 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/28iit.htm The IIT story: IIESTs, 3 new IITs on way]
* [http://www.cusat.ac.in/iiest/mhrd_report.pdf Anandkrishnan Committee Report on IIESTs]{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-national-institutes-of-technology-science-education-and-research-amendment-bill-2013-2663|title=PRS – Bill Track – The National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research (Amendment) Bill, 2013|website=Prsindia.org|accessdate=23 October 2018}}

[[Category:Engineering education in India]]

Shalimar–Adra Rajya Rani Express

2025-12-07T04:13:34Z

MichaleYarbrough:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rajya Rani Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Rajya Rani Express]]<ref name="rajyarani">{{cite web|title=Rajya Rani Express to Connect State Capitals With Important Cities of Those States|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=70179|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=25 February 2011}}</ref>
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|10|03}}
| last = 2020
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Shalimar}} (SHM)
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Adra}} (ADRA)
| distance = {{convert|281|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 5 hours 5 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22861 / 22862
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:(Adra - Shalimar) Rajya Rani Express route map.png|300px|(Adra–Shalimar) Rajya Rani Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22861 / 22862 '''Rajya Rani Express''' was an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that ran between {{stnlnk|Shalimar}} and {{stnlnk|Adra Junction}} in India.This train was a part of [[Rajya Rani Express]] series from [[West Bengal]] state. The train was permanently cancelled in 2020, and the train numbers were allotted to [[Ispat Express|Howrah - Kantabanji Ispat express]].

It operated as train number 22861 from Shalimar to Adra Junction and as train number 22862 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1765&did=1498817568919688E8E059A52D108052957491E948D8F.web91 | title=SER train services disrupted due to rail roko Bulletin-3 | publisher=South Eastern Railway | date=30 June 2017 | accessdate=27 September 2018 }}</ref>

==Coaches==
The 22861 / 62 Rajya Rani Express had eight general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It did not carry a [[pantry car]].

==Service==
The 22861 Shalimar–Adra Junction Rajya Rani Express covered the distance of {{convert|281|km|0|abbr=on}} in 4 hours 45 mins (59 km/h) and in 5 hours 10 mins as the 22862 Adra Junction–Shalimar Rajya Rani Express (54 km/h).

As the average speed of the train was more than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, it should have included a Superfast surcharge but due to its unreserved coaches, it included an unreserved surcharge.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1019&did=144670320167794E47B797BF60750E881A72C1F043AC8.web91 | title=Shalimar-Bankura Rajya Rani Express to extend upto Adra | publisher=South Eastern Railway | date=30 October 2015 | accessdate=27 September 2018 }}</ref>

==Routing==
The train ran from Shalimar via {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Salboni}}, {{stnlnk|Bishnupur}}, {{stnlnk|Bankura Junction}} to Adra Junction.

==Traction==
As the route is electrified, a {{stnlnk|Santragachi}}-based [[WAP-4]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive pulled the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/shalimar-adra-rajya-rani-express-22861/15440/1913/956 22861 Rajya Rani Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/adra-shalimar-rajya-rani-express-22862/15439/956/1913 22862 Rajya Rani Express] at India Rail Info

{{Rajya Rani Express}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shalimar-Adra Rajya Rani Express}}
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Rajya Rani Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]

Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games

2025-11-19T12:58:16Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding New Stub First Draft

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox sports competition event
| event = Swimming
| games = 1951 Asian Games
| image = Swimming pictogram.svg
| venue = [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium Swimming Pool]]
| image_size = 100px
| dates = 5–7 March 1951
| competitors =
| nations =
| prev =
| next = [[Swimming at the 1954 Asian Games|1954]]
}}
[[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]] was contested at the inaugural [[1951 Asian Games]] in [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium Swimming Pool]], [[New Delhi]], India from March 5 to March 7, 1951 with eight events all for men.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/menuroot/sports/Swimming_HR.aspx?id=SW |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070105150236/http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/menuroot/sports/Swimming_HR.aspx?id=SW |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2007 |title=Swimming - Medallists from previous Asian Games |work=Doha2006 |accessdate=13 February 2020}}</ref>

Singapore was the most successful team in this event. [[Neo Chwee Kok]] of Singapore dominated the competition by winning four gold medals.

==Medalists==
{| {{MedalistTable|labelwidth=150|type=Event|columns=2|width=250}}
|-
|100 m freestyle {{DetailsLink|Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's 100 metre freestyle}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Sachin Nag]]|IND|1951 Asian Games}}||1:04.7
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Wiebe Wolters]]|SIN|1951 Asian Games}}||1:04.7
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Sotero Alcantara]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||1:04.8
|-
|400 m freestyle {{DetailsLink|Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Neo Chwee Kok]]|SIN|1951 Asian Games}}||5:13.8 {{AsianGR|swimming}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Mohammad Mala]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||5:31.4
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Bimal Chandra]]|IND|1951 Asian Games}}||5:32.5
|-
|800 m freestyle {{DetailsLink|Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's 800 metre freestyle}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Neo Chwee Kok]]|SIN|1951 Asian Games}}||11:02.2 {{AsianGR|swimming}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Serafin Villanueva]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||11:25.5
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Mohammad Mala]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||11:30.7
|-
|1500 m freestyle {{DetailsLink|Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's 1500 metre freestyle}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Neo Chwee Kok]]|SIN|1951 Asian Games}}||21:43.6 {{AsianGR|swimming}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Mohammad Mala]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||22:17.5
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Serafin Villanueva]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||22:21.7
|-
|100 m backstroke {{DetailsLink|Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's 100 metre backstroke}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Artemio Salamat]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||1:16.3 {{AsianGR|swimming}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Kanti Shah (swimmer)|Kanti Shah]]|IND|1951 Asian Games}}||1:17.0
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Edilberto Bonus]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||1:17.4
|-
|200 m breaststroke {{DetailsLink|Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Jacinto Cayco]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||2:54.4 {{AsianGR|swimming}}
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Rene Amabuyok]]|PHI|1951 Asian Games}}||2:54.8
|{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Jehangir Naegamwalla]]|IND|1951 Asian Games}}||3:11.0
|-
|4 × 100 m freestyle relay {{DetailsLink|Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay}}
|{{flagIOC2|SIN|1951 Asian Games}} [[Wiebe Wolters]] [[Lionel Chee]] [[Barry Mitchell (swimmer)|Barry Mitchell]] [[Neo Chwee Kok]]||4:19.8 {{AsianGR|swimming}}
|{{flagIOC2|PHI|1951 Asian Games}} [[Nurhatab Rajab]] [[Mohammad Mala]] [[Serafin Villanueva]] [[Sotero Alcantara]]||4:23.2
|{{flagIOC2|IND|1951 Asian Games}} [[Isaac Mansoor]] [[Bimal Chandra]] [[Sambhu Saha]] [[Sachin Nag]] || 4:28.8
|-
|3 × 100 m medley relay {{DetailsLink|Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's 3 × 100 metre medley relay}}
|{{flagIOC2|PHI|1951 Asian Games}} [[Artemio Salamat]] [[Jacinto Cayco]] [[Nurhatab Rajab]]||3:36.5 {{AsianGR|swimming}}
|{{flagIOC2|SIN|1951 Asian Games}} [[Lionel Chee]] [[Tan Hwee Hock]] [[Neo Chwee Kok]]||3:39.5
|{{flagIOC2|IND|1951 Asian Games}} [[Kanti Shah (swimmer)|Kanti Shah]] [[Jehangir Naegamwalla]] [[Sachin Nag]]||3:43.6
|}

==Medal table==
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template = flagIOC2team
| event = 1951 Asian Games
| team =
| gold_SIN = 4 | silver_SIN = 2 | bronze_SIN = 0
| gold_PHI = 3 | silver_PHI = 5 | bronze_PHI = 4
| gold_IND = 1 | silver_IND = 1 | bronze_IND = 4
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007001047/http://sports123.com/asg/index.html Sports 123: Asian Games]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100412074626/http://www.olympic.ph/pdf/Asian_Games_Medallists.pdf]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110526134533/http://www.snoc.org.sg/files/Asian-Games-Winners3.pdf]
* [http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1951/BDCE27/BDCE27r.pdf]

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081008024647/http://www.ocasia.org/1AG.asp First Asian Games New Delhi 1951]

{{Events at the 1951 Asian Games}}
{{Asian Games Swimming}}

[[Category:Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games| ]]
[[Category:Events at the 1951 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Swimming at the Asian Games|1951]]
[[Category:1951 in swimming|Asian Games]]
[[Category:Swimming competitions in India|1951 Asian Games]]

Ranjith Bajpe

2025-11-11T05:33:26Z

MichaleYarbrough: fixed details as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjith Bajpe
| image =
| caption = Ranjith Bajpe During [[Nirel]] Shoot
| birth_name = Ranjith Kumar
| othername = Ranjith Bajpe
| occupation = Film Director, Screenwriter
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Bajpe, Manglaore {{IND}}
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| years_active = 2014
| spouse =
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Ranjith Kumar''', popularly known as '''Ranjith Bajpe''' is an Indian film director and Screen Writer known for his work in [[Tulu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Tulu film Nirel to hit theatres in Nov.|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/tulu-film-nirel-to-hit-theatres-in-nov/article5235976.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2013-10-15|access-date = 2015-11-05|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref> He is best known for directing First International<ref>{{Cite news|title = Tulu film industry set to get international touch - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Tulu-film-industry-set-to-get-international-touch/articleshow/24047463.cms|website = The Times of India| date=12 October 2013 |accessdate = 2015-11-05}}</ref> [[Tulu language|Tulu]] film ''[[Nirel]]'' (2014)<ref name="Dubai: Shooting Begins for Tulu Movie 'Nirel'">{{cite web|title=Dubai: Shooting Begins for Tulu Movie 'Nirel'|url=http://www.karavalmilan.com/news_index.asp?id=3777|publisher=karavalmilan.com|accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref> which won 5 awards including the best movie award at [[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015]].<ref>http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-first-ever-tulu-cinemotsava-awards-on January-31-2050428 {{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref> He also written directed ''[[Dhand (film)|Dhand]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite news|title = Tulu film 'Dand' to be released on Friday|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tulu-film-dand-to-be-released-on-friday/article7246515.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-05-26|access-date = 2015-11-05|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref> which is the first [[Tulu language]] movie released in [[Israel]],<ref name="‘Dhand’ Tulu film creates history in Israel with first houseful Indian film ever">{{cite web|title='Dhand' Tulu film creates history in Israel with first houseful Indian film ever|url=http://namma.tv/dhand-tulu-film-creates-history-in-israel-with-first-houseful-indian-film-ever/|publisher=namma.tv|accessdate=4 July 2016}}</ref> [[Australia]] and [[UK]]. Ranjith Bajpe usually casts new actors for his movies.<ref name="Dubai : Want to Act in Tulu Movie ? Here is An Opportunity">{{cite web|title=Dubai : Want to Act in Tulu Movie ? Here is An Opportunity|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=148044/|publisher=Daijiworld.com|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ranjith Bajpe was born on 9 December 1985, in [[Bajpe]], in [[Dakshina Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]] State. During his school days he acted in dramas and skits. His father's love of [[Yakshagana]] and brother's passion for drama contributed to his passion for movies. Currently working in [[Dubai]], he is the only Tulu director who works on movies during annual leave of his company.<ref name="Dubai: Exclusive - On the sets of Tulu movie 'Nirel'">{{cite web|title=Dubai: Exclusive - On the sets of Tulu movie 'Nirel'|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=171326/|publisher=Daijiworld.com|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"|Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"|Film
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=45 | Story
! width=55 | Screenplay
! width=55 | Dialogues
!Language
! width="65" | Notes
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2014
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Nirel]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|{{yes}}
| rowspan="3"|Tulu
| style="text-align:left;" |5 Awards including Best Film at [[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015|Tulu Cinemostsava 2015]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2014
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Bolkir'' (Short Film)
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2015
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Dhand (film)|Dhand]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| style="text-align:left;" |First Tulu movie to be released in Australia and UK <ref>{{Cite web|title = 'Dhand' becomes first Tulu movie to release in Australia, more shows planned in Mumbai|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=338233|website = www.daijiworld.com|accessdate = 2015-10-27}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2019
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Maya Kannadi (2020 film)|Maya Kannadi]]''
|
|
|
|
|Kannada
| style="text-align:left;" |Executive Producer<ref>{{Cite web|title = Maya Kannadi takes up Blue Whale challenge |url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/23/maya-kannadi--takes-up-blue-whale-challenge-1968088.html|website=newindianexpress.com|access-date = 2019-04-23}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

==List of Tulu Movies links==
*[[List of tulu films of 2016]]
*[[List of tulu films of 2015]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2014]]
*[[List of Released Tulu films]]
*[[Tulu cinema]]
*[[:Category:Actors in Tulu cinema| Tulu Movie Actors]]
*[[:Category:Actresses in Tulu cinema| Tulu Movie Actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm6132853|Ranjith Bajpe}}
*{{Facebook|ranjithbajpe|Ranjith Bajpe}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajpe, Ranjith}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tulu filmmakers]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Tolstoy Marg

2025-08-17T04:43:16Z

MichaleYarbrough: Adding First Entry W/ Sources - done

{{Short description|Road in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

[[File:টলস্টয় মার্গ.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tolstoy Marg Signboard in Connaught Place|A Tolstoy Marg Signboard in Connaught Place]]
'''Tolstoy Marg''' ({{langx|hi|टॉलस्टॉय मार्ग|lit=Tolstoy Road}}) is a road in the [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]] area.

This road was named after famous Russian writer [[Leo Tolstoy]].

Tolstoy Marg links [[Barakhamba Road]] and Maharaja Ranjit Singh Marg intersection, to [[Sansad Marg]] intersection. Inside Connaught Place, the road connects to other important roads like Jantar Mantar Road, [[Janpath]], Atul Grove Road, and Kasturba Gandhi Marg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tolstoy Marg, Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tolstoy+Rd,+New+Delhi,+Delhi+110001/ |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> Tolstoy Marg houses many commercial offices and offices of some Public Sector Enterprises as well.

Tolstoy Marg is usually the focal point of protest marches and other political rallies in the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Karan |title=Protests, Dharnas Give Cops Tough Time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/protests-dharnas-give-cops-tough-time/story-uUwSBmOoTUTxubeZslTCoJ.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=25 February 2011}}</ref> Political rallies towards [[Ramlila Maidan]] in Delhi, often passes through Tolstoy Marg.<ref>{{cite news |title=Citizen's March to Parliament House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYhlAAAAIBAJ&dq=Tolstoy+Marg&pg=PA25 |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=Indian Express |date=5 December 1988}}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:Freemasons Hall Connaught Place New Delhi.jpg|thumb|alt=Freemasons Hall, Janpath.|Freemasons Hall, Janpath. ]]
Tolstoy Marg was constructed during the British era, when [[Robert Tor Russell]] was designing the [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]]. In those days it was named as '''Keeling Road''', after Hugh Keeling, who was the Chief Engineer of Delhi.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |last1=Shukla |first1=Vivek |title=Delhi Mein Badalte Rehte Hain Sadkon Ke Naam (Names of Roads Keeps Changing in Delhi. Hindi) |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59664508 |website=BBC Hindi |date=17 December 2021 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Soofi |first1=Mayank Austen |title=Bye Bye Aurangzeb |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zKhIv4dMpjxYLvjFt3DrhK/Bye-bye-Aurangzeb.html |website=Mint Newspaper (Live Mint) |date=4 September 2015 |publisher=Hindustan Times Group |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, several Muslim families who were residents of Keeling Road, had moved to [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Qamar |first1=Irfan |title=If Ever I decide to Go Anywhere, I'll Go to Delhi |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/opinion/if-ever-i-decide-to-go-anywhere-ill-go-to-delhi |website=Khaleej Times |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Kavita |title=Partition voices: untold British stories |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London, UK |isbn=9781408899069 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emCWDwAAQBAJ&dq=architect+of+keeling+road%2C+delhi&pg=PT116 |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> and likewise people coming to India from Pakistan had made Keeling road their new home.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandya |first1=Haresh |title=Ved Vyas, Educator |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/society/ved-vyas-educator-news-294940 |website=Outlook India |date=28 July 2015 |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>

Prominent leader [[Deshbandhu Gupta]] also used to live in a big house on Keeling Road.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geva |first1=Rotem |title=Delhi Reborn: Partition and Nation Building in India's Capital |date=August 2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9781503631199 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=131xEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Keeling+Road%22+Delhi&pg=PT356 |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> He was a resident of "5, Keeling Road".<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Who 1950 |date=15 May 1950 |publisher=Parliament of India |location=New Delhi |page=36 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>

When the headquarters of [[Communist Party of India]] were shifted from Bombay to New Delhi in 1951, they were first housed on "4, Keeling Road".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dubey |first1=Radhe |title=Kahani Ek Naye Mazmoon Ki (Story of a New Idea. Hindi) |date=2006 |publisher=Lok Prakashan Griha |location=B-131, Sadatpur, Po. Gokalpuri, New Delhi - 110094 |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Party Letter (End Page Address) |date=30 January 1953 |publisher=Communist Party of India |location=4, Keeling Road, New Delhi |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/india/cpi/party-letter-2-53.pdf |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

In 1962, to meet the increasing need of commercial space in Central part of Delhi, [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA) had decided to extend Connaught Place Commercial Area up to the Keeling Road. It was done under "Delhi Master Plan 1962".<ref>{{cite book |title=Delhi Master Plan 1962 |date=1 September 1962 |publisher=Delhi Development Authority (DDA) |page=10 |url=https://dda.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/MPD-1962_text_report.pdf |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>

This road was renamed as Tolstoy Marg in 1968.<ref name="BBC" />

During Soviet era, Information Department of the USSR Embassy in India, was situated nearby on 25, Barakhamba Road of New Delhi.<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Syomin |editor1-first=GA |title=Address of Publisher Section |journal=Soviet Review |date=26 February 1981 |volume=XVIII |issue=10 |url=https://archive.org/details/books-from-ussr-soviet-review-1981/page/n2/mode/1up |publisher=Information Department of USSR Embassy in India |location=25, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi}}</ref> Soviet Airlines [[Aeroflot]] had an office on Tolstoy Marg,<ref>{{cite web |title=Aeroflot Previous Office Address |url=https://city.webindia123.com/d-t/delhi/delhi/aeroflot-soviet-airlines/20520/ |website=Web Duniya |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> which is currently shifted to nearby Barakhamba Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aeroflot Present Office Address |url=https://www.aeroflot.ru/gb-de/offices/in/del |website=Aeroflot |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

==Tolstoy statue and Tolstoy House==
[[File:Leo Tolstoy Statue Connaught Place New Delhi.jpg|thumb|alt=Statue of Leo Tolstoy on Tolstoy Marg|Statue of Leo Tolstoy on Tolstoy Marg]]
On the sidewalk of a road where Tolstoy Marg meets Janpath, there stands a black colored bronze statue of Leo Tolstoy, that was installed here in 1994.<ref name="Novosti" /> This statue was constructed in [[USSR]] in 1989. <ref name="Soviets">{{cite news |title=Soviet Fest to Wind Up with Grand Show |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H9lAAAAIBAJ&dq=Tolstoy+Statue+India&pg=PA6&article_id=468,516563 |access-date=23 April 2024 |publisher=Indian Express |date=12 November 1988}}</ref><ref name="Soofi">{{cite web |last1=Soofi |first1=Mayank Austen |title=City Landmark, Tolstoy Statue Janpath |url=https://www.thedelhiwalla.com/2022/04/27/city-landmark-tolstoys-statue-janpath/ |website=Delhi Wallah |date=27 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> However it was only after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]], that the statue was finally installed on the Tolstoy Marg. This statue was inaugurated by Russian Prime Minister [[Viktor Chernomyrdin]] in 1994 during his visit to India. <ref name="Novosti">{{cite web |title=Paamitniki Inastrantse Vy' Indeeski Staleetsaa (Foreign Monuments in the Indian Capital. Russian) |url=https://ria.ru/20110401/360022210.html |website=RIA Novosti |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>
This statue faces a heritage building "[[Freemasons]] Hall" which is situated opposite side, on the Janpath Road, and this building was constructed in the year 1936.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Masonic Lodge, Contact Us |url=https://grandlodgeofindia.in/contact/ |website=Grand Lodge of India |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Masonic Center of India – New Delhi. The Headquarters of the Grand Lodge of India |url=https://rglni.org/masonic-centres-of-northern-india/ |website=Regional Grand Lodge of Northern India |date=17 September 2020 }}</ref>

The Tolstoy Statue on this road often witnesses the gathering of the fans of Russian Literature, Leo Tolstoy, and [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rudakova |first1=Natalya |title=Expedition to Highlight Moral Values of Tolstoy, Gandhi |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/culture/2016/11/16/expedition-to-highlight-moral-values-of-tolstoy-gandhi_648241 |website=Russia Beyond the Headlines |date=16 November 2016 |publisher=RBTH |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

Presently a building called Tolstoy House is also situated on this road.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Soofi |first1=Mayank Austen |title=City Walk : Tolstoy's Country, Connaught Place |url=https://www.thedelhiwalla.com/2022/09/09/city-walk-tolstoys-country-connaught-place/ |website=Delhi Wallah |date=9 September 2022 |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Visa Application Centre Delhi, Address |url= https://india.mid.ru/en/consular-affairs/visa-application-center/ |website=Embassy of Russian Federation in India |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>

== Notable establishments ==

Notable establishments on Tolstoy Marg include:

* [[State Trading Corporation]] of India (STC).<ref>{{cite web |title=State Trading Corporation, Contact Us |url=https://www.stclimited.co.in/contact-us/corporate-office |website=STC |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

* [[Small Industries Development Bank of India]] (SIDBI).<ref>{{cite web |title=SIDBI, Contact Us |url=https://www.sidbi.in/contact-us.php |website=Small Industries Development Bank of India}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Delhi]]
[[Category:Leo Tolstoy]]

Leelsar

2025-08-12T23:36:19Z

MichaleYarbrough: adding new stub.

{{Short description|Village in Barmer District, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Leelsar''' is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in [[Barmer district]] of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. According to 2011 census the population of Leelsar village is 1280.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=Census India (Government of India)}}</ref> Leelsar village is famous for Jasnath Dham, where plants laden with flowers are the center of attraction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=रेत के दरिया में लगाया महल जैसा बगीचा, गुजरात से लाई मिट्टी पर लगाए 4 हजार पौधे; देखने वालों की लगी भीड़ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/rajasthan/barmer-rajasthan-barmer-palace-like-garden-planted-on-sand-4-thousand-plants-planted-with-soil-brought-from-gujarat-5501239.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Mahant Motnath has planted trees for greenery in Leelsar Dham with the help of his devotees.<ref name=":0" /> Late Jawaharlal Maheshwari (Nehru), who was unopposed [[sarpanch]] for 28 years, was a resident of Leelsar village.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Jan 2024 |title=लीलसर के 28 वर्ष तक निर्विरोध सरपंच रहे महेश्वरी का निधन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/news/maheshwari-who-was-the-unopposed-sarpanch-of-lilsar-for-28-years-passes-away-132458697.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|25|26|27|N|71|17|15|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Barmer district]]

{{Barmer-geo-stub}}