Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

P. Susheela Tamil discography

2026-05-08T06:35:39Z

MichaleFlint91: Created Basic Pg First Draft - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist = P. Susheela
| Image = P. Susheela.jpg
| Caption =
| Alt =
| Studio =
| Live =
| Compilation =
| Internet =
| Video =
| Music videos =
| EP =
| Singles =
| B-sides =
| Soundtrack =
| Tribute =
}}
This is the Tamil discography of veteran Indian female playback singer [[P. Susheela]], who sang in over 6000 songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spicyonion.com/singer/p-susheela-songs-list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421012046/https://spicyonion.com/singer/p-susheela-songs-list/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 21, 2020|title=P. Susheela Songs List|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> She gave her voice to actresses and thespians in the [[Tamil Film Industry]] such as [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]].

==Collaboration==
===Music composers===
Major music directors who worked with her are: [[G. Ramanathan]], [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[T. R. Ramanathan]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]], R. Govardhanam, R. Sudarsanam, [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]], [[V. Kumar]], [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]], [[G. Devarajan]], P. Srinivasan, R. Parathasarathy, [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Shankar–Ganesh]], [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]], [[A. R. Rahman]].

===Playback singers===
She also sang duets with many male playback singers such as [[C. S. Jayaraman]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[P. Jayachandran]], T. R. Maharajan.

She has sung with other female singers such as [[Soolamangalam Sisters]], [[L. R. Eswari]], A. P. Komala, [[S. Janaki]], Sarala, L. R. Anjali, B. S. Sasirekha, [[P. Leela]], [[T. V. Rathnam]], Minmini, [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], Bangalore Latha.

She sang duets with actors such as [[P. S. Veerappa]], [[J. P. Chandrababu]] and [[P. Bhanumathi]].

==Awards==
===Honours and major awards===
* ''Bharathidasan'' Award by Government of [[Tamil Nadu]]
* ''[[Kalaimamani]]'' Award by Government of [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1991.

===National film awards===
The [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] was introduced in 1968, and Susheela won the award for her rendition of ''Paal Polave'' in the film ''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013 |date=2014 |publisher=Blue Ocean Publisher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-93-84301-05-7}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1969
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]''
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf | title=16th National Film Awards | publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] | date=13 February 1970 | access-date=17 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 1970
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Savaale Samali]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]''
| {{won}}
| {{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=227}}
|}

===Tamil Nadu State Film Awards===
State Film Awards 3 times for the ''[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]'' by the Government of [[Tamil Nadu]].|<ref name="Anandan">{{cite book|last=Film News|first=Anandhan|author-link=Film News Anandan|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraippada Varalaru |trans-title=Tamil Films History and its Achievements |year=2004|publisher=Sivagami Publications|page=738}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1969
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]'' ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (1968 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Anandan"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1981
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Anbulla Atthaan''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Anandan"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1989
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Varam''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Anandan"/>
|}

==List of Tamil film discography==
{{Incomplete list|date=May 2020}}


===1950s===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)
|-
| rowspan=3| 1953
!''[[Chandirani]]''
| "Anbaai Dhesamenggum Ondraai Koodi"
| M. S. Viswanathan, C. R. Subburaman
| K. D. Santhanam
| C. R. Subburaman, chorus
|-
!''[[Kanna Talli|Petra Thai]]''
| "Yedhukky Azhathaai Yedhukku"
| P. Nageswara Rao
| M. S. Subramaniam
| A. M. Rajah
|-
!''[[Manam Pola Mangalyam]]''
| "Aavadhum Pennale"
| Addepalli Rama Rao
| Kanaka Surabhi
| V. J. Varma
|-
| rowspan=1| 1954
!''[[Panam Padutham Padu]]''
| " "En Nenjin Premai Geetham"
| T. A. Kalyanam
| N/A
| A. M. Rajah
|-
| rowspan=17| 1955
!''[[Anarkali (1955 film)|Anarkali]]''
| "Andha Naal Thanidhada"
| P. Adinarayana Rao
| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]''
| "Bale Saadhu Engal Baabuji"
| rowspan=4| P. Nageswara Rao
| Kanaga Surabhi
| rowspan=4| solo
|-
| "Thrinjukko Baabu Ippove Thrinjukko Baabu"
| Rowspan=2| Kannadasan
|-
| "Endhan Kaadhalum Malaraadhaa Solvaai Raajaa"
|-
| "Balagopala"
| Jayadeva
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Chella Pillai]]''
| "Thaannalae Varum Kaasu"
| rowspan=2| R. Sudarsanam
| rowspan=2| N/A
| solo
|-
| "Aararo Aararo.... Koil Kaalai" "Nee Paaapaa"
| T. M. Soundararajan, A. L. Raghavan
|-
!''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimman]]''
| "N/A"
| T. V. Raju
| N/A
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=5| ''[[Kanavane Kankanda Deivam]]''
| "Enthan Ullam Thulli"
| rowspan=5| Addepalli Rama Rao
| rowspan=4 |Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam
| rowspan=4| solo
|-
| "Unnai Kann Theduthe"
|-
| "Anbil Malarntha Nal Roja"
|-
| "Oh Madha Vantharul"
|-
| "Intha Veenkobam"
| P. Leela
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Koteeswaran]]''
| "Ulaavum Thendral Nilaavai"
| rowspan=3| S. V. Venkataraman
| rowspan=2| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| A. M. Rajah
|-
| "Palikumaa, Kanavuthaan Palikumaa"
| solo
|-
| "Yaazhum Kuzhalum"
| T. K. Sundara Vathiyar
| A. M. Rajah
|-
!''[[Bedara Kannappa|Vedan Kannappa]]''
| "N/A"
| R. Sudarsanam
| N/A
| solo
|-
| Rowspan=11| 1956
!''[[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]]''
| "Thenunnum Vandu Maamalarai Kandu"
| T. Chalapathi Rao
| K. P. Kamatchi Sundharam
| A. M. Rajah
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Marma Veeran]]''
| "Pavazha Naattu Ellaiyile Mullai Aadudhu"
| rowspan=2| M. Ranga Rao and Vedha
| Villiputhan
| K. Rani
|-
| "Vizhi Pesuthe Vilaiyaadudhe"
| A. L. Narayanan
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=2|''[[Pennin Perumai]]''
| "Thazhuvadha Illai Sirippadha"
! Rowspan=2| B. N. Rao, A. Rama Rao
! Rowspan=2| Thanjhai N. Ramaiah Dass
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Mudiyumaa Adhu Mudiyumaa"
|
|-
!''[[Prema Pasam]]''
| "Avanallal Puvi Meethu"
| S. Rajeswara Rao
| Thajai N. Ramaiah Dass
| P. B. Sreenivas
|-
!''[[Rangoon Radha]]''
| "Ooradangum Velaiyile Ullam Kavarum Solaiyile"
| T. R. Pappa
| Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram
| solo
|-
!''[[Madharkula Manikkam]]''
| "Kaadhalin Jyothiytidhu"
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Vetri Veeran]]''
| "En Mana Raja"
| rowspan=3| T. M. Ibrahim
| rowspan=3| N/A
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Enna Mosam Poyinen"
|-
| "Nilai Thannai Arivom"
|-
| rowspan=38| 1957
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Alladin and the Wonderful Lamp (1957 film)|Allavudeenum Arputha Vilakkum]]''
| "Kanni Penne Vaa"
| rowspan=4| S. Hanumantha Rao, S. Rajeswara Rao
| rowspan=2| A. Maruthakasi
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Aasaiyudane En Raja Varuvaar"
|-
| "Kannukku Nerile, Kalai Enra Perile"
| Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram
|-
| "Selaadum Neerodai Meedhe"
| Kannadasan
| A. M. Rajah
|-
! ''[[Ambikapathy (1957 film)|Ambikapathy]]''
| "Aadattuma Konjam Paadattumaa"
| G. Ramanathan
| N/A
| solo
|-
!''[[Anbe Deivam]]''
| ''Inbamellaam Thandharulum''
| H. R. Padmanabha Sastry, Vijaya Bhaskar
| Sundarakannan
| solo
|-
!''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]''
| "Oru Maanguyil"
| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
| A. Marthakasi
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=5| ''[[Engal Veettu Mahalakshmi]]''
| "Pattanamthaan Pogalaamadi"
| rowspan=5| Master Venu
| rowspan=5| N/A
| Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
| "Aadi Paadi Velai Senjaa"
| Ghantasala
|-
| "Pala Kaalam Vethanai"
| solo
|-
| "Pollaadha Payalai Serthida Maattom"
| rowspan=2| K. Rani
|-
| "Kaatthaadi Kaatthaadi"
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Iru Sagodharigal]]''
| "Thanga Chilaiye Vaadaa"
! Rowspan=3| S. Rajeswara Rao
! Rowspan=3| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass.
! Rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Joraana Roobame"
|-
| "Oho Kaadhalinaal Pedhamillaadha"
|-
!''[[Mahadhevi]]''
|"Kanmoodum Velaiyilum"
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Kannadasan]]
|[[A. M. Rajan]]
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Magathala Nattu Mary]]''
| "Parandhu Sellum Venpuraavum"
| rowspan=2| R. Parthasarathy
| Kamdadasan
| Rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Kannaadi Naan Oru Kannaadi"
| rowspan=|Naavarasu
|-
! Rowspan=7| ''[[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam]]''
| "Thesulaavudhe Then Malaraale"
| rowspan=7| P. Adinarayana Rao
| rowspan=7| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| Ghantasala
|-
| "Azhaikkaadhe Ninaikkaadhe"
| rowspan=5| solo
|-
| "Jegadheeswaraa"
|-
| "Neeye En Vaazhvin Nidhiyaagume"
|-
| "Joraana Bommai Paarungga"
|-
| "Dheva Dhayai Puriya Vaa"
|-
| "Kanee Nee Vaadaa Kaniye Nee"
| M. S. Rama Rao
|-
! rowspan=5| ''[[Pudhaiyal]]''
|"Vinnodum Mugilodum"
| rowspan=4| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| rowspan=2|[[M. K. Athmanathan]]
|[[C. S. Jayaraman]]
|-
|"Thanga Mohana Thaamaraiye"
|Solo
|-
|"Chinna Chinna Izhai"
|[[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]
|Solo
|-
|"Nallakalam Varugudhu"
|[[Mahakavi Subramania Bharathiyar]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Aasai Kaathalai"
|[[A. Maruthakasi]]
|[[A. M. Rajan]]
|Solo
|-
!''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1957 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]''
| "Then Madhuvai Vandinam"
| G. Ramanathan
| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| solo
|-
!''[[Samaya Sanjeevi]]''
| "Sindhikkum Thanmai Attradhaalaa"
| G. Ramanathan
| A. Maruthakasi
| solo
|-
!''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]]''
|"Iga Logame Inidhaagume"
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]
|Solo
|-
!''[[Yaar Paiyyan]]''
| "Thandhai Yaaro Thaayum Yaaro"
| Susarla Dakshinamurthi
| A. Maruthakasi
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Vanangamudi]]''
| "Rajayogame"
| rowspan=4| G. Ramanathan
| rowspan=4| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Ennai Pol Pennallavo"
|-
| "Mogana Punnagai"
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Vaazhvinile Vaazhvinile"
| [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| rowspan=7| 1958
!''[[Anbu Engey]]''
| "Ethanai Kodi Panam"
| Vedha
| Kannadasan
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=| ''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kathavarayan]]''
| "Niraiveruma Ennam Niraiveruma"
| rowspan=| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
! Rowspan=| ''[[Avan Amaran]]''
| "Kaalanaa Minjaadhaiyaa Kaalanaa Minjaadhaiyaa"
| rowspan=| T. M. Ibrahim
| A. Maruthakasi
| Seerkazhi Govindarajan, chorus
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Bhooloka Rambai]]''
| "Arasakumara Bhuvanendrane"
| rowspan=4| C. N. Pandurangan
| Mugavai Rajamanickam
| [[S. Janaki]] & Group
|-
| "Vaazhvil Nee Manimagudam"
| rowspan=3| Villiputhan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Jeeva Gaana Veena Naan"
|-
| "Un Kanniladum Jaalam Yaavum"
| A. M. Rajah
|-
| rowspan=27 |1959
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Bhagya Devathai]]''
| "Kokkarako Koovidichammaa"
| rowspan=3| Master Venu
| Rowspan=3| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "O Maathaa ... Thanjamendren"
|-
| "Illara Poongaavile Inaindhu Aadum"
| Ghantasala
|-
! Rowspan=5| ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]''
| "Mangayar Mugathil"
| rowspan=5| A. M. Rajah
| rowspan=5| Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram
| [[K. Jamuna Rani]], Chorus
|-
|"Aasaiyinaale Manam"
| rowspan=3| A. M. Rajah
|-
|"Kaathalile Tholviyutraal"
|-
|"Vaadikkai Maranthathum"
|-
|"Unnaikkandu Naanada"
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=6| ''[[Manjal Mahimai]]''
| "Anbinaal Ondrai Neengal"
| rowspan=6| Master Venu
| rowspan=6|Udumalai Narayana Kavi
| Udutha Sarojini & group
|-
| "Iduvenna Aanandamo"
| solo
|-
| "Undenbeeraa Ille Poi Enbeera"
| P. Leela, P. Susheela
|-
| "Kodai Maraindhaal Inbam Varum"
| rowspan=3| Ghantasala
|-
| "Aagaaya Veedhiyil Azhagaana Vennilaa"
|-
| "Maaraadha Sogam Thaano"
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Naatukoru Nallaval]]''
| "Vanna Malarodu Konjum"
| rowspan=2| Master Venu
| Rowspan=2| M. K. Athmanathan
| Seergazhi Govindarajan
|-
| "En Kaadhalum Niraiverumaa"
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Vaazha Vaitha Deivam]]''
| "Kaaveri Thaan Singari"
| rowspan=2| K. V. Mahadevan
| Rowspan=2|
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Vennilave Kaadhal Kadhai"
| solo
|-
! rowspan=3| ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]''
|"Inbam Pongum Vennila"
| rowspan=3| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| rowspan=3| [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
|"Anjatha Singam"
|Solo
|-
|"Takku Takku"
|[[S. Varalakshmi]], [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
!''[[Bhaaga Pirivinai]]''
|"Thangatthile Oru Kurai Irundhaalum"
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Kannadasan]]
|Solo
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Sahodhari]]''
| "Katti Thangam"
| rowspan=2| R. Sudarsanam
| rowspan=2| Kannadasan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
|"Nadagam Poal Mudindhade"
|-
! ''[[Thaai Magalukku Kattiya Thaali]]''
| "Thanjavooru Bommaiyai Paarunggadi"
| T. R. Pappa
| Udumalai Narayana Kavi
| Seerkazhi Govindarajan, L. R. Eswari, T. M. Soundararajan
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Penn Kulathin Pon Vilakku]]''
| "Vanakkam Vaanga Maappille"
| rowspan=2| Master Venu
| Rowspan=2| Villiputhan
| rowspan=2| Seergazhi Govindarajan
|-
| "Vizhivaasal Azhagaana Manimandapam"
|-
|}

===1960s===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)
|-
| rowspan=24| 1960
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Bhatti Vikramarka]]''
| "Oh Ezhil Raaja"
| rowspan=2| T. M. Ibrahim
| Rowspan=2| N/A
| Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
| "Oho Sundharaa"
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Engal Selvi]]''
| "Sollathaan Ninaikiren"
| rowspan=3| K. V. Mahadevan
| Kannadasan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Vaarayo Vaarayo"
| [[A. Maruthakasi]]
|-
| "Sollathan Ninaikiren (version 2)
| Kannadasan
| K. Jamuna Rani & group
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Mannathi Mannan]]''
| "Kangal Irandum Unnai"
| rowspan=3| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| rowspan=3| Kannadasan
| rowspan=1| solo
|-
| "Kaniya Kaniya Mazhalai Pesum"
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Neeyo Nano Yaar Nilave"
| P. B. Sreenivas, K. Jamuna Rani
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Kadavulin Kuzhandhai]]''
| "Chinna Chinna Poove"
| rowspan=3| G. Ramanathan
| rowspan=2| Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam
| P. B. Sreenivas
|-
| "Chinna Chinna Poove"
| rowspan=| solo
|-
| "Kannaa Manam"
| Namakkal R. Balu
|-
! Rowspan=2 | ''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]''
| "Kangalin Vaarthaigal"
| rowspan=2| R. Sudarsanam
| rowspan=2| [[Kannadasan]]
| rowspan=2| [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| "Aadatha Manamum"
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Nammina Bantu|Pattaliyin Vetri]]''
| "Chingku Chingkune Thulliye Odunggale"
| S. Rajeswara Rao
| Ka. Mu. Sheriff
| solo
|-
| "Enddanaalume Naame"
| rowspan=3| Master Venu
| rowspan=3| Udumalai Narayana Kavi
| Ghantasala
|-
| "Uzhavan Munnaalethaan"
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Pendatti Purushanukku Piriyaadha Bandhame"
| Swarnalatha & T. V. Rathnam
|-
! rowspan=2| ''[[Patti Vikramathithan]]''
| "Oho Sundharaa"
| rowspan=2| T. M. Ibrahim
| rowspan=2| N/A
| solo
|-
| "Oh Ezhil Raaja"
| Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Pudhiya Pathai (1960 film)|Pudhiya Pathai]]''
| "Innum Yaen Varavillai"
| rowspan=3| Master Venu
| rowspan=2| A. Maruthakasi
| solo
|-
| "Muyandraal Pugazh Perave Mudiyaadhaa"
| Jayalakshmi Santhanan
|-
| "Inba Kanavodu Kan Moodu"
| Kannadasan
| solo
|-
!''[[Raja Desingu]]''
| "Kaadhalin Bimbam"
| G. Ramanathan
| Udumalai Narayana Kavi, Kannadasan, and Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| solo
|-
!''[[Kuzhandhaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu]]''
| "Ammaa Vedhanai ... Amudhe Odi Vaa"
| T. G. Lingappa
| Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam
| solo
|-
| rowspan="26" |1961
! Rowspan=5| ''Akbar''
| "Aatrin Karaithanile"
| Rowspan=5| Naushad
| Rowspan=5| N/A
| Rowspan=5| Solo
|-
| "Idhu Kalayin Pothey"
|-
| "Kadhal Kondaaley Bayamenna"
|-
| "Kanavu Kanda Kaadhal"
|-
| "Undhan Sabaiyil Endhan Veedhiyil"
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Arasilankumari]]''
| "Thillaalangadi Thillaalangadi"
| rowspan=3| G. Ramanathan
| Kannadasan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Aav Aaahaav En Aasai Purave Aav"
| Udumalai Narayana Kavi
|-
| "Oorvalamaaga Maappillai Pennum"
| R. Pazhanichami
| Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi, T. M. Soundararajan
|-
! rowspan=2| ''[[Kaanal Neer (1961 film)|Kaanal Neer]]''
|"Aasai Mozhi Pesa Vaa"
| rowspan=2| Master Venu
| Kannadasan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
|"O Matha Jaganmatha"
| Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam
|-
!''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]''
| "Chinnakkuzhandaigal"
| G. Ramanathan
| Subramania Bharati
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Malliyam Mangalam]]''
| "Kal Kal Kal Enave Kannan Aadinaan"
| rowspan=4| T. A. Kalyanam
|rowspan=|V. Seetharaman
| chorus
|-
| "Ammaa Ammaa En Aasai Niraiverumaa"
| rowspan=2|Kuyilan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Needhiye Illaiyaa Pengalukke"
|-
| "Thirumana Porutham Paathaachu"
| M. K. Athmanathan
| A. M. Rajah
|-
!''[[Naaga Nandhini]]''
| "Thillaanaa Illennaa Thiththikaadhu Veeranna"
| R. Sudarsanam
| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| solo
|-
! rowspan=4| ''[[Pasamalar]]''
|"Engalukkum Kaalam Varum"
| Rowspan=4| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| rowspan=2| [[Kannadasan]]
| rowspan=2| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Malarnthum Malaradha"
|-
|"Mayangugiraal"
|Solo
|-
|"Yaar Yaar Aval"
|[[ P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
! Rowspan=6| ''[[Sri Valli (1962 film)|Sri Valli]]''
| "Chinnanjiru Kuruvigala"
| rowspan=6| G. Ramanathan
| rowspan=6| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| rowspan=2| chorus
|-
| "Vanthanga Maappillainga"
|-
| "Vannamigum Paravaigalaa"
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| "Yechuputten Naan Yechuputten"
| rowspan=2| Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
| "Thaagam Thanindhadhu Anname"
|-
| "Shanmugaa...Idhayak Koyil Irukka"
| solo
|-
| rowspan=10| 1962
!''[[Annai (1962 film)|Annai]]''
| "Azhagiya Mithilai"
| R. Sudarsanam
| Kannadasan
| P. B. Sreenivas
|-
!''[[Avana Ivan!?]]''
| "Kalyaana Tirunaal"
| S. Balachander
| Ve. Lakshmanan
| solo
|-
! rowspan=4| ''[[Nenjil Or Aalayam]]''
| "Enna Ninaithu"
| Rowspan=4| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
| rowspan=4| Kannadasan
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Muthana Muthallavo"
|-
| "Sonnathu Neethaana"
|-
| "Oruvar Vaazhum Aalaiyam"
| T. M. Sourdararajan
|-
! rowspan=3| ''[[Nichaya Thamboolam]]''
| "Maalai Soodum Mana Naal"
| Rowspan=3| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
| rowspan=3| Kannadasan
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Nethiyile Oru Kunguma Pottu"
|-
| "Nee Nadanthaal Enna"
|-
!''[[Pattinathar (1962 film)|Pattinathar]]''
| "Vakkanai Pesuvathil"
| G. Ramanathan
| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass
| solo
|-
| rowspan="20" |1963
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Anandha Jodhi]]''
| "Kaala Magal"
| rowspan=4| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
| rowspan=4|[[Kannadasan]]
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Ninaikka Therindha"
|-
| "Paniyillatha Margazhiya"
| rowspan=2| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Poiyiley Piranthu"
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Chitor Rani Padmini]]''
| "Devi Vithayar Bavani"
| rowspan=3| G. Ramanathan
| Surabhi
| Rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Vaanathil Soozhndhadhu Megam"
| A. Maruthakasi
|-
| "Chittu Sirippadhu Pole"
| Kannadasan
| Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Kunkhumam]]''
| "Kaalangal Thorum"
| rowspan=4| K. V. Mahadevan
| rowspan=4| Kannadasan
| Rowspan=1| solo
|-
| "Kungumam"
| [[Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| "Poonthotta Kavalkara"
| Rowspan=2| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Thoongadha Kannendru"
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Karpagam]]''
| "Athai Madi Methaiyadi"
| rowspan=4| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
|rowspan=4| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| rowspan=4| solo
|-
| "Aayiram Iravugal Varuvathundu"
|-
| "Pakkathu Veettu Paruva Machaan"
|-
| "Mannavane Azhalama Kanneerai"
|-
! rowspan=5| ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]''
|"Andru Vandhadhum (Happy)"
| rowspan=5| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|rowspan=5| [[Kannadasan]]
| Rowspan=3| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Andru Vandhadhum (Pathos)"
|-
|"Thulli Odum Kaalgal"
|-
|"Kattodu Kuzhalaada"
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
|"Ragasiyam Parama"
|Solo
|-
| rowspan="21" |1964
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Arunagirinathar]]''
| "Nilavo Aval"
| rowspan=2| G. Ramanathan
| rowspan=2| T. K. Krishnasamy
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Penn Piranha Pavathai"
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Bommai (1964 film)|Bommai]]''
| "Engo Pirandhavaraam"
| rowspan=2| S. Balachander
| rowspan=2| Ve. Lakshmanan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Nee Thaan Selvam Nee Thaan Amudham"
|-
! rowspan=3| ''[[Pachai Vilakku (1964 film)|Pachai Vilakku]]''
|"Kuththu Vilakkeria"
|rowspan=3| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|rowspan=3|[[Kannadasan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Thoothu Solla"
|[[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
|"Aval Melai Sirithaal"
|Solo
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]''
| "Iraiva Iraiva"
| Rowspan=4| R. Sudarsanam
| rowspan=2| Alangudi Somu
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| Pottirunthum"
|-
| "Thamizh Engal Uyiranathu"
| rowspan=2| Mayavanathan
|-
| "Kaaviri Penne"
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
! rowspan=4| ''[[Padagotti]]''
|"Azhagu Oru Ragam"
| rowspan=4| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| rowspan=2| Solo
|-
|"Ennai Eduthu"
|-
|"Paattukku Patteduthu"
| Rowspan=2| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Thottal Poo Malarum"
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Server Sundaram]]''
| "Silai Edutthan Oru"
| rowspan=4| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
| rowspan=4|[[Kannadasan]]
| solo
|-
| "Poga Poga Theriyum
| [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| "Thatthai Nenjam
| Sadan
|-
| "Paattondru Tharuvaar"
| L. R. Eswari
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Kai Kodutha Deivam]]''
| "Mangala Melam"
| rowspan=2| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
| rowspan=2|[[Kannadasan]]
| solo
|-
| "Kulunga Kulunga Sirikkum"
| L. R. Eswari
|-
| rowspan=37| 1965
!''[[Ennathan Mudivu]]''
| "Ponna Petha"
| R. Sudarsanam
| [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] and Mayavannathan
| solo<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/02/15/stories/2004021500390200.htm |title=Stories |website=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ennathan Mudivu |url=http://www.tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/37896 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190510171402/http://www.tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/37896 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Songs4all}}</ref>
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Kalangarai Vilakkam]]''
| "Ennai Marandhadhaen"
| Rowspan=3| M. S. Viswanathan
| Panchu Arunachalam
| solo
|-
| "Ponnezhil Pootadu"
| rowspan=2| Bharathidasan
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Sange MuzhanSomu
| Sirkazhi Govindarajan and chorus
|-
!''[[Karthigai Deepam (film)|Karthigai Deepam]]''
| "Enna Paravai"
| R. Sudarsanam
| Alangudi Somu
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Kavyamela]]''
| "Irul Paadhi, Oli Paadhi Amaiththaan"
| rowspan=3| V. Dakshinamoorthy
| rowspan=3| N/A
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Devi Sri Devi"
|-
|"Thiththikkum Muththamizhe"
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
!''[[Kula Deivam (1965 film)|Kula Deivam]]''
| "Kottupotta Pota Chinna Machane"
| R. Sudarsanam
| N/A
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]''
| "Poopola Poopola"
| Rowspan=4| R. Sudarshanam
| Panchu Arunachalam
| Rowspan=2| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| "Kannukkul"
| V. Seetharaman
|-
| "Kanna Karumai"
| Kannadasan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Emara Sonnathu"
| Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]''
|"Nenjathai Alli"
| rowspan=4| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
| rowspan=4| Kannadasan
| L. R. Eswari, K. J. Yesudas
|-
|"Enna Paarvai"
| K. J. Yesudas
|-
|"Anubhavam Pudhumai"
| rowspan=2| P. B. Srinivas
|-
|"Naalaam Naalaam"
|-
! rowspan=2| ''[[Neerkumizhi]]''
|"Kanni Nadhiyoram"
| Rowspan=2| [[V. Kumar]]
| Rowspan=2| [[Alangudi Somu]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Neeril Neendhidum"
|Solo
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Anbu Karangal]]''
| "Azhakenna Arivenna"
| Rowspan=3| R. Sudarsanam
| rowspan=3| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| Rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Raamanukke Seethai"
|-
| "Iravu Mudinthuvidum"
| [[P. B. Srinivas]]
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Panchavarna Kili]]''
|"Vaa Vaa Kannan Varuvaan"
| Rowspan=3| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
|Vaali
| Rowspan=3| solo
|-
|"Tamizhukkum Amudhendru Per"
|Bharathidasan
|-
|"Azhagan Muruganidam Aasai Vaithen"
|Vaali
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Poomalai]]''
|"Kattai Viral"
| Rowspan=2| R. Sudarsanam
|Kumaradevan
| solo
|-
|"Un Ennathai"
|Kavi Rajagopal
|T. M. Soundararajan
|-
! Rowspan=5| ''[[Santhi (1965 film)|Santhi]]''
| "Nenjathile Nee"
| Rowspan=5| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
| Rowspan=5| Kannadasan
| Rowspan=4| solo
|-
|"Oorengum Mappillai"
|-
|"Senthur Murugan" (2)
|-
|"Theredu Silaiyedu"
|-
|"Senthur Murugan"
| P. B. Sreenivas
|-
! Rowspan=5| ''[[Vennira Aadai]]''
| "Ammamma Kaatru Vandhu"
| Rowspan=5| Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
| rowspan=5| Kannadasan
| Rowspan=4| solo
|-
| "Enna Enna Vaarththaigalo"
|-
| "Kannan Ennum Mannan Engae"
|-
| "Neeraadum Kangal"
|-
| "Oruvan Kaadhalan"
| P. B. Sreenivas
|-
| rowspan=21| 1966
! rowspan=3| ''[[Mani Magudam]]''
| "Aathavan Uthiththaan"
| rowspan=3| R. Sudarsanam
| Kannadasan
| rowspan=2| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Thathi Sellum"
| rowspan=2| Vaali
|-
| "O Ho Paar Intha Pakkam"
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Naam Moovar]]''
| "Adi lalla Lalla Ellam Vaarungadi"
| rowspan=3| S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
| rowspan=3| Vaali
| rowspan=3| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Vayathu Vandha Pennai"
|-
| "Andru Ninaithom Atharko"
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Thattungal Thirakkappadum]]''
| "Thittippadhu Edhu"
| rowspan=3| M. S. Viswanathan
| rowspan=3| Kannadasan
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Kalyana Panthal Alangaram"
|-
| "Oor Paadum Thaalaattu"
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Muharasi]]''
| "Enakkum Unakkumtham"
| rowspan=4| K. V. Mahadevan
| rowspan=4| Kannadasan
| rowspan=3|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| "Enna Enna"
|
|-
| "Mugathai Kaatti"
|-
| "Thanner"
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Madras to Pondicherry]]''
| "Enna Enthan"
| rowspan=3| T. K. Ramamoorthy
| rowspan=1| Namakkal Varadarajan
| rowspan=2|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| "Engey Payanam"
| [[Alangudi Somu]]
|-
| "Hello My Friend Nenjathil Enna"
| Thanjai Vaanan
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=5| ''[[Kathal Paduthum Padu]]''
| "Alli Chendathuthe"
| rowspan=5| [[T. R. Pappa]]
| rowspan=1| Panchu Arunachalam
| rowspan=1|
|-
| "Ivaloru Azhagiya"
| Mayavanathan
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Kangalilrandil"
| M. K. Athmanathan
| S. Janaki
|-
| "Meladai Katrada"
| Mayavanathan
|
|-
| "Velli Nila"
| Alangudi Somu
|
|-
| rowspan=22 |1967
! rowspan=2| ''[[Thaikku Thalaimagan]]''
|"Parthu Kondathu Kannukku"
| rowspan=2|[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
| rowspan=2|[[Kannadasan]]
| rowspan=2|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Vazha Vendum Manam"
|-
! rowspan=4| ''[[Vivasayee]]''
|"Ennama Singara"
| rowspan=4|[[K.V. Mahadevan]]
| rowspan=4|[[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
| rowspan=3|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Ippadithan Irukka Vendum"
|-
|"Kadhal Enthan"
|-
|"Yevaradithum"
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=12| ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''
| "Kili Vandhu Kothaada Koyyaa"
| rowspan=12| S. Rajeswara Rao
| rowspan=2| Vaali
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Raajan Maharaajane"
|-
| "Hey Jothi Swaroopa"
| Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam
| S. Janaki
|-
| "Unnai Nambi Un Patham Thuthithe"
| rowspan=4| Thiruchi Thiyagarajan
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Lakshmi Vallabha Dheena Dhayalaa"
|-
| "Jeevanum Neeye Aiyaa"
|-
| "Aazhi Soozh Vannaa"
| chorus
|-
| "Irul Niraindhadhaai Irukkum"
| rowspan=4| V. Seetharaman
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Karunai Serndha Manadhu"
|-
| "Endhan Uyir Thandha Hari"
|-
| "Vaazhgave Mannulagum Vinnulagum"
| S. Janaki, Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi
|-
| "Om Namo Narayana"
| Alangudi Somu
| chorus
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Paaladai]]''
|"Engey Engey En Kannukku"
|rowspan=3| [[K.V. Mahadevan]]
|rowspan=3| [[Kannadasan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Appadi Enna Parvai"
| rowspan=2|Solo
|-
|"Pattadai Thottil"
|-
!''[[Thangai]]''
| "Sugam Sugam Adhu"
| M. S. Viswanathan
| Kannadasan
| solo
|-
| rowspan=19 |1968
! rowspan=2| ''[[En Thambi]]''
|"Adiyai Nettru Pirandaval"
|rowspan=2| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|Rowspan=2| [[Kannadasan]]
|rowspan=2| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Ayyaiya Mella Thattu"
|-
! rowspan=2| ''[[Chakkaram]]''
|"Kulikka Pora Kumaripponnu"
|rowspan=2| [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|Rowspan=2| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|rowspan=2| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Neeye Oru Neram Sollu"
|-
!rowspan=5| ''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]''
|"Aththaanin Muththangal"
|rowspan=5| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|rowspan=5| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|rowspan=3| Solo
|-
|"Aththai Magal"
|-
|"Paal Polave"
|-
|"En Kelvikkenna Badhil"
|rowspan=2| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Velli Kinnamthan"
|-
!rowspan=4| ''[[Puthiya Bhoomi]]''
|"Vizhiye Vizhiye"
|rowspan=4| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|rowspan=3| [[Kannadasan]]
|rowspan=2| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Chinnavalai Mugam"
|-
|"Nethiyile Pottu"
| Solo
|-
|"Naanthandi Kaathi"
|Poovai Senguttavan
|[[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
!rowspan=3| ''[[Kuzhanthaikkaga]]''
|"Thai Maatha Megam"
|rowspan=3| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|rowspan=3| [[Kannadasan]]
|rowspan=2| Solo
|-
|"Thottu Paarungal"
|-
|"Thai Maatha Megam – 2"
|Tharapuram Soundararajan, A. Veeramani
|-
| rowspan=25 |1969
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Iru Kodugal]]''
| "Punnagai Mannan"
| rowspan=2| V. Kumar
| rowspan=2| Vaali
| [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| "Kavidhai Ezhudhiya"
| [[P. Leela]]
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Nirai Kudam]]''
| "Deva Deva"
| rowspan=2| V. Kumar
| rowspan=2| Kannadasan
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| "Kannoru Pakkam"
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Aayiram Poi]]''
| "Pulavar Sonnathum Poiye"
| rowspan=2| V. Kumar
| rowspan=2| Kannadasan
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| "Thillaiyile Sabapathi Chithambarathil"
|
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Naangu Killadigal]]''
| "Sevvaanathil Oru Natchathiram"
| rowspan=3| Vedha
| rowspan=3| A. L. Narayanan, Kannadadan
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| "Nenjikku Nimmathi"
| rowspan=| solo
|-
| "Ethu Ethile"
| [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''
|"Aadai Muzhudhum"
|rowspan=2| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|rowspan=2| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|Solo
|-
|"Vangaya Vathyaraiya"
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Ponnu Mappollai]]''
| "Naalaa Naalaa Palanaalaa"
| rowspan=2| Vedha
| rowspan=2| Thanjai Vanan, Kannadasan
| rowspan=2| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
|"Sirittha Mugam Sivandhadhenna"
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]''
| "Iyarkai Ennum"
| rowspan=4| M. S. Viswanathan
| rowspan=4| Kannadadan
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Kadavul Orunaal"
| Rowspan=3| solo
|-
| "Selvangale"
|-
| "Iraivan Varuvaan"
|-
! Rowspan=1| ''[[Thirudan]]''
| "En Aasai Ennodu"
| rowspan=1| M. S. Viswanathan
| rowspan=1| Kannadasan
| rowspan=1| solo
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Kuzhandai Ullam]]''
| "Angum Ingum Ondre"
| rowspan=4| [[S. P. Kodandapani]]
| rowspan=4| Kannadasan
| rowspan=1| Renuka
|-
| "Muthu Chippikkulle"
| rowspan=1| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "Poomarathu Nizhalumundu"
| rowspan=1| S. Janaki
|-
| "Kudagu Naadu Ponni"
| rowspan=1| Sirkazhi Govindarajan
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Anbalippu]]''
| "Gopalan Enge Undo"
| rowspan=3| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| rowspan=3| Kannadasan
| rowspan=1| T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari, Sirkazhi Govindarajan & Tharapuram Sundararajan
|-
| "Vallimalai Maankutty"
| rowspan=1| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Madhulam Pazhathukku"
| rowspan=1| P. B. Srinivas
|-
|}

===1970s===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)
|-
| rowspan="15" |1970
! Rowspan=3| ''[[CID Shankar]]''
| "Naanathale Kannam"
| rowspan=3| Vedha
| rowspan=3| Kannadasan
| rowspan=2| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Brinthavanthil Poo"
|-
| "Thaipoosa Thirunalile"
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Nadu Iravil]]''
| "Kann Kattum Jadaiyile"
| rowspan=2| S. Balachander
| rowspan=2| Ve. Laxmanan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Kann Kattum Jadiyile" (pathos)
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]]''
| "Idamo Sugamanathu (Naalu Pakkam Suvaru)"
| rowspan=3| M. S. Viswanathan
| rowspan=2| Vaali
| rowspan=3| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Ada Aarumugam"
|-
| "Maanikkka Theril Maragatha"
| Kannadasan
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Nadu Iravil]]''
| "Kann Kattum Jadaiyile"
| rowspan=2| S. Balachander
| rowspan=2| Ve. Laxmanan
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Kann Kattum Jadiyile" (pathos)
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Enga Mama]]''
| "Ennanga Sollunga"
| rowspan=2| M. S. Viswanathan
| rowspan=2| Vaali
| rowspan=1| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Paavai Paavai Aasai"
| solo
|-
!''[[Sorgam]]''
|"Oru Muttharathil"
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Kannadasan]]
|Solo
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Engal Thangam]]''
|"Thangapadkathin"
! Rowspan=2!|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
! Rowspan=2!|Vaali
! Rowspan=2!|T. M. Soundararajan
|-
|"Naan Alavodu Rasipavan"
|-
| rowspan="5" |1971
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Justice Viswanathan]]''
| "Atthani Mandapathil"
| rowspan=4| Vedha
| rowspan=4| Kannadasan
| solo
|-
| "Silai Seiya"
| rowspan=3| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Kann Vazhiye"
|-
| "Thanga Surangam"
|-
!''[[Then Kinnam]]''
|"Thenkinnam Thenkinnam"
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|Kumara Devan
|Solo
|
|-
| Rowspan=7| 1972
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]''
| "Unathu Vizhiyil"
| Rowspan=2| Shankar–Ganesh
| Pulamaipithan
| rowspan=2| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Ennamma Chinna Ponnu"
| Vaali
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Vasantha Maligai]]''
| "Kalaimagal Kai Porule"
| rowspan=3| K. V. Mahadevan
| Rowspan=3| Kannadasan
| solo
|-
| "Adiyamma Rajathi"
|rowspan=2| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Mayakkamenna"
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Raja (1972 film)|Raja]]''
| "Gangaiyile"
| rowspan=2| M. S. Viswanathan
| Rowspan=2| Kannadasan
| solo
|-
| "Nee Vara Vendum"
|rowspan=1| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| rowspan=11| 1973
! Rowspan=| ''[[Sollathan Ninaikkiren]]''
| "Pallavi Endru"
| rowspan=| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sollaththan Ninaikkiren (1973) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165757/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001300 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=7 July 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
| Vaali
| S. Janaki
|
|-
!''[[Thirumalai Deivam]]''
| "Malai Manivanna Mayavane"
| Kunnakidi Vaidyanathan
|
| solo
|-
!''[[Veettukku Vandha Marumagal]]''
| "Pennukku Sugham Enbadhum"
| Shankar–Ganesh
| Kannadasan
| T. M. Soundararajan
|
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]''
|"Aandavanin Thottathile"
| rowspan=3| [[V. Kumar]]
| rowspan=3| [[Kannadasan]]
| rowspan=2|
|-
|"Moothaval Nee"
|-
|"Aaramba Kaalaththil"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
! Rowspan=5| ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]''
|"Lilly Malarukku"
| rowspan=5| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| rowspan=2| [[Kannadasan]]
| rowspan=3| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| rowspan=5|
|-
|"Oh My Darling"
|-
|"Pachchaikili"
| rowspan=3|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
|"Thangath Thoniyile"
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|"Ninaikkum Pothu"
|Solo
|-
| rowspan=9| 1974
!''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]''
| "Aadumadi Thottil"
| M. S. Viswanathan
| Kannadasan
| solo
|-
!''[[Engamma Sapatham]]''
| "Illamai Azhaikindrathu"
| Vijaya Bhaskar
| Panchu Arunachalam
| T. M. Soundararajan
|
|-
!''[[Thangappathakkam]]''
|"Nallathoru Kudumbam"
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Kannadasan]]
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|
|-
!''[[En Magan (1974 film)|En Magan]]''
|"Ponnukkenna Azhagu"
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Kannadasan]]
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
! Rowspan=3|''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]''
|"Nee Ennenna"
! Rowspan=3|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Pulamaipithan]]
! Rowspan=3| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|"Innoru Vaanam" (Romeo)
|Kannadasan
|-
|"Nerungi Nerungi"
|[[Suratha]]
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Dheerga Sumangali]]''
|"Ayiram Ayiram"
| rowspan=2| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| rowspan=| [[Kannadasan]]
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "Deerga"
| Vaali
| solo
|-
| rowspan=3| 1975
!''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]''
| "Anbu Nadamadum"
| M. S. Viswanathan
| Kannadasan
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
! ''[[Ellorum Nallavare]]''
|"Sivappukkal"
| V. Kumar
| Kannadasan
|T. M. Soundararajan
|-
! ''[[Uravukku Kai Koduppom]]''
| "Thiruvennum Peyarukku Uriyavale"
| D. B. Ramachandran, S. P. Venkatesh
| [[A. Maruthakasi]]
| P. Madhuri, T. K. Kala
|-
| rowspan=7 |1976
!''[[Annakili]]''
|"Sontham Illai"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)| Manmadha Leelai]]''
|"Sugam Thanaa"
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| [[Kannadasan]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Bhadrakali (film)|''Bhadrakali'']]
|"Kannan Oru"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
|"Kettele"
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=|''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]''
| "Om Ennum Manthirathan"
| rowspan=| S. Rajeswara Rao
| rowspan=| N/A
| solo
|-
!''[[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]]''
| "Azhagennum Oviyam"
| M. S. Viswanathan
| Muthulingam
| K. J. Yesudas
|-
!''[[Paalooti Valartha Kili]]''
|"Vaadiyamma"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=17| 1977
!''[[16 Vayathinile]]''
|"Chavanthi Poo"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
![[Ilaiyaraaja|''Aalukkoru Aasai'']]
|"Idhaya Mazhaiyil"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
! ''[[Annan Oru Koyil]]''
| "Annan Oru Kovil" (female)
| M. S. Viswanathan
| Kannadasan
| solo
|-
![[Ilaiyaraaja|''Avar Enakke Sontham'']]
|"Thenil Aadum Roja"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
![[Ilaiyaraaja|''Durga Devi'']]
|"Naan Aayirakkankali"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Gaayathri]]''
|"Aattam Kondattam"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
![[Ilaiyaraaja|''Odi Vilayaadu Thaatha'']]
|"Old Ellam Gold"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Ilaiyaraaja|''Pen Jenmam'']]
|"Oru Kovilil"
| rowspan="3" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
|"Vanna Karunkuzhal"
|
|
|
|-
|"Chella Pillai Saravanan"
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Ilaiyaraaja|''Sainthadamma Sainthadu'']]
|"Kannan Enna Sonnan"
| rowspan="4" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
|"Athai Magan"
|
|
|
|-
|"Oru Kaathal"
|
|
|
|-
|"Nenjukkul Poo"
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Ilaiyaraaja|''Thunai Iruppal Meenakshi'']]
|"Sugamo Aayiram"
| rowspan="3" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|-
|"Thanga Thamarai"
|
|
|
|-
|"Vaarthai Illamal"
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=16 |1978
! rowspan="2" |''[[Achchani]]''
|"Naan Azhaikkiren"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
|"Thaalaattu"
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Chittu Kuruvi (film)|''Chittu Kuruvi'']]
|"En Kanmani"
| rowspan="3" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
|"Ponnula Ponnula"
|
|
|-
|"Unna Nambi Nethiyile"
|
|
|-
![[Ilaiyaraaja|''Ithu Eppadi Irukku'']]
|"Dhinam Dhinam Oru"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| solo
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Kannan Oru Kai Kuzhandhai]]''
|"Megame Thoonthaaga"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
|"Moga Sangeetham"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja|''Maariyamman Thiruvizha'']]
|"Aaththadi Aaththa Intha"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
|"Thanga Kudathukku"
|
|-
!''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]''
|"Darling Darling"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| solo
|-
!''[[Sattam En Kaiyil]]''
|"Ore Idam"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| solo
|-
!''[[Thirukkalyanam]]''
|"Devathaigal Vazhthuvathu"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| solo
|-
![[Ilaiyaraaja|''Vaazha Ninaithathaal Vazhalaam'']]
|"Iyarkai Rathangale"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Varuvan Vadivelan]]''
| "Joyful Singapore"
| rowspan=2| [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| rowspan=2| Kannadasan
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "Batthu Malai"
| [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] & Bangalore A. R. Ramani Ammal
|-
| rowspan=19 |1979
! rowspan="3" |''[[Annai Oru Aalayam]]''
|"Appane Appane"
| rowspan="3" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
|"Nadhiyoram"
|
|
|-
|"Nilavu Neram"
|
|
|-
! ''[[Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi|Iru Nilavugal]]''
| "Anbulla Kannano"
| Rajan–Nagendra
| Vaali
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
!''[[Ilaiyaraaja|Lakshmi]]''
|"Thena Marathila"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| solo
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja|''Mudhal Iravu'']]
|"Manjal Nilaavukku"(Version l)
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
|"Manjal Nilaavukku"(Version ll)
|
|
|-
![[Ilaiyaraaja|''Mugathil Mugam Parkalam'']]
|"Aasai Nenjin Kanavugal"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| solo
|-
!''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''
|"Yaathum Oore"
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Kannadasan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Naan Vazhavaippen]]''
|"Thirutheril"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
|"Endhan Ponvanamme"
|
|
|-
!''[[Nallathoru Kudumbam]]''
|"Sindhunadhi Karaiyoram"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| solo
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Pattakkathi Bhairavan]]''
|"Boot Polish"
| rowspan="3" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| rowspan=3| solo
|-
|"Nenjukkulle Singakkutti"
|
|
|-
|"Varuvai Kannaa"
|
|
|-
!''[[Poonthalir]]''
|"Raja Chinna Raja"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Thaayillamal Naan Illai]]''
| "Vadivelan Manasu Vachaan"
| rowspan=3| Shankar–Ganesh
| Kannadasan
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Vanakkam Vanakkam
| rowspan=2| Vaali
| T. M. Soundararajan, S. C. Krishnan and chorus
|-
| "Eena Meena"
| solo
|-
|}

===1980s===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)
! scope="col" | Note(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan=6| 1980
! ''[[Polladhavan (1980 film)|Polladhavan]]''
| "Chinnakkannane"
| M. S. Viswanathan
| Kannadasan
| solo
|-
! ''[[Rishimoolam]]''
| Neramithu Neramithu
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Kannadasan]]
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Rishimoolam-T0000978|title=Rishimoolam Songs|access-date=2020-05-12|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! Rowspan=4| ''[[Yamanukku Yaman]]''
|"Mazhai Vizhundhadhu"
| rowspan=4| K. Chakravarthy
| rowspan=4| N/A
| rowspan=4| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
|"Aathoram Pootha"
|-
|"Naadaga Sangeetha"
|-
|"Poo Mottu Ponnu Ithu"
|-
| 1981
! ''[[Kilinjalgal]]''
| Chinna Chinna
| [[T. Rajendar]]
| [[T. Rajendar]]
| -
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/kilinjalgal-t0003188|title=Kilinjalgal Songs|access-date=2020-05-27|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2| 1982
! ''[[Ninaivellam Nithya]]''
| Kanni Ponnu
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Vairamuthu]]
| [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| [[Madhyamavati|Chatusruti Dhaivata]]
| <ref name="thehindu8">{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |date=1 February 2013 |title=Call of the swan |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/call-of-the-swan/article4368746.ece |access-date=27 May 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="thehindu11">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/morning-ragas/article4791531.ece |title= Morning raga's - Chotusruti Dhaivata |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |website= [[The Hindu]] |date= 7 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Antha Rathirikku Satchi Illai]]''
| "Sumaithangiye"
| [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
|
|-
| 1983
! ''[[Adutha Varisu]]''
| Pesa Koodathu
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Panju Arunachalam]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fQRBtIMKkk|title=Pesa Koodathu|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" |1984
! Rowspan=2| ''[[Achamillai Achamillai]]''
| "Aavaram Poovu"
| rowspan=2| [[V. S. Narasimhan]]
| rowspan=2| Vairamuthu
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Odukira Thanniyila"
| Malaysia Vasudevan
|-
!''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]''
|"Annai Thaalaattu"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Anbulla Malare]]''
|"Kaadhal Thegangal"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Enakkul Oruvan (1984 film)|''Enakkul Oruvan'']]
|"Ther Kondu"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Kai Kodukkum Kai]]''
|"Kannukkulle Yaaro"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|[[S. P. Sailaja]]
|
|
|-
! Rowspan=| ''[[Nandri]]''
| "Thaai Seitha Paavam"
| rowspan=| Shankar–Ganesh
| rowspan=| Vaali
| solo
|-
!''[[Oh Maane Maane]]''
|"Abhiramiye Annaiye"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|[[Bangalore Latha]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]''
| "Mella Mella"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[M. G. Vallabhan]]
| Seetharaman
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4X6mjS7pDKY|title=Mella Mella Song|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]''
|"Raasavae Unnai"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=9| 1985
! rowspan="5"| ''[[Deivapiravi (1985 film)|Deivapiravi]]''
| "Poovai Oru Poo"
| rowspan=5| [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || rowspan="5"|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || rowspan=4|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ||
|-
| "Nil Nil Nil Nil Elan Thendraley" || ||
|-
| "Panaile Paal Erukku" || ||
|-
| "Mounam Ennam Raagam"
|-
| "Marappu Potta Ponnu"
| Malaysia Vasudevan
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''[[Kalyana Agathigal]]''
| "Kalyana Agathigal
| rowspan=3| V. S. Narasimhan
| rowspan=3| Vairamuthu
| chorus
|-
| "Manasukkul"
| Raj Sitaraman
|-
| "Kaanal Alaigalile"
| solo
|-
! ''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]''
| Mayanginen Solla
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| [[P. Jayachandran]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/naane-raaja-naane-mandhiri-t0000552|title=Naane Raaja Naane Mandhiri Songs|access-date=2020-05-22|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3| 1986
! Rowspan=| ''[[Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum]]''
| "Aayiram Pathu"
| rowspan=| V. S. Narasimhan
| rowspan=| N/A
| solo
|-
! ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]''
| Dil Dil Manathil
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2EydOLNByQ|title=Dil Dil Manathil -HD Audio|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''
| Azhagiya Anni
| [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| [[Vairamuthu]]
| [[P. Jayachandran]]
|
|
|-
| 1987
! ''[[Nayakan]]''
| Andhi Mazhai
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Pulamaipithan]]
| [[T. L. Maharajan]]
| [[Natabhairavi]]
| <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |orig-date=2005}}</ref> {{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=124}}
|-
! rowspan=3| 1988
!''[[Kan Simittum Neram]]''
| "Thane Paduthe Paduthe"
| V. S. Narasimhan
| Kannadasan, Uma Kannadasan, Tamilmani
| solo
|-
! ''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]''
| Sindhiya Venmani
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Gangai Amaran]]
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| Srothaswini
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_fCjI0YTX0|title=Sindhiya Venmani|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|-
! ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]''
| Thenamadurai Vaigai nadhi
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| [[S.P.Balasubramaniam]] [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
| rowspan=4| 1989
! rowspan=2|''[[Nyaya Tharasu]]''
| Thodu Vaanam
| rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| -
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tamilmusiica.com/album/Nyaya%20Tharasu/2174/ |title=Album - Nyaya Tharasu : TamilMusica - Tamil Music Portal - Free Download tamil movie mp3 songs |access-date=2020-05-21 |archive-date=2015-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518170600/http://tamilmusiica.com/album/Nyaya%20Tharasu/2174/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Yaarukku Aruthal
|
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="1" |[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|''Rajadhi Raja'']]
|"Un Nenja Thottu Sollu""
| colspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| K. S. Chithra
|-
!''[[Mupperum Deviyar]]''
| "Thirumaal Azhaga"
| M. S. Viswanathan
| N/A
| solo
|-
|}

===1990s===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Film
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col"| Composer(s)
! scope="col"| Writer(s)
! scope="col"| Co-artist(s)
! scope="col"| Note(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1990
! ''[[Prema (1989 film)|Anbu Chinnam]]''
| "Kathuthu Kathuthu Koilpura"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| -
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbXlZdmzSUg|title=Anbu Chinnam Jukebox|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]''
| "Kapoora Bommai"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Mu. Metha
| -
|
|
|-
! ''[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]''
| "Kathirundha Malli"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| -
| [[Amritavarshini]]
| <ref name="thehindu6">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-appealing-amritavarshini/article3262431.ece |title= A Raga's Journey appealing Amirthavarshini|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Nila Pennae]]''
|"Pudhu Uravu"
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|
|
|
|
|-
![[S. A. Rajkumar|''Paadi Vaa Thendrale'']]
|"O Kadhale Un"
| rowspan="4" |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]''
| "Idhu Mudhal"
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| rowspan="2" |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000356|title=Pudhu Vasantham Songs|access-date=2012-01-19|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| "Pattu Onnu"
| Muthulingam
|[[Shivaranjani|Sivaranjani]]
|<ref name="thehindu4">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sivaranjani-for-pathos/article3945587.ece|title=Sivaranjani for Pathos|website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Puriyaadha Pudhir]]''
|"Oor Iravil Kaatru"
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1991
![[S. A. Rajkumar|''Aasai Kiliye Kobama'']]
|"Uyir Ezhuthum Oru Kavithai"
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Irumbu Pookkal]]''
|"Rettai Kuruvi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Muthana"
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Kaaval Nilayam]]''
|"Singakutti Neeye"
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Ilaiyaraaja|Kannukoru Vannakili]]''
| "Thulli Thulli"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| Not Released
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRXV7d0Rx8o|title=Kannukoru Vannakili Jukebox|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Karpoora Mullai]]''
|"Poonkaaviyam"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[MGR Nagaril]]''
|"Yenage Enthan"(Female)
|[[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum]]''
|"Aagayam Kondadum"(Happy)
|Ilayagangai
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Perum Pulli]]''
|"Aagaya Thottil"(Female)
| rowspan="2" |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Aanum Pennum"
|
|
|
|
|-
! ''[[Ilaiyaraaja|Sir I Love You]]''
| "Enge Iraivan"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyhzDCz7P6o|title=Enge Iraivan Song|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Thalattu Ketkuthamma]]''
| "Sonna Petcha"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| Minmini
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSjcaPCO0wU|title=Sonna Pecha Ketka|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1992
! ''[[Chinna Gounder]]''
| "Muthumani Mala"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[R. V. Udayakumar]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vE57EyLXJt4|title=Muthmani Mala|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Chinna Marumagal]]''
|"Mangala Melangal"
|Sriraj MS
|
|
|
|
|-
! ''[[Chinna Thayee]]''
| "Arumbarumba Saram"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| -
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-Yaul5Dnn8|title=Arumbarumba Saram|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]''
|"Azhagana Poonthottam"
| rowspan="2" |[[S. P. Venkatesh]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Kuruvi Kunju"(Version ll)
|
|
|
|
|-
! ''[[Nadodi Pattukkaran]]''
| "Vanamellam"(Duet)
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2llEcz-pMz0|title=Vanamellam (Duet)|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Ponnuketha Purushan]]''
| "Saaranga Thara"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
| [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002878|title=Ponnuketha Purushan Songs|access-date=16 May 2020|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Suyamariyadhai]]''
|"Ragam Talam"
| rowspan="2" |Sivaji Raja
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Vaa Maa Vaa"
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Thambi Pondatti]]''
|"Un Ennam Enge"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1993
! ''[[Aranmanai Kili]]''
| "Nattu Vacha Roja"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Piraisoodan]]
| -
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cet3YxT9Yk|title=Nattu Vacha Roja|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Gokulam]]''
|"Chevanthi Poo"
|[[Sirpy]]
|
|
|
|
|-
! ''[[Kattabomman (film)|Kattabomman]]''
| "Koondavittu Oru"
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| Kalidasan
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQH0dJxr1A4|title=Koondu Vittu|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]''
|"Yalean Kiliyae"(Duet)
| rowspan="2" |[[Sirpy]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Devan Kovil"
|
|
|
|
|-
! ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]''
| "Kannukku"(Female)
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Vairamuthu]]
| -
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzjIZdTThvs|title=Kannukku Mai Female|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
! ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]''
| "Mettupodu Mettu"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Vairamuthu]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| [[Anandabhairavi]]
| <ref name="thehindu5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-allure-of-anandabhairavi/article2576822.ece|title=A Raga's Journey - The allure of Anandabhairavi|last=Mani|first=Charulatha|date=2011-10-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrcT3be2YDk|title=Mettupodu Mettu Podu|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
! ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| "Kappaleri Poyachu"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7sZiiQDTkw|title=Kappaleri Poyachu |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
|}

===2000s===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Film
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col"| Composer(s)
! scope="col"| Writer(s)
! scope="col"| Co-artist(s)
! scope="col"| Note(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2006
!Kannama En Kadhali
|<nowiki>''Thennamara Thoppukula''</nowiki>
|V. Kumar
|
|Prabhakar
|
|
|-
|2007
!''[[Sila Nerangalil]]''
|"Pottu Vaitha"
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-07/sila-nerangalil-music-review.html|title=Sila Nerangalil Music Review|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

===2010s===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Film
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col"| Composer(s)
! scope="col"| Writer(s)
! scope="col"| Co-artist(s)
! scope="col"| Note(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2010
![[Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam]]
|"Semmozhiyaana Thamizh"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|Various
|
|
|-
|2011
!Nilavil Mazhai
|<nowiki>''Puthiya Karam Kondu''</nowiki>
|Surendar
|
|
|
|-
|-
|2019
![[Aadai]]
|"Raksha Raksha Jaganmatha"
|[[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|
|Solo
|
|
|-
|2019
![[LKG (film)|LKG]]
|"Tamil Anthem", "Tamizh Thai Vazhthu"
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|[[Sid Sriram]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[Vani Jayaram]]
|
|
|-
|}

===2020s===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Film
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col"| Composer(s)
! scope="col"| Writer(s)
! scope="col"| Co-artist(s)
! scope="col"| Note(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2021
!Natpadu Thenral
|"Vanna Vanna Komalame"
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|[[Vairamuthu]]
|[[K. S. Chitra]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|
|
|-
|}

==Non-film songs==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Film
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col"| Composer(s)
! scope="col"| Writer(s)
! scope="col"| Co-artist(s)
|-
| Rowspan=10| N/A
! Rowspan=10| ''Shri Rama Naamam''
| "Imai Moodivaiththen"
| rowspan=10| N/A
| rowspan=10| N/A
| rowspan=10| solo
|-
| "En Paadal Idhuvayya"
|-
| "Rama Namam Sonnale"
|-
| "Manilam Potridum"
|-
| "Shri Rama Navami"
|-
| "Vazhi Mel Vizhivaiththu"
|-
| "Neelavanai Parkkayil"
|-
| "Shri Ramachandran"
|-
| "Pullinam Padudhu"
|-
| "Punniyam Seidhavargal"
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0654915}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Susheela, P.}}
[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]

Rahim Sopori

2026-05-04T17:08:06Z

MichaleFlint91:

{{Short description|Kashmiri sufi}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Rahim Sopori
| image = Rahim Sahab Sopori.jpg
| caption = Rahim Sopori Sketch by Mohammad Yousuf Bacha (c. 2003) for Mohammad Amin Shakeeb's biography of Rahim Sopori.
| birthname = Abdul Rahim Shah
| birth_date = 1775
| birth_place = [[Sopore]]
| Sufi_order = [[Qadiriyya]], [[Chishti]]
| death_date = 1850
| resting_place = Teliyan Mohalla, Sopore
| honorific prefix = {{ubl|{{transliteration|ar|[[Sufi]]}}|{{transliteration|ar|[[Ma'rifa|Arif]] [[Allah|bi'Allah]]}}}}
| title = Arif Bi'Allah (Knower of God)
| region = [[Kashmir]]
| main interests = Poetry
| teachers = Qadir Shah Saeb
| occupation = Weaver
| burial_place = Ziyarat Sharif Rahim Sahab Sopori, Teliyan Mohallah Sopore
}}

'''Rahim Sahab Sopori''' (Kashmiri: رحِم صٲبِ سوپورؠ; born '''Abdul Rahim Shah''' in 1775) was a [[Kashmir|Kashmiri]] [[Sufi]] saint and poet associated with the [[Qadiriyya]] and [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] Sufi order. He is widely regarded as the greatest poet of [[Sopore]] and one of the greatest of the Kashmiri Language.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kawosa |first=Dr M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kg7-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Rahim+Sopori&pg=PA128 |title=I am Consciousness: a spiritual guide to peace and happiness |date=2020-09-08 |publisher=Lieper publication |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rahim Sopori was born in 1775 in [[Sopore]], Kashmir. He spent his early life in Teliyan Mohalla, a locality in [[Sopore]], where he received his spiritual education.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Shakeeb |first1=Mohammad Amin |title=Rahim Sahab Sopori |date=2005 |publisher=SAHITYA AKADEMI |isbn=9789391494612 |location=Sopore}}</ref> His early life is not well documented, and there are different narratives about his family background. According to one view, he belonged to a cowherd family, which was a common occupation in rural Kashmir at the time. However, some scholars argue that he was more likely from a weaver's family, supported by the fact that he learned the art of weaving in Batpora, a neighborhood in [[Sopore]] known for its weaving tradition.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=حضرت رحیم صاحب سوپوری رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کو 63 سال بعد سوپور میں یاد کیا گیا |url=https://urdu.asianmail.in/2023/07/13/39484 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Asian Mail News |language=ur}}</ref>

Kashmiri oral tradition preserves a key incident that set him on the [[Sufism|Sufi Path]]. It is said that during a visit to the Tomb of Hazrat Syed Jamal-ud-Din Bukhari in Sopore, a young Sopori exchanged mystical verses with a pious woman. This poetic dialogue emphasized the importance of a spiritual guide (''Murshid'') in seeking the ultimate Truth.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Bhat |first1=Haroon Rashid |date=16 June 2023 |title=Rahim Saeb Sopore - The Mystic Sufi Saint |url=https://www.dailygoodmorningkashmir.com/rahim-saeb-sopore-the-mystic-sufi-saint/#:~:text=Sufism%20with%20a%20special%20focus,of%20weaving%20at%20Batpora%20Mahalla |website=Daily Good Morning Kashmir |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617042543/https://www.dailygoodmorningkashmir.com/rahim-saeb-sopore-the-mystic-sufi-saint/#:~:text=Sufism%20with%20a%20special%20focus,of%20weaving%20at%20Batpora%20Mahalla |url-status=live }}</ref> Inspired by the encounter, Sopori resolved to find a guide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-12 |title=بزم روحانیت وعظمت نسواں سوپور کشمیر کی جانب کشمیری ادب وثقافت سے عوام کو روشناس کرانے کا سلسلہ جاری |url=https://newstatereporter.com/NewsDetail%3Dview%26ID%3D2233.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=New State Reporter |language=ur |archive-date=2021-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712171107/https://newstatereporter.com/NewsDetail%3Dview%26ID%3D2233.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Eventually he became a disciple of Peer Ghulam Qadir Malik, known as Hazrat Qadir Shah Saeb of Ranan Qaziyabad.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Jan |first1=Mehfouz |url=https://archive.org/details/FreH_kuliyat-e-rahim-sahib-sopori-kashmiri-mehfouz-jan |title=Kuliyat E Rahim Sahib Sopori Kashmiri Mehfouz Jan}}</ref> Through this mentor he joined the [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri Sufi Silsala]] (order), a lineage tracing back to saint [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]], and he also identified with the [[Chishti Order]] which traces back to [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]], one of the most prominent Sufi saints of the Indian sub-continent.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-07-17 |title=URS Mubarak Rahim Sahib سوپور میں حضرت رحیم صاحب سوپوری رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کا عرس مبارک |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/jammu-and-kashmir/urs-mubarak-of-hazrat-rahim-sahib-sopori-held-in-sopore-of-baramulla-in-jammu-and-kashmir/na20230717165732361361728 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ur}}</ref>

== Spiritualism ==
Under the guidance of his spiritual teacher (''[[murshid]]''), Rahim Sopori devoted himself to the Sufi path, spending his life in worship, reflection, and teaching. He gained a reputation as a true Sufi both in his personal conduct and his poetry. He lived simply, dedicated to God and the service of others.<ref name=":2" />

Sopori preached Sufi values such as love, humility, patience, and remembrance of God, and wrote poetry that retold stories from the [[Quran]] in a gentle, lyrical style. His verses combine Kashmiri folk themes with Islamic spiritual ideas.<ref name=":0" />

Sopori often mentioned his loyalty to the [[Qadiriyya]] Sufi order in his poetry. In one couplet written in Kashmiri, he names the Qadiri silsila (lineage), highlighting his love and dedication to his Sufi path. In another verse he similarly cites the [[Chishti Order]]. These affirmations underscore his firm roots in Kashmiri Islam's mystical tradition, while also honoring earlier local mystics (scholars note similarities with the Kashmiri saints [[Lalleshwari]] (Lal Ded) and [[Nund Rishi]] (Sheikh Noor-ud-Din) in his thought).<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last1=Pen |first1=Kashmir |date=25 October 2018 |title=FORGOTTEN SUFI POET RAHIM SAA'B SOPORE (1775-1850) |url=https://www.kashmirpen.in/forgotten-sufi-poet-rahim-saab-sopore-1775-1850/ |website=KashmirPEN |language=en |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004013625/https://www.kashmirpen.in/forgotten-sufi-poet-rahim-saab-sopore-1775-1850/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Major works and themes ==
[[File:Rahim Sahab Sopori by Mohammad Amin Shakeeb.jpg|thumb|Rahim Sopori Biography by Mohammad Amin Shakeeb]]
The biography and the majority of the written works of Sopori were collected and preserved by educationalist Mohammad Amin Shakeeb, who went from village to village in Kashmir in search of poems by Sopori, and collected them in a work named "Rahim Sahab Sopori", first published in Urdu and later translated into English.<ref name=":2" /> Some of his poems are found in Shafi Shauq's work "Kashmiri Sufi Poetry".<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Shauq |first1=Shafi |url=https://kashmirbookstore.com/product/the-best-of-kashmiri-litrature-kashmiri-sufi-poetry/ |title=Kashmiri Sufi Poetry |publisher=Ali Mohammad and Sons |isbn=9789394641631 |location=Srinagar |archive-date=2024-09-17 |access-date=2025-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917125033/https://kashmirbookstore.com/product/the-best-of-kashmiri-litrature-kashmiri-sufi-poetry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rahim Sopori wrote primarily in the Kashmiri language, and most of his surviving poetry is in Kashmiri. However, he also composed some verses in Persian, one of which was recited during [[Muhammad Iqbal]]'s visit to Kashmir in 1931.<ref name=":0" /> His collected Kashmiri poems have been preserved in a volume dedicated to his work. His spiritual legacy was passed on through dozens of short poems and devotional songs, especially ''qaseedas'' (odes), that were memorized and passed down in Sufi circles across the Valley.<ref name=":2" /> His poetry often refers to the emotions of love, longing, and deep devotion. He often wrote from the perspective of the ''ashiq'' (the lover) searching for the ''Beloved'', who is either God or sometimes symbolically the spiritual master. Many of his poems are also tributes to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].

Sopori's poetry blends different traditions, including free use of [[Sanskrit]]-derived words and Hindu mystical imagery, reflecting the syncretic culture of Sopore in his time. One scholar observed that Sopori's writings balance Islamic Sufi mysticism and elements of [[Kashmir Shaivism]].<ref name=":0" />

Another key feature of Sopori's poetry is his use of everyday Kashmiri idiom. Though he wrote in the Sopore dialect, he infused it with a mix of Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit words. His verses became popular in Sufi ''mehfils'' (spiritual gatherings), where they were recited or sung over several generations.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

== Historical and cultural context ==
Rahim Sopori lived from 1775 to around the 1850s, during a time of major political and cultural change in Kashmir. His life spanned the end of [[Afghan rule in Kashmir]], the period of [[Sikh rule in Kashmir]], and the beginning of the [[Dogra dynasty]].<ref name=":2" /> Despite the political unrest and shifting rulers, Kashmir during this era continued to absorb influences from Central Asia and Persia. Spiritually, the valley had already been shaped by centuries of Sufi teachings, with saints like [[Nund Rishi]] and [[Lalleshwari|Lal Ded]] laying the foundations of mystical beliefs that blended Islamic and local traditions.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Ziyarat of Rahim Sahab Sopori.jpg|thumb|Ziyarat of Rahim Sahab Sopori in Teliyan, Sopore]]
Sopori contributed to this spiritual environment through his poetry. During this time, the Kashmiri language had become a refined medium of literature, and Rahim Sopori contributed to its literary growth. His poetry combined stories from the [[Quran]], [[Sufism|Sufi]] teachings, and symbols from [[Hindu mysticism]], creating a style that was rooted in both Islamic faith and local culture.<ref name=":2" />

Living in Sopore, an area with strong Shaivite history, Sopori included Sanskrit words and imagery in his Kashmiri poems. Yet his message was clearly Islamic, centered on divine love, spiritual longing, and ethical living. Many of his poems paraphrase or refer to [[Quran]]ic events, but they are presented in simple verses that ordinary people could understand and relate to.<ref name=":2" />

He was part of a larger tradition of Kashmiri Sufi poets who used the local language to express complex mystical ideas. By writing in Kashmiri, using folk metaphors and local expressions, he helped make spiritual teachings accessible to the common people. His influence paved the way for later Sufi poets in the Valley.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{cite web |last1=DAR |first1=KHURSHEED |date=7 July 2022 |title=Rahim Saeb Sopore: Our traditional mystic poet |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/rahim-saeb-sopore-our-traditional-mystic-poet/ |website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

Belonging to the [[Qadiriyya]] Sufi order, and influenced also by the [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] tradition, Sopori's teachings and poetry helped keep Sufi spiritualism alive in Kashmir through the 19th century, acting as a cultural and spiritual bridge between Kashmir's earlier Hindu-Buddhist heritage and its Islamic Sufi present.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" />

In 1931, the poet and philosopher [[Muhammad Iqbal]] visited [[Kashmir]]. During his visit, local singers performed some of Rahim Sopori's Persian ''ghazals''. Iqbal was reportedly very moved by the performance, remarking that "his own ancestors were from this land of saints".<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sopori, Rahim}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1850 deaths]]
[[Category:Qadiri order]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Sufi saints]]
{{Authority control}}

Ajay Singh Chahar

2026-05-01T09:23:50Z

MichaleFlint91: added a bio...

{{Short description|Indian politician and diplomat (1950–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Singh Chahar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|High Commissioner]] to [[Fiji|Fiji Islands]]
| term_start1 = 2005
| term_end1 = 2007
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]]
| office3 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Deputy Minister, Railways]]
| office4 = President of the [[Jat Mahasabha]]
| term_start4 = March 2013
| term_end4 = May 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1950|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|6|9|1950|8|15|df=y}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Janata Dal]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = St. Stephen's College, Delhi University
| profession = Diplomat, Politician, Journalist
| known_for =
| term_start2 = 1989
| term_end2 = 1991
| term_start3 = 23 April 1990
| term_end3 = 10 November 1990
| office5 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start5 = July 1986
| term_end5 = December 1989
| predecessor2 = Nihal Singh
| successor2 = [[Bhagwan Shankar Rawat]]
| predecessor4 = [[Dara Singh]]
| successor4 = [[Amarinder Singh]]
| predecessor3 = [[Mahaveer Prasad]]
| successor3 = Position not in use
| constituency3 = [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]]
| honorific_prefix = Shri
}}

'''Ajay Singh Chahar''' (15 August 1950 – 9 June 2020) was an Indian politician and diplomat from [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was elected to [[9th Lok Sabha]] representing [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra constituency]] after defeating Singh family who held the seat since Independence. He was a member of [[Janata Dal]].<ref name="‘You as Editor will be respected by politicians’ – Ajay Singh was told, he still quit media">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title='You as Editor will be respected by politicians' – Ajay Singh was told, he still quit media|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/you-as-editor-will-be-respected-by-politicians-ajay-singh-was-told-he-still-quit-media/917677/|accessdate=1 July 2025|publisher=ThePrint|date=16 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701081806/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/you-as-editor-will-be-respected-by-politicians-ajay-singh-was-told-he-still-quit-media/917677/|archivedate=1 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="पूर्व केंद्रीय मंत्री चौ. अजय सिंह चाहर का गुरुग्राम में निधन, दिल्ली और न्यूजीलैंड में की पढ़ाई, वर्षों की पत्रकारिता">{{cite news|title=पूर्व केंद्रीय मंत्री चौ. अजय सिंह चाहर का गुरुग्राम में निधन, दिल्ली और न्यूजीलैंड में की पढ़ाई, वर्षों की पत्रकारिता|url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/former-union-minister-ajay-singh-chahar-died-in-gurugram-hospital-after-long-time-illness|accessdate=1 July 2025|publisher=Amar Ujala|date=9 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701080337/https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/former-union-minister-ajay-singh-chahar-died-in-gurugram-hospital-after-long-time-illness|archivedate=1 July 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="फीजी में वरिष्ठ उपसंपादक से भारत के उपरेलमंत्री तक, कुछ ऐसा रहा अजय सिंह चाहर का सफर">{{cite news|title=फीजी में वरिष्ठ उपसंपादक से भारत के उपरेलमंत्री तक, कुछ ऐसा रहा अजय सिंह चाहर का सफर|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-former-union-minister-ajay-singh-passes-away-know-the-journey-of-former-union-minister-20370094.html|accessdate=1 July 2025|publisher=Jagran|date=9 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701080501/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-former-union-minister-ajay-singh-passes-away-know-the-journey-of-former-union-minister-20370094.html|archivedate=1 July 2025|language=hi|url-status=live}}</ref>

He served as union deputy minister for railways in [[V. P. Singh ministry|V. P. Singh Government]]. He was also elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] in 1986. He was India's High Commissioner to [[Fiji|Fiji Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]] and [[Cook Islands]] from 2005 to 2007.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ajay |title=Fiji, a Love Story |publisher=Shipra publications |year=2022 |isbn=9789391978358}}</ref> He also served a president of [[Jat Mahasabha|All India Jat Mahasabha]] briefly from 30 March 2013 to 12 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जाट महासभा |url=https://www.jatmahasabhaglobal.com/hi |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=jatmahasabhaglobal.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Uttar Pradesh [1947 - 1999] 1989 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1989/uttar-pradesh%20[1947%20-%201999]/9/8 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Review: Fiji: A Love Story by Ajay Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-fiji-a-love-story-by-ajay-singh-101652707603333.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Bhaichand |date=2022-04-02 |title=Life and times of a diplomat in Fiji |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2022/Apr/02/life-and-times-of-a-diplomat-in-fiji-2436631.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Singh was born on 15 August 1950 in a [[Jats|Chahar Jat]] family in village Jaingara, tehsil [[Kiraoli]], [[Agra|Agra, Uttar Pradesh]]. His father Capt. [[Bhagwan Singh]] was an Indian [[diplomat]] and [[bureaucrat]] who served as [[Indian High Commissioner|Indian High commissioner]] to [[Fiji]]. He studied at [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School, New Delhi]] before graduating in English (Hons) Literature from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St Stephens College]] in 1971. In school, he was adjudged the "Best Sportsman of the Year (1967) and captained the school hockey, swimming and [[water polo]] teams. He captained the college as well as the university swimming and water polo teams, participating in inter-state and inter-university championships from 1965 to 1971.

He did his post graduate studies at the School of Journalism, [[University of Canterbury]], Christchurch, New Zealand in 1974 and later worked as publicity and promotions officer with Television One, Avalon, [[Lower Hutt]], in Wellington. He returned to Fiji as senior sub editor with The [[Fiji Times]] before coming back to India after five years at the end of December 1976.

==Career==
From 1977 to 1980, he worked as assistant editor at Surya India (a monthly magazine), news editor at [[India Today]] and deputy editor in charge of the Morning Echo (an English language tabloid daily of [[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]] group).

In 1980 he took over as managing trustee of the Kisan Trust and editor-in chief of its publications: Asli Bharat (Hindi Weekly newspaper), Asli Bharat (Urdu weekly magazine) and Real India (English weekly magazine). These journals were opposition papers espousing the cause of rural India, hence their names. The Hindi weekly newspaper (later converted into a monthly magazine) won a wide and devoted readership, particularly in rural areas of the Hindi heartland. As a monthly, it was acclaimed as one of the leaders in "alternative" journalism as opposed to the "mainstream".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ajay |date=2022-04-16 |title='You as Editor will be respected by politicians' – Ajay Singh was told, he still quit media |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/you-as-editor-will-be-respected-by-politicians-ajay-singh-was-told-he-still-quit-media/917677/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

As managing trustee of the Kisan Trust, he worked closely with veteran Socialist leaders [[Madhu Limaye]] and [[George Fernandes]], Shri [[Biju Patnaik]], [[Karpoori Thakur]] and [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]. His close colleagues included [[Sharad Yadav]], [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]. They were all trustees of the trust and its chairman was [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]]. After Charan Singh's death in 1987, all the veteran leaders unanimously elected him chairman in his place.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

He was elected to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] unopposed in 1986. In 1989 he won the [[Lok Sabha]] seat from [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]] defeating a family that had held the seat since Independence. He served as Union Deputy Minister for Railways in [[V. P. Singh ministry|V. P. Singh Government]].<ref name=":1" />

He later served as Chairman of the [[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] (CCRT), an autonomous body with the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Human Resources Ministry]]. Later as chairman, Governing Body of the [[Sri Aurobindo College]], Delhi University.

In 2005 he was appointed [[Indian High Commissioner|India's High Commissioner]] to [[Fiji|Fiji Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]] and [[Cook Islands]] by [[Indian National Congress]] government. He served there until June 2007. His father had held the same post thirty years earlier.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Shri Ajay Singh concurrently accredited High Commissioner of India to Tuvalu.ex.member of parliament(rajya sabha) |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2005/07/14pr02.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226050050/http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2005/07/14pr02.htm |archivedate=26 December 2005}}</ref>

He briefly served as president of All India [[Jat Mahasabha]] from 30 March 2013 to 12 May 2013.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ajay}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Fiji]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Nauru]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Fiji]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Agra district]]
[[Category:University of Canterbury alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Agra]]

Court Kacheri

2026-04-28T19:56:53Z

MichaleFlint91: added entry

{{short description|Indian drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Court_Kacheri_Poster.jpg
| image_alt = Official Poster
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = {{Plainlist| * Legal drama
* Comedy }}
| creator = [[Arunabh Kumar]] (TVF)
| director = Ruchir Arun
| starring = {{Plainlist| *[[Pavan Malhotra]]
*Ashish Verma}}
| producer = Arunabh Kumar
| company = The Viral Fever (TVF)
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|* Vijay Koshy
* Shreyansh Pandey}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|13|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Court Kacheri''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[legal drama]] web series created by [[Arunabh Kumar]] of [[TVF (The Viral Fever)|TVF]] and directed by Ruchir Arun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court Kacheri Trailer: Ashish Verma Battles Law, Legacy And Laughter In Courtroom Chaos |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/court-kacheri-trailer-ashish-verma-battles-law-legacy-and-laughter-in-courtroom-chaos-ws-l-9480265.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It stars Pavan Malhotra and Ashish Verma in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=2025-08-02 |title=Watch: Ashish Verma, Pavan Malhotra in legal drama 'Court Kacheri' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1085159/watch-ashish-verma-pavan-malhotra-in-legal-drama-court-kacheri |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> The series explores intergenerational conflict and legacy within a small-town courtroom setting.<ref name="CinemaExpress">{{cite news |date=2 August 2025 |title=Pavan Malhotra plays a lawyer in legal drama series Court Kacheri; trailer, release date out |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>It premiered on the OTT platform [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]] on 13 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-02 |title=Court Kacheri Trailer Out: Ashish Verma Brings Legal Legacy To Life In Intense Drama Full Of Chaos - Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/court-kacheri-trailer-out-ashish-verma-brings-legal-legacy-to-life-in-intense-drama-full-ofchaoswatch-article-152395937 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/entertainment/%E2%80%98court-kacheri%E2%80%99-to-stream-on-sony-liv-from-august-13/2786018 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Set in a district courtroom in a small town, the series follows Param, a reluctant young man propelled into the legal profession by his father, veteran advocate Harish Mathur. Against murky justice and familial pressure, Param must decide if he should reject—or embrace—his legacy.<ref name="PTI">{{cite news |title=Court Kacheri trailer out; Pavan Malhotra, Ashish Verma lead legal drama |work=NewsNation (ANI) |date=2 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2025 |title='Court Kacheri' trailer out; Pavan Malhotra, Ashish Verma lead legal drama |url=https://aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/court-kacheri-trailer-out-pavan-malhotra-ashish-verma-lead-legal-drama20250802193235/}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Pavan Malhotra]] as Harish Mathur<ref name="PTI"/>
* Ashish Verma as Param<ref name="PTI"/>
* Puneet Batra
* [[Priyasha Bhardwaj|Priyasha Bharadwaj]]
* Bhushan Vikas
* Kiran Khoje
* Pranav Malviya
* Sumali Khaniwale
* Anandeshwar Dwivedi<ref name="CinemaExpress" />

== Production ==
Developed by TVF and produced by Arunabh Kumar under the TVF banner, Court Kacheri was announced in early August 2025. The writers for the series include Puneet Batra, Anurag Ramesh Shukla, [[Akshay Anand]] Kohli, and Anurag Jha. Vijay Koshy and Shreyansh Pandey serve as executive producers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-02 |title=Pavan Malhotra plays a lawyer in legal drama series Court Kacheri; trailer, release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Aug/02/pavan-malhotra-plays-a-lawyer-in-legal-drama-series-court-kacheri-trailer-release-date-out |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 2 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-02 |title=Court Kacheri Trailer Out: Ashish Verma Brings Legal Legacy To Life In Intense Drama Full Of Chaos - Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/court-kacheri-trailer-out-ashish-verma-brings-legal-legacy-to-life-in-intense-drama-full-ofchaoswatch-article-152395937 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series began streaming exclusively on [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]] on 13 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavan Malhotra: 'Court Kacheri': It's emotional, real, and deeply relatable |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/entertainment/news/pavan-malhotra-%E2%80%98court-kacheri-its-emotional-real-and-deeply-relatable-293463 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.punjabnewsexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Court Kacheri Trailer Released: Ashish Verma Revives Legal Heritage in a Gripping Drama Filled with Turmoil - Watch Now |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/court-kacheri-legal-drama-humor-sony-liv-article-152396237 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
* Sumit Rajguru of [[Times Now|Times Now News]] rated 4 out of 5 stars and wrote 'Court Kacheri is a legally perfect drama on a father and son’s unusual bond. Pavan Malhotra and Ashish Verma did outstanding jobs in the web series, which is highly entertaining due to its amazing story, screenplay and direction.'<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=Court Kacheri Review: Pavan Malhotra-Ashish Verma Shine In Legally Perfect Tale On Father-Son's Unusual Bond |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/court-kacheri-review-pawan-malhotra-ashish-verma-shine-in-legally-perfect-tale-on-father-son-unusual-bond-review-152454512 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
* Amit Bhatia of [[Abplive|ABPLive]] gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and reviewed it as "It is more than just another courtroom drama - it’s a heartfelt family story wrapped in lively legal proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Amit |date=2025-08-13 |title=Court Kacheri Review: A Witty, Heartwarming Courtroom Drama With A Father-Son Twist |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/court-kacheri-review-tvf-delivers-witty-heartwarming-courtroom-drama-with-father-son-twist-1794436 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>
* Archika Khurana of [[The Times of India]] gave a rating of 3 out of 5, describing it as "a watchable, heartfelt legal dramedy with decent performances and an authentic small-town courtroom setting."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/court-kacheri/season-1/seasonreview/123258501.cms |title=Court Kacheri Season 1 Review: TVF's legal dramedy puts legacy on trial |last=Khurana |first=Archika |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* Shweta Keshri of [[India Today]] gave it 3 out of 5, reviewed it as 'Strong performances drive legal dramedy on father-son conflict'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=2025-08-13 |title=Court Kacheri review: Strong performances drive legal dramedy on father-son conflict |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/court-kacheri-review-legal-drama-father-son-conflict-pawan-malhotra-ashish-verma-2770367-2025-08-13 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* Sameer Ahire of Movie Talkies rated the series 3 out of 5, describing it as “a lighthearted courtroom drama, sprinkled with heartfelt and comedic moments.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahire |first=Sameer |date=12 August 2025 |title=Court Kacheri Review: TVF's Honest Attempt to Expose and Glorify the World of LLB |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/reviews/court-kacheri-review-honest-attempt-expose-and-glorify-world-of-llb-9652279 |work=Movie Talkies}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of productions by The Viral Fever]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27518736}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Ramesh C. Ray

2026-04-23T20:22:59Z

MichaleFlint91: Created A Stub Added Tags

{{Short description|Agriculture and food microbiologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Ramesh Chandra Ray
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|11|22}}
| birth_place = [[Jajpur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Agriculture]] and food microbiologist, author, and editor
| title =
| awards = 
| website =
| education = B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D.
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]], India
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| workplaces = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR)- [[Central Tuber Crops Research Institute]] [[Bhubaneswar]]/[[Thiruvanathapuram]], India
}}

'''Ramesh Chandra Ray''' is an [[agriculture]] and food [[microbiologist]], author, and editor. He is the former principal scientist ([[microbiology]]), and head of the Regional Centre at [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] ICAR - [[Central Tuber Crops Research Institute]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/sustainable-biofuels/ray/978-0-12-820297-5|title=Sustainable Biofuels - 1st Edition|website=www.elsevier.com|date=7 April 2021 |isbn=978-0-12-820297-5 |last1=Ray |first1=Ramesh C. |publisher=Elsevier Science }}</ref>

Ray is the author of ''Agricultural and Biotechnological Applications of Bacillus subtilis,'' ''Lactic acid Fermentation of Sweet Potato,'' and ''Extracellular Thermostable α- amylase from Streptomyces erumpens,'' and editor of several agriculture and [[food microbiology]] books. His research interests are in the fields of food biology, and [[bioprocess]] technology with a particular focus on fermented food system, microbiology, [[food security]], bio-ethanol from starchy crops, as well as bio-processing of agricultural and food wastes.<ref name=wer>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramesh-Ray-2|title=Ramesh C. Ray – Research Gate Profile}}</ref>

Ray is a Fellow of [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=412|title=Dr Ramesh C. Ray - Fellow Elected 2008}}</ref> [[National Academy of Biological Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nabsindia.org/profiles/rameshcray.html|title=Profile of Dr. Ramesh C. Ray|website=nabsindia.org}}</ref> and Confederation of Horticultural Societies in India. He holds editorial appointment as Series Editor of ''Food Biology,''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Food-Biology-Series/book-series/CRCFOOBIOSER|title=Food Biology Series}}</ref> and ''Applied Biotechnology Reviews.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://shop.elsevier.com/books/microbial-biotechnology-in-food-and-health/ray/978-0-12-819813-1#full-description|title=Microbial Biotechnology in Food and Health|website=shop.elsevier.com|date=13 September 2020 |isbn=978-0-12-819813-1 |last1=Ray |first1=Ramesh C. |publisher=Elsevier Science }}</ref> He was included in the top 2% scientists of the world ranking in a database prepared by Stanford University in 2021, 2022 and 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373336352|title=Top 2% Most Influential Scientists (2023) ICAR, India}}</ref>

==Education==
After completing his early education from the Board of Secondary Education in [[Odisha]], Ray enrolled at the [[Utkal University]] and graduated with majors in [[Botany]], [[Zoology]], and [[Chemistry]] in 1974. Later, in 1976, he received his M.Sc. in botany from the Utkal University in Odisha, India, followed by his Ph.D. in botany in 1984.<ref name=wer/>

==Career==
Ray started his academic career as a Full-time [[Lecturer]] in Botany at the [[Kendrapara Autonomous College]], [[Government of Orissa]] in India in 1980, and held that appointment till 1985. He also served as Guest Faculty in the Department of Microbiology at the Utkal University in Bhubaneswar from 2000 till 2010.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Ray held an appointment as a Scientist of [[Plant Physiology]] at the ICAR-[[Indian Institute of Horticultural Research]] in [[Bangalore]] from 1985 till 1988. Following this appointment, he served as the Senior Scientist of Microbiology at the ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute based in Thiruvanathapuram/Bhubaneswar from 1988 till 1998. Subsequently, he was appointed as a principal scientist at the ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Regional Centre in Bhubaneswar, and held that position for nearly two decades. From 2019 till 2020, he served as a senior consultant at the International Potato Center based in Odisha, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cipotato.org/blog/south-asia-women-agriculture-during-covid-19/|title=South Asia women in agriculture during COVID-19|date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

==Research==
Ray's research works span the fields of agriculture & food microbiology, bioprocess technology, and have particularly covered wide range of aspects associated with the traditional fermented food system, and its health attributes, food security, lacto-pickling of vegetables, bio valorization of food wastes, and the production of bio-ethanol.<ref name=qaz>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=UzYSHxMAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Ramesh C. Ray|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>

===Food fermentation processes and microbial technology===
Ray has made contributions in the field of food microbiology, particularly by exploring the food processing of roots, tubers, fruits and vegetables, and developing food processing technology. Together with V.K. Joshi, he provided in-depth information on the natural food fermentation processes, and explored the diverse range of fermenting microbes along with their benefits for the product quality, and energetics of the process.<ref>{{cite book |title=Microorganisms and Fermentation of Traditional Foods |chapter=Fermented Foods: Past, Present and Future |date=2014 |pages=11–46 |doi=10.1201/b17307-4 |isbn=978-0-429-15716-5 }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> In one of his highly cited works "Fermented Fruits and Vegetables of Asia: A Potential Source of Probiotics", he highlighted the crucial role of [[lactic acid fermentation]] of vegetables and fruits in the tropical and subtropical regions. He has conducted several studies on the lacto-pickling of vegetables, and his research addressed how the fermented foods carry high nutritional value, increased shelf life, reduced toxins, and a diverse group of probiotics.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fermented fruits and vegetables of Asia: a potential source of probiotics|first1=Manas Ranjan|last1=Swain|first2=Marimuthu|last2=Anandharaj|first3=Ramesh Chandra|last3=Ray|first4=Rizwana|last4=Parveen Rani|date=29 December 2014|journal=Biotechnology Research International|volume=2014|article-number=250424|doi=10.1155/2014/250424|pmid=25343046|pmc=4058509|doi-access=free }}</ref> While studying the consumer acceptance of lactic acid-fermented sweet potato pickle, his research demonstrated that the highly educated consumer preferred it more, whereas an improvement in the sourness, and aroma could lead to an increase in consumer acceptance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sivakumar |first1=P. Sethuraman |last2=Panda |first2=Smita H. |last3=Ray |first3=R.C. |last4=Naskar |first4=S.K. |last5=Bharathi |first5=L.K. |title=Consumer acceptance of lactic acid-fermented sweet potato pickle |journal=Journal of Sensory Studies |date=October 2010 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=706–719 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-459X.2010.00299.x }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref>

Ray developed a technology for production of lacto-juice with high nutritional value by the lactic acid fermentation of β-carotene-rich sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panda |first1=Smita H. |last2=Ray |first2=Ramesh C. |title=Lactic Acid Fermentation of β-Carotene Rich Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) into Lacto-juice |journal=Plant Foods for Human Nutrition |date=June 2007 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=65–70 |doi=10.1007/s11130-007-0043-y |pmid=17370124 |bibcode=2007PFHN...62...65P }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> He also conducted research on developing processing technology for fruit wines and [[probiotic]] beverages from the typically underutilized fruits such as Jamun,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285757807|title=Fermentation of jamun (Syzgium cumini L.) fruits to form red wine}}</ref> and cashew apple.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Shuklajasha |last2=Ray |first2=Pratima |last3=Swain |first3=M.R. |last4=Ray |first4=R.C. |title=Fermentation of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) 'Apple' into Wine |journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation |date=June 2006 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=314–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.2006.00067.x |doi-access=free }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> His research investigated the bio-processing of wastes from fruits and vegetables for the production of useful enzymes and organic acids, and addressed how the advances in microbial processing technology can increase the production of value-added products, and promote the zero-waste economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Microbial-processing of fruit and vegetable wastes for production of vital enzymes and organic acids: Biotechnology and scopes|first1=Sandeep K.|last1=Panda|first2=Swati S.|last2=Mishra|first3=Eugenie|last3=Kayitesi|first4=Ramesh C.|last4=Ray|date=29 April 2016|journal=Environmental Research|volume=146|pages=161–172|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.035|pmid=26761593 |bibcode=2016ER....146..161P }}</ref>

Ray's research also showed that the agro-food chain industry must rely on the use of microbes, and further emphasized that the use of selected microbes can reduce the risk of food borne threats associated during the food processing, or storage. Moreover, he called attention to the development of new preservation methods using microbes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Use of Microbes for Improving Food Safety and Quality|first1=Nevijo|last1=Zdolec|first2=José Manuel|last2=Lorenzo|first3=Ramesh Chandra|last3=Ray|date=29 December 2018|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2018|article-number=3902698|doi=10.1155/2018/3902698|pmid=30356344|pmc=6176288|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Bio-valorization===
Ray's research on bio valorization of wastewaters from the agro-food and beverage industry explored the microbial remediation options that will not only focus on their safe disposal, but also provide value-added products from the wastewaters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226727253|title=Bioaugmentation and Biovalourization of Agro-Food and Beverage Industry Effluents}}</ref> More recently, he studied the winery waste from the context of bio valorization, and concluded that by utilizing biomass [[pyrolysis]], grape stalks can lead to energy production, phenolic antioxidants can be derived from grape seeds, whereas anthocyanins can be obtained from the grape skins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kotsanopoulos |first1=Konstantinos V. |last2=Ray |first2=Ramesh C. |last3=Behera |first3=Sudhanshu S. |title=Winemaking |chapter=Biovalorisation of Winery Wastes |date=2021 |pages=635–653 |doi=10.1201/9781351034265-27 |isbn=978-1-351-03426-5 }}</ref>

===Attributes of cow dung microbes===
Ray has investigated the beneficial attributes of cow dung, and its microflora for advanced applications in the fields of agriculture, biotechnology, and environment as well. In the context of geo-microbiological processes, his research illustrated the role of cow dung microorganisms for sulfur oxidation, and phosphorus solubilization. In the agricultural field, the cow dung-microbes were regarded as essential for the control of plant pathogens, whereas biosorption of heavy metals concerning their application to environmental field was also determined with his research.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bioprospecting of cowdung microflora for sustainable agricultural, biotechnological and environmental applications|first1=Sudhanshu S.|last1=Behera|first2=Ramesh C.|last2=Ray|date=1 December 2021|journal=Current Research in Microbial Sciences|volume=2|article-number=100018|doi=10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100018|pmid=34841310 |pmc=8610318 }}</ref> It was also indicated from his research that the [[Bacillus subtilis]] strains isolated from the cow dung carried significant benefits such as biocontrol, plant growth promotion as well as the production of amylase and cellulase enzymes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biocontrol and other beneficial activities of Bacillus subtilis isolated from cowdung microflora|first1=M. R.|last1=Swain|first2=R. C.|last2=Ray|date=1 January 2009|journal=Microbiological Research|volume=164|issue=2|pages=121–130|doi=10.1016/j.micres.2006.10.009|pmid=17320363 |doi-access=}}</ref> Furthermore, he reported that the application of this microbe's suspension on the yam minisetts significantly impacted the growth of in terms of an increased number of roots, shoots length etc.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swain |first1=Manas R. |last2=Naskar |first2=Samir K. |last3=Ray |first3=Ramesh C. |title=Indole-3-acetic acid production and effect on sprouting of yam (Dioscorea rotundata L.) minisetts by Bacillus subtilis isolated from culturable cowdung microflora |journal=Polish Journal of Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=103–110 |pmid=17650680 }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> He also explored the literature concerned with the production of microbial cellulase in solid state fermentation by employing the modern technologies, as well as discussed, the strategies that account for the improvement of enzyme yield.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Behera |first1=Sudhanshu S. |last2=Ray |first2=Ramesh C. |title=Solid state fermentation for production of microbial cellulases: Recent advances and improvement strategies |journal=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules |date=May 2016 |volume=86 |pages=656–669 |doi=10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.090 |pmid=26601764 }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref>

===Bioethanol production===
Ray is well-recognized for his research on bioethanol production, and has conducted research on the technological interventions in ethanol production from both the sources of plant biomass, and food crops, as well as indicated the food security issues associated with the bioethanol production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323883581|title=Bioethanol Production from Food Crops: Sustainable Sources, Interventions and Challenges Understand the issues and potential solutions in balancing crop production between use for food and use for fuel}}</ref> An area of prominence in his research is the effective, and feasible production of bioethanol from mohua flowers while indicating it an alternate to sugar or starchy crops for the production of ethanol. By conducting the solid-state fermentation of yeast [[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]], he investigated the production of fuel ethanol from mohua flowers, (Madhuca latifolia L.).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Sujit Kumar |last2=Behera |first2=Shuvasis |last3=Swain |first3=Manas Ranjan |last4=Ray |first4=Ramesh Chandra |title=Bioethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by solid-state fermentation |journal=Applied Energy |date=May 2009 |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=640–644 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.08.022 |bibcode=2009ApEn...86..640M }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref> Later, his comparative studies focused on determining the efficiency of bio-ethanol production from mohua by employing the immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CTCRI strain) and Zymomonas mobilis (MTCC 92) in calcium alginate as beads determined that the S. cerevisiae were more effective in producing ethanol as compared to the immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/9688/1/JSIR%2069%286%29%20472-475.pdf|title=Comparative study of bioethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis in calcium alginate beads}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Behera |first1=Shuvashish |last2=Mohanty |first2=Rama Chandra |last3=Ray |first3=Ramesh Chandra |title=Comparative study of bio-ethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis |journal=Applied Energy |date=July 2010 |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=2352–2355 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.018 }}{{psc|date=October 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
*1998-20 – Indian Council of Agriculture Research Team Research Award on Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR, New Delhi
*2005 – Asian Federation of [[Lactic acid bacteria|Lactic Acid Bacteria]], Japan Research Award, Bali, Indonesia
*2007 – French Government Fellowship, CIRAD, Montepellier, France
*2008 – Indo-US visiting professor, American Society of Microbiology<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences |url=https://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=412#:~:text=Awards/Honours:%20ICAR%20Team%20Research,onwards;%20Series%20Editor,%20Applied%20Biotechnology |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=naas.org.in}}</ref>
*2015 – Samanta Chandrasekhar Award in Life Science for 2013, Odisha Vigyana Academy, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Odisha<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odishabigyanacademy.in/samanta-chandra-sekhar-award/|title=Samanta Chandra Sekhar Award – Odisha Bigyan Academy}}</ref>
*2021, 2022, 2023 - Top 2% scientists of the world ranking in a database prepared by Stanford University

==Bibliography==
===Books===
*''Lactic Acid Fermentation of Sweet Potato: Lactic acid fermentation'' (2010) ISBN 978-3843376570
*''Agricultural and Biotechnological Potential of Bacillus subtilis: Beneficial Activity by Bacillus subtilis'' 2011) ISBN 978-3844311891
*''Extracellular Thermostable α-Amylase from Streptomyces erumpens: Production of Calcium - independent α-amylase'' (2011) ISBN 978-3844397901
*''Transforming Agriculture Residues for Sustainable Development'' (2024)

===Selected edited books===
*''Microorganisms and Fermentation of Traditional Foods'' (2014) ISBN 978-1482223088
*''Bioethanol Production from Food Crops: Sustainable Sources, Interventions, and Challenges'' (2019) ISBN 978-0128137666
*''Winemaking: Basics and Applied Aspects'' (2021) ISBN 978-1138490918
*''Sustainable Biofuels: Opportunities and Challenges'' (2021) ISBN 978-0128223925
*''Lactic acid Bacteria in Food Biotechnology: Innovation and advances'' (2022) ISBN 978-0323-898751
*''Fruits and Vegetable Wastes: Valorization into bioproducts and platform chemicals'' (2022) ISBN 978-9811695261

===Selected articles===
*Ray, R. C., & Ravi, V. (2005). Post harvest spoilage of sweetpotato in tropics and control measures. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 45(7-8), 623–644.
*Swain, M. R., Kar, S., Sahoo, A. K., & Ray, R. C. (2007). Ethanol fermentation of mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers using free and immobilized yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiological Research, 162(2), 93–98.
*Mohanty, S. K., Behera, S., Swain, M. R., & Ray, R. C. (2009). Bioethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by solid-state fermentation. Applied Energy, 86(5), 640–644.
*Behera, S., Kar, S., Mohanty, R. C., & Ray, R. C. (2010). Comparative study of bio-ethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells immobilized in agar agar and Ca-alginate matrices. Applied Energy, 87(1), 96–100.
*Behera, S., Mohanty, R. C., & Ray, R. C. (2010). Comparative study of bio-ethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. Applied energy, 87(7), 2352–2355.
*Swain, M. R., Anandharaj, M., Ray, R. C., & Rani, R. P. (2014). Fermented fruits and vegetables of Asia: a potential source of probiotics. Biotechnology research international, 2014.
*Behera, S. S., Ray, R. C., & Zdolec, N. (2018). Lactobacillus plantarum with functional properties: an approach to increase safety and shelf-life of fermented foods. BioMed Research International, 2018.

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Ramesh C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Bellary City Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:15Z

MichaleFlint91: added a place...

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ballari City
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 94
| map_image = 94-Bellary City constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = Nara Bharath Reddy
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Gali Somasekhara Reddy
| district = [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ballari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballari]]
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:259221}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Ballari City Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Karnataka State Assembly]] in India. It is part of [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Ballari Lok Sabha constituency]].
The constituency includes 28 wards of Ballari Mahanagara Palika. The constituency came into existence after the 2008 delimitation. It was a part of [[Ballari Rural Assembly constituency|Bellary Rural Assembly constituency]].

[[Nara Bharath Reddy]] is the current MLA from Ballari City.

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises ward nos. 1-24 and 36-39 wards of Ballari Municipal Corporation.
Urban voters at Ballari City assembly is approximately 242,170 which is around 99.78% as per 2011 Census.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|Before [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| colspan="3" |''See: [[Bellary Assembly constituency|Bellary]]''
|-
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Gali Someshkar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Anil Lad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="Karnataka election results 2018: Full list of constituency wise winners and losers from BJP, Congress, JD(S) in Karnataka assembly elections">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-losers-from-bjp-congress-jds/1167608/|title=Karnataka election results 2018: Full list of constituency wise winners and losers from BJP, Congress, JD(S) in Karnataka assembly elections|last1=Financialexpress|date=16 May 2018|accessdate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104174553/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-losers-from-bjp-congress-jds/1167608/|archivedate=4 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|Gali Somasekhara Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13 |accessdate=14 May 2023 |date=14 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514043110/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13 |archivedate=14 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="గాలి లక్ష్మీ అరుణపై కాంగ్రెస్‌ అభ్యర్థి నారా భరత్‌ రెడ్డి విజయం">{{cite news |last1=Sakshi |date=8 May 2023 |title=గాలి లక్ష్మీ అరుణపై కాంగ్రెస్‌ అభ్యర్థి నారా భరత్‌ రెడ్డి విజయం |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/karnataka/1619886 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514045259/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/karnataka/1619886 |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023 |language=te}}</ref>
|[[Nara Bharath Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellary City <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Ballari City">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Ballari City |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1094.htm?ac=94 |accessdate=9 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409125031/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1094.htm?ac=94 |archivedate=9 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nara Bharath Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 86,440 |percentage = 48.47% |change = {{increase}}8.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gali Lakshmi Aruna |party = Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha |votes = 48,577 |percentage = 27.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Somasekhara Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,155 |percentage = 20.83% |change = {{decrease}}29.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 983 |percentage = 0.55% |change = {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,863 |percentage = 21.23% |change = {{increase}}10.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,899 |percentage = 69.01% |change = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 178,350}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259,221 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellary City <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gali Somashekar Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,589 |percentage = 50.63% |change = {{increase}}46.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anil Lad]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,434 |percentage = 39.95% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamad Iqbal Hothur |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,255 |percentage = 4.14% |change = {{decrease}}8.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mekala Eswara Reddy |party = Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party |votes = 913 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,016 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,155 |percentage = 10.68% |change = {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,510 |percentage = 64.95% |change = {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,267}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,284 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellary City <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anil Lad]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,098 |percentage = 40.58% |change = {{decrease}}5.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Murali Krishna |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 33,898 |percentage = 26.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,285 |percentage = 12.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guttiganuru Virupaksha Gouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,646 |percentage = 4.40% |change = {{decrease}}43.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Nagabhushana Rao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,508 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. B. Jayamma |party = Independent politician |votes = 877 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekar Naidu |party = Independent politician |votes = 794 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,200 |percentage = 14.18% |change = {{increase}}13.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,521 |percentage = 61.54% |change = {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,384}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,202 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}12.61 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bellary City <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gali Somashekar Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,831 |percentage = 47.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anil Lad]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,809 |percentage = 46.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nazeer Hussain |party = Independent politician |votes = 979 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Neelakanthappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 896 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,022 |percentage = 0.88% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,664 |percentage = 52.05% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,631}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,217 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|15.14|76.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ballari]]
[[Category:Ballari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Pottipadu

2026-04-19T11:13:56Z

MichaleFlint91:

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=May 2023}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pottipadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14|51|52|N|78|21|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kondapuram mandal|Kondapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1950 s
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516474
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pottipadu''' is a village in [[Kondapuram mandal]], [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] State, [[India]], lies 97 KM west of Kadapa, the district headquarters. The state’s capital, Vijayawada, is 436 KM away.
The postal code of Pottipadu is 516464 and its post office is in Lavanur.

Pottipadu is near the borders of Kondapuram, Tadipatri, Mylavaram, Putlur and Simhadripuram mandals.

Some of the nearby cities are Tadpatri, Jammalamadugu, Proddatur and Yerraguntla.

Pottipadu is also close to the boundary between Cuddapah District and Anantapur District. Yellanur in Anantapur District is south of Pottipadu.

== Population ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Census Parameter
! Census Data (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|Total Population
|792
|-
|Total No of Houses
|229
|-
|Female Population %
|49.9 % ( 395)
|-
|Total Literacy rate %
|53.0 % ( 420)
|-
|Female Literacy rate
|21.5 % ( 170)
|-
|Scheduled Tribes Population %
|0.0 % ( 0)
|-
|Scheduled Caste Population %
|23.5 % ( 186)
|-
|Working Population %
|63.5 %
|-
|Child(0 -6) Population by 2011
|64
|-
|Girl Child(0 -6) Population % by 2011
|46.9 % ( 30)
|}

== Notable people ==
# [[Nagi Reddi]] - Indian film producer and director mainly in [[Telugu cinema]]. He set up [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]] in [[Chennai]], which was then Asia's biggest film studio.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]

Khabar Lahariya

2026-04-19T08:45:50Z

MichaleFlint91: stub!

{{Short description|Indian news website}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}

{{Update|date=February 2022}}{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Khabar Lahariya
| logo =
| image =
| type = Rural Weekly Newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founder = Kavita Devi Meera Jatav
| founded = 30 May 2002 in [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| chief_editor = [[Kavita Devi (journalist)|Kavita Devi]]
| headquarters = [[Karwi]], [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.khabarlahariya.org/}}
| language = Multiple editions in [[Hindi Belt|Hindustani dialects]] such as [[Bundeli]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bajjika dialect|Bajjikka]], etc English
| circulation = 6000 copies with a claimed readership of 20,000 (2012)
}}
'''''Khabar Lahariya''''' (translation: News Wave<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Arijit|last2=Nielsen|first2=Rasmus Kleis|author-link2=Rasmus Kleis Nielsen|date=May 2016|title=Digital Journalism Start-Ups in India|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-04/Digital%20Journalism%20Start-ups%20in%20India_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806093856/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-04/Digital%20Journalism%20Start-ups%20in%20India_0.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2018|website=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]}}</ref>) is an Indian [[newspaper]], published in various rural [[dialects]] of [[Hindi]], including [[Bundeli]], [[Avadhi]] and [[Bajjika dialect]]s. The newspaper was started by Nirantar'','' a [[New Delhi]]–based [[NGO|non-government organisation]] which focuses on gender and education.<ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite news|title=After UN award, rural Indian women's weekly has expansion plans|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/17769/after-un-award-rural-indian.html|access-date=18 September 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-women-dalit/report-like-a-dalit-girl-one-indian-publication-shows-how-idINKBN1581E4/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043038/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-women-dalit/report-like-a-dalit-girl-one-indian-publication-shows-how-idINKBN1581E4/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 1, 2017|title=Report like a Dalit girl:one Indian publication shows how|website=Reuters India}}</ref> Initially seen as a women-only publication,<ref name="Sharma">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Kalpana |date=23 March 2008 |title=And Now The Good News |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/03/23/stories/2008032350070300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326224951/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/03/23/stories/2008032350070300.htm |archive-date=26 March 2008 |access-date=17 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> it now covers local political news, local crime reports, social issues and entertainment, all reported from a feminist perspective.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/> As of September 2012, its total print-run, all editions included, was around 6000 copies; the management claimed an estimated readership of 80,000. Since its digitalisation its outreach has massively extended.

==Circulation and reach==
Established in 2002, Khabar Lahariya is an eight-page weekly local newspaper founded by Kavita Devi (CEO) and Meera Devi (Managing Editor). The inaugural issue of the newspaper was published in May 2002 from the town of Karwi in Chitrakoot district of Uttar Pradesh, in the local Bundeli dialect of Hindi. In 2012, the newspaper launched editions from Mahoba, Lucknow, and Varanasi districts of Uttar Pradesh in Bundeli, Awadhi, and Bhojpuri dialects, respectively. The newspaper also publishes an edition from the Sitamarhi district of Bihar in Bajjikka dialect and from Banda, Uttar Pradesh, in the Bundeli dialect. As of September 2012, its total print run, including all editions, was approximately 6,000 copies sold in approximately 600 villages in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The newspaper has an estimated readership of 20,000.

Khabar Lahariya’s website was launched on February 13, 2013, in Mumbai. The website, which closely resembles the printed newspaper, curates and republishes the most noteworthy articles from the newspaper. Notably, it is the sole website where content is accessible in the local dialects in which the newspaper is published. Additionally, some stories on the website are now available in English.

Starting in 2016, the newspaper shifted largely to a digital format launching a video channel and creating news in video clips.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/aug/10/india-all-female-newspaper-khabar-lahariya-gender-taboos-old-news|title=India’s all-female paper goes digital to make gender taboos old news|last=Doshi|first=Vidhi|date=10 August 2016|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The women journalists collective now runs a digital media agency covering stories from rural India, mostly from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2018/11/experiment-national-phenomenon-story-khabar-lahariya/|title=From experiment to national phenomenon: The story of Khabar Lahariya|date=2018-11-12|website=Asian Correspondent|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718225150/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2018/11/experiment-national-phenomenon-story-khabar-lahariya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result of digitalisation, the news outlet has substantially increased its reach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=Print-Digital, 20 years of Khabar Lahariya |url=https://khabarlahariya.org/from-print-to-digital-20-years-of-excellence/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Khabar Lahariya (खबर लहरिया) |language=en}}</ref> Owing to the support of the readers' community, ''Khabar Lahariya'' grew from a local newspaper in 2002 to publishing their own website in 2013, and launching their own subscription model, Sound, Fury and 4G in 2019.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==Distinctive features==
The intellectual input for the newspaper is provided by a collective of 40 rural women journalists. The newspaper is written, edited, produced, distributed and marketed entirely by rural women from disadvantaged communities ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]], [[Dalit]]s and [[Muslims]]).<ref name="Wander">{{cite news|last=Wander|first=Andrew|title=Reading the Future|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/09/20099882935561705.html|access-date=17 September 2012|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=8 September 2012}}</ref> The women who report the stories also edit, produce, distribute and market the newspaper. Meera Jatav is the Editor-in-Chief and has been working from [[Karwi]] since the newspaper was started in 2002. The newspaper specialises in exposing local scandals. It mainly carries local news that, although primarily of interest to its rural readership, has wider resonance nationally and internationally. Examples are reports on violence against women, discrimination against Dalits, deaths in illegal mining operations, and the rise of Hindu nationalism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Anita |date=2022-03-09 |title=Storyville: Writing With Fire, review: the all-female newspaper speaking truth to power in India |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/storyville-writing-fire-review-all-female-newspaper-speaking/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In 2004, the collective of women journalists bringing out ''Khabar Lahariya'' was awarded the prestigious Chameli Devi Jain Award for Women in Journalism. In 2009, the newspaper was awarded the [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize]].<ref name=hindu2009>{{cite news|title=Newspaper by rural Indian women wins UN literacy award |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200908041021.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125105757/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200908041021.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=23 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 August 2009 }}</ref> Following this, plans to expand the newspaper were made.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/> In 2012, the newspaper went on to win the Laadli Media Award for gender sensitive reporting. Also, in the same year the Indian news channel [[Times Now]] awarded ''Khabar Lahariya'' the Amazing Indian Award. In 2013 the newspaper was presented with the Kaifi Azmi Award in memory of poet [[Kaifi Azmi]]. The award is presented by the All India Kaifi Azmi Academy every year on the anniversary of his death.<ref name=kaifiyat.in>{{cite news|title=Kaifi Azmi's 11th death anniversary|url=http://www.kaifiyat.in/kaifi-azmis-11th-death-anniversary}}</ref>

In 2014, German media channel [[Deutsche Welle]] awarded the prestigious Global Media Forum Award to the newspaper's website at the Best of Blogs annual conference held in [[Bonn]] in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/waves-of-news-sweep-the-indian-countryside/a-17743997|title=Waves of news sweep the Indian countryside|date=30 June 2014|website=DW.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/lives/66|title=Khabar Lahariya - a weekly paper run by women journalists wins German Award|date=10 July 2014|website=THe News Minute}}</ref>

An Indian documentary film about the newspaper titled ''[[Writing with Fire]]'' was released in 2021. It has won numerous international awards, including some at the [[2021 Sundance Film Festival]], and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]] at the [[94th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|first1=Mythreyee|last1=Ramesh|access-date=2021-12-26|title=Khabar Lahariya: Tale Of India's Only All-Women Newsroom in 2022 Oscars Race|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/khabar-lahariya-profile-writing-with-fire-oscars-documentary-feature|date=25 December 2021|website=TheQuint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2021-12-26|title=‘Pebbles’ out of Oscars 2022 race, ‘Writing With Fire’ advances to next level|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pebbles-out-of-oscars-2022-race-writing-with-fire-advances-to-next-level/article38010118.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 December 2021|issn=0971-751X|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The publication also won a Courage Award from the [[International Women's Media Foundation]] in June for how it "disrupts and interrogates the status quo, where newsmakers have long been male, upper-caste, and politically connected".<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-12-27|title=The IWMF Announces 2021 Courage in Journalism Award Winners - IWMF|url=https://www.iwmf.org/2021/06/the-iwmf-announces-2021-courage-in-journalism-award-winners/|website=www.iwmf.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Sushmita|last1=Pathak|access-date=2021-12-27|title=India's all-female news outlet faces sexism, death threats. A new film tells the story|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/04/04/980097004/indias-lowest-caste-has-its-own-news-outlet-and-shes-in-charge|newspaper=NPR|date=26 November 2021|via=NPR}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.khabarlahariya.org/ Khabar Lahariya Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102074535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-08/lucknow/28135447_1_dacoits-meera-claims-shanti The Times of India, Lucknow edition]
*[https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/postcard_from_chitrakoot.php/ Columbia Journalism Review]
*[http://www.nirantar.net/ Nirantar]
*[http://aadiwasijanjagruti.org/ Aadiwasi Janjagruti]

{{Media of India}}
{{IWMF awards}}

[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2002]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chitrakoot district]]

Chetpet

2026-04-19T05:45:45Z

MichaleFlint91: added new stub

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{about|Chetput, the town in Tiruvannamalai|the neighbourhood of [[Chennai]]|Chetpet (Chennai)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chetpet
| other_name = Chetpet
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.464433|N|79.347539|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 44387
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Tamil
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 606 801
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 4181
| registration_plate = TN97
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chetpet''' is a major town panchayat in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Chetpet's major economical activity is processing paddy and the town is home to one of the largest organised paddy exchange markets of the state. Chetpet is one of the very few places of German colonisation in Indian history. A village called Nedungunam nearby has one of the Famous temples of Lord Rama. The temple is very famous and called [[Sri Yoga Rama temple]].

==History==
From 2015 Chetpet became a Taluk under Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu.

==Demographics==
Chetpet has a population of 94,387, consisting of 47,272 males and 47,115 females, with 10.83% of the population being under the age of 6 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/resources/villagetown-wise-primary-census-abstract-2011-tiruvannamalai-district-tamil-nadu|title = Village/Town-wise Primary Census Abstract, 2011 - Tiruvannamalai District of TAMIL NADU|date = 25 February 2015}}</ref> The town has a literacy rate of about 69%, which is 10% higher than the national average; male literacy is 77% and female literacy is 61%.

Chetpet is a Selection Grade Town Panchayat, a small town under 20,000 or 25,000 inhabitants,{{contradict-inline |reason=previous paragraph states 36,000 |date=June 2015}} in the district of Tiruvannamalai in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.

==Economy==
More than 80% of its inhabitants are farmers, and the primary source of income is agriculture.

The town's main crops are [[Peanut|groundnut]], [[Rice#Harvesting.2C drying and milling|paddy]] and sugarcane. Chetput is a fast developing town, ranking with panchayats of Pazhampet and Kannanur. Animal husbandry provides subsidiary income to farmers in the region. A veterinary dispensary established in 1963 provides services to the farmers.

The [[STD code within India|STD code]] for Chetpet is 04181. Its [[Postal Index Number|pincode]] number is 606801.

==Education==
'''Schools:'''

* [[Dhivya Matriculation Higher Secondary School]]
* Government Higher Secondary School
* Panchayat Union Primary School
* St. Dominic Savio Higher Secondary School
* St. Anne Higher Secondary School
* Dhivya High School
* Danie Matriculation High School
* Smart Kids Play School
* Masabiel English School

'''Colleges:'''
* [[Dhivya College of Education]]
* Dhivya Arts and Science College
* Dhivya Polytechnic College
* Dhivya Teacher Training Institute
* Dr Maria Aschhoff School of Nursing

== Adjacent communities ==
Its neighboring towns are Vandavasi (east), Polur (west), Gingee (south), Tiruvannamalai (southwest) and Arani (north).

== Religion and Culture ==
In the outskirts of Chettupattu town there is a Christian chapel on the hill called Madha hill chapel. This hill shrine has a grotto which is an exact replica of the Grotto found in the town of Lourdes, France. This hill shrine contains lots of attractions such as stations on the cross, Adoration chapel, A small park near the sacred sprint and a huge prayer hall. Girivalam is a pious pilgrimage undertaken by the devotees around the holy hill with chants on every full moon day.
[[File:Chetpet Madha hill chapel.jpg|alt=Chetpet Madha hill chapel|thumb|Chetpet Madha hill chapel]]

== See also ==

* [[Cheyyar]]
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Chettupattu
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvannamalai district]]

Hiranagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:44Z

MichaleFlint91: done!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hiranagar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 68
| mla = [[Vijay Kumar (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Vijay Kumar Sharma]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kathua district|Kathua]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]
| established = 1977
| electors = 
| reservation =
}}

'''Hiranagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north [[India]]n union territory. [[Hiranagar]] is also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/jammu-east.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Jammu East Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Girdhari Lal Dogra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Ram Dass
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Thakur Baldev Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Prem Lal
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Girdhari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Durga Dass]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Kuldeep Raj]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Vijay Kumar (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Vijay Kumar]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiranagar<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijay Kumar (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Vijay Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,737 |percentage=54.75% |change={{decrease}}14.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,127 |percentage=41.92% |change={{increase}}21.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,015 |percentage=1.51% |change={{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaurav Kumar |party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=506 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=321 |percentage=0.48% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,610 |percentage=12.83% |change= {{decrease}}36.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,102 |percentage=76.31% |change= {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,939 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}20.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiranagar<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Raj]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,399 |percentage=69.15% |change={{increase}}38.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal Chalotra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,115 |percentage=20.11% |change={{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal Kandley |party=Independent politician |votes=3,158 |percentage=3.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,917 |percentage=2.39% |change={{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandu Ram |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,057 |percentage=1.32% |change={{decrease}}4.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Parkash |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=992 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravail Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=639 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=434 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,284 |percentage=49.03% |change= {{increase}}44.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,118 |percentage=72.34% |change= {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,753 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}38.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Durga Dass]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,730 |percentage=30.50% |change={{increase}}7.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=16,993 |percentage=26.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,113 |percentage=21.82% |change={{decrease}}33.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Paul |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,670 |percentage=5.67% |change={{decrease}}5.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,745 |percentage=4.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rano Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,131 |percentage=3.29% |change={{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal Kandley |party=Independent politician |votes=1,613 |percentage=2.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,737 |percentage=4.23% |change= {{decrease}}27.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,680 |percentage=66.03% |change= {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,950 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}24.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,402 |percentage=54.88% |change={{increase}}24.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Dass |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,190 |percentage=23.05% |change={{decrease}}12.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Lal |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,251 |percentage=10.93% |change={{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhian Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,609 |percentage=4.56% |change={{decrease}}8.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Mal |party=Shiv Sena |votes=1,482 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Paul |party=Communist Party of India |votes=826 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=641 |percentage=1.12% |change={{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,212 |percentage=31.83% |change= {{increase}}26.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,215 |percentage=60.12% |change= {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,173 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}18.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,922 |percentage=35.95% |change={{decrease}}9.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,630 |percentage=30.77% |change={{decrease}}7.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=6,878 |percentage=15.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,641 |percentage=12.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,920 |percentage=4.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=299 |percentage=0.68% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,292 |percentage=5.17% |change= {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,290 |percentage=60.75% |change= {{decrease}}10.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,663 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Baldev Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,088 |percentage=45.17% |change={{increase}}15.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Das Dogra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,580 |percentage=38.54% |change={{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nek Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,999 |percentage=10.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay |party=Independent politician |votes=661 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Dass |party=Janata Party |votes=489 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Rai Sharma |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=334 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakshmi Kantalias Sethi |party=Lokdal |votes=298 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,508 |percentage=6.63% |change= {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,833 |percentage=71.97% |change= {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,257 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,218 |percentage=39.91% |change={{decrease}}10.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Baldev Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,788 |percentage=29.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nek Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,169 |percentage=9.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=2,491 |percentage=7.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inderjit Sharma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,413 |percentage=7.29% |change={{increase}}1.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Dass Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=548 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kumar Dubey |party=Independent politician |votes=410 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,430 |percentage=10.36% |change= {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,119 |percentage=68.69% |change= {{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,475 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiranagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Girdhari Lal Dogra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,623 |percentage=50.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=9,912 |percentage=36.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Major Piar Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,653 |percentage=6.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Paul |party=Independent politician |votes=1,099 |percentage=4.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=376 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Dutta |party=Independent politician |votes=372 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,711 |percentage=13.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,035 |percentage=69.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,483 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hiranagar]]
* [[Kathua district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|32.486|75.277|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kathua district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Mohammed Raheel Mouseen

2026-04-13T06:35:09Z

MichaleFlint91: New!

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Mohammed Raheel Mouseen
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|12|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| height =
| position = Midfielder
| currentclub = CAG
| clubs1 = CAG
| years1 =
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| nationalyears1 = 2022–
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 22
| nationalgoals1 = 2
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}[[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Hulunbuir]]}}
}}
'''Mohammed Raheel Mouseen''' (born 20 December 1996)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Raheel Mouseen Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/mohammed-raheel-mouseen-profile-3778 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[field hockey]] player. He plays as a mid-fielder for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]] and represents [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG) team in the domestic tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-12-31 |title=FIH Hockey5s World Cup: Simranjeet to lead India men; Rajni to captain women's side |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/fih-hockey5s-india-announces-squads-men-women-teams-full-list/article67692549.ece |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=FIH Hockey 5s Rankings: Indian Men, Women Placed Second in Maiden List |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/fih-hockey-5s-rankings-indian-men-women-placed-second-in-maiden-list-8822597.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mouseen is born in Bengaluru. His mother is Taj Begum and his father Mohammed Naseeruddin was a former national-level hockey player at [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Raheel keen to 'strike it rich' with Indian hockey team |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/raheel-keen-to-strike-it-rich-with-indian-hockey-team-101667976406205.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> His grandfather Ameer Uddin was also a hockey player. His brother Mohammed Naeemuddin played for CAG team and was also called for the junior national camps but could not make it to the Indian team. Raheel joined the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) hostel at [[Bengaluru]] in 2012 at the age of 15.<ref name=":1" /> He did his schooling at St. Joseph's School where he started his hockey and completed his B.Com. from Surana College, Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore: Raheel stars in St Joseph's win |url=https://stick2hockey.com/bangalore-raheel-stars-in-st-josephs-win/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref> His learnt his basics from coach Manohar Katke before training under coaches Ashwath and Prabhakar at the SAI hostel.

== Career ==

=== Domestic career ===
Mouseen started hockey early at St.Joseph's school and came through the ranks of sub-junior and junior hockey. While training at the Bengaluru SAI hostel, he played in the Junior Nationals and other domestic tournaments and was spotted by [[Air India]]. He played for SAI for eight years<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Subhashish |date=2022-11-10 |title=There were disappointments but I never gave up"- striker Mohammed Raheel on finding a place in the Indian squad |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/news-there-disappointments-i-never-gave-up-striker-mohammed-raheel-finding-place-indian-squad |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref> and for the airlines from 2016 for four years. With him as striker, Air India won the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] tournament title in 2019 at Amritsar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=RAHEEL Mohammed {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/fih-pro-league/teams/men/player/raheel-mohammed-26971 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref> He was the highest scorer and was also declared as the Best Player of the tournament. The next year, he also excelled for the Air India team, which reached the finals of the Hockey India Senior Nationals in 2020.<ref name=":0" /> He won a bronze medal in the Nationals in 2021, representing [[Karnataka]]. In between in 2018 and 2019, he was called up for the Senior camp but failed to make it to the Indian team.<ref name=":0" /> He was also part of the Karnataka team that won the gold medal in the [[National Games of India|National Games]] in October 2022, that paved way for his debut for Senior India outdoor side. He was part of the Karnataka team which finished fourth at the Senior Nationals at Chennai in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Men's Hockey National: Punjab defeat Haryana in shootout to clinch title |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/hockey/mens-hockey-national-punjab-defeat-haryana-in-shootout-to-clinch-title-2788183 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en|date=28 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Senior India career ===
Mouseen made his senior India debut in the Hockey 5s format at the inaugural edition of Hero Hockey five-a-side Championship at [[Lausanne]] in June 2022, where India won the gold medal.<ref name=":0" /> He scored 10 goals at Lausanne and was declared as the Best Player of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-07 |title=Sharpshooter Mohammed Raheel aims to consolidate gains |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/sharpshooter-mohammed-raheel-aims-to-consolidate-gains/articleshow/92066226.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He made his Senior India (outdoor) debut at the 2021-22 [[International Hockey Federation|FIH]] Hockey Pro-League (M) in October 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qureshy |first=Tazeen |date=2022-10-29 |title=Mohammed Raheel Mouseen's India dream finally takes flight |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/mohammed-raheel-india-dream-debut-fih-pro-league-36739 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-25 |title=New faces added in Hockey India 22-member men's squad against Spain, New Zealand |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/new-faces-added-in-hockey-india-22-member-mens-squad-against-spain-new-zealand-1503124992.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.thestatesman.com}}</ref> and went on to play the league in the next year too. In between, he played the test matches against [[Australia]] in December 2022. In September 2023, he was the Indian vice-captain at the Men's Hockey 5s Asia Cup 2023 at Salalah, [[Malaysia]].<ref name=":0" /> He also played the FIH Hockey Pro league for the third year - 2023–24. In 2024, he is part of the regular 33-member Indian core group of probables.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title='I Don't Let This Opportunity Slip From my Hands': Raheel Hopeful of India Debut |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/i-dont-let-this-opportunity-slip-from-my-hands-raheel-hopeful-of-india-debut-6091255.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he also toured Australia with the Indian team for a Test series, which India lost.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-02 |title=Paris Olympics goal no lofty dream for Raheel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/raheels-journey-to-paris-olympics-a-tale-of-skill-and-determination/articleshow/109766059.cms |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/mohammed-raheel-mouseen-profile-3778 Mohammed Raheel Mouseen] as [[Hockey India]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mouseen, Mohammed Raheel}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey midfielders]]

T. Siddalingayya

2026-04-12T14:30:43Z

MichaleFlint91: Done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 May 1967
| term_end = 2 April 1970
| predecessor = [[C. M. Poonacha]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency established''
| successor1 = G. Rame Gowda
| constituency1 = [[Doddaballapur Assembly constituency|Doddaballapur]]
| office2 = Minister of Industries and Commerce, Government of Mysore
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1953
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| office3 = Minister for Education and Health, Government of Mysore
| term_start3 = 6 February 1950
| term_end3 = December 1950
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency3 =
| office4 = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start4 = 1946
| term_end4 = 1950
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = {{hlist|Lawyer|Politician}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|9|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Doddaballapura]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|7|23|1896|9|3|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| spouse = {{marriage|Parvatamma||1938|end=died}}
| children = 3
}}

'''Totappa Siddalingayya''' (3 September 1896 – 23 July 1984) was a lawyer and politician from Indian [[State of Mysore]] (now [[Karnataka]]). He served as a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and later of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the Upper House of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]. After practicing as a lawyer briefly, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1936, and served as cabinet minister in post-independence India, in his home State of Mysore.

== Early life ==
Siddalingaya was born on 3 September 1896 in [[Doddaballapura]] to Siddamma and Totappa as the third of their nine children. Upon completing schooling in [[Bangalore]], he obtained a [[bachelor of arts]] degree from [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja's College]] in [[Mysore]]. His classmates included future [[Indian Civil Service|civil servant]] [[S. K. Venkataranga]] and poet [[V. Seetharamaiah]]. Siddalingayya chose philosophy as his optional subject and studied under the guidance of [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. He completed his post-graduate studies in law in [[Madras]] and [[Travancore]], before practicing as a lawyer with a senior lawyer Mokshagundam Krishnamurthy in Bangalore. After three years, he returned to Doddaballapura and began to practice law independently.<ref name="bio">{{cite book |title=T. Siddalingaiah |date=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/kla.kar.t-siddalingayya/mode/2up |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1932, Siddalingayya joined the Theosophical Lodge in Bangalore, and came in contact with progressive thinkers of the time such as [[B. M. Srikantaiah]], [[S. V. Ranganna]] and P. Kodandaramaiah. Inspired by this and a growing interest in public affairs led to his joining the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1936, under his leadership, a Doddaballapura unit of the Congress was established. Contesting with a Congress ticket, he won the year's municipal elections from the city.<ref name="bio"/>

After independence, Siddalingayya was appointed the Minister of Education and Health in the [[government of Mysore]]. He assumed the position in February 1950 before resigning ten months later. He contested the first general elections to the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] in [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] from the [[Doddaballapur Assembly constituency]] and won with the highest percentage of votes polled. Siddalingayya was appointed the Minister of Industries and Commerce as part of the [[Hanumanthaiah ministry]]. However, differences between members of the Congress led to his resignation the following year.<ref name="bio"/> He was reelected in 1957 after he defeated T. C. Gangadharappa of the [[Jan Sangh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Minister of Mysore Re-Elected |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=1 March 1957 |page=1}}</ref> Siddalingayya represented Mysore State in [[Rajya Sabha]] between 1967 and 1970. Earlier, he was member of [[Mysore Legislative Council]] during 1947–1950, and minister in government of Mysore during 1952–1953, and a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]].<ref name="rs">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003|url= https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |publisher= Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi |page= 470|accessdate= 30 October 2017}}</ref>

Siddalingayya was married to Parvatamma and had three children with her — sons Rajashekharayya and Shanta Kumar and daughter, Sarojamma. Parvatamma died from [[tuberculosis]] in 1938, shortly after the Siddalingayya's imprisonment following his participation in the Shivapura Satyagraha.<ref name="bio"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddalingayya, T.}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1952–1957]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Kantibhai Patel

2026-04-10T04:04:35Z

MichaleFlint91: stub!

{{Short description|Indian-born Zimbabwean anti-colonial activist, politician and businessman (1928–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[National Hero of Zimbabwe]]
| name = Kantibhai Patel
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[Senate of Zimbabwe|Senator of Zimbabwe]]
| status =
| term_start = 2005
| term_end = 2008
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = Non-constituency
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1990
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = Non-constituency
| office2 = Member of the [[House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]]
| term_start2 = 1991
| term_end2 = 2000
| constituency2 = Non-constituency
| birth_name = Kantibhai Gordhanbhai Patel
| birth_date = 28 October 1928
| birth_place = [[Dharmaj]], [[Baroda State]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|9|10|1928|10|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng]], [[South Africa]]
| resting_place = [[National Heroes' Acre (Zimbabwe)|National Heroes' Acre]] [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]
| party = [[ZANU–PF]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = 3
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| committees =
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''Kantibhai Gordhanbhai Patel''' (28 October 1928 – 10 September 2011) was an Indian-born Zimbabwean anti-colonial activist, politician, and businessman who served as a [[Senate of Zimbabwe|senator]] in the 1980s before serving as a non-constituency [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|Member of Parliament]] in the 1990s. A member of Zimbabwe's governing party, the [[ZANU–PF]], he served on the party's Central Committee and Politburo. Following his death, he was declared a [[National Hero of Zimbabwe]].

==Early life and education==
Patel was born on 28 October 1928 into a peasant family in [[Dharmaj]] in what is today [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. He studied for a Bachelor of Arts at the [[University of Bombay]] but did not finish the degree as he moved to [[Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zambia]]) in 1951 where he found employment as a shop assistant for a year.<ref name="RB">{{Cite web |title=Kantibai Patel: One of a rare breed |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/kantibai-patel-one-of-a-rare-breed/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=The Herald |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215093845/https://www.herald.co.zw/kantibai-patel-one-of-a-rare-breed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Patel became an activist against the British colonial government and formed a Shop Assistants' Union.<ref name="RB"/> After having lost his job and being unemployed for two years, Patel became a teacher at the Greenacre School in [[Kalomo]].<ref name="RB"/>

==Political activism and career==
Patel was involved with the [[African National Congress]] of [[South Africa]] and later the [[United National Independence Party]] of [[Northern Rhodesia]].<ref name="AARB">{{Cite web |title=Kantibhai Patel, a rare breed of Asian-African revolutionaries |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/kantibhai-patel-a-rare-breed-of-asian-african-revolutionaries/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> He was later appointed to the Provincial Race Relations Committee in [[Kalomo]].<ref name="AARB"/>

Patel moved to [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Zimbabwe) in 1961 where he became a member of the [[National Democratic Party (Southern Rhodesia)|National Democratic Party of Southern Rhodesia]] (NDP) and later the [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] after the NDP was banned by the white minority government.<ref name="AARB"/> He was also elected to the executive of the Asian Association. Patel served as the district treasurer of Zapu in the [[Norton, Zimbabwe|Norton District]] during the 1960s. He was an organiser of the [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Centenary Celebrations in [[Rhodesia]] in 1969.<ref name="AARB"/>

Patel and other members of the Indian community formed the Sarasvati Education Trust to provide scholarships to Black students who were expelled from universities in Rhodesia to study overseas.<ref name="AARB"/>

Patel was named interim chairman of the ZANU–PF Tongogara Ridgeview branch in 1980. He was later elected as the branch's vice chairman following the branch's establishment. He established the district executive committee of the ZANU–PF Harare Central branch and was named its treasurer.<ref name="AARB"/> In 1985, [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe|Prime Minister]] [[Robert Mugabe]] appointed him as a member of the [[Zimbabwe Senate]]. Patel was appointed a non-constituency member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly]] in 1990.<ref name="RB"/> He won a seat on the ZANU–PF Central Committee at the party's congress in 1994 and was reappointed as a Member of Parliament the following year.<ref name="AARB"/> He was re-elected to the Central Committee in 1999, before being elected to the party's Politburo, its highest decision-making body, in 2004.<ref name="AARB"/> Following the [[2005 Zimbabwean Senate election|2005 Senate election]], Patel was appointed one of six non-constituency senators by Mugabe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kubatana - Archive - President appoints ministers, Senators - The Herald - Nov 30, 2005 |url=http://archive.kubatana.net/html/archive/elec/051130herald1.asp?spec_code=051130sendex&sector=ELEC&year=0&range_start=1&intMainYear=0&intTodayYear=2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=archive.kubatana.net}}</ref>

Patel was also a member of the board of trustees of the Child Survival and Development Foundation and a member of the board of the 21 February Movement. He served as treasurer of the Zimbabwe–Indian Friendship Association as well.<ref name="AARB"/>

==Personal life and death==
[[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu at the Samadhi of Kantibhai Govardhanbhai Patel who had migrated to Zimbabwe in 1961 and rose to become a senator and was elected as Member of Parliament, in Harare, Zimbabwe.JPG|thumb|Indian Vice President [[Venkaiah Naidu]] visiting the [[memorial]] of Patel at the [[National Heroes' Acre (Zimbabwe)|National Heroes' Acre]] in November 2018.]]
Patel was married and had three sons. His wife died in 1973.<ref name="AARB"/>

Patel broke his [[hip bone]] and sustained a [[skull fracture]] after he fell at his home in Ridgeview in [[Harare]] on 25 August 2011.<ref name="Nehanda">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2011 |title=Zanu PF declare Patel a national hero |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2011/09/15/zanu-pf-declare-patel-a-national-hero/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Nehanda Radio |language=en-US |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203230410/https://nehandaradio.com/2011/09/15/zanu-pf-declare-patel-a-national-hero/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was treated at The Avenues Clinic in Harare before being transferred to the Linksfield Hospital in South Africa where he died on 10 September 2011.<ref name="AARB" /> His body was returned to Zimbabwe on 14 September. On the same day, the ZANU–PF Politburo met and unanimously declared him a [[National Hero of Zimbabwe]], the highest civilian honour in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanu-PF politburo declares cremated Patel a national hero |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-7502.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Bulawayo24 News |archive-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119093226/http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-News-sc-National-byo-7502.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Patel's remains were cremated at the Pioneer Cemetery as per [[Hindu burial]] rights and some of his ashes were transported to [[India]] to be thrown in the [[Ganges River]].<ref name="Nehanda"/> The remainder of his ashes were interred at the National Heroes' Acre during the [[Zimbabwe Heroes' Day|National Heroes' Day]] commemorations in August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preps for Heroes commemorations go a gear up |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/preps-for-heroes-commemorations-go-a-gear-up/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=The Herald |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118141257/http://www.herald.co.zw/preps-for-heroes-commemorations-go-a-gear-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indians in Zimbabwe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Kantibhai}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Zimbabwean politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:National Heroes of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:People from Anand district]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Parliament of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean people of Gujarati descent]]

List of streets and roads in Prayagraj

2026-04-07T09:04:40Z

MichaleFlint91: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of roads in Prayagraj]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Second Tarun Gogoi ministry

2026-04-05T16:55:01Z

MichaleFlint91: Done

{{Short description|Government of Assam, India from 2006 to 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|image=Shri Tarun Gogoi taking oath as Chief Minister of Assam from Governor of Assam, Shri Ajay Singh at Raj Bhawan, Guwahati on 14, May 2006.jpg
|image_size=300px
|date_formed=21 May 2006
|date_dissolved=30 May 2011
|government_head=[[Tarun Gogoi]]
|state_head=[[Ajai Singh]] [[Shiv Charan Mathur]] [[K. Sankaranarayanan]] [[Syed Sibtey Razi]] [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
|opposition_party=[[Asom Gana Parishad]] [[All India United Democratic Front]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|opposition_leader=[[Brindaban Goswami]] [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]] [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|political_parties=*'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
*'''[[Independent politician|IND]]'''
|last_election=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|election=[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|legislature_term=5 years
|previous=[[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Tarun Gogoi I]]
|successor=[[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Tarun Gogoi III]]
|caption=[[Tarun Gogoi]], being administered the oath of office as Chief Minister of Assam by Governor [[Ajai Singh]] at [[Raj Bhavan, Guwahati]] on 14 May 2006
|legislature_status=[[Coalition]]}}
[[Tarun Gogoi]] constituted his ministry for a second time on 21 May 2006. Gogoi had previously been Chief Minister since 2001. Following the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Gogoi became Chief Minister for a second time as he had formed [[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry|his first ministry]] previously.<ref name=":1" /> The [[coalition government]] was supported by the Hagrama faction of the [[Bodoland People's Front|Bodoland People's Progressive Front]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and independents. There were 17 cabinet ministers and one [[Minister of State|minister of state]], all of whom were either Congress or Independent.

Gogoi was sworn on 14 May 2006 at [[Raj Bhavan, Guwahati|Raj Bhavan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-14 |title=Tarun Gogoi sworn in as CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tarun-gogoi-sworn-in-as-cm/story-a0tkQGA5yKaRNuL0tcGhTM.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=14 May 2006 |title=Tarun Gogoi sworn in as Assam CM {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tarun-gogoi-sworn-in-as-assam-cm/articleshow/1528935.cms |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Gogoi ministry |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> Earlier, Gogoi arrived with his wife Dolly Gogoi and several newly elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] at [[Raj Bhavan, Guwahati|Raj Bhavan]]. The oath of office and secrecy was administered to Gogoi by [[List of governors of Assam|Governor]] [[Ajai Singh]] at a simple function in the Durbar Hall of the [[Raj Bhavan, Guwahati|Raj Bhavan in Guwahati]]. Digvijay Singh, who was in charge of Congress affairs in Assam, AICC observer Chandan Bagchi, BPF president [[Hagrama Mohilary]] and state Congress president [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]] attended the swearing-in ceremony. [[Asom Gana Parishad]] president [[Brindaban Goswami]] and AGP-Progressive president and former Chief Minister [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] were also present. The opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]] were absent.<ref name=":1" /> Gogoi allotted the portfolios to his ministers on 21 May 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-21 |title=Gogoi allots portfolios, retains Finance |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gogoi-allots-portfolios-retains-finance-236576.html |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

During the ministry the law and order situation abruptly improved and the financial condition of the state improved. Gogoi gave importance to implementation of the schemes of the Central Government by different departments of the state. He also gave importance for industrialization of the state. He also took initiative to solve the insurgency problems of [[Assam]] through negotiation.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Shri Tarun Gogoi signing a document after swearing in as Chief Minister of Assam for the second time at Raj Bhawan Guwahati on 14, May 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Tarun Gogoi]], signing a document after his swearing in as Chief Minister for the second time at [[Raj Bhavan, Guwahati]] on 14 May 2006]]
[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh during a meeting with Satradhikars and representatives of Majuli, at Jorhat in Assam on August 25, 2008.jpg|thumb|Gogoi with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] during a meeting at [[Jorhat]] on 25 August 2008]]

== Ministers ==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Assam|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of: Department of Home Department of Political Department of Personnel Department of Finance General Administration Department Secretariat Administration Department Department of Election Department of Passport All other departments not allocated to any other Minister.
| minister1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Development
| minister1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 3 September 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ajanta Neog]]
| minister2_termstart = 3 September 2008
| minister2_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue and Disaster Management Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation Minister of Administrative Reforms and Training Minister of Implementation of Assam Accord
| minister1 = [[Bhumidhar Barman]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Planning and Development Minister of Labour and Employment Minister of Tea Tribes Welfare
| minister1 = [[Prithibi Majhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Bharat Narah]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Water Resources
| minister1 = [[Bharat Narah]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 3 September 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Prithibi Majhi]]
| minister2_termstart = 3 September 2008
| minister2_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)#Ministers|Minister of Agriculture]] Minister of Welfare of Plain Tribes and Backward Classes
| minister1 = [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Excise Minister of Border Areas Development
| minister1 = [[Gautam Roy]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development and Housing
| minister1 = [[Dinesh Prasad Goala]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Panchayat and Rural Development Minister of Transport
| minister1 = [[Chandan Brahma]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Hill Areas Development Minister of Mines and Minerals Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
| minister1 = [[Khorsing Engti]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Irrigation Minister of Soil Conservation Minister of Fisheries
| minister1 = Nurjamal Sarkar
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food and Civil Supplies Minister of Welfare of Minorities Minister of Haj
| minister1 = [[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Cultural Affairs Minister of Sports and Youth Welfare Minister of Co-operation
| minister1 = [[Gautam Bora]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 3 September 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Bharat Narah]]
| minister2_termstart = 3 September 2008
| minister2_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industries and Commerce Minister of Power Minister of Public Enterprises
| minister1 = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education
| minister1 = [[Ripun Bora]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 3 June 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Bhumidhar Barman]] {{small|(Higher Education)}}
| minister2_termstart = 18 June 2008
| minister2_termend = 3 September 2008
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Gautam Bora]] {{small|(Elementary Education)}}
| minister3_termstart = 18 June 2008
| minister3_termend = 3 September 2008
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4 = [[Ajanta Neog]] {{small|(Technical Education)}}
| minister4_termstart = 18 June 2008
| minister4_termend = 3 September 2008
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister5 = [[Gautam Bora]]
| minister5_termstart = 3 September 2008
| minister5_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress
| minister6 = [[Tarun Gogoi]] {{small|(Technical Education)}}
| minister6_termstart = 3 September 2008
| minister6_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister6_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Handloom, Textiles and Sericulture Minister of Judicial, Legislative and Law
| minister1 = [[Pranab Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health and Family Welfare Minister of Guwahati Development Department Minister of Information Technology Minister of Science and Technology
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Environment and Forest Minister of Tourism Minister of Printing and Stationery Minister of Information and Public Relations
| minister1 = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare Minister of Jails
| minister1 = [[Ajanta Neog]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 3 September 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Akon Bora]]
| minister2_termstart = 3 September 2008
| minister2_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Public Health Engineering
| minister1 = [[Rihon Daimary]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 May 2006
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2011
| minister1_party = Bodoland People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries|Tarun Gogoi II]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Assam|Tarun Gogoi 2]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2006|Gogoi II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2011|Gogoi II]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Bodoland People's Front]]

Amit Goenka

2026-03-26T06:36:07Z

MichaleFlint91: added new article

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amit Goenka
| image =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| mother = Sushila Devi
| father = [[Subhash Chandra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/what-is-subhash-chandras-rs-22535-cr-essel-group-up-to/20161129.htm|title=What is Subhash Chandra's Rs 22,535-cr Essel group up to?}}</ref>
| family =
| birth_place = India
| education = [[Master of Business Administration]]
| occupation = Businessman and [[entrepreneur]]
| organization = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
}}

'''Amit Goenka''' is an Indian businessman and [[entrepreneur]]. He is the Chief Executive of the International Broadcast Business of Zee Entertainment Enterprises, and head of Z5 Global.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|title=Zee to go OTT-only in Europe, Australia; plans to pull plug on linear service|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/zee-to-go-ott-only-in-europe-australia-plans-to-pull-plug-on-linear-service/articleshow/67670140.cms|access-date=2021-12-06}}</ref>

==Biography==
Goenka was born to Indian media Baron [[Subhash Chandra]]. Goenka finished his [[MBA]] studies in the year 2000. Goenka went up to several investors to find investment for his technology related projects. His first venture in technology was Cyquator Technologies Ltd - a company which specialised at the web hosting and e-solutions, He later gained work experiences at Playwin (an online lottery firm) and Zee Learn (an education based project).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/amit-goenka---the-man-to-watch/story/205928.html|title=Amit Goenka - the Man to Watch- Business News|website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref>

In 2014 after the succession of the Zee Corporate Business he became the head of [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Entertainment]]'s International Broadcast Business and the [[Essel Group]]'s Infrastructure Head. He subsequently led the group into Power, Water and Gas distribution business under the label of "Essel Utilities".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/amit-goenka-zee-entertainment-the-next-generation/story/205720.html|title=What next at Zee after Subhash Chandra divides his empire between his sons?|website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="essel">{{cite web|url=http://www.esselgroup.com/amit-goenka.html|title=Esselgroup - Amit Goenka|website=www.esselgroup.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
In April 2016, he and his brother [[Punit Goenka]] became the first Indians to receive the award "Médailles d’Honneur" at Cannes, France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.mobi/tv/punit-goenka--amit-goenka-become-the-first-indians-to-receive-medailles-d’honneur’_63616.html|title=Amit Goenka become the first Indians to receive medailles d'honneur|access-date=26 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416023822/http://www.exchange4media.mobi/tv/punit-goenka--amit-goenka-become-the-first-indians-to-receive-medailles-d%E2%80%99honneur%E2%80%99_63616.html|archive-date=16 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goenka, Amit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Indian television executives]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Haryana]]

Dhanushkodi Sivanandhan

2026-03-23T17:05:00Z

MichaleFlint91:

{{short description|Police commissioner of Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhanushkodi Sivanandhan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Pollachi, Coimbatore
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence = [[Mumbai]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| known_for = [[Police Commissioner]] of [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Law enforcement & Social Worker
| title = [[Director General of Police (India)|Director General of Police]], [[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra]]
| term = 14 June 2009 – 2011
| predecessor = [[Hasan Gafoor]]
| successor =
| party =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relations =
| callsign =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''D. Sivanandhan''' is the former [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]], promoted as part of the aftermath of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. He is one of India's most well-known and highly regarded [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officers. His career spanned multiple high-profile postings over 35 years and he is known for his use of strategy and intelligence to uphold the [[rule of law]].

He served as an active member of the special task force headed by Mr. Naresh Chandra IAS, former Cabinet Secretary, in the National Security Council Secretariat, he helped in restructuring India's internal and external security provisions in 2012.

During his tenure as joint CP Crime Mumbai (1998-2001), he was responsible for neutralising the nefarious activities of underworld headed by notorious criminals like Dawood Ibrahim, Chhota Rajan, Arun Gawli and others. He used the power of detention of criminals (1600), mopping up of illegal weapons (2500) and electronic intelligence gathering system. He also helped making a new law called MCOCA and implemented it by arresting notorious criminals.

During his tenure as CP, Nagpur, Thane and Mumbai he helped establishing training centres, schools, canteens, gymnasiums and officers’ club- all with state of the art infrastructure for the welfare of the policemen. He provided the youth of the city an online portal for better communication called 'copconnect.com' and created an online portal for the safety of senior citizens called 'humarisuraksha.com'.

He now runs a nonprofit organisation called Mumbai Roti Bank and has served 27 Million meals as on March 2026 to the poor since 2018.

He also delivers motivational lectures to the youth on cyber safety, women safety, leadership, organised crime control/mafia control.

==Professional highlights==

* Retired as the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]], [[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra]] state in March 2011.<ref name=zeenews>{{cite web|title=Parasnis named Maha DGP; Patnaik is new Mumbai Police chief|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/parasnis-named-maha-dgp-patnaik-is-new-mumbai-police-chief_690383.html|publisher=Zee News India|access-date=28 February 2011}}</ref>
* Deputy Director of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] from 1987 to 1991, he was tasked with protecting the nation against international criminal syndicates and terror groups.<ref name=IndiaSpeakersBureau>{{cite web|title=D. SIVANANDHAN Profile|url=http://www.indiaspeakersbureau.in/Shivanandan-profile.html|publisher=IndiaSpeakersBureau|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081919/http://www.indiaspeakersbureau.in/Shivanandan-profile.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Joint Director of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) from 2001 to 2004 covering Gujarat, Goa & Maharashtra.
* Six years in the [[Mumbai Crime Branch]] as Additional Commissioner of Police (ACP) – Crime, and Joint Commissioner of Police (Joint CP) – Crime (1993–1995 and 1998–2001). His use of strategy & intelligence to uphold the rule of law resulted in a sharp decline in organised crime in the city.
* During his years in the [[Mumbai Crime Branch]], he is credited with having broken the back of the underworld that was at its peak in Mumbai.
* Served for six years as [[Commissioner of Police]] for [[Nagpur Police|Nagpur]], Thane and [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai]]. Appointed as the State Commissioner for Intelligence, he uncovered numerous international rackets protecting the state against foreign based anti-national elements.
* [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General]] (DIGP) for Nagpur range, focused on [[Antinatalism|anti-Naxal operations]] from 1995 to 1998.
* Three years as [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (DCP), Pune and [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP), Satara and Sindudurgh.

==Other achievements==

* He helped build city's defences post [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11]] by acquiring state-of-the-art equipment.
* Completely revamped the Thane Police School, creating an opportunity for more children to get access to excellent educational environment.
* He was the brains behind the Thane Police Hospital, which was Inaugurated in 2007 with free access to OPD for Police officers.
* He was also heavily involved in the creation many facilities for Police like Thane Police Training Centre, Police Officers Club, Police Canteen, Renovation of the C.P.'s Office.
* To ensure Police fitness, he introduced special executive checkup scheme for the entire [[Mumbai Police]] force, which included facilities like Yoga, 25 Gymnasium, OPD Facility, etc.
* During his tenure, he also introduced a website to connect with the city youth and give them a better platform to contact police.
* Recipient of the [[President's Police Medal|President's Distinguished Service Medal]], 2000 as well as the [[Meritorious Service Medal]], 1993 and the Internal Security Medal, 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=Securus First - Chairman|url=http://www.securusfirst.com/chairman|publisher=Securus First}}</ref>

He was also a member of the special task force in the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council Secretariat]] (Prime Minister's Office) for revamping India's internal and external national security measures.<ref name=dna>{{cite web|title=National security system in for a major makeover|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_national-security-system-in-for-a-major-makeover_1564825|publisher=DNA - Daily News & Analysis|access-date=12 July 2011}}</ref>

Currently, he serves as the chairman of a security investigations and assessments company called Securus First India Pvt. Ltd. He has inaugurated city projects like Nanded, Aurangabad, Kolhapur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Securus First - Chairman|url=http://www.securusfirst.com/index-page_id=224.html|publisher=Securus First}}</ref> He also serves as a Director for many boards of corporate companies.

He has also co-authored a National best seller titled, ''Chanakya's Seven Secrets of Leadership'' which is translated into five national languages and 1,50,000 copies being sold. He has also authored a book named ''The Brahmastra Unleashed- The First Person Account of How the Mumbai Mafia Was Annihilated'' in 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=My Chanakya was often my constable, says Maharashtra ex-DG D Sivanandhan|date=23 March 2014|first=Yogesh|last=Pawar|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-my-chanakya-was-often-my-constable-says-maharashtra-ex-dg-d-sivanandhan-1971309|publisher=DNA|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>

==Incidents==

Sivanandan was appointed Joint Commissioner (Crime) for Mumbai in the mid-1990s to tackle the growing gang wars in the city. During his tenure the city witnessed 238 "encounters" with gangsters.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |date=14 June 2009 |title=D Sivanandan to be new police chief of Mumbai |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=20090614200906140346509302dbced1f |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615071337/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=20090614200906140346509302dbced1f |archive-date=15 June 2009 |access-date=2009-11-27 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

He is an alumni of the 1976 Batch.<ref name=toi2>{{cite news|title=Safety & Security Is My Priority - Sivanandhan|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-14/mumbai/28158555_1_d-sivanandan-top-priority-ips-officer|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081206/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-14/mumbai/28158555_1_d-sivanandan-top-priority-ips-officer|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=12 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 June 2009}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The character of the senior [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer portrayed by Malayalam actor [[Mohanlal]] in the 2002 film [[Company (2002 film)|''Company'']], is closely based on him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308060726/https://www.youtube.com/embed/OV0AN3rsHj8#t=38m40s Video: History Channel documentary on organized crime in India]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before= [[Hasan Gafoor]] |
title=[[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]]|
years=1 June 2009 – 2011|
after=[[Sanjeev Dayal]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivanandhan, D}}
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Police commissioners of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jodhpur

2026-03-19T03:42:01Z

MichaleFlint91: refined references to improve readability as per guidelines

{{short description|Metropolis in Rajasthan, India}}
{{about|the city in Rajasthan, India|its namesake district|Jodhpur district|other uses}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jodhpur
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in India by population|Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2
| image1 =Mehrangarh Fort sanhita.jpg
| caption1 = [[Mehrangarh]] Fort
| image2 = ClockTower,jodhpur (enhanced).jpg
| caption2 = [[Ghanta Ghar (Jodhpur)|Clock Tower]]
| image3 = New Rajasthan High Court Building.jpg
| caption3 = [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| image4 = Jaswant Thada cenotaph, Jodhpur.jpg
| caption4 = [[Jaswant Thada]]
| image5 = Jodhpur ni18-14.jpg
| caption5 = [[Mandore]] Gardens
| image6 = 1996 -218-20A Jodhpur Hotel Umaid Bhawan Palace (2233393509).jpg
| caption6 = [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]]
| image8 = IIT Jodhpur.jpg
| caption8 = [[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur|IIT Jodhpur]]
| image7 = AIIMS Jodhpur.png
| caption7 = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur|AIIMS Jodhpur]]
| image9 =Jodhpur Skyline from Kaylana Hills.jpg
| caption9 = Jodhpur Skyline from Kaylana Hills
}}
| image_alt =
| nicknames = The Blue City,<ref name=bluecity>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/discover-the-blue-city-of-jodhpur-india_b_9780974|title=These Spectacular Shots of India's 'Blue City' Will Ignite Your Wanderlust|date=27 April 2016|website=HuffPost}}</ref> The Sun City<ref name=suncity>{{cite web|url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/mastiii-zone-in-the-sun-city-to-win-hearts-of-jodhpurities/81849140|title=Mastiii Zone In The Sun City To Win Hearts Of Jodhpurities|date=21 December 2022|website=AhemdabadMirrior}}</ref>
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.28|N|73.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Divisions of Rajasthan|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur Division|Jodhpur]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jodhpur.nic.in/dp1.htm |title=Jodhpur.nic.in |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219060828/http://jodhpur.nic.in/dp1.htm |archive-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = {{start date and age|1459}}
| founder = [[Rao Jodha]]
| named_for = [[Rao Jodha]]
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = <div>
*[[Jodhpur North Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Jodhpur South Municipal Corporation]] </div>
| leader_title1 = Mayor(s)
| leader_name1 = <div>
*Kunti Deora Parihar (Jodhpur North) ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
*Vanita Seth (Jodhpur South) ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])</div>
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Jodhpur-Census-2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0815_PART_B_DCHB_JODHPUR.pdf|title=Jodhpur District Census 2011 Handbook: VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA)|publisher=Censusofindia.gov.in|access-date=19 April 2016|page=33}}</ref><ref name="Jodhpur Info">{{cite web |url=http://jodhpurmc.org/Presentation/TopMenu/Statistical_Information.aspx |title=Statical Information |publisher=Jodhpur Municipal Corporation |access-date=2019-10-11 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011045803/http://jodhpurmc.org/Presentation/TopMenu/Statistical_Information.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 233
| area_metro_km2 =
| elevation_m = 241
| population_total = 1,509,000
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,663,000<ref>{{cite web|series=Jodhpur Region 3rd Master Plan Execution |url=https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/jda--jodhpur/en/master-plan/master-plan-2031.html|title= Execution of Jodhpur Master Plan 2021 | language=hi|date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jodhpur-paving-the-way-for-development-jda-approves-third-master-plan-rjsr-3472550.html|title = जोधपुर के विकास का रास्ता साफ, Jda की तीसरे मास्टर प्लान को मंजूरी, बढ़ेगी शहर की सीमा, बनेंगी 4 स्पेशल सिटी|date = 18 February 2021}}</ref>
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="JP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/80-jodhpur.html|title=Jodhpur City Population 2023 | Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|43rd]]
| population_demonym = {{hlist|Jodhpuri|Marwari}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=22 May 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|pages=34–35}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|[[Marwari language|Marwari]]|[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 342001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0291
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = RJ-19
| website = {{URL|jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Jodhpur''' ({{IPA|hi|ˈd͡ʒoːd̪ʱ.pʊr|-|Jodhpur.ogg}}) is the [[List of cities and towns in Rajasthan|second-largest]] city of the north-western [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]], after its capital [[Jaipur]]. As of 2025, the city has a population of 1.6 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jodhpur City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/80-jodhpur.html |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> It serves as the administrative headquarters of the [[Jodhpur district]] and [[Jodhpur division]]. It is the historic capital of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]], founded in 1459 by [[Jodha of Mandore|Rao Jodha]], a [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput]] chief of the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] clan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Jodhpur {{!}} History, Culture & Tourist Attractions {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jodhpur |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> On 11 August 1947, 4 days prior to the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], [[Hanwant Singh|Maharaja Hanwant Singh]] the last ruler of Jodhpur state signed the Instrument of Accession and merged his state in [[India|Union of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The curious case of Jodhpur's accession |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-curious-case-of-jodhpur-s-accession-2320083 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.dnaindia.com |language=en}}</ref> On 30 March 1949, it became part of the newly formed state of [[Rajasthan]], which was created after merging the states of the erstwhile [[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=Rajasthan Diwas 2024: How Rajasthan Became India's Largest State by Area? |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/how-rajasthan-became-india-largest-state-by-area-1711774157-1 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>

Jodhpur is a famous tourist spot with a palace, fort, and temples, set in the stark landscape of the [[Thar Desert]]. It is also known as the 'Blue City' due to the dominant color scheme of its buildings in the old town.<ref name="bluecity" /> The old city circles the [[Mehrangarh|Mehrangarh Fort]] and is bounded by a wall with several gates.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/178 178]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Jodhpur lies near the geographic centre of the Rajasthan state, which makes it a convenient base for travel in a region much frequented by tourists.<ref name="bluecity" />

==Etymology==
The name "Jodhpur" is derived from its founder, [[Jodha of Mandore|Rao Jodha]], who established the city in 1459.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=Jodhpur {{!}} History, Culture & Tourist Attractions {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jodhpur |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> "Jodh" represents Rao Jodha, and "pur" means city or town in [[Sanskrit]], making it the "City of Jodha."<ref>{{Cite web |title=पोर्टल, राजस्थान सरकार |url=https://jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in/jankalyan-category-and-entry-type/42/4/2 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
Jodhpur has a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BWh''), due to its very high [[potential evapotranspiration]]. Although the average rainfall is around {{convert|362|mm|in|abbr=on}}, which falls mostly from June to September, it fluctuates greatly. In the [[famine in India|famine]] year of 1899, Jodhpur received only {{convert|24|mm|in|abbr=on}}, but in the flood year of 1917, it received as much as {{convert|1178|mm|in|abbr=on}}. [[Jojari River|Jojari river]], a tributary of [[Luni River]], flows from [[Banar|Banad]] to Salawas in Jodhpur Urban Area. A riverfront development project for the Jojari River, covering a 35 km stretch within the Jodhpur urban Area, was approved in January 2021 under the [[Namami Gange Programme|Namami Gange]] programme of the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]. Previously, the project was overseen by the Jodhpur Development Authority. Pin Code of Jodhpur is 342001 which comes under Jodhpur postal division (Jodhpur Region).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webconte.com/pin_code/place/jodhpur_city/4319|title=Pin Code Jodhpur City, Jodhpur - Post Office 342001|website=WebConte}}</ref>

Temperatures are extreme from March to October, except when the [[Tropical cyclone|monsoonal rain]] produces thick [[cloud]]s to lower it slightly. In April, May, and June, high temperatures routinely exceed 40 °C. During the monsoon season, average temperatures decrease slightly, but the city's generally low humidity rises, which adds to the perception of the heat.
The highest temperature recorded in Jodhpur was on 20 May 2016, when it rose to {{Convert|48.8|C|F}}.

{{Weather box
| location = Jodhpur (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 35.0
| Feb record high C = 38.3
| Mar record high C = 42.5
| Apr record high C = 48.0
| May record high C = 48.8
| Jun record high C = 48.0
| Jul record high C = 44.8
| Aug record high C = 42.9
| Sep record high C = 42.4
| Oct record high C = 42.3
| Nov record high C = 38.4
| Dec record high C = 39.2
| year record high C = 48.8
| Jan high C = 24.5
| Feb high C = 27.4
| Mar high C = 33.4
| Apr high C = 38.4
| May high C = 41.2
| Jun high C = 40.0
| Jul high C = 35.2
| Aug high C = 33.5
| Sep high C = 34.9
| Oct high C = 35.8
| Nov high C = 31.2
| Dec high C = 26.9
| year high C = 33.5
|Jan mean C = 17.4
|Feb mean C = 20.5
|Mar mean C = 26.0
|Apr mean C = 31.1
|May mean C = 34.6
|Jun mean C = 34.2
|Jul mean C = 31.6
|Aug mean C = 29.8
|Sep mean C = 30.0
|Oct mean C = 28.3
|Nov mean C = 23.3
|Dec mean C = 19.1
|year mean C =
| Jan low C = 9.6
| Feb low C = 11.7
| Mar low C = 17.3
| Apr low C = 22.6
| May low C = 26.5
| Jun low C = 27.8
| Jul low C = 26.4
| Aug low C = 25.4
| Sep low C = 23.9
| Oct low C = 20.1
| Nov low C = 14.7
| Dec low C = 11.2
| year low C = 19.8
| Jan record low C = -0.6
| Feb record low C = -2.8
| Mar record low C = 4.7
| Apr record low C = 13.5
| May record low C = 17.0
| Jun record low C = 18.8
| Jul record low C = 16.2
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 15.4
| Oct record low C = 11.7
| Nov record low C = 4.8
| Dec record low C = 0.5
| year record low C = -2.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 4.1
| Feb rain mm = 4.9
| Mar rain mm = 3.7
| Apr rain mm = 16.3
| May rain mm = 32.9
| Jun rain mm = 42.1
| Jul rain mm = 119.7
| Aug rain mm = 113.5
| Sep rain mm = 55.5
| Oct rain mm = 16.0
| Nov rain mm = 0.4
| Dec rain mm = 1.1
| year rain mm = 406.2
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.6
| Mar rain days = 0.3
| Apr rain days = 0.6
| May rain days = 1.2
| Jun rain days = 2.1
| Jul rain days = 6.5
| Aug rain days = 5.9
| Sep rain days = 2.6
| Oct rain days = 0.6
| Nov rain days = 0.2
| Dec rain days = 0.0
| year rain days = 21.0
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 27
| Feb humidity = 24
| Mar humidity = 22
| Apr humidity = 19
| May humidity = 20
| Jun humidity = 33
| Jul humidity = 52
| Aug humidity = 58
| Sep humidity = 45
| Oct humidity = 29
| Nov humidity = 32
| Dec humidity = 33
| year humidity = 32
| Jan dew point C = 6
| Feb dew point C = 7
| Mar dew point C = 7
| Apr dew point C = 8
| May dew point C = 12
| Jun dew point C = 19
| Jul dew point C = 24
| Aug dew point C = 24
| Sep dew point C = 21
| Oct dew point C = 13
| Nov dew point C = 9
| Dec dew point C = 6
| Jan sun = 303.8
| Feb sun = 291.0
| Mar sun = 288.3
| Apr sun = 279.0
| May sun = 285.2
| Jun sun = 132.0
| Jul sun = 96.1
| Aug sun = 120.9
| Sep sun = 180.0
| Oct sun = 232.5
| Nov sun = 270.0
| Dec sun = 294.5
| year sun =
| Jand sun = 9.8
| Febd sun = 10.3
| Mard sun = 9.3
| Aprd sun = 9.3
| Mayd sun = 9.2
| Jund sun = 4.4
| Juld sun = 3.1
| Augd sun = 3.9
| Sepd sun = 6.0
| Octd sun = 7.5
| Novd sun = 9.0
| Decd sun = 9.5
| yeard sun = 7.6
| Jan uv = 5
| Feb uv = 7
| Mar uv = 9
| Apr uv = 11
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 10
| Oct uv = 8
| Nov uv = 6
| Dec uv = 5
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (sun 1971–2000)<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200215220604/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281971-2000%29.pdf
| archive-date = 15 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281971-2000%29.pdf
| title = Station: Jodhpur RS/RW Climatological Table 1971–2000
| work = Climatological Normals 1971–2000
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = October 2011
| pages = 365–366
| access-date = 6 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M183
| access-date = 6 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMD2>
{{cite web
| url = http://amssdelhi.gov.in/MET_CENTRES/JAIPUR30/MAXTEMP.pdf
| title = Highest Maximum Temperature (°C) Ever Recorded
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 6 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20%26%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| title = Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India
| work = Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M-3
| access-date = 6 April 2020
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/jodhpur/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
|publisher = Time and Date
|access-date = 22 July 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020),<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42339
| title = Normals Data: Jodhpur – India Latitude: 26.30°N Longitude: 73.02°E Height: 217 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref> Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/jodhpur-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Jodhpur, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 13 June 2022
}}</ref>
| source =
}}Jodhpur has been ranked 30th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Mythology ===
The Rajasthan District Gazetteer's of Jodhpur gives examples from the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]] (composed up to the 4th century AD), which mention that the [[Abhira people|Abhiras]] inhabited the region of what later became Marwar. The [[Aryan]]s are also mentioned as a race that migrated to this region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cy9uAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Jodhpur |date=1962 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref>

===Early history===
The Ghatiyala pillar inscription (AD 996) which was erected by the Pratihara ruler Kakkuka, gives important information about the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=M. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGXl3hlmQyYC |title=Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study |date=1972 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref> Marwar formed a part of the [[Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara Empire]] and until 1100 AD was ruled by a powerful Pratihara King. The Pratihars later formed a marital alliance with the Rathores and [[Mandore]] was given in [[dowry]] by the Pratiharas to a [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] chieftain called [[Chunda of Mandore|Chunda]]. Chunda thus established his rule in [[Mandore]] and took advantage of the declining [[Tughlaq dynasty]]. He defended Marwar against Zafar Khan and conquered Khatu, Didwana, Sambhar, Nagaur and Ajmer from the Tughlaqs.<ref name=KA>{{Cite book|first=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|last=Mohammad Habib|title=A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA VOL.5|publisher=PEOPLE’S PUBLISHING HOUSE, NEW DELHI|year=1970|pages=811|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzARcgAACAAJ&q=A+COMPREHENSIVE++HISTORY+OF+INDIA+VOL.5|quote=Rao Chunda, son of Rao Biram, who rose to prominence by establishing hinself at Mandor....He successfully resisted the attack of Zafar Khan of Gujarat on Mandor in 1396. Taking advantage of the confusion and disorder due to the weak rule of the Tughlaqs of Delhi, he conducted continuous operations against the imperial officers and occupied Khatu, Didwana, Sambhar, Nagaur and Ajmer. By defeating the Chauhans he also captured Nadol....captured Phalodi in 1411, because Jai Singh did not co-operate with him in his expeditions against the inperial territories... treacherously murdered Chunda in 1423. Nevertheless during Chunda's reign Marwar rose to a position of eminence.}}</ref>

Jodhpur was founded in 1459 by [[Rao Jodha]], a [[Rajput]] chief of the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore clan]]. Jodha succeeded in conquering the surrounding territory from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and thus founded a kingdom that came to be known as [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Tanuja|last=Kothiyal|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridgr University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=76|quote=the Rathor strongholds came under attack from the Delhi Sultanate especially as Nagaur, Jalore and Siwana became garrisons of the sultanate. Years later, Jodha succeeded on forging alliances with Deoras, Eendas, Sanklas and Bhatis from Janglu, Pugal and Jaisalmer. Subsequently Merta, Phalodi, Pokhran, Bhadrajun, Sojat, Jaitaran, Siwana, Nagaur and Godwar were permanently added to the Rathor territory, thus making Marwar the most powerful kingdom in Rajputana.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78}}</ref> As Jodha hailed from the nearby town of [[Mandore]], that town initially served as the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of this state; however, Jodhpur soon took over that role, even during the lifetime of Jodha. The city was located on the strategic road linking [[Delhi]] to [[Gujarat]]. This enabled it to profit from a flourishing trade in [[opium]], [[copper]], [[silk]], [[sandalwood]], [[date (fruit)|dates]], and other tradeable goods.<ref name="history1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SktuAAAAMAAJ|title=The House of Marwar: The Story of Jodhpur|author=Dhananajaya Singh|publisher=Lotus Collection |year=1994|isbn=9788174360021}}</ref>

=== Early modern period ===
{{Main|Rajput War (1679–1707)|Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)}}

After the death of Rao [[Chandrasen Rathore]] in 1581, the kingdom was annexed by the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]], Marwar thus became a Mughal vassal, owing [[fealty]] to them while enjoying internal [[autonomy]]. Jodhpur and its people benefited from this exposure to the wider world as new styles of [[Indian art|art]] and [[Indian Architecture|architecture]] made their appearance and opportunities opened up for local tradesmen to make their mark across northern India.<ref name=history1/>

[[File:JODHPUR 1960.jpg|thumb|View of the Rajasthan High Court, Sardar Museum in Umaid Park and upper right is Jodhpur fort in 1960.|left]]
[[Aurangzeb]] briefly sequestrated the state (''circa'' 1679) after the death of [[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]], but his son [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh]] was restored to the throne by [[Durgadas Rathore]] at the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 ending the 30 year long Rathore rebellion. The [[Mughal Empire]] declined gradually after 1707, but the Jodhpur court was beset by intrigue; rather than benefiting from circumstances, Marwar descended into strife and invited the intervention of the [[Maratha]]s, who soon supplanted the Mughals as overlords of the region. In 1755 [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia|Jai Appa Scindia]] attacked [[Nagaur]] after looting several places of Rajasthan. Jai Appa halted his army near samas pond of Tausar which was 3.5 km from Nagaur fort. He surrounded Nagaur fort and cut off food and water supply. Maharaja Vijay Singh called Darbar and asked for volunteers to kill Scindia. Gaji Khan Khokhar (Chawata Kallan) and Kan Singh (Dotalai) volunteered and took responsibility for killing Jaiappa Scindia. Both changed their outfit as traders and opened shop near Jaiappa's army. They observed their activities for two month. On 25 July 1755 on Friday at 11 am, when found opportunity attacked Jaiappa with daggers and killed him (Painting situated in Mandore museum). While fighting the loyal soldiers of Jodhpur both were killed. From then on a common proverb still people say "Khokhar bada khuraki kha gaya appa jaisa daaki" (Khokhar are great gluttons, eaten demon like appa). Even after the killing of Jai Appa Sindhia, the Maratha army continued fighting for a few months near Nagaur but they lost hope after Jai Appa's death.
Dissipated the wealth of the state, which sought the help of the British and entered into a [[subsidiary alliance]] with them.<ref name=history1/><ref name="ReferenceA">Political Awakening and Indian Freedom Movement with Special Reference to Rajasthan pg 28-35</ref>

=== British colonial period ===
A major revolt occurred in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857]] by some Rathore nobles of [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] led by Thakur [[Kushal Singh of Auwa]], but the rebels were defeated by the British Army under Colonel Holmes and peace was restored.<ref name=history1/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

[[File:Street Scene of Jodhpur India 1906.jpg|thumb|Street Scene of Jodhpur in 1906|left]]

During the [[British Raj]], the state of Jodhpur had the largest land area in the [[Rajputana]]. The land area of the state was {{convert|93424|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} its population in 1901 was 44,73,759. It enjoyed an estimated revenue of [[£]]3,529,000. Its merchants, the [[Marwaris]], flourished and came to occupy a position of dominance in trade across India.

=== After independence ===
In 1947, when [[Dominion of India|India]] became independent, the state merged into the union, and Jodhpur became the second-largest city after the Jaipur city in Rajasthan.<ref name="history1" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC|title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan|author=Dr. M.S. Navarane| publisher=APH Publishing |year=1999|isbn=81-7648-118-1}}</ref> At the time of division, the ruler of Jodhpur, [[Hanwant Singh]], did not want to join India, but finally, due to the effective persuasion of [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] at the time, the state of Jodhpur was included in the Indian Republic. Later after the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|State Reorganisation Act, 1956]] came into effect, it was included within the state of Rajasthan.<ref name="history1" />

== Demographics ==

{{Historical population
|align = none
| source = <ref name="censusjodhpur"/><ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=INDIA : urban population|website=populstat.info}}</ref>
| 1865 | 150000
| 1881 | 142600
| 1891 | 61800
| 1901 | 60400
| 1911 | 59300
| 1921 | 73500
| 1931 | 94700
| 1941 | 126900
| 1951 | 180700
| 1961 | 224800
| 1968 | 270400
| 1971 | 318900
| 1981 | 506345
| 1991 | 666279
| 2001 | 860818
| 2011 | 1056191
| 2021 | 1343000
|cols = 3
}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Jodhpur City (2011)<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.98}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|19.30}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|2.70}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in India|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.42}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.60}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

As of the 2011 census official report, Jodhpur Municipal Corporation had 196,436 households and a population of 1,056,191. 134,761 (12.76%) were under the age of 7. Jodhpur had a sex ratio of 902 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 80.33% for those 7 years and above. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 133,395 (12.63%) and 25,253 (2.39%) of the population respectively.<ref name="Jodhpur-Census-2011"/>

The Jodhpur Urban/Metropolitan area includes Jodhpur, Kuri Bhagtasani, [[Mandore]] Industrial Area, Nandri, Pal Village and [[Sangaria, India|Sangariya]]. Its urban/metropolitan population is 1,137,815 of which 599,332 are males and 538,483 are females. With the inclusion of 395 villages in Jodhpur city in the month of February 2021 by JoDA, the new population count for the city is 1,663,000 and is expected to grow by 33.04% over the next decade. In the year 2031 population of Jodhpur city is expected to be more than 3.1 million. The population of Jodhpur city after expansion of city borders is 1,663,000.<ref name="censusjodhpur">{{cite web|url=https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/jda--jodhpur/en/master-plan/master-plan-2031.html |title=Master Plan 2031 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jodhpur MDP Report 2031|url=https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/development-authority/jda-jodhpur/pdf/Jodhpur%20MDP%20Report%202031.pdf}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jodhpur (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value1 = 63.61 |color1 = firebrick
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 25.17 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value3 = 5.52 |color3 = maroon
|label4 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value4 = 1.73 |color4 = limegreen
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 1.27 |color5 = green
|label6 = Others |value6 = 2.70 |color6 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 63.61% of the population recorded their language as [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 25.17% [[Hindi]], 5.52% [[Marwari language|Marwari]], 1.73% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and 1.27% [[Urdu]].<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Rajasthan |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Economy ==

Jodhpur contributes $4 billion (approx) to Rajasthan's economy through different Industries. It is also considered the center of India's $200 million handicraft industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://natgeotraveller.in/jodhpurs-great-handicraft-haul/|title=Jodhpur's Great Handicraft Haul|work=National Geographic Traveller India |first=Muskaan |last=Gupta |date=7 September 2021|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> The city is also a major tourist destination, claiming attractive heritage hotels and sights from its long history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jodhpur/en/business/economy.html# |title=जिला पोर्टल, राजस्थान सरकार। |trans-title=District Portal, Government of Rajasthan |publisher=Jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in |language=Hindi |date= |access-date=24 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/jodhpurs-5-iconic-historical-attractions/amp_trphotostory/109380880.cms |title=Jodhpur's 5 iconic historical attractions |work=Times of India |department=Times Travel |date=21 April 2024 |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>

[[File:View from veer durgadas bridge.jpg|thumb|View of PWD Road and Mehrangarh from veer durgadas bridge, Jodhpur]]
[[File:PWD Road High rises.jpg|thumb|High Rises on PWD road, Jodhpur]]

Jodhpur also has the largest standardized test training industry in western Rajasthan, with top coaching institutes for the [[Joint Entrance Examination|IIT-JEE]], [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET-UG]] and [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)|NEET-PG]], and Civil Service Exams.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

[[Hindustan Petroleum|Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL) and the government of Rajasthan have been working since 2018 on a joint project to construct a refinery in [[Pachpadra]], [[Barmer district]] with a capacity of nine MMTPA (million metric tonnes per annum). The refinery is expected to come online in January 2024, and was described by Union Petroleum Minister [[Hardeep Singh Puri]] as "...the 'Jewel of the Desert', bringing jobs, opportunities and joy to the people of Rajasthan...".<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=21 February 2023|title=HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Project will be fully functional by 2024, says Petroleum minister|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/hpcl-rajasthan-refinery-project-will-be-fully-functional-by-2024-says-petroleum-minister/articleshow/98116277.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref> Pachpadra lies just 60 kilometres from the industrial area of Boranada in Jodhpur. Around 120 by-products produced by the refinery are expected to provide major opportunities for new industries to be set up in and around Jodhpur.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

India's most ambitious industrial development project, the over US$100 billion [[Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project]] is also expected to impact the industrial scenario in Jodhpur in a big way. Marwar Junction, which is located about 100 kilometres from the city, will be one of the nine freight loading points along the DMIC route. In addition, both the Jodhpur and [[Pali district|Pali]] districts fall under the region that is planned to be developed as a manufacturing hub for the DMIC.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.nicdc.in/index.php/delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-dmic/jodhpur-pali-marwar-industrial-area-rajasthan.html |title=Jodhpur Pali Marwar Industrial Area, Rajasthan |author= |date=2023 |website=NICDC.in |publisher=National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation |access-date=29 September 2023 |quote=Jodhpur Pali Marwar Industrial Area (JPMIA) is being developed as an Industrial Area in the state of Rajasthan in the influence area of the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC).}}</ref>

== Governance and administration ==

=== Elected representatives ===
The present Member of Parliament from Jodhpur is [[Gajendrasingh Shekhawat|Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

=== Civic administration ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:centre; margin:0 0 0 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Jodhpur City officials
|-
|[[Mayor]]
|Kunti Deora Parihar (Jodhpur North) Vanita Seth (Jodhpur South)
|-
|[[District collector|Collector]]
|Gaurav Agarwal [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|-
|[[Police Commissioner]]
|Ravidutt Gaur, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|-
|Chief Justice of the [[Rajasthan High Court]]
|Hon'ble Justice Mr. Augustine George Masih
|-
|Chairman, Jodhpur Development Authority
|Himanshu Gupta, IAS
|}

Till 2020, the city was administered by a single municipal body, Jodhpur Nagar Nigam with a mayor. In 2019, the [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan government]] decided to form two municipal corporation in [[Jaipur]], Jodhpur and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] for better administration.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Parihar|first=Rohit|date=19 October 2019|title=Jaipur, Kota, Jodhpur to get two municipal corporations|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jaipur-kota-jodhpur-to-get-two-municipal-corporations-1610913-2019-10-19}}</ref> For administrative purposes, the city is divided into [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]], from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. The municipal corporation has elected members known as councilors, or ''parshad'' in Hindi, representing their respective wards (geographical units of the city). The ward members are elected by direct voting by electorate for a period of 5 years. In addition to these directly elected members, the corporation has four ''ex-officio'' members (one member of parliament, three members of legislative assembly, namely Sardarpura, Soorsagar, City), and three nominated members. Currently, the city has two civic bodies – Jodhpur North and Jodhpur South each headed by a mayor. Each municipal corporation has 80 wards, making a total of 160 wards in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 November 2020|title=Jodhpur has Cong and BJP mayors|work=The Times Of India|agency=Times News Network|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jodhpur-has-cong-and-bjp-mayors/articleshow/79159504.cms}}</ref> The Jodhpur Development Authority (JDA) executes and supervises plans and schemes for the development of the urban region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/jda--jodhpur/en/home.html|title=JDA Jodhpur|work=Government of Rajasthan|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref>

==== Tehsils of Jodhpur ====
* [[Phalodi]]

== Strategic location ==
Jodhpur is a significant city of western Rajasthan and lies about 250 km from the border with [[Pakistan]]. This location makes it a key base for the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF), and [[Border Security Force]]. Jodhpur's [[South Western Air Command]] is one of Asia's largest and one of the most critical and strategically located [[List of Indian Air Force bases|airbases of the IAF]] (The [[Jodhpur Airport]] played the crucial role during the Indo-Pakistani wars of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971]]) deployed [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|fighter jets]] and [[HAL Dhruv|advanced light helicopters]]. There are 5 squadrons of the Indian Air force that are known as the 32 wing.

{{Wide image|Jodhpur panorama view-september 2011.jpg|800px|Panorama view of Jodhpur, with the [[Mehrangarh Fort]] to the right, and the city centre below|dir=rtl}}

== Culture ==
Jodhpur has culturally been known by the name of ''Jodhana'' by the locals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/news/c-20-in-458-years-this-city-become-jodhpur-from-jodhana-jd0317-NOR.html|title=४५८ साल में जोधाणा से ऐसे जोधपुर बन गया यह शहर|work=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615013144/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/news/c-20-in-458-years-this-city-become-jodhpur-from-jodhana-jd0317-NOR.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is famous for its food and its popularity can be judged by the fact that one can find sweet shops named "Jodhpur Sweets" in many cities throughout [[India]]. Being at the onshore of [[Thar Desert]], life has been influenced by ways of select nomadic tribes (so-called "gypsy" groups – ''[[Banjara]]'' in Hindi – have settled in some parts of the city).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/stay/story/67775/take-a-heritage-holiday-in-india-feeling-blue-in-jodhpur| title=Feeling blue in Jodhpur| work=Outlook India Traveller|author=Prerna Singh|date=25 July 2018}}</ref> Jodhpur has distinct cultural identity through its food and is famous for its [[Mirchi Bada]], Rabdi Ghewar and Mawa Kachori.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/lists/5-best-rajasthani-recipes-2032497|title=5 Best Rajasthani recipes|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
Jodhpur's most notable attractions are [[Mehrangarh Fort]] which overlooks upon the city, the blue bylanes of the old city are also an attraction, [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]], [[Jaswant Thada]], and the [[Ghanta Ghar (Jodhpur)|Ghanta Ghar]], or Clock Tower. Tourists are also within proximity to [[Mandore|Mandore Garden]], [[Kaylana Lake|Kaylana Lake and Garden]], [[Balsamand Lake]], [[Machia Biological Park]], Rao Jodha Desert Rock Park, Ratanada Ganesh Temple, Toorji Ka Jhalra, Sardar Samand Lake and Palace, Masooria Hills, Veer Durgadas Smarak (monument, park, and museum), Surpura Dam and Bhim Bhadak Cave. Other attractions of people are at markets of food, antique items, traditional clothes and traditional shoes (also called ''Jodhpuri Mojari'') held in Jodhpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news-travel/jodhpur-tourism-5-reasons-to-visit-indias-blue-city-this-winter-3229587/|title=Jodhpur Tourism: 5 Reasons to Visit India's Blue City This Winter|first=Travel|last=Staff|date=25 April 2018|website=India.com}}</ref> [[Mahamandira]], a temple consecrated to Sri Jalandharnath, is known for its murals showing ascetics in yoga poses and murals bearing inscriptional records of the dignitaries visiting the shrine which includes [[Charan]]as, [[Nobility|nobles]], and the [[Raja]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jzrAAAAMAAJ |title=Wall Paintings of Rajasthan |date=1998 |publisher=Jawahar Kala Kendra |language=en |quote=Nath yogis blessing their devotees. On the high frieze of the inner chamber, Nath yogeshwars have been portrayed. The exterior wall paintings contain names of the dignitaries visiting this shrine which includes charans, nobles and Rajas like Rao Ratan Si Rathore, Dalo Charan, Mahmud Mustapo, Kano Charan, Shrimo Charan, Tolikan Gyani, Gaur Ram Singhji, Dharamsi, Shah Adhit, Gogo Chauhana, Gogade Rathore, Malinath Rathore, Raja Gopichand and Chidiya Nathji.}}</ref><gallery heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Tourism in Jodhpur">
File:Jaswant Thada cenotaph, Jodhpur.jpg|alt=|Jaswant Thada
File:Kaylana Lake, Jodhpur.jpg|alt=|Kaylana Lake
File:Royal cenotaphs.jpg|alt=|Cenotaphs at Mandore Garden
File:Jodhpur ni18-14.jpg|alt=|Mandore Gardens
File:Mahamandir.jpg|alt=|Mahamandir Temple
</gallery>

===Motion-picture industry===
The city is famous for its charming locations and is often featured in various films, advertisements, music videos, and soaps. The historic buildings and landscapes of the city were featured in a number of movies, including ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' directed by [[Christopher Nolan]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/why-jodhpur-locals-thought-the-dark-knight-cast-was-nuts-373345.html/amp|title=Why Jodhpur locals thought the Dark Knight cast was nuts|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=10 July 2012}}</ref> [[Baadshaho]] starring [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Emraan Hashmi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sites.google.com/view/jodhpurthebluecity/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602080440/https://sites.google.com/view/jodhpurthebluecity/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2023|title=Why the 'Baadshaho' team travelled 5000 kilometers…|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 August 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]'' starring Owen Wilson, Adrien Brody, and Jason Schwartzman; ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]'' directed by [[Tarsem Singh]]; ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]'' directed by [[Sooraj Barjatya]]; ''[[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]]'' directed by Anil Sharma; ''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]'' directed by [[Maneesh Sharma]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/raj-jod-hmu-jodhpur-blue-city-of-rajasthan-5221317-pho.html|title=ये है राजस्थान की Blue City, बॉलीवुड से हॉलीवुड तक की पहली पसंद|work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi|date=13 January 2016}}</ref> ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' directed by S. Shankar, ''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]'' starring [[Jackie Chan]], [[Sonu Sood]], and [[Disha Patani]]; ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]'' starring [[Varun Tej]] and [[Disha Patani]]; ''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]'' starring [[Sai Dharam Tej]] and [[Rashi Khanna]]; and ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]'' featuring [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Nimrat Kaur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/twinkle-khanna-kids-nitara-aarav-in-jodhpur-for-dad-akshay-kumars-shoot/lite/|title=Twinkle Khanna, kids Nitara-Aarav in Jodhpur for dad Akshay Kumar's shoot|work=The Indian Express|date=12 November 2015}}</ref> Many foreign-language films and series have also been shot in Jodhpur, such as ''Buddies in India'', which was produced in Mandarin and was launched in China in 2017 featuring some Indian actors, and even the songs were in Hindi.
Bengali movie [[Sonar Kella]] directed by [[Satyajit Ray]] was shot in Jodhpur. The movie featured Jodhpur city as it was in early 1970s. The characters stayed in Jodhpur Circuit house. The movie was based on Novel of the same name written by [[Satyajit Ray]], the director himself.

=== Cuisine ===
[[File:Rajasthanthali.jpg|thumbnail|right|Rajasthani ''thali'']]

A number of dishes from [[Indian cuisine]] originated in Jodhpur. The city savours a number of food items, but the specialties of the city are [[Pyaaj Kachori]], [[Mirchi Bada]] and Mawa Kachori.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stirring things up in Jodhpur|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/stirring-things-up-in-jodhpur/article8650432.ece|newspaper=Business Line|date=27 May 2016|author=Kalyani Prasher|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref>

Dal-Baati-Churma, Makhaniya Lassi, Ker Sangri, Lasan Ki chutney, Mirchi ka kutti, gatte ki sabji and gulab jamun ki sabji are some other famous foods in Jodhpur.
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asia |first1=Incredible |title=Blue City of India |url=https://incredibleasia.org/blue-city-of-india/ |website=Incredible Asia |date=24 January 2023 |publisher=Faysal Islam |access-date=January 24, 2023}}</ref>

== Education and research ==
{{main|List of universities and higher education colleges in Jodhpur}}

[[File:IIT Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|IIT Jodhpur]]
[[File:Footwear Design and Development Institute, Jodhpur.png|thumb|right|Footwear Design and Development Institute, Jodhpur]]
[[File:National Law University campus, Jodhpur.png|thumb|right|National Law University Jodhpur]]
[[File:JNUuniversity.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Jodhpur National University]]]]

Educational facilities include:
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur]] is a technical education institute in India, one of the new [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IIT).
* [[AIIMS Jodhpur|All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur]]
* [[National Law University, Jodhpur]], is one of the 17 universities imparting law education (established in 1999).
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] Jodhpur is a fashion-design institute (started in 2010).
* [[Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University]] is a university in the field of [[Ayurveda]]. The second university of its kind in India, it was started in 2003.
* [[Jai Narain Vyas University]] (JNVU), formerly known as University of Jodhpur, is run by the state government of Rajasthan (established in 1962).
* [[Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur]] (established in 1965).
* [[MBM Engineering College]]: the oldest engineering institution in Rajasthan, it is now a faculty of engineering and architecture, under JNVU (established in 1951).
* [[Footwear Design and Development Institute]] Jodhpur is an institute established by the government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry for the design and development of footwear, fashion, and leather (started in 2012).
* [[Indian Institute of Handloom Technology]] is one of the five institutes nationwide to provide research, development, and technical education to the handloom industry.
* [[Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice]], started in 2013, is a university for research and education in the field of security, policing, and criminal justice.
*'''Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jodhpur''', started in 2013 is an Agricultural University for research, education and extension in the field of Agricultural Sciences & Technology for farmer of Marwar Region.

=== Research ===
Major research institutes and organizations have been established in the city for promoting research:
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] is one of the institutes of the [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] working under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, for carrying out scientific research in forestry to provide technologies to increase the vegetative cover and to conserve the biodiversity in the hot arid and semiarid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Dadara union, and Nagar Haveli union territory. The campus covers 66 hectares on the New Pali Road.
* [[Central Arid Zone Research Institute]] is a premier organisation of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture, government of India.
* [[National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases]] is one of the 33 permanent institutes of Indian Council of Medical Research, which is an autonomous body for the formulation, coordination, and promotion of biomedical research in the country.
* Desert Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India is the regional arm of the only taxonomic organization in the country involved in the study of all kinds of animals to promote survey, exploration, and research leading to the advancement of [[Zoology|zoological]] study.
* [[Botanical Survey of India]] is the nodal research organization under Ministry of Environment and Forests for research, exploration, and survey of the flora of India.
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] is an organization working under the Department of Defence Research and Development of Ministry of Defence for design and development leading to the production of world-class weapons systems and equipment.
* Regional Remote Sensing Centre is one of the five centres established under National Natural Resources Management System by Department of Space for [[remote sensing]] tasks at regional and national levels.
* [[MBM Engineering College]] conducts research and has masters and PhD programs in branches of engineering by highly experienced faculty. In civil and chemical engineering, national and state projects are performed by this college.

== Judiciary ==

[[File:New Rajasthan High Court Building.jpg|thumb|New building of Rajasthan High Court in Jodhpur.]]
[[Rajasthan High Court]] is the High Court of the state of Rajasthan. It was established on 21 June 1949 under the Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949.

The High Court of Rajasthan was founded in 1949 in Jodhpur and was inaugurated by the Rajpramukh, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh on 29 August 1949. The first Chief Justice was Kamala Kant Verma and the current Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court is the Honorable Justice Manindra Mohan Shrivastava. A bench was formed at Jaipur which was dissolved in 1958 and was again formed on 31 January 1977. Currently, there are forty sanctioned judges.
*

== Transportation ==
The city has well-established rail, road, and air networks connecting it to other major cities of the country.

=== Railways ===
[[File:Jodhpur Railway Station.jpg|thumb|right|Jodhpur junction railway station]]
[[File:Jodhpur railway station in Jodhpur city, Rajasthan 27.jpg|left|thumb|Jodhpur railway station]]
For experiencing the true magnificence and royal opulence of Rajasthan, [[luxury trains]] [[Palace on Wheels]], [[Royal Rajasthan on Wheels]], and [[Maharaja Express]] are run jointly by [[Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation]] and [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-02/jaipur/28194777_1_luxury-train-rajasthan-tourism-development-corporation-hrs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-02/jaipur/28194777_1_luxury-train-rajasthan-tourism-development-corporation-hrs|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=New-look Palace on Wheels set to chug off on Aug 5|date=2 August 2009}}</ref> Jodhpur is one of the destinations of both of the trains.

In the 2012-13 Railway Budget, a plan for building a High Speed Rail Corridor between Delhi-Jodhpur via Jaipur and Ajmer of 591 km was introduced which later in 2020 was included in HSR by Indian Railways and Government of India and now is in Pre-Feasibility phase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/india/High-Speed-Trains-From-Delhi-To-Jodhpur-Mumbai-In-Rly-Budget-1495.html|title=High Speed Trains from Delhi to Jodhpur, Mumbai in Rly Budget|date=11 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2013, a plan to start metro train service in Jodhpur was proposed by then Rajasthan Government to decongest the city traffic. However, this proposal is still pending with the state government for its approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/now-metro-in-jodhpur-after-jaipur|title=जयपुर के बाद अब जोधपुर में भी मेट्रो|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>
But in 2021, Jodhpur Development Authority and Municipal Corporations made a Future Mobility Plan where a 35-km Metro Line is proposed from [[IIT Jodhpur]] to Jaisalmer Bypass after Year 2030. With another proposed 11 more BRTS Corridors in Jodhpur between 2021–2030 to provide public transport to the increasing population before starting Metro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/brts-will-run-on-11-routes-for-city-transport-by-2030-after-this-metro-will-be-available-128254327.html|title=फ्यूचर ट्रैक: सिटी ट्रांसपोर्ट के लिए वर्ष 2030 तक 11 रूट पर बीआरटीएस चलेगी, इसके बाद मिल सकेगी मेट्रो|first=राजेश|last=त्रिवेदी|date=22 February 2021|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

Suburban stations around Jodhpur:
{| class="wikitable" 1em;"
|-
! No.
! Suburban Station Name<ref name="Suburban_Railway_Stations">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/jodhpur-junction-ju/126|title=Jodhpur Railway Station Map/Atlas NWR/North Western Zone - Railway Enquiry|first=Divyanshu|last=Gupta|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
! Distance (in km)
|- valign="top"
| 1
| [[Raikabagh Palace Junction]]
| 02
|-
| 2
| [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station]]
| 03
|-
| 3
| Mahamandir Railway Station
| 05
|-
| 4
| Basni Railway Station
| 06
|-
| 5
| [[Jodhpur Cantt railway station|Jodhpur Cantt Railway Station]]
| 08
|-
| 6
| Mandor Railway Station
| 10
|-
| 7
| Banar Railway Station
| 14
|-
| 8
| Salawas Railway Station
| 16
|}

=== Air ===
[[File:Jodhpur Airport.png|thumb|right|[[Jodhpur Airport]]]]

[[Jodhpur Airport]] is one of the prominent airports of Rajasthan. It is primarily a military airbase with a civilian enclosure to allow for civilian air traffic. Due to Jodhpur's strategic location, this airport is regarded as one of the most important ones for the Indian Air Force.<ref name=airport>{{cite news |title=MoU inked to expand Jodhpur airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/mou-inked-to-expand-jodhpur-airport/articleshow/57845153.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date= 9 March 2018 |date=27 March 2017 }}</ref>

At present, direct flights from Ahmedabad, Belgaum, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Indore, Kolkata and Mumbai to the city are operated by [[Air India]], [[IndiGo Airlines|Indigo]], [[SpiceJet]], and [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]].

Construction of new terminal began in late 2023 and is slated to complete by the end of 2025.
.<ref name=airport/>

=== Road ===
Jodhpur is connected by road to all major cities in Rajasthan and neighboring states, such as Delhi, Ahmedabad, Surat, Ujjain, and Agra. Apart from deluxe and express bus services to cities within the state, Rajasthan Roadways provides Volvo and Mercedes Benz bus service to Delhi, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Udaipur, and Jaisalmer. In 2016, Bus Rapid Transit System Jodhpur was launched in the city with low-floor and semi-low-floor buses plying on 6 major routes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/brts-buses-will-run-on-six-routes-in-the-city-978708/ |title=BRTS Buses Will Run On Six Routes In The City - शहर में छह रूट्स पर दौड़ेंगी बीआरटीएस बसें {{!}} Patrika News |website=www.patrika.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907173838/https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/brts-buses-will-run-on-six-routes-in-the-city-978708/ |archive-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
Jodhpur is connected to the [[List of National Highways in India|National Highway network]] with three national highways and to the [[List of state highways in Rajasthan|Rajasthan State Highway network]] with 10 state highways.[[Jodhpur Ring Road]] is under construction encircling Jodhpur to reduce vehicular traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jodhpur-ring-road-connecting-jaipur-to-be-a-reality-soon-2704706 |title = Jodhpur Ring Road connecting Jaipur to be a reality soon}}</ref>

National highways passing through Jodhpur include:
* NH-62, Ambala-Kaithal-Hissar-Fatehpur-Jodhpur-[[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]; total length = 690 km
* NH-112, Junction with NH-14 near Bar connecting Jaitaran-Bilara-Kaparda-Jodhpur-Kalyanpur-Pachpadra-Balotra-Tilwara-Kher-Bagundi-Dhudhwa-Madhasar-Kawas and terminating at its junction with NH 15 near Barmer; total length= 343 km
* NH-114, Junction with NH-65 near Jodhpur connecting Balesar - Dechhu and terminating at its junction with NH-15 near Pokaran; total length= 180 km

State highways passing through Jodhpur are:
* SH-19, [[Phalodi]] (NH 15) to Needar via Ahu, Chadi, Pachudi, Nagaur, Tarneu, Khatu Kalan, Khatu khurd, [[Toshina]], Kuchaman City, Bhuni, Maroth, Deoli Minda, Renwal Crossing, Kaladera; total length = 368 km
* SH-21, Dantiweara to [[Merta City|Merta]] City via Pipar City, Borunda; total length = 97 km
* SH-28, [[Phalodi]] (NH 15) to Ramji ki Gol via Deeechu, Shergarh, Pachpadra, Balotra, Sindri, Guda Malani; total length = 259 km
* SH-58, Jodhpur to Bheem up to NH 8 via Vinakiya, Rajola Sojat, Rendiri, Bhaisana, Sojat Road, Kantalia, Baban; total length = 142 km
* SH-61, [[Phalodi]] (NH 15) to Mandal via Osian, Mathania, Jodhpur, Khejrali, Bhatenda, Saradasamand, Jadan, Marwar Junction, Auwa, Jojawar, Kamalighat, Devgarh, Rajaji ka kareda; total length = 349 km
* SH-62, Bilara to Pindwara via Sojat, Sireeyari, Jojawar, Bagol, Desuri, Sadri, Sewari; total length = 187 km
* SH-63, Banar to Kuchera via Bhopalgarh Asop; total length = 129 km
* SH-65, [[Sheo]] (NH 15) to Shergarh via Bhiyad, Barnawa Jagger, Patodi, Phalsoond; total length = 155 km
* SH-66, Siwana to Dhandhaniya (NH 114) via Samdari, Kalyanpur, Mandli Rodhawa Kalan; total length = 90 km
* SH-68, Dangiyawas (NH 112) to Balotra via Kakelao, Khejarli, Guda Kakani, Luni, Dhundhara, Rampura, Samdari; total length = 131 km

====Bus====
{{Infobox station
| name = Paota Bus Stand
| type = Bus Stand
| image =
| address = Paota, Jodhpur
| borough = RSRTC
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|17|31.0|N|73|02|21.3|E}}
| owned = RSRTC
| platforms = 5
| bus_stands = 1
| bus_operators = RSRTC
| parking = Yes
| accessible = Wheelchair
| code = 0291
| website = {{URL|rsrtc.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-coordinates = {{coord|26|17|31.0|N|73|02|21.3|E}}
}}

'''Paota Bus Stand'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Depot enquiry - Rajasthan Transport Department |url=https://transport.rajasthan.gov.in/content/transportportal/en/RSRTC/directory/Depot-Enquiry.html |website=transport.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> is the most important<ref>{{Cite web |title=पावटा मंडी की जगह बनेगा अत्याधुनिक रोडवेज बस स्टैंड, श्रेणीनुसार अलग टिकट विंडो व प्लेटफॉर्म होंगे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/rajasthan-news-the-state-of-the-art-roadways-bus-stand-will-be-replaced-by-the-pawata-mandis-separate-ticket-windows-and-platforms-according-to-category-104506-4876200.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> bus stand for all government and private buses<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stott |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkH-AgAAQBAJ&dq=paota+bus+stand&pg=PA155 |title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra |last2=McCulloch |first2=Victoria |date=2014-01-14 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-909268-39-5 |language=en}}</ref> to and from Jodhpur<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNsvAQAAIAAJ&q=paota+bus+stand |title=Footprint India |date=2007 |publisher=Footprint Handbooks |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Travel |first=D. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTcnDwAAQBAJ&dq=paota+bus+stand&pg=PT26 |title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India |date=2017-09-07 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-241-32624-4 |language=en}}</ref> The route is operated by the [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation|RSRTC]]. This Bus stand serves various rural and [[Urban area|urban]] areas. This is the biggest [[Bus stand]] in Jodhpur.

==Sports==
Jodhpur has two outdoor stadiums and one indoor stadium complex:
* [[Barkatullah Khan Stadium]] has hosted two cricket [[One Day International|one day internationals]] matches.
* [[Maharaja Umaid Singh Stadium]] and
* Gaushala Maidan Sports Complex
are also among other sports facilities. The city has a well-developed polo ground where tournaments are held occasionally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/recliner/in-jodhpur-polo-blends-with-royalty-every-winter/37017/1|work=Forbes India|title=In Jodhpur, Polo Blends with Royalty Every Winter|date=3 February 2014|author=Jasodhara Banerjee|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220204811/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/recliner/in-jodhpur-polo-blends-with-royalty-every-winter/37017/1|archive-date=20 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jodhpur-polo-season-begins-from-december-1-2563012/|title=Jodhpur polo season begins from December 1|work=DNA India|date=28 November 2017|author=Sangeeta Sharma}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
! S No!!Team (A) !! Team (B) !! Winner !! Margin !! Year
|-
| 1 || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || By 1 wicket || 2000
|-
| 2|| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|India}} || By 3 wickets || 2002
|}

==Media==
===Newspapers===
====Hindi newspapers====
* ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]''
* ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jodhpur/|title=Dainik Bhaskar Jodhpur|website=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Dainik Navjyoti]]''
*''Dainik Jalte Deep''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.dainikjaltedeep.com/viewpage.php?edn=Main&edid=DJALTEDEEP_JOD|title=Dainik Jalte Deep Jodhpur Edition E-Paper|work=Dainik Jalte Deep|access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

====English newspapers====
*''[[The Times of India]]''
*''[[The Hindustan Times]]''
*''[[The Indian Express]]''

===Radio===
Jodhpur has these FM stations:
* [[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]]
* [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]]
* [[My FM]]
* [[Vividh Bharti]]
* [[Radio Mirchi]]
* [[All India Radio]]

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Jodhpur}}

* [[Durgadas Rathore]]
* [[Major general|Major]] [[Shaitan Singh]], PVC
* [[Gaj Singh]]
* [[Ashok Gehlot]]
* [[Kan Singh Parihar]]
* [[Dalveer Bhandari]]
* [[Dinesh Maheshwari]]
* [[Vijay Bishnoi]], Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court
* [[Chitrangada Singh]]
* [[Donald Field]]
* [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
* [[Shailesh Lodha]]
* [[Kiku Sharda]]
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
* [[Mithali Raj]]
* [[Brij Bhushan Kabra]]
* [[Ustad Sultan Khan]]
* [[Karanvir Bohra]]
* [[Thakur Bakhtawar Singh]]
* [[Vijaydan Detha]]
* [[Abhishek Manu Singhvi]]

== See also ==
* [[Auwa]]
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI) Jodhpur
* [[Dhinga Gavar]]
* [[Lordi Daijagra]]
* [[Mandore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Jodhpur'', Published by [s.l.], 1933.
* ''Maharaja of Marwar'' 1973.
* ''Marwar under Jaswant Singh, (1658–1678): Jodhpur hukumat ri bahi'', by Satish Chandra, Raghubir Sinh, ''Ghanshyam Dattan Singh of Jodhpur and His Times (1803–1843 A.D.)'', by padmaja Sharma. Published by Shiva Lal Agarwala, 1972.
* ''The Administration of Jodhpur State, 1800–1947 A.D.'', by Nirmala M. Upadhyaya. International Publishers, Sharma. Published by Meenakshi Prakashan, 1976.
* ''The History of Rajputana-Vol.IV, PartII. The History of the Jodhpur State'', Part II, Veer Durgadas. 1941, Dr. Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha.
* ''Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer: Desert Kingdoms'', by Kishore Singh, Karoki Lewis. Lustre Press Ltd. 1992.
* ''The House of Marwar: The Story of Jodhpur'', by Dhananajaya Singh. Lotus Collection, Roli Books, 1994. {{ISBN|81-7436-002-6}}.
* ''Modern Indian Kingship: Tradition, Legitimacy & Power in Jodhpur'', by Marzia Balzani. Published by James Currey Limited, 2003. {{ISBN|0-85255-931-3}}.
* '' Rathod Durgadas'' by Pt. Bishweshharnath Reu, 1948, Archaeological Department, Jodhpur.
* '' Veer Durgadas Rathor'' by Dr. L. S. Rathore, Thar Bliss Publisher, Jodhpur, 1987.
* ''Jodhpur and the Later Mughals, AD 1707–1752'', by R. S. Sangwan. Published by Pragati Publications, 2006.
* Jaysom Uppadhyay (1650/1980), Mantri Karam Chand Vanshavali Prabandh (Hindi), Bhartiya Vidhya Bhawan (under Singhi Jain Granthmala series), Mumbai.
* Pandit Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha '''('''1999–2006). ''Udaipur Rajya ka Itihasa'' (History: Kingdom of Udaipur). Publisher: Rajasthani Granthaghar, Jodhpur.
* Pratap Singh Mehta (2016). Rajputana Chronicles: Guns and Glories – The thousand-year story of the Bachhawat clan, Notion Press Media, Chennai. {{ISBN|978-93-5206-600-1}}

== External links ==
* [http://jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in/ Official website]
* ''[http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jodhpur Jodhpur]'' at Rajasthan Tourism Website

{{Jodhpur}}
{{Jodhpur district}}
{{Million-plus agglomerations in India}}
{{Rajasthan}}
{{Subject bar|India|commons=yes |s=yes|q=yes|voy=yes}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jodhpur| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Globalization

2026-03-17T16:31:18Z

MichaleFlint91: update

{{short description|Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labor}}
{{redirect|Globalize|the JavaScript library|Globalize (JavaScript library)|other uses|Globalization (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Globalism}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2016}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Early migrations mercator.svg
| image2 = NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg
| image4 = 67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg
| image5 = SocialDistancingWalmartCanada.jpg
| image6 = African undersea cables v44.jpg
| footer = '''Top-left''': showing early migration patterns of humans across the globe as part of the [[history of globalization]]. '''Top-right''': the Namban ship carrying [[Europe]]ans to trade with [[Japan]]. '''Middle-left''': the [[headquarters]] of the [[headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations]] in [[international territory]] within [[Midtown Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. '''Middle-right''': a branch of the American superstore [[Walmart]], the [[List of largest companies by revenue|largest company in the world by revenue]] as of 2021, in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. '''Bottom''': a map of [[Submarine communications cable|undersea cable]] connections around the [[Africa]]n continent to and from [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and across the [[Atlantic Ocean]].
}}

'''Globalization''' ([[British English|UK]]: '''globalisation''') is the process of increasing [[Interdependence theory|interdependence]] and integration among the economies, markets, societies, and cultures of different countries worldwide. It can be attributed to a series of factors, including the reduction of barriers to [[international trade]], the liberalization of capital movements, the development of [[transportation]] infrastructure, and the advancement of [[information and communication technologies]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scholte |first1=Jan Aart |title=Defining Globalisation |journal=[[The World Economy (journal)|The World Economy]] |date=2008 |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=1471–1502 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01019.x|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/46943 }}</ref> The term ''globalization'' first appeared in the early 20th century (replacing an earlier French term {{lang|fr|mondialisation}}). It developed its current meaning in the second half of the 20th century, and came into popular use in the 1990s to describe the growing international connectivity of the [[post–Cold War world]].<ref name="tandfonline.com">{{Cite journal |last1=James |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul James (academic) |last2=Steger |first2=Manfred B. |author-link2=Manfred Steger |year=2014 |title=A Genealogy of globalization: The career of a concept |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14747731.2014.951186 |journal=Globalizations |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=417–434 |doi=10.1080/14747731.2014.951186|bibcode=2014Glob...11..417J |s2cid=18739651 |issn = 1474-7731 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The origins of globalization can be traced back to the 18th and 19th centuries, a period marked by significant advancements in transportation and communication technologies. These developments increased global interactions, supporting the growth of international trade and the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and cultures. While globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration, it is also closely linked to social and cultural dynamics. Additionally, [[disputes]] and [[international diplomacy]] have played important roles in the history and evolution of globalization, continuing to shape its modern form. Though many scholars place the [[History of globalization|origins of globalization]] in [[modernity|modern times]], others trace its history to long before the European [[Age of Discovery]] and voyages to the [[New World]], and some even to the third millennium BCE.<ref name="GL-H-09" /> Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s, and in the late 19th century and early 20th century drove a rapid expansion in the connectivity of the world's economies and cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=H.|first1=O'Rourke, Kevin|last2=G.|first2=Williamson, Jeffrey|s2cid=15767303|date=1 April 2002|title=When did globalisation begin?|journal=European Review of Economic History|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1017/S1361491602000023|issn=1361-4916|pages=23–50}}</ref> The term ''[[global city]]'' was subsequently popularized by [[sociologist]] [[Saskia Sassen]] in her work ''The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo'' (1991).<ref>Sassen, Saskia - ''[http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316103717/http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html |date=16 March 2015 }}'' (1991) – [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-691-07063-6}}</ref>

Globalization describes the growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries.

Economically, globalization involves goods, [[Service (economics)|services]], data, technology, and the economic resources of [[Capital (economics)|capital]].<ref name="Albrow">{{Cite book|url={{google books|id=lfe1AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|title=Globalization, Knowledge and Society|last1=Albrow|first1=Martin|last2=King|first2=Elizabeth|publisher=Sage|year=1990|isbn=0-8039-8323-9|location=London|oclc=22593547}}</ref> The expansion of global markets liberalizes the economic activities of the exchange of goods and funds. Removal of cross-border trade barriers has made the formation of global markets more feasible.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/2134/chapter/3|title=Read "Following the Money: U.S. Finance in the World Economy" at NAP.edu|year=1995|publisher=National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/2134|isbn=978-0-309-04883-5|language=en}}</ref> Advances in transportation, like the [[steam locomotive]], [[steamship]], [[jet engine]], and [[container ships]], and developments in telecommunication infrastructure such as the [[telegraph]], the [[Internet]], [[mobile phones]], and [[smartphones]], have been major factors in globalization and have generated further interdependence of economic and cultural activities around the globe.<ref name="Imagining">{{cite web | url=http://www.elon.edu/e-web/predictions/150/1830.xhtml | title=Imagining the Internet | publisher=Elon University School of Communications | work=History of Information Technologies | access-date=17 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323040248/http://www.elon.edu/e-web/predictions/150/1830.xhtml | archive-date=23 March 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Stever_1972">{{cite journal | last1 = Stever | first1 = H. Guyford | year = 1972 | title = Science, Systems, and Society | journal = Journal of Cybernetics | volume = 2 | issue = 3| pages = 1–3 | doi = 10.1080/01969727208542909 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wolf|first=Martin|date=September 2014|title=Shaping Globalization|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/09/pdf/wolf.pdf|journal=Finance & Development|publisher=International Monetary Fund|volume=51|issue=3|pages=22–25|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922062300/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/09/pdf/wolf.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 1990 and 2010, globalization progressed rapidly, driven by the information and communication technology revolution that lowered communication costs, along with trade liberalization and the shift of manufacturing operations to emerging economies (particularly China).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240179-navigating-supply-chain-disruptions |title=Navigating supply chain disruptions: New insights into the resilience and transformation of EU firms |date=2024-10-03 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5807-0 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Globalisation, automation and the history of work: Looking back to understand the future |url=https://unctad.org/news/globalisation-automation-and-history-work-looking-back-understand-future |website=UNCTAD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries -- An IMF Issues Brief |url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> In 2000, the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and [[Financial transaction|transactions]], [[capital (economics)|capital]] and [[investment]] movements, [[Human migration|migration]] and movement of people, and the dissemination of [[knowledge]].<ref name="12th April 2000: IMF Publications">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/041200to.htm|title=Globalization: Threat or Opportunity?|date=12 April 2000|publisher=International Monetary Fund|url-status=live|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818185451/http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/041200to.htm|archive-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> Globalizing processes affect and are affected by [[business]] and [[Employment|work]] organization, economics, sociocultural resources, and the natural environment. Academic literature commonly divides globalization into three major areas: [[economic globalization]], [[cultural globalization]], and [[political globalization]].<ref name="Ritzer2008-146">{{cite book|title=The Blackwell Companion to Globalization|last=Babones|first=Salvatore|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2008|isbn=978-0-470-76642-2|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=George|location=Malden|page=146|chapter=Studying Globalization: Methodological Issues|oclc=232611725|chapter-url={{google books|id=XKnmvRATtfAC|page=146|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>

Proponents of globalization point to [[economic growth]] and broader societal development as benefits, while opponents claim globalizing processes are detrimental to social well-being due to [[ethnocentrism]], environmental consequences, and other potential drawbacks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=6 Pros and Cons of Globalization in Business to Consider |url=https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/pros-and-cons-of-globalization |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Business Insights Blog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weighing the Pros and Cons of Globalization |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/weighing-the-pros-and-cons-globalization |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |date=5 March 2003 |language=en}}</ref>

Globalization, characterized by the increased flow of goods, services, capital, people, and ideas across borders, leads to greater global interdependence by integrating national economies, societies, and cultures. This process, intensified since the 1980s by technological advancements and reduced trade barriers, has profound effects on businesses, cultures, politics, and living standards worldwide.{{Sociology}}

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Etymology and usage==
The word ''globalization'' was used in the English language as early as the 1930s, but only ever in the context of education, and the term failed to gain traction. Over the next few decades, the term was occasionally used by other scholars and media, but it was not clearly defined.<ref name="tandfonline.com" /> One of the first uses of a term resembling the more common meaning and usage of the modern word was by French economist [[François Perroux]] in his essays from the early 1960s (in his French works he used the similar yet distinct term {{lang|fr|mondialisation}}, translated as [[mundialization]]).<ref name="tandfonline.com" /> [[Theodore Levitt]] is sometimes inaccurately cited as having invented the term in the mid-1980s, although he can more confidently be credited with popularizing the term and bringing it into the mainstream business audience during that time.<ref name="tandfonline.com" />

Though often treated as synonyms, in French, globalization is seen as a stage following {{lang|fr|mondialisation}}, a stage that implies the dissolution of national identities and the abolishment of borders within the world network of economic exchanges.<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Sorinel
|first=Cosma
|title=Globalization and Mondialisation – A Conceptual Analysis
|journal=Ovidius University Annals
|series=Economic Sciences Series
|issue=2
|pages=27–30
|department=Ovidius University of Constantza, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Decembre
|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/ovi/oviste/vxiiy2012i2p27-30.html
|year=2012
}}</ref>

Since its inception, the concept of globalization has inspired competing definitions and interpretations. Its antecedents date back to the great movements of trade and empire across Asia and the Indian Ocean from the 15th century onward.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Globalization in World History|publisher=Norton|year=2002|isbn=0-393-97942-3|editor-last=Hopkins|editor-first=Antony G.|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationinw00agho/page/4 4–8]|oclc=50028410|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationinw00agho/page/4}}</ref><ref name="Bakari13">{{cite journal|last=Bakari|first=Mohamed El-Kamel|title=Globalization and Sustainable Development: False Twins?|journal=New Global Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=23–56|issn=1940-0004|doi=10.1515/ngs-2013-021|year=2013|s2cid=154786395}}</ref>

In 1848, [[Karl Marx]] noticed the increasing level of national interdependence brought on by [[capitalism]], and predicted the universal character of the modern world society. He states:
{{blockquote|text= The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of Reactionists, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. . . . In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations.<ref>{{cite book |author=Karl Marx |author2=Friedrich Engels |title=The Communist Manifesto|pages=47–103|publisher=Pluto Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1k85dmc.4 |jstor=j.ctt1k85dmc |isbn=978-1-78680-025-1 |chapter=Manifesto of the Communist Party|year=2017|s2cid=53056560 |url=https://stars.library.ucf.edu/context/prism/article/1079/viewcontent/Manifesto_of_the_Communist_Party.pdf }}</ref>}}

Sociologists [[Martin Albrow]] and Elizabeth King define globalization as "all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society."<ref name="Albrow" /> In ''The Consequences of Modernity'', [[Anthony Giddens]] writes: "Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide [[social relation]]s which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Consequences of Modernity|last=Giddens|first=Anthony|publisher=Polity Press|year=1990|isbn=0-7456-0793-4|location=Cambridge|page=64|oclc=22305142}}</ref> In 1992, [[Roland Robertson]], professor of sociology at the [[University of Aberdeen]] and an early writer in the field, described globalization as "the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationsoc0000robe|title=Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture|last=Robertson|first=Roland|publisher=Sage|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8039-8187-4|edition=Reprint.|location=London|oclc=28634687|url-access=registration}}</ref>

In ''Global Transformations'', [[David Held]] and his co-writers state:
{{blockquote|text=Although in its simplistic sense globalization refers to the widening, deepening and speeding up of global interconnection, such a definition begs further elaboration. ... Globalization can be on a continuum with the local, national and regional. At one end of the continuum lie social and economic relations and networks which are organized on a local and/or national basis; at the other end lie social and economic relations and networks which crystallize on the wider scale of regional and global interactions. Globalization can refer to those spatial-temporal processes of change which underpin a transformation in the organization of human affairs by linking together and expanding human activity across regions and continents. Without reference to such expansive spatial connections, there can be no clear or coherent formulation of this term. ... A satisfactory definition of globalization must capture each of these elements: extensity (stretching), intensity, velocity and impact.<ref>Held, David; Goldblatt, David; McGrew, Anthony; Perraton, Jonathan (1999). ''Global Transformations'' Cambridge: Polity Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7456-1498-4}}</ref>|sign=|source=|}}

Held and his co-writers' definition of globalization in that same book as "transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions—assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact—generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows" was called "probably the most widely-cited definition" in the 2014 [[Pankaj Ghemawat|DHL Global Connectiveness Index]].<ref name="DHL">{{cite web|url=http://www.dhl.com/content/dam/Campaigns/gci2014/downloads/dhl_gci_2014_study_high.pdf|title=DHL Global Connectedness Index 2014|date=11 March 2014|publisher=[[DHL]]|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202020111/http://www.dhl.com/content/dam/Campaigns/gci2014/downloads/dhl_gci_2014_study_high.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book ''The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization'', states that globalization:

{{blockquote|...is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the world.<ref>Larsson, Thomas. (2001). ''The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization'' Washington, DC: Cato Institute. p. 9. {{ISBN|978-1-930865-15-0}}</ref>}}

[[Paul James (academic)|Paul James]] defines globalization with a more direct and historically contextualized emphasis:

<blockquote>Globalization is the extension of social relations across world-space, defining that world-space in terms of the historically variable ways that it has been practiced and socially understood through changing world-time.<ref name=James2005>{{Cite journal | year=2005 | last=James |first=Paul | title= Arguing Globalizations: Propositions Towards an Investigation of Global Formation | url= https://www.academia.edu/5246805 | journal= Globalizations | volume= 2 | issue= 2 | pages=193–209 | doi=10.1080/14747730500202206| bibcode=2005Glob....2..193J | s2cid=146553776 }}</ref></blockquote>

[[Manfred Steger]], professor of [[global studies]] and research leader in the [[Global Cities Institute]] at [[RMIT University]], identifies four main empirical [[dimensions of globalization]]: economic, political, cultural, and [[ecological]]. A fifth dimension—the ideological—cutting across the other four. The ideological dimension, according to Steger, is filled with a range of [[Norm (social)|norms]], claims, beliefs, and narratives about the phenomenon itself.<ref>{{cite book|title=Globalization: A Very Short Introduction|last=Steger|first=Manfred|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-955226-9|location=New York|page=11}}</ref>

James and Steger stated that the concept of globalization "emerged from the intersection of four interrelated sets of '[[communities of practice]]' ([[Étienne Wenger|Wenger]], 1998): academics, journalists, publishers/editors, and librarians."<ref name="tandfonline.com" />{{Rp|424}} They note the term was used "in education to describe the global life of the mind"; in [[international relations]] to describe the extension of the [[European Common Market]], and in journalism to describe how the "American Negro and his problem are taking on a global significance".<ref name="tandfonline.com" /> They have also argued that four forms of globalization can be distinguished that complement and cut across the solely empirical dimensions.<ref name=James2005/><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2013|title=Levels of Subjective Globalization: Ideologies, Imaginaries, Ontologies|url=https://www.academia.edu/4311113|journal=Perspectives on Global Development and Technology|volume=12|issue=1–2|author1=Manfred B. Steger|author2=Paul James}}</ref> According to James, the oldest dominant form of globalization is embodied globalization, the movement of people. A second form is agency-extended globalization, the circulation of agents of different institutions, organizations, and [[polities]], including [[Imperialism|imperial]] agents. Object-extended globalization, a third form, is the movement of [[commodities]] and other objects of exchange. He calls the transmission of ideas, images, knowledge, and information across world-space disembodied globalization, maintaining that it is currently the dominant form of globalization. James holds that this series of distinctions allows for an understanding of how, today, the most embodied forms of globalization such as the movement of [[refugee]]s and [[Immigration|migrants]] are increasingly restricted, while the most disembodied forms such as the circulation of financial instruments and codes are the most [[deregulated]].<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2014|title=Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens|url=https://www.academia.edu/7773440|journal=Citizenship Studies|volume=18|issue=2|pages=208–23|doi=10.1080/13621025.2014.886440|last1=James|first1=Paul|s2cid=144816686}}</ref>

The journalist [[Thomas L. Friedman]] popularized the term [[The World Is Flat|"flat world"]], arguing that [[Global trade|globalized trade]], [[outsourcing]], [[supply chain|supply-chaining]], and political forces had permanently changed the world, for better and worse. He asserted that the pace of globalization was quickening and that its impact on business organization and practice would continue to grow.<ref>Friedman, Thomas L. "The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention". ''Emerging: A Reader.'' Ed. Barclay Barrios. Boston: Bedford, St. Martins, 2008. 49</ref>

Economist [[Takis Fotopoulos]] defined "economic globalization" as the opening and deregulation of [[Commodity market|commodity]], [[Capital market|capital]], and [[labor markets]] that led toward the present [[neoliberal]] globalization. He used "political globalization" to refer to the emergence of a transnational [[élite]] and a phasing out of the [[nation-state]]. Meanwhile, he used "cultural globalization" to reference the worldwide homogenization of culture. Other of his usages included "[[ideological]] globalization", "[[technological]] globalization", and "social globalization".<ref>Fotopoulos, Takis. (2001). "Globalization, the reformist Left and the Anti-Globalization 'Movement.'" [http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/dn/vol7/takis_globalisation.htm ''Democracy & Nature: The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy'', 7:(2) (July 2001).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426000403/http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/dn/vol7/takis_globalisation.htm |date=26 April 2009 }}</ref>

Lechner and Boli (2012) define globalization as more people across large distances becoming connected in more and different ways.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Globalization Reader|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-0-470-65563-4|editor-last=Lechner|editor-first=Frank J.|edition=4th|location=Chichester|oclc=723530747|editor-last2=Boli|editor-first2=John}}</ref>

"Globophobia" is used to refer to the fear of globalization, though it can also mean the [[balloon phobia|fear of balloons]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/beyond-globophobia|title=Beyond Globophobia|last1=Henwood|first1=Doug|date=13 November 2003|work=[[The Nation]]|issn=0027-8378|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029140242/http://www.thenation.com/article/beyond-globophobia|archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Ross|title=Globophobia|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/columnists/12049/globophobia-17/|work=[[The Spectator]]|date=20 March 2004|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222124856/http://www.spectator.co.uk/columnists/12049/globophobia-17/|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Ritzer2008">{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=XKnmvRATtfAC|page=16}}|title=The Blackwell Companion to Globalization|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2008|isbn=978-0-470-76642-2|editor=Ritzer|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Ritzer|location=Malden|pages=16–|oclc=232611725}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of globalization}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of international trade}}

There are both [[Proximate and ultimate causation|distal and proximate causes]] that can be traced in the historical factors affecting globalization. Large-scale globalization began in the 19th century.<ref name="When Did Globalization Begin">{{cite journal |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Kevin H. |first2=Jeffrey G. |last2=Williamson |s2cid=15767303 |year=2002 |title=When Did Globalization Begin? |journal=European Review of Economic History |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=23–50 |doi=10.1017/S1361491602000023 }}</ref>

===Archaic===
{{Main|Archaic globalization}}
[[File:Archaic globalization.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|The 13th century world-system, as described by [[Janet Abu-Lughod]]]]

The phrase "Archaic globalization" conventionally refers to a phase in the history of globalization including globalizing events and developments from the time of the earliest [[civilization]]s until roughly the 1600s CE. This term covers the relationships between communities and [[State (polity)|states]] and how they developed through the geographical spread of ideas and social norms at both local and regional levels.<ref name="M 45">{{cite book |last=Martell |first=Luke |title=The Sociology of Globalization|year=2010 | edition = reprint |publisher=Policy Press | isbn = 9780745636740 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zGfy7s_CfPsC}}</ref>{{qn|date=June 2025}}

In this schema, three main prerequisites are posited for globalization to occur:
# The first is the idea of Eastern Origins, which shows how [[Western states]] have adapted and implemented learned principles from the [[Eastern world|East]].<ref name=" M 45"/> Without the spread of traditional ideas from the East, Western globalization would not have emerged in the way that it did.
# The interactions of early states were not on a global scale and most often were confined to local regions: Asia, [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and certain parts of Europe.<ref name=" M 45"/> With early globalization, it was difficult for states to interact with others that were not close. Eventually, technological advances allowed states to learn of others' existence and thus another phase of globalization could occur.
# The third prerequisite has to do with inter-dependency, stability, and regularity. If a state is not dependent on another, then there is no way for either state to be mutually affected by the other. This is one of the driving forces behind global connections and trade; without either, globalization would not have emerged the way it did and states would still be dependent on their own [[Production (economics)|production]] and resources to work. This is one of the arguments surrounding the idea of early globalization. It is argued that archaic globalization did not function in a similar manner to modern globalization because states were not as interdependent on other states (as they are today).<ref name="M 45"/>

Also posited is a "multi-polar" nature to archaic globalization, which involved the active participation of non-Europeans. Because it predated the [[Great Divergence]] in the nineteenth century, where [[Western Europe]] pulled ahead of the rest of the world in terms of [[industrial production]] and [[economic output]], archaic globalization was a phenomenon that was driven not only by Europe but also by other economically developed [[Old World]] centers such as [[Gujarat]], [[Bengal]], coastal [[China]], and [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=[[Hans Köchler|Kochler]] |first=Hans |title=Globality versus Democracy: The Changing Nature of International Relations in the Era of Globalization |year=2000 |publisher=International Progress Organization|location=Vienna|page=35}}</ref>
[[File:NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg|thumb|right|Portuguese [[carrack]] in [[Nagasaki]], 17th-century Japanese [[Nanban trade|Nanban art]]]]

The German [[Economic history|historical economist]] and sociologist [[Andre Gunder Frank]] argues that a form of globalization began with the rise of trade links between [[Sumer]] and the [[Indus Valley civilization]] in the third millennium [[BCE]]. This archaic globalization continued during the [[Hellenistic Age]], when commercialized urban centers enveloped the axis of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] culture that reached from India to Spain, including [[Alexandria]] and the other [[Alexander the Great|Alexandrine]] cities. Early on, the geographic position of Greece, Greek demographics and the necessity of importing wheat encouraged Greek city-states to found [[Greek colonisation | outpost colonies]]<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
|last1 = Fine
|first1 = John Van Antwerp
|year = 1983
|chapter = Colonization
|title = The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NjeM0kcp8swC
|edition = revised
|publication-place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
|publisher = Harvard University Press
|page = 81
|isbn = 9780674033146
|access-date = 16 June 2025
|quote = Greek colonization of the Black Sea region was of great importance for subsequent Greek history. A huge area, rich in metals, timber, grain, fish and many other products, was thus opened to a Greek world whose resources in raw materials and food products were inadequate for a constantly growing population.
}}
</ref>
and to engage in maritime trade.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Reed
|first1 = C. M.
|page = 19
|chapter = Classical modes and patterns of exchange
|date = 11 December 2025
|title = Maritime Traders in the Ancient Greek World
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-gwO68JZ9jkC
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|isbn = 9781139439060
|access-date = 16 June 2025
|quote = [...] in the classical period the grain trade offered work for large numbers of maritime traders, and the need for grain at Athens, and probably elsewhere too, became acute enough to make these traders indispensable.
}}
</ref>
Trade in ancient Greece was largely unrestricted: the state controlled only the supply of grain.<ref name="GL-H-09">Frank, Andre Gunder. (1998). ''ReOrient: Global economy in the Asian age.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-21474-3}}</ref> Greek style, culture and art spread in a "form of Mediterranean globalization".<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
|last1 = Zuchtriegel
|first1 = Gabriel
|year = 2018
|chapter = Mountains: the Limits of Greekness and Citizenship
|title = Colonization and Subalternity in Classical Greece: Experience of the Nonelite Population
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Whs3DwAAQBAJ
|publication-place = New York
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|page = 175
|isbn = 9781108419031
|access-date = 16 June 2025
|quote = The process of Lucanization ultimately turned the use of Greek visual language from being a privilege of the elite into a ubiquitous mass phenomenon that supplanted traditional forms of expression. In this light, the history of Italiote red-figure vases in Lucania also represents the history of a transformation of traditional versions of cultural diversity that were partly homogenized and integrated within new hybrid forms {{--}} a form of Mediterranean globalization that some individuals and groups may have perceived as a cultural loss, while others gained socially and economically.
}}
</ref>

[[File:Transasia trade routes 1stC CE gr2 macrobia label corrected.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Silk Road]] in the 1st century]]
[[File:New World Domesticated plants.JPG|thumb|Native [[New World]] crops [[Columbian exchange|exchanged globally]] ([[clockwise]]): Maize, tomato, potato, [[vanilla]], rubber, [[Cacao bean|cacao]], tobacco]]
Trade on the [[Silk Road]] became a significant factor in the development of civilizations from China to the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Persia]], Europe, and [[Arabia]], opening long-distance political and economic interactions between them.<ref>Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 32.</ref> Though silk was certainly the major trade-item from China, common goods such as salt and sugar were traded as well; and [[religion]]s, [[syncretic]] philosophies, and various technologies, as well as diseases, also traveled along the [[Silk Routes]]. In addition to economic trade, the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network.<ref>Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 33.</ref> The movement of people, such as refugees, artists, craftsmen, [[missionaries]], robbers, and envoys, resulted in the exchange of religions, art, languages, and new technologies.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/legacy-silk-road | title = The Legacy of the Silk Road | publisher = Yale Global | date = 25 January 2013 | access-date = 31 March 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402075517/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/legacy-silk-road | archive-date = 2 April 2015 }}</ref> From around 3000 BCE to 1000 CE, connectivity within [[Afro-Eurasia]] was centered upon the [[Indo-Mediterranean]] region, with the Silk Road later rising in importance with the [[Mongol Empire]]'s consolidation of Asia in the 13th century CE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last =Burke |first =Edmund |date =2009 |title =Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity |url =https://www.jstor.org/stable/40542756 |journal =Journal of World History |volume =20 |issue =2 |pages =186 |issn =1045-6007 |jstor =40542756}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last =Ghosh |first =Paramita |date =2024-03-12 |title =Building a new road |url =https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Mar/12/building-a-new-road-3 |access-date =2024-08-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Early modern===
{{Main|Proto-globalization}}

"[[Early modern]]" or "proto-globalization" covers a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800. The concept of "proto-globalization" was first introduced by historians [[A. G. Hopkins]] and [[Christopher Bayly]]. The term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of high "modern globalization" in the late 19th century.<ref>Hopkins, A.G., ed., 2003. Globalization in World History. New York City: Norton. {{ISBN|0-393-97942-3}} pp. 4–5, 7</ref> This phase of globalization was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires, in the 15th and 17th centuries, first the [[Portuguese Empire]] (1415) followed by the [[Spanish Empire]] (1492), and later the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] and [[British Empire]]s. In the 17th century, world trade developed further when [[chartered companies]] like the [[British East India Company]] (founded in 1600) and the [[Dutch East India Company]] (founded in 1602, often described as the first [[multinational corporation]] in which [[stock]] was offered) were established.<ref>Chaudhuri, K.N. (1965\1999). ''The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600–1640 (Vol. 4).'' London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press.</ref>
[[File:Chafariz d'el Rei (Flemish School).jpg|left|thumb|Lisbon in the 1570s had many Africans due to the [[Atlantic slave trade]].]]

An alternative view from historians Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, postulated that: globalization began with the first circumnavigation of the globe under the [[Magellan-Elcano expedition]] which preluded the rise of [[Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries|global silver trade]].<ref>China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century, by Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pFDQEACAAJ|title=The Silver Way: China, Spanish America and the Birth of Globalisation, 1565-1815|first1=Peter|last1=Gordon|first2=Juan José|last2=Morales|date=12 October 2017|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-7343-9943-4 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

Early modern globalization is distinguished from modern globalization on the basis of [[expansionism]], the method of managing global trade, and the level of information exchange. The period is marked by the shift of [[hegemony]] to Western Europe, the rise of larger-scale conflicts between powerful nations such as the [[Thirty Years' War]], and demand for commodities, most particularly [[slaves]]. The [[triangular trade]] made it possible for Europe to take advantage of resources within the [[Western Hemisphere]]. The transfer of animal stocks, plant crops, and epidemic diseases associated with [[Alfred W. Crosby]]'s concept of the [[Columbian exchange]] also played a central role in this process. European, Middle Eastern, Indian, [[Southeast Asia]]n, and Chinese merchants were all involved in early modern trade and communications, particularly in the Indian Ocean region.

[[File:Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg|thumb|The 1843 launch of the ''[[SS Great Britain|Great Britain]]'', the revolutionary ship of [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]]]
[[File:Arthur Mees Flags of A Free Empire 1910 Cornell CUL PJM 1167 01 (Reddit source).jpg|thumb|During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] was a global [[superpower]].]]

===Modern===

According to economic historians [[Kevin O'Rourke (economist)|Kevin O'Rourke]], [[Leandro Prados de la Escosura]] and [[Guillaume Daudin]], several factors promoted globalization in the period 1815–1870:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-modern-europe/trade-and-empire/BE789F27408634F4749D61F013897C04|title=Trade and empire (Chapter 4) – The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe|chapter=Trade and empire |website=Cambridge Core|date=2010 |volume=1 |pages=100–01|publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=en|access-date=2 March 2018|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511794834.006|isbn=978-0-521-88202-6|s2cid=155275323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303050324/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-modern-europe/trade-and-empire/BE789F27408634F4749D61F013897C04|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live |last1=h. o'Rourke |first1=Kevin |last2=Prados de la Escosura |first2=Leandro |last3=Daudin |first3=Guillaume }}</ref>

* The conclusion of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] brought in an era of relative peace in Europe.
* Innovations in transportation technology reduced trade costs substantially.
* New industrial military technologies increased the power of European states and the United States, and allowed these powers to forcibly open up markets across the world and extend their empires.
* A gradual move towards greater liberalization in European countries.

During the 19th century, globalization approached its form as a direct result of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. [[Industrialization]] allowed standardized production of household items using [[economies of scale]] while rapid [[population growth]] created sustained demand for commodities. In the 19th century, steamships reduced the cost of international transportation significantly and railroads made inland transportation cheaper. The [[History of transport|transportation revolution]] occurred some time between 1820 and 1850.<ref name="When Did Globalization Begin" /> More nations embraced [[international trade]].<ref name="When Did Globalization Begin" /> Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century [[imperialism]] such as in [[Scramble for Africa|Africa]] and [[Western imperialism in Asia|Asia]].<ref name="Levinson" /><ref name=":3">{{cite news |last=Gittins |first=Ross |date=12 June 2006 |title=How the invention of a box changed our world – Business – smh.com.au |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/business/how-the-invention-of-a-box-changed-our-world/2006/06/11/1149964409162.html%0A |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114190140/http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/how-the-invention-of-a-box-changed-our-world/2006/06/11/1149964409162.html%0A |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=17 February 2013 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref>

=== Contemporary ===
After World War II, work by politicians led to the agreements of the [[Bretton Woods Conference]], in which major governments laid down the framework for [[International monetary systems|international monetary policy]], commerce, and finance, and the founding of several [[international institution]]s intended to facilitate economic growth by lowering [[trade barrier]]s. Initially, the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) led to a series of agreements to remove trade restrictions. GATT's successor was the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), which provided a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements and a dispute resolution process. Exports nearly doubled from 8.5% of total gross world product in 1970 to 16.2% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/trade/tables/exports2.htm | title = World Exports as Percentage of Gross World Product | publisher=[[Global Policy Forum]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080712023541/http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/trade/tables/exports2.htm | archive-date = 12 July 2008 | access-date =11 November 2009}}</ref> The approach of using global agreements to advance trade stumbled with the failure of the [[Doha Development Round]] of trade negotiation. Many countries then shifted to bilateral or smaller multilateral agreements, such as the 2011 [[United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement]].

The invention of shipping containers in 1956 helped advance the globalization of commerce.<ref name="Levinson" /><ref name=":3" /> Since the 1970s, [[aviation]] has become increasingly affordable to [[middle class]]es in [[developed countries]]. [[Open skies]] policies and [[low-cost carrier]]s have helped to bring [[Competition (economics)|competition]] to the [[Market (economics)|market]]. In the 1990s, the growth of low-cost communication networks cut the cost of communicating between countries. More work can be performed using a computer without regard to location. This included accounting, software development, and engineering design.

[[Student exchange program]]s became popular after [[World War II]], and are intended to increase the participants' understanding and tolerance of other cultures, as well as improving their language skills and broadening their social horizons. Between 1963 and 2006, the number of students studying in a foreign country increased 9 times.<ref name=varghese/>

[[File:Comet 4.jpg|thumb|[[de Havilland Comet|D.H. Comet]], the world's first commercial [[jet airliner]], entered service in 1949.]]
Since the 1980s, modern globalization has spread rapidly through the expansion of capitalism and neoliberal ideologies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gender, Development, and Globalization: Economics as if all people mattered.|last1=Lourdes|first1=Benería|last2=Gunseli|first2=Berik|last3=Maria S.|first3=Floro|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-0-415-53748-3|location=New York|page=95}}</ref> The implementation of neoliberal policies has allowed for the privatization of public industry, deregulation of laws or policies that interfered with the free flow of the market, as well as cut-backs to governmental social services.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Shock Doctrine|title-link= The Shock Doctrine|last=Klein|first=Naomi|publisher=Vintage|year=2008|location=Canada|page=68}}</ref> These neoliberal policies were introduced to many developing countries in the form of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) that were implemented by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).<ref name=":0" /> These programs required that the country receiving monetary aid would open its markets to capitalism, privatize public industry, allow free trade, cut social services like healthcare and education and allow the free movement of giant multinational corporations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lourdes|first1=Benería|last2=Deere|first2=Carmen Diana |author-link3=Carmen Diana Deere|last3=Kabeer|first3=Naila|date=8 August 2012|title=Gender and International Migration: Globalization, Development and Governance|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=1–33|doi=10.1080/13545701.2012.688998|s2cid=144565818}}</ref> These programs allowed the World Bank and the IMF to become global financial market regulators that would promote neoliberalism and the creation of free markets for multinational corporations on a global scale.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rai|title=The History of International Development: Concepts and Contexts|journal=Women, Gender and Development Reader|page=15}}</ref>
[[File:Crowded Bund on summer evening.jpg|thumb|With a population of 1.4 billion, [[China]] is the world's second-largest economy.]]
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the connectedness of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly. This slowed down from the 1910s onward due to the World Wars and the [[Cold War]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wolf|first=Martin|year=2001|title=Will the nation-state survive globalization?|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=80|issue=1|pages=178–190|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2001-01-01/will-nation-state-survive-globalization|doi=10.2307/20050051|jstor=20050051|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162328/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2001-01-01/will-nation-state-survive-globalization|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> but picked up again in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>Ritzer, George (2011). ''Globalization: The Essentials.'' NY: John Wiley & Sons.</ref> The [[revolutions of 1989]] and subsequent [[liberalization]] in many parts of the world resulted in a significant expansion of global interconnectedness. The migration and movement of people can also be highlighted as a prominent feature of the globalization process. In the period between 1965 and 1990, the proportion of the labor force migrating approximately doubled. Most migration occurred between the [[developing countries]] and [[least developed countries]] (LDCs).<ref name =Saggi2002>{{cite journal | last1 = Saggi | first1 = Kamal | year = 2002 | title = Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and International Technology Transfer: A Survey | journal = World Bank Research Observer | volume = 17 | issue = 2| pages = 191–235 | doi = 10.1093/wbro/17.2.191 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.17.7732 | s2cid = 16620922 }}</ref> As economic integration intensified workers moved to areas with higher wages and most of the developing world oriented toward the international market economy. The collapse of the Soviet Union not only ended the Cold War's division of the world – it also left the United States its sole policeman and an unfettered advocate of free market.{{According to whom|date=February 2019}} It also resulted in the growing prominence of attention focused on the movement of diseases, the proliferation of popular culture and consumer values, the growing prominence of international institutions like the UN, and concerted international action on such issues as the environment and human rights.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The World Transformed 1945 to present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|year=2004|page=399}}</ref> Other developments as dramatic were the Internet's becoming influential in connecting people across the world; {{As of|2012|6}}, more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treese.org/intindex/95-11.htm |title=The Open Market Internet Index |publisher=Treese.org |date=11 November 1995 |access-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601045949/http://www.treese.org/intindex/95-11.htm |archive-date=1 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm|title=World Stats|date=30 June 2012|work=Internet World Stats|publisher=Miniwatts Marketing Group|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623200007/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm|archive-date=23 June 2011}}</ref> Growth of globalization has never been smooth. One influential event was the [[late 2000s recession]], which was associated with lower growth (in areas such as [[International call|cross-border phone calls]] and [[Skype]] usage) or even temporarily negative growth (in areas such as trade) of global interconnectedness.<ref name="Signs of life">{{cite news | url = https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21632514-despite-some-recent-reversals-there-evidence-globalisation-march | title = Signs of life | newspaper = The Economist | date = 15 November 2014 | access-date = 29 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902092234/https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21632514-despite-some-recent-reversals-there-evidence-globalisation-march | archive-date = 2 September 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>Faiola, Anthony. (2009). "A Global Retreat As Economies Dry Up." [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/04/AR2009030404221.html ''The Washington Post'', 5 March 2009.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204175739/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/04/AR2009030404221.html |date=4 December 2010 }}</ref>

The [[China–United States trade war]], starting in 2018, negatively affected trade between the two largest national economies. The [[economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic]] included a massive decline in tourism and international business travel as many countries temporarily closed borders. The [[2021–2022 global supply chain crisis]] resulted from temporary shutdowns of manufacturing and transportation facilities, and labor shortages. Supply problems incentivized some switches to domestic production.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/24/investing/premarket-stocks-trading/index.html |title=Globalization is coming undone, and that's a huge red flag |author=Allison Morrow |date=May 24, 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The [[economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] included a blockade of Ukrainian ports and [[International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|international sanctions on Russia]], resulting in some de-coupling of the Russian economy with global trade, especially with the European Union and other Western countries.

Modern consensus for the last 15 years regards globalization as having run its course and gone into decline.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Marcus |last2=Hayashi |first2=Yuka |date=2023-08-09 |title=Sputtering Trade Fuels Fears of a Fractured Global Economy |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/sputtering-trade-fuels-fears-for-a-connected-world-81c99922 |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> A common argument for this is that trade has dropped since its peak in 2008, and never recovered since the [[Great Recession]]. New opposing views from some economists have argued such trends are a result of price drops and in actuality, trade volume is increasing, especially with agricultural products, natural resources and refined petroleum.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zumbrun |first=Josh |title=Is Globalization in Decline? A New Number Contradicts the Consensus |url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/global/is-globalization-in-decline-a-new-number-contradicts-the-consensus-60df8ecf |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ganapati |first1=Sharat |last2=Wong |first2=Woan Foong |date=August 2023 |title=How Far Goods Travel: Global Transport and Supply Chains from 1965–2020 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=3–30 |doi=10.1257/jep.37.3.3 |issn=0895-3309|doi-access=free |hdl=10419/272042 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The 21st century melting of the Arctic will also affect global trade, as it is paving the way for [[Arctic shipping routes|shorter trade routes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Melting Arctic ice could transform international shipping routes, study finds {{!}} Brown University |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-06-22/arctic |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.brown.edu |language=en}}</ref>

==Economic globalization==
{{Main|Economic globalization}}
[[File:Globalization over 5 centuries, OWID.svg|thumb|The ''trade openness index'' over 5 centuries. This index is defined as the sum of world exports and imports, divided by world GDP. Each series corresponds to a different source.]]
[[File:Brno, Nákupní centrum Královo Pole (7239).jpg|thumb|Dividends worth CZK 289 billion were paid to the [[Foreign ownership|foreign owners]] of [[Czech Republic|Czech]] companies in 2016.<ref>"[http://www.radio.cz/en/section/business/czech-foreign-owned-companies-take-second-biggest-dividend-yield-in-2017report Czech foreign owned companies take second biggest dividend yield in 2017:report]". ''[[Radio Prague]].'' 7 March 2018.</ref>]]

Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-[[border]] movement of goods, services, technology, and capital.<ref name="Joshi, Rakesh Mohan 2009">Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, (2009) International Business, Oxford University Press, New Delhi and New York {{ISBN|0-19-568909-7}}.</ref> Whereas the globalization of business is centered around the diminution of international trade regulations as well as [[tariff]]s, taxes, and other impediments that suppresses global trade, economic globalization is the process of increasing [[economic integration]] between countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market.<ref>Riley, T: "Year 12 Economics", p. 9. Tim Riley Publications, 2005</ref> Depending on the paradigm, economic globalization can be viewed as either a positive or a negative phenomenon. Economic globalization comprises: globalization of production; which refers to the obtainment of goods and services from a particular source from locations around the globe to benefit from difference in cost and quality. Likewise, it also comprises globalization of markets; which is defined as the union of different and separate markets into a massive global marketplace. Economic globalization also includes<ref>{{Cite book|title=International business: competing in the global marketplace|last=Hill|first=Charles W.L.|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2014|isbn=978-0-07-811277-5|edition= 10th|location=New York|oclc=864808614}}</ref> competition, technology, and corporations and industries.<ref name="Joshi, Rakesh Mohan 2009"/>

Current globalization trends can be largely accounted for by developed economies integrating with less developed economies by means of [[foreign direct investment]], the reduction of trade barriers as well as other economic reforms, and, in many cases, immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is Globalization?|url=https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization|date=29 October 2018|website=PIIE|language=en|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>

[[File:1 singapore city skyline dusk panorama 2011.jpg|thumb|left|[[Singapore]] is the top country in the [[Global Enabling Trade Report|Enabling Trade Index]] {{as of|2016|lc=y}}.]]
[[International standard]]s have made trade in goods and services more efficient. An example of such standard is the [[intermodal container]]. [[Containerization]] dramatically reduced the costs of transportation, supported the post-war boom in [[international trade]], and was a major element in globalization.<ref name="Levinson">{{cite web|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9383.html|title=Sample Chapter for Levinson, M.: The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger.|last=Levinson|first=Marc|work=[[The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger]]|publisher=Princeton University Press|access-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122131825/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9383.html|archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref> International standards are set by the [[International Organization for Standardization]], which is composed of representatives from various national [[standards organizations]].

A [[multinational corporation]], or worldwide enterprise,<ref name="pitelis">{{cite book|url={{google books|id=mXjeiQYR088C|plainurl=yes}}|title=The nature of the transnational firm|last=Pitelis|first=Christos|author2=Roger Sugden|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-16787-1|page=H72}}</ref> is an organization that owns or controls the production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/mul.htm|title=Multinational Corporations|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414082055/http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/mul.htm|archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> It can also be referred to as an international corporation, a transnational corporation, or a stateless corporation.<ref>Roy D. Voorhees, Emerson L. Seim, and John I. Coppett, "Global Logistics and Stateless Corporations", ''Transportation Practitioners Journal'' 59, 2 (Winter 1992): 144–51.</ref>

A [[free-trade area]] is the region encompassing a [[trade bloc]] whose member countries have signed a [[free-trade]] agreement (FTA). Such agreements involve cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers{{snd}} [[import quota]]s and [[tariff]]s{{snd}} and to increase trade of [[goods]] and services with each other.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = O'Sullivan| first1 = Arthur| author-link = Arthur O'Sullivan (economist)| first2 = Steven M. | last2 = Sheffrin| title = Economics: Principles in Action| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall| year = 2003| location = Upper Saddle River, NJ| page = 453| isbn = 978-0-13-063085-8}}</ref>

If people are also free to move between the countries, in addition to a free-trade agreement, it would also be considered an [[open border]]. Arguably, the most significant free-trade area in the world is the [[European Union]], a [[Political union|politico]]-[[economic union]] of [[Member state of the European Union|{{EUnum}} member states]] that are primarily located in [[Europe]]. The [[EU]] has developed [[European Single Market]] through a standardized system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the [[Single market|free movement of people, goods, services, and capital]] within the internal market,<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{cite web |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |publisher=Europa web portal |author=European Commission |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |access-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 }} {{cite web |title=Activities of the European Union: Internal Market |publisher=Europa web portal |url=http://europa.eu/pol/singl/index_en.htm |access-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625121825/http://europa.eu/pol/singl/index_en.htm |archive-date=25 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Global_labor_arbitrage.png|thumb|Outsourcing is a key part of [[global labor arbitrage]], where workers in the developed world compete with foreign workers for low wages.]]
[[Trade facilitation]] looks at how procedures and controls governing the movement of goods across national borders can be improved to reduce associated cost burdens and maximize efficiency while safeguarding legitimate regulatory objectives.

Global trade in services is also significant. For example, in India, [[business process outsourcing]] has been described as the "primary engine of the country's development over the next few decades, contributing broadly to [[GDP]] growth, employment growth, and poverty alleviation".<ref name="Kuruvilla 2008 39–72">{{cite journal|last1=Kuruvilla |first1=Sarosh |last2=Ranganathan |first2=Aruna |title=Economic Development Strategies And Macro- And Micro-Level Human Resource Policies: The Case Of India's "Outsourcing" Industry|journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review|date=October 2008|volume=62|issue=1|pages=39–72|doi=10.1177/001979390806200103|citeseerx=10.1.1.662.425 |s2cid=12104735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2010/03/25/the-world-economy-calls|access-date=16 April 2011|title=Outsourcing to Africa: The world economy calls | The Economist|date=16 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511114732/http://www.economist.com/node/15777592?story_id=E1_TVSSSVJN|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[William I. Robinson]]'s theoretical approach to globalization is a critique of Wallerstein's World Systems Theory. He believes that the global capital experienced today is due to a new and distinct form of globalization which began in the 1980s. Robinson argues not only are economic activities expanded across national boundaries but also there is a transnational fragmentation of these activities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=William I.|title=Globalization and the sociology of Immanuel Wallerstein: A critical appraisal|journal=International Sociology|volume=1–23}}</ref> One important aspect of Robinson's globalization theory is that production of goods are increasingly global. This means that one pair of shoes can be produced by six countries, each contributing to a part of the production process.
{{Clear}}

==Cultural globalization==
{{Main|Cultural globalization}}

[[File:Shakira Rio 03.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Shakira]], a Colombian multilingual singer-songwriter, playing outside her home country]]

Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=Paul|title=Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism|year=2006|publisher=Sage Publications|location=London|url=https://www.academia.edu/1642214|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_2006_|archive-date=29 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, [[popular culture]] media, and international travel. This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.<ref>Manfred B. Steger and Paul James, 'Ideologies of Globalism', in Paul James and Manfred B. Steger, eds, [https://uws.academia.edu/PaulJames Globalization and Culture: Vol. 4, Ideologies of Globalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108143250/http://uws.academia.edu/PaulJames |date=8 November 2017 }}, Sage Publications, London, 2010. {{Cite book|title=The Anthropology of Globalization|last1=Inda|first1=Jonathan|last2=Rosaldo|first2=Renato|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2002|chapter=Introduction: A World in Motion}}</ref>

[[Cross-cultural communication]] is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. [[Intercultural communication]] is a related field of study.

[[Cultural diffusion]] is the spread of [[cultural]] items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.
Cultural globalization has increased cross-cultural contacts, but may be accompanied by a decrease in the uniqueness of once-isolated communities. For example, [[sushi]] is available in Germany as well as Japan, but [[Euro-Disney]] outdraws the city of Paris, potentially reducing demand for "authentic" French pastry.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v25n3/globalization.pdf |title=Globalization and Culture |last1=Cowen |first1=Tyler |last2=Barber |first2=Benjamin |journal=Cato Policy Report |date=May–June 2003 |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119144402/http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v25n3/globalization.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>Nadeem, S (2009) [http://nadeem.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/04/CS_Nadeem.pdf Macaulay's (Cyber) Children: The Cultural Politics of Outsourcing in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620105537/http://nadeem.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/04/CS_Nadeem.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}. Cultural Sociology</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hacker |first1=Violaine |title=Budovanie mediálneho priemyslu a podpora hodnotovo orientovanej spoločnosti v globalizácii: od chichotského výberu k pragmatickým výhodám EU občanov |trans-title=Building Medias Industry while Promoting a Community of Values in the Globalization: From Quixotic Choices to Pragmatic Boon for EU Citizens |journal=Politické vedy |date=2011 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=64–74 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=22943 |language=English |issn=1335-2741}}</ref> Globalization's contribution to the alienation of individuals from their traditions may be modest compared to the impact of modernity itself, as alleged by [[existentialists]] such as [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] and [[Albert Camus]]. Globalization has expanded recreational opportunities by spreading pop culture, particularly via the Internet and satellite television. The cultural diffusion can create a homogenizing force, where globalization is seen as synonymous with homogenizing force via connectedness of markets, cultures, politics and the desire for modernizations through imperial countries sphere of influence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fangjun|first=Cao|date=1 September 2009|title=Modernization Theory and China's Road to Modernization|journal=Chinese Studies in History|volume=43|issue=1|pages=7–16|doi=10.2753/CSH0009-4633430101|s2cid=145504998|issn=0009-4633}}</ref>

Religions were among the earliest cultural elements to globalize, being spread by force, migration, [[evangelism|evangelists]], imperialists, and traders. [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], and more recently sects such as [[Mormonism]] are among those religions which have taken root and influenced endemic cultures in places far from their origins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McAlister |first1=Elizabeth |title=Globalization and the Religious Production of Space |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |date=September 2005 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=249–255 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00283.x |url=https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/relifp-21}}</ref>

[[File:McDonalds in St Petersburg 2004.JPG|left|thumb|McDonald's is commonly seen as a symbol of globalization, often called [[McDonaldization]] of global society.]]
Globalization has [[Globalization of sports|strongly influenced sports]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/sport.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223201908/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/sport.jsp|title=Globalization and Sport: A Review by Susan Froetschel|archive-date=23 December 2016}}</ref> For example, the modern [[Olympic Games]] has [[athletes]] from more than 200 nations participating in a variety of competitions.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Overview of Olympic Games | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428005/Olympic-Games | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=4 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430005519/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428005/Olympic-Games | archive-date=30 April 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[FIFA World Cup]] is the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games; a ninth of the entire population of the planet watched the [[2006 FIFA World Cup Final]].<ref name="2006coverage">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/index.html |title=2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before |work=FIFA.com |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=6 February 2007 |access-date=11 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120073325/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/index.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Dunmore2011">{{cite book|first=Tom |last=Dunmore|title=Historical Dictionary of Soccer|url={{google books|id=9j1wbp2t1usC|page=235|plainurl=yes}}|date=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7188-5|page=235|quote=The World Cup is now the most-watched sporting event in the world on television, above even the Olympic Games.}}</ref><ref name="Wong2012">{{cite book|first=Glenn M. |last=Wong|title=The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports|url={{google books|id=qEELS7T_Tm0C|page=144|plainurl=yes}}|date=8 March 2012|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-0203-1|pages=144–|quote=The World Cup is the most-watched sporting event in the world. In 2006, more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television, and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament.}}</ref>

The term globalization implies transformation. Cultural practices including traditional music can be lost or turned into a fusion of traditions. Globalization can trigger a state of emergency for the preservation of musical heritage. Archivists may attempt to collect, record, or transcribe repertoires before melodies are assimilated or modified, while local musicians may struggle for [[authenticity in art|authenticity]] and to preserve local musical traditions. Globalization can lead performers to discard traditional instruments. Fusion genres can become interesting fields of analysis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Thomas |title="Competing Conceptions of Globalization" Revisited: Relocating the Tension between World-Systems Analysis and Globalization Analysis |journal=Comparative Education Review |date=August 2004 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=274–294 |doi=10.1086/421180 |s2cid=56099753 |issn=0010-4086|url=https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_facpub/74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Music has an important role in economic and cultural development during globalization. Music genres such as jazz and reggae began locally and later became international phenomena. Globalization gave support to the [[world music]] phenomenon by allowing music from developing countries to reach broader audiences.<ref>Throsby, David (2002). "The music industry in the new millennium: Global and Local Perspectives." [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233223/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/25428/11066604353The_Music_Industry_in_the_new_Millenium.pdf/The+Music+Industry+in+the+new+Millenium.pdf Paper prepared for The Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity Division of Arts and Cultural Enterprise UNESCO, Paris.]</ref> Though the term "World Music" was originally intended for ethnic-specific music, globalization is now expanding its scope such that the term often includes hybrid subgenres such as "world fusion", "global fusion", "ethnic fusion",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/ethnic-fusion-d224 |title=Ethnic fusion Music |website=Allmusic |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429235433/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/ethnic-fusion-d224 |archive-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[worldbeat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/worldbeat-d248 |title=Worldbeat |website=Allmusic |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503101554/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/worldbeat-d248 |archive-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/world_fusion_800/en_US#contents_top |title=World Fusion Music |publisher=worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314022819/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/world_fusion_800/en_US#contents_top |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_(3195324838).jpg|thumb|Use of [[chili pepper]] has spread from the Americas to cuisines around the world, including [[Thailand]], [[Korea]], [[China]], and [[Italy]].<ref>[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/chili.jsp "Chili: Small Fruit Sets Global Palettes on Fire"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231072755/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/chili.jsp|date=31 December 2016}}, History of Globalization, YaleGlobal Online.</ref>]]

[[Bourdieu]] claimed that the perception of consumption can be seen as self-identification and the formation of identity. Musically, this translates into each individual having their own musical identity based on likes and tastes. These likes and tastes are greatly influenced by culture, as this is the most basic cause for a person's wants and behavior. The concept of one's own culture is now in a period of change due to globalization. Also, globalization has increased the interdependency of political, personal, cultural, and economic factors.<ref>Beard, David and Keneth Gloag. 2005. Musicology: The Key Concepts. London and New York: Routledge.</ref>

A 2005 [[UNESCO]] report<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/cscl/IntlFlows_EN.pdf |title=International Flows of Selected Goods and Services |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705155924/http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/cscl/IntlFlows_EN.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> showed that cultural exchange is becoming more frequent from Eastern Asia, but that Western countries are still the main exporters of cultural goods. In 2002, China was the third largest exporter of cultural goods, after the UK and US. Between 1994 and 2002, both North America's and the [[European Union]]'s shares of cultural exports declined while Asia's cultural exports grew to surpass North America. Related factors are the fact that Asia's population and area are several times that of North America. Americanization is related to a period of high political American clout and of significant growth of America's shops, markets and objects being brought into other countries.

Some critics of globalization argue that it harms the diversity of cultures. As a dominating country's culture is introduced into a receiving country through globalization, it can become a threat to the diversity of local culture. Some argue that globalization may ultimately lead to [[Westernization]] or Americanization of culture, where the dominating cultural concepts of economically and politically powerful Western countries spread and cause harm to local cultures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aleteia.org/2018/04/11/why-do-we-need-religion-in-a-globalized-world/|title=Why do we need religion in a globalized world?|date=11 April 2018|work=Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412211940/https://aleteia.org/2018/04/11/why-do-we-need-religion-in-a-globalized-world/|archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>

Globalization is a diverse phenomenon that relates to a multilateral political world and to the increase of cultural objects and markets between countries. The Indian experience particularly reveals the [[Cultural pluralism|plurality]] of the impact of cultural globalization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Biswajit |title=Cultural Changes and Challenges in the Era of Globalization: The Case of India |journal=Journal of Developing Societies |date=June 2011 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=153–175 |doi=10.1177/0169796X1102700203 |s2cid=145494090 |issn=0169-796X}}</ref>

[[Transculturalism]] is defined as "seeing oneself in the other".<ref name="CS">Cuccioletta, Donald. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160417212459/http://www.canadian-studies.net/lccs/LJCS/Vol_17/Cuccioletta.pdf Multiculturalism or Transculturalism: Towards a Cosmopolitan Citizenship.], London Journal of Canadian Studies 2001/2002 Vol. 17, Plattsburgh State University of New York, Interdisciplinary Research Group on the Americas</ref> Transcultural<ref name=FD/> is in turn described as "extending through all [[human culture]]s"<ref name="FD">[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/transcultural transcultural] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805221419/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/transcultural |date=5 August 2018 }}, thefreedictionary.com</ref> or "involving, encompassing, or combining elements of more than one [[culture]]".<ref name="YD">[http://www.yourdictionary.com/transcultural transcultural] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102032434/http://www.yourdictionary.com/transcultural |date=2 January 2018 }}, yourdictionary.com</ref> Children brought up in transcultural backgrounds are sometimes called [[third-culture kid]]s.

==Political globalization==
{{Main|Political globalization}}

{{See also|Military globalization}}
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|The [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]] in [[New York City]]]]

Political globalization refers to the growth of the worldwide [[political system]], both in size and complexity. That system includes national governments, their [[governmental organizations|governmental]] and [[intergovernmental organizations]] as well as government-independent elements of [[global civil society]] such as [[international non-governmental organizations]] and [[social movement organization]]s. One of the key aspects of the political globalization is the declining importance of the [[nation-state]] and the rise of other actors on the political scene.
[[William R. Thompson]] has defined it as "the expansion of a global political system, and its institutions, in which inter-regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to trade) are managed".<ref name="ModelskiDevezas2007">{{cite book|author1=George Modelski|author2=Tessaleno Devezas|author3=William R. Thompson|title=Globalization as Evolutionary Process: Modeling Global Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHKTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59|date=20 December 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-97764-1|page=59}}</ref>
Political globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in academic literature, with the two other being [[economic globalization]] and [[cultural globalization]].<ref name="Ritzer2008-146"/>

[[Intergovernmentalism]] is a term in [[political science]] with two meanings. The first refers to a theory of regional integration originally proposed by [[Stanley Hoffmann]]; the second treats states and the national government as the primary factors for integration. [[Multi-level governance]] is an approach in [[political science]] and [[public administration theory]] that originated from studies on [[European integration]]. Multi-level governance gives expression to the idea that there are many interacting authority structures at work in the emergent global political economy. It illuminates the intimate entanglement between the domestic and international levels of authority.

Some people are citizens of multiple nation-states. [[Multiple citizenship]], also called dual citizenship or multiple nationality or dual nationality, is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one [[Sovereign state|state]] under the laws of those states.
[[File:US military bases in the world 2007.svg|thumb|U.S. military presence around the world in 2007. {{as of|2015}}, the U.S. still had many [[List of United States military bases|bases and troops stationed globally]].<ref>{{cite news |title=These are all the countries where the US has a military presence |url=https://qz.com/374138/these-are-all-the-countries-where-the-us-has-a-military-presence/ |work=Quartz |date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802123437/https://qz.com/374138/these-are-all-the-countries-where-the-us-has-a-military-presence/ |archive-date=2 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Increasingly, [[non-governmental organization]]s influence public policy across national boundaries, including [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian aid]] and [[International development|developmental efforts]].<ref name="globall">Pawel Zaleski ''Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector'', [in:] Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr [ed.]: "Civil Society in the Making", IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006</ref> Philanthropic organizations with global missions are also coming to the forefront of humanitarian efforts; charities such as the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]], [[Accion International]], the Acumen Fund (now [[Acumen Fund|Acumen]]) and the Echoing Green have combined the [[business model]] with [[philanthropy]], giving rise to business organizations such as the [[Global Philanthropy Group]] and new associations of philanthropists such as the [[Global Philanthropy Forum]]. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation projects include a current multibillion-dollar commitment to funding immunizations in some of the world's more impoverished but rapidly growing countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Vaccine-Delivery|title=Vaccine Delivery|work=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|access-date=6 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531050637/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Vaccine-Delivery|archive-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> The [[Hudson Institute]] estimates total private philanthropic flows to developing countries at [[US$]]59 billion in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/2012IndexofGlobalPhilanthropyandRemittances.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730155329/http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/2012IndexofGlobalPhilanthropyandRemittances.pdf|title=''The Index of Global Philanthropy and Remittances 2012''. Hudson Institute Center for Global Prosperity.|archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>

As a response to globalization, some countries have embraced [[isolationist]] policies. For example, the [[North Korea]]n government makes it very difficult for foreigners to enter the country and strictly monitors their activities when they do. Aid workers are subject to considerable scrutiny and excluded from places and regions the government does not wish them to enter. Citizens cannot freely leave the country.<ref name=nkr>{{cite web |url=http://www.northkoreanrefugees.com/2008-exodus.htm |title=North Korean Refugees NGO |publisher=Northkoreanrefugees.com |date=20 October 2008 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618135156/http://www.northkoreanrefugees.com/2008-exodus.htm |archive-date=18 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name=unhcr>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,PRK,4562d8cf2,487ca236c0,0.html |title=UNHCR Freedom in the World 2008 – North Korea |publisher=Unhcr.org |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018022844/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2C%2CPRK%2C4562d8cf2%2C487ca236c0%2C0.html |archive-date=18 October 2012 }}</ref>

=== Globalization and gender ===
[[File:FEMEN Ukraine is not a brothel.jpg|thumb|From the documentary ''[[Ukraine Is Not a Brothel]]''. Radical group [[Femen]] protest against the increase in [[Sex tourism in Ukraine|sex tourism]] into Ukraine.]]

Globalization has been a gendered process where giant multinational corporations have outsourced jobs to low-wage, low skilled, quota free economies like the ready made [[garment industry in Bangladesh]] where poor women make up the majority of labor force. Despite a large proportion of women workers in the garment industry, women are still heavily underemployed compared to men. Most women that are employed in the garment industry come from the countryside of Bangladesh triggering migration of women in search of garment work. It is still unclear as to whether or not access to paid work for women where it did not exist before has empowered them. The answers varied depending on whether it is the employers perspective or the workers and how they view their choices. Women workers did not see the garment industry as economically sustainable for them in the long run due to long hours standing and poor working conditions. Although women workers did show significant autonomy over their personal lives including their ability to negotiate with family, more choice in marriage, and being valued as a wage earner in the family. This did not translate into workers being able to collectively organize themselves in order to negotiate a better deal for themselves at work.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Kabeer |first1=Nalia |title="Rags, Riches and Women Workers: Export-Oriented Garment Manufacturing in Bangladesh," from Linking Women Producers and Workers with Global Markets |last2=Simeen |last3=Mahmud |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-85092-798-6 |location=London |pages=137, 147, 148, 150, 152}}</ref>

Another example of outsourcing in manufacturing includes the [[maquiladora]] industry in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico where poor women make up the majority of the labor force. Women in the maquiladora industry have produced high levels of turnover not staying long enough to be trained compared to men. A gendered two tiered system within the maquiladora industry has been created that focuses on training and worker loyalty. Women are seen as being untrainable, placed in un-skilled, low wage jobs, while men are seen as more trainable with less turnover rates, and placed in more high skilled technical jobs. The idea of training has become a tool used against women to blame them for their high turnover rates which also benefit the industry keeping women as temporary workers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Wright W. |first=Melissa |title="The Dialectics of Still Life: Murder, Women, and Disposability," from Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism. |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |location=New York |pages=73, 82, 83}}</ref>

==Other dimensions==
Scholars also occasionally discuss other, less common dimensions of globalization, such as [[environmental globalization]] (the internationally coordinated practices and regulations, often in the form of international treaties, regarding environmental protection)<ref name="Zimmerer2006-1">{{cite book|first=Karl S. |last=Zimmerer|title=Globalization & New Geographies of Conservation|url={{google books|id=UdLK-UGj7YkC|page=1|plainurl=yes}}|year=2006|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-98344-8|page=1}}</ref> or [[military globalization]] (growth in global extent and scope of security relationships).<ref name="Krishnan2016">{{cite book|first=Armin |last=Krishnan|title=War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting|url={{google books|id=1ymrCwAAQBAJ|page=PA157|plainurl=yes}}|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-00049-5|page=157}}</ref> Those dimensions, however, receive much less attention the three described above, as academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas: economic globalization, cultural globalization and political globalization.<ref name="Ritzer2008-146"/>

===Movement of people===
[[File:World-airline-routemap-2024.png|thumb|Scheduled [[airline]] traffic in 2024]]

An essential aspect of globalization is movement of people, and state-boundary limits on that movement have changed across history.<ref>{{Cite journal | year= 2014 | last1= James| first1= Paul | author-link1= Paul James (academic) | title= Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens | url= https://www.academia.edu/7773440 | journal= Citizenship Studies | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 208–23| doi= 10.1080/13621025.2014.886440| s2cid= 144816686}}</ref> The movement of tourists and business people opened up over the last century. As transportation technology improved, travel time and costs decreased dramatically between the 18th and early 20th century. For example, travel across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] used to take up to 5 weeks in the 18th century, but around the time of the 20th century it took a mere 8 days.<ref name="autogenerated2">Boustan, Adain May. "Fertility and Immigration." UCLA. 15 January 2009.</ref> Today, modern aviation has made long-distance transportation quick and affordable.

Tourism is travel for pleasure. The developments in technology and transportation infrastructure, such as [[jumbo jets]], low-cost airlines, and more [[accessible tourism|accessible]] airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. At any given moment half a million people are in the air.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Siebeck|first=Florian|title=Flugzeugparkplatz im Outback: Schlaf in der Wüste|language=de|work=FAZ.NET|url=https://www.faz.net/1.6771502|access-date=16 May 2020|issn=0174-4909}}</ref> International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012.<ref name="Barom2012">{{cite journal|url=http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom13_01_jan_excerpt_0.pdf |title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer |journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer |date=January 2013 |volume=11 |issue=1 |access-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228162347/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom13_01_jan_excerpt_0.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2013 }}</ref>
A [[Travel visa|visa]] is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner, allowing them to enter and temporarily remain within, or to leave that country. Some countries – such as those in the [[Schengen Area]] – have agreements with other countries allowing each other's citizens to travel between them without visas (for example, Switzerland is part of a Schengen Agreement allowing easy travel for people from countries within the European Union). The [[World Tourism Organization]] announced that the number of tourists who require a visa before traveling was at its lowest level ever in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/2015visaopennessreportonline.pdf |title=Visa Openness Report 2015 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123123959/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/2015visaopennessreportonline.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2016 }}</ref>

[[Immigration]] is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess [[citizenship]] in order to settle or reside there, especially as [[permanent residents]] or [[naturalized]] citizens, or to take-up employment as a [[migrant worker]] or temporarily as a [[foreign worker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration|title=immigration|publisher=Oxford University Press|website=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518081143/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration|archive-date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immigration|title=immigrate|publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328072752/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immigration|archive-date=28 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RCUK">{{cite web|title=Who's who: Definitions|url=http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/policy_research/the_truth_about_asylum/the_facts_about_asylum|publisher=Refugee Council|location=London, England|year=2016|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916064012/http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/policy_research/the_truth_about_asylum/the_facts_about_asylum|archive-date=16 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[International Labour Organization]], {{as of|2014|lc=y}} there were an estimated 232 million international migrants in the world (defined as persons outside their country of origin for 12 months or more) and approximately half of them were estimated to be economically active (i.e. being employed or seeking employment).<ref>{{cite web|title=Mainstreaming of Migration in Development Policy and Integrating Migration in the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda|url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/documents/genericdocument/wcms_220084.pdf|website=www.ilo.org|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525162824/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/documents/genericdocument/wcms_220084.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> International movement of labor is often seen as important to economic development. For example, [[freedom of movement for workers in the European Union]] means that people can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country.
[[File:BorisOC2010.jpg|thumb|right|2010 [[London Youth Games]] opening ceremony. About 69% of children born in [[London]] in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad.<ref>"[https://www.ft.com/content/41b5b302-b7e5-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62 Most London babies have foreign-born parent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161100/https://www.ft.com/content/41b5b302-b7e5-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62 |date=25 June 2018 }}". ''[[Financial Times]]''. 1 December 2016.</ref>]]

Globalization is associated with a dramatic rise in [[international education]]. The development of global [[cross-cultural competence]] in the workforce through ad-hoc training has deserved increasing attention in recent times.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Landis|first1=Dan|title=The Cambridge handbook of intercultural training|last2=Bhawuk|first2=Dharm P. S.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press & Assessment]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1-108-85418-4|edition=4th|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|oclc=1135909636}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Caligiuri|first=Paula|title=Build Your Cultural Agility The Nine Competencies of Successful Global Professionals.|date=2021|publisher=Kogan Page, Limited|isbn=978-1-78966-660-1|location=London|oclc=1239982517}}</ref> More and more students are seeking higher education in foreign countries and many [[international student]]s now consider overseas study a stepping-stone to permanent residency within a country.<ref name="gribble">{{cite journal | last1 = Gribble | first1 = C | year = 2008 | title = Policy options for managing international student migration: the sending country's perspective | journal = Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management | volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 25–39 | doi=10.1080/13600800701457830| s2cid = 155059201 }}</ref> The contributions that [[foreign student]]s make to host nation economies, both culturally and financially has encouraged major players to implement further initiatives to facilitate the arrival and integration of overseas students, including substantial amendments to [[immigration]] and visa policies and procedures.<ref name="varghese">Varghese, N.V. 2008, 'Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility', International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO</ref>

A [[transnational marriage]] is a [[marriage]] between two people from different countries. A variety of special issues arise in marriages between people from different countries, including those related to citizenship and culture, which add complexity and challenges to these kinds of relationships. In an age of increasing globalization, where a growing number of people have ties to networks of people and places across the globe, rather than to a current geographic location, people are increasingly marrying across national boundaries. Transnational marriage is a by-product of the movement and migration of people.

===Movement of information===
{{See also|Internet}}
{{Internet users by region}}
[[File:Global Digital Divide1.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[global digital divide]]: Computers per 100 people per 2006]]

Before electronic communications, long-distance communications relied on mail. Speed of global communications was limited by the maximum speed of courier services (especially horses and ships) until the mid-19th century. The [[electric telegraph]] was the first method of instant long-distance communication. For example, before the first transatlantic cable, communications between Europe and the Americas took weeks because ships had to carry mail across the ocean. The first [[transatlantic telegraph cable|transatlantic cable]] reduced communication time considerably, allowing a message and a response in the same day. Lasting transatlantic telegraph connections were achieved in the 1865–1866. The first wireless telegraphy transmitters were developed in 1895.

The Internet has been instrumental in connecting people across geographical boundaries. For example, [[Facebook]] is a [[social networking service]] which has more than 1.65 billion monthly active users {{as of|2016|3|31|lc=y}}.<ref name="Facebook-Newsroom">{{cite web|title=Company Info – Facebook Newsroom|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/|publisher=Facebook|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115110456/https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/|archive-date=15 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Globalization can be spread by Global journalism which provides massive information and relies on the internet to interact, "makes it into an everyday routine to investigate how people and their actions, practices, problems, life conditions, etc. in different parts of the world are interrelated. possible to assume that [[global threats]] such as climate change precipitate the further establishment of global journalism."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Peter |last=Berglez |date=2008 |journal=Journalism Studies |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=845–58  |doi=10.1080/14616700802337727|title=What is Global Journalism? |s2cid=142859567 }}</ref>

===Globalization and disease===
{{Main|Globalization and disease}}

{{See also|Virgin soil epidemic|Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses|Emerging infectious disease|Pandemic}}

In the current era of globalization, the world is more interdependent than at any other time. Efficient and inexpensive transportation has left few places inaccessible, and increased global trade has brought more and more people into contact with animal diseases that have subsequently jumped species barriers (see [[zoonosis]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=The Coronavirus Could Finally Kill the Wild Animal Trade |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/25/virus-bats-pangolins-wild-animals-coronavirus-zoonotic-diseases/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317014208/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/25/virus-bats-pangolins-wild-animals-coronavirus-zoonotic-diseases/ |archive-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Coronavirus disease 2019]], abbreviated COVID-19, first appeared in [[Wuhan]], China in November 2019. More than 180 countries have reported cases since then.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Which countries have confirmed cases? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/countries-confirmed-cases-coronavirus-200125070959786.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=6 April 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331073742/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/countries-confirmed-cases-coronavirus-200125070959786.html |archive-date=31 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2020|04|06|df=US}}, the U.S. has the most confirmed active cases in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|title=Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905173559/https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|archive-date=5 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 3.4 million people from the worst-affected countries entered the U.S. in the first three months since the inception of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Disaster in motion: 3.4 million travelers poured into US as coronavirus pandemic erupted |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/disaster-motion-34-million-travelers-poured-us-coronavirus/story?id=69933625 |work=ABC News |date=2 April 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402171949/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/disaster-motion-34-million-travelers-poured-us-coronavirus/story?id=69933625 |archive-date=2 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> This has caused a detrimental impact on the global economy, particularly for SME's and Microbusinesses with unlimited liability/self-employed, leaving them vulnerable to financial difficulties, increasing the market share for oligopolistic markets as well as increasing the barriers of entry.

==Measurement==
{{See also|List of globalization-related indices}}

One index of globalization is the ''KOF Index of Globalization'', which measures three important dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/ | title=KOF Index of Globalization | publisher=The KOF Swiss Economic Institute | work=ethz.ch | date=2014 | access-date=21 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531222435/http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/ | archive-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref> Another is the [[A.T. Kearney]] / [[Foreign Policy Magazine]] Globalization Index.<ref>[http://www.atkearney.com/shared_res/pdf/Globalization-Index_FP_Nov-Dec-06_S.pdf 16 October 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306223527/http://www.atkearney.com/shared_res/pdf/Globalization-Index_FP_Nov-Dec-06_S.pdf|date=6 March 2008}}. Data for the year 2006. No longer published.</ref>
{|
|-
| style="width:50%;"|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|+ 2014 KOF Index of Globalization
|-
! Rank !! Country
|-
|1||[[Ireland]]
|-
|2||[[Belgium]]
|-
|3||[[Netherlands]]
|-
|4||[[Austria]]
|-
|5||[[Singapore]]
|-
|6||[[Denmark]]
|-
|7||[[Sweden]]
|-
|8||[[Portugal]]
|-
|9||[[Hungary]]
|-
|10||[[Finland]]
|}
| style="width:5%;"|  
| style="width:50%;"|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2006 A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index
|-
!Rank || Country
|-
|1|| [[Singapore]]
|-
|2||[[Switzerland]]
|-
|3||[[United States]]
|-
|4||[[Ireland]]
|-
|5||[[Denmark]]
|-
|6||[[Canada]]
|-
|7||[[Netherlands]]
|-
|8||[[Australia]]
|-
|9||[[Austria]]
|-
|10||[[Sweden]]
|}
|}

Measurements of economic globalization typically focus on variables such as [[trade]], [[Foreign Direct Investment]] (FDI), [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), [[portfolio investment]], and [[income]]. However, newer indices attempt to measure globalization in more general terms, including variables related to political, social, cultural, and even environmental aspects of globalization.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vujakovic | first1 = Petra | year = 2010 | title = How to Measure Globalization? A New Globalization Index (NGI) | journal = Atlantic Economic Journal | volume = 38 | issue = 2| page = 237 | doi = 10.1007/s11293-010-9217-3 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Overland|first=Indra|date=1 April 2016|title=Energy: The missing link in globalization|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296486356|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=14|page=122|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2016.01.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ERSS...14..122O |access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205000937/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296486356|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live|hdl=11250/2442076|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The DHL Global Connectedness Index studies four main types of cross-border flow: trade (in both goods and services), information, people (including tourists, students, and migrants), and capital. It shows that the depth of global integration fell by about one-tenth after 2008, but by 2013 had recovered well above its pre-crash peak.<ref name="DHL" /><ref name="Signs of life" /> The report also found a shift of economic activity to [[emerging economies]].<ref name="DHL" />

==Support and criticism==
{{See also|Criticisms of globalization}}
[[File:Press conference EU-Mercosul on June 26, 2019 (VII).jpg|thumb|The [[European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement]], which would form one of the world's largest [[free trade]] areas, has been denounced by environmental activists and indigenous rights campaigners.]]

Reactions to processes contributing to globalization have varied widely with a history as long as extraterritorial contact and trade. [[Philosophical]] differences regarding the costs and benefits of such processes give rise to a broad-range of [[ideologies]] and [[social movement]]s. Proponents of [[economic growth]], [[Economic expansion|expansion]], and [[Economic development|development]], in general, view globalizing processes as desirable or necessary to the well-being of human [[society]].<ref name=Sen1970>Sen, Amartya K. (1970). ''Collective choice and social welfare.'' San Francisco, CA: Holden-Day.</ref>

Antagonists view one or more globalizing processes as detrimental to social well-being on a global or local scale;<ref name=Sen1970 /> this includes those who focus on social or [[natural environment|natural]] [[sustainability]] of long-term and continuous economic expansion, the social [[structural inequality]] caused by these processes, and the [[Colonialism|colonial]], [[imperialistic]], or [[hegemonic]] [[ethnocentrism]], [[cultural assimilation]] and [[cultural appropriation]] that underlie such processes.

Globalization tends to bring people into contact with foreign people and cultures. [[Xenophobia]] is the fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/xenophobia?q=xenophobia|title=Definition of xenophobia in English from the Oxford dictionary|work=oxforddictionaries.com|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731222505/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/xenophobia?q=xenophobia|archive-date=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/xenophobia|title=Define Xenophobia at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101202139/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Xenophobia|archive-date=1 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and [[perception]]s of an [[ingroup]] towards an [[Outgroup (sociology)|outgroup]], including a fear of losing identity, suspicion of its activities, aggression, and desire to eliminate its presence to secure a presumed purity.<ref name="auto">Guido Bolaffi. ''Dictionary of race, ethnicity and culture''. SAGE Publications Ltd., 2003. p. 332.</ref>

Critiques of globalization generally stem from discussions surrounding the impact of such processes on the planet as well as the human costs. They challenge directly traditional metrics, such as GDP, and look to other measures, such as the [[Gini coefficient]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20238991~menuPK:492138~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html|title=Poverty Analysis – Measuring Inequality|work=worldbank.org|access-date=2 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622034007/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20238991%7EmenuPK:492138%7EpagePK:148956%7EpiPK:216618%7EtheSitePK:430367,00.html|archive-date=22 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> or the [[Happy Planet Index]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.happyplanetindex.org/ |title=The Happy Planet Index |publisher=Neweconomics.org |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926174209/http://www.happyplanetindex.org/ |archive-date=26 September 2009 }}</ref> and point to a "multitude of interconnected fatal consequences–social disintegration, a breakdown of democracy, more rapid and extensive deterioration of the environment, the spread of new diseases, increasing poverty and alienation"<ref name="The Hidden Connections">{{cite book | last = Capra | first = Fritjof | year = 2002 | title = The Hidden Connections | publisher = Random House | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-385-49471-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/hiddenconnection00capr_0 }}</ref> which they claim are the [[unintended consequences]] of globalization. Others point out that, while the forces of globalization have led to the spread of western-style democracy, this has been accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic tension and violence as free market economic policies combine with democratic processes of universal suffrage as well as an escalation in militarization to impose democratic principles and as a means to conflict resolution.<ref>Sorrells, Kathryn. Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2013. Print.</ref>

On 9 August 2019, Pope Francis denounced [[isolationism]] and hinted that the Catholic Church will embrace globalization at the [[Synod of Bishops for the Pan-Amazon region|October 2019 Amazonia Synod]], stating "the whole is greater than the parts. Globalization and unity should not be conceived as a sphere, but as a polyhedron: each people retains its identity in unity with others"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-08/pope-francis-interview-europe-amazonia-synod-politics-environmen.html|title=Pope: isolationism and populism lead to war – Vatican News|date=9 August 2019|website=www.vaticannews.va|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809181758/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-08/pope-francis-interview-europe-amazonia-synod-politics-environmen.html|archive-date=9 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Public opinion===
{{Update|type=section|date=December 2019}}
As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global, underregulated market economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guttal|first=Shalmali|date=2007|title=Globalisation|journal=Development in Practice|volume=17|issue=4/5|pages=523–531|issn=0961-4524|jstor=25548249|doi=10.1080/09614520701469492|s2cid=218523141}}</ref> A 2005 study found a large increase in articles negative towards globalization in the years prior. In 1998, negative articles outpaced positive by two to one.<ref name="Fiss 2005">{{Cite journal|last1=Fiss|first1=Peer C.|last2=Hirsch|first2=Paul M.|s2cid=16331519|date=February 2005|title=The Discourse of Globalization: Framing and Sensemaking of an Emerging Concept|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=70|issue=1|pages=29–52|doi=10.1177/000312240507000103 |bibcode=2005ASRev..70...29F }}</ref> The number of newspaper articles showing negative framing rose from about 10% in 1991 to 55% in 1999. This increase occurred during a period when the number of articles concerning globalization nearly doubled.<ref name="Fiss 2005"/>

International polls have shown that residents of Africa and Asia tend to view globalization more favorably than residents of Europe or North America. In Africa, a Gallup poll found 70% viewed globalization favorably.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/btglobalizationtradera/273.php|title=Africans and Asians Tend to View Globalization Favorably; Europeans and Americans are More Skeptical|date=7 November 2006|website=WorldPublicOpinion.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212025444/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/btglobalizationtradera/273.php|archive-date=12 February 2012|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> The BBC found that 50% of people believed that economic globalization was proceeding too rapidly, while 35% believed it was too slow.<ref name="bbc08">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/feb08/BBCEcon_Feb08_rpt.pdf|title=Widespread Unease about Economy and Globalization – Global poll|date=2008|website=BBC World Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903173226/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/feb08/BBCEcon_Feb08_rpt.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2014|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

In 2004, Philip Gordon stated that "a clear majority of Europeans believe that globalization can enrich their lives, while believing the European Union can help them take advantage of globalization's benefits while shielding them from its negative effects". The main opposition consisted of socialists, environmental groups, and nationalists. Residents of the EU did not appear to feel threatened by globalization in 2004. The EU job market was more stable and workers were less likely to accept wage/benefit cuts. Social spending was much higher than in the US.<ref>Gordon, Philip. 2004. [http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalization-europes-wary-embrace "Globalization: Europe's Wary Embrace"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629191739/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalization-europes-wary-embrace|date=29 June 2011}}. Yale Global, 1 November 2004.</ref> In a Danish poll in 2007, 76% responded that globalization is a good thing.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1684528,00.html|title=Why Denmark Loves Globalization|last=Fox|first=Justin|date=15 November 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023072043/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1684528,00.html|archive-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>

A 1993 US survey showed more than 40% of respondents were unfamiliar with the concept of globalization. When the survey was repeated in 1998, 89% had a polarized view of globalization as being either good or bad. Discourse on globalization, which began in the financial community, shifted to a heated debate between proponents and disenchanted students and workers. Polarization increased dramatically after the establishment of the WTO in 1995; this event and subsequent protests led to a large-scale anti-globalization movement.<ref name="Fiss 2005"/>
Initially, college educated workers were likely to support globalization. Less educated workers, who were more likely to compete with immigrants and workers in developing countries, tended to be opponents. The situation changed after the [[Great Recession]]. According to a 1997 poll 58% of college graduates said globalization had been good for the US. By 2008 only 33% thought it was good. Respondents with high school education also became more opposed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121623686919059307|title=The Declining Value Of Your College Degree|last=Ip|first=Greg|date=18 July 2008|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=29 November 2019|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229022054/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121623686919059307|archive-date=29 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Takenaka Heizo and Chida Ryokichi, {{as of|1998|lc=y}} there was a perception in Japan that the economy was "Small and Frail". However, Japan was resource-poor and used exports to pay for its raw materials. Anxiety over their position caused terms such as ''[[internationalization]]'' and ''globalization'' to enter everyday language. However, Japanese tradition was to be as self-sufficient as possible, particularly in agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.jcie.org/researchpdfs/DomAdjst/takenaka-chida.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406132050/http://www.jcie.org/researchpdfs/DomAdjst/takenaka-chida.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-06 |url-status=live|title=Domestic Adjustments to Globalization|last1=Heizo|first1=Takenaka|last2=Ryokichi|first2=Chida|publisher=Japan Center for International Exchange|year=1998|isbn=4-88907-012-5|editor-last=Morrison|editor-first=Charles E.|location=Tokyo|pages=76–102|chapter=Japan|oclc=40657196|editor-last2=Soesastro|editor-first2=Hadi}}</ref>

Many in developing countries see globalization as a positive force that lifts them out of poverty.<ref name="bhagwati"/> Those opposing globalization typically combine environmental concerns with nationalism. Opponents consider governments as agents of [[neo-colonialism]] that are subservient to [[multinational corporations]].<ref name="visuality.org">{{cite journal |last=Shoa |first=S. Rajgopal |year=2002 |title=Reclaiming Democracy, the Anti-globalization Movement in South Asia |journal=Feminist Review |number=70 |pages=134–137 |jstor=1395975}}</ref> Much of this criticism comes from the middle class; the [[Brookings Institution]] suggested this was because the middle class perceived upwardly mobile low-income groups as threatening to their economic security.<ref>{{cite web |first=Carol |last=Graham |title=Winners and Losers: Perspectives on Globalization from the Emerging Market Economies |publisher=Brookings |date=1 January 2011 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2001/fall_globaleconomics_graham.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180832/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2001/fall_globaleconomics_graham.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref>

===Economics===
[[File:20041120-1 bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg|thumb|[[Hu Jintao]] of China and [[George W. Bush]] meet while attending an [[APEC]] summit in Santiago de Chile, 2004.]]

The literature analyzing the economics of free trade is extremely rich with extensive work having been done on the theoretical and empirical effects. Though it creates winners and losers, the broad consensus among economists is that free trade is a large and unambiguous net gain for society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1 = Fuller|first1 = Dan|last2 = Geide-Stevenson|first2 = Doris|title = Consensus Among Economists: Revisited|journal = Journal of Economic Review|volume = 34|issue = 4|pages = 369–87|date =Fall 2003|url = http://www.indiana.edu/~econed/pdffiles/fall03/fuller.pdf|doi = 10.1080/00220480309595230|s2cid = 143617926|access-date = 22 December 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040920081202/http://www.indiana.edu/~econed/pdffiles/fall03/fuller.pdf|archive-date = 20 September 2004|url-status = live
}}{{registration required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Friedman|first=Milton|author-link=Milton Friedman|title=The Case for Free Trade|journal=[[Hoover Digest]]|volume=1997|issue=4|page=42|url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3550727.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122032127/http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3550727.html|archive-date=22 January 2007|bibcode=1993SciAm.269e..42B|year=1993|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1193-42|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In a 2006 survey of 83 American economists, "87.5% agree that the U.S. should eliminate remaining tariffs and other barriers to trade" and "90.1% disagree with the suggestion that the U.S. should restrict employers from outsourcing work to foreign countries."<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Whaples|first = Robert|title = Do Economists Agree on Anything? Yes!|journal = The Economists' Voice|volume = 3|issue = 9|year= 2006|doi = 10.2202/1553-3832.1156|s2cid = 201123406}}</ref>

Quoting Harvard economics professor [[N. Gregory Mankiw]], "Few propositions command as much consensus among professional economists as that open world trade increases economic growth and raises living standards."<ref>{{cite web|last = Mankiw|first = Gregory|title = Outsourcing Redux|date = 7 May 2006|url = http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2006/05/outsourcing-redux.html|access-date = 22 January 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070402023947/http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2006/05/outsourcing-redux.html|archive-date = 2 April 2007}}</ref> In a survey of leading economists, none disagreed with the notion that "freer trade improves productive efficiency and offers consumers better choices, and in the long run these gains are much larger than any effects on employment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0dfr9yjnDcLh17m|title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum|website=www.igmchicago.org|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622104941/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0dfr9yjnDcLh17m|archive-date=22 June 2016}}</ref> Most economists would agree that although increasing returns to scale might mean that certain industry could settle in a geographical area without any strong economic reason derived from comparative advantage, this is not a reason to argue against free trade because the absolute level of output enjoyed by both "winner" and "loser" will increase with the "winner" gaining more than the "loser" but both gaining more than before in an absolute level.

In the book ''[[The End of Poverty]]'', Jeffrey Sachs discusses how many factors can affect a country's ability to enter the world market, including government [[Political corruption|corruption]]; legal and social disparities based on gender, ethnicity, or caste; diseases such as [[AIDS]] and [[malaria]]; lack of infrastructure (including transportation, communications, health, and trade); unstable political landscapes; [[protectionism]]; and geographic barriers.<ref name="The End of Poverty">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/endofpovertyecon00sach|title=The End of Poverty|last=Sachs|first=Jeffrey|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59420-045-8|location=New York|oclc=57243168|url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Jagdish Bhagwati]], a former adviser to the U.N. on globalization, holds that, although there are obvious problems with overly rapid development, globalization is a very positive force that lifts countries out of poverty by causing a virtuous economic cycle associated with faster economic growth.<ref name="bhagwati">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indefenseofglob00bhag|title=In Defense of Globalization|last=Bhagwati|first=Jagdish|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-533093-9|location=Oxford; New York|oclc=719371219|url-access=registration}}</ref> However, economic growth does not necessarily mean a reduction in poverty; in fact, the two can coexist. Economic growth is conventionally measured using indicators such as [[GDP]] and [[Gross national income|GNI]] that do not accurately reflect the growing disparities in wealth.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives|last1=Peet|first1=Richard|last2=Hartwick|first2=Elaine|publisher=The Guilford Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4625-1957-6|edition=3rd|location=New York|page=2|oclc=908634816|quote=But economic growth can occur without touching problems like inequality or poverty when all the increase in income goes to a relatively few people.}}</ref> Additionally, [[Oxfam International]] argues that poor people are often excluded from globalization-induced opportunities "by a lack of productive assets, weak infrastructure, poor education and ill-health;"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to International Development: Approaches, Actors, and Issues|last1=Beaudet|first1=Pierre|last2=Schafer|first2=Jessica|last3=Haslam|first3=Paul A.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-544020-1|page=112|quote=According to Oxfam International, the contrasting experiences of Latin America and East Asia illustrate that globalization-induced growth and poverty can co-exist. Even when the market expands, 'poor people are often excluded from opportunities by a lack of productive assets, weak infrastructure, poor education, and ill-health'}}</ref> effectively leaving these marginalized groups in a [[poverty trap]]. Economist [[Paul Krugman]] is another staunch supporter of globalization and free trade with a record of disagreeing with many critics of globalization. He argues that many of them lack a basic understanding of [[comparative advantage]] and its importance in today's world.<ref>Conversi, Daniele (2009) '[http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/Globalization.pdf Globalization, ethnic conflict and nationalism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607191631/http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/Globalization.pdf|date=7 June 2011}}', in B. Turner (ed.) Handbook of Globalization Studies. London: Routledge/ Taylor & Francis; [[Tarak Barkawi|Barkawi, Tarak]] (2005) Globalization and War. Rowman & Littlefield; Smith, Dennis (2006) Globalization: The Hidden Agenda. Cambridge: Polity Press. See also Barber, Benjamin R., [[Jihad vs. McWorld]]. Ballantine Books, 1996</ref>

The flow of migrants to advanced economies has been claimed to provide a means through which global wages converge. An IMF study noted a potential for skills to be transferred back to developing countries as wages in those a countries rise.<ref name="12th April 2000: IMF Publications"/> Lastly, the dissemination of knowledge has been an integral aspect of globalization. Technological innovations (or technological transfer) are conjectured to benefit most developing and least developing countries (LDCs), as for example in the adoption of [[mobile phone]]s.<ref name="Saggi2002" />

There has been a rapid economic growth in Asia after embracing [[market orientation]]-based economic policies that encourage private [[property rights]], free enterprise and competition. In particular, in East Asian developing countries, [[GDP]] per head rose at 5.9% a year from 1975 to 2001 (according to 2003 [[Human Development Report]]<ref>{{cite web|year=2003|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr03_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2003|publisher=UNDP|access-date=6 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418072827/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr03_complete.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> of UNDP). Like this, the British economic journalist [[Martin Wolf]] says that incomes of poor developing countries, with more than half the world's population, grew substantially faster than those of the world's richest countries that remained relatively stable in its growth, leading to reduced international inequality and the incidence of poverty.

[[File:Berg Ostry 2011 Chart 4.gif|thumb|left|Of the factors influencing the duration of [[economic growth]] in both developed and developing countries, [[Economic inequality|income equality]] has a more beneficial impact than trade openness, sound political institutions, and foreign investment.<ref name=BergOstryEE>{{Cite journal |last1= Berg |first1= Andrew G. |last2= Ostry |first2= Jonathan D. |year= 2011 |title= Equality and Efficiency |journal= Finance and Development |volume= 48 |issue= 3 |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/berg.htm |access-date= 10 September 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120703033111/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/berg.htm |archive-date= 3 July 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>]]
Certain demographic changes in the developing world after active [[economic liberalization]] and international integration resulted in rising general welfare and, hence, reduced inequality. According to Wolf, in the developing world as a whole, life expectancy rose by four months each year after 1970 and infant mortality rate declined from 107 per thousand in 1970 to 58 in 2000 due to improvements in [[standards of living]] and health conditions. Also, adult literacy in developing countries rose from 53% in 1970 to 74% in 1998 and much lower illiteracy rate among the young guarantees that rates will continue to fall as time passes. Furthermore, the reduction in [[fertility rate]] in the developing world as a whole from 4.1 births per woman in 1980 to 2.8 in 2000 indicates improved education level of women on fertility, and control of fewer children with more parental attention and investment.<ref name="Wolf2004">{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/whyglobalization00wolf|title= Why Globalization Works|publisher= [[Yale University Press]]|author= Martin Wolf|year= 2004|isbn= 978-0-300-10252-9|access-date= 6 April 2013|df= dmy-all}}{{dead link|date=January 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Consequently, more prosperous and educated parents with fewer children have chosen to withdraw their children from the labor force to give them opportunities to be educated at school improving the issue of [[child labor]]. Thus, despite seemingly unequal [[distribution of income]] within these developing countries, their economic growth and development have brought about improved standards of living and welfare for the population as a whole.

Per capita [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth among post-1980 globalizing countries accelerated from 1.4 percent a year in the 1960s and 2.9 percent a year in the 1970s to 3.5 percent in the 1980s and 5.0 percent in the 1990s. This acceleration in growth seems even more remarkable given that the rich countries saw steady declines in growth from a high of 4.7 percent in the 1960s to 2.2 percent in the 1990s. Also, the non-globalizing developing countries seem to fare worse than the globalizers, with the former's annual growth rates falling from highs of 3.3 percent during the 1970s to only 1.4 percent during the 1990s. This rapid growth among the globalizers is not simply due to the strong performances of China and India in the 1980s and 1990s—18 out of the 24 globalizers experienced increases in growth, many of them quite substantial.<ref name="DDollar">{{cite web|author=Dollar, David|author2=Kraay, Aart|title=Trade, Growth, and Poverty|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/dollar.htm|work=Finance and Development|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=6 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124849/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/dollar.htm|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

The globalization of the late 20th and early 21st centuries has led to the resurfacing of the idea that the growth of economic [[interdependence]] promotes peace.<ref>E.g. {{cite web |title=Globalisation promotes peace |first1=Ju Hyun |last1=Pyun |first2=Jong-Wha |last2=Lee |date=21 March 2009 |url=http://www.voxeu.org/article/globalisation-promotes-peace |access-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025034256/http://www.voxeu.org/article/globalisation-promotes-peace |archive-date=25 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> This idea had been very powerful during the globalization of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was a central doctrine of [[classical liberals]] of that era, such as the young [[John Maynard Keynes]] (1883–1946).<ref>See, for example, [[Roy Harrod]], ''[[The Life of John Maynard Keynes]]'', Macmillan, 1951; [[Donald Markwell]], ''[[John Maynard Keynes]] and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace'', Oxford University Press, 2006. Keynes had colourfully described the globalization before World War I in ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace'', Macmillan, 1919, chapter 2.</ref>

Some opponents of globalization see the phenomenon as a promotion of corporate interests.<ref>{{cite news|first=Laurence|last=Lee|title=WTO blamed for India grain suicides|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2ED53A8B-1058-49CF-B9FF-3D96639456D1.htm|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=17 May 2007|access-date=17 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519082251/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2ED53A8B-1058-49CF-B9FF-3D96639456D1.htm|archive-date=19 May 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> They also claim that the increasing autonomy and strength of [[corporate entities]] shapes the political policy of countries.<ref name="The Corporation">{{cite book | last = Bakan | first = Joel | author-link = Joel Bakan | year = 2004 | title = The Corporation | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7432-4744-3 | url = https://archive.org/details/corporation00joel }}</ref><ref name="Confessions of an Economic Hit Man">{{cite book | last = Perkins | first = John | author-link = John Perkins (author) | year = 2004 | title = Confessions of an Economic Hit Man | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | location = San Francisco | isbn = 978-1-57675-301-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/confessionsofec000perk }}</ref> They advocate global institutions and policies that they believe better address the moral claims of poor and working classes as well as environmental concerns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/index.php?cd_language=2&id_menu= |title=Fórum Social Mundial |publisher=Forumsocialmundial.org.br |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918063356/http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/index.php?cd_language=2&id_menu= |archive-date=18 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Economic arguments by [[fair trade]] theorists claim that unrestricted free trade benefits those with more [[financial leverage]] (i.e. the rich) at the expense of the poor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epi.org/publication/webfeatures_viewpoints_nafta_legacy_at10/|title=NAFTA at 10|work=Economic Policy Institute|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630061101/http://www.epi.org/publication/webfeatures_viewpoints_nafta_legacy_at10/|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>

Globalization allows corporations to [[outsource]] manufacturing and service jobs from high-cost locations, creating economic opportunities with the most competitive wages and worker benefits.<ref name="Kuruvilla 2008 39–72"/> Critics of globalization say that it disadvantages poorer countries. While it is true that free trade encourages globalization among countries, some countries try to protect their domestic suppliers. The main export of poorer countries is usually [[agricultural production]]s. Larger countries often subsidize their [[Agricultural subsidy|farmers]] (e.g., the EU's [[Common Agricultural Policy]]), which lowers the market price for foreign crops.<ref name="Hurst E. Charles P.41">Hurst E. Charles. Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and consequences, 6th ed. p. 41</ref>

===Global democracy===
{{Main|Democratic globalization}}

Democratic globalization is a movement towards an institutional system of global [[democracy]] that would give world citizens a say in political organizations. This would, in their view, bypass nation-states, corporate oligopolies, ideological [[non-governmental organization]]s (NGO), political cults and mafias. One of its most prolific proponents is the British political thinker [[David Held]]. Advocates of [[democratic globalization]] argue that economic expansion and development should be the first phase of democratic globalization, which is to be followed by a phase of building [[International political economy|global political institutions]]. [[Francesco Stipo]], Director of the United States Association of the [[Club of Rome]], advocates unifying nations under a [[world government]], suggesting that it "should reflect the political and economic balances of world nations. A world confederation would not supersede the authority of the State governments but rather complement it, as both the States and the world authority would have power within their sphere of competence".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usacor.org/archive/index.html |title=USACOR.org |publisher=USACOR.org |date=28 July 2009 |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520180352/http://www.usacor.org/archive/index.html |archive-date=20 May 2010 }}</ref> Former [[Canadian Senator]] [[Douglas Roche]], [[Order of Canada|O.C.]], viewed globalization as inevitable and advocated creating institutions such as a [[directly elected]] [[United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]] to exercise oversight over unelected international bodies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roche|first=Douglas|title=The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly|url=http://www.wfm-igp.org/site/files/Roche_UN_Parliamentary_Assembly_2002.pdf|publisher=The World Federalist Movement – Institute for Global Policy|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531054746/http://www.wfm-igp.org/site/files/Roche_UN_Parliamentary_Assembly_2002.pdf|archive-date=31 May 2013}}</ref>

===Global civics===
{{Main|Global civics|Multiculturalism}}

{{See also|Global citizenship}}

Global civics suggests that [[civics]] can be understood, in a global sense, as a [[social contract]] between [[global citizens]] in the age of interdependence and interaction. The disseminators of the concept define it as the notion that we have certain rights and responsibilities towards each other by the mere fact of being human on Earth.<ref name=case>{{Cite journal|last=Altinay |first=Hakan |title=The Case for Global Civics |journal=Global Economy and Development at Brookings |year=2010 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2010/03_global_civics_altinay.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603104201/http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2010/03_global_civics_altinay.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2010 }}</ref> [[World citizen]] has a variety of similar meanings, often referring to a person who disapproves of traditional [[geopolitical]] divisions derived from national [[citizenship]]. An early incarnation of this sentiment can be found in [[Socrates]], whom [[Plutarch]] quoted as saying: "I am not an Athenian, or a Greek, but a citizen of the world."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wcaa.org.au/|title=Global Parliament | World Citizens Association (Australia)|website=australia|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819194210/https://www.wcaa.org.au/|archive-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> In an increasingly interdependent world, world citizens need a compass to frame their mindsets and create a shared consciousness and sense of global responsibility in world issues such as environmental problems and [[nuclear proliferation]].<ref name = feasible>{{cite journal| last = Altinay| first = Hakan| title = A Global Civics: Necessary? Feasible?| journal = Global Policy| date = June 2010| url = http://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/articles/international-law-and-human-rights/global-civics-necessary-feasible| access-date = 16 July 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120926193551/http://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/articles/international-law-and-human-rights/global-civics-necessary-feasible| archive-date = 26 September 2012}}</ref>

Baha'i-inspired author Meyjes, while favoring the single world community and emergent global consciousness, warns of globalization<ref>{{cite book| chapter = Language and Universalization: a 'Linguistic Ecology' Reading of Bahá'í Writ | first = Gregory Paul | last = Meyjes (also: Posthumus Meyjes) | title = The Journal of Bahá'í Studies | publisher = Association for Bahá'í Studies | volume =IX (1) | year =1999 | location = Ottawa | pages = 51–63 }}</ref> as a cloak for an expeditious economic, social, and cultural Anglo-dominance that is insufficiently inclusive to inform the emergence of an optimal world civilization. He proposes a process of "[[Universalism#Non-religious Universalism|universalization]]" as an alternative.

[[Cosmopolitanism]] is the proposal that all human ethnic groups belong to a single [[community]] based on a shared [[morality]]. A person who adheres to the idea of cosmopolitanism in any of its forms is called a cosmopolitan or cosmopolite.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cosmopolitan|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cosmopolitan?s=t|work=Dictionary.com|access-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102020627/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cosmopolitan?s=t|archive-date=2 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A cosmopolitan community might be based on an inclusive morality, a shared economic relationship, or a political structure that encompasses different nations. The cosmopolitan community is one in which individuals from different places (e.g. nation-states) form relationships based on mutual respect. For instance, [[Kwame Anthony Appiah]] suggests the possibility of a cosmopolitan community in which individuals from varying locations (physical, economic, etc.) enter relationships of mutual respect despite their differing beliefs (religious, political, etc.).<ref>Kwame Anthony Appiah, "Cosmopolitan Patriots," Critical Inquiry 23, no. 3 (Spring, 1997): 617–39.</ref>

Canadian philosopher [[Marshall McLuhan]] popularized the term ''[[Global Village]]'' beginning in 1962.<ref>Marshall McLuhan and Bruce R. Powers (17 September 1992) The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st century . Oxford University Press: 17 September 1992</ref> His view suggested that globalization would lead to a world where people from all countries will become more integrated and aware of common interests and shared humanity.<ref>Chapman, Roger. ''Culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices, Volume 1.'' 2009: M.E. Sharp</ref>

===International cooperation===
[[File:Obama and Medvedev sign Prague Treaty 2010.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Barack Obama]] and [[Dmitry Medvedev]] after signing the [[New START]] treaty in Prague, 2010]]
'''Military cooperation''' – Past examples of international cooperation exist. One example is the security cooperation between the United States and the former Soviet Union after the end of the Cold War, which astonished international society. Arms control and disarmament agreements, including the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (see [[START I]], [[START II]], [[START III]], and [[New START]]) and the establishment of [[NATO]]'s Partnership for Peace, the Russia NATO Council, and the [[G8]] Global Partnership against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, constitute concrete initiatives of arms control and de-nuclearization. The US–Russian cooperation was further strengthened by anti-terrorism agreements enacted in the wake of 9/11.<ref name="globalpolicyjournal1">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/brookings-audit/international-cooperation-stepping-stone-world-government|title=International cooperation as a stepping-stone to a world government|publisher=Global Policy Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203072547/http://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/brookings-audit/international-cooperation-stepping-stone-world-government|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

'''Environmental cooperation''' – One of the biggest successes of environmental cooperation has been the agreement to reduce [[chlorofluorocarbon]] (CFC) emissions, as specified in the [[Montreal Protocol]], in order to stop ozone depletion. The most recent debate around nuclear energy and the non-alternative coal-burning power plants constitutes one more consensus on what not to do. Thirdly, significant achievements in IC can be observed through development studies.<ref name="globalpolicyjournal1"/>

'''Economic cooperation''' – One of the biggest challenges of globalization in contemporary times is that many believe the progress made in the past decades is now being undone. The backsliding of globalization has led to the coinage of the term ''slobalization''. Slobalization is a new, slower pattern of globalization.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Slowbalisation |magazine=The Economist |volume=430 |issue=9127 |date=Jan 26, 2019 |id={{ProQuest|2171135679}}}}</ref>

===Anti-globalization movement===
{{Main|Anti-globalization movement}}

[[File:2016-04-23 Anti-TTIP-Demonstration in Hannover, (10118).jpg|thumb|Anti-[[Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership|TTIP]] demonstration in [[Hannover]], Germany, 2016]]

Anti-globalization, or counter-globalization,<ref>[[Jacques Derrida]] (May 2004) ''[http://mondediplo.com/2004/11/06derrida Enlightenment past and to come] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719035915/http://mondediplo.com/2004/11/06derrida |date=19 July 2017 }}'', speech at the party for 50 years of ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]''</ref> consists of a number of criticisms of globalization but, in general, is critical of the globalization of [[corporate capitalism]].<ref>Morris, Douglas "Globalization and Media Democracy: The Case of Indymedia", ''Shaping the Network Society'', [[MIT Press]] 2003. Courtesy link to (pre-publication version) [http://www3.fis.utoronto.ca/research/iprp/c3n/CI/DMorris.htm FIS.utoronto.ca] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304030415/http://www3.fis.utoronto.ca/research/iprp/c3n/CI/DMorris.htm|date=4 March 2009}}</ref> The movement is also commonly referred to as the [[alter-globalization]] movement, anti-globalist movement, [[anti-corporate]] globalization movement,<ref name=Juris>{{cite book | last = Juris | first = Jeffrey S. | title =Networking Futures: The Movements against Corporate Globalization | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham | year = 2008 | page = 2 | isbn = 978-0-8223-4269-4}}</ref> or movement against [[neoliberal]] globalization. Opponents of globalization argue that power and respect in terms of international trade between the developed and underdeveloped countries of the world are unequally distributed.<ref>Staggenborg, S. (2011). Social movements (Rev. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> The diverse subgroups that make up this movement include some of the following: trade unionists, environmentalists, anarchists, land rights and indigenous rights activists, organizations promoting human rights and sustainable development, opponents of privatization, and [[anti-sweatshop]] campaigners.<ref name="stwr.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.stwr.org/the-un-people-politics/the-anti-globalization-movement-defined.htm|title=The Anti-Globalization Movement Defined Share The World's Resources|last=Engler|first=M.|date=30 May 2007|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217150223/http://www.stwr.org/the-un-people-politics/the-anti-globalization-movement-defined.htm|url-status=dead}}l</ref>

In ''[[The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy]]'', [[Christopher Lasch]] analyzed<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-treachery-of-the-lites-elite-sense-of-irresponsibility-1610879.html |title=The treachery of the lites Elite sense of irresponsibility |newspaper=The Independent |date=10 March 1995 |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827124832/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-treachery-of-the-lites-elite-sense-of-irresponsibility-1610879.html |archive-date=27 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> the widening gap between the top and bottom of the social composition in the United States. For him, our epoch is determined by a social phenomenon: the revolt of the elites, in reference to ''[[The Revolt of the Masses]]'' (1929) by the Spanish philosopher [[José Ortega y Gasset]]. According to Lasch, the new elites, i.e. those who are in the top 20% in terms of income, through globalization which allows total mobility of capital, no longer live in the same world as their fellow-citizens. In this, they oppose the old bourgeoisie of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which was constrained by its spatial stability to a minimum of rooting and civic obligations. Globalization, according to the sociologist, has turned elites into tourists in their own countries. The denationalization of business enterprise tends to produce a class who see themselves as "world citizens, but without accepting ... any of the obligations that citizenship in a polity normally implies". Their ties to an international culture of work, leisure, information – make many of them deeply indifferent to the prospect of national decline. Instead of financing public services and the public treasury, new elites are investing their money in improving their voluntary ghettos: private schools in their residential neighborhoods, private police, garbage collection systems. They have "withdrawn from common life". Composed of those who control the international flows of capital and information, who preside over philanthropic foundations and institutions of higher education, manage the instruments of cultural production and thus fix the terms of public debate. So, the political debate is limited mainly to the dominant classes and political ideologies lose all contact with the concerns of the ordinary citizen. The result of this is that no one has a likely solution to these problems and that there are furious ideological battles on related issues. However, they remain protected from the problems affecting the working classes: the decline of industrial activity, the resulting loss of employment, the decline of the middle class, increasing the number of the poor, the rising crime rate, growing drug trafficking, the urban crisis.

D.A. Snow et al. contend that the [[anti-globalization movement]] is an example of a [[new social movement]], which uses tactics that are unique and use different resources than previously used before in other social movements.<ref>Snow, D.A., Soule, S.A., & Kriesi, H. (2004). The Blackwell companion to social movements. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.</ref>

One of the most infamous tactics of the movement is the [[Battle of Seattle]] in 1999, where there were protests against the World Trade Organization's Third Ministerial Meeting. All over the world, the movement has held protests outside meetings of institutions such as the WTO, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the Group of Eight (G8).<ref name="stwr.org"/> Within the Seattle demonstrations the protesters that participated used both creative and violent tactics to gain the attention towards the issue of globalization.

===Opposition to capital market integration===
{{Main|Anti-capitalist movements}}

[[File:Worldbank protest jakarta.jpg|thumb|World Bank Protester, [[Jakarta]], Indonesia]]
{{Capitalism sidebar}}

Capital markets have to do with raising and investing money in various human enterprises. Increasing integration of these [[financial market]]s between countries leads to the emergence of a global capital marketplace or a single world market. In the long run, increased movement of capital between countries tends to favor owners of capital more than any other group; in the short run, owners and workers in specific sectors in capital-exporting countries bear much of the burden of adjusting to increased movement of capital.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Invested Interests: The Politics of National Economic Policies in a World of Global Finance|last=Frieden|first=Jeffry A.|journal=[[International Organization]]|issn=1531-5088|volume=45|issue=4|year=1991|pages=425–51|doi=10.1017/s0020818300033178|jstor=2706944|s2cid=154738660 }}</ref>

Those opposed to capital market integration on the basis of [[human rights]] issues are especially disturbed{{According to whom|date=March 2020}} by the various abuses which they think are perpetuated by global and international institutions that, they say, promote [[neoliberalism]] without regard to ethical standards. Common targets include the [[World Bank]] (WB), [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) and the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) and [[free trade]] treaties like the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]] (FTAA), the [[Multilateral Agreement on Investment]] (MAI) and the [[General Agreement on Trade in Services]] (GATS). In light of the economic gap between rich and poor countries, movement adherents claim free trade without measures in place to protect the under-capitalized will contribute only to the strengthening the power of industrialized nations (often termed the "North" in opposition to the developing world's "South").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/trade/commentary/how-tariffs-and-regressive-trade-policies-hurt-the-poor|title=How Tariffs and Regressive Trade Policies Hurt the Poor|last=Kolas|first=Logan|website=The Heritage Foundation|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093705/https://www.heritage.org/trade/commentary/how-tariffs-and-regressive-trade-policies-hurt-the-poor|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=unfit}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2019}}

===Anti-corporatism and anti-consumerism===
{{Main|Anti-corporatism|Anti-consumerism}}

[[Corporatist]] ideology, which privileges the rights of corporations ([[Legal personality|artificial or juridical persons]]) over those of [[natural person]]s, is an underlying factor in the recent rapid expansion of global commerce.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2001/09/01/corporatism-goes-global | title=Corporatism Goes Global | author=Ottaway, Marina | journal=Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations | volume=7 | issue=3 | date=September 2001 | doi=10.1163/19426720-00703006 | access-date=28 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903042838/http://carnegieendowment.org/2001/09/01/corporatism-goes-global | archive-date=3 September 2014 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> In recent years, there have been an increasing number of books ([[Naomi Klein]]'s 2000 ''[[No Logo]]'', for example) and films (''e.g. [[The Corporation (2003 film)|The Corporation]]'' & ''[[Surplus (film)|Surplus]]'') popularizing an [[anti-corporate]] [[ideology]] to the public.

A related contemporary ideology, [[consumerism]], which encourages the personal acquisition of goods and services, also drives globalization.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Lived effects of the Contemporary Economy: Globalization, Inequality, and Consumer Society. | author=Storper Michael | journal=Public Culture | year=2000 | volume=12 | issue=2 | pages=375–409 | doi=10.1215/08992363-12-2-375| citeseerx=10.1.1.571.5793 | s2cid=53599498 }}</ref> Anti-consumerism is a social movement against equating personal happiness with consumption and the purchase of material possessions. Concern over the treatment of consumers by large corporations has spawned substantial activism, and the incorporation of [[consumer education]] into school [[curricula]]. Social activists hold materialism is connected to [[Big-box store|global retail merchandizing]] and [[supplier convergence]], [[war]], greed, [[anomie]], [[crime]], [[environmental degradation]], and general social [[malaise]] and discontent. One variation on this topic is activism by ''postconsumers'', with the strategic emphasis on moving ''beyond'' addictive consumerism.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Collective dissonance and the transition to post-consumerism | author=Cohen, Maurie J. | journal=Futures |date=July 2013 | volume=52 | pages=42–51 | doi=10.1016/j.futures.2013.07.001 | bibcode=2013Fut....52...42C }}</ref>

===Global justice and inequality===
====Global justice====
{{Main|Global justice movement}}

[[File:GINI index World Bank up to 2018.png|alt=|left|thumb|Differences in national income equality around the world as measured by the national [[Gini coefficient]], as of 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?view=map|access-date=23 July 2020|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>]]

The global justice movement is the loose collection of individuals and groups—often referred to as a "[[movement of movements]]"—who advocate [[fair trade]] rules and perceive current institutions of global economic integration as problems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible?|publisher=Verso|year=2004|isbn=1-85984-504-5|editor-last=Mertes|editor-first=Tom|location=London|oclc=53243132|editor-last2=Bello|editor-first2=Walden F.|editor-last3=Bové|editor-first3=José|editor-link3=José Bové|editor-last4=Cassen|editor-first4=Bernard|editor-last5=Graeber|editor-first5=David|editor-last6=Hardt|editor-first6=Michael|editor-last7=Klein|editor-first7=Naomi|editor-last8=Marcos|editor-first8=Subcomandante|editor-last9=Muchhala|editor-first9=Bumika|display-editors=4}}</ref> The movement is often labeled an anti-globalization movement by the mainstream media. Those involved, however, frequently deny that they are [[anti-globalization]], insisting that they support the globalization of communication and people and oppose only the global expansion of corporate power.<ref>della Porta, D. 2005. "The Social Bases of the Global Justice Movement: Some Theoretical Reflections and Empirical Evidence from the First European Social Forum." Civil Society and Social Movements Programme Paper No. 21.Geneva: UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development).</ref> The movement is based in the idea of [[social justice]], desiring the creation of a society or institution based on the principles of [[social equality|equality]] and [[solidarity]], the values of human rights, and the dignity of every human being.<ref name="autogenerated2006">Education and Social Justice By J. Zajda, S. Majhanovich, V. Rust, 2006, {{ISBN|1-4020-4721-5}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2005">Nursing ethics: across the curriculum and into practice By Janie B. Butts, Karen Rich, Jones and Bartlett Publishers 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7637-4735-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-act-135-of-2004.pdf|title=Legal Birth Definition Act – Act 135 of 2004|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011611/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-act-135-of-2004.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> [[Structural inequality|Social inequality]] within and between nations, including a growing [[global digital divide]], is a focal point of the movement. Many nongovernmental organizations have now arisen to fight these inequalities that many in Latin America, Africa and Asia face. A few very popular and well known [[non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs) include: [[War Child (charity)|War Child]], [[Red Cross]], [[Free The Children]] and [[CARE International]]. They often create partnerships where they work towards improving the lives of those who live in developing countries by building schools, fixing infrastructure, cleaning water supplies, purchasing equipment and supplies for hospitals, and other aid efforts.

[[File:Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse.png|thumb|Countries by [[List of countries by total wealth|total wealth]] (trillions USD), [[Credit Suisse]]]]

====Social inequality====
{{Main|Social inequality|International inequality}}

[[File:Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png|thumb|Global share of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2017]]

The economies of the world have [[Development theory|developed]] unevenly, historically, such that entire geographical regions were left mired in poverty and disease while others began to reduce poverty and disease on a wholesale basis. From around 1980 through at least 2011, the GDP gap, while still wide, appeared to be closing and, in some more rapidly [[developing countries]], [[life expectancies]] began to rise.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24835822 | title=How much do you know about the world? | publisher=BBC | date=2013 | access-date=9 July 2014 | author=Rosling, Hans | work=BBC News | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222626/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24835822 | archive-date=14 July 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> If we look at the Gini coefficient for world income, since the late 1980s, the gap between some regions has markedly narrowed—between Asia and the advanced economies of the West, for example—but huge gaps remain globally. Overall equality across humanity, considered as individuals, has improved very little. Within the decade between 2003 and 2013, income inequality grew even in traditionally egalitarian countries like Germany, Sweden and Denmark. With a few exceptions—France, Japan, Spain—the top 10 percent of earners in most advanced economies raced ahead, while the bottom 10 percent fell further behind.<ref name="Stiglitz">{{cite news | url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/inequality-is-a-choice/?_php=true&_type=blogs | title=Inequality is a Choice | date=13 October 2013 | access-date=9 July 2014 | author=Stiglits Joseph E. | location=New York Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162537/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/inequality-is-a-choice/?_php=true&_type=blogs | archive-date=25 November 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> By 2013, 85 multibillionaires had amassed wealth equivalent to all the wealth owned by the poorest half (3.5 billion) of the world's total population of 7 billion.<ref name="WEF2014">{{cite web | url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GAC_GlobalAgendaOutlook_2014.pdf | title=Outlook on the Global Agenda 2014 | publisher=World Economic Forum | access-date=9 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210134450/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GAC_GlobalAgendaOutlook_2014.pdf | archive-date=10 February 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Critics of globalization argue that globalization results in weak [[labor unions]]: the surplus in cheap labor coupled with an ever-growing number of companies in transition weakened labor unions in high-cost areas. Unions become less effective and workers their enthusiasm for unions when membership begins to decline.<ref name="Hurst E. Charles P.41"/> They also cite an increase in the exploitation of [[child labor]]: countries with weak protections for children are vulnerable to infestation by rogue companies and criminal gangs who exploit them. Examples include [[quarry]]ing, salvage, and farm work as well as trafficking, bondage, forced labor, prostitution and pornography.<ref name="Edmonds_Pavcni">{{cite journal | last1 = Pavcnik | first1 = Nina |date=September 2005 | title = Child Labor in the Global Economy | journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 199–220 | doi = 10.1257/0895330053147895 | last2 = Pavcnik | first2 = Nina | citeseerx = 10.1.1.488.791 }}</ref>

[[File:May Day Immigration March LA60.jpg|thumb|upright|Immigrant rights march for amnesty, [[Los Angeles]], on [[International Workers' Day|May Day]], 2006]]
Women often participate in the workforce in [[precarious work]], including [[export-oriented employment]]. Evidence suggests that while globalization has expanded women's access to employment, the long-term goal{{Whose|date=April 2024}} of transforming [[gender inequalities]] remains unmet and appears unattainable without regulation of capital and a reorientation and expansion of the state's role in funding public goods and providing a social safety net.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seguino|first1=Stephanie|last2=Grown|first2=Caren|date=November 2006|title=Gender equity and globalization: macroeconomic policy for developing countries|journal=Journal of International Development|volume=18|issue=8|pages=1081–104|doi=10.1002/jid.1295|author-link1=Stephanie Seguino|citeseerx=10.1.1.589.4614}} [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Seguino_GrownGenderEquityandGlobalizationJID.pdf Pdf version – via the World Bank.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605144218/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Seguino_GrownGenderEquityandGlobalizationJID.pdf |date=5 June 2013 }}</ref> Furthermore, the intersectionality of gender, race, class, can be overlooked by scholars and commentators when assessing the impact of globalization.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gender, development, and globalization: economics as if all people mattered|last=Lourdes|first=Benería|others=Berik, Günseli, Floro, Maria|isbn=978-0-415-53748-3|edition= Second|location=New York|oclc=903247621|date=2014}}</ref>

In 2016, a study published by the IMF posited that [[neoliberalism]], the ideological backbone of contemporary globalized capitalism, has been "oversold", with the benefits of neoliberal policies being "fairly difficult to establish when looking at a broad group of countries" and the costs, most significantly higher income inequality within nations, "hurt the level and sustainability of growth."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Foroohar |first=Rana |date=3 June 2016 |title=Globalization's True Believers Are Having Second Thoughts |url=https://time.com/4356816/neoliberalism-imf-globalization/ |magazine=TIME |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617175511/http://time.com/4356816/neoliberalism-imf-globalization/ |archive-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Anti-global governance===
{{Main|Global governance}}

Beginning in the 1930s, opposition arose to the idea of a world government, as advocated by organizations such as the [[World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy|World Federalist Movement (WFM)]]. Those who oppose global governance typically do so on objections that the idea is unfeasible, inevitably oppressive, or simply unnecessary.<ref>Kennedy, Paul. (2006.) ''The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations.'' New York: Harper Collins. {{ISBN|978-0-375-50165-4}}</ref> In general, these opponents are wary of the concentration of power or wealth that such governance might represent. Such reasoning dates back to the founding of the [[League of Nations]] and, later, the [[United Nations]].

===Environmentalist opposition===
{{Main|Environmentalism}}

{{See also|Climate change|Deforestation}}
[[File:Madagascar highland plateau.jpg|thumb|[[Deforestation]] of the [[Madagascar]] Highland Plateau has led to extensive [[siltation]] and unstable flows of western [[river]]s.]]
[[File:Carbon footprint hotspots of foreign final consumption in China.webp|thumb|'''a''' shows carbon footprint (CF) hotspots of foreign final consumption in China. '''b'''–'''d''' show carbon footprint hotspots of the consumption of the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan, respectively. Among all foreign regions, the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan have the largest CFs in China, contributing ~23.0%, 10.8%, and 9.0%, respectively, to the total foreign CF in China in 2012.]]

[[Environmentalism]] is a broad philosophy, ideology<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/ideology.html |title=Ideology and Sustainability |publisher=Formal.stanford.edu |access-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042425/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/ideology.html |archive-date=4 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ronald Bailey from the February 2002 issue |url=http://reason.com/archives/2002/02/01/debunking-green-myths |title=Debunking Green Myths |date=February 2002 |publisher=Reason.com |access-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710221038/http://reason.com/archives/2002/02/01/debunking-green-myths |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Donald Gibson. Environmentalism: Ideology and Power. Nova Science Pub Inc. 2003</ref> and social movement regarding concerns for environmental [[Conservation movement|conservation]] and improvement of the health of the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]. Environmentalist concerns with globalization include issues such as [[global warming]], global [[water supply]] and [[Water security|water crises]], inequity in [[energy consumption]] and [[energy conservation]], transnational [[air pollution]] and pollution of the [[world ocean]], [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation]], world [[habitat]] [[sustainability]], [[deforestation]], [[biodiversity loss]] and [[Holocene extinction|species extinction]].

One critique of globalization is that natural resources of the poor have been systematically taken over by the rich and the pollution promulgated by the rich is systematically dumped on the poor.<ref>Low, Nicholas. (2002). ''Global Ethics and Environment''. Routledge Science. {{ISBN|978-0-415-19735-9}}.</ref> Some argue that Northern corporations are increasingly exploiting resources of less wealthy countries for their global activities while it is the South that is disproportionately bearing the environmental burden of the globalized economy. Globalization is thus leading to a type of" environmental [[apartheid]]".<ref>Lechner, Frank J., and John Boli. 2012. ''The Globalization Reader'', 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-0-470-65563-4}}.</ref>

[[Helena Norberg-Hodge]], the director and founder of Local Futures/[[International Society for Ecology and Culture]], criticizes globalization in many ways. In her book ''[[Ancient Futures]]'', Norberg-Hodge claims that "centuries of ecological balance and social harmony are under threat from the pressures of development and globalization." She also criticizes the standardization and rationalization of globalization, as it does not always yield the expected growth outcomes. Although globalization takes similar steps in most countries, scholars such as Hodge claim that it might not be effective to certain countries and that globalization has actually moved some countries backward instead of developing them.<ref>{{cite book|last=Norberg-Hodge|first=Helena|title=Ancient futures: learning from Ladakh|year=1992|publisher=Sierra Club Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-87156-643-0|edition=Sierra Club Books paperback|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientfuturesl000norb}}</ref>

A related area of concern is the [[pollution haven hypothesis]], which posits that, when large industrialized nations seek to set up factories or offices abroad, they will often look for the cheapest option in terms of resources and labor that offers the land and material access they require (see [[Race to the bottom]]).<ref name="Unmaskingthe">{{cite journal|last=Levinson|first=Arik|author2=M. Scott Taylor|title=Unmasking the Pollution Haven Effect|journal=[[International Economic Review]]|year=2008|volume=49|issue=1|pages=223–54|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00478.x|s2cid=40982519|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10629.pdf|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602151508/http://www.nber.org/papers/w10629.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2018|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> This often comes at the cost of environmentally sound practices. Developing countries with cheap resources and labor tend to have less stringent [[environmental regulations]], and conversely, nations with stricter environmental regulations become more expensive for companies as a result of the costs associated with meeting these standards. Thus, companies that choose to physically invest in foreign countries tend to (re)locate to the countries with the lowest [[environmental standard]]s or weakest enforcement.

The [[European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement]], which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas,<ref>{{cite web |title=Farmers, environmentalists slam 'sell-out' EU-Mercosur trade deal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190629-eu-south-america-agriculture-trade-mercosur-farmers-environmentalists |publisher=France24 |date=29 June 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825090453/https://www.france24.com/en/20190629-eu-south-america-agriculture-trade-mercosur-farmers-environmentalists |archive-date=25 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> has been denounced by [[environmental activists]] and [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous rights]] campaigners.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU urged to halt trade talks with S. America over Brazil abuses |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-eu-urged-halt-trade-talks-with-america-over-brazil-abuses |work=France 24 |date=18 June 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825102307/https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-eu-urged-halt-trade-talks-with-america-over-brazil-abuses |archive-date=25 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fear is that the deal could lead to more [[deforestation of the Amazon rainforest]] as it expands market access to Brazilian beef.<ref>{{cite web |title=We must not barter the Amazon rainforest for burgers and steaks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2019/jul/02/barter-amazon-rainforest-burgers-steaks-brazil |work=The Guardian |date=2 July 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824153649/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2019/jul/02/barter-amazon-rainforest-burgers-steaks-brazil |archive-date=24 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Business|World|Politics|Economics}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{anl|Civilizing mission}}
* {{anl|Cosmopolitanism}}
* {{anl|Deglobalization}}
* {{anl|Environmental racism}}
* {{anl|Eurasianism}}
* {{anl|Franchising}}
* {{anl|Free trade}}
* {{anl|Global civics}}
* {{anl|Global commons}}
* [[Global mobility]]
* [[Global public good]]s
* {{anl|Global regionalization}}
* {{anl|Globalism}}
* {{anl|Korean Wave}}
* [[List of bilateral free-trade agreements]]
* [[List of globalization-related indices]]
* [[List of multilateral free-trade agreements]]
* {{anl|Middle East and globalization}}
* {{anl|Neorealism (international relations)}}
* [[North–South divide in the World|North–South divide]]
* {{anl|Outline of globalization}}
* {{anl|Postdevelopment theory}}
* {{anl|Technocapitalism}}
* ''[[The No-Nonsense Guide to Globalization]]''
* [[Transnational cinema]]
* {{anl|Transnational citizenship}}
* {{anl|Triadization}}
* {{anl|United Nations Millennium Declaration}}
* {{anl|Vermeer's Hat|''Vermeer's Hat''}}
* {{anl|World Englishes}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ampuja, Marko. ''Theorizing Globalization: A Critique of the Mediatization of Social Theory'' (Brill, 2012)
* Conner, Tom, and Ikuko Torimoto, eds. ''Globalization Redux: New Name, Same Game'' (University Press of America, 2004).
* Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. "Globalization." in ''Handbook of Political Anthropology'' (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018).
* Frey, James W. "The Global Moment: The Emergence of Globality, 1866–1867, and the Origins of Nineteenth-Century Globalization." ''The Historian'' 81.1 (2019): 9. [https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-582097534/the-global-moment-the-emergence-of-globality-1866-1867 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203212404/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-582097534/the-global-moment-the-emergence-of-globality-1866-1867 |date=3 December 2019 }}, focus on trade and Suez Canal
* Gunder Frank, Andre, and Robert A. Denemark. ''ReOrienting the 19th Century: Global Economy in the Continuing Asian Age'' (Paradigm Publishers, 2013).
* {{cite book |title=The Year 1000: When Explorers Connected the World―and Globalization Began |year=2020 |first=Valerie |last=Hansen |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-1501194108 }}
* Hopkins, A.G., ed. ''Globalization in World History'' (Norton, 2003).
* Lechner, Frank J., and John Boli, eds. ''The Globalization Reader'' (4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012).
* Leibler, Anat. "The Emergence of a Global Economic Order: From Scientific Internationalism to Infrastructural Globalism." in ''Science, Numbers and Politics'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019) pp. 121–145 [http://www.academia.edu/download/59992228/Science_Numbers_and_Politics20190712-70585-1255i4e.pdf online]{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
* Mir, Salam. "Colonialism, Postcolonialism, Globalization, and Arab Culture." ''Arab Studies Quarterly'' 41.1 (2019): 33–58. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.41.1.0033 online]
*[[Diego Olstein|Olstein, Diego]] (2015) "Proto-globalization and Proto-glocalizations in the Middle Millennium." In Kedar, Benjamin and Wiesner-Hanks, Merry (Eds.), Cambridge World History. Volume 5: Expanding Webs of Exchange and Conquest, 500–1500 CE. Cambridge University Press, pp. 665–684
* Pfister, Ulrich (2012), [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/globalization/ulrich-pfister-globalization?set_language=en&-C= Globalization], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO – European History Online], Mainz: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php |date=19 February 2016 }}, retrieved: 25 March 2021 ([http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060507 pdf]).
* Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. ''Globalization and culture: Global mélange'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).
* Rosenberg, Justin. "Globalization Theory: A Post Mortem," ''International Politics'' 42:1 (2005), 2–74.
* Steger, Manfred B. ''Globalization: A Very Short Introduction'' (4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2017)
* Steger, Manfred B. ''Globalization in the 21st Century'' ((Rowman & Littlefield, 2024)
* Van Der Bly, Martha C.E. "Globalization: A Triumph of Ambiguity," ''Current Sociology'' 53:6 (November 2005), 875–893
* Wallerstein, Immanuel. "Globalization or the Age of Transition? A Long-Term View of the Trajectory of the World System," ''International Sociology'' 15:2 (June 2000), 251–267.

==External links==
{{scholia}}
{{Commons category|Globalization|lcfirst=yes}}
{{Wiktionary|globalisation|globalization}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
* [http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp Comprehensive discussion of the term at the Site Global Transformations] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091012141330/http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp |date=12 October 2009 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026043416/http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/ Globalization Website (Emory University) Links, Debates, Glossary etc.]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/business/2007/globalisation/default.stm BBC News Special Report – "Globalisation"]
* {{Guardian topic}}
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/ "Globalization" ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''] Analysis of the idea and its history.
* [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AFA_CALC_IN3 OECD Globalization statistics]
* [http://www.princeton.edu/~mapglobe/HTML/home.html Mapping Globalization, Princeton University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140903090326/http://www.dataworldwide.org/websites/data_indexes.htm List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings]
{{Aspects of capitalism}}
{{Western culture}}
{{Trade|state=collapsed}}
{{Globalization|state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Globalization| ]]
[[Category:Theories of history]]
[[Category:Economic geography]]
[[Category:Cultural geography]]
[[Category:International trade]]
[[Category:Capitalism]]
[[Category:Interculturalism]]
[[Category:World history]]

Jon Godden

2026-03-15T05:56:14Z

MichaleFlint91: stub!

{{short description|English novelist (1906–1984)}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jon Godden
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Winsome Ruth Key Godden
| birth_date = August 1906
| birth_place = Assam, India
| death_date = 1984
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Novelist
| language =
| nationality = English
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks = ''The House by the Sea''
| spouse = Roland Oakley
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives = Rumer Godden
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}

'''Winsome Ruth Key Godden''' (August 1906 {{ndash}} 1984)<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&q=%22godden%22+1906&pg=PA180 |title = The History of British India: A Chronology |first = John F. |last = Riddick |page = 180 |location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] |publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-313-32280-8 |oclc = 68373523 }}</ref> was an English novelist who wrote under the name '''Jon Godden'''. She was born in [[Assam]], India. She was the elder sister of the better-known novelist [[Rumer Godden]].

== Early life ==

The eldest of four daughters of Arthur Leigh Godden, an agent for a British steamer company in what is now [[Bangladesh]], and Katherine Norah Hingley, Jon Godden spent almost all of her childhood and much of her adult life in India. She and her sister Rumer were sent to England for their education at the ages of 7 and 6, but the outbreak of [[World War I]] caused their parents to arrange their travel to [[Narayanganj]], to which their father had been transferred from Assam while they were abroad. They remained there until Jon was 13, the experience later forming the basis of ''Two Under the Indian Sun'', an autobiographical work jointly written by Jon and her sister Rumer.<ref name=dnb>{{cite web |last = Chisholm |first = Anne |title = Godden, (Margaret) Rumer (1907–1998) |url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/71256 |work = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004, online edn (subscription required) |publisher = Oxford University Press |accessdate = 11 December 2012 |year = 2004 |url-status = live |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161620/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/71256 |archivedate = 24 September 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Although all four of the Godden daughters were interested in writing, Jon and Rumer were serious about it from an early age. In addition, Jon revealed substantial artistic talent, winning a gold medal intended for adult entrants at an art exhibition in [[Gulmarg]], in [[Kashmir]]. Her parents were advised by the professional who had judged the exhibition that she had a future as an artist and that they should eventually send her to [[The Slade]] in [[London]]. Jon's abilities and good looks, as well as her position as the eldest daughter in the Godden family, meant that she exercised great emotional power over her younger siblings throughout her life and that she was always regarded within the family as the most talented sister, if not the most productive.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

In 1920, the Goddens returned to England—Arthur Godden only temporarily, since he had to return to his position in India—and settled in [[Eastbourne]]. The children were enrolled in a series of schools, beginning with a [[Anglo-Catholic|High Anglican]] [[convent]] [[boarding school]], where they were not a good fit, having been privately tutored by an aunt in India. They also had difficulty adjusting to a less lavish lifestyle than they had enjoyed under the [[British Raj]]. In 1925, however, now in their late teens (and Jon, though having studied at a provincial art school, apparently having given up on any plans to become a professional artist), Jon and Rumer traveled back to India, where Jon fell in love with Nigel Baughan, an employee of [[Imperial Tobacco]]. She became engaged to Baughan, but he could not immediately marry, owing to the terms of his employment (common for young British bachelors in India at the time).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} However, the couple married in secret during a leave that Baughan took in England, this only revealed when he was dying of septicaemia back in India in 1930.<ref>Rumer Godden: A Storyteller's Life, Anne Chisholm, Pan Books, 1999, p. 72</ref>

Devastated by Baughan's death, Jon continued to live with her parents in India; at the time, young, unmarried, British women did not normally live on their own, and Jon did not establish an independent career. However, she began to see [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] businessman Roland Oakley. Though she returned to England with her now-retired father and her mother in the spring of 1936 and briefly stayed with them in [[Totnes]], [[Devon]], she soon set off back to India with Rumer, who had married and established a Calcutta dancing school. In October 1936, Jon married Roland Oakley in [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta]]. The couple chose to live in India and, later, to remain there after [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947.

== Career ==

Unlike her sister Rumer, whose first marriage was financially disastrous and required Rumer to work hard at her writing to support herself and her children,<ref name=dnb /> Jon Godden had, at least temporarily, a successful husband able and willing to support her, and she was not enthusiastic about competing in the literary world. She did not publish her first novel, ''The Bird Escaped'', until 1947, and it was Rumer who persuaded her own literary agents, [[Curtis Brown (literary agents)|Curtis Brown]], to handle it.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

Jon's novel, ''The House by the Sea'', was published in the fall of 1948 by [[Penguin Group|Michael Joseph]]. As Rumer's biographer [[Anne Chisholm]] notes, "it was much admired for its psychological insight and morbid, powerful atmosphere. It was, indeed, as Jon's novels continued to be – she published ten in all over the next thirty years – much cooler in style and darker in content than Rumer's later books." As Chisholm further points out, Jon was praised by critics but was little interested in the "market place," since she had no need to earn a living, owing to her financially stable marriage.

However, Jon's life changed drastically when her marriage to Oakley, under strain for some years, suddenly ended. In 1957, she returned to England, inexperienced with handling money and in financial distress. She moved into a cottage on the grounds of the property in [[Kent]] that her parents had purchased with Rumer's assistance and remained there until her death.

== Later years ==
In later years, while still producing fiction, Jon collaborated with Rumer on non-fiction books, including the very well received ''Two Under the Indian Sun'' (1966) and ''Shiva's Pigeons'' (1972), for which the sisters wrote the text to accompany [[Stella Snead]]'s black-and-white photographs of Indian life, culture, and landscape.

== Death ==

In 1984, after suffering ill-health for an extended period, Jon Godden died at the age of 78. After her death, in 1989, Rumer published ''Indian Dust'', a collection of stories and poems set in India and written by her and by Jon, some as early as 50 years previously.

== Works ==
* 1947 ''The Bird Escaped''
* 1947 ''The House by the Sea''
* 1950 ''The Peacock''
* 1954 ''The City and the Wave''
* 1956 ''The Seven Islands''
* 1959 ''Mrs. Panopoulis''
* 1961 ''Winter's Tale'' (also published as ''Told in Winter'')
* 1965 ''In the Sun''
* 1966 ''Two Under the Indian Sun'' (written with Rumer Godden)
* 1968 ''Gone: A Thread of Stories'' (written with Rumer Godden)
* 1971 ''Kitten with Blue Eyes'' (US title: ''Mrs. Starr Lives Alone'')
* 1972 ''Shiva's Pigeons'' (written with Rumer Godden)
* 1975 ''Ahmed and the Old Lady'' (also published as ''Ahmed's Lady'')
* 1981 ''In Her Garden''
* 1989 ''Indian Dust'' (also published as ''Mercy, Pity, Peace and Love: Stories'') (written with Rumer Godden)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist |25em}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last = Godden |first = Rumer |title = A Time to Dance, No Time to Weep |location = New York |publisher = [[William Morrow and Company]] |year = 1987 |isbn = 978-0-688-08904-7 |oclc = 21531049 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780688089047 }}
* {{cite book |last = Godden |first = Jon & Rumer |title = Two Under the Indian Sun |url = https://archive.org/details/twounderindians000godd |url-access = registration |location = New York |publisher = [[Alfred A. Knopf]] and [[The Viking Press]] |year = 1966 }}
* {{cite book |last = Chisholm |first = Anne |title = Rumer Godden: A Storyteller's Life |location = London |publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |year = 1998 |isbn = 0-688-16944-9 }}

== External links ==

* {{LCAuth|n50033621|Jon Godden|21|ue}}
* [https://www.fantasticfiction.com/g/jon-godden/ Jon Godden] at Fantastic Fiction – with some cover images

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godden, Jon}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:20th-century English women novelists]]

Chudamani Vihara

2026-03-14T09:23:45Z

MichaleFlint91: add layout for accuracy for accuracy

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Chudamani Vihara''' was a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[vihara]] (monastery) in [[Nagapattinam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Chudamani Vihara was constructed in 1006 CE<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buddhistnews.tv/current/tamil-nadu-100704.php |title=buddhist teachings hindu meditation tibetan at buddhistnews.tv |access-date=21 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009222827/http://www.buddhistnews.tv/current/tamil-nadu-100704.php |archive-date=9 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> by the [[Srivijaya]]n king Sri Vijaya [[Maravijayattungavarman]] with the patronage of [[Rajaraja Chola I]].<ref>Keay, John, India: A History, pp 222-223</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nio.org/past_events/archaeology/sridhar.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208135309/http://www.nio.org/past_events/archaeology/sridhar.pdf |archive-date=2007-02-08 }}</ref> The vihara building survived in dilapidated condition. Since 1856, about 350 Buddha bronzes have been found at Nagapattinam, dating from the 11th to the 16th century.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==History==

According to the copperplate record of [[Chola]] king Rajaraja, the Sailendra king, Sri Mara-vijayottunga-varman constructed the vihara with the support of Rajaraja. The copperplate is in Leiden University (Holland). <ref>{{cite web | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/mystery-of-a-royal-grant/article6004551.ece | title=Mystery of a royal grant | date=11 May 2014 }}</ref>

One statue, now at John D. Rockefeller Collection of Asian Art in New York, has an inscription that mentions that this Buddha was created to be carried in a procession during the temple’s sacred festival. The inscription has been translated by Vidya Dehejia as:

:''Well-being [and] prosperity. The nayakar [Buddha], of all of the eighteen countries, of the metalworkers. The procession image, for the sacred festival of the [[Alvars|alvar]] temple, which was caused to be taken in procession by the respected one (utaiyar) endowed of the four gunas from Cirutavur; [in] the perum-palli (great place of worship or great vihara) of the metalworkers, [in] the perum-palli of Rajendra Chola.''<ref>[http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/region_object.asp?RegionID=1&CountryID=1&ChapterID=7&ObjectID=520 Asia Society: The Collection In Context] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626043704/http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/region_object.asp?RegionID=1&CountryID=1&ChapterID=7&ObjectID=520 |date=2006-06-26 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book | first= John | last= Keay | year=2001 | title= India: A History | publisher= Grove Press | location= New York| isbn= 0-8021-3797-0}}

==External links==
* [http://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/nies/8.html Buddha 14th century] Formerly in the collection of Mrs. W. van Hoogstraten-Fetlaer, Netherlands.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141009222827/http://www.buddhistnews.tv/current/tamil-nadu-100704.php Bodhi's Tamil Afterglow] Outlook India, 7 July 2004
* [http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/01/05/051/budd1.htm Nagapattinam Buddhas] at the Chennai Museum
* [http://www.nortonsimon.org/collections/browse_object_type.asp?objtype=Sculpture&page=6&resultnum=68 Buddha Shakyamuni] Norton Simon Museum
* [http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_9.shtml# Buddha Shakyamuni] Art Institute of Chicago
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060626043704/http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/region_object.asp?RegionID=1&CountryID=1&ChapterID=7&ObjectID=520 procession Buddha] John D. Rockefeller Collection of Asian Art in New York
* [http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/asian/highlight_item?acc=1964.556 Buddha, 12th century]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Art Institute of Chicago
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/5983_1657214%2C00430014.htm Tracing the Sri Lanka-Kerala link] Hindustan Times 23 March 2006

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{Nagapattinam district}}

[[Category:Defunct Buddhist monasteries]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Medieval Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Amri culture

2026-03-12T05:56:21Z

MichaleFlint91: adjusted page and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Amri-Nal culture]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Dakshineswar metro station

2026-03-11T10:56:17Z

MichaleFlint91: updated

{{Short description|Kolkata Metro's Blue Line terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dakshineswar
| native_name = {{nobold|দক্ষিণেশ্বর}}
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| style = Kolkata Metro
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = kolkata
| image = File:Dakshineswar Railway Station (in middle) building built as a replica of the iconic Dakshineswar Temple, and the Dakshineswar metro station (in right) in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, photo by Yogabrata Chakraborty.jpg
| image_caption = Dakshineswar Railway Station (in middle) building built as a replica of the iconic Dakshineswar Temple, and the Dakshineswar metro station (in right).
| address = [[Dakshineswar]], [[Kolkata]], West Bengal 700076
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22.653971|N|88.363724|E|format=dms}}
| line = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|Blue|croute}}
| connections = {{rint|kolkata|s}} [[Dakshineswar railway station|Dakshineswar]]
 {{rint|kolkata|bus}} [[Dakshineswar|Dakshineswar Bus Terminal]]
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = 2 (2 [[side platform]]s)
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2021|02|22|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| code = KDSW
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro|line=Blue|right=Baranagar}}
| map_type = India Kolkata#India Kolkata Metro
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Dakshineswar''' is the elevated northern terminal metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The metro station adjoins the platforms of the [[Dakshineswar railway station]] where connections can be made with [[Indian Railways]] services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,379|title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal|website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> The station is located at the [[Dakshineswar]] area which is famous for [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]. The station was inaugurated on 22 February 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/02/22/pm-modi-inaugurates-kolkata-metros-dakshineswar-extension/|title=PM Modi Inaugurates Kolkata Metro’s Dakshineswar Extension|publisher=|date=22 Feb 2021|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi inaugurates the several railway projects, in West Bengal on February 22, 2021 (3).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurating the Noapara—Dakshineswar metro line on February 22, 2021.]]
A northward extension from Dum Dum to Dakshineswar (6.20 km [3.85 mi]) was sanctioned and included in the 2010–11 budget at a cost of [[Indian rupee|₹]]227.53 [[crore]] (equivalent to ₹411 crore or US$58 million in 2019). Construction for the station and the section started in 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=December 24, 2020|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|title=First trial a success, Metro set to run till Dakshineswar in February-end {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/1st-trial-a-success-metro-set-to-run-till-dakshineswar-in-feb-end/articleshow/79929855.cms|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In December 2017, the metro line to the Dakshineswar station was projected to be operational by May 2019.<ref name="gupta17">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Jayanta |title=It's final. Take a Metro ride to Dakshineswar by May 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/its-final-take-a-metro-ride-to-dakshineswar-by-may-2019/articleshow/62045998.cms |accessdate=18 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 December 2017 }}</ref><ref name="mandal20">{{cite news |last1=Mandal |first1=Sanjay |title=July, revised date for Baranagar Metro |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/july-revised-date-for-baranagar-metro/cid/1742067 |access-date=11 February 2020 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=2 February 2020 }}</ref> By June 2019, over 95 percent of the [[viaduct]] had been completed for the between [[Noapara metro station and depot|Noapara]] and Dakshineswar and that work had begun on the signaling system and laying of the tracks.<ref name="mandalj19">{{cite news |last1=Mandal |first1=Sanjay |title=Expense boost for Calcutta Metro funds flow |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/expense-boost-for-calcutta-metro-funds-flow/cid/1692111 |accessdate=18 September 2019 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 June 2019 }}</ref> Trial runs for this stretch started on 23 December 2020, after delay due to COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=":0" /> The station was inaugurated on 22 February 2021 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Live: Bengal has made up its mind for 'poriborton', says PM Modi in Hooghly|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/latest-news-today-live-updates-puducherry-floor-test-bengal-kerala-election-22-february-2021-121022200131_1.html|access-date=2021-02-22|website=www.business-standard.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==

The station is located in [[Dakshineswar]], [[North 24 Parganas]], on [[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|PWD Road]] (Sitaramdas Omkarnath Sarani) and Ramakrishna Paramahansa Deb Road Crossing. The Station is situated around 300 metres away towards East from [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple|Bhabatarini Kali Temple]].

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|blue|Right}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Baranagar}}) →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← Alighting only
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

== Connections ==

=== Rail ===
It is directly connected with [[Dakshineswar railway station]], a station on [[Calcutta chord link]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Joydeep|title=DAKE/Dakshineswar Station – 0 Train Departures ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/dakshineswar-dake/2152|access-date=2020-06-26|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

=== Ferry ===
The station is connected to ferry also through Ma Bhabotarini Jetty Ghat, which is around 350 metres away from the station. Ferry routes towards [[Uttarpara]], [[Belur Math]], [[Bagbazar]], [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]], Shipping Corporation Ghat (near [[Millennium Park (Kolkata)|Millennium Park]]) and [[Babughat|Chandpal Ghat]] are available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wbtc.co.in/ferry-service/|title=Ferry Service|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115160656/https://wbtc.co.in/ferry-service/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Proposed Expansion==
Metro Railway plans to extend the platform and viaduct of Dakshineswar metro station by ~{{cvt|90|m}} via erection of two new pillars beyond the current length to facilitate a crossover so the trains can switch tracks in order to increase the frequency of services to the [[Noapara metro station|Noapara]]-Dakshineswar stretch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Rly Seeks Land For Platform Extension |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-rly-seeks-land-for-platform-extension/articleshow/106797230.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata]]

== References ==
<references />{{Kolkata Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Karinkunnam 6's

2026-03-03T20:36:48Z

MichaleFlint91: reworked structure for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2016 film by Deepu Karunakaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karinkunnam 6S
| image = Karinkunnam 6'S poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = [[Malayalam]]: കരിങ്കുന്നം സിക്സസ്
| director = [[Deepu Karunakaran]]
| producer = Anil Biswas Jayalal Menon
| screenplay = Deepu Karunakaran
| story = [[Arunlal Ramachandran]]
| starring = {{startplainlist}}
*[[Manju Warrier]]
*[[Anoop Menon]]
*[[Babu Antony]]
*[[Sudheer Karamana]]
*[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]]
*[[Padmaraj Ratheesh]]
*[[Sudev Nair]]
*[[Jacob Gregory]]
*[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]]
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
*[[Sreejith Ravi]]
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]
*[[Pradeep Kottayam]]
{{endplainlist}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Rahul Raj]]
| cinematography = [[Jaya Krishna Gummadi]]
| editing = V. Saajan
| studio = Backwater Studios
| distributor = Magic Frames Maasthi Release MAX Release
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|7|6|[[Kerala]]}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-anuraga-karikkin-vellam-karinkunnam-6s-shajahanum-pareekuttiyum-686598|title=Kerala box office: 'Anuraga Karikkin Vellam,' 'Karinkunnam 6's' and 'Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum' continue run|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=14 July 2016|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501141802/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-anuraga-karikkin-vellam-karinkunnam-6s-shajahanum-pareekuttiyum-686598|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Karinkunnam 6's''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] [[Sports film|sports]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Deepu Karunakaran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/anoop-menon-to-romance-manju-warrier-in-deepu-karunakaran-movie-213363.html|title=Anoop Menon To Romance Manju Warrier|date=27 January 2016|publisher=|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=1 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301053317/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/anoop-menon-to-romance-manju-warrier-in-deepu-karunakaran-movie-213363.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Manju Warrier]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]], [[Padmaraj Ratheesh]], [[Sudev Nair]], [[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], [[Jacob Gregory]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Sreejith Ravi]] and [[Pradeep Kottayam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/karingunnam-sixes-shoot-completed/119772/story.htm|title='Karingunnam Sixes' shoot completed|publisher=|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414191920/http://www.nowrunning.com/karingunnam-sixes-shoot-completed/119772/story.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[film score|musical score]] and [[song]]s are composed by [[Rahul Raj]]. It was released in [[Kerala]] on 6 July 2016. The film is a tribute to [[Jimmy George]].

==Plot==
It's an [[Underdog (term)|underdog]] story of motivated prisoners led by Vandhana and Aby. Aby starts a Volleyball Premier League (VPL) with businessman Mukul Keshav and Kuriyachan. Aby's ego doesn't match with his colleagues. Aby gets injured and is unable to train a team for VPL. His Karinkunnam 6's team players get acquired by Kuriyachan under Golden Smashers. Vandhana fills in for Aby's passion and responsibility and attempts to regroup the team under her and Aby's banner Karinkunnam 6's but gets snatched up by Felix for Southern Warriors. Disheartened Vandhana tries to recruit a bunch of prisoners as their team through IG Haritha. The rest of the film follows how Vandhana and her band of misfits from [[Poojappura]] Central Prison are able to win VPL facing slight challenges.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Anoop Menon]] as Aby
*[[Manju Warrier]] as Vandhana, Aby's Wife
*[[Babu Antony]] as Douglas
*[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Lalu
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as Sasankan
*[[Sudev Nair]] as Ikru
*[[Jacob Gregory]] as Bruno
*[[Padmaraj Ratheesh]] as Mohsin
*[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as Vasudev
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Bharathan, a kind-hearted [[Prison Warden]]
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Nelson, a ruthless and sadistic [[Prison Warden]]
*[[Samuthirakani]] as Saravanan
*[[Jagadish]] as Narayanan, Commentator
*[[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Bhasi, Vandhana's assistant
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Ambootty
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Pillai
*[[Shyamaprasad]] as Mukul Keshav
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Pranchi
*Balaji Sharma as Satheeshan
*[[Manikuttan]] as Vishnu
*Shaji Nadeshan as Kuriyachan
*[[Rony David]] as Tomy
*[[Vivek Gopan]] as Francis, Team player
*DySP Rajkumar Rajasekharan
*Taniya Stanley as Shreya, Ikru's girlfriend
*[[Major Ravi]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Thobias John [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Haritha Krishnan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Hareesh Peradi]] as Santhosh, Shreya's Father
*Asottan Bombay as Kunjumon, Referee
*Bindhu Krishna as Vasudev's wife
*Ambika Mohan
*[[Gayathri Suresh]] as Photographer ([[cameo appearance]])
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs and score were composed by [[Rahul Raj]]. Vinaayak Sasikumar wrote lyrics for the songs. "Ulakathin", the first video song from the film was released by the label [[Muzik 247]] through [[YouTube]] on 21 June 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Watch 'Ulakathin' song from Manju Warrier's 'Karinkunnam 6s' [VIDEO]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-ulakathin-song-manju-warriers-karinkunnam-6s-video-683835|accessdate=11 July 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=22 June 2016}}</ref>
;Track listing
* "Ulakathin" (Rahul Raj, Arun Alat, Joju Sebastian) - 3:17
* "Medapoompattum Chutti" ([[Najim Arshad]]) - 1:29
* "Dhadakne De" (Rahul Raj, Najim Arshad) - 2:49

==Release==
The film was certified by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on 27 June 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Manju Warrier-Anoop Menon's 'Karinkunnam 6's' gets a release date|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/manju-warrier-anoop-menons-karinkunnam-6s-gets-release-date-684811|accessdate=11 July 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=29 June 2016}}</ref> ''Karinkunnam 6'S'' was released on 6 July 2016 in 49 screens in [[Kerala]] on the eve of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]]. The film clashed with the coinciding release of ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Manju Warrier's 'Karinkunnam 6's' review: Live audience updates|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/manju-warriers-karinkunnam-6s-review-live-audience-updates-685656|accessdate=11 July 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=7 July 2016|archive-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709185721/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/manju-warriers-karinkunnam-6s-review-live-audience-updates-685656|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "''Karinkunnam Sixes'' deserves to be watched for its interesting characters, story setting and the love for sports, and can offer a good time if your expectations aren't sky high."<ref>{{cite news |title=Karinkunnam Sixes Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/karinkunnam-sixes/movie-review/53112068.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 July 2016}}</ref> Paresh C. Palicha of [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Karinkunnam 6s'' may lack the depth to be a great film but it is a decent watch."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Palicha |first1=Paresh C. |title=Review: Karinkunnam 6s is a decent watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-karinkunnam-6s-is-a-decent-watch/20160708.htm |website=Rediff |language=en |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=7 October 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707215918/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-karinkunnam-6s-is-a-decent-watch/20160708.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> O. P. Olassa of ''[[Samayam]]'' rated the film three out of five stars, commending its sports drama credentials for its era, while noting its reliance on familiar clichés.<ref>{{cite news |title=കരിങ്കുന്നം സിക്സസിന്‍റെ സക്സസ് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/cinema/movie-review/karinkunnam-6s-film-review/moviereview/53132540.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=30 September 2016 |language=ml |access-date=7 October 2024 |archive-date=11 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711041018/http://malayalam.samayam.com/cinema/movie-review/karinkunnam-6s-film-review/moviereview/53132540.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Box office===
The film made a gross collection of {{INRConvert|2.1|c}} in three days at Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Menon|first1=Akhila|title=Karinkunnam Sixes: 3 Days Kerala Box Office Collections|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/karinkunnam-sixes-3-days-box-office-collections-233258.html|work=[[Filmibeat]]|accessdate=11 July 2016|date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
;[[Asiavision Awards]] - 2017
*Best Actress - [[Manju Warrier]] (shared with [[Vettah]])
;[[Asianet Film Awards]]
*Best Actress - [[Manju Warrier]] (shared with [[Vettah]])
;[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
*Best Actress - [[Manju Warrier]] (shared with [[Vettah]])
;NAFA 2017
*Best Actress - [[Manju Warrier]] (shared with [[Vettah]])
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*Nominated — Best Actress - [[Manju Warrier]] (shared with [[Vettah]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5632302}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2016 sports films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]

Surya Putrulu

2026-03-03T18:28:48Z

MichaleFlint91: minor refine structure for consistency per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Surya Putrulu
| image = Surya Putrulu.png
| caption = Audio Cassette Cover
| director = [[C. Umamaheswara Rao]]
| producer = D. Mohana Ramchandra Reddy
| story=
| screenplay=
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Shobana]] [[Nagma]] [[Malashri]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|3|14}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Surya Putrulu''''' ({{translation|Sons of the Sun}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[C. Umamaheswara Rao]]. The film stars [[Mammootty]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Shobana]], [[Nagma]] and [[Malashri]]. This marked Shobana's last Telugu film as a leading actress.<ref>{{cite web|title=Surya Putrulu Telugu Film|url=http://musicalaya.net/imgviewer.php?mod=lpcovers/108/3/7/1|publisher=musicalaya|accessdate=2014-04-12}}</ref>
This movie is famous for the erotic first night song picturised on [[Nagma]]. Later dubbed into Tamil as ''Prathinidhi''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-mammootty-3-direct-telugu-films-of-malayalam-megastar/photostory/86008084.cms|title = Happy birthday Mammootty: 3 Direct Telugu films of Malayalam Megastar|website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Mammooty]]
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
*[[Shobana]]
*[[Nagma]]
*[[Malashri]]
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]]
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/an-actor-par-excellence-661445|title=An actor par excellence!|work=[[The Hans India]]|first=HVRS|last=Prasad|date=12 December 2020|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Tracklist
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Surya Putrulu Songs">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/6HB182s697TLjYpEXAiHPX | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Surya Putrulu | date = August 2014 | accessdate = 14 December 2020}}</ref>
| all_music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<ref name = "Surya Putrulu Songs" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:11

| title1 = Ee Chalilo Gililo
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:39

| title2 = Chakkani Vennela
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra, Chorus
| length2 = 6:09

| title3 = Vedi Vedi
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra, Chorus
| length3 = 4:47

| title4 = Peesu Peesu Polisu
| lyrics4 = [[Jaladi Raja Rao]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Lalitha Sagari
| length4 = 4:41

| title5 = Epadu
| lyrics5 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra, Chorus
| length5 = 4:53
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0267964|Suryaputrulu}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Battle of Vatapi

2026-02-27T13:04:31Z

MichaleFlint91: expanded content

{{Short description|642 battle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Vatapi
| partof = Chalukya–Pallava Wars
| image = The defeat of Pulikesin II, the Chalukhya, byMahamalla Pallava at Badami.jpg
| caption = Image depicting the Battle of Vatapi ([[Badami]])
| date = 642
| place = [[Vatapi]]
| result = Pallava victory
| combatant1 = [[Chalukya Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Pallavas|Pallava kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[Pulakeshin II]]{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Narasimhavarman I]] [[Paranjothi]] [[Manavanna of Anuradhapura|Manavarman]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
The '''Battle of Vatapi''' was a decisive engagement which took place between the [[Pallavas]] and [[Chalukyas]] near the Chalukya capital of [[Vatapi]] (present day [[Badami]]) in 642. The battle resulted in the defeat of the Chalukya king [[Pulakeshin II]] in 642 CE and the commencement of Pallava occupation of Vatapi lasted until 654.

== Causes ==
{{See also|Battle of Pullalur}}
In about 630, Pulakeshin II invaded the Pallava kingdom defeating the king [[Mahendravarman I]] and proceeded as far south as the [[Cauvery River]] on the northern frontier of the [[Chola Nadu|Chola country]].<ref name="dikshitp94">[[#Dikshit|Dikshit]], p 94</ref> The Pallavas long wished to avenge the humiliation suffered at the hands of Pulakeshin II and over the next few years, strengthened their forces in preparation for a counter-attack.<ref name="dikshitp94" />

In 630, Mahendravarman I was succeeded by his son [[Narasimhavarman I]] under whom the Pallava kingdom emerged as a powerful state. This prompted Pulakeshin II to lead a second expedition into the Pallava country.<ref name="dikshitp96">[[#Dikshit|Dikshit]], p 96</ref> According to [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], Pulakeshin II first defeated the [[Bana kingdom|Banas]], who were feudatories of the Pallavas, before advancing into the Pallava country.<ref name="dikshitp96" /> Narasimhavarman I met the Chalukyas and defeated them in three separate encounters in Pariyala, Suramana and Manimangala, all close to the Pallava capital Kanchi, forcing them to retreat.<ref name="dikshitp96" /><ref name="herasp35">[[#Heras|Heras]], p 35</ref> The Pallavas, then, took the offensive and pursued the fleeing Chalukya forces deep into their territory.<ref name="dikshitp96" /><ref name="herasp35" /><ref name="dikshit">[[#Dikshit|Dikshit]], p 98-99</ref>

== Events ==

In 642, a formidable Pallava force under [[Paranjothi]] was sent by [[Narasimhavarman I]] to capture Vatapi, the capital of the Chalukyas.<ref name="dikshit" /><ref name="herasp38">[[#Heras|Heras]], p 38</ref> Pulakeshin II met the Pallavas on the outskirts of his capital and is presumed to have lost his life in the ensuing battle.<ref name="dikshit" /> The Pallavas achieved a decisive victory over Pulakeshin II. The victorious Pallavas then took the capital and ruled it for 12 years (642-654).<ref name="dikshit" />

The Kuram plates of [[Paramesvaravarman I]] describe the battle thus

{{quote|Narasimhavarman... who wrote the syllables of (the word) ''vijaya'', as on a plate, on Pulikesin's back, which was caused to be visible in the battles of Pariyala, Manmangala, Suramara, etc., and who destroyed Vatapi, just as the pitcher born (Agastya) (destroyed the demon) Vatapi<ref name="herasp34">[[#Heras|Heras]], p 34</ref>}}

The Udayachandramangalam plates state

{{quote|Narasimhavarman, the equal of Agastya, the crushed of Vatapi, who frequently conquered Vallabharaja at Periyar-Bhumanimangala, Shuramara and other places<ref name="herasp35" />}}

According to the [[Velurpalaiyam plates]]

{{quote|Narasimhavarman I famous like Upendra (Vishnu) who defeating the host of his enemies took from them the pillar of victory standing in the centre of Vatapi<ref name="herasp35" />}}

== Aftermath ==

Narasimhavarman I constructed a Mallikarjuna Temple at Vatapi to commemorate his victory.<ref name="dikshit" /> He also adopted the title "Vatapi-kondan" or "taker of Vatapi".<ref name="dikshit" /><ref name="herasp39">[[#Heras|Heras]], p 39</ref> He carved an inscription recording his victory on the walls of the Teggina-Irappa temple in Vatapi.<ref name="herasp38">[[#Heras|Heras]], p 38</ref> [[Paranjothi]] brought numerous items of war booty to the Pallava kingdom from Vatapai, including a famous icon of the god [[Ganesha]] (Ganapati) - known as [[Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple|Vatapi Ganapati]], which he enshrined in his home-town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vatapi Ganapati |url=http://templenet.com/Tamilnadu/vatapi.html |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=templenet.com}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The Battle of Vatapi is the final climactic battle in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[historical fiction]] novel ''[[Sivagamiyin Sapatham]]'' by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], where the Chalukyan King [[Pulakeshin II]] is defeated and killed by the Pallava Army general Pranjothi as a revenge for the defeat of [[Mahendravarman I]] in the [[Battle of Pullalur]] and also to avenge Sivagami's vow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciYaAQAAIAAJ&q=sivagamiyin+sabatham |title=Sivakamiyin Sabadam |date=2008 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-2580-0 |language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Pallava–Chalukya Conflict]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book|title=Political History of the Chalukyas of Badami|first=D. P.|last=Dikshit|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1980|ref=Dikshit}}
* {{cite book|title=Studies in Pallava History|first=H.|last=Heras|publisher=B. G. Paul and Co|place=Madras|year=1933|ref=Heras}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:7th century in India]]
[[Category:642]]
[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Pallava dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Chalukya dynasty]]

Parkwood School International

2026-02-22T19:58:52Z

MichaleFlint91: Created The Details Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Parkwood School International
| image = Parkwood logo.jpg
| image_size = 220 px
| alt = Name of school and associated Logo
| caption =
| motto = ''Seize the Day!''
| established = 2003
| type = [[International school|International Boarding School]]
| director =
| principal = Ayesha Tanveer
| faculty =
| staff =
| enrollment =
| city = [[Hyderabad, Telangana]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|16|48.85|N|77|58|46.66|E|display=inline,title|type:edu}}
| campus = Rural
| colors = Hope {{color box|blue}} Patience {{color box|red}}
Trust {{color box|yellow}} Unity {{color box|green}}
| athletics = [[Basketball]], [[football (soccer)|football]], [[tennis]], [[cricket]], [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[throwball]], [[jogging]], [[table tennis]], [[Kabaddi]]
| affiliations = [[University of Cambridge International Examinations|CIE]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.parkwoodschool.com/}}
}}

'''Parkwood School International''' (PSI) was a co-educational residential school, about 65 km away from [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], India. Parkwood provided education for children from grade 3 to 12. The school once offered [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[University of Cambridge]] [[IGCSE]] and [[A-Levels]].

== Location ==
The school was located on a {{convert|32|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus about {{cvt|60|km}} west of [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] on the [[Vikarabad]] Road (near Manneguda).

== Curriculum ==
Parkwood was previously affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], prior to the license being suspended by that board. The school offered courses from the national [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and the international [[IGCSE]] and [[A-Levels]].

== Controversy ==
The school was in the news when its director was arrested by police and found guilty of raping a student. In Nov/Dec 2011, charge sheets were filed after a delay of 18 months.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hyderabaddailynews.com/2011/12/23/charge-sheet-on-ayub-of-parkwood-school-international-in-rape-case-filed-after-18-months-hyderabad-daily-news-com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044433/http://www.hyderabaddailynews.com/2011/12/23/charge-sheet-on-ayub-of-parkwood-school-international-in-rape-case-filed-after-18-months-hyderabad-daily-news-com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The school has been stripped of its recognition by CBSE because of the gross violations of the norms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/cbse-scraps-affiliation-parkwood-school-634 |title=CBSE scraps affiliation of Parkwood School |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318115412/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/cbse-scraps-affiliation-parkwood-school-634 |archive-date=2011-03-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{portal|Schools}}
* {{Official website|http://www.parkwoodschool.com/}}

{{International schools in India}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:International schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Gadhinglaj

2026-02-17T13:10:39Z

MichaleFlint91: cleanup

{{Short description|City in Maharashtra, India}}
{{About|the City|its eponymous Taluka|Gadhinglaj Taluka}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gadhinglaj
| nicknames = Hinglaj, Smart City Gadhinglaj
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.23|N|74.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Gadhinglaj.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Gadhinglaj]</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1500
| founder =
| named_for = Fort
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Gadhinglaj Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 623
| population_total =50,000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Gadhinglajkar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 416502
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02327
| registration_plate = MH-09
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| translit_lang1 =
}}

'''Gadhinglaj''' ([[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ɡəɖᵊɦiŋɡləd͡z]]]) is a city in India in the [[Kolhapur district]] in the southwest corner of the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located on the banks of the river [[Hiranyakeshi river|Hiranyakeshi]]. It is the [[Taluka]] (Tehsil) headquarters of [[Gadhinglaj Taluka]] and a subdivision headquarters of the Gadhinglaj Subdivision of the Kolhapur District. It is governed by a [[municipal council]]. The rapidly growing city is the third largest in the Kolhapur District, with [[population]] of more than 50,000. Places to visit include [[Samangad|Samagad fort]], temples and beautiful weather.

==Geography==
Gadhinglaj is situated on the banks of the Hiranyakeshi river, which originates in the [[Amboli, Sindhudurg|Amboli Ghats]] mountains. It is located at the border between Maharashtra and [[Karnataka]]. [[State Highway 134 (Maharashtra)|Maharashtra State Highway 134]] passes through the city. Gadinglaj is the headquarters of South Kolhapur and a sub-district of the Kolhapur District. It is the largest city in South Kolhapur and has enough area and population to be deemed a district. The city is at an average elevation of {{convert|623|m|ft}}.

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Gadhinglaj
|North = [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]]
|Northeast = [[Nipani]]
|East = [[Sankeshwar]]
|Southeast = [[Mugruwadi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Belgaum]], [[Hubli]]
|South = [[Goa]], [[Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj]], [[Bhadgaon]] [[Nesari]], [[Chandgad]]
|Southwest = [[Goa]], [[Karwar]]
|West = [[Kadgaon]], [[Sawantwadi]]
|Northwest = [[Ratnagiri]]
}}

==History==
Although the exact date of Gadhinglaj's founding is unknown, ancient texts date the city back to at least 1500 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. Gadhinglaj was originally a small village near the banks of the Hiranyakeshi River. It was not until 1887, when the Gadhinglaj Municipal Council was formed, that it grew into a town. At that time the official name of the city was Hinglaj. During the 1960s and 1970s, the town expanded into a city and its [[Municipal governance in India|local government]] grew correspondingly from a C-class municipal council to B-class municipal council. During the 1970s, Appasaheb Nalawade founded the Gadhinglaj Sugar Factory, which contributed to the city's industrial and [[Agriculture|agricultural]] growth. Since 2000, the city has seen a population and economic boom, with its population nearly tripling. It has become one of fastest growing cities in Maharashtra and India. During this time Gadhinglaj also saw a boom in its trade, business, financial, and [[real estate]] sectors.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2001 Census of India|2001 Indian census]], Gadhinglaj had a population of 27,185.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> However, the city and its surrounding areas has since increased to 80,000. Males constitute 51 percent of the population.

Gadhinglaj has an average [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of 80.91 percent, which is higher than the national average of 74.9 percent, with male literacy at 87.51 percent and female literacy at 74.5 percent. The dominant and most widely spoken language is [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. However, [[Kannada language|Kannada]] is also spoken due to the city's proximity to Karnataka.

==Religion==
The population of Gadhinglaj is mainly [[Hindus|Hindu]], with [[Islam]] as the largest minority religion. There are also [[Buddhism|Buddhists]]{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}, [[Christians]] (Bardeskars), [[Sikhs]]{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}, and others living in the city.

==Culture==
The main festivals of Gadhinglaj include the Hindu festivals of [[Diwali]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Navaratri]] and [[Holi]] (Festival of Colours).

==Civic Administration==
The civic administration of the city is managed by the Gadhinglaj [[nagar palika]]. It is among the wealthiest municipal councils of its classification in the country. It was founded on 1 August 1887, and oversees [[construction]], [[Health care|health]], [[sanitation]], [[water supply]], administration, and [[tax]]ation in the city. Gadhinglaj is divided into 15 wards: Uparate Galli, Belgudri Colony, Bazaar Peth, Gune Path, Gandhinagar, Ayodhya Nagar, Magdum Colony, Manglewadi, Gaurav Nagar, Kaju Baug, Sadhana Nagar, Yamunanagar, KDCC Bank Colony, Gurukul Nagar, Gijawanenagar, Bhadagaonnagar, and Hiranyakeshinagar.

Gadhinglaj operates its own [[fire department]], the Gadhinglaj Municipal Fire Brigade, which operates a fire engine, tanker truck, [[ambulance]], support vehicle, and hydraulic platform truck. Gadhinglaj Municipality (GMC) is headed by a municipal president who is assisted by a municipal chief officer and council members.<ref>[http://gadhinglajpalika.org/comessage.html Gadhinglaj Municipal Council.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602084410/http://gadhinglajpalika.org/comessage.html |date=2009-06-02 }}</ref> The city's electrical supply is managed by the [[Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited]] (MAHADISCOM). It maintains paved roads and civil facilities through tax revenues collected from various economic sectors.

In 2008, Gadhinglaj was one of the first talukas in India to initiate [[energy conservation]] programmes through utilizing [[solar energy]] for its [[street light]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahaurja.com/PDF/List_WSH_MAH.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-08-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014125422/http://www.mahaurja.com/PDF/List_WSH_MAH.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-14 }}</ref>

==Economy==
Gadhinglaj's major businesses are trade, [[sugar]] production, and [[red chili]] production. Thanks to its proximity to [[Goa]] and [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], it serves as a market hub. [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] is developing heavy and light industry in the area. The [[trade]] sector of the city's economy is booming and eclipsed [[sugarcane]] and [[jaggery]] production as the city's biggest economic segment in 2000. [[Real estate]] is another prosperous sector in Gadhinglaj due to the city's booming trading and industrial sectors, ideal location and climate, developed infrastructure, and abundant [[Electricity sector in India|electricity]] and water supply. These qualities have led to heavy investment in the city's real estate by outsiders, mainly from [[Kolhapur]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Nagpur]].

Gadhinglaj's agricultural sector is known for sugarcane, red chili, jaggery, [[Grain|food grains]], and [[vegetable]]s. Some parts of [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]] district and Goa state heavily rely on Gadhinglaj for food grains and vegetables. Gadhinglaj has also been a major hub for [[cattle]] trading for many years. There are [[sugar mills]] situated {{convert|6|km|mi}} from the city. [[Textile]]s are also a major business in Gadhinglaj due to its proximity to textile-producing regions. The city is also known for its production of [[kolhapuri chappal]] (hand-crafted [[leather]] slippers).

Many [[bank]]s have a strong presence in Gadhinglaj city and the Gadhinglaj Taluka due to its large-scale trading sector and its textile and agricultural industries. Gadhinglaj features major banks including [[ICICI Bank]], Bank of Maharashtra, [[State Bank of India]], [[Union Bank of India]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Bank of India]], [[Federal Bank]], [[Axis Bank]], [[HDFC Bank|HDFC bank]], [[Indian Overseas Bank]], [[IDBI Bank|IDBI bank]], and various local banks.

==MIDC==
The [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] Industrial Area is situated {{convert|75|km|mi}} south of Kolhapur and [[Kolhapur Airport]], near Gadhinglaj. This industrial area is well connected by road, rail, and air transport to almost all Indian cities. The nearest railway station is {{convert|45|km|mi}} away, in [[Belgaum]]. The area is located on the Sankeshwar-Ajara-Sawantwadi state highway and is {{convert|15|km|mi}} from [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 4]]. The Karnataka state boundary is just {{convert|10|km|mi}} from this area. The [[port]] and airport at [[Panaji|Panjim]] (Goa) are {{convert|150|km|mi}} away.

The area has a separate sub-station and an uninterrupted power supply. MIDC has plans for a water supply scheme that would source 3.00 MLD of water from the Gijawane K.T., the main source of which is the [[Chitri Dam|Chitri dam]] on the [[Hiranyakeshi river|Hiranyakeshi River]].<ref>[http://www.midcindia.org/Pages/IndustrialPage.aspx Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902172536/http://www.midcindia.org/Pages/IndustrialPage.aspx |date=2010-09-02 }}</ref> The Grinex company pledged an investment of Rs 320 [[crore]]s ([[United States dollar|US$]]60 million) in a production plant for the manufacturing of fibre pipes for the water supply. Many other small-scale and mid-scale industries have started or pledged to start production in the Gadhinglaj MIDC (GMIDC).

==Gandhinagar==
Gandhinagar is a planned, upper-class closed development of Gadhinglaj. When it was built in 1980, it became the first [[planned community]] in Gadhinglaj. It mainly consists of [[bungalow]]s and high-rise housing societies. It includes high-class schools and hotels, as well as many other [[amenity|amenities]] such as a park, gym, community hospital, [[swimming pool]], and [[Community centre|community hall]]. It is governed by the Gandinagar Housing Society Corporation (GHSC).

==Expansion of Gadhinglaj City Municipal Limit==
In 2010, it was rumoured that the nagar palika of Gadhinglaj City was in process of expanding municipal limits by {{convert|10|km|mi}} towards [[Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj|Mahagaon]].{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} This would result in a very large increase in both area and population, with population increasing to 150,000. It would transform the Gadhinglaj Nagar Parished into a 'Class A' Nagar Palika, which would enable it to operate its own municipal [[public transport]]ation system, among other services. This would improve Gadhinglaj's status as an economic hub in Kolhapur and South Maharashtra.

In 2019, the area limits of Gadhinglaj city were expanded. The surrounding area of Badyachiwadi gram panchayat is now included in the limits of Gadhinglaj city.

==Education==
The literacy rate in Gadhinglaj city is 89.36%, which is higher than the state average of 82.34%. In Gadhinglaj, the male literacy is around 93.74% while female literacy rate is 85.03%. Gadhinglaj includes some of the most reputable educational institutions in India,{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} and it serves as an educational hub in Maharashtra and India as a whole. Some of Gadhinglaj's educational institutions include:
* Sarvodaya Vivek Jeevan Vidya Public School
* Omkar Education Society's Arts, Commerce and Science College, Gadhinglaj
* D. K. Shinde College of Education (B.Ed.) Gadhinglaj
* Late Kedari Redekar Public School
* Chhatrapati Shivaji Vidyalaya
* Creative Pre-Primary School
* Creative Primary School
* Creative High School
* Creative Jr. College Of Science
* Barrister Nath Pai Vidyalaya
* V.D. Shinde High School
* Gadhinglaj High school and Jr College
* Sadhana High School and College
* Lotus English School Gadhinglaj
* Jagruti High School and Jr. College
* Sadhana Vidyalaya,
* Dr. Ghali College
* M.R. High School and Jr College
* Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Polytechnic College
* Sant Gajanan Maharaj College Of Engineering
* Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Pharmacy and Medical
* Kedari Redekar Ayurvedic College
* E.B. Gadkari Homeopathy College
* Dr. A. D. Shinde Institute of Technology
* Neora High School
* Kalu Mastar Vidyalaya
*Sai international School
*New horizon School

==Tourist attractions in Gadhinglaj==

* [[Amboli, Sindhudurg]]
* Sawant Fort, Smart city Gadhinglaj
* Shree Somlingeshwar Temple, Madhyal (6 km)
* Jotiba Temple, [[Kadgaon]] (4 km away)
* Kalbhairav Temple
* Mahalaxmi Temple
* St. Anthony Church, Church Road Gadhinglaj
* Shri. Chaloba Temple Kadal (12 km Away)
* Ramling Temple, Virbhadra Temple, Laxmi Temple, Hanumaan Temple, and others around the town of [[Halkarni]]
* The [[Samangad]] Fort, which belongs to the seventh Rasrakuta king Dantidurga or Dantivarma II, bears date sak 675 (A.D. 733-54)<ref>[http://kolhapur.nic.in/kolhapurgazetteer/his_early.html Kolhapur district gazettee]</ref>
* River Hiranyakeshi
* Pargad (The hill Fort) around 75 km
* Kasturba garden
* Tilak garden
*Rajarshi Shahu garden[[File:Shendri Lake.jpg|thumb|434x434px|Shendri Lake]]Shendri lake
* Nakshatra Garden
* Chitri Dam (near Ajra)
* Laxmi Temple, Basarge
* Kalavati Devi temple (Hari mandir), Chidambarnagar
* Guddai Temple, Bhadgaon
* Pant Maharaj Mandir, Mugali
* Sai Temple, Lokamany tilak Udyan
* Shri Kalleshwar Devasthan, Bhadgaon
* Shri Guddadevi Mandir, Bhadgaon
* Shri Kedarling Mandir, Gijawane
* Shri Mahlaxi Mandir, Atyal
* Mangai dam, Atyal
* Shrimant Shri L. V. Desai (Bhadgaonkar Inamdarso) (Historical Place) Wada in Bhadgaon.
* Kadal Lake
* Shri Mangaidevi Temple Hiralage
* Shri Jotibha Temple Hiralage{{Clarify|can this also be spelled Jotbha|date=April 2018}}
* Shri Amruteshwer Temple Ningudage (11 km)
* Ganesh Temple, Inchnal
* Shri Ramlingeshwar Temple, Hebbal Kanool (7 km)

[[File:Sant Shri Balumama Temple, Gadhinglaj.jpg|thumb|Shri Sant Balumama Temple.]]

* Shri Sant Balumama Temple, Gadhinglaj

[[File:Guddai Temple, Bhadgaon, Tal-Gadhinglaj.jpg|thumb|Guddai Temple, Bhadgaon, Tal-Gadhinglaj]]

==Sports==
Gadhinglaj City has many sports facilities. These include a [[association football|football]] stadium, numerous [[cricket]] grounds, and two sports complexes (one managed by the Municipal Council and the other by the Gadhinagar Housing Society Corporation). Both sports complexes include facilities for football, cricket, [[badminton]], [[tennis]], [[basketball]], [[Track and field|track]], and [[swimming]]. The GHSC-run complex also includes an Olympic-sized swimming pool.

Football is the most popular sport in Gadhinglaj. It has been played in the city since 1920. At the high school/college level Maharani Radhabhai High School (M.R.) is the strongest team in Kolhapur district.

Ajit Krida Mandal started the tradition of the Interstate football tournament in Gadhinglaj on Diwali vacation. He organized this tournament for 20 years. After 1984, the Gadhinglaj Soccer Association and the Gadhinglaj Taluka Football Association maintained this Interstate tournament tradition. In 2004, the Gadhinglaj United Football Association took charge of organizing this tournament tradition.

Gadhinglaj United upgrade the standard of tournament to all India level. Teams participating in the tournament include [[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBI Kerala]], [[Goa football team|Goa Sporting Club]], [[Pune F.C.|Pune Football Club]], [[Bangalore]]'s [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aeronautics]] & Bharat Earth Moving Limited (BEML) teams, the [[Karnataka Police]] team, and Mumbai's [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|Oil Natural Gas Corporation]] team, which have participated in the tournament for the last 11 years.

==Transportation==
Gadhinglaj is connected to the rest of Maharashtra and India by the state highway system. It is situated on [[State Highway 134 (Maharashtra)|Maharashtra State Highway 134]] and is about {{convert|15|km|mi}} from [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 4]] (NH 4). MSRTC has regular bus service from Kolhapur city.

'''Distances to nearest major airports'''
* [[Dabolim Airport]] (Goa International Airport) : {{convert|160|km|mi}}
* [[Belgaum Airport]] : {{convert|54|km|mi}}
* [[Kolhapur Airport]] : {{convert|78|km|mi}}

The nearest [[Indian Railways|railway]] stations are located in [[Belgaum]] to the south, [[Ghataprabha]] to the east, [[Kolhapur]] to the north, and [[Savantwadi]] to the west.

==See also==
*[[Kaulage]]
* [[Narewadi]]
* [[Kadgaon]]
* [[Nesari]]
* [[Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj]]
* [[Harali]]
* [[Mugruwadi]]
* [[Halkarni]]
* [[Terani]]
* [[Gadhinglaj Taluka]]
*[[Bhadgoan]]
*[[Waghrali]]
*[[Ainapur, Kolhapur|Ainapur]]
*[[Hiralage]]
*[[Harali Kh]]
*[[Harali Bk]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhapur district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolhapur district]]

Pharma (TV series)

2026-02-11T05:59:49Z

MichaleFlint91: Created Some Pg Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| writer = P. R. Arun
| director = P. R. Arun
| starring = [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Rajit Kapoor]] [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] [[Shruti Ramachandran]] [[Veena Nandakumar]]
| music = Abjaksh. S {{small|(Original Background Score& Music Composer)}} [[Jakes Bejoy]] {{small|(credited for "Music Supervisor")}}
| editor = Sreejith Sarang
| cinematography = [[Abhinandan Ramanujam]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| company = Movie Mill
| producer = Krishnan Sethukumar
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|11|27|df=yes}} (IFFI) {{Start date|2025|12|19|df=yes}} (JioHotstar)
}}

'''''Pharma''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] streaming television series directed by P. R. Arun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Exclusive-Breaking News: Nivin Pauly To Debut In Web Series, Pharma|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-breaking-news-nivin-pauly-to-debut-in-web-series-pharma/articleshow/104516924.cms|website=The Times Of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Nivin Pauly To Make His OTT Debut With This Disney+Hotstar Web Series|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nivin-pauly-to-make-his-ott-debut-with-this-disneyhotstar-web-series-8626916.html|website=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Rajit Kapur]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Nivin Pauly to make his web series debut with Disney+ Hotstar's Pharma|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Oct/18/nivin-pauly-to-make-his-web-series-debut-with-disney-hotstars-pharma-48726.html|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> The series is produced by Krishnan Sethukumar under the banner Movie Mill.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Malayalam star Nivin Pauly gears up for OTT debut with web series 'Pharma'|url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/malayalam-star-nivin-pauly-gears-up-for-ott-debut-with-web-series-pharma/articleshow/104530510.cms|website=Economic Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=New on Disney+ Hotstar in June: 'The Bear' Season 3, 'Gunaah', 'The Acolyte', and more|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/new-on-disney-hotstar-in-june-the-bear-season-3-gunaah-the-acolyte-and-more/article68235778.ece|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> The series is based on true incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Nivin Pauly to make web series debut in Disney+ Hotstar's 'Pharma'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivin-pauly-to-make-web-series-debut-in-disney-hotstars-pharma/article67433251.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The series premiered in [[55th International Film Festival of India]] on 27 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Nivin Pauly's web series 'Pharma' to premiere at IFFI|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/nivin-paulys-web-series-pharma-to-premiere-at-iffi/|work=The South First}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Makers of Nivin Pauly's web series debut Pharma release new posters|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/26/makers-of-nivin-paulys-web-series-debut-pharma-release-new-posters|work=Cinema Express}}</ref> The series released on 19 December 2025 in [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Disney+ Hotstar's Pharma to mark Nivin Pauly's web series debut, set to team up with PR Arun and Rajit Kapur|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hotstars-pharma-to-mark-nivin-paulys-web-series-debut-set-to-team-up-with-pr-arun-and-rajit-kapur/ea3b8c2bef819|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-05 |title=Malayalam web series ‘Pharma’ starring Nivin Pauly to start streaming on this date: Know when and where to watch|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-web-series-pharma-starring-nivin-pauly-to-start-streaming-on-this-date-know-when-and-where-to-watch-jpjdlgb8|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The story centers on K.P. Vinod, a young, middle-class medical representative who enters the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry to secure a stable future. At first, he works hard to meet sales targets and climb the corporate ladder by promoting a new drug — but things take a dark turn when he discovers the medication’s dangerous side effects on patients.

As Vinod learns more, he becomes increasingly conflicted between corporate ambitions and his moral conscience. Realizing that the drug he’s been selling is harming people, he decides to take a stand against unethical practices in the pharmaceutical industry — fighting against powerful companies, systemic corruption, and the very structure that rewarded his earlier success.

The series explores ethical dilemmas, corporate greed, the impact of harmful drugs on society, and one man’s struggle to do what’s right despite overwhelming odds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Pharma plot revealed: Nivin Pauly's web series to be screened at 55th IFFI; major updates out|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pharma-plot-revealed-nivin-paulys-web-series-to-be-screened-at-55th-iffi/932b200e4e245|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Nivin Pauly]] as K.P. Vinod, former [[Pharmaceutical marketing|medical representative]] at "RX Life Healthcare" and later [[CEO]] of "Zaathi"<ref name=lead>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/10/19/nivin-pauly-to-debut-in-web-series-pharma-by-pr-arun.html|title=ഫാർമ; നിവിൻ പോളി നായകനായെത്തുന്ന വെബ് സീരിസ് വരുന്നു|work=Manorama Online|date=18 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[Rajit Kapur]]<ref name=lead></ref> as Dr. Rajeev Rao, one of the founders of "Zaathi"
*[[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Dr. Vijay, Dr. Janaki's husband<ref name= cast>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Narain, Shruti Ramachandran and Veena Nandakumar join Nivin Pauly in Pharma|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Oct/19/narain-shruti-ramachandran-and-veena-nandakumar-join-veena-nandakumar-in-pharma-48771.html|work=Cinema Express}}</ref>
*[[Shruti Ramachandran]]<ref name= cast></ref> as Dr Janaki, Dr. Vijay's wife
*[[Veena Nandakumar]]<ref name= cast></ref> as Nanda, Vinod's ex-girlfriend
*[[Muthumani]]<ref name=lead></ref> as Jasmine, Vinod's senior at RX Life Healthcare
*[[Binu Pappu]]<ref name=cast></ref> as Alex, Vinod's former mentor at RX Life Healthcare
*Nikhil Ramachandran<ref name=cast></ref>
* Saafboi (Safwan) as Mashood, [[Pharmaceutical marketing|medical representative]] at "RX Life Healthcare" and junior to Vinod
* [[Sruthy Jayan]] as Nirmala, Vinod's wife
* Aalekh Kapoor as Aravind Subramaniam, [[CEO]] of RX Life Healthcare
* Aswathy Manoharan as Savithri, a [[nurse]]
* Siddharth as Kaachi
* Sandhya Manoj as Judge
* Rajendran NV as Dr Joseph Palathara

==Production==
The production of the series started from 18 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/10/18/nivin-pauly-mollywood-filmmaker-p-r-arun-rajit-kumar-bollywood-web-series.html|title=Nivin Pauly to make his web series debut with 'Pharma' opposite Rajit Kapur|work=Onmanorama|date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/nivin-pauly-set-for-ott-debut-with-disney-hotstar-series-pharma-8988806/|title=Nivin Pauly set for OTT debut with Disney+ Hotstar series Pharma|work=The Indian Express|date=18 October 2023}}</ref> It wrapped up on 8 April 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-starrer-pharma-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/109131780.cms|title=Nivin Pauly Starrer 'Pharma' Wraps Up Shoot|work=The Times Of India|date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Pharma'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics. ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' noted the series as "Nivin Pauly returns to form in his first web series".<ref>{{cite web |title=Pharma review: Nivin Pauly returns to form in his first web series |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/12/18/pharma-review-nivin-pauly-returns-to-form-in-his-first-web-series.html |website=The Week |date=18 December 2025}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' termed the series a "delightful thriller".<ref>{{cite web |title=Pharma review: Nivin Pauly’s OTT debut is a delightful thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/nivin-pauly-pharma-ott-thriller-pharma-series-review-2838522-2025-12-19 |website=India Today |date=19 December 2025}}</ref> ''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote that the series makes viewers "Nivin Pauly-PR Arun’s series will make you ponder before you pop a pill next time".<ref>{{cite web |title=Pharma review: This series will make you ponder before you pop a pill next time |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pharma-review-nivin-pauly-pr-aruns-series-will-make-you-ponder-before-you-pop-a-pill-next-time/51da6ba204543 |website=OTTplay}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "Nivin Pauly’s medical drama thrills with its novelty and gripping story"<ref>{{cite web |title=Pharma review: Nivin Pauly’s medical drama thrills with its novelty and gripping story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/pharma-review-nivin-paulys-medical-drama-thrills-with-its-novelty-and-gripping-story/articleshow/126064263.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote that "Earnest Nivin Pauly in a Medico-Thriller that requires patience".<ref>{{cite web |title='Pharma' Series Review: Earnest Nivin Pauly In A Medico-Thriller That Requires Patience|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/pharma-series-review-earnest-nivin-pauly-in-a-medico-thriller-that-requires-patience |website=Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{IMDb title|29540636}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]

Kshirode Prasad Vidyavinode

2026-02-07T23:44:23Z

MichaleFlint91: stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kshirode Prasad Vidyavinode
|native_name = ক্ষীরোদপ্রসাদ বিদ্যাবিনোদ
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1863
| birth_place = [[Khardah]], [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1927
| death_place = [[Khardah]], [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Dramatist, novelist, poet
}}

'''Kshirode Prasad Vidyavinode''' ({{langx|bn|ক্ষীরোদপ্রসাদ বিদ্যাবিনোদ}} ''Kṣīrōda prasāda bidyābhinōḍa'') (12 April 1863 – 4 July 1927), born ''Kshirode Chandra Bhattacharya'' was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] Indian poet, novelist, dramatist and nationalist.<ref name=Playwrights_bust>{{cite web
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120415/jsp/calcutta/story_15374533.jsp#.UTd2DV1TCSo
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120419140108/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120415/jsp/calcutta/story_15374533.jsp#.UTd2DV1TCSo
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 19 April 2012
| title = Playwright's bust
| access-date = 2013-03-06 | last = | first = | work = The Telegraph, Calcutta | publisher = The Telegraph, 15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ক্ষীরোদপ্রসাদ বিদ্যাবিনোদ |url=https://sobbanglay.com/sob/kshirode-prasad-vidyavinode/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=সববাংলায় |language=bn-BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kshirod Prasad Vidyavinod - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kshirod_Prasad_Vidyavinod |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=নাট্যকার ক্ষীরোদপ্রসাদ (ভট্টাচার্য) বিদ্যাবিনোদ |url=https://www.banglasahitto.in/2022/02/nattokar-kshirode-prasad-vidyavinode.html |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=amaderbharat.com |date=2020-12-28 |title=বাঙালির দশে কার্যহানি! খড়দহে নাট্যচর্চার প্রেরণা ক্ষীরোদপ্রসাদ বিদ্যাবিনোদ |url=https://www.amaderbharat.com/kshirodprasad-vidyabinod-is-the-inspiration-for-drama-in-kharadha/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=AmaderBharat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born as Kshirode Chandra Bhattacharya in [[Khardaha|Khardah]] on 12 April 1863, to a [[Bengali Brahmins|Brahmin]] family. He had joined Khardah Banga Vidyalaya and passed his upper primary examination in 1874. Later he joined the [[Barrackpore Government High School|Barrackpore Government School]], after changing his middle name and became known as ''Kshirode Prasad Bhattacharya''. He passed his entrance examination under the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1881, and joined [[Vidyasagar College]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/focus-on-vidyasagar-college-in-kolkata-after-clashes-between-tmc-bjp-activists-5728605/lite/|title = Focus on Vidyasagar College in Kolkata after clashes between TMC, BJP activists|date = 15 May 2019}}</ref> and afterwards the General Assembly's Institution, (now known as the [[Scottish Church College]]). After earning his postgraduate degree from the [[University of Calcutta]], he joined the [[Chandernagore Government College|Chandernagore Dupleix College]] as its chemistry teacher, and subsequently taught at his alma mater, the General Assembly's Institution.<ref name=Playwrights_bust/><ref>''Some Alumni of Scottish Church College'' in ''175th Year Commemoration Volume''. Scottish Church College, April 2008. page 589</ref>

==Later life==
After adopting a different surname ''Vidyavinode'', he embarked on a long and distinguished literary career, and wrote stories, dramas, novels and poems. The thespian on the Bengali stage, [[Sisir Bhaduri]] began his professional career with Kshirode Prasad’s play ''Alamgir''. Some of his notable plays were ''[[Ali Baba]]'', ''Banger Pratap Aditya'' ([[Pratapaditya]] of Bengal), ''Palashir Prayashchitta'' (The Remorse of [[Battle of Plassey|Plassey]]), ''Nabanarayan'' and ''Dada Didi'' (Brother and Sister). He also edited the journal ''Aloukik Rahasya'' (Tales of the Supernatural).<ref name=Playwrights_bust/>

The British colonial regime banned ''Palashir Prayashchitta'' and ''Dada Didi'' because of their anti-colonial stances. He had joined the movement protesting the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in 1905.

He lived in [[Bagbazar]], north Calcutta, and died on 4 July 1927 in [[Bankura]].<ref name=Playwrights_bust/>

==Commemoration==
The road ''Kshirode Vidyavinode Avenue'' in Bagbazar commemorates his name. Also his bust was installed on the premises of Sri Guru library on the initiative of this library in Khardah, the Khardah municipality and Sutanuti Boimela Committee on 12 April 2012.<ref name=Playwrights_bust/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6 Kshirode Prasad Vidyavinode at Bengali wikisource]
{{Bengali Theatre}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidyavinode, Kshirode Prasad}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Scottish Church College]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]

Farah Ki Dawat

2026-02-05T04:22:47Z

MichaleFlint91: minor refined layout for consistency also and fixed typos after review

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| alt_name = Farah Ki Daawat
| genre = [[Cookery]]
| creator = Wizcraft International Entertainment
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Farah Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/farah-khan-gears-up-for-daawat_1545241.html|title=Farah Khan gears up for 'daawat'!|work=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/Farah-Khans-new-cookery-show-Farah-Ki-Daawat/photostory/46242318.cms|title=Farah Khan's new cookery show - Farah Ki Daawat|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| starring =
| judges =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 01
| num_episodes = 15<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colors.in.com/in/videos/farah-ki-dawat/farah-ki-dawat-full-episode-15-june-7th-2015-10113768.html |title=Farah Ki Dawat episodes |publisher=Farah Ki Dawat |date=14 November 2014 |accessdate=15 November 2014 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| executive_producer =
| producer = Wizcraft International Entertainment
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 55 minutes approx
| company =
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|2|22}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|6|7}}
}}

'''''Farah Ki Dawat''''' ({{Translation|''Farah's Feast''}}) also known as '''''Farah Ki Daawat''''' is an Indian television cookery show,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-abhishek-bachchan-on-farah-khan-s-cookery-show-2060466|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Abhishek Bachchan on Farah Khan's cookery show!|work=dna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/alia-bhatt-gautam-gulati-appears-in-farah-ki-daawat-1423917529|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214181521/http://post.jagran.com/alia-bhatt-gautam-gulati-appears-in-farah-ki-daawat-1423917529|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2015|title=Alia Bhatt, Gautam Gulati appears in 'Farah Ki Daawat'|date=14 February 2015|work=jagran.com}}</ref> which premiered on 22 February 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/farah-ki-daawat-after-bigg-boss-8-gautam-gulati-appear-farah-khans-new-show-along-alia-623477|title='Farah Ki Daawat': After 'Bigg Boss 8', Gautam Gulati to Appear in Farah Khan's New Show along with Alia Bhatt [PHOTO]|date=14 February 2015|work=International Business Times}}</ref> which airs on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/4713518/Abhishek-Bachchan-is-the-first-guest-on-Farah-Ki-Daawat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213150353/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/4713518/Abhishek-Bachchan-is-the-first-guest-on-Farah-Ki-Daawat|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2015|title=Abhishek Bachchan is the first guest on Farah Ki Daawat|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-abhishek-in-farah-khan-cookery-show-20621.html|title=Farah Ki Daawat will have Shah Rukh and Abhishek as its guests- IndiaTV News|work=India TV News|date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pardaphash.com/news/gautam-gulati-alia-bhatt-come-together-for-farah-ki-daawat/766018.html |title=Gautam Gulati, Alia Bhatt come together for 'Farah Ki Daawat' |work=pardaphash.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214181044/http://www.pardaphash.com/news/gautam-gulati-alia-bhatt-come-together-for-farah-ki-daawat/766018.html |archivedate=14 February 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> The show is hosted by filmmaker [[Farah Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/farah-khan-cooks-up-a-treat-with-abhishek-bachchan-for-new-tv-show-farah-ki-daawat/528084-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215054527/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/farah-khan-cooks-up-a-treat-with-abhishek-bachchan-for-new-tv-show-farah-ki-daawat/528084-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-02-15|title=Farah Khan cooks up a treat with Abhishek Bachchan for new TV show 'Farah Ki Daawat'|work=IBNLive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/farah-khan-revelation-about-farah-ki-daawat-exclusive-interview-20725.html|title=Farah Khan reveals inside details about 'Farah Ki Daawat'-IndiaTV News|work=India TV News|date=19 February 2015 }}</ref>

==Guests appearance==
The show has featured [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Genelia Deshmukh]], [[Sajid Khan]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Manish Paul]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Sania Mirza]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/43370_Colors-to-launch-Farah-Ki-Daawat|title=Colors to launch 'Farah Ki Daawat'|work=afaqs.com|access-date=23 February 2015|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721215845/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/43370_Colors-to-launch-Farah-Ki-Daawat|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/get-ready-for-farah-ki-daawat/20150217.htm|title=Get ready for Farah Ki Daawat!|date=17 February 2015|work=Rediff}}</ref> [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Gautam Gulati]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/tv/When-Sargun-Mehta-refused-to-meet-Shah-Rukh-Khan/videoshow/46303619.cms|title=When Sargun Mehta refused to meet Shah Rukh Khan|work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Alia Bhatt]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/alia-bhatt-cooks-on-farah-ki-daawat-gautam-gulati-lends-a-hand/528436-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216133751/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/alia-bhatt-cooks-on-farah-ki-daawat-gautam-gulati-lends-a-hand/528436-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-02-16|title=Alia Bhatt cooks on 'Farah Ki Daawat'; Gautam Gulati lends a hand|work=IBNLive}}</ref> [[Boman Irani]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/boman-irani-on-farah-ki-daawat_1550344.html|title=Boman Irani on Farah Ki Daawat!|work=Zee News}}</ref> [[Karan Tacker]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/karan-johar/farah-ki-daawat-karanvir-bohra-karan-tacker-and-karan-grover-karan-johar-karan-sp|title=Farah Ki Daawat: Karanvir Bohra, Karan Tacker and Karan Grover with Karan Johar at 'Karan Special Episode'! (PICS)|work=pinkvilla.com|access-date=25 July 2016|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329195113/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/karan-johar/farah-ki-daawat-karanvir-bohra-karan-tacker-and-karan-grover-karan-johar-karan-sp|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sargun Mehta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pardaphash.com/news/omg-sargun-mehta-refuses-to-meet-shahrukh-khan/766079.html |title=OMG! Sargun Mehta refuses to meet Shahrukh Khan! |work=pardaphash.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218181213/http://www.pardaphash.com/news/omg-sargun-mehta-refuses-to-meet-shahrukh-khan/766079.html |archivedate=18 February 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> and [[Malaika Arora Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/malaika-arora-khan-adds-oomph-to-farah-ki-daawat|title=Malaika Arora Khan adds oomph to 'Farah Ki Daawat'|date=18 February 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> as guests.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian cooking television series]]

K. C. Karuppannan

2026-02-04T00:03:18Z

MichaleFlint91:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. C. Karuppannan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 May 2016
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
| predecessor = P. G. Narayanan
| successor =
| term_start2 = 13 May 2001
| term_end2 = 11 May 2006
| predecessor2 = [[S. N. Balasubramanian]]
| successor2 = R. V. Ramanathan
| office3 = [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department|Minister of Environment]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2016
| term_end3 = 2 May 2021
| predecessor3 = [[M. Mariam Pichai]]
| successor3 = [[Meyyanathan Siva V]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1957}}
|birth_place = Kavandapadi, [[Erode district|Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| nationality = Indian
|occupation = Politician
|father = Chinniagounder
}}
'''Kavandapadi Chinniagounder Karuppannan''', better known as '''K. C. Karuppannan''', is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected from [[Bhavani (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhavani constituency]] as a candidate of the AIADMK in 2001, 2016 and 2021. A very humble and calm headed person who reaches each and every individual in his constituency and fulfills their needs, made him a hero among the people of his constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=government {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/government/mlas/90541|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=department {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/department/8|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Council of Ministers {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/ministerslist|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of Tamil Nadu - Department of Environment|url=https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/minister-secretary|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.environment.tn.gov.in|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411020042/https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/minister-secretary|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Then-Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] appointed Karuppannan as Minister in her cabinet in May 2016. He served as the [[Department of Environment and Forests|Minister of Environment and Pollution Control]] (from 2016-2021). This was his first cabinet post in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Jayalalithaa and her 28-member Cabinet to be sworn in on May 23 |date=21 May 2016 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/list-of-ministers-in-jayalalithaa-cabinet/article8630370.ece |accessdate=2017-05-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rourkela Airport

2026-01-31T12:42:47Z

MichaleFlint91: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian airport serving the city of Rourkela, Odisha}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Rourkela Airport
| image = @@Rourkela Airport.jpg
| IATA = RRK
| ICAO = VERK
| type = Public
| owner = [[Rourkela Steel Plant]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Rourkela]]
| hub =
| location = [[Chhend Colony]], Rourkela, [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 659
| elevation-m = 201
| metric-elev = y
| coordinates = {{coord|22|15|23|N|84|48|52|E|type:airport}}
| website =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Odisha
| pushpin_label = '''RRK'''
| r1-number = 09/27<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greatcirclemapper.net/|title=Great Circle Mapper}}</ref>
| r1-length-f = 6,332
| r1-length-m = 1,930
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface =
| opened = {{start date and age|2023|01|07|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha: Flight services at Rourkela airport begin; CM Naveen thanks PM Modi|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/odisha-flight-services-at-rourkela-airport-begin-cm-naveen-thanks-pm-modi/ar-AA164Jyt?PC=EMMX01|work=Times Now|date=7 January 2023|access-date=10 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| stat-year = April 2023 – March 2024
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 26,750 ({{increase}} 195.3%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 809 ({{increase}} 157.6%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Rourkela Airport''' {{airport codes|RRK|VERK}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airports/RRK|title=Rourkela on ch-aviation|website=ch-aviation}}</ref> is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It is located near [[Chhend Colony]], {{cvt|6|km}} west of the city centre. The airport is capable of handling [[ATR 72|ATR-72]] type aircraft, an apron for parking of two aircraft at a time and a [[general aviation]] terminal. The license for commercial usage of the airport was issued in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/apr/02/wait-continues-for-rourkela-airport-opening-1959064.html|title=Wait continues for Rourkela airport opening|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 April 2019 }}</ref>
The airport upgradation project was taken up by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) at a cost of ₹ 64.24 crore. It involved expansion of the runway from 1,765 m to 1,930 m to handle larger aircraft, like the [[ATR 72|ATR-72]] and [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|De Havilland 8-400]] aircraft, construction of a new apron, a parallel taxiway to the runway, a new passenger terminal building and a perimeter wall.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Expansion plan of Rourkela airport hit by tardy progress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/feb/07/expansion-plan-of-rourkela-airport-hitby-tardy-progress-2416232.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 February 2022 }}</ref>
The [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) granted licence to Rourkela Airport for public use on 19 December 2022. The airport was upgraded from 2B to 2C category type.
Commercial operations to Rourkela began from 7 January 2023, with direct flights provided by [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] to [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha: Flight services at Rourkela airport begin; CM Naveen thanks PM Modi|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/odisha-flight-services-at-rourkela-airport-begin-cm-naveen-thanks-pm-modi/ar-AA164Jyt?PC=EMMX01|work=Times Now|date=7 January 2023|access-date=10 January 2023|language=en}}</ref> and to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]] from 1 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=Flight services to Kolkata from Odisha's Rourkela airport to start from Sep 1 |url=https://sambadenglish.com/flight-services-to-kolkata-from-odishas-rourkela-airport-to-start-from-sep-1/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Terminal==

Inaugurated in January 2023, the passenger terminal is built over an area of 5,785 sq.ft, with modular design for handling 50 arriving and 50 departing passengers at a time, with a scope for future expansion. The interiors of the terminal building depict local handicraft, culture, artwork and tourist destinations of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha: Flight services at Rourkela airport begin; CM Naveen thanks PM Modi|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/odisha-flight-services-at-rourkela-airport-begin-cm-naveen-thanks-pm-modi/ar-AA164Jyt?PC=EMMX01|work=Times Now|date=7 January 2023|access-date=10 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport-dest-list

|[[IndiaOne Air]]|[[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2025 |title=After six months halt, aircraft takes flight from Rourkela |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Dec/06/after-six-months-halt-aircraft-takes-flight-from-rourkela|access-date=20 December 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
}}

== See also ==

* [[List of airports in Odisha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Coord|22.2565|84.8160|type:airport_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Airports in Odisha}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Rourkela]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Steel Authority of India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Baby Bring It On

2026-01-06T05:09:58Z

MichaleFlint91: added a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Short description|2016 Indian Marathi-language song by Ajay Gogavale}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Baby Bring It On
| cover = Baby Bring It On.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = song
| artist = [[Ajay Gogavale]]
| album = [[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|09|27}}
| genre = [[Drum and bass]]
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=18}}
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| writer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| composer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| producer = Saarrthi Entertainment Arbhaat Films Ajay-Atul Productions
| tracks = # "[[Dolby Walya]]"
# "Gondhal"
# "'''Baby Bring It On'''"
# "Mona Darling"
# "Vaat Disu De"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|zkt7DfOUlyM|Baby Bring It On}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Baby Bring It On'''" is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language song from the soundtrack album of the 2016 [[comedy drama]] film ''[[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Baby Bring It On' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/famous-item-numbers-of-marathi-industry/baby-bring-it-on/photostory/63694644.cms |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The song was composed and written by [[Ajay-Atul]], picturised on [[Bhalchandra Kadam|Bhau Kadam]], and [[Sai Tamhankar]], along with [[Girish Kulkarni]], who also directed the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wait Is Over : सईच्या दिलखेचक अदा असलेला 'Baby Bring It On' या गाण्याचा व्हिडिओ |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-baby-bring-it-on-full-video-song-from-jaundya-na-balasaheb-marathi-movie-5426906-pho.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby Bring It On Lyrics {{!}} Jaundya Na Balasaheb {{!}} Ajay-Atul |url=https://www.marathifilm.in/2016/10/baby-bring-it-on-lyrics-jaundya-na.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Marathi Film}}</ref> It was remade in [[Hindi]] with the [[Baby Bring It On#Hindi version|same title]], for the 2024 movie ''[[Madgaon Express]]''.<ref name=":0" />

== Credits ==

*[[Ajay-Atul]] – composer, lyricist
*[[Ajay Gogavale]] – vocals
*[[Zee Music Company]] – [[label]]

== Critical reception ==
Vipin Nair of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed the 'Bring It On' seems to be a sort of reprise to "[[Dolby Walya]]": the melody and percussion-laden arrangement are both similar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2016-09-23 |title=Music reviews for Jaundya Na Balasaheb and Rock On!! 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/Riding-on-expectations/article14648716.ece |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Manish Gaekwad of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "another manic hook-and-rhythm jamboree of folk and electronic beats."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaekwad |first=Manish |date=2016-10-01 |title=Soundtrack review: Ajay-Atul continue their hit parade with 'Jaundya Na Balasaheb' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/817766/soundtrack-review-ajay-atul-continue-their-hit-parade-with-jaundya-na-balasaheb |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Saumitra Pote of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' opinied that the presence of this song in the movie makes the subject irrelevant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जाऊंद्याना बाळासाहेब : काही बोलायाचे होते, पण..! |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/jaundya-na-balasaheb-cine-review/moviereview/54726438.cms |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Hindi version ==
{{Infobox song
| name = Baby Bring It On
| type = song
| artist = [[Ajay Gogavale]] and Nikhita Gandhi
| album = [[Madgaon Express]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|03|08}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| writer = [[Kumaar]]
| composer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| lyricist = Kumaar
| producer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|m3hqkxYjdBk|Baby Bring It On}}|type=song}}
}}
The song is remade in [[Bollywood]] with the same name, composed by Ajay-Atul for the 2024 film ''[[Madgaon Express]]'', directed by [[Kunal Khemu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nora Fatehi to dance on popular Marathi song 'Bring It On' in Madgaon Express |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-nora-fatehi-dance-popular-marathi-song-bring-madgaon-express/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Nora Fatehi, Divyenndu To Share A Sensuous Dance In Madgaon Express' Track Bring It On {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/nora-fatehi-divyenndu-to-share-a-sensuous-dance-in-madgaon-express-track-bring-it-on-exclusive-article-108145787 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> The song features [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Divyenndu]], [[Pratik Gandhi]], Avinash Tiwary, [[Chhaya Kadam]], [[Upendra Limaye]]. The song is sung by [[Ajay Gogavale]] and [[Nikhita Gandhi]] and lyrics are penned by [[Kumaar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Baby Bring It On' song from 'Madgaon Express' out now! Groove to the party number |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/baby-bring-it-on-song-from-madgaon-express-out-now/108322626 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Mirchi.in]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title='Baby Bring It On' song from Madgaon Express out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Mar/08/baby-bring-it-on-song-from-madgaon-express-out |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Priyanka |date=2024-03-11 |title=Baby Bring It On Song: "चांगल्या गाण्याची वाट लावली"; 'जाऊ द्या ना बाळासाहेब' मधील बेबी ब्रिंग इट ऑनचं हिंदी व्हर्जन ऐकून नेटकरी संतापले! |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/baby-bring-it-on-song-hindi-version-release-nora-fatehi-get-trolled-pvk21 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>

===Credits===

*[[Ajay-Atul]] – music composer, arranger, producer
*[[Ajay Gogavale]] –singer
*[[Nikhita Gandhi]] – singer
*[[Kumaar]] – lyricist (Hindi)
*[[Ajay-Atul]] – original lyrics (Marathi)
*[[Abhijit Vaghani]] – additional programmer
*Vijay Dayal – recording, mix & mastering at [[YRF Studios]], [[Mumbai]]
*Savinay Shetty – music co-ordinator (Misfits Inc.)
*Nayantara Kumar – music co-ordinator (Misfits Inc.)
*[[Remo D'Souza]] – choreographer
*Ollwyn D'Souza – executive producer
*[[Karan B. Rawat]] – cinematographer
*Nitin FCP – editor
*R. D. Entertainment – line production company

=== Release ===
The song was officially released on 8 March 2024 on [[Zee Music Company]] YouTube channel. The actors [[Divyenndu]], [[Avinash Tiwary]], and [[Nora Fatehi]] had danced to the song in the [[Mumbai Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=Cast of Madgaon Express dances to the song 'Baby Bring It On' in Mumbai metro |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/cast-madgaon-express-dances-song-baby-bring-mumbai-metro-watch/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/bring-it-on/JhAkbiRgUlg JioSaavn]
*[https://gaana.com/song/bring-it-on-565 Gaana]

[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi songs remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Ajay Gogavale songs]]
[[Category:2016 songs]]
[[Category:Marathi music]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Ajay–Atul]]

Jagdish Bhagwati

2025-12-08T09:50:25Z

MichaleFlint91: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian-born American economist (born 1934)}}
{{Infobox economist
| school_tradition = [[Neoclassical economics]]
| image = Jagdish N. Bhagwati Professor Jagdish pa Columbia University talar vid invigningen av Nordiskt globaliseringsforum i Riksgransen 2008-04-02.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Bhagwati in 2008
| name = Jagdish Bhagwati
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1934|7|26}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College, Bombay]] (BA) [[St John's College, Cambridge]] (BA) [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (PhD)
| citizenship = United States<ref name="LevyBarfield2011"/><ref name=fortune-mag/><ref name=nytimes-review/>
| institution = [[Columbia University]] [[Indian Statistical Institute]] [[Delhi School of Economics]] [[MIT]] [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]]
| field = [[International economics]], [[globalization]], [[free trade]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Charles P. Kindleberger]]<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Essays in international economics|first=Jagdish N.|last=Bhagwati|date=11 May 1967|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|hdl = 1721.1/61807|type=Thesis}}</ref>
| doctoral_students = [[Gene Grossman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.mit.edu/F/K213STDDRFEF7HXGRHSXVPYFID8SABYR1JJPTM35VK7YBFENGP-21980?func=full-set-set&set_number=017172&set_entry=000010&format=999|title=PDS login|website=library.mit.edu}}</ref> [[Caroline Freund]]
| influences = [[Robert Solow]]
| influenced =
| contributions =
| spouse = [[Padma Desai]]
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]]
}}
'''Jagdish Natwarlal Bhagwati''' (born July 26, 1934) is an Indian-born [[naturalization|naturalized]] American economist and trade theorist.<ref name="LevyBarfield2011">{{citation|last1=Levy|first1=Philip I.|last2=Barfield|first2=Claude|title=Swap: How Trade Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twuSKIboZXAC&pg=PA111|year=2011|publisher=American Enterprise Institute Press|isbn=978-0844772073|page=111|quote="For a thorough assessment of the challenges presented by trade and the environment by an author brought up in India but now a U.S. citizen, see Jagdish Bhagwati, ''In Defense of Globalization'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)"}}</ref><ref name=fortune-mag>{{cite web|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/08/01/377372/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320051940/http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/08/01/377372/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 20, 2017|last=Heilemann|first=John|date=August 1, 2004|title=Gearing Ourselves for Globalization Free trade isn't the cause of the world's ills, says Columbia professor Jagdish Bhagwati. It's the best cure we have for them – if only we can stomach it.|publisher=Fortune Magazine|access-date=18 March 2017|quote="His name may not be immediately familiar, but anyone interested in understanding globalization ought to be acquainted with Jagdish Bhagwati. Born in India, schooled in Britain, and now an American citizen, Bhagwati is an international economist and one of only 10 scholars who hold the title of University Professor at Columbia."}}</ref><ref name=nytimes-review>{{cite web|last=Drezner|first=Daniel W.|title=Review of 'In Defense of Globalization' by Jagdish Bhagwati, New York: Oxford University Press|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/18/books/globalization-without-riots.html|date=August 18, 2004|quote="If anyone can rise to this challenge, it should be Jagdish Bhagwati. An esteemed international economist, Bhagwati is a university professor at Columbia and a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He has advised the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. Born in India, educated in Britain and now an American citizen, he can claim to understand all points of view."}}</ref>
He is a [[University Professor (Columbia)|University Professor]] of economics and law at [[Columbia University]] and a Senior Fellow in International Economics at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]]. He has made contributions to international [[International trade|trade theory]] and economic development.

He had a chair named after him while he was still teaching at the university.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} He is one of only 10 scholars who hold the title of University Professor at [[Columbia University]].<ref name="fortune-mag2">{{cite web |last=Heilemann |first=John |date=August 1, 2004 |title=Gearing Ourselves for Globalization Free trade isn't the cause of the world's ills, says Columbia professor Jagdish Bhagwati. It's the best cure we have for them – if only we can stomach it. |url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/08/01/377372/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320051940/http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/08/01/377372/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 20, 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |publisher=Fortune Magazine |quote="His name may not be immediately familiar, but anyone interested in understanding globalization ought to be acquainted with Jagdish Bhagwati. Born in India, schooled in Britain, and now an American citizen, Bhagwati is an international economist and one of only 10 scholars who hold the title of University Professor at Columbia."}}</ref> Bhagwati is the recipient of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]], [[Padma Vibhushan]], Frank Seidman Distinguished Award in Political Economy and the Freedom Prize of [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagdish Bhagwati |url=https://www.americanacademy.de/person/jagdish-bhagwati/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=American Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2014, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' called him "one of the most outstanding economists of his generation never to have won the Nobel Prize". This view is shared by his peers including [[Nobel Prize]] winning economist [[Paul Krugman]], "The crucial point for me is that people didn't understand at all clearly how distortions in a [[Trade|trading]] economy relate to policy before Jagdish spelled it out. Once he did, it became so clear that it was hard to believe that someone had to point it out. In my view, that makes his work Nobel-worthy."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finance and Development |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2005/09/people.htm |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Finance and Development {{!}} F&D |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early years and personal life==
Bhagwati was born in 1934, into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family in the Bombay Presidency during the British Raj. He is the son of Indian judge [[Natwarlal H. Bhagwati]] and the brother of [[Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati|P. N. Bhagwati]], former [[Chief Justice of India]] and also of S.N. Bhagwati, an eminent neurosurgeon who served as the president of the [[Neurological Society of India]].

Bhagwati attended St. Xavier's High School and received a [[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]] from [[Sydenham College]], [[Mumbai]]. He then traveled to England to study at [[St. John's College, Cambridge]], receiving a second BA at Cambridge (in economics) in 1956. Between 1957 and 1959 he studied at [[Nuffield College, Oxford]]. He received a [[PhD]] in economics from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1967 for a thesis titled "Essays in International Economics," supervised by [[Charles P. Kindleberger]]. He has also received [[honorary degrees]] from the [[University of Sussex]] and [[Erasmus University]], as well as others.

Bhagwati is married to [[Padma Desai]], also a Columbia economist and Russia specialist; they have one daughter. Bhagwati and Desai's joint 1970 OECD study ''India: Planning for Industrialization'' was a notable contribution at the time.<ref>[http://freemarketmojo.com/?p=9867] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122064824/http://freemarketmojo.com/?p=9867|date=November 22, 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Jagdish Bhagwati and Padma Desai (Columbia University) (7204981944) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bhagwati with wife [[Padma Desai]], 2012]]

==Career==
After completing his PhD, Bhagwati returned to India in 1961, first to teach briefly at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], [[Kolkata]], and then as professor of international trade at [[Delhi School of Economics]] at the [[University of Delhi]], from 1962 to 1968. He then returned to American academia and from 1968 until 1980, Bhagwati was the Ford International Professor of [[Economics]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/bio.php?id=1753] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803094910/http://www.cfr.org/bio.php?id=1753|date=August 3, 2004}}</ref>

From 1980 he taught economics at [[Columbia University]], where he was Arthur Lehman Professor of Economics and Professor of Political Science and later University Professor, Economics and Law. He is one of only 10 scholars who hold the title of University Professor at [[Columbia University]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Bhagwati is a Senior Fellow of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in [[New York City|New York]] and is a Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] and the [[American Philosophical Society]]. He currently serves on the Academic Advisory Board of [[Human Rights Watch]] (Asia) and on the board of scholars of the [[Centre for Civil Society]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

He was special adviser to the [[United Nations]] on globalization, economic policy adviser to [[Arthur Dunkel]]-the director-general of [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] and external adviser to the [[World Trade Organization]]. He has also worked as a member of group appointed by the director-general of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] on the future of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

He was also a member of the advisory committee to [[United Nations|UN]] Secretary General [[Kofi Annan]] on the [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]], an economic program accelerating economic co-operation and integration among African countries.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In May, 2004, Bhagwati was one of the experts who took part in the [[Copenhagen Consensus]] project.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In 2006, Bhagwati was a part of the Eminent Persons Group along with Brazilian President [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] on the future of [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development|United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).]] In early 2010, Bhagwati joined the advisory board of the Institute for Migrant Rights in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Institute for Migrant Rights |url=http://imr.or.id |access-date=6 November 2014}}</ref>

In 2000, Bhagwati was signatory to an amicus briefing, coordinated by the [[American Enterprise Institute]], with the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] to contend that the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] should, contrary to a prior ruling, be allowed to take into account the costs of regulations when setting environmental standards.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In January 2004, Bhagwati published ''In Defense of Globalization,'' a book in which he argues that [[globalization]], when properly governed, is the most powerful force for social good in the world today. He described how globalization helps the cause of women, reduces child labor and increases literacy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} He makes a point that:

<blockquote>... this process [of globalization] has a human face, but we need to make that face more agreeable.
</blockquote>

Jagdish Bhagwati was the fictional winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Elementary School Musical (The Simpsons)|Elementary School Musical]]".{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==Awards, honors and commentary==
* Mahalanobis Memorial Medal of the Indian Econometric Society (1974)
* Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1982)<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=June 25, 2011}}</ref>
* Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1995)<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Bhagwati&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-12-20|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
* Seidman Distinguished Award in International Political Economy (1998)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] Award (2000)
* Lifetime Achievement Award of the Indian Chamber of Commerce (2004)
* [[Order of the Rising Sun]], Gold and Silver Star (2006)
* Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jagdish N. Bhagwati|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/3015655.html|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>

[[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate [[Paul Samuelson]], on the occasion of Bhagwati's 70th birthday ''[[festschrift]]'' conference in Gainesville, Florida in January 2005 said:

<blockquote>I measure a scholar's prolific-ness not by the mere number of his publishings. Just as the area of a rectangle equals its width times its depth, the quality of a lifetime accomplishment must weight each article by its novelties and wisdoms. ... Jagdish Bhagwati is more like [[Haydn]]: a composer of more than a hundred symphonies and no one of them other than top notch. ... In the struggle to improve the lot of mankind, whether located in advanced economies or in societies climbing the ladder out of poverty, Jagdish Bhagwati has been a tireless partisan of that globalization which elevates global total-factor – productivities both of richest America and poorest regions of Asia and Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Festschrift%20Samuelson.pdf|title=Jagdish Bhagwati, the wunderkind who became the tireless theorist of international trade|author=Paul A. Samuelson|publisher=Columbia.edu|access-date=6 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626005100/http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Festschrift%20Samuelson.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2010}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Other awards include the Bernhard Harms Prize (Germany), the Kenan Enterprise Award (United States), the Freedom Prize (Switzerland), and the [[John R. Commons]] Award (United States). He has also received [[honorary degrees]] from the [[University of Sussex]] and [[Erasmus University]], as well as others.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Bhagwati%20awards%20current.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306155231/http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/Bhagwati%20awards%20current.pdf|date=March 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cfr.org/bios/1753/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927094801/http://www.cfr.org/bios/1753/|date=September 27, 2006}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Expand section|date=December 2009}}

===Books===
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati, Arvind Panagariya|
title=Why Growth Matters: How Economic Growth in India Reduced Poverty and the Lessons for Other Developing Countries|
year=2013|
publisher=PublicAffairs|
isbn= 978-1610392716}}
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati, Arvind Panagariya|
title=India's Tryst with Destiny: Debunking the Myths that Undermine Progress and Addressing New Challenges|
year=2013|
publisher=HarperCollins|
isbn= 978-9350295854}}
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati|
title=Termites in the Trading System: How Preferential Agreements Undermine Free Trade| url=https://archive.org/details/termitesintradin0000bhag| url-access=registration|
year=2008|
publisher=Oxford University Press|
isbn=978-0195331653}}
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati|
title=In Defense of Globalization|
year=2007|
publisher=Oxford University Press|
isbn=978-0195330939}}
* {{cite book|
last=Bhagwati|
title=Free Trade Today|
year=2003|
publisher=Princeton University Press|
isbn=978-0691117300|
first=Jagdish|
url-access=registration|
url=https://archive.org/details/freetradetoday00jagd}}
* {{cite book|
author=Jagdish Bhagwati|
title=The Wind of the Hundred Days: How Washington Mismanaged Globalization|
year=2002|
publisher=MIT Press|
isbn=0262523272|
url-access=registration|
url=https://archive.org/details/windofhundredday0000bhag}}
* {{cite book|
author=James H. Mathis, Jagdish Bhagwati (Foreword)|
title=Regional Trade Agreements in the GATT/WTO: Article XXIV and the Internal Trade Requirement|
year=2002|
publisher=Norwell/TMC Asser Press|
isbn=9067041394}}
* {{cite book|
editor1=Jagdish N. Bhagwati |editor2=Robert E. Hudec |
title=Fair Trade and Harmonization, Vol. 1: Economic Analysis|
year=1996|
publisher=MIT Press|
isbn=0262024012}}
* Jagdish N. Bhagwati (editor) (1977) [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7362 ''The New International Economic Order: The North-South Debate''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211063727/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7362 |date=2006-12-11 }}. {{ISBN|0262520427}}.
* {{cite book|
editor=Jagdish N. Bhagwati |
title=Economics and World Order from the 1970s to the 1990s|
year=1972|
publisher=Macmillan|
isbn=978-0029034705}}

===Articles===
* {{cite journal |author=Bhagwati, Jagdish |date = March 1964|title=The Pure Theory of International Trade: A Survey|journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|volume= 74|issue=293 |pages=1–84 |doi=10.2307/2228112|jstor = 2228112}}
* {{cite journal |author=Bhagwati, Jagdish |date = November 1993|title=The Case for Free Trade|journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume= 269|issue=5 |pages=18–23|doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1193-42|bibcode = 1993SciAm.269e..42B}}
* {{cite journal |author=Bhagwati, Jagdish |date=Fall 2009 | title=Feeble Critiques: Capitalism's Petty Detractors |journal=[[World Affairs]] |doi=10.3200/WAFS.172.2.36-45 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1= Bhagwati |first1=Jagdish |editor= David R. Henderson |editor-link= David R. Henderson |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Protectionism |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Protectionism.html |year=2008|pages=425–427 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |location=Indianapolis |isbn=978-0865976658 |oclc=237794267}}

==See also==
* [[Globalization]]
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]
* [["Spaghetti Bowl" Effect]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/ Homepage of Professor Jagdish Bhagwati], Columbia University website, accessed March 2004.
* {{C-SPAN|25413}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/b/jagdish_bhagwati}}

{{Globalization|state=autocollapse}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagwati, Jagdish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:International economists]]
[[Category:MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Trade economists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Writers about globalization]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century American economists]]
[[Category:Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]

Roof knocking

2025-10-30T04:43:54Z

MichaleFlint91: cleanup

{{Short description|Israel Defense Forces practice}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Roof knocking''' ({{langx|he|הקש בגג}}; [[Arabic]]: صاروخ تحذيري)<ref name="Ynet/Heb">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3648839%2C00.html |script-title=he:עזה: בכיר חמאס חוסל, כ-26 נהרגו בתקיפות |publisher=Ynet |language=he |access-date=2009-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515032403/http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3648839,00.html |archive-date=2010-05-15 }}</ref> or "'''knock on the roof'''"<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-10 |title=What is the Israeli military's "knock on the roof," and why is it being discussed now? |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-10-10-23/h_d39b6c124285f924eb81d4807a77ce68 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023193638/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-10-10-23/h_d39b6c124285f924eb81d4807a77ce68 |archive-date=2023-10-23 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> is a term used by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) to describe its practice of dropping low-yield devices on the roofs of targeted civilian homes in the [[occupied Palestinian territories]] as a prior warning of imminent bombing attacks to give the inhabitants time to flee the attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN report finds: Israel's 'roof-knock' warning no way to prevent civilian casualties - Jerusalem Vivendi|url=https://www.haaretz.com/blogs/jerusalem-vivendi/.premium-1.662474|work=haaretz.com|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314001142/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/jerusalem-vivendi/.premium-1.662474|archive-date=2017-03-14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ap-haretz">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052260.html|title=IDF phones Gaza residents to warn them of imminent strikes.|date=2009-01-04|work=Haaretz.com|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=2009-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104130851/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052260.html|archive-date=2009-01-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="haretz-rk">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|title=IDF targets senior Hamas figures|date=2009-01-04|last=Harel|first=Amos|author2=Yoav Stern|work=Haaretz.com|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=2009-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122141258/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|archive-date=2009-01-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="abc">{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6564060&page=1 |title=Bush: U.S. Calls for Monitored Cease-fire Pact |date=2009-01-02 |last=McGregor-Wood |first=Simon |author2=Miguel Marquez |work=abcNews |publisher=ABCNews Internet Ventures |access-date=2009-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103040503/http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=6564060&page=1 |archive-date=2009-01-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hp">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/israel-and-hamas-two-to-t_b_155077.html |title=Israel and Hamas: Two to Tango |last=Schweber |first=Howard |date=2009-01-04 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |publisher=HuffingtonPost.com, Inc |access-date=2009-01-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204170203/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/israel-and-hamas-two-to-t_b_155077.html |archive-date=2009-02-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jeff|title=Israel 'Roof Knocking' Video Raises Question: Warning Or Human Rights Violation?|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/israel-roof-knocking-video-raises-question-warning-or-human-rights-violation-1628734|access-date=24 July 2014|work=International Business Times|date=July 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717205225/http://www.ibtimes.com/israel-roof-knocking-video-raises-question-warning-or-human-rights-violation-1628734|archive-date=17 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=NYTimesJan10>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/world/middleeast/11hamas.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |title=A Gaza War Full of Traps and Trickery |access-date=2009-01-19 |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=2009-01-10 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716121408/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/world/middleeast/11hamas.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |archive-date=2014-07-16 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="aus" />{{overcite|date=February 2024}} The practice was employed by the IDF during the [[2008–2009 Gaza War]], the [[2012 Gaza War]], the [[2014 Gaza War]], and the since 2023 ongoing [[Gaza war|Gaza War]] to attack a variety of targets.<ref name="Hasian 2016" /><ref>{{cite tweet |user=AJEnglish |author-link=Al Jazeera English |number=1710690655091990644 |title= Watch the moment Israeli fighter jets strike Palestine Tower behind Al Jazeera's Youmna El Sayed as she reports live from Gaza}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=AuroraIntel |number=1710678560652837235 |title= Footage from one of many live streams capturing the impacts during Palestine Tower in Gaza City in the last few minutes after a roof knock earlier.}}</ref>

The application of roof knocking is often argued to only have legal reasons rather than the intention to reduce [[Civilian casualty|civilian casualties]]. The impact of the smaller device often puts the civilian population in a [[Shock (circulatory)|state of shock]], making them unable to flee the larger attack which often follows only 45 to 180 seconds later. According to the IDF, this period must be very short as otherwise targeted weapons could be removed, however, in practice the period proves to be too short for civilians to flee. Civilian casualties after a "knock on the roof" are often considered [[Human shield|human shields]] by Israel, without differentiating between voluntary and involuntary human shields.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Erakat |first=Noura |title=Justice for some: law and the question of Palestine |date=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9825-9 |location=Stanford (Calif.) |pages=204}}</ref>

==History==
As early as 2006 the IDF had the practice of warning the inhabitants of a building that was about to be attacked.<ref name="guard">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/28/israel |title=The call that tells you: run, you're about to lose your home and possessions |date=2006-06-28 |last=Urquhart |first=Conal |work=guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |access-date=2009-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830074009/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/28/israel |archive-date=2013-08-30 |url-status=live }} [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/28/israel Archived version 2009-01-29]</ref> Roof knocking was used during the 2008–2009 [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|Gaza War]], the 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip, and the 2014 Gaza War. In the six months prior to its use, [[Israel]] collected data on [[Hamas]] members, which they used to issue warnings.<ref name="hp" /> Typically, Israeli intelligence officers and [[Shin Bet]] security servicemen contacted residents of a building in which they suspected storage of military assets and told them that they had 10–15 minutes to flee the attack,<ref name="haretz-rk"/><ref name="aus">{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0%2C25197%2C24867840-601%2C00.html |title=Nuclear fear drives Israel's hard line |date=2009-01-03 |last=Rabinovich |first=Abraham |work=The Australian |publisher=News Limited |access-date=2009-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203202820/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24867840-601,00.html |archive-date=2009-02-03 }}</ref><ref name="jpost">{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1231167305954&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=A response to a Euro-Mediterranean appeal |date=2009-01-04 |last=Kurz |first=Anat N. |author2=Emily B. Landau |work=opinion.jpost.com |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2009-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121191829/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1231167305954&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=2009-01-21 }}</ref><ref name=DefenseNews>{{cite news |title=In Gaza, Both Sides Reveal New Gear |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3885990 |publisher=Defense News |date=January 5, 2009 |last=Opall-Rome |first=Barbara |access-date=2009-06-17 }}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="IndependentUK">{{cite web|last1=Withnail|first1=Adam|last2=Viney|first2=Steven|title=Israel-Gaza conflict: Israeli 'knock on roof' missile warning technique revealed in remarkable video|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html|website=www.independent.co.uk|date=13 July 2014|access-date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113138/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html|archive-date=16 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> although in some cases the delay has been as little as five minutes.<ref name="ocha_report_1_2">{{Cite news|title=Gaza Humanitarian Situation Report - January 2, 2009 as of 14:30 |date=2009-01-02 |publisher=[[UN]] [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_situation_report_2009_01_02_english.pdf |access-date=2009-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195338/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_situation_report_2009_01_02_english.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Adoption by the U.S. military===
In 2016, it was published that the [[US military]] adopted the Israeli battlefield tactic in its war against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]].<ref name=USarmy>{{cite news|title=US adopts controversial Israeli air strike tactic known as 'roof-knocking'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/27/us-adopts-controversial-israeli-air-strike-tactic-known-as-roof/|publisher=The Telegraph|date=April 27, 2016|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131233811/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/27/us-adopts-controversial-israeli-air-strike-tactic-known-as-roof/|archive-date=January 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was used in an attack against an ISIS storage facility in [[Mosul]], [[Iraq]]. As women and children lived in the house, a [[Hellfire missile]] was initially shot at the roof as a warning.<ref name=USarmy/>

===Gaza war===
During the [[Gaza war]], CNN reported that many people in Gaza said the IDF had abandoned the "roof knocking" policy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel seemingly stops "knock on the roof" military tactic. Here's what it means and why it matters |url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-10-11-23#h_b213ec9e2882bc819f20cb6a96bcec92 |work=CNN |date=11 October 2023}}</ref> In October 2023, a senior Israeli official stated that the practice would no longer be the norm and would only be used under certain circumstances.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior Israeli source: Gaza will not be Hamastan; 'roof knocking' policy no longer norm |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-israeli-source-gaza-will-not-be-hamastan-roof-knocking-policy-no-longer-norm/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=9 October 2023}}</ref> An IDF officer told ''[[The New York Times]]'' that instead of the "roof knocking" policy, Israel is issuing [[Gaza Strip evacuations|mass evacuation orders]] and leaflets stating that "anyone who is near Hamas fighters will put their lives in danger."<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Israel's push into Gaza is killing so many children |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gaza-hamas-civilian-casualties-children-deaths-airstrikes-palestinian-2023-10 |work=Business Insider |date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

==Defiance==
In some cases, residents who were warned about an impending bombing climbed up voluntarily to their roofs to show they would not leave.<ref name="haretz-rk"/> When [[Nizar Rayan]], a top Hamas military commander, was warned but did not leave his home, he and his family of 15 were killed in the subsequent bombing.<ref name="haretz-rk"/><ref name="hp" /> When faced with similar situations, IDF commanders have either bombed, called off the bombing or launched a warning missile at empty areas of the roof, in order to frighten the people gathered on the roof into leaving the building.<ref name="ap-haretz" /><ref name=NYTimesJan10 /><ref name="AnthonyHCordesman">{{cite web| title=The Gaza War: a strategic analyses| url=http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/090202_gaza_war.pdf| publisher=CSIS| access-date=2009-05-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418165547/http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/090202_gaza_war.pdf| archive-date=2009-04-18| url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]'' stated that according to Israel, Hamas asked residents to stand on the roofs of buildings to dissuade [[Israelis|Israeli]] pilots from attacking their homes.<ref name=NYTimesJan10 /> A [[NATO]] report confirmed the practice, describing it as an example of [[lawfare]].<ref name=NATO>{{Cite report |publisher=NATO Stratcom | title=DENOUNCING THE USE OF CIVILIANS AS HUMAN SHIELDS BY HAMAS AND OTHER TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IN VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW; AND CONDEMNING THE MURDER OF ISRAELI AND PALESTINIAN CHILDREN IN ISRAEL AND THE ONGOING AND ESCALATING VIOLENCE IN THAT COUNTRY| accessdate = 2023-10-16| url = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg88835/html/CHRG-113hhrg88835.htm}}</ref> However, Amnesty International argued that Hamas' purported call may have been "motivated by a desire to avoid further panic" among civilians, considering both the lack of shelters in Gaza and the fact that some civilians who heeded the IDF's warnings had been casualties of Israeli attacks.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/017/2014/en/ |title=DOCUMENT - ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES: ISRAEL/GAZA CONFLICT, JULY 2014 |date=2014-07-17 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122055048/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/017/2014/en/ |archive-date=2018-11-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many reporters, including from the [[BBC]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bowen|first1=Jeremy|author-link1=Jeremy Bowen|title=Jeremy Bowen's Gaza notebook: I saw no evidence of Hamas using Palestinians as human shields|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/07/jeremy-bowens-gaza-notebook-i-saw-no-evidence-hamas-using-palestinians-human|work=www.newstatesman.com|quote=Netanyahu said Israel had warned people to get out. Some had taken the advice; others had been prevented from leaving by Hamas...I saw no evidence during my week in Gaza of Israel’s accusation that Hamas uses Palestinians as human shields.|access-date=2014-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008162911/https://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/07/jeremy-bowens-gaza-notebook-i-saw-no-evidence-hamas-using-palestinians-human|archive-date=2019-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'',<ref>{{cite news|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-the-myth-of-hamass-human-shield-9619810.html|first=Kim|last=Sengupta|title=Israel-Gaza conflict: The myth of Hamas's human shields|access-date=31 July 2014|date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193702/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-the-myth-of-hamass-human-shield-9619810.html|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref name=guardianHamasShield>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/24/gaza-hamas-fighters-military-bases-guerrilla-war-civilians-israel-idf|first=Harriet|last=Sherwood|title=In Gaza, Hamas fighters are among civilians. There is nowhere else for them to go|access-date=31 July 2014|date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918030033/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/24/gaza-hamas-fighters-military-bases-guerrilla-war-civilians-israel-idf|archive-date=18 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> have said that they have found no evidence of Hamas forcing Palestinians to stay and become unwilling [[Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|human shields]].

==Reactions==
The practice has been controversial, as many human rights and news organizations have shown that 'roof knocks' have killed and injured civilians.<ref name="IndependentUK"/> In July 2014, [[Amnesty International]] called for a United Nations investigation into what it alleged were war crimes committed by Israeli fighters, and Philip Luther, Middle East and North Africa Programme Director for the organization, condemned the practice.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Withnall|first1=Adam|title=Israel-Gaza conflict: Israeli 'knock on roof' missile warning revealed in remarkable video|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html|access-date=24 July 2014|work=The Independent|date=July 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716113138/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html|archive-date=16 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The spokesperson for [[Gaza Health Ministry]] indicated that the same missiles used to give warnings are also used in assassinations, resulting in dozens of casualties and deaths where "remains were scattered, making it impossible to identify them immediately".<ref name="alakhbar" />

The [[Goldstone Report]] commented that civilians inside their homes "cannot be expected to know whether a small explosion is a warning of an impending attack or part of an actual attack". It stated that the practice is not an effective advance warning, and is instead likely to "cause terror and confuse the affected civilians".<ref name="Schmitt 2011 p.199 ">{{cite book | last=Schmitt | first=Michael | title=Yearbook of international humanitarian law | publisher=T.M.C. Asser Press Springer | location=Hague Berlin | year=2011 | isbn=978-90-6704-811-8 | page=199}}</ref>

The Israeli Government stated "While these warnings, could not eliminate all harm to civilians, they were frequently effective," and that aerial video surveillance by IDF forces showed civilians departing from targeted areas prior to an attack as a direct result of the warnings.<ref name='IsraelGovReport2009'>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/E89E699D-A435-491B-B2D0-017675DAFEF7/0/GazaOperation.pdf |title=The Operation in Gaza: Factual and Legal Aspects |pages=50–51, 100 |access-date=2009-09-06 |date=2009-07-29 |publisher=[[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823140923/http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/E89E699D-A435-491B-B2D0-017675DAFEF7/0/GazaOperation.pdf |archive-date=2009-08-23 }}</ref> According to the Israeli army, striking homes suspected of storing weapons, when sufficient warning is given to the residents, falls within the boundaries of [[international law]] and is legitimate.<ref name="Ynet">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3648848%2C00.html |title=Hamas leader, 20 Palestinians killed in IAF strikes |date=2009-01-09 |work=ynet news.com |publisher=Yedioth Internet |access-date=2009-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103032622/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3648848,00.html |archive-date=2009-01-03 }}</ref> In November 2014, the most senior US military official, General [[Martin Dempsey]], cited "roof knocking" as an example where Israel "did some extraordinary things to limit civilian casualties" during the 2014 Gaza War.<ref name="Sky News">{{cite news|last1=Rayner|first1=Tom|title=US General Backs Israel's Tactics In Gaza War|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1368654/us-general-backs-israels-tactics-in-gaza-war|access-date=28 December 2014|publisher=Sky News|date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228220636/http://news.sky.com/story/1368654/us-general-backs-israels-tactics-in-gaza-war|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Salah Abdul Ati, the directory of the Palestinian [[Independent Commission for Human Rights]] in Gaza, described the "policy of destroying homes" a war crime and accused Israel of attempting to circumvent international law to avoid accountability.<ref name="alakhbar">{{cite news|title=Israel's "knock on the roof" policy: A three-minute race with death|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20750|access-date=4 November 2016|work=Al Akhbar English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141240/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20750|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Marouf Hasian Jr., a professor of communication at the [[University of Utah]], describes the talk of the "beneficent usage" of "knock on roof" tactics as one that "plays well in front of American or Israeli audiences who feel that older Geneva Convention rules are too 'quaint' and too solicitous of the rights of civilians who may be aiding and abetting terrorist, but it infuriates critics who argue that satellite surveillance is being used in discriminatory systems that assume that homes of police officers or Hamas political or military leaders can be "precisely" targeted to minimize collateral damage".<ref name="Hasian 2016">{{cite book | last=Hasian | first=Marouf | title=Forensic Rhetorics and Satellite Surveillance: The Visualization of War Crimes and Human Rights Violations | publisher=Lexington Books | location=Lanham | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-4985-3591-5 | page=214}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Israeli demolition of Palestinian property]]
* [[Criticism of Israel]]
* [[Israeli war crimes]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict}}
{{2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}}
{{Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}}

[[Category:Aerial warfare tactics]]
[[Category:Civilians in war]]
[[Category:International law]]
[[Category:Israel Defense Forces]]
[[Category:2014 Gaza War]]
[[Category:Gaza War (2008–2009)]]
[[Category:Destruction of buildings]]
[[Category:Roofs]]
[[Category:Residential building bombings in Palestine]]
[[Category:Phrases related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]

Attihannu Mattu Kanaja

2025-09-26T23:11:09Z

MichaleFlint91: Refined content and updated sections

'''Attihannu mattu Kanaja''' (English: Fig Fruit and The Wasps) is a 2014 [[Kannada]] feature film written and directed by [[M S Prakash Babu]], co-produced by [http://www.nfdcindia.com/ National Film Development Corporation] (NFDC) and Produced by Bhavani Prakash under the banner of Bayalu Chitra Productions, features actors Bhavani Prakash, Ranjit Bhaskaran, Manjunath Belakere, Ravi Phoenix and in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/fig-fruit-and-the-wasps-at-beijing-film-fest-an-indian-work-with-a-difference/story-SoB0AzLl0Wdm3Yn1Y2WvLM.html |title=Fig Fruit and the Wasps: At Beijing Film Fest, an Indian work with a difference |date=2015-04-19 |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122100521/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/fig-fruit-and-the-wasps-at-beijing-film-fest-an-indian-work-with-a-difference/story-SoB0AzLl0Wdm3Yn1Y2WvLM.html |archive-date=2018-11-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was selected for the 5th [http://www.bjiff.com/enHome/ Beijing International Film Festival], and nominated for ‘Tiantan Award’ 2015.

== Cast ==
* [[Bhavani Prakash]] as Gowri
* Ranjit Bhaskaran as Vittal
* Manjunath Belakere as Basanna
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Gowri's husband
* Ravi Phoenix as Sadashiva (Poet)
* Bhoomika as Basanna's Daughter
* Shruti as Basanna's wife

== Plot ==
Gouri, a documentary filmmaker takes a journey along with her friend. She is trying to collect material for her documentary project on instrumental music. They go to a village with the help of a schoolteacher. They travel to meet an instrumental musician, who has gone some place elsewhere to give a performance. Both are forced to stay in the village till the musician returns. Film tries to capture the human attitude when they are placed in a condition/situation/environment which is familiar and at the same time unfamiliar. As the seemingly simple yet complex situations develop, how these characters fits into a landscape and climate as much mental as physical. Some time “vision” isn’t what is visible, sound isn’t exactly what is heard.

== International Film Festivals attended ==
* 16th [https://web.archive.org/web/20150810211355/http://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/index.html Mumbai Film Festival] 2014
* 7th [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907024813/http://www.biffes.in/english/profile Bengaluru International Film Festival] 2014
* [http://www.calgaryfilm.com/films/2015/fig-fruit-and-wasps Calgary International Film Festival, CANADA. 2015]

== Awards ==
Awarded NETPAC Jury special mention, 7th [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] 2014, Asian Competition section.

== See also ==
* Live Mint: [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/v8ptYZfgerqkz6EDrRhQZJ/Of-time-and-other-demons.html Of time and other demons by Nandini Ramnath]
* Hindustan Times: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150420045104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/worldcinema/fig-fruit-and-the-wasps-at-beijing-film-fest-an-indian-work-with-a-difference/article1-1338864.aspx Fig Fruit and the Wasps: At Beijing Film Fest, an Indian work with a difference by Gautaman Bhaskaran]
* The Hindu: [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/attihannu-mattu-kanaja-in-mumbai-film-festival/article6503560.ece Attihannu mattu kanaja in Mumbai Film Festival by Muralidhara Khajane]
* Gilf Times: [http://www.gulf-times.com/entertainment/240/details/436998/fig-fruit-and-the-wasps-is-pure-cinema Fig Fruit and the Wasps is pure cinema by Gautaman Bhaskaran]
* Art Scene India: [http://www.artsceneindia.com/2015/06/film-review-fig-fruit-and-wasps.html Film Review: Fig Fruit and the Wasps]
* Hindustan Times: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150401202520/http://www.hindustantimes.com/worldcinema/attihannu-mattu-kanaja-lone-entry-from-india-at-beijing-film-fest/article1-1332837.aspx Attihannu Mattu Kanaja lone entry from India at Beijing film fest by Sutirtho Patranobis]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 films]]

Pancha-Gauda

2025-09-25T17:12:52Z

MichaleFlint91: added references

{{short description|One of the two major groupings of Brahmins}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
'''Pancha Gauda''' is one of the two major groupings of [[Brahmin]]s in Hinduism, of which the other is [[Pancha-Dravida]].

== In ''Rajatarangini'' ==
According to [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (c. 12th century CE), the Pancha Gauda group includes the following five Brahmin communities, which according to the text, reside to the north of the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhyas]] in west-central India:<ref name="JGL_2002">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |author=James G. Lochtefeld |publisher=Rosen |year=2002 |isbn=9780823931804 |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/491 491] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXyWE6KbG8oC&pg=PA168 |title=Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities |editor=D. Shyam Babu and [[R. S. Khare|Ravindra S. Khare]] |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=9788131754399 |page=168}}</ref>

* [[Saraswat Brahmins|Sarasvata]]
* [[Kanyakubja Brahmins|Kanyakubja]]
* [[Gauda Brahmins|Gauda]]
* [[Utkala Brahmins|Utkala]]
* [[Maithil Brahmins|Maithila]]

== In the ''Sahyadri-khanda'' ==

The ''[[Sahyadrikhanda|Sahyadri-khanda]]'', considered a part of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', also mentions the same classification as the ''Rajatarangini''.<ref>{{cite book |author=J. Gerson da Cunha |author-link=José Gerson da Cunha |title=Sahyadri-Khanda |year=1877 |publisher=Thacker, Viring & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/Sahyadri-Khanda/page/n5/mode/2up }}; Marathi version edited by Gajanan shastri Gaytonde, published by Shree Katyani Publication, Mumbai</ref> For example, fragments of the ''Sahyadri-khanda'', featured in [[Hemadri]]'s ''Chatur-varga-chintamani'' (13th century), quote [[Shiva]] to provide this classification. The text identifies its heroes, the [[Shenvi]]s, as Sarasvatas. In the text, Shiva also provides an alternative classification of Pancha Gaudas, stating that the ancient sages made these divisions:<ref name="ROH_2013">{{cite journal |author=Rosalind O'Hanlon |title=Performance in a World of Paper: Puranic Histories and Social communication in Early Modern India |year=2013 |journal=Past and Present |issue=219 |publisher=Oxford University Press / The Past and Present Society |jstor=24543602 |page=104 }}</ref>

* Trihotras
* Agnivaisyas
* Kanyakubjas
* Kanojyas
* Maitrayanas

== In the ''kaifiyat''s ==
The [[Maratha confederacy|Maratha]]-era ''[[kaifiyat]]s'' (bureaucratic records) of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], which give an account of the society in the southern Maratha country, mention the following Brahmin communities as Pancha-Gaudas<ref name="KNC_1994">{{cite book |author=Krishnaji Nageshrao Chitnis |title=Glimpses of Maratha Socio-economic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k--C9xHsSnEC&pg=PA96|year=1994|publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-347-0|pages=95–96}}</ref>

* [[Kanyakubja Brahmins|Kanoji Brahmins]]
* [[Kamrupi Brahmins]]
* [[Utkala Brahmin]]s
* [[Maithil Brahmin]]s
* [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara Brahmins]]

According to the ''kaifiyat''s, the Pancha Gaudas could be either [[Smarta]], [[Vaishnavas]] or [[Bhagavata|Bhagavats]].<ref name="KNC_1994"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Pratyush Kumar]], Homo Connubialis Brahmanicus: Marriage Relations Among Brahmins, Baden-Baden: Nomos (Ergon), Germany, 2025, ISBN 978-3-98740-189-3 (Print).

[[Category:Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

1528 in India

2025-09-15T10:49:08Z

MichaleFlint91: page edit

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1528}}

Events from the year '''1528 in India'''.

==Events==
* [[20 January]] – The [[Battle of Chanderi]] is fought between [[Babur]] and [[Medini Rai]].

==Births==
* [[Birbal]], Wazīr-e Azam of the Mughal court (died [[1586 in India|1586]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bīrbal {{!}} Indian courtier |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Birbal |access-date=2020-12-26 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

==Deaths==
* [[Ravidas]], mystic-poet of the [[Bhakti movement]] dies (year of birth uncertain)<ref name="encyclopediabritraidas">{{cite web |title=Bhagat Ravidass Ji (Indian mystic and poet) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1350770/Ravidas |access-date=10 August 2009 |publisher=Britannica.com}}</ref>
* [[Rana Sanga]], ruler of [[Mewar]], is assassinated shortly after fighting in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] (born [[1484 in India|1484]])

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1528}}

[[Category:1528 in India| ]]
[[Category:1528 by country|India]]
[[Category:16th century in India]]
[[Category:1528 in Asia]]
[[Category:1520s in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

National Innovation Council (India)

2025-09-14T23:33:49Z

MichaleFlint91: refine page for clarity for clarity

{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''National Innovation Council''' is the think-tank council of [[India]] to discuss, analyse and help implement strategies for innovation in India and suggest a Roadmap for Innovation 2010–2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.innovationcouncil.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=5 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020025548/http://www.innovationcouncil.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=5 | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 October 2011 | title=Introduction | publisher=National Innovation Council | accessdate=19 February 2012 }}</ref> It is currently headed by no one as its incumbent chairman [[Sam Pitroda]] has resigned. It has approved [[Vadodara Innovation Council]] as its first city-based innovation council in India.

==See also==
* [[Ideawicket]]
* [[Indovation]]
* [[Vadodara Innovation Council]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Business organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India|Innovation]]
[[Category:Innovation organizations]]
[[Category:Innovation in India]]

Smith & Jones instant noodles

2025-08-09T18:35:09Z

MichaleFlint91: Pg

{{Short description|Instant noodles made by Capital Foods Ltd India}}
{{Notability|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Smith & Jones''' is the brand name of [[Instant noodle|instant noodles]] and sauces manufactured and distributed by Capital Foods Ltd India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalfoods.co.in/capital/capital.htm|title= capital foods}}</ref><ref name="econ_HULt">{{Cite web| title = HUL to launch Knorr instant noodles; to take on Maggi| author = Malviya, Sagar| work = The Economic Times| date = 2015-03-12| access-date = 9 December 2018| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/hul-to-launch-knorr-instant-noodles-to-take-on-maggi/articleshow/46534961.cms}}</ref>

==Noodle flavors==
The noodles are available in the following flavours:
*Smith & Jones [[spice mix|masala]] flavour: (blend of various Indian spices)
*Smith & Jones curry flavour
Capital Foods also manufactures various other Chinese flavours under the brand name '''Ching's Secret''':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chingssecret.com/|title=Ching's secret}}</ref>
*Manchurian
*Hot Garlic
*Szechwan

==Competitors==
[[Maggi noodles]] and [[Nissin Foods|Nissin]] instant noodles are the top rivals in this market segment.<ref name="theh_WaiW">{{Cite web| title = Wai Wai, Smith & Jones caught in Maggi tangle| author = Meenakshi Verma Ambwani| work = The Hindu Business Line| date = 2015-06-07| access-date = 9 December 2018| url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/wai-wai-smith-amp-jones-caught-in-maggi-tangle/article7291940.ece}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.smith-n-jones.com/}}
* [https://capitalfoods.co.in/ Capital Foods Ltd India's website]

{{Noodle|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith and Jones instant noodles}}
[[Category:Instant noodle brands]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Tata Consumer Products]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Ashok Kumar Patel

2025-06-09T12:51:40Z

MichaleFlint91:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Kumar Patel
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = Hariyapur, [[Fatehpur District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 1998
| term_end1 = 2004
| predecessor1 = [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]]
| successor1 = [[Mahendra Prasad Nishad]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = Samajwadi Party
| spouse = Kusum Singh
| children = Abhinav Patel, Swapnil Singh, Priyanka Singh, Ruchi Singh, Prateek Singh
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/300?from=members
}}

'''Ashok Kumar Patel''' is an Indian politician. He was a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="RaoBalakrishnan1999">{{cite book|author1=G. V. L. Narasimha Rao|author2=K. Balakrishnan|title=Indian Elections: The Nineties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DyOAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 January 2019|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Har-Anand Publication|page=335|isbn=9788124106624}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S24/partycomp54.htm | title=General Elections 2004 Partywise Comparison since 1977 Fatehpur Parliamentary Constituency | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=28 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Rajamani 2000 p. ">{{cite book | last=Rajamani | first=R.C. | title=Portraits of India's Parliamentarians for the New Millennium: Lok Sabha | publisher=| series=Portraits of India's Parliamentarians for the New Millennium | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-212-0702-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVpuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=357}}</ref><ref name="Rana 2006 p. 438">{{cite book | last=Rana | first=M.S. | title=India Votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha Elections 2001-2005 | publisher=Sarup & Sons | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&pg=PA438 | language= | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=438}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=300&lastls=13 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Ashok Kumar}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Carlton Kitto

2025-01-23T05:30:56Z

MichaleFlint91: added a stub

{{Short description|Indian bebop jazz guitarist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
[[File:Carleton Kitto small for wikipedia-1.jpg|thumb|Carlton Kitto at the Oberoi Grand Hotel, Kolkata, 2012]]
'''Carlton Kitto''' ({{circa|1942}} – 28 November 2016) was a [[bebop]] [[jazz]] guitarist from [[Kolkata]], India.<ref name=alljazz>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110904/jsp/graphiti/story_14460162.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203161426/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110904/jsp/graphiti/story_14460162.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=All that jazz|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=4 September 2011|accessdate=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=songblue>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070318/asp/calcutta/story_7527829.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203203135/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070318/asp/calcutta/story_7527829.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Song sung blue|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=18 March 2007|accessdate=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=frontline>{{cite news |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2313/stories/20060714002210000.htm |title=Kitto's jazz yatra |newspaper=Frontline |date=1 July 2006 |accessdate=19 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106220605/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2313/stories/20060714002210000.htm |archivedate=6 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name=ie>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/those-were-the-days-my-friend/891715/0|title=Those Were the Days, My Friend|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 December 2011|accessdate=19 June 2012}}</ref> He was born in [[Bangalore]], where he started working in the railways in his early days.<ref name=ie/> Kitto later started his music career in [[Chennai]] in the 1960s.<ref name=frontline/> He moved to Kolkata in 1973 and became a part of the band ''Jazz Ensemble'' in [[Moulin Rogue]], an upscale restaurant in [[Park Street, Kolkata]].<ref name=songblue/><ref name=ie/> After two years he started playing in another restaurant named [[Mocambo (restaurant)|Mocambo]] in the same locality. He was a teacher of jazz and classical guitar at the [[Calcutta School of Music]] and also performed in some of the restaurants and pubs, such as the Chowringhee Bar, Trincas, Blue Fox and Someplace Else in Kolkata.{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-10/music-events/28542998_1_ensemble-members-music-guitarists|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103181519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-10/music-events/28542998_1_ensemble-members-music-guitarists|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=All that jazz|date=10 February 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=19 June 2012}} Kitto had the distinction of playing along with other legendary jazz musicians such as [[Sonny Rollins]], [[Clark Terry]], David Leibman, [[Larry Coryell]], Chico Freeman and [[Charlie Byrd]].

The independent documentary film Finding Carlton -Uncovering the story of Jazz in India completed in 2012, [http://www.findingcarlton.com www.findingcarlton.com], pays tribute to Carlton Kitto whilst telling the fascinating story of how jazz came to India. The filmmaker Susheel Kurien compiled extensive interviews and live performance footage that is a historical archive of the Carlton Kitto story.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://scroll.in/article/822822/carlton-kitto-an-indian-jazz-guitar-legend-joins-the-big-band-in-the-sky|title= Carlton Kitto: An Indian jazz guitar legend joins the Big Band in the Sky. Susheel Kurien's documentary film 'Finding Carlton' explored the tenacity and sharply-honed talent of Kolkata's last bebop musician|website=Scroll.in|accessdate=19 November 2016}}</ref>

Kitto died on 28 November 2016 at the age of 74 after a long illness.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kitto, Carlton}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian jazz guitarists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

Siddakatte Chennappa Shetty

2025-01-11T21:56:43Z

MichaleFlint91: Started - done

{{Short description|Yakshagana artist (1952–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
[[File:Siddakatte Chennappa Shetty1.png|300px|thumb|Siddakatte Chennappa Shetty in thala-maddale]]
'''Siddakatte Chennappa Shetty''' (born 8 May 1952 at Rayee village; died 22 March 2014 in Manipal, Mangalore) was a [[Yakshagana]] artist from Siddakatte, [[Bantwal]] [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. Siddakatte was well known for his oratory skills in Yakshagana and Tala-Maddale (form of Yakshagana).

==Personal life==
Chennappa Shetty was the second son of Vasu Shetty and Lingamma. He resided in Mavinakatte [[Bantwal]] with his wife Hemalatha and 3 sons Bharath, Bhuvan and Bhushan.

==Career==
Siddakatte made his [[Yakshagana]] debut in 1965 after being trained at [[Yakshagana]] Kendra Dharmashala under the guidance of Kuriya Vittal Shastri and Padre Chandu. Thereafter, he moved to Dharmastala, Kadri, Bappanadu, Kumble and Madhur Mela. Focusing primarily on his oratory skills, took guidance from Kuthlodi Vasu Shetty, Dr.Prabhakar Joshi, Korgi Venkateshwara Upadhyaya and Dr.Shimanthoor Narayana Shetty. He admired and emulated Agari Shirinivas Bhagawatha's personality and lifestyle.

Badaguthittu (northern form) invited based on his popularity in south and oratory skills. He made his entry through Perdoor Mela and after to Saligrama. He learnt badagutittu naatya from Heranjalu Venkataramana. Siddakatte was one of the most successful artists who moved from thenkuthittu to badaguthittu. He came back to theenkuthittu through Yedaneer mela after working several years in badaguthittu.

Siddakatte had extraordinary knowledge on Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Bhagavatha and few other Indian literatures. Known for his great voice, clean pronunciation and enunciation, tactical derivation of stories and sub-stories from [[Puranas]] in conversation, and utilization of proverbs and Sanskrit Shloka at appropriate situations in a timely manner.

==Awards==
Siddakatte was solicited by different firms in India and in gulf countries. He was awarded Karnataka Rajyothsava district award in 2009.<ref>[[Karnataka Rajyotsava]] [http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/nov22006/district1715332006111.asp District award for Yakshagana] ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', 2 November 2006</ref> He was identified as "Mathina Malla" in [[Yakshagana]] and [[Tala-Maddale]] world.

==Death==
Siddakatte died of a brain stroke on 22 March 2014 at Kasturba hospital Manipal, Mangalore.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/yakshagana-exponent-chennappa-shetty-dies/article5821996.ece Yakshagana exponent Chennappa Shetty dies] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 23 March 2014</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.bayalata.com/?1~517~%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A6%20%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8%20%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%20%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%20%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%20Siddakatte%20Chennappa%20Shetty Commentary on the death of Siddakatte Chennappa Shetty] by Prabhakar Joshi, 31 March 2014
*[[Veerendra Heggade]] [http://m.newshunt.com/in/english/udayavani-english/karavali/dr-d-veerendra-heggade-condoles-the-death-of-yakshagana-artiste_27967580 Condoles The Death Of Yakshagana Artiste Siddakatte Chennappa Shetty]
*[http://www.bayalata.com/?1~536~%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%20%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%20%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%20%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%20%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%20Siddkatte%20Chennappa%20Shetty ಸಿದ್ಧಕಟ್ಟೆಯವರ ಅರ್ಥಗಾರಿಕೆಯ ಶಿಸ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಬದ್ಧತೆ] by ಟಿ.ಎ.ಎನ್.ಖ೦ಡಿಗೆ

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Siddakatte Chennappa}}
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Neurological disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Yakshagana]]

Hirebudanur

2025-01-04T15:42:05Z

MichaleFlint91:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hirebudanur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hirebudanur''' is a village that is located in the [[Belgaum district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210946/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/ Village Directory], 2001 Census of India</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belgaum-geo-stub}}

Raja Rammohun Roy

2024-10-31T21:33:28Z

MichaleFlint91: starting article

#REDIRECT [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]]

Balapur, Vikramgad

2024-07-08T18:45:16Z

MichaleFlint91: added a post

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8368015|N|73.0936509|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 72
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2617
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551768
| footnotes =
}}
'''Balapur''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Balapur has 507 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 55.48%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2617 || 1315 || 1302
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 436 || 229 || 207
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 2599 || 1305 || 1294
|-
| Literates || 1210 || 734 || 476
|-
| Workers (all) || 1603 || 795 || 808
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1562 || 779 || 783
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 1057 || 534 || 523
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 476 || 234 || 242
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 3 || 0 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Other || 26 || 11 || 15
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 41 || 16 || 25
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 12 || 6 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 11 || 6 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 18 || 4 || 14
|-
| Non-workers || 1014 || 520 || 494
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

36 royal races

2024-03-26T18:44:06Z

MichaleFlint91: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Rajput clans#36 royal races]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]

Diocese of Lucknow

2024-03-19T06:07:17Z

MichaleFlint91: added new info

'''Diocese of Lucknow''' may refer to:

* [[Diocese of Lucknow (Church of North India)]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucknow]]

{{dab}}

Ma Anandamayi

2024-02-04T03:33:03Z

MichaleFlint91: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Anandamayi Ma]]
{{R from alternative name}}