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Hanoi

2026-05-10T23:18:33Z

Michaelevansnet: adding initial details and citations

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Capital municipality of Vietnam}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hanoi
| official_name = Hanoi Municipality {{nobold|{{lang|vi|Thành phố Hà Nội}}}}<hr/>Hanoi Capital {{nobold|{{lang|vi|Thủ đô Hà Nội}}}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Capital city|Capital]] [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipality (special)]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 1/2/2/2

| image1 = Hanoi skyline with Ba Vi Mountain.jpg
| caption1 = Hanoi skyline with [[Ba Vì mountain range]]
| image2 = Hoan Kiem Lake1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Turtle Tower]]
| image3 = Hanoi Temple of Literature.jpg
| caption3 = [[Temple of Literature, Hanoi|Temple of Literature]]
| image6 = Hanoi_Opera_House,_24_December_2016.jpg
| caption6 = [[Hanoi Opera House]]
| image7 = Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg
| caption7 = [[Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long|Imperial Citadel]]
| image8 = P20230910AS-1839.jpg
| caption8 = [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]]
| image9 = Hanoi sjc b.jpg
| caption9 = [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]]
| image10 = Hanoi Skyline - NKS.jpg
| caption10 = Hanoi skyline with [[Nhật Tân Bridge]]
}} 
| motto =
| nicknames = City of soaring dragon (''Thành phố rồng bay'')<ref name="tuoitre.vn/">[https://tuoitre.vn/thang-long---ha-noi---thanh-pho-rong-bay-404906.htm Thăng Long – Hà Nội – thành phố rồng bay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605052739/https://tuoitre.vn/thang-long---ha-noi---thanh-pho-rong-bay-404906.htm |date=5 June 2022 }}, tuoitre.vn, 2010-10-10.</ref> Thousand-year-long capital of civilisation (''Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Từ Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến đến thành phố vì hòa bình|url=https://anninhthudo.vn/tu-thu-do-nghin-nam-van-hien-den-thanh-pho-vi-hoa-binh-post400421.antd|date=20 July 2019|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194348/https://anninhthudo.vn/tu-thu-do-nghin-nam-van-hien-den-thanh-pho-vi-hoa-binh-post400421.antd|url-status=live}}</ref>
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-point = none
| image_flag = 
| image_seal = Emblem of Hanoi.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image_map1 = Ha Noi in Viet Nam.svg
| mapsize1 = 150px
| pushpin_map = Vietnam#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Vietnam##Location in Asia
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.00|N|105.85|E|type:city(8,600,000)_region:VN-HN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Vietnam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of Vietnam|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Red River Delta]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| governing_body = Hanoi People's Council
| parts_type = [[List of districts of Vietnam|Subdivisions]] ([[List of administrative divisions of Hanoi|list]])
| parts = {{unbulleted list|51 [[Ward (Vietnam)|wards]]|75 [[Commune (Vietnam)|communes]]}}
| leader_title1 = Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Party Committee]]
| leader_name1 = Nguyễn Duy Ngọc
| total_type = Total
| leader_title2 = Chairwoman of People's Council
| leader_name2 = Phùng Thị Hồng Hà
| leader_title3 = Chairman of People's Committee
| leader_name3 = [[Vũ Đại Thắng]]
| leader_title4 = Chairman of [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front|Fatherland Front]]
| leader_name4 = Bùi Huyền Mai
| area_footnotes = <ref name="area_2022">{{Cite act|date=18 October 2023|type=Decision|index=3048/QĐ-BTNMT|legislature=[[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)]]|title=Biểu số 4.2: Hiện trạng sử dụng đất vùng Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng năm 2022|trans-title=Table 4.2: Current land use status in the Red River Delta in 2022|language=vi|url=https://monre.gov.vn/VanBan/Lists/VanBanChiDao/Attachments/3012/b4.2_Signed.pdf}} – the data in the report are in hectares, rounded to integers</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 3,359.84
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Phạm |first=Đình Tuyển |date=2019 |title=Khu công viên đổi mới sáng tạo phía Tây Hà Nội |url=https://www.tapchikientruc.com.vn/chuyen-muc/khu-cong-vien-doi-moi-sang-tao-phia-tay-ha-noi.html |journal=Tạp chí kiến trúc (Architecture Magazine) |issue=9 |publisher=Hội Kiến trúc sư Việt Nam (Vietnam Association of Architects) |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730050557/https://www.tapchikientruc.com.vn/chuyen-muc/khu-cong-vien-doi-moi-sang-tao-phia-tay-ha-noi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_urban_km2 = 319.56
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |last=Nguyễn |first=Tố Lăng |date=2021-01-28 |title=Nhận diện vấn đề đô thị và quản lý phát triển đô thị khi đất nước dần trở thành nước công nghiệp theo hướng hiện đại (kỳ 1) |work=Tạp chí Cộng sản |url=https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/media-story/-/asset_publisher/V8hhp4dK31Gf/content/nhan-dien-van-de-do-thi-va-quan-ly-phat-trien-do-thi-khi-dat-nuoc-dan-tro-thanh-nuoc-cong-nghiep-theo-huong-hien-dai-ky--1 |issn=2734-9071 |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730050157/https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/media-story/-/asset_publisher/V8hhp4dK31Gf/content/nhan-dien-van-de-do-thi-va-quan-ly-phat-trien-do-thi-khi-dat-nuoc-dan-tro-thanh-nuoc-cong-nghiep-theo-huong-hien-dai-ky--1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Trần">{{Cite news |last=Trần |first=Hoàng |date=2022-03-01 |title=Hà Nội nghiên cứu mô hình 'thành phố trong thành phố' |work=Tiền Phong |url=https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-nghien-cuu-mo-hinh-thanh-pho-trong-thanh-pho-post1419780.tpo |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730050447/https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-nghien-cuu-mo-hinh-thanh-pho-trong-thanh-pho-post1419780.tpo |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 24,314.7
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| elevation_max_m = 1296
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |last=Quang Thái |date=2008-09-20 |title=Sống ở nơi cao nhất Thủ đô |work=An ninh Thủ đô |url=https://www.anninhthudo.vn/song-o-noi-cao-nhat-thu-do-post32628.antd |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730070004/https://www.anninhthudo.vn/song-o-noi-cao-nhat-thu-do-post32628.antd |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="p105">{{cite book | author = [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] | year = 2023 | url = https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf | title = Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 | trans-title= Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022 | publisher = Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) | access-date = 2024-04-03 | archive-date = 2024-04-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124007/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf|url-status=live| page=105 }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_total = 8,807,523
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Vietnam|2nd]]
| population_demonym = Hanoian
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book |author=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |year=2023 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf |title=Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022 |publisher=Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) |access-date=2024-04-03 |archive-date=2024-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124007/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf |url-status=live |page=115}}</ref>
| population_urban = 4,238,500
| population_rural_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book |author=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |year=2023 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf |title=Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022 |publisher=Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) |access-date=2024-04-03 |archive-date=2024-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124007/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf|url-status=live| page=117}}</ref>
| population_rural = 4,348,600
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Trần" />
| population_metro = 19,795,805
| demographics_type1 = [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2019">{{cite book |author=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |year=2020 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf |title=Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019 |trans-title=Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census |publisher=Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) |isbn=978-604-75-1532-5 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110045640/https://www.gso.gov.vn/du-lieu-va-so-lieu-thong-ke/2020/11/ket-qua-toan-bo-tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-nam-2019/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]{{Efn|Also called Kinh people}}
| demographics1_info1 = 98.66%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Muong people|Mường]]
| demographics1_info2 = 0.77%
| demographics1_title3 = [[Tày people|Tày]]
| demographics1_info3 = 0.24%
| demographics1_title4 = [[Thai people in Vietnam|Thái]]
| demographics1_info4 = 0.09%
| demographics1_title5 = [[Nùng people|Nùng]]
| demographics1_info5 = 0.08%
| demographics1_title6 = Others
| demographics1_info6 = 0.16%
| demographics_type2 = [[GDP]] {{Nobold|(Nominal, 2025)}}<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_vnm.pdf|publisher=Tellusant Public Service Series|title=TelluBase—Viet Nam Fact Sheet| access-date = 31 July 2024}}</ref>
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[US$]]58.6 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = US$6,823
| blank1_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank1_info = {{increase}} 0.845<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Development Index by province(*) by Cities, provincies and Year |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/px-web/?pxid=E1438&theme=Health%2C%20Culture%2C%20Sport%20and%20Living%20standard |access-date=September 28, 2025 |website=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]]}}</ref> ([[List of administrative divisions of Vietnam by Human Development Index|1st]])
| timezone = [[Indochina Time|ICT]]
| utc_offset = +07:00
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Vietnam|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 10xxx–14xxx
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Vietnam|Area codes]]
| area_code = 24
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:VN|VN-HN]]
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of Vietnam|License plate]]
| registration_plate = 29–33, 40
| established_title = Capital establishment
| established_date = 1010
| established_title1 = French occupation
| established_date1 = [[Battle of Hanoi (1873)|20 November 1873]]
| established_title2 = Colonial liberation
| established_date2 = [[1954 in Vietnam#October|10 October 1954]]
| module =
| website = {{URL|www.hanoi.gov.vn|hanoi.gov.vn}}
}}

'''Hanoi''' ({{IPAc-en|h|æ|ˈ|n|ɔɪ}} {{respell|han|OY}}; {{langx|vi|Hà Nội}}, {{IPA|vi|haː˨˩ noj˧˨ʔ|pron}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and second-most populous municipality of [[Vietnam]]. It encompasses an area of {{Convert|3,358.6|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Nien-giam-Tom-Tat-2020Ban-quyen.pdf |title=Statistical Summary Book of Vietnam |language=vi,en |publisher=Statistical Publishing House |year=2020 |editor1=Đỗ Văn Chiến |editor2=Nguyễn Thúy Quỳnh |others=Presentation by Anh Tú; Dũng Thắng |page=59 |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> and as of 2025 has a population of 8,807,523.<ref name="p105"/> Hanoi had the second-highest [[gross regional domestic product]] of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at US$48 billion in 2023,<ref>{{cite book |author=Statistics Office of Hanoi |year=2023 |url=https://cucthongkehanoi.gso.gov.vn/storage/manager/niengiam_tk/N39Xcce-ea70cb87-be4d-4da8-b7aa-5ffa9a840648.pdf |title=Niên giám Thống kê thành phố Hà Nội năm 2022 |trans-title= Statistical Yearbook of Hanoi 2022 |publisher=Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) |access-date=2024-04-29 |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429074643/https://cucthongkehanoi.gso.gov.vn/storage/manager/niengiam_tk/N39Xcce-ea70cb87-be4d-4da8-b7aa-5ffa9a840648.pdf |url-status=live |page=162}}</ref> behind [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Đóng góp của các tỉnh, thành phố về một số chỉ tiêu chủ yếu |url=http://kinhtetrunguong.vn/web/guest/thong-tin-dia-phuong/dong-gop-cua-cac-tinh-thanh-pho-ve-mot-so-chi-tieu-chu-yeu.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=kinhtetrunguong.vn |language=vi |last1=Trang |first1=Huyền}}</ref> It hosts [[List of diplomatic missions in Vietnam|78 foreign embassies]], the headquarters of the [[People's Army of Vietnam|Vietnam People's Army (VPA)]], its [[Vietnam National University, Hanoi|Vietnam National University system]], and other governmental organizations. Hanoi has 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thương |first=Báo Công |date=2022-12-31 |title=Năm 2022: Hà Nội đón 18,7 triệu lượt du khách {{!}} Báo Công Thương |url=https://congthuong.vn/nam-2022-ha-noi-don-187-trieu-luot-du-khach-233173.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Báo Công Thương điện tử, kinh tế, chính trị, xã hội |language=vi}}</ref> It hosts the [[Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long]], [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]], [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]], [[West Lake (Hanoi)|West Lake]], and [[Ba Vì National Park]] near the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban area has [[architectural style]]s, including [[French colonial architecture]], [[Brutalist architecture|brutalist apartments]] and disorganized [[alley]]s and [[tube house]]s stemming from the city's growth in the [[20th century]].

In 1010, under the [[Lý dynasty]], king [[Lý Thái Tổ]] established the capital of the imperial nation [[Đại Việt]] in what later is central Hanoi, naming the city '''Thăng Long''' {{IPA|vi|tʰɐŋ loŋ|}}, 'ascending dragon'). In 1428, King [[Lê Lợi]] renamed the city to '''Đông Kinh''' {{IPA|vi|ɗoŋ kīŋ̟|}}, 'eastern capital'), and it remained so until 1789. The [[Nguyễn dynasty]] in 1802 moved the national capital to [[Huế]] and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. Hanoi served as the capital of [[French Indochina]] from 1902 to 1945 and French protectorate of [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] from 1883 to 1949. After the [[August Revolution]] and the fall of the Nguyễn dynasty, the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] (DRV) designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. From 1949 to 1954, Hanoi was part of the [[State of Vietnam]]. It was again part of the DRV ruling North Vietnam from 1954 to 1976. In 1976, Hanoi became the capital of the unified [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]].

== Names ==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 250
| align = left
| image1 = ThăngLong昇竜.png
| caption1 = {{lang|vi|Thăng Long}} ({{lang|vi|昇竜}})
| image2 = KẻChợ仉𢄂.png
| caption2 = {{lang|vi|Kẻ Chợ}} ({{lang|vi|仉𢄂}})
| footer = Excerpts from ''{{lang|vi|Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca}}''
}}

Hanoi was known as Long Biên ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍編}}, {{Literal translation|dragons interweaving}}), then Tống Bình ({{lang|vi-Hani|宋平}}, {{Literal translation|[[Song dynasty|Song]] pacification}}) and Long Đỗ ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍肚}}, {{Literal translation|dragon belly}}). ''Long Biên'' later gave its name to the [[Long Biên Bridge]], built during [[French Indochina|French colonial]] times. Some older names of Hanoi feature ''long'' ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍}}, {{Translation|dragon}}), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lands named "dragon"|url=http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152322/http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html|archive-date=23 April 2017|publisher=[[Tuổi Trẻ]]|access-date=23 April 2017|author=Con Giang|date=9 January 2012}}</ref>

In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La ({{lang|vi-Hani|大羅}}, {{Literal translation|big net}}). This gave it the nickname La Thành ({{lang|vi-Hani|羅城}}, {{Literal translation|''La'' citadel}}). When [[Lý Thái Tổ]] established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long ({{lang|vi-Hani|昇龍}}).<ref>Anh Thư Hà, Hồng Đức Trần A Brief Chronology of Vietnam's History 2000– Page 40 "Taking this as a good omen, he named the new capital Thăng Long (City of the Soaring Dragon), now Hanoi. Lý Thái Tổ reorganized the administration"</ref><ref>Patricia M. Pelley ''Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past'' 2002– Page 213 "When Lý Thái Tổ relocated the capital in 1010."</ref>

Arab manuscripts between the [[9th century|9th]] and [[12th century]] referred to Hanoi as {{lang|ar-Latn|Luqin}} ({{lang|ar|لوكين}}), a term derived from ''[[Long Biên|Longbian]]'' ([[Middle Chinese]]: {{lang|ltc-Latn|Ljowng-pen}}), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Formichi |first1=Chiara |title=Islam and Asia: A History |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-10612-3 |page=27 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-fWDwAAQBAJ&dq=luqin+colonies+muslims&pg=PA27 |volume = 21 of New Approaches to Asian History}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=George F. |last2=Carswell |first2=John |editor1-last=Carswell |editor1-first=John |title=Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-00032-8 |page=72 |edition=illustrated, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDh2KKSlQg4C&dq=luqin+colonies+muslims&pg=PA72 |series=ACLS Humanities E-Book Princeton paperbacks: Ancient history}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kasimin |first1=Amran |title=Religion and Social Change Among the Indigenous People of the Malay Peninsula |date=1991 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia |isbn=983-62-2265-0 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJzXAAAAMAAJ&q=luqin+colonies+muslims}}</ref>

==Environment==
Hanoi sometimes ranks among the "most polluted cities", with days each year when it is the most air-polluted city in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-09-06 |title=Hôm nay Hà Nội lại là thành phố ô nhiễm không khí nhất thế giới: Chỉ số AQI lên tới 190, vượt xa cả Bắc Kinh lẫn Jakarta! |url=https://cafef.vn/hom-nay-ha-noi-lai-la-thanh-pho-o-nhiem-khong-khi-nhat-the-gioi-chi-so-aqi-len-toi-190-vuot-xa-ca-bac-kinh-lan-jakarta-20190906115245515.chn |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=cafef |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ONLINE |first=TUOI TRE |date=2019-09-26 |title=Sáng nay, không khí Hà Nội ô nhiễm nhất thế giới |url=https://tuoitre.vn/sang-nay-khong-khi-ha-noi-o-nhiem-nhat-the-gioi-20190926112030454.htm |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=TUOI TRE ONLINE |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PHÓNG |first=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI |date=2019-03-06 |title=Hà Nội là một trong hai thành phố ô nhiễm bụi nặng nề nhất Đông Nam Á |url=https://www.sggp.org.vn/ha-noi-la-mot-trong-hai-thanh-pho-o-nhiem-bui-nang-ne-nhat-dong-nam-a-post510794.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG |language=vi}}</ref> According to the 2018 Global Air Quality Report, Hanoi's fine dust concentration was four times higher than the [[World Health Organization|WHO]]'s recommended limit (40.8 μg/m3 compared to the recommended 10 μg/m3).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-12 |title=Hà Nội ô nhiễm không khí thứ 2 ở Đông Nam Á |url=https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-o-nhiem-khong-khi-thu-2-o-dong-nam-a-post1096489.tpo |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Báo điện tử Tiền Phong |language=vi}}</ref> A report by Vietnam's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment stated that Hanoi is the most air-polluted city in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trí |first=Dân |date=2019-09-22 |title=Ảnh Hà Nội trong báo động đỏ về ô nhiễm không khí |url=https://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/anh-ha-noi-trong-bao-dong-do-ve-o-nhiem-khong-khi-20190921005146059.htm |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Báo điện tử Dân Trí |language=vi}}</ref> The rivers flowing through Hanoi (Nhuệ River, [[Tô Lịch River|Tô Lịch]] River, Kim Ngưu River, Lừ River, and Sét River) and some lakes are polluted, as 78% of Hanoi's wastewater is discharged directly into rivers and lakes without treatment. Each of these rivers receives tens of thousands of cubic meters of wastewater daily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Những dòng sông 'chết' ở Hà Nội |url=https://vnexpress.net/nhung-dong-song-chet-o-ha-noi-3996497.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=vnexpress |language=vi |author1=Vnexpress }}</ref>

===Climate===
{{climate chart
| Hanoi, [[Vietnam]]
|14.4|19.4|22.5
|15.8|20.4|24.6
|18.4|23.2|47.0
|21.9|27.7|91.8
|24.8|31.9|185.4
|26.4|33.4|253.3
|26.5|33.4|280.1
|26.1|32.6|309.4
|25.2|31.5|228.3
|22.8|29.2|140.7
|19.3|25.7|66.7
|15.8|22.0|20.2
|float=right
|clear=none
|source = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |title=Vietnam Building Code: Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction |publisher=ibst.vn |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25|archive-date=22 July 2018 }}</ref>
}}
When using the [[Köppen climate classification]], Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''[[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]])''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/vietnam/hanoi-822/ |title=Climate Hanoi: Temperature, Climate Graph, Climate Table for Hanoi |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2023-12-07}}</ref> with precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam.<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson, B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |issn=1027-5606 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2012 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The city experiences the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221133515/http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs1/vn/gioithieuchunghanoi/group1/index.htm |archive-date=21 February 2009 |url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs1/vn/gioithieuchunghanoi/group1/index.htm |title=KHÁI QUÁT VỀ HÀ NỘI |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |language=vi |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot and humid weather with more rainfall, and fewer dry days.<ref name="vietnamUNEP">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/dtie/VTN_ASS_REP_CC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113054646/http://www.roap.unep.org/pub/VTN_ASS_REP_CC.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2011 |title=Viet Nam Assessment Report on Climate Change (VARCC) |publisher=Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment |page=31 |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref>{{rp|40}}<ref name="climate"/> Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rarer.<ref name="vietnamUNEP"/>{{rp|40}} From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild.<ref name="climate"/> Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi a dry winter. Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is characterized with some amounts of drizzle and less sunshine due to the activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland.<ref name="climate" /><ref name="vietnamUNEP"/>{{rp|40}}

The region has a positive [[water balance]] (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the [[potential evapotranspiration]]).<ref>{{cite report |author1=Chuc, N |author2=Singh, Piara |author3=Komuravelly, Srinivas |author4=Akkinapally, Ramakrishna |author5=Chinh, N |author6=Thang, N |author7=Wani, Suhas |author8=Long, T|date=2006 |title=Yield Gap Analysis of Major Rainfed Crops of Northern Vietnam Using Simulation Modeling. Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report No. 26 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277220863 |publisher=[[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Thi Phuong Quynh Le |author2=Christina Seidler |author3=Matthias Kändler |author4=Thi Bich Nga Tran |date=19 September 2011 |title=Proposed methods for potential evapotranspiration calculation of the Red River basin (North Vietnam) |journal=Hydrological Processes |volume=26 |issue=18 |pages=2782–2790 |doi=10.1002/hyp.8315|s2cid=140693137 }}</ref> Hanoi averages {{convert|1612|mm|1|abbr=}} of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain.<ref name="climate"/> The average annual temperature is {{convert|23.6|°C|0|abbr=on}}, with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of {{convert|16.4|C|F}} and the hottest month has a mean temperature of {{convert|29.2|C|F}}. The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|42.8|°C|0|abbr=on}} in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|2.7|°C|0|abbr=on}} on 12 January 1955.<ref name="climate"/> During a [[January 2016 East Asia cold wave|January 2016 cold wave]], snow was seen to appear on the nearby [[Ba Vì mountain range]], where the temperature fell to {{Convert|0|C|F|abbr=on}} on 24 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=VnExpress |title=Tuyết rơi trên núi Ba Vì, Hà Nội |url=https://vnexpress.net/tuyet-roi-tren-nui-ba-vi-ha-noi-3347444.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=vnexpress.net |language=vi |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429071742/https://vnexpress.net/tuyet-roi-tren-nui-ba-vi-ha-noi-3347444.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = downtown Hanoi ([[Đống Đa district]] and [[Hoàn Kiếm district]])
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 33.3
| Feb record high C = 35.1
| Mar record high C = 37.2
| Apr record high C = 41.5
| May record high C = 42.8
| Jun record high C = 41.8
| Jul record high C = 40.8
| Aug record high C = 40.3
| Sep record high C = 38.2
| Oct record high C = 36.6
| Nov record high C = 36.0
| Dec record high C = 31.9
| year record high C = 42.8
| Jan high C = 19.8
| Feb high C = 20.6
| Mar high C = 23.2
| Apr high C = 27.7
| May high C = 31.9
| Jun high C = 33.4
| Jul high C = 33.4
| Aug high C = 32.6
| Sep high C = 31.5
| Oct high C = 29.2
| Nov high C = 25.7
| Dec high C = 22.0
| year high C = 27.6
| Jan mean C = 16.6
| Feb mean C = 17.7
| Mar mean C = 20.3
| Apr mean C = 24.2
| May mean C = 27.6
| Jun mean C = 29.3
| Jul mean C = 29.4
| Aug mean C = 28.7
| Sep mean C = 27.7
| Oct mean C = 25.3
| Nov mean C = 21.9
| Dec mean C = 18.3
| year mean C = 23.9
| Jan low C = 14.5
| Feb low C = 15.8
| Mar low C = 18.4
| Apr low C = 21.9
| May low C = 24.8
| Jun low C = 26.4
| Jul low C = 26.5
| Aug low C = 26.1
| Sep low C = 25.2
| Oct low C = 22.8
| Nov low C = 19.3
| Dec low C = 15.8
| year low C = 21.5
| Jan record low C = 2.7
| Feb record low C = 5.0
| Mar record low C = 7.0
| Apr record low C = 9.8
| May record low C = 15.4
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 21.0
| Aug record low C = 20.9
| Sep record low C = 16.1
| Oct record low C = 12.4
| Nov record low C = 6.8
| Dec record low C = 5.1
| year record low C = 2.7
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 22.5
| Feb rain mm = 24.6
| Mar rain mm = 47.0
| Apr rain mm = 91.8
| May rain mm = 185.4
| Jun rain mm = 253.3
| Jul rain mm = 280.1
| Aug rain mm = 309.4
| Sep rain mm = 228.3
| Oct rain mm = 140.7
| Nov rain mm = 66.7
| Dec rain mm = 20.2
| year rain mm = 1670.1
| Jan rain days = 9.5
| Feb rain days = 11.4
| Mar rain days = 15.9
| Apr rain days = 13.7
| May rain days = 14.6
| Jun rain days = 14.8
| Jul rain days = 16.6
| Aug rain days = 16.5
| Sep rain days = 13.2
| Oct rain days = 9.7
| Nov rain days = 6.8
| Dec rain days = 5.2
| year rain days = 147.9
| Jan humidity = 79.9
| Feb humidity = 82.5
| Mar humidity = 84.5
| Apr humidity = 84.7
| May humidity = 81.1
| Jun humidity = 80.0
| Jul humidity = 80.7
| Aug humidity = 82.7
| Sep humidity = 81.0
| Oct humidity = 78.5
| Nov humidity = 77.1
| Dec humidity = 76.2
| year humidity = 80.7
| Jan sun = 68.7
| Feb sun = 48.1
| Mar sun = 45.5
| Apr sun = 87.4
| May sun = 173.7
| Jun sun = 167.0
| Jul sun = 181.1
| Aug sun = 163.0
| Sep sun = 162.4
| Oct sun = 150.3
| Nov sun = 131.6
| Dec sun = 113.0
| year sun = 1488.5
| source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<ref name="IBST1">{{cite web|title=Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology|url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/10/02-bxd.pdf |language=en}}</ref>
| source 2 = Extremes{{efn|All-time record high;Vietnamnet.vn (May record high and January record low only),<ref name="climate"/> Vietnamnet.vn (June record high only),<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://m.danviet.vn/tin-tuc/nong-425-do-c-nhiet-do-tai-hn-lien-tiep-pha-ky-luc-776199.html
| title = Hà Nội nóng kỷ lục 41,5 độ
| website = danviet.vn
| language = vi
| access-date = 4 June 2017 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170603030816/http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/du-bao-thoi-tiet-hom-nay-3-6-ha-noi-nong-ky-luc-41-5-do-376336.html
| archive-date = 3 June 2017 }}</ref> nchmf.gov.vn (August record high only),<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kttv.gov.vn/kttvsite/vi-VN/1/tin-du-bao-nang-nong-o-khu-vuc-dong-bang-bac-bo-thanh-hoa-den-da-nang-phia-dong-cac-tinh-tu-quang-ngai-den-dak-lak-va-khanh-hoa-post50562.html
| title = TIN DỰ BÁO NẮNG NÓNG Ở KHU VỰC ĐỒNG BẰNG BẮC BỘ, THANH HÓA ĐẾN ĐÀ NẴNG, PHÍA ĐÔNG CÁC TỈNH TỪ QUẢNG NGÃI ĐẾN ĐẮK LẮK VÀ KHÁNH HÒA
| website = nchmf.gov.vn
| language = vi
| access-date = 4 August 2025 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250804133701/https://kttv.gov.vn/kttvsite/vi-VN/1/tin-du-bao-nang-nong-o-khu-vuc-dong-bang-bac-bo-thanh-hoa-den-da-nang-phia-dong-cac-tinh-tu-quang-ngai-den-dak-lak-va-khanh-hoa-post50562.html
| archive-date = 4 August 2025}}</ref> Nchmf.gov.vn,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nchmf.gov.vn/Web/vi-VN/62/19/58/map/Default.aspx
| title = THỜI TIẾT HÀ NỘI
| website = nchmf.gov.vn
| language = vi
| access-date = 30 September 2018
| archive-date = 29 September 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180929163138/http://www.nchmf.gov.vn/Web/vi-VN/62/19/58/map/Default.aspx
}}</ref> January record high, November record high, April and May record low in The Yearbook of Indochina<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-254_No-01.pdf|title=VIỆT NAM NIÊN GIÁM THỐNG KÊ|website=Southeast Asian Development|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510221613/https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-254_No-01.pdf}}</ref><ref>[https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-247_No-01.PDF The Yearbook of Indochina (1932-1933)]</ref>}}
| source =
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = [[Hà Đông District]]
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 32.4
| Feb record high C = 34.9
| Mar record high C = 38.9
| Apr record high C = 39.9
| May record high C = 41.3
| Jun record high C = 42.5
| Jul record high C = 40.0
| Aug record high C = 39.6
| Sep record high C = 37.5
| Oct record high C = 35.7
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 30.7
|year record high C = 42.5
| Jan high C = 19.9
| Feb high C = 20.8
| Mar high C = 23.3
| Apr high C = 27.5
| May high C = 31.5
| Jun high C = 33.4
| Jul high C = 33.2
| Aug high C = 32.4
| Sep high C = 31.3
| Oct high C = 29.2
| Nov high C = 25.8
| Dec high C = 22.1
|year high C = 27.5
| Jan mean C = 16.5
| Feb mean C = 17.8
| Mar mean C = 20.3
| Apr mean C = 24.0
| May mean C = 27.1
| Jun mean C = 29.0
| Jul mean C = 29.1
| Aug mean C = 28.4
| Sep mean C = 27.2
| Oct mean C = 24.9
| Nov mean C = 21.6
| Dec mean C = 18.0
|year mean C = 23.7

| Jan low C = 14.3
| Feb low C = 15.8
| Mar low C = 18.4
| Apr low C = 21.7
| May low C = 24.3
| Jun low C = 26.0
| Jul low C = 26.3
| Aug low C = 25.8
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 22.7
| Nov low C = 18.7
| Dec low C = 15.3
|year low C = 21.1
| Jan record low C = 5.4
| Feb record low C = 6.1
| Mar record low C = 7.3
| Apr record low C = 13.3
| May record low C = 16.5
| Jun record low C = 20.4
| Jul record low C = 22.5
| Aug record low C = 21.9
| Sep record low C = 19.0
| Oct record low C = 12.0
| Nov record low C = 8.4
| Dec record low C = 3.6
|year record low C = 3.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 28.2
| Feb rain mm = 26.5
| Mar rain mm = 45.0
| Apr rain mm = 83.1
| May rain mm = 189.4
| Jun rain mm = 232.5
| Jul rain mm = 254.6
| Aug rain mm = 293.5
| Sep rain mm = 228.8
| Oct rain mm = 184.8
| Nov rain mm = 87.4
| Dec rain mm = 36.9
|year rain mm = 1687.6

| Jan rain days = 9.6
| Feb rain days = 11.7
| Mar rain days = 15.2
| Apr rain days = 13.6
| May rain days = 14.5
| Jun rain days = 14.4
| Jul rain days = 15.6
| Aug rain days = 16.3
| Sep rain days = 13.7
| Oct rain days = 10.8
| Nov rain days = 7.6
| Dec rain days = 6.2
|year rain days = 149.8
| Jan humidity = 83.3
| Feb humidity = 85.3
| Mar humidity = 86.8
| Apr humidity = 88.1
| May humidity = 85.5
| Jun humidity = 82.5
| Jul humidity = 82.5
| Aug humidity = 85.7
| Sep humidity = 86.1
| Oct humidity = 82.9
| Nov humidity = 81.2
| Dec humidity = 80.2
|year humidity = 84.2
| Jan sun = 65.7
| Feb sun = 49.7
| Mar sun = 50.1
| Apr sun = 87.8
| May sun = 170.2
| Jun sun = 167.1
| Jul sun = 181.9
| Aug sun = 167.0
| Sep sun = 162.4
| Oct sun = 146.1
| Nov sun = 133.2
| Dec sun = 110.3
| year sun = 1477.8
| source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<ref name="IBST"/>
}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[Sơn Tây, Hanoi|Sơn Tây]]
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 31.4
| Feb record high C = 34.0
| Mar record high C = 38.0
| Apr record high C = 40.4
| May record high C = 40.5
| Jun record high C = 41.6
| Jul record high C = 40.1
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 37.6
| Oct record high C = 35.6
| Nov record high C = 34.0
| Dec record high C = 31.2
|year record high C = 41.6
| Jan high C = 19.7
| Feb high C = 20.7
| Mar high C = 23.4
| Apr high C = 27.7
| May high C = 31.8
| Jun high C = 33.2
| Jul high C = 33.2
| Aug high C = 32.5
| Sep high C = 31.5
| Oct high C = 29.3
| Nov high C = 25.8
| Dec high C = 22.1
|year high C = 27.6
| Jan mean C = 16.3
| Feb mean C = 17.6
| Mar mean C = 20.2
| Apr mean C = 24.0
| May mean C = 27.2
| Jun mean C = 28.9
| Jul mean C = 28.9
| Aug mean C = 28.4
| Sep mean C = 27.3
| Oct mean C = 25.0
| Nov mean C = 21.5
| Dec mean C = 17.9
|year mean C = 23.6
| Jan low C = 14.1
| Feb low C = 15.6
| Mar low C = 18.2
| Apr low C = 21.5
| May low C = 24.2
| Jun low C = 25.9
| Jul low C = 26.0
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 24.7
| Oct low C = 22.3
| Nov low C = 18.5
| Dec low C = 15.3
|year low C = 21.1
| Jan record low C = 4.6
| Feb record low C = 5.4
| Mar record low C = 4.5
| Apr record low C = 13.0
| May record low C = 17.3
| Jun record low C = 20.4
| Jul record low C = 19.5
| Aug record low C = 19.8
| Sep record low C = 17.2
| Oct record low C = 14.4
| Nov record low C = 9.2
| Dec record low C = 5.1
|year record low C = 4.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 25.6
| Feb rain mm = 24.6
| Mar rain mm = 43.3
| Apr rain mm = 96.1
| May rain mm = 216.6
| Jun rain mm = 262.9
| Jul rain mm = 311.8
| Aug rain mm = 314.6
| Sep rain mm = 224.3
| Oct rain mm = 158.4
| Nov rain mm = 63.0
| Dec rain mm = 22.0
|year rain mm = 1751.2
| Jan rain days = 9.7
| Feb rain days = 11.1
| Mar rain days = 14.6
| Apr rain days = 13.5
| May rain days = 15.5
| Jun rain days = 15.6
| Jul rain days = 16.9
| Aug rain days = 16.5
| Sep rain days = 13.1
| Oct rain days = 9.7
| Nov rain days = 6.9
| Dec rain days = 6.0
|year rain days = 149.1
| Jan humidity = 83.8
| Feb humidity = 85.0
| Mar humidity = 86.7
| Apr humidity = 87.2
| May humidity = 84.6
| Jun humidity = 82.9
| Jul humidity = 83.6
| Aug humidity = 85.4
| Sep humidity = 84.6
| Oct humidity = 82.4
| Nov humidity = 81.3
| Dec humidity = 80.4
|year humidity = 84.0
| Jan sun = 65.5
| Feb sun = 48.8
| Mar sun = 49.3
| Apr sun = 91.6
| May sun = 172.4
| Jun sun = 165.4
| Jul sun = 181.1
| Aug sun = 173.4
| Sep sun = 170.5
| Oct sun = 151.3
| Nov sun = 130.5
| Dec sun = 108.9
| year sun = 1494.7
| source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,<ref name="IBST"/> Nchmf.gov.vn (August record high)<ref name="NCHMF"/>
}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[Ba Vì District]]
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 31.9
| Feb record high C = 34.8
| Mar record high C = 38.9
| Apr record high C = 41.2
| May record high C = 41.6
| Jun record high C = 40.8
| Jul record high C = 39.6
| Aug record high C = 39.5
| Sep record high C = 37.3
| Oct record high C = 35.5
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 32.4
|year record high C = 41.6
| Jan high C = 19.4
| Feb high C = 20.7
| Mar high C = 23.3
| Apr high C = 27.6
| May high C = 31.5
| Jun high C = 33.1
| Jul high C = 32.9
| Aug high C = 32.4
| Sep high C = 31.4
| Oct high C = 29.0
| Nov high C = 25.5
| Dec high C = 21.8
|year high C = 27.4
| Jan mean C = 16.0
| Feb mean C = 17.6
| Mar mean C = 20.2
| Apr mean C = 24.0
| May mean C = 27.1
| Jun mean C = 28.7
| Jul mean C = 28.7
| Aug mean C = 28.1
| Sep mean C = 27.0
| Oct mean C = 24.5
| Nov mean C = 21.0
| Dec mean C = 17.4
|year mean C = 23.4
| Jan low C = 13.7
| Feb low C = 15.5
| Mar low C = 17.9
| Apr low C = 21.5
| May low C = 24.0
| Jun low C = 25.6
| Jul low C = 25.7
| Aug low C = 25.3
| Sep low C = 24.2
| Oct low C = 21.7
| Nov low C = 17.9
| Dec low C = 14.4
|year low C = 20.6
| Jan record low C = 4.0
| Feb record low C = 6.1
| Mar record low C = 7.0
| Apr record low C = 12.4
| May record low C = 17.1
| Jun record low C = 20.1
| Jul record low C = 19.9
| Aug record low C = 21.0
| Sep record low C = 17.3
| Oct record low C = 12.8
| Nov record low C = 6.7
| Dec record low C = 2.8
|year record low C = 2.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 27.4
| Feb rain mm = 32.8
| Mar rain mm = 51.9
| Apr rain mm = 97.2
| May rain mm = 263.4
| Jun rain mm = 276.1
| Jul rain mm = 328.0
| Aug rain mm = 344.9
| Sep rain mm = 245.4
| Oct rain mm = 189.9
| Nov rain mm = 56.2
| Dec rain mm = 22.4
|year rain mm = 1935.6
| Jan rain days = 11.0
| Feb rain days = 12.0
| Mar rain days = 15.5
| Apr rain days = 14.6
| May rain days = 16.5
| Jun rain days = 16.5
| Jul rain days = 17.4
| Aug rain days = 17.0
| Sep rain days = 13.2
| Oct rain days = 10.6
| Nov rain days = 7.1
| Dec rain days = 5.9
|year rain days = 157.6
| Jan humidity = 84.7
| Feb humidity = 86.0
| Mar humidity = 86.6
| Apr humidity = 86.8
| May humidity = 84.2
| Jun humidity = 82.5
| Jul humidity = 83.7
| Aug humidity = 85.8
| Sep humidity = 84.5
| Oct humidity = 83.0
| Nov humidity = 81.6
| Dec humidity = 81.3
|year humidity = 84.3
| Jan sun = 63.2
| Feb sun = 50.3
| Mar sun = 48.2
| Apr sun = 78.9
| May sun = 157.0
| Jun sun = 160.8
| Jul sun = 173.3
| Aug sun = 170.9
| Sep sun = 175.1
| Oct sun = 151.8
| Nov sun = 134.4
| Dec sun = 115.0
| year sun = 1477.2
|source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,<ref name="IBST">{{cite web|title=Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology|url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/10/02-bxd.pdf |language=en}}</ref> Nchmf.gov.vn (August record high)<ref name="NCHMF">{{cite web
| url = https://thoitietvietnam.gov.vn//upload/khihau/2025/8/15/dbqg_kthm_20250815_1200-1.pdf
| title = BẢN TIN DỰ BÁO, CẢNH BÁO KHÍ HẬU THỜI HẠN MÙA TRÊN PHẠM VI TOÀN QUỐC (Từ tháng 9/2025-02/2026)
| website = nchmf.gov.vn
| language = vi
| access-date = 18 August 2025 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250818094917/https://thoitietvietnam.gov.vn//upload/khihau/2025/8/15/dbqg_kthm_20250815_1200-1.pdf
| archive-date = 18 August 2025}}</ref>
}}

== History ==
{{For timeline}}
{{See also|History of Vietnam}}

=== Pre-Thăng Long ===
Vestiges of human habitation from the [[Palaeolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of [[Sơn Vi Culture]], dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.<ref name="cl">{{cite web|title=Prehistoric Co Loa|work=Imperial Citadel of Thang Long |date=3 August 2013|url=https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616082820/https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Phan|Nguyễn|Nguyễn|1997|p=27}} In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (later is [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]]) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of {{Interlanguage link|Đồng Mô Lake|lt=Đồng Mô Lake|vi|Hồ Đồng Mô}} ([[Sơn Tây, Hanoi|Sơn Tây]], Hanoi), finding relics and objects belonging to the [[Sơn Vi culture|Sơn Vi Culture]] dating back to the [[Paleolithic age]] around 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=The pre and proto history human traces found in Dong Mo, Son Tay|date=28 February 2014|url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015101321/http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data show the coastline was inundated and was located near Hanoi.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=12}} Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater.<ref name="cl"/> It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=144}}{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=159}}

==== Cổ Loa and Nanyue ====
In around third century BC, a fortified citadel, later named as [[Cổ Loa]], is constructed in what later is Hanoi,{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=14}} and is the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=111}} with an outer embankment covering 600 [[hectares]]. In 179 BC, the area was annexed by [[Nanyue]]. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his [[Nanyue]] domain, and left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.{{sfn|Jamieson|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=93}}{{sfn|Buttinger|1958|p=92}} For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=69}}

==== Chinese rule ====
In 111 BC, the Han dynasty [[Han conquest of Nanyue|conquered Nanyue]] and ruled it.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Đào Duy Anh|2016|p=42}} [[Han dynasty]] organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=72}}

In March{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}} of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of an aristocratic family of [[Lac Viet|Lac]] ethnicity{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} in [[Mê Linh district|Mê Linh]] district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}}{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}} It began at the [[Red River Delta]], and spread south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}} Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=38}} In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}} The rebellion was defeated in the next year as [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in [[Luoyang]].{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=80}}

By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of what later was Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] [[Liu Song Dynasty|Liu Song]] [[list of Chinese dynasties|dynasty]] as the [[county seat|seat]] of a new district called [[Tống Bình]] (Songping) within [[Jiaozhi Commandery|Giao Chỉ]] [[commandery (China)|commandery]].{{sfnp|Tran|1977|p=16}} The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464.{{sfnp|Loewe|2004|p=60}} The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (later is [[Từ Liêm District|Từ Liêm]] and [[Hoài Đức District|Hoài Đức]] districts) with a metropolis in what later was inner Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmed in 1902: The Earliest Known Footage of Hanoi, Vietnam |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/04/12/filmed-1902-earliest-known-footage-hanoi-vietnam/ |website=The Vintage News |date=12 April 2016 |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

By the year 679, the [[Tang dynasty]] changed the region's name to [[Annam (Chinese province)|Annan]] ({{Cjkv|c={{linktext|安南}}|p=|v=An Nam|l=pacified south}}), with [[Songping]] as its capital.<ref name="en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn">{{cite web|url=http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |title=Historical stages of Thang Long- Hanoi – 1000 Years Thang Long (VietNamPlus) |publisher=En.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104062703/http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>

In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the [[Tang dynasty]], built Luocheng ({{Cjkv|c=羅城|v=La Thành}}) to suppress uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what later was [[Ba Đình district]]. Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng ({{CJKV|v=Kim Thành}}). In 863, the kingdom of [[Nanzhao]], and local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.<ref name="ZZTJ250">''Tư trị thông giám'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷250|quyển 250]].</ref>{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} In 866, Chinese [[jiedushi]] [[Gao Pian]] recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} He renamed the city to Daluocheng ({{Cjkv|c=大羅城|v=Đại La Thành}}). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height.{{sfn|Purton|2009|p=106}} Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and [[Church of the East|Nestorian Christians]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|title=The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China|chapter=Merchants of an Imperial Trade |series=New Approaches to Asian History|date=1 August 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=12–50 |doi=10.1017/9780511998492.002 |isbn=978-1-107-01268-4|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220140357/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|url-status=live}}</ref> It became a trading center of the [[Tang dynasty]] due to the ransacking of [[Guangzhou]] by the [[Huang Chao Rebellion]].<ref name="ZZTJ250" /> By tenth century AD, what later was Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as '''Luqin'''.{{sfn|Park|2012|p=62}}

=== Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh ===
In 1010, [[Lý Thái Tổ]], the first ruler of the [[Lý dynasty]], moved the capital of [[Đại Việt]] to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍). Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to [[Thanh Hóa]], then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".
<gallery>
File:Bản đồ kinh thành Thăng Long, theo Hồng Đức bản đồ sách 洪德版圖冊 (1490).jpg|Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 17th century with [[Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long]] located in the north.
File:Samuel Baron - The City of CHA-CHO, the Metropolis of TONQUEEN.jpg|A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from ''[[Royal Society]]''{{'}}s archive.
</gallery>
In 1408, the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]] attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan ({{CJKV|c=東關|v=Đông Quan|l=eastern gate}}). In 1428, the [[Lam Sơn uprising]], under the leadership of [[Lê Lợi]], overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded the [[Lê dynasty]] and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or [[Tonkin]]. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000.{{sfn|Boudarel|Nguyen|Nguyễn|2002|p=19}}

=== Nguyễn dynasty, and French colony ===
<gallery>
File:Bản vẽ thành Hà Nội.jpg|Map of Hà Nội citadel during the Nguyễn dynasty.
File:Capture of hanoi 1873.jpg|French troops attacking the city's wall on 20 November 1873.
File:Evacuation of French troops from Hanoi.jpg|French troops leaving Hanoi in February 1874.
File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 386890201-700231668290362-6321874136485636046-n-1696671806.jpg|Ô Quan Chưởng or Đông Hà môn (東河門), built in 1749.
File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- trie-n-la-m-a-nh-tha-nh-xu-a-pho-cu-1696679091.jpg|Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Gai street).
File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 384832613-1098962017740420-8654642600285663600-n-1696671808.jpg|Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Bông street).
File:9343761968 c113c08f8d o-768x575.jpg|Hanoi street before French colonisation, Hàng Chiếu street in 1870s.
File:Pho-Cau-Go-1-1727691706.jpg|Rue du Point en Bois (later is Cầu Gỗ street).
File:Pho-Hang-Dao-1-1727770693.jpg|Hàng Đào street and tram railway in 1890s.
File:Cua-Bac-Hoang-thanh-1-1727770085.jpg|Northern gate of Hanoi citadel.
</gallery>

When the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] was established in 1802, [[Gia Long]] moved the capital to [[Huế]]. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its [[chữ Hán]] was changed from 昇龍 ({{Literal translation|ascending dragon}}) to the homophone 昇隆 ({{Literal translation|ascent and prosperity}}), in order to reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Đặng Việt Thủy |last2=Đặng Thành Trung |title=54 vị Hoàng đế Việt Nam |publisher=Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân |place=Hà Nội |year=2008 | pages=286–287}}</ref> In 1831, the Nguyễn king [[Minh Mạng]] renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi was [[Battle of Hanoi (1873)|conquered and occupied]] by the [[French Third Republic|French]] military in 1873 and passed to them [[Battle of Hanoi (1882)|ten years later]]. As Hanoi, it was located in the [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|protectorate of Tonkin]] and became the capital of [[French Indochina]] in 1902. Nominally it still belonged to the sovereignty of Vietnam ([[Nguyễn dynasty]]) under French protectorate in Tonkin, and since 1888 it had been a French concession and had directly been ruled by the French like [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Đà Nẵng trở thành thành phố nhượng địa của thực dân Pháp |url=http://www.danangpt.vnn.vn/danang/detail.php?id=12&a=92 |work=Lịch sử thành phố Đà Nẵng |agency=Nhà xuất bản Đà Nẵng, 2001 |access-date=29 April 2013 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725095350/http://www.danangpt.vnn.vn/danang/detail.php?id=12&a=92 }}</ref>

=== WWII, First Indochina War, and Vietnam War ===
[[File:HA 52-140 R5 Foule assistant à la cérémonie de présentation du nouveau gouvernement d'Union nationale à Hanoï.jpg|thumb|250px|A crowd gathers in Hanoi for the presentation of a new [[State of Vietnam|Vietnamese]] cabinet, July 1952]]
[[File:HA 53-8 R28 Le portique d'entrée de la pagode Ly Trieu Quoc Su le jour des élections municipales d'Hanoï.jpg|thumb|Municipal election in Hanoi, Vietnam, 25 January 1953.]]
French Indochina including Hanoi was occupied by the [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]] in September 1940, after the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]]. Japan [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|overthrew]] the French rule in Hanoi and formed the [[Empire of Vietnam]] in March 1945. After the [[August Revolution|fall]] of the Empire of Vietnam, it became the capital of the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] (DRV) when [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimed the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. The French returned and reoccupied the city in February 1947. After France recognized Vietnam's nominal and partial independence with the [[Élysée Accords]] on 14 June 1949, Hanoi became under the control of the [[State of Vietnam]] from 1949 to 1954, a unified [[associated state]] within the [[French Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maury |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Cochinchine, Vietnam, 1945, Digithèque MJP |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217195421/https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=mjp.univ-perp.fr |language=fr-fr |url-status=live }}</ref> This state gained full independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954.{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=93}} In January 1953, Hanoi held the free municipal elections of the State of Vietnam. After eight years of fighting between the French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital of [[North Vietnam]] when this territory became a [[sovereign state|sovereign country]] and Vietnam became [[1954 Geneva Conference|divided]] at 17th parallel on 21 July 1954. The army of the French Union withdrew to the South that year and the [[People's Army of Vietnam]] of the DRV and [[International Control Commission]] occupied the city on 10 October the same year under the terms of the [[1954 Geneva Conference]].<ref>{{cite web | title=ELECTION IN VIETNAM (Published 1953) | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=26 January 1953 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/01/26/archives/election-in-vietnam.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |title=Vietnam: an Epic Tragedy, 1945–1975 |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-06-240566-1 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY |publisher=Harper |oclc=1001744417}}</ref>

During the [[Vietnam War]] between North and South (1955–1975), North Vietnam (including Hanoi) was attacked by the United States and [[South Vietnam]]ese Air Forces. Following the end of the war with the [[fall of Saigon]] in 1975, Hanoi became the capital of the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.<ref>{{cite news
| last = The Associated Press
| title = 2 Parts of Vietnam Officially Reunited; Leadership Chosen
| pages = 1–2
| newspaper = The Independent
| location = Bangkok
| date = 3 July 1976
| url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/122960360
| id = {{ProQuest|122960360}}
| access-date = 26 October 2021
| archive-date = 30 July 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220730094825/https://www.proquest.com/docview/122960360
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

=== Socialist Republic ===
[[File:Police station Hoan Kiem.jpg|thumb|A local police station in a [[French Colonial]] building by [[Hoàn Kiếm lake]].]]
After the [[Đổi Mới]] economic policies were approved in 1986, the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for [[Urban planning|urban development]] projects in Hanoi.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575">{{Cite journal |last=Logan |first=William S. |date=2005 |title=The Cultural Role of Capital Cities: Hanoi and Hue, Vietnam |jstor=40022968 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=559–575 |doi=10.5509/2005784559}}</ref> High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> Urban development and rising costs displaced some residential areas in central Hanoi.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> Following a period of economic stagnation after the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], Hanoi resumed its economic growth.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" />

On 29 May 2008, it was decided that [[Hà Tây Province]], [[Vĩnh Phúc Province]]'s [[Mê Linh District]] and four communes in [[Lương Sơn District]], [[Hòa Bình Province]] be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |access-date=6 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions<ref name="dantri.com.vn">{{cite web
|url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip
|title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội
|work=Dantri
|access-date=29 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924063714/http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip
|archive-date=24 September 2008 }}</ref> with the new population being 6,232,940.<ref name="dantri.com.vn" />

Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]].<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> The [[Ba Đình District]] is also protected from commercial redevelopment.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" />

== Demographics ==
During the French colonial period, as the capital of [[French Indochina]], Hanoi attracted a number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s the population of the city was 132,145.<ref>Baron & La Salle. ''Dictionnaire des Communes administratif et militaire, France métropolitaine et France d'outre-mer''. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle & Cie, 1949.</ref> In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km2. By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km2, and the population was 91,000 people. In 1978, [[National Assembly (Vietnam)]] decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km2, with a population of 2.5 million people.<ref name="papin">{{cite book
| last = Papin
| first = Philippe
| title = Histoire de Hanoi
| publisher = Fayard
| year = 2001
| isbn = 2-213-60671-4
| pages = 381–386}}</ref> By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to {{cvt|924|km2}}, and the population was still over 2 million people. Hanoi's population reached 2,672,122 people in 1999.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://hanoi.gov.vn/bomaychinhquyen/-/hn/n5xfywjC3UDf/1102/30229/dan-so-va-dien-tich.html
| title = Dân số và diện tích
| access-date = 21 February 2021
| archive-date = 25 June 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625014158/https://hanoi.gov.vn/bomaychinhquyen/-/hn/n5xfywjC3UDf/1102/30229/dan-so-va-dien-tich.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref> After the expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world.<ref name="morong">{{cite news
| author = Hong Khanh
| title = Địa giới Hà Nội chính thức mở rộng từ 1/8
| publisher = [[VnExpress]]
| date = 29 May 2008
| access-date = 1 October 2010
| url = https://vnexpress.net/thoi-su/dia-gioi-ha-noi-chinh-thuc-mo-rong-tu-1-8-2105260.html
| archive-date = 4 January 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190104124124/https://vnexpress.net/thoi-su/dia-gioi-ha-noi-chinh-thuc-mo-rong-tu-1-8-2105260.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref> According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people.<ref name="TK2009">{{cite book
| url = https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2019/03/the-2009-vietnam-population-and-housing-census-completed-results/
| author = [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]]
| title = The 2009 vietnam population and housing census: completed results
| publisher = National Statistics Office of Vietnam
| year = 2009
| access-date = 21 February 2021
| archive-date = 15 June 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163023/https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2019/03/the-2009-vietnam-population-and-housing-census-completed-results/
| url-status = live
}}</ref> As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females.<ref name="census2019" /> There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the [[Kinh people|Viet]] (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by [[Muong people|Mường]] at 0.77% and [[Tày people|Tày]] at 0.24%.<ref name="census2019" />

In the [[Old Quarter, Hanoi|Old Quarter]], where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, some of the street-front stores are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighborhood altogether. The pace of change has escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hanoi to scrap its own conditions for residency registration|url=http://hanoitimes.vn/hanoi-to-scrap-its-own-conditions-for-residency-registration-313351.html|access-date=18 May 2021|website=Hanoi Times |language=en|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518015227/http://hanoitimes.vn/hanoi-to-scrap-its-own-conditions-for-residency-registration-313351.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Ngân hàng Nhà nước - 2022-09-02 01.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of the [[State Bank of Vietnam]].|215x215px]]
According to a ranking by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], Hanoi and [[Ho Chi Minh City]] will be amongst the fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://visaexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/global-city-gdp-rankings-2008-2025-2.pdf
|title=Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are topping the world's highest economic growth cities in 2008–2025
|publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers
|date=10 November 2009
|access-date=22 April 2018
|archive-date=23 April 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423165954/https://visaexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/global-city-gdp-rankings-2008-2025-2.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP reached 451,213 billion VND (US$21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$3,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thongkehanoi.gov.vn/uploads/files/source/NGTK%202013%20-TKQG%20%20Ngan%20sach%20ngan%20hang.pdf |title=Gross domestic product at current prices by economic sector |access-date=6 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106202603/http://thongkehanoi.gov.vn/uploads/files/source/NGTK%202013%20-TKQG%20%20Ngan%20sach%20ngan%20hang.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2015 }}</ref> Industrial production in the city has an average annual growth of 19.1% from 1991 to 1995, 15.9% from 1996 to 2000, and 18.7% during 2001–2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Công nghiệp Hà Nội thời kỳ đổi mới: Những thành tựu và phương hướng phát triển |url=https://tapchicongthuong.vn/cong-nghiep-ha-noi-thoi-ky-doi-moi-nhung-thanh-tuu-va-phuong-huong-phat-trien-3594.htm |website=Tạp chí Công Thương |date=12 April 2006 |language=vi |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Newone - Vincom Mega Mall Times City.jpg|thumb|A shopping center in Hanoi owned by [[Vingroup]].|215x215px]]

Agriculture has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying more modern farming techniques.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6906e/x6906e0d.htm |title=CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAM – Nguyen van Luat |access-date=18 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028035053/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6906e/x6906e0d.htm |archive-date=28 October 2016 }}</ref>

Infrastructure is being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hanois-four-key-infrastructure-projects-put-into-use-37183.html|title=Hanoi's four key infrastructure projects put into use|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517185320/http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hanois-four-key-infrastructure-projects-put-into-use-37183.html|archive-date=17 May 2017|access-date=18 April 2017|date=5 January 2015}}</ref> Hanoi has allowed fast-food chains into the city, such as [[McDonald's]], [[Lotteria]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[KFC]], [[Popeyes]], [[Domino's|Domino's Pizza]], [[Jollibee|Jolibee]] and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase "[[Fast food|fast-food]]" as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265">{{Cite journal|last=Lincoln |first=Martha |date=2008 |title=Report from the field: street vendors and the informal sector in Hanoi |jstor=29790838 |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=261–265 |doi=10.1007/s10624-008-9062-9 |s2cid=143731865}}</ref> City officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wertheim-Heck |first1=Sigrid |last2=Raneri |first2=Jessica Evelyn |last3=Oosterveer |first3=Peter |date=1 October 2019 |title=Food safety and nutrition for low-income urbanites: exploring a social justice dilemma in consumption policy |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=397–420 |doi=10.1177/0956247819858019 |pmid=32704235 |pmc=7340485 |bibcode=2019EnUrb..31..397W |issn=0956-2478|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Hanoi Stock Exchange (18780216822).jpg|thumb|215x215px|The [[Hanoi Stock Exchange]] in downtown Hanoi.]]
Over three-quarters of the jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. 9% of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations and 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84">{{Cite journal |last=Forbes |first=Dean |date=2001 |title=Socio-Economic Change and the Planning of Hanoi |jstor=23287513 |journal=Built Environment |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=68–84}}</ref> The structure of employment has been changing as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills to Hanoi's economy.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate the greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265" /> The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of "[[microbusiness]]" and local grassroots economic development by business reports.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265" /> In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing" the city's image to attract foreigners.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265" /> Some foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city.<ref name="Lincoln 2008 261–265" /> The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of Hanoi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Shoenberger |first1=Sarah |first2=Laura |date=June 2011 |title=Street Vendor Livelihoods and Everyday Politics in Hanoi, Vietnam: The Seeds of a Diverse Economy? |journal=Urban Studies |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1027–1044 |doi=10.1177/0042098011408934|s2cid=54092556}}</ref>

Hanoi is part of the [[Maritime Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast through the [[Strait of Malacca]] towards the [[South India|southern tip of India]] to [[Mombasa]], from there through the [[Red Sea]] via the [[Suez Canal]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], there to the Upper [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] region to the [[Northern Italy|northern Italian]] hub of [[Trieste]] with its rail connections to [[Central Europe]] and the [[North Sea]].<ref>Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp. 112.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Map |url=https://www.theage.com.au/interactive/2018/Chinas-trillion-dollar-sharp-power-play/src/interactives/map/routes.html |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620223730/https://www.theage.com.au/interactive/2018/Chinas-trillion-dollar-sharp-power-play/src/interactives/map/routes.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Jianglin Zhao "21st-century Maritime Silk Road Initiative" (2020), pp. 204.</ref>

On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam's provinces, Hanoi received a score of 67.15. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.74. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Proactivity'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=the-shiv |date=2024-08-15 |title=Doing Business in Hanoi, Vietnam 2024 |url=https://the-shiv.com/doing-business-in-hanoi-vietnam/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=the-shiv |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== Development ==

=== Infrastructure ===
A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by [[Ernest Hébrard|Ernest Hebrard]] in 1924, and was partially implemented.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The previous relationship between the [[Soviet Union]] and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of [[Gosplan|Soviet planners]] between 1981 and 1984.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiem |first=Nguyen Manh |date=1996 |title=Strategic Orientation for Construction and Development of Hanoi, Vietnam |jstor=4314433 |journal=Ambio |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=108–109}}</ref> It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

Two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the [[Ministry of Construction (Vietnam)|Ministry of Construction]].<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the [[Gia Lâm District]], and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to [[Hà Đông District|Hà Đông]] and the [[Thanh Trì District]].<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

In the 1980s, the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in the [[Commune (Vietnam)|communes]] and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]], the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

=== Civil society ===
Part of the goals of the [[Đổi Mới]] economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced poverty alleviation as a result of the market reforms and civil society movements.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=j.ctt2jbjk6.22 |journal=Viet Nam – A Transition Tiger? |date=2004 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-0-7315-3750-1 |editor-last=Van Arkadie |editor-first=Brian |pages=224–234 |editor-last2=Mallon |editor-first2=Raymond |last1=Van Arkadie |first1=Brian |title=Poverty Alleviation |last2=Mallon |first2=Raymond }}</ref> Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a rate slower than in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |journal=Asian Survey |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=867–889 |jstor=10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867 |language=en |doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867 |last1=Wischermann |first1=Joerg |title=VIETNAM IN THE ERA OF DOI MOI: Issue-Oriented Organizations and Their Relationship to the Government |year=2003 |s2cid=59469399}}</ref> Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research, professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> This marked difference from [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh's]] civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of North and South Vietnam.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as opposed to 90.9% in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /> A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental organizations. Some of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results from [[statism]], a bias against non-state organizations on the part of government entities.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

== Landmarks ==
[[File:One Pillar Pagoda Hanoi.jpg|thumb|[[One Pillar Pagoda]] (''Chùa Một Cột'').|215x215px]]
While some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has other cultural and historic monuments. The French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an aesthetic to the city's heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/country/province.asp?mt=844&uid=71
|publisher=Vietnam National Administration of Tourism
|title=The quick look at Hanoi
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209081652/https://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/country/province.asp?mt=844&uid=71
|archive-date=9 February 2007 }}</ref> and has more than 1,000 years of history; that of several hundred years had been preserved.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/vietnam/hanoi/frm_hanoi_0197010001.html
|work=The New York Times from Frommer's
|title=Introduction to Hanoi
|access-date=4 May 2010 |date=20 November 2006 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119165747/http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/vietnam/hanoi/frm_hanoi_0197010001.html
|archive-date=19 January 2010 }}</ref>

=== Old Quarter ===
{{Main|Old Quarter, Hanoi{{!}}Old Quarter}}

[[File:Old Quarter, Hanoi (12) (38496654951).jpg|thumb|A street in [[Old Quarter, Hanoi|Hanoi's Old Quarter]].|215x215px]]The Old Quarter, near [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]], maintains most of the original street layout and some of the architecture of older Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century Hanoi consisted of the "36 streets", the citadel, and some of the newer French buildings south of Hoàn Kiếm lake, most of which later are part of Hoàn Kiếm district.{{sfn|Logan|2000|p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}} Each street had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such as silk, jewelry or bamboo. The street names reflect these specializations, while some of them remain exclusively in their original commerce.{{sfn|Forbes|Henley|2012|p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}}

The city's more than six decades of French colonization, and centuries of sociocultural influence from China, have influenced the designs of the old houses in Hanoi. The Franco-Chinese or hybrid architectural styles can be reflected in the front of a house in the co-existence of French-styled columns, Confucian scrolls, the Taoist yin-yang sign, and the Buddhist lotus sculpture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vuong |first1=Quan-Hoang |last2=Bui |first2=Quang-Khiem |last3=La |first3=Viet-Phuong |last4=Vuong |first4=Thu-Trang |last5=Ho |first5=Manh-Toan |last6=Nguyen |first6=Hong-Kong T. |last7=Nguyen |first7=Hong-Ngoc |last8=Nghiem |first8=Kien-Cuong P. |last9=Ho |first9=Manh-Tung |date=2019-01-01 |title=Cultural evolution in Vietnam's early 20th century: A Bayesian networks analysis of Hanoi Franco-Chinese house designs |journal=Social Sciences & Humanities Open |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |article-number=100001 |doi=10.1016/j.ssaho.2019.100001 |s2cid=203239554 |issn=2590-2911 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1903.00817 }}</ref>

=== Imperial sites ===
[[File:Temple of Literature - main gate.jpg|thumb|Front gate of the Temple of Literature.]]
Imperial sites are mostly in [[Ba Đình District]] and a bit of [[Đống Đa District]]. They are juxtaposed with French colonial architecture (villas, administrative buildings and tree-lined boulevards). Some prominent edifices from feudal time include the [[Temple of Literature, Hanoi|Temple of Literature]] (''Văn Miếu''), site of the oldest university in [[Vietnam]] which was started in 1010, the [[One Pillar Pagoda]] (''Chùa Một Cột'') which was built based on the dream of king [[Lý Thái Tông]] (1028–1054) in 1049, and the [[Flag Tower of Hanoi]] (''Cột cờ Hà Nội''). In 2004, a part of the 900-year-old [[Hanoi Citadel]] was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site of [[Ba Đình Square]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16dig.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|title=Thăng Long the ancient city underneath Hanoi
|access-date=22 October 2007 |first=Jennifer
|last=Pinkowski
|date=16 October 2007 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417102217/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16dig.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin
|archive-date=17 April 2009 }}</ref>

=== Colonial sites ===
[[File:Hanoi, Vietnam (12036416576).jpg|thumb|The [[Tonkin Palace]] used to host the French Governor of [[Tonkin]].]]
[[File:Hanoï - Théâtre rue Paul Bert.jpg|thumb|The [[Hanoi Opera House]], taken in the 20th century, from rue [[Paul Bert]].]]
Hanoi was the capital and the administrative center for [[French Indochina]] for most of the colonial period (from 1902 to 1945). The [[French colonial architecture|French colonial architectural style]] became dominant,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrnes |first=Mark |date=2012-02-22 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |title= The Paris-ification of Hanoi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-02-21/the-paris-ification-of-hanoi |access-date=18 October 2022 }}</ref> and examples remained: tree-lined boulevards (such as Phan Dinh Phung street, Hoang Dieu street and Tran Phu street) and villas, mansions, and government buildings. Some colonial structures are an eclectic mixture of French and Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]], the [[Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts]] and the old [[Indochina Medical College]]. Gouveneur-Général [[Paul Doumer]] (1898–1902) played a role in colonial Hanoi's urban planning.<ref>Michael G. Vann, "Building Whiteness on the Red River: Race, Power, and Urbanism in Paul Doumer's Hanoi, 1897–1902," ''Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques'', 2007</ref>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Old and French quarters hanoi.png|thumb |Approximation of Hanoi's Old Quarter and French Quarters.|215x215px]]
According to [[Mastercard]]'s 2019 report, Hanoi is Vietnam's most visited city (15th in Asia Pacific), with 4.8 million overnight international visitors in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/travel/places/mastercard-lists-hanoi-hcmc-among-top-20-asia-pacific-travel-destinations-3982199.html|title=Mastercard lists Hanoi, HCMC among top 20 Asia-Pacific travel destinations|work=[[VNExpress]]|access-date=13 November 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022012813/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/travel/places/mastercard-lists-hanoi-hcmc-among-top-20-asia-pacific-travel-destinations-3982199.html|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live |author1=Vnexpress }}</ref> Hanoi is sometimes dubbed the "[[Paris of the East (disambiguation)|Paris of the East]]" for its French influences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/julia-plevin/notes-on-hanoi-vietnam_b_269307.html |title=Notes on Hanoi, Vietnam |last=Plevin |first=Julia |date= 26 September 2009|website=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121042452/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julia-plevin/notes-on-hanoi-vietnam_b_269307.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2017 }}</ref>

[[File:Hanoi Train Street (20231225b) (53489076293).jpg|thumb|215x215px|[[Hanoi Train Street]], a tourist destination in Hanoi.]]

South of Hoàn Kiếm's "French Quarter" has French colonial landmarks, including the [[Hanoi Opera House]], the [[Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi]] hotel, the [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]] (formerly the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]]), and the [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]]. Most of the French-Colonial buildings in Hoan Kiem are later used as foreign embassies. Northwest of the historic center, the [[Vietnam Museum of Ethnology]] opened in 1997, and consists of two exhibition halls and an Architecture Garden. Since 2014, Hanoi has been voted in the world's top ten destinations by TripAdvisor. It ranked eighth in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/tripadvisors-most-popular-travel-destinations-2014-4?op%3D1 |title=The 25 Most Popular Travel Destinations in the World |website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815113350/http://www.businessinsider.com/tripadvisors-most-popular-travel-destinations-2014-4?op=1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> fourth in 2015<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/24/travel/gallery/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2015/ |title=TripAdvisor's picks: World's top 25 destinations |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624133909/http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/24/travel/gallery/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2015 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> and eighth in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-03-21 |title=TripAdvisor picks world's top 10 destinations |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2016-feat/index.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Indochina Medical College.jpg|thumb|The [[Hanoi Medical University]] was established in 1902 during French colonial rule.|215x215px]]

After the Communist Party of Vietnam took control of Hanoi in 1954, new universities were built, including the [[Hanoi University of Science and Technology]]. ULIS ([[University of Languages and International Studies]]) was rated as "one of the top universities in south-east Asia for languages and language studies at the undergraduate level".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/vietnam-national-university-hanoi/undergrad |title=Vietnam National University, Hanoi |publisher=Top Universities |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015184420/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/vietnam-national-university-hanoi/undergrad |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> Other universities that are not part of [[Vietnam National University, Hanoi|Vietnam National University]] or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health, Hanoi School of Agriculture, [[Electric Power University]] and [[University of Transport and Communications]]. It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in Vietnam are living and working in Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs/en/hanoi_capital/group1/index.htm
|publisher=Hanoi City People's Committee
|title=Hanoi – The capital of Vietnam: Preface
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183943/https://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs/en/hanoi_capital/group1/index.htm
|archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, while in years a number of private universities have begun operation. Thăng Long University was founded in 1988 by Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France.<ref>{{cite web |work=Viet Nam News |title=Growing university reflects VN's progress |date=2006-01-29 |url=http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01INN290106 |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214105524/https://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01INN290106 |archive-date=14 December 2009 }}</ref>

Education levels are higher within the city of Hanoi in comparison to the suburban areas outside the city. About 33.8% of the labor force in the city has completed secondary school in contrast to 19.4% in the suburbs.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> 21% of the labor force in the city has completed tertiary education in contrast to 4.1% in the suburbs.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

== Transportation{{anchor|Transportation}} ==
{{See also|Buses in Hanoi}}
[[File:Ga Hà Nội - NKS.jpg|thumb|[[Hanoi railway station]].]]
Hanoi has 1,370 streets and roads with the total length of over {{convert|2300|km|0|abbr=on}}; 573 bridges, of which 483 small to middle bridges, 13 light overpasses for vehicles, 70 pedestrian overpasses and seven main bridges (Chương Dương, Vĩnh Tuy, Thanh Trì, Nhật Tân, Đông Trù, Thăng Long, and Phùng); 115 tunnels, including nine main tunnels, 39 pedestrian tunnels and 67 underpass. In total, the proportion of land for traffic in the city as of 2021 is 10.3%. The city has {{convert|63|km|0|abbr=on}} of inland waterways, which include Yến stream, Hai stream, Cà Lồ and Đáy river.<ref name="Figure1">{{cite web|title=Hanoi is about to start many traffic projects|url=https://vnexpress.net/ha-noi-sap-khoi-cong-nhieu-du-an-giao-thong-4509920.html |work=[[VnExpress]] |access-date=11 September 2022|author=Võ Hải |date=11 September 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911160054/https://vnexpress.net/ha-noi-sap-khoi-cong-nhieu-du-an-giao-thong-4509920.html |archive-date=11 September 2022 }}</ref>

Hanoi is the origin or departure point for [[Vietnam Railways]] train routes in the country with 6 national railway lines passing through the city with a total length of {{convert|162|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Figure1" /> The [[North–South Railway (Vietnam)|Reunification Express]] (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to [[Ho Chi Minh City]] from [[Hanoi railway station|Hanoi station]] (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains depart Hanoi for Hai Phong and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during the French colonial rule and was completed over a period from 1899 to 1936.<ref>{{cite web|title=Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: Greater Mekong Subregion Kunming–Hai Phong Transport Corridor: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project |url=http://www2.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/39175-VIE-RRP.pdf |work=Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors: Project Number: 39175: Asian Development Bank |publisher=Asian Development Bank |access-date=4 November 2012 |date=November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724102722/https://www2.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/39175-VIE-RRP.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2012 }}</ref> The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of {{convert|1726|km|0|abbr=on}} and takes approximately 33 hours.<ref>{{cite web|title=A fast, vast steel spine |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/a-fast-vast-steel-spine-20120518-1yuq9.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=4 November 2012 |author=Mark Smith |date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107062812/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/a-fast-vast-steel-spine-20120518-1yuq9.html |archive-date=7 January 2013 }}</ref>

In decades, motorbikes have overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. The increasing number of cars is the main cause of gridlocks, as roads and infrastructure in older parts of Hanoi were not designed to accommodate them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Imminent gridlock |author1=Hans-Heinrich Bass |author2=Thanh Trung Nguyen |website=dandc.eu |date=March 2013 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/vietnam-needs-tackle-urban-traffic-congestion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105182238/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/vietnam-needs-tackle-urban-traffic-congestion |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> On 4 July 2017, the Hanoi government voted to ban motorbikes entirely by 2030 to reduce pollution, congestion, and encourage the expansion and use of public transport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40498052|title=Hanoi plan to ban motorbikes by 2030 to combat pollution|date=4 July 2017|publisher=BBC News|access-date=5 July 2017|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704235050/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40498052|url-status=live}}</ref> The number of vehicles registered in Hanoi as of July 2022 is over 7.6 million, including more than 1 million cars, over 6.4 million motorcycles of and 179,000 electric motorbikes. This figure does not include vehicles of the armed forces, diplomatic missions and other localities' vehicles operating in Hanoi.<ref name="Figure1" />
[[File:Cat_Linh_station_with_train.jpg|thumb|[[Cát Linh station]] with train.|244x244px]]
People on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or by way of an irregular route may use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Around Hanoi |url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hanoi/0197020156.html |work=Frommer's |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |access-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106001620/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hanoi/0197020156.html |archive-date=6 January 2013 }}</ref>

There are two [[Hanoi Metro|metro lines]] in Hanoi, as part of the master plan for the future [[Hanoi Metro]] system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peel |first=Michael |date=22 January 2016 |title=Tale of two metro lines shows battle for business in Vietnam |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dde43a4a-c0de-11e5-a8c6-deeeb63d6d4b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302030048/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dde43a4a-c0de-11e5-a8c6-deeeb63d6d4b.html |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> [[Line 2A (Hanoi Metro)|Line 2A]] opened on 6 November 2021,<ref>{{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Dat |title=Hanoi gets country's first metro service |work=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/economy/hanoi-gets-country-s-1st-metro-service-4382113.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106015237/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/economy/hanoi-gets-country-s-1st-metro-service-4382113.html |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=VnExpress}}</ref> while [[Line 3 (Hanoi Metro)|Line 3]] began operations on 8 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Nhổn - ga Hà Nội dự kiến vận hành đoạn trên cao dịp 30/4 |url=https://vnexpress.net/metro-nhon-ga-ha-noi-du-kien-van-hanh-doan-tren-cao-dip-30-4-4677730.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119233502/https://vnexpress.net/metro-nhon-ga-ha-noi-du-kien-van-hanh-doan-tren-cao-dip-30-4-4677730.html |archive-date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2023-11-16 |author1=Vnexpress }}</ref>

[[File:Panorama view of Line 3, Hanoi Metro, passing over Xuan Thuy road.jpg|thumb|463x463px|Elevated section of [[Hanoi Metro Line 3|Line 3 of Hanoi Metro]] passing over Xuan Thuy road in 2024.|center]]

== Sports ==
[[File:My Dinh National Stadium - 31st SEA Games Men's Football Final.jpg|alt=|thumb|241x241px|[[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]].]]
There are gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Hanoi, including [[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]] (Lê Đức Thọ Boulevard), [[Quần Ngựa Sports Palace]] (Văn Cao Avenue), [[Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex]], [[Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium]], [[Hàng Đẫy Stadium]], [[Hà Đông Stadium]] and [[Thanh Trì Stadium]]. [[2009 Asian Indoor Games|The third Asian Indoor Games]] were held in Hanoi in 2009. The others are [[Hai Bà Trưng Gymnasium]], [[Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium]], [[Vạn Bảo Sports Complex]]. Some of these venues held events at the [[2003 SEA Games|2003]] and [[2021 SEA Games]], both hosted in Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chi tiết địa điểm tổ chức các môn thi đấu SEA Games 2021 tại Việt Nam |url=https://bvhttdl.gov.vn/chi-tiet-dia-diem-to-chuc-cac-mon-thi-dau-sea-games-2021-tai-viet-nam-20210326200624727.htm |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511024125/https://bvhttdl.gov.vn/chi-tiet-dia-diem-to-chuc-cac-mon-thi-dau-sea-games-2021-tai-viet-nam-20210326200624727.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 6 November 2018, it was announced that in 2020, Hanoi would become the host of the first FIA [[Formula 1]] [[Vietnamese Grand Prix]] on a street circuit on the outskirts of the city. The race was initially postponed and later cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam|COVID-19 pandemic]] and the inaugural edition of the event postponed to {{F1|2021}}.<ref name="cancelled">{{cite web |url=https://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/en/post/15373 |title=Vietnam Grand Prix 2020 cancelled |website=Vietnam National Administration of Tourism |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref> The Grand Prix was removed from the 2021 calendar because of the arrest of Hanoi People's Committee Chairman [[Nguyễn Đức Chung]] on corruption charges unrelated to the Grand Prix. As a result, the race was permanently cancelled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-09 |title=Formula 1 calendar: Vietnamese Grand Prix dropped from 2021 F1 schedule |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/54879815 |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== UNESCO recognition ==
On 16 July 1999, the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) presented the title "City for Peace" to Hanoi because the city met the following criteria: exemplary action against exclusion and in support of the dialogue between communities, exemplary urban action, exemplary environmental action, exemplary action to promote culture, exemplary action in the field of education and especially civic education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vietnamnet.vn |title=Hanoi suffer because of "City for Peace" title - News VietNamNet |url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/2840/hanoi-suffer-because-of--city-for-peace--title.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125185747/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/2840/hanoi-suffer-because-of--city-for-peace--title.html |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=english.vietnamnet.vn |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Twin towns – sister cities ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia#Vietnam|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam}}
Hanoi is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|KHM}} [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |title=Sister Cities |website=Phnompenh.gov.kh |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113543/http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |archive-date=23 August 2013 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia<ref>{{cite web|title="Sister City" Jakarta-Hanoi berbagi pengalaman kelola perkotaan|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/697447/sister-city-jakarta-hanoi-berbagi-pengalaman-kelola-perkotaan|website=antaranews.com|publisher=ANTARA News|language=id|date=31 March 2018|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721131411/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/697447/sister-city-jakarta-hanoi-berbagi-pengalaman-kelola-perkotaan|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka Prefecture]], Japan<ref>{{cite web|title=International Exchange|url=https://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/site/english/en-about-international-organization-a5.html|website=pref.fukuoka.lg.jp|publisher=Fukuoka Prefecture|access-date=2021-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916093223/https://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/site/english/en-about-international-organization-a5.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |access-date=9 October 2014 }}</ref>{{New archival link needed|date=April 2026}}
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister and Friendship Cities|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-cities/|website=seoul.go.kr|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=4 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504045307/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref>{{cite web|title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy?page=0,1|website=um.warszawa.pl|publisher=Warsaw|language=pl|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407142707/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy?page=0,1|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |title=Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities |publisher=Vbusinessnews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113203758/https://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html |archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SEY}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles<ref>{{cite web|title=Bilateral cooperation between Seychelles and Vietnam takes new heights|url=https://www.statehouse.gov.sc/news/2173/bilateral-cooperation-between-seychelles-and-vietnam-takes-new-heights|website=statehouse.gov.sc|publisher=Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles|date=2013-08-28|access-date=2021-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916092641/https://www.statehouse.gov.sc/news/2173/bilateral-cooperation-between-seychelles-and-vietnam-takes-new-heights|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand<ref>{{cite web|title=Relationship with Sister Cities|url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|publisher=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611230221/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sistercities/|website=beijing.gov.cn|publisher=Beijing|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024900/http://english.beijing.gov.cn/beijinginfo/sistercities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]], China<ref>{{Cite web|title=元首外交{{pipe}}盛情迎贵宾，在河内感受中越友好特殊情谊-新华网|url=http://www.news.cn/world/2023-12/12/c_1130020819.htm|website=news.cn|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web|title=Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri|url=https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi1/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/|website=ankara.bel.tr|publisher=Ankara|language=tr|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095330/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi1/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin towns of Minsk|url=https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|website=minsk.gov.by|publisher=Minsk|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=9 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909212350/https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Palermo]], Italy<ref>{{cite web|title=Comune di Palermo|url=https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-palermo.html|website=comune-italia.it|publisher=Comune Italia|language=it|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201100129/https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-palermo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Pretoria]], South Africa<ref>{{cite web|title=SA grows ties with Vietnam as ally|url=https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/sa-grows-ties-vietnam-ally|website=vukuzenzele.gov.za|publisher=Vuk'uzenzele|date=September 2013|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916075733/https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/sa-grows-ties-vietnam-ally|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{div col end}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Old Quarter street scene, Hanoi (4) (37610074295).jpg|Life on the streets of the [[Old Quarter, Hanoi|Old Quarter]].
File:Thiên Trù Pagoda.jpg|Thiên Trù Pagoda in the [[Perfume Pagoda]] complex.
File:Pen Tower in Hanoi.jpg|''Tháp Bút'' (Pen Tower) with a phrase "''Tả thanh thiên''" (meaning "Write on the sky") next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake (2007).
File:Cau The Huc (Pont du soleil levant).jpg|Thê Húc Bridge on [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]].
File:Presidential Palace of Vietnam.jpg|[[Presidential Palace, Hanoi]] (formerly Palace of The Governor-General of French Indochina).
File:Opera House, Hanoi (4855950685).jpg|[[Hanoi Opera House]], modelled on the [[Palais Garnier]] in Paris.
File:Tran Quoc Pagoda, Hanoi, Vietnam, 20240123 1217 3314.jpg|[[Trấn Quốc Pagoda]].
File:Bâtiments 172.jpg|[[National Museum of Vietnamese History|Museum of Vietnamese History]] in Hanoi, formerly the first ''[[École française d'Extrême-Orient]].''
File:Bacbophu.jpg|[[Tonkin Palace]] serves as State Guest House.
File:Bao tang my thuat.jpg|[[Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts]].
File:Vietnam national convention center.jpg|[[Vietnam National Convention Center]].
File:Nhat Tan Bridge at night 2016.jpg|[[Nhật Tân Bridge]].
File:Lotte Tower Hanoi - NKS (9 to 16).jpg|[[Lotte Center Hanoi]] in western [[Ba Dinh District|Ba Đình]].
File:Tòa nhà Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower, Cầu Giấy, Hà Nội 001.jpg|[[Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower|AON Landmark 72]] in [[Nam Từ Liêm]].
File:The Garden, Hanoi 07.JPG|Inspiration of French Colonial architecture in Hanoi's buildings.
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{See also|Timeline of Hanoi#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Hanoi}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|title=Hanoi: City Of The Rising Dragon|last=Boudarel|first=Georges|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7425-1655-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/hanoicityofrisin0000boud}}
* {{citation| surname = Bielestein | given = Hans | chapter = Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han | pages = 223–290| title = The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220| editor-given1 = Denis C. | editor-surname1 = Twitchett | editor-given2 = John King | editor-surname2 = Fairbank| location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1986 }}
*{{cite book |first1=Jan |last1=Dodd |first2=Mark |last2=Lewis |title=Rough Guide to Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WvOSgCHrOoC&pg=PA408 |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-095-4}}
*{{cite book |first1=Lisa |last1=Drummond |first2=Mandy |last2=Thomas |title=Consuming Urban Culture in Contemporary Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZgyNiX7vI4C&pg=PA125 |date=5 June 2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-98794-0}}
*{{cite book |title=Understanding Vietnam |last1=Jamieson |first1=Neil L. |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-520-20157-6}}
*{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Buttinger |title =The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1958}}
*{{cite book|last=Brindley|first=Erica|year=2015|title=Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08478-0}}
*{{cite book|title=The Origins of Ancient Vietnam|author=Nam C. Kim|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-998089-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Keith Weller |year=1983 |title=The Birth of Vietnam |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07417-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Keith Weller|year=2013|title=A History of the Vietnamese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87586-8}}
* {{cite book| title=Ancient Southeast Asia |first1=John Norman |author1-link=John N. Miksic|last1=Miksic |first2=Go Geok |last2=Yian |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-27903-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|year=2019|title=Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-005379-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Purton |first= Peter Fraser |title=A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 450-1220|date=2009 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-84383-448-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Park|first=Hyunhee|year=2012|title=Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01868-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Boudarel |first1=Georges |last2=Nguyen |first2=Van Ky |last3=Nguyễn |first3=Văn Ký |editor-last1=Duiker |editor-first1=Claire |year=2002 |title=Hanoi: City of the Rising Dragon |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7425-1655-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Loewe |first=Michael |contribution=Guangzhou: the Evidence of the Standard Histories from the ''Shi ji'' to the ''Chen shu'', a Preliminary Survey |pages=51–80 |isbn=3-447-05060-8 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |date=2004 |editor-last=Müller |editor-first=Shing |editor2-last=Höllmann |editor2-first=Thomas O. |editor3-last=Gui |editor3-first=Putao |display-editors=0 |title=Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts (Zhou–Tang) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0zZPMlu0L0C&pg=PA60 }}.
* {{cite book |first1=Scott |last1=Rutherford |title=Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi_BKq60OgC&pg=PA380 |date=1 December 2002 |publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group |isbn=978-981-234-984-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Tran |first=Quoc Vuong |author2-last=Nguyen |author2-first=Vinh Long |author-mask=Tran Quoc Vuong & al. |ref={{harvid|Tran|1977}} |title=Hanoi: From the Origins to the 19th Century |editor-last=Nguyen |editor-first=Khac Vien |display-editors=0 |display-authors=1 |date=1977 |publisher=Xunhasaba |location=Hanoi |number=48 |series=Vietnamese Studies }}.
* {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Robert F. |title=Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development |publisher=[[Hoover Institution|Hoover Institution Publications]] |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8179-1431-8 |location=Stanford}}
* {{cite book |last1=Phan|first1=Huy Lê|author-link1=Phan Huy Lê|last2=Nguyễn|first2=Quang Ngọc|last3=Nguyễn|first3=Đình Lễ|title=The Country Life in the Red River Delta|year=1997}}
* {{cite book |author=Đào Duy Anh |author-link=Đào Duy Anh |title=Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam |publisher=Nha Nam |year=2016 |orig-date=1964 |isbn=978-604-94-8700-2 |language=vi}}
* {{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Andrew |last2=Henley |first2=David |chapter=A Scholar's Memoirs of the 36 Streets |title=Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin) |place=Chiang Mai |publisher=Cognoscenti Books |year=2012 |asin=B006DCCM9Q}}
* {{cite book |last=Yü |first=Ying-shih |chapter=Han foreign relations |pages=377–463| title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220| editor-first1=Denis C. |editor-last1=Twitchett |editor-first2=John King |editor-last2=Fairbank| location= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=1986}}
* {{Cite book |title=Hanoi: Biography of a City |last=Logan |first=William S. |year=2000 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98014-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Vann |first=Michael G. |author-link=Michael G. Vann |title=The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |url=https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-great-hanoi-rat-hunt-9780190602697?cc=us&lang=en&
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite report |last=Fleming |first=Tom |date=2021 |title=Việt Nam |chapter=Hà Nội |pages=14–51 |url=https://www.britishcouncil.vn/sites/default/files/city_profile_vietnam.pdf |series=Cultural Cities Profile East Asia |location=Hà Nội |publisher=[[British Council|British Council Vietnam]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428111540/https://www.britishcouncil.vn/sites/default/files/city_profile_vietnam.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2025}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn/ Official site of Hanoi Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520020052/https://english.hanoi.gov.vn/ |date=20 May 2020 }}
*[http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/travel/18hanoi.html An article in ''New York Times'' about Hanoi]
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*{{osmrelation-inline|1903516}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Hanoi
|list =
{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
{{Cities in Viet Nam}}
{{Districts of Red River Delta}}
{{Hanoi}}
{{Asian Games Host Cities}}
{{Hanoi Tourism}}
{{Largest cities of Vietnam}}
{{Subdivisions of Vietnam|collapsed=yes}}
{{Most populous cities in Vietnam}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Hanoi
|North = [[Thái Nguyên Province]]
|Northeast = [[Bắc Giang Province]]
|East = [[Bắc Ninh Province]]
|Southeast = [[Hưng Yên Province]]
|South = [[Hà Nam Province]]
|Southwest = [[Hòa Bình Province]]
|West = [[Phú Thọ Province]]
|Northwest = [[Vĩnh Phúc Province]]
}}

[[Category:1010 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:5th-century establishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Capital cities in Asia]]
[[Category:Cities in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Hanoi| ]]
[[Category:Hong River Delta]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Populated places in Hanoi]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1994

2026-05-08T10:24:49Z

Michaelevansnet: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1990s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

S. M. Sukumar

2026-05-07T09:47:58Z

Michaelevansnet: put up biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. M. Sukumar
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
| predecessor = [[J. L. Eswarappan]]
| successor =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| father = Muruganandham<ref>https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=989</ref>
| occupation = Politician, Business, Rental Income<ref>https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=989</ref>
}}

'''S. M. Sukumar''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the 17th Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] candidate in [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Arcot Election Result |url= https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2242.htm|access-date= 6 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Arcot Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: Tamil Nadu (Aroct) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/constituency-show/arcot |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{{transcluded section|source=Arcot Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Arcot Assembly constituency|2026}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukumar, S. M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

R. Ganesh (politician)

2026-05-04T07:39:48Z

Michaelevansnet: put up post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Ganesh
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 19 May 2016
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = [[Budhichandhiran]]
| successor =
}}

'''R. Ganesh''' (born 18 April 1963) is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in 2016 and 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055718/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC108.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC108.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Udhagamandalam Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a108|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Opposition Candidate
! Opposition Party
! Opposition vote %
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || {{Lost}} ||44.07 || [[Budhichandhiran]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]] || 50.22
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || {{Won}} ||48.34 || Vinoth|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]||40.90
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || {{Won}} ||46.90 || M. Bhojarajan|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 43.07
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesh, R}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Gauribidanur Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T17:25:43Z

Michaelevansnet: stub

{{Short description|Electoral district in Karnataka, Indıa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gauribidanur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 139
| map_image = 139-Gauribidanur constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Assembly constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chikkaballapur district|Chikkaballapur ]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkaballapur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:210462}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = K. H. Puttaswamy Gowda
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[N. H. Shivashankara Reddy]]
}}

'''Gauribidanur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || N. C. Nagaiah Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || K. H. Venkata Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | R. N. Lakshmipathi
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[V. Krishna Rao]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || B. N. K. Papaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || R. N. Lakshmipathi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || S. V. Ashwathanarayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[Jyothi Reddy. N.]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="5" | [[N. H. Shivashankara Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[K. H. Puttaswamy Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gauribidanur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gauribidanur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10139.htm?ac=139 |access-date=3 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503081921/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10139.htm?ac=139 |archive-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. H. Puttaswamy Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 83,837 |percentage = 46.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. H. Shivashankara Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,551 |percentage = 25.75% |change = {{decrease}}15.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kemparaju. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,202 |percentage = 13.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. Narasimha Murthy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,125 |percentage = 6.15% |change = {{decrease}}29.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. H. S. Shashidhara Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,132 |percentage = 4.50% |change = {{decrease}}16.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Puttaswamy Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,311 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 561 |percentage = 0.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,286 |percentage = 20.62% |change = {{increase}}15.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 181,370 |percentage = 86.18% |change = {{increase}}3.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,815}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,462 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 2018, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/2018 |website=traceall.in |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103081430/https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Shivashankara Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,000 |percentage = 40.91% |change = {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. Narasimha Murthy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 59,832 |percentage = 35.47% |change = {{increase}}28.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Jaipal Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,759 |percentage = 20.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. R. Ravichandrareddy |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,095 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 784 |percentage = 0.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,168 |percentage = 5.44% |change = {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,693 |percentage = 83.08% |change = {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,670}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,048 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Shivashankara Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,131 |percentage = 33.31% |change = {{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Jaipal Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 44,056 |percentage = 29.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. M. Ravinarayana Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,840 |percentage = 21.16% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Ashwathanarayana Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,957 |percentage = 7.28% |change = {{decrease}}14.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Somashekar |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 3,526 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muralidar. P. S |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,735 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Abhul Khasim |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,702 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ramakrishnaiah |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,105 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekar Madiga |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 952 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,075 |percentage = 4.04% |change = {{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 149,194 |percentage = 79.90% |change = {{increase}}5.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,498}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,727 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Shivashankara Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,127 |percentage = 30.41% |change = {{decrease}}13.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Ravinarayana Reddy|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=27,959|percentage=21.73%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jyothi Reddy. N.]]|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=27,480|percentage=21.36%|change={{decrease}}15.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ashok Kumar. R|party=Independent politician|votes=21,989|percentage=17.09%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Sadashivaiah|party=Independent politician|votes=3,446|percentage=2.68%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shivashankar. H. V|party=Independent politician|votes=3,277|percentage=2.55%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Siddagangappa|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=1,645|percentage=1.28%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishna Kumar. P. T|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,537|percentage=1.19%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narasimha Murthy. B. K|party=Lok Jan Shakti Party|votes=1,502|percentage=1.17%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,168 |percentage = 8.68% |change = {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=128,673|percentage=74.23%|change={{increase}}1.62}}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,661}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,355 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Shivashankara Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,636 |percentage = 43.73% |change = {{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jyothi Reddy. N.]]|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=41,611|percentage=36.66%|change={{increase}}11.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshminarayana. S. H|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=16,750|percentage=14.76%|change={{increase}}8.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishna Kumar. P. T|party=Janata Party|votes=4,028|percentage=3.55%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pathan Rahamatulla|party=Kannada Nadu Party|votes=1,490|percentage=1.31%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,025 |percentage = 7.07% |change = {{increase}}6.24 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=113,732|percentage=72.61%|change={{decrease}}2.68}}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,515}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,629 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}10.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. H. Shivashankara Reddy]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,541 |percentage = 33.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Ashwathanarayana Reddy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=33,679|percentage=32.26%|change={{increase}}18.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jyothi Reddy. N.]]|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=26,705|percentage=25.58%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Seetharam|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=6,965|percentage=6.67%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Sadashivaiah|party=Independent politician|votes=1,553|percentage=1.49%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. L. Venkatesh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=689|percentage=0.66%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 862 |percentage = 0.83% |change = {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=109,568|percentage=75.29%|change={{decrease}}2.81}}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,405}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=5,114|percentage=4.67%|change={{increase}}3.00}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,520 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}10.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jyothi Reddy. N.]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 42,159 |percentage = 43.38% |change = {{increase}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Ashwathanarayana Reddy|party=Independent politician|votes=34,274|percentage=35.27%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. V. Krishna Murthy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=13,620|percentage=14.01%|change={{decrease}}35.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. T. Madanagopala Reddy|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,284|percentage=5.44%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Nanujundappa|party=Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|votes=863|percentage=0.89%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,885 |percentage = 8.11% |change = {{decrease}}5.04 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=99,332|percentage=78.10%|change={{increase}}4.35}}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,184}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=1,657|percentage=1.67%|change={{decrease}}3.49}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,179 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Ashwathanarayana Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,911 |percentage = 49.40% |change = {{increase}}6.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jyothi Reddy. N.]]|party=Janata Dal|votes=30,020|percentage=36.25%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Hanumappa Reddy. K. V|party=Janata Party|votes=8,609|percentage=10.40%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Adinarayanappa|party=Independent politician|votes=1,876|percentage=2.27%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,891 |percentage = 13.15% |change = {{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=87,315|percentage=73.75%|change={{increase}}0.27}}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,810}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=4,505|percentage=5.16%|change={{decrease}}5.39}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,400 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 34,291 |percentage = 52.70% |change = {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. K. Papaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,660 |percentage = 42.51% |change = {{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Devadas |party = Independent politician |votes = 891 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayachandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 537 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 519 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. C. Lakshmipathy Babu |party = Independent politician |votes = 401 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,631 |percentage = 10.19% |change = {{increase}}4.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,744 |percentage = 73.48% |change = {{decrease}}2.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,066}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,678 |percentage = 10.55% |change = {{increase}}8.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,002 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. N. Lakshmipathi |party = Janata Party |votes = 34,260 |percentage = 52.16% |change = {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. Krishna Rao]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,426 |percentage = 46.32% |change = {{increase}}44.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumaraswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 998 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,834 |percentage = 5.84% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,113 |percentage = 75.67% |change = {{decrease}}6.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,684}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,429 |percentage = 2.13% |change = {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,691 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. K. Papaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 33,756 |percentage = 51.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. N. Lakshmipathi |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,932 |percentage = 45.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramaiah. K. L |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,089 |percentage = 1.66% |change = {{decrease}}58.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan. C. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 564 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,824 |percentage = 5.82% |change = {{decrease}}15.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,391 |percentage = 82.26% |change = {{increase}}12.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,655}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,736 |percentage = 2.58% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,928 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. Krishna Rao]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,469 |percentage = 59.90% |change = {{decrease}}11.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. N. Lakshmipathi |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 19,556 |percentage = 38.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Anjaiah Setty |party = Independent politician |votes = 477 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Seetharama Reddy |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 365 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,913 |percentage = 21.45% |change = {{increase}}12.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,278 |percentage = 69.84% |change = {{increase}}13.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,867}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,856 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}20.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Goribindnur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. N. Lakshmipathi |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,598 |percentage = 80.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. V. Reddi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,959 |percentage = 71.47% |change = {{increase}}30.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,639 |percentage = 9.00% |change = {{decrease}}9.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,082 |percentage = 56.01% |change = {{decrease}}16.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,327}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,067 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}21.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. N. Lakshmipathi |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,391 |percentage = 59.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Venkata Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,718 |percentage = 40.67% |change = {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,673 |percentage = 18.67% |change = {{decrease}}17.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,459 |percentage = 72.25% |change = {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,109}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,148 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}7.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gauribidanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Venkata Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,203 |percentage = 66.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. C. Nagaiah Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,476 |percentage = 30.37% |change = {{decrease}}22.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantharayappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,114 |percentage = 2.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,727 |percentage = 36.32% |change = {{increase}}24.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,793 |percentage = 69.77% |change = {{increase}}9.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,793}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,166 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Goribindnur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. C. Nagaiah Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,087 |percentage = 52.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatasami Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,066 |percentage = 41.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Chandraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,464 |percentage = 5.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,021 |percentage = 11.35% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,617 |percentage = 60.25% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,617}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,180 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chikballapur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|13.61|77.52|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chikkaballapura district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Ballu Saluja

2026-05-01T13:06:18Z

Michaelevansnet:

{{Short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jaswinder Ballu Saluja
| occupation = Editor
| years_active = 2001{{endash}}present
| notable_works =
}}

'''Jaswinder Ballu Saluja''' is an Indian film editor who works primarily in [[Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-12 |title=This Man Has Spent The Last 12 Years Trying To Prove That 'Mohenjo Daro' Is His Story! |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/this-man-has-spent-the-last-12-years-trying-to-prove-that-mohenjo-daro-is-his-story-257974.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Ballu Saluja credits as an editor
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2001
|''[[Lagaan]]''
|[[Screen Award for Best Editing]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2002 |title='Lagaan', 'DCH' sweep Screen awards |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020120/nation.htm#1}}</ref>
|-
|2003
|''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004
|''Hanan''
|
|-
|''[[Swades]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Pratishtha |date=2016-08-03 |title='Mohenjo Daro' Has Been Inspired, But It's Not What You Think |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/mohenjo-daro-ashutosh-gowariker-bombay-high-court-dismiss-plagiarism-case-inspired-by-lagaan-jodha-akbar-hrithik |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo]]''
|
|-
|''[[Aabra Ka Daabra]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2008
|[[Tulsi (film)|''Tulsi'']]
|
|-
|''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|
|-
|''[[Thodi Life Thoda Magic]]''
|
|-
|[[Mehbooba (2008 film)|''Mehbooba'']]
|
|-
|''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]''
|
|-
|''[[God Tussi Great Ho]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|[[Victory (2009 film)|''Victory'']]
|
|-
|''[[What's Your Raashee?]]''
|
|-
|2010
|''Musaa: The Most Wanted''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Yeh Dooriyan]]''
|
|-
|''[[Hello Jai Hind!]]''
|
|-
|2012
|[[Tukaram (film)|''Tukaram'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|[[Touring Talkies (2013 film)|''Touring Talkies'']]
|
|-
|''[[R... Rajkumar]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Nilkanth Master]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (film)|''Do Lafzon Ki Kahani'']]
|
|-
|[[Dangal (2016 film)|''Dangal'']]
|[[Screen Award for Best Editing]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=Star Screen Awards 2017: Dangal wins big, Vidya Balan-Rajkummar Rao named best actor and actress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/star-screen-awards-2017-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-full-winners-list-1099753-2017-12-04 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Paltan (film)|Paltan]]''
|
|-
|[[Mulk (film)|''Mulk'']]
|Nominated {{Dash}} [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award for Best Editor]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2019 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Looking Up (film)|''Looking Up'']]
|[[Cinema of China|Chinese]] film
|-
|''[[Prassthanam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[My People, My Homeland]]''
|Chinese film
|-
|[[Shakeela (film)|''Shakeela'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Koi Jaane Na]]''
|
|-
|''[[Thalaivii]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-Hindi bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Jahaan Chaar Yaar]]''
|
|-
|''[[Maarrich]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Ping Pong: The Triumph]]''
|Chinese film
|-
|''[[Tiku Weds Sheru]]''
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1022139}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saluja, Ballu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Agara inscriptions and hero stones

2026-04-27T16:39:09Z

Michaelevansnet: put up article

{{copy edit|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|12.97477|N|77.59575|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Agara Lake (25279546271).jpg|thumb|upright=2|Agara Lake]]
[[Agara, Bangalore|Agara]] is a Panchayat-village in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] located on the Outer Ring Road, near [[Koramangala]] and [[HSR Layout]]. Three inscriptions have been documented and published from the Agara locality; two of them are documented, but their physical status is unknown.

The inscriptions span the period from the 9th to the 16th century CE. They record various donations made by individuals during the reigns of the rulers of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Karnataka (Vijayanagara) kingdoms]]. The 9th-century CE Sriyamayya inscription mentions the fixing of Sluices for a tank, though it does not explicitly mention Agara Tank. The location of the inscription, as documented in Volume 9 of the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]], is described as being near the tank embankment. This is sufficient evidence to infer that the inscription indeed refers to the Agara Tank, making it one of the earliest documented tanks of Bengaluru, approximately 1150–1200 years old.

== Agara 9th century Sriyamayya inscription ==
The Sriyamayya inscription is a [[Kannada script|Kannada]] inscription, paleographically dated to the 10th century. It records the repair of two sluices for the [[Agara, Bangalore|Agara]] tank and the construction of a new tank, along with obtaining lands for its upkeep by Sriryamayya, son of Irugamayya.{{citation needed|date= October 2024}} It was issued during the reign of Nagattara, a feudal chieftain under the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] ruler Satyavakya Permmadi, who ruled the region from [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]] as his administrative seat. Nagattara is mentioned in about 15 inscriptions from the Bengaluru region during this period. He was also responsible for constructing the [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur Nageshwara temple]], which is the earliest documented temple in the [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] region. This inscription heralds Nagattara as Kaliyuga Hanumanta, describing his strength and prowess. It was first documented in Volume 9, [[Epigraphia Carnatica]]. The current physical condition of the inscription is unknown.{{citation needed|date= October 2024}}

=== Transliteration ===
The text of the transliteration of the inscription is published in Volume 9 of Epigraphia carnatica.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n80/mode/1up | title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Research in Mysore | date=1894 | publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಸ್ಯಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀರಾಜ್ಯವಿಜಯಸಂವ
|svastiśrīrajyāvijayasaṃva
|-
|2
|ತ್ಸರಸತ್ಯವಾಖ್ಯಪೆಮ್ರ್ಮಡಿಯಕ
|tsarasatyavākhyapremmadiyaka
|-
|3
|ಲಿಯುಗದಣುವನಾಗತರನೊಳ್
|liyugadaṇuvanāgataranol
|-
|4
|ಇವ್ಯುಲಿಯೂರೊಡೆಇರುಗ
|ivyuliyūrodeiruga
|-
|5
|ಮಯ್ಯನಮಗಂಸಿರಿಯಮ
|mayyanamagaṃsiriyama
|-
|6
|ಯ್ಯನೆರಡುಕೆಲಿಯಂತೂಂಬನಿ
|yyaneradukeliyaṃtūmbani
|-
|7
|ಕ್ಕಿಮೂಡಣಕೆಅಯಂಕಟ್ಟಿಸಿ
|kkimūdaṇkeayaṃkattisi
|-
|8
|ಮೂಹಿಕೆಹಿಯಬಿತ್ತುಪಟ್ಟವಂ
|mūhikehiyabittupattavam
|-
|9
|ಪಡೆದಂಬಿತ್ತುವಟವಂಸಲಿ
|padedambittuvatavamsali
|-
|10
|ಸದನುನಿಕ್ಕದುಣ್ಬನುಕವಿಲೆ
|sadanunikkadunbanukavile
|-
|11
|ಯನಅದಂ
|yanaadam
|}

=== Translation ===
The text of the translation of the inscription is published in Volume 9 of Epigraphia carnatica.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n321/mode/1up | title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Research in Mysore | date=1894 | publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press }}</ref>

"Be it well. In the victorious year of the Srirajya, under Satyavakya-Permmadi's Kali-yuga Hanuman, Nagattara, — the Iruvvuliyur odeya, Irugamayya's son Sriyamayya, fixed sluices to the two tanks, had the eastern tank built, and obtained the bittuvatta of the three tanks. Imprecation."

== Agara 1362CE Kamaiya Nayaka's donation inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Agara (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones
| image = Digital Image of the Agara 1363CE Kamaiya Nayaka's Donation Inscription - Front Side.png
| image_caption = Digital image of the front side of the Agara 1362CE Kamaiya Nayaka's Donation Inscription obtained by 3D scanning of the inscription. Picture Courtesy: [[commons:File:Digital_Image_of_the_Agara_1363CE_Kamaiya_Nayaka's_Donation_Inscription_-_Front_Side.png|Wikimedia Commons]]
| image2 = Digital_Image_of_the_Agara_1363CE_Kamaiya_Nayaka's_Donation_Inscription_-_Back_Side.png
| image2_caption = Digital image of the back side of the Agara 1362CE Kamaiya Nayaka's Donation Inscription obtained by 3D scanning of the inscription. Picture Courtesy: [[commons:File:Digital_Image_of_the_Agara_1363CE_Kamaiya_Nayaka's_Donation_Inscription_-_Back_Side.png|Wikimedia Commons]]
| material = [[Stone]]
| height = {{convert|148|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|123|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada script of the time
| discovered_by = B L Rice and team of the Mysore Archaeological Department
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=1011363
| language = Kannada language of the time
| created = {{start date and age|df=yes|1362|6|3|p=yes|br=yes}}
| location = {{coord|12.974806|77.595889}}
| discovered_place = Agara
| discovered_date = 1905
}}
Agara is also home to a 14th-century CE [[Kannada script|Kannada]] inscription, which is a donatory inscription made during the reign of Kamaiya Nayaka's father, [[Kumara Kampana|Kampanna Odeya]], who was ruling the kingdom from Mulubaagil ([[Mulabagilu]]) at the time the grant was made. Kampanna Odeya was the son of Mahamandaleshwara Veera Bukkana Odeya ([[Bukka Raya I]]) of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

The purpose of this inscription is to document a tax-exempt perpetual grant (donation) bestowed by Kamaiya Nayaka, the son of Kampanna Odeya, to Taniappa, the son of Allalajeeya. The grant encompassed the village of Belattoor and all dry and wetlands within its four boundaries. Belattoor was situated in Torevalinaadu, south of Sannenaadu. The donation was made in the presence of the Gavundas of the kingdom.

The inscription also reveals that Taniappa's father, Allalajeeya, hailed from [[Yelahanka]]. The Gavundas are a term for village heads. Over time, the term has changed into other related forms, such as Gamunda, Gavaunda, Goundar, and Gauda. The inscription was first documented in Epigraphia carnatica, Volume 9.<ref name="auto" /> The term has been in continuous use from the 7th century onwards. The inscription is presently housed in the [[Government Museum, Bangalore|Government Museum, Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/stone-inscriptions-unravel-lesser-known-narratives-of-bengalurus-history/articleshow/60319503.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|title=Stone inscriptions unravel lesser-known narratives of Bengaluru's history|first=Divya|last=Shekhar|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=1 September 2017}}</ref>

=== Discovery and dating ===
This inscription was identified during field surveys based on information in [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] Vol-9.<ref name="auto"/> The Epigraphia Carnatica Vol 9 (1905 ed) records that this inscription was brought to the Bangalore museum from Agara village. It is unclear why this inscription was installed at Agara. The Belathoor mentioned is most likely Belathur in the [[Krishnarajapuram|KR Puram]] region, as noted in an inscription. However, why the inscription was installed at Agara rather than Belattor or [[Yelahanka]] is unclear. The inscription is dated Friday, 03-Jun-1362CE [[Julian calendar|Julian]] as it is precisely mentioned in the inscription as "''śakābda 1286 nĕya śobhakṛtu saṃ| jyeṣṭa śu11 bu''".

=== Physical characteristics ===
The inscription is 148 cm tall and 123 cm wide. The [[Kannada script|Kannada]] characters are approximately 3 cm tall, 4 cm wide, and 0.24 cm deep (shallow depth).{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== Transliteration ===
The text below is published in the rereading of the inscription in the Journal of the Mythic Society.

Digital images of each of the characters in this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary, and other information have been shared via [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=1011363 Akshara Bhandara software]
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಶಕಾಬ್ದ ೧೨೮೬
|svasti śrī śakābda 1286
|-
|2
|<nowiki>ನೆಯ ಶೋಭಕೃತು ಸಂ| ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಟ ಶು೧೧</nowiki>
|<nowiki>nĕya śobhakṛtu saṃ| jyeṣṭa śu11</nowiki>
|-
|3
|<nowiki>ಬು| ಶ್ರೀ ಮನುಮಹಾಮಂಡಳೇಶ್ವರಂ ಅರಿರಾ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>bu| śrī manumahāmaṃḍaleśvaraṃ arir</nowiki>
|-
|4
|ಯ ವಿಭಾಡ ಭಾಷೆಗೆ ತಪ್ಪುವ ರಾಯರಗಂಡ
|ya vibhāḍa bhāṣĕgĕ tappuva rāyaragaṃḍa
|-
|5
|ಶ್ರೀ ವೀರಬುಕ್ಕಣ್ಣವೊಡೆಯರ ಕುಮಾರ ಕಂಪಣ್ಣ
|śrī vīrabukkaṇṇavŏḍĕyara kumāra kaṃpa ṇṇa
|-
|6
|ವೊಡೆಯರು ಮುಳುಬಾಗಿಲ ಪಟ್ಟಣದಲು ಪ್ರು
|vŏḍĕyaru mulubāgila paṭṭaṇadalu pru
|-
|7
|ಥ್ವಿರಾಜ್ಯಂಗೆಯುತ್ತಿರಲು ಕಂಪಣ್ಣ ವೊಡೆಯರ
|thvirājyaṃgĕyuttiralu kaṃpaṇṇa vŏḍĕyara
|-
|8
|ಕುಮಾರ ಕಾಮೈಯನಾಯ್ಕರು ಯೀ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಗವು
|kumāra kāmaiyanāykaru yī rājyada gavu
|-
|9
|ಂಡುಗಳ ಮುಂದಿಟ್ಟು ಎಲಹಕ್ಕನಾಡ ಅಲ್ಲಾ
|ṃḍugal ̤ a muṃdiṭṭu ĕlahakkanāḍa allā
|-
|10
|ಳಜೀಯನ ಮಗ ತಣ್ಣಿಯಪ್ಪಂಗೆ ಶಿಲಾಶಾಸನವ
|lajīyana maga taṇṇiyappaṃgĕ śilāśāsanava
|-
|11
|ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ ಕ್ರಮವೆಂತೆದಡೆ‌ ಸಣ್ಣೆನಾಡ ತೆ
|māḍikŏṭa kramavĕṃtĕdaḍĕ saṇṇĕnāḍa tĕ
|-
|12
|ಂಕಣ ಬಾಗೆಯ ತೊಱೆವಳಿನಾಡ ಬೆಳತ್ತೂರನೂ
|ṃkaṇa bāgĕya tŏṟĕval ̤ ināḍa bĕl ̤ a̤ttūranū
|-
|13
|ಯೀ ವೂರ ಗದ್ದೆ ಬೆದ್ದಲು ಚತುಸ್ಸೀಮೆ ಯೇನು
|yīvūra gaddĕ bĕddalu catussīmĕ yenu
|-
!
!ಹಿಂಭಾಗ
!Backside
|-
|14
|ಳ್ಳದನೂ ಸರ್ವಮಾನ್ಯದ ಕೊಡಗೆಯಾಗಿ
|ll̤adanū sarvamānyada kŏḍagĕyāgi
|-
|15
|ಚಂದ್ರಾದಿತ್ಯರುಳ್ಳಂನಬರಸಲುವಂ
|chaṃdrādityarull̤aṃnabarasaluvaṃ
|-
|16
|ತಾಗಿ ಶಿಲಾ ಶಾಸನವ ಮಾಡಿಕ್ಕೊ
|tāgi śilā śāsanava māḍikkŏ
|-
|17
|<nowiki>ಟ್ಟೆವು ಮಂಗಳ ಮಹಾಶ್ರೀಃ |</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ṭṭĕvu maṃgala mahāśrīḥ|</nowiki>
|}

=== Translation ===
The translation is published in Volume 9 of the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n321/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Research in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

"Be it well. (On the date specified), when (with usual titles) vira Bukkanna-Vodeyar's son Kampanna-Vodeyar was in the city of Mulubagil, ruling the kingdom of the world :— that Kampanna-Vodeyar's son Kamaiya-Nayaka, in the presence of the farmers of this kingdom, granted to Elahaka-nad Allala-jiya's son Tanniyappa, lands in Belattur of the Torevali-nad of the south of the. . . . . .nti-nad, as a sarvamanya kodage".

== Agara 1515 CE Shivappa Nayaka inscription ==
It is a Kannada donatory inscription dated to 1515 CE, as mentioned in the inscription as "''shalivahanashaka savirada nanuhayippattuelaneya yuvasamvatsarada bhadrapada Kudha 15 lu sumoparaga punya kala''". It records the donation of land by Shivappa Nayaka to the upkeep of the Agara Tank, intended for his father's spiritual elevation. It was issued during the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya]] of the Karnataka Empire ([[Vijayanagara Empire]]). It is one of the most significant documented inscriptions, as it records that the donation was made during a [[solar eclipse]], testimony to the astronomical prowess of the region's medieval inhabitants in calculating solar eclipses. Another inscription in Bengaluru, the Kodigehalli inscription, also documents a similar context, where a donation was made during an eclipse. Both of the inscriptions belong to different periods of the Vijayanagara Empire. It was first documented in Volume 9 of Epigraphia Carnatica. The physical condition of the inscription is currently unknown.

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The text of the transliteration of the inscription is published in Volume 9 of Epigraphia Carnatica.<ref name="auto"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಶುಭಮಸ್ಸತುಸ್ಯಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀಜಯಾಭ್ಯುದಯಶಾಲಿವಾ
|shubhamassatusyastiśrījayābhyudayashālivā
|-
|2
|ಹನಶಕ(ವ)ರುಪಸಾವಿರದನಾನೂಹಯಿಪ್ಪತ್ತುಏ
|hanashaka(va)rupasāviradanānūhayippattuye
|-
|3
|ಳನೆಯಯುವಸಂವತ್ಸರದಭಾದ್ರಪದಕು
|ḷneyayuvasaṃvatsaradabhādrapadaku
|-
|4
|ಧ೧೫ಲೂಸೋಮೋಪರಾಗಪುಂಣ್ಯಕಾಲದಲ್ಲುಕ್ರುಷ್ಣ
|dhā15lūsōmōparāgapuṇyakāladallukruṣhṇa
|-
|5
|ರಾಯಮಹಾರಾಯರುವೃತ್ಯೀಗೈಉತಯಿರಲು
|rāyamārāyaruvrutyigaiyutayiralu
|-
|6
|ಸಿವಂಣಪನಾಯಕರುತಂಮತಂದೆಗೆಧರ್ಮವಾಗಬೇಕೆಂ
|sivaṃṇapanāyakarutaṃtaṃdegedharmavāgabēkēm
|-
|7
|ದುಅಗರದಕೆಹಗೆಭಂಡಿನಡೆಉದಕ್ಕೆಕೊಟ್ಟಹೊಲ
|duagaradakehagebhandinadeudakkekottahola
|}

=== Translation ===
The text of the translation of the inscription is published in Volume 9 of Epigraphia Carnatica.<ref name="auto1"/>

"May it be prosperous. Be it well (On the date specified), at the time of and eclipse of the moon, - when Krishna-Raya-maharaya was ruling the kingdom of the world :- Sivannappa-Nayaka, in order that dharma might be to his father, granted a field to provide for keeping up a cart for the Agara tank."

== See also ==
[[Kodigehalli (Bengaluru) Inscription and Herostones|Kodigehalli (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Gopal Krishna Nayak

2026-04-24T10:24:05Z

Michaelevansnet: done

{{Multiple issues|
{{independent sources|date=November 2016}}
{{resume-like|date=November 2016}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
|name= Gopal Krishna Nayak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|12|07}}
| birth_place = [[Brahmapur, Odisha]]
| spouse = Sanjukta Nayak (married 1988)
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kharagpur]], [[IIM Bangalore]]
| occupation = [[Director (education)|Director]] [[IIIT Bhubaneswar]]
| awards = Long Service medals (25 years of service), [[XIMB]]
}}

'''Dr. Gopal Krishna Nayak''' was professor of information systems at [[XIMB]].<ref name="ximb">
{{Cite web
|url=http://w3.ximb.ac.in/people/faculty-areawise-listing
|title=Faculty Areawise listing XIMB
|access-date=30 March 2014
|publisher=ximb.ac.in
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330064624/http://w3.ximb.ac.in/people/faculty-areawise-listing
|archivedate=30 March 2014
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

He was the director of [[IIIT Bhubaneswar]].<ref name="iiitb">{{Cite web
|url = http://www.iiit-bh.ac.in/home/governing-body
|title = Governing Body IIIT Bhubaneswar
|access-date = 30 March 2014
|publisher = iiit-bh.ac.in
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718105311/http://www.iiit-bh.ac.in/home/governing-body
|archive-date = 18 July 2014
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="iiitb1">
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/iiitbhubaneswar-proposed-to-be-a-university/article2856123.ece
|title=IIIT-Bhubaneswar proposed to be a university
|access-date=30 March 2014
|date=3 February 2012
|publisher=thehindu.com
}}</ref>

==Research interests==
* ERP and enterprise systems
* Group decision support systems
* Knowledge management
* e-governance

==Software development==
His hobby is part-time programming. Various products have emerged from this hobby.

*'''Mandaar University Management System (M-UMS)'''– This is an ERP system for institutes of higher learning. It covers all aspects of an managing an institute including academics, accounting, payroll, HR, library, hostels etc.<ref name="aisximb">{{Cite web
|url = https://hib.ximb.ac.in/Hibiscus/Login/
|title = Open Source Academic Information System
|access-date = 30 March 2014
|publisher = ximb.ac.in
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926034005/https://hib.ximb.ac.in/Hibiscus/Login/
|archive-date = 26 September 2013
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="aisximb1">
{{Cite web
|url=http://w3.ximb.ac.in/training-consulting/product-development
|title=Inhouse Developed Software Products and Solutions
|access-date=30 March 2014
|publisher=ximb.ac.in
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330112738/http://w3.ximb.ac.in/training-consulting/product-development
|archivedate=30 March 2014
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

* '''PAMIS''' – Project-based accounting system. This software has been adopted by the Panchyati Raj Department of Government of Odisha and is used to manage accounts of three tier panchayat system : 30 DRDAs, 314 Blocks, and above 6000 Panchyats.<ref name="pamis">
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.odishapanchayat.gov.in/English/..%5CSCHEMES%5CSCHEMES_2012%5CMiscellaneous%5C13902.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330194156/http://www.odishapanchayat.gov.in/English/..%5CSCHEMES%5CSCHEMES_2012%5CMiscellaneous%5C13902.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=30 March 2014
|title=Panchyati Raj Department
|access-date=30 March 2014
|publisher=odishapanchayat.gov.in
}}</ref><ref name="pamis1">{{Cite web
|url=http://i4d.eletsonline.com/accounting-system-in-orissa-panchayats/
|title=Accounting System in Orissa Panchayats
|access-date=30 March 2014
|date=1 June 2009
|publisher=i4d
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075551/http://i4d.eletsonline.com/accounting-system-in-orissa-panchayats/
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Administrative responsibilities==

=== Present responsibilities ===

* Vice-president, BMMA
* Technology Adviser (XIMB)
* Director, IDCOL software Limited<ref name="idco">
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.idcorissa.com/index.php?pageid=41
|title=INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION OF ODISHA LTD.
|access-date=30 March 2014
|publisher=idcorissa.com
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111055315/http://www.idcorissa.com/index.php?pageid=41
|archive-date=11 January 2015
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>
* Director, [[Odisha Computer Application Centre|OCAC]]
* Adviser, Panchyati Raj Department, Govt of Orissa<ref name="pamis"/>

=== Former responsibilities ===

* Director, [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT University)|KIIT]] 2005–2006
* Dean, academic, [[XIMB]] 1999–2002
* Coordinator, Admissions, [[XIMB]] 1995–1999
* Coordinator, Information Systems Area, [[XIMB]] 1994–2002
* General Chair ICIT 2008
* Director, IIIT Bhubaneswar, Jul 2007 - Apr 2021 <ref name="telegraph">
{{Cite web |date=21 May 2009 |title=Rising star, Bhubaneswar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090521/jsp/careergraph/story_10994878.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203135443/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090521/jsp/careergraph/story_10994878.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2014 |publisher=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[IIIT Bhubaneswar]]
* [[XIMB]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140330064815/http://hib.ximb.ac.in/Hibiscus/Pub/faccvDet.php?client=ximb&facid=XF019 Faculty Profile XIMB]
* [http://hib.iiit-bh.ac.in/Hibiscus/Pub/faccvDet.php?facid=FP001&client=iiit Faculty Profile IIIT-BH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330190222/http://hib.iiit-bh.ac.in/Hibiscus/Pub/faccvDet.php?facid=FP001&client=iiit |date=30 March 2014 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Gopal Krishna}}
[[Category:Academic staff of Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)

2026-04-24T03:27:14Z

Michaelevansnet: Made New Article - done

{{Short description|Indian film screenwriter (1939-2007)}}
{{About|the screenwriter|the physicist|Jainendra K. Jain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jainendra Jain
| birthname = Jainendra Kumar Jain
| birth_date = 4 October 1939
| birth_place = [[Surat, Gujarat]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2007|12|23|1939|10|04|df=yes}}
| occupation = Director, producer and screenwriter
}}

'''Jainendra Jain''' (4 October 1939 – 23 December 2007) was a [[Bollywood]] film writer, director and film producer based in [[Mumbai]], India.

==Career==
Jain began his career as a journalist for ''[[The Times of India]]'', where he worked for more than a decade. His writing debut, ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' was released in 1973, it became the second top grossing hit of the 1970s. It also represented the film début for [[Dimple Kapadia]] and the first leading role for [[Rishi Kapoor]]. {{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

He went on to collaborate frequently with directors such as [[Raj Kapoor]],<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/news/type/view/id/7376/newsid/1193002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203232/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/news/type/view/id/7376/newsid/1193002 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |title=Anil Kapoor is autistic in Yuvvraaj | Subhash Ghai |Latest Celebrity news |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2008-11-13 |accessdate=2016-09-17}}</ref> [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]], [[K. Vishwanath]], [[Subhash Ghai]], [[Satish Kaushik]] and [[Raj Kanwar]].<ref>Bose, Derek (2006). "Everybody Wants a Hit: 10 Mantras of Success in Bollywood Cinema", p. 71. Jaico Publishing House, India. {{ISBN|8179925587}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviebuff.com/jainendra-jain |title=Jainendra Jain on |website=Moviebuff.com |date= |accessdate=2016-09-17}}</ref>

He wrote several other box office hits like ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]'' (1997), ''[[Kalicharan]]'' (1976), ''[[Daag: The Fire]]'' (1999) and {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Tere Naam]]}} (2003).<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/13386 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402202347/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/13386 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |title=Jainendra Jain Films | Films |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date= |accessdate=2016-09-17}}</ref><ref>Karanjia, B. K. (2000) "Counting My Blessings", p. 194. Penguin India. {{ISBN|0670058491}}</ref> His film ''[[Andaaz]]'' was the screen debuts of [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. His other films were also notable for being the directorial debuts of [[Subhash Ghai]] and [[K. Vishwanath]], production debut of [[Rakesh Roshan]] as well as first lead roles for [[Jaya Prada]], [[Khushboo Sundar|Khushboo]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]] and [[Anil Kapoor]].

==Personal life==
On 23 December 2007, he died due to a lung infection in Mumbai and is survived by his wife and daughters.

==Filmography==
===Writer===
* ''[[Teree Sang| Teree Sang: A Kidult Love Story]]'' (2009)
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Tere Naam]]}} (2003)
* ''[[Andaaz]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Dhai Akshar Prem Ke]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Daag (1999 film)|Daag]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Prem Granth]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Radha Ka Sangam]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Jaan Se Pyaara]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Sangeet (film)|Sangeet]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Prem Pratigyaa]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Chhota Aadmi]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Bhavani Junction]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Jaanoo]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Meraa Ghar Mere Bachche]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Ram Tere Kitne Nam]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Kaamchor]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Sargam (1979 film)|Sargam]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Chakravyuha (1978 film)|Chakravyuha]]'' (1978)
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Parmatma]]}} (1978)
* ''[[Satyam Shivam Sundaram (film)|Satyam Shivam Sundaram]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Kalicharan]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Khaan Dost]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973)

===Director===
* ''[[Jaanoo]]'' (1985)

===Producer===
* ''[[Jaanoo]]'' (1985)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0415833}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Jainendra}}
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Film producers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

Witch hunts in India

2026-04-22T01:07:57Z

Michaelevansnet: created

{{short description|Persecution of accused witches in modern-day India}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

[[Witch hunt]]s are still prevalent in [[India]] in the twenty-first century. Those who are labelled as witches are usually elderly or single women accused of manipulating supernatural forces with malicious intent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Greed & Power Override Myth As India's Poorest State Strives To End The Hunting Of Witches By 2023 — Article 14 |url=https://article-14.com/post/greed-power-override-myth-as-india-s-poorest-state-strives-to-end-the-hunting-of-witches-by-2023-6215a5813c68f#:~:text=Jharkhand,%20Chhatisgarh,%20Madhya%20Pradesh%20and,the%20(sic)%20society%E2%80%9D. |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=article-14.com |language=en}}</ref> Witch branding occurs predominantly in rural, poorer areas of the country where there is often a higher concentration of [[Adivasi|tribal communities]].<ref name=":1" />

Multiple factors can lead to a [[witchcraft]] accusation, ranging from crop failure, financial hardship, and the loss of livestock to the illness or death of family members. Accusations are often instigated to serve ulterior motives like grabbing the land and property of a 'witch', settling personal grudges or even as a punishment for turning down sexual advances.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Swati |date=2007-07-16 |title=Recourse Rare for Witch Hunt Victims in India |url=https://womensenews.org/2007/07/recourse-rare-witch-hunt-victims-in-india/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Women's eNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-09 |title=The Indian woman who hunts the witch hunters |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35975360 |access-date=2023-01-03 |archive-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525142520/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35975360 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also deeper underlying causes of witch hunting, primarily a lack of education and basic social benefits, particularly healthcare.<ref name=":0" />

The vast majority of witch-hunting victims are women, especially older, single women of a lower [[Caste system in India|caste]], who because of their background are socially marginalised and are thus more vulnerable to becoming [[Scapegoating|scapegoats]] for the misfortunes of their neighbours. Whilst not as common, men can be subjected to witchcraft accusations especially if they are relatives or family members of an accused witch.<ref name=":0" />

According to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) of India, from 2000 to 2016, over 2,500 people had been killed in witch hunts, overwhelmingly women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phutela |first=Apoorva |date=2022-04-06 |title=Witch Hunting Trials: A Gendered Practice Of Punishment That Continues Even Today |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2022/04/07/witch-hunting-trials-a-gendered-practice-of-punishment-that-continues-even-today/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=In Rural India, Protecting Women From Witch Hunting, and an Impending Flood |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/rural-india-protecting-women-witch-hunting-and-impending-flood |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> This number is estimated to be even higher, as many cases go unreported. Women accused of practising witchcraft face various forms of physical and mental torture as well as execution. Severe violence is commonly used to punish accused witches and can include rape, beating, [[Flagellation|flogging]] and severing of limbs. Furthermore, 'witches' can be mentally and emotionally abused through ostracism, [[Exile|banishment]], hounding and [[public humiliation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Alam |first1=Shamsher |last2=Raj |first2=Aditya |date=2018-02-22 |title=Witchcraft and Witch Hunting in India: An Assessment |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3130547 |journal=[[SSRN]] |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |ssrn=3130547}}</ref>

== History ==
Witch-hunting in India is an ancient practice spanning back many centuries with references to [[Dayan (witch)|dayans]] (witches) being found in several early [[Sanskrit]] works. However, unlike the [[Witch trials in the early modern period|witch trials]] in [[Witch trials in the early modern period|Early Modern Europe]] and [[Colonial history of the United States|Colonial America]], where victims were tried and recorded by state-run judiciaries, though all were miscarriages of justice, detailed records of witch hunts in India are difficult to find as many hunts were mob-instigated, unofficial incidents that were publicly tried. For this reason, there is no concrete documented evidence of witch-hunting in India before the [[Santal people|Santhal]] witch trials of 1792 and the majority of witch-hunting cases are found in information from the colonial period.<ref>Archer, W G (1979). ''The Santals: Readings in Tribal Life.'' New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yadav |first=Tanvi |date=2020-10-31 |title=Witch Hunting: A Form of violence against Dalit Women in India |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/203 |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=169–182 |doi=10.26812/caste.v1i2.203 |s2cid=228973839 |issn=2639-4928|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Witch hunting in colonial India ===
In 19th-century [[Colonial India]], many cases of witch hunting were recorded and officials speculated that during this period over a thousand women were killed on the grounds of witchcraft in India's central plains alone. It was also believed that more women were killed as witches than those who died through the practice of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]].<ref name=":2" /> Witches (also known as [[Dakini|''dakinis'']] or ''dayans),'' were usually identified by male practitioners of magic and spiritual leaders. These witch hunters known as '''bohpas''<nowiki/>', '<nowiki/>''bahgats''<nowiki/>' and other names, were consulted after members of the community, their relatives or the leaders of villages complained of suffering misfortunes caused by witchcraft.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Skaria |first=Ajay |date=May 1997 |title=Women, witchcraft and gratuitous violence in colonial Western India |journal=Past & Present |issue=155 |pages=109–141 |doi=10.1093/past/155.1.109 |via=Gale Academic Onefile}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Witch Trials in British India |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2020/03/witch-trials-in-british-india-1.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=blogs.bl.uk |language=en}}</ref> Once a 'witch' was identified, bohpas would attempt to 'free' the victim from her power, by using magic, [[exorcism]], [[torture]] and execution. For example, a popular method of torture in [[Western India]] was 'witch-swinging', where an accused witch would have chilli paste rubbed into her eyes, was hung upside-down from a tree and swung over an open fire until she confessed to her crimes or promised to release her victim(s).<ref name=":3" /> In one case in 1886 an elderly woman called Kunkoo was accused of inflicting illness on a soldier's wife, she was made to put her hands in boiling oil and swung for days before being released and eventually murdered.<ref name=":4" />

==== Bans on witch-hunting ====
British authorities implemented several bans on witch-killing between the 1840s and 60s throughout [[Eastern India]]. The bans targeted spiritual leaders and holy men who named and accused witches in their villages. In serious cases punishments for hunters could even lead to a death sentence.<ref name=":3" />

Initially, the bans seemed to be effective and were living up to their aim of reducing the number of witch hunts. Women accused of witchcraft and their families were given more resources and opportunities to seek support, compensation and justice. Bhopas were also dissuaded from labelling certain women as witches and carrying out more brutal forms of punishment on the accused.<ref name=":3" /> However, hunts continued regardless of new laws, in more inconspicuous and less violent forms. The British failed to acknowledge how deeply embedded witchcraft beliefs were in tribal societies and instead of stopping witch hunts the bans drove the practice underground.<ref name=":6" /> It did not help that many colonial officials, attempting to ease tensions and accommodate local traditions, were known to accept certain witch-hunting practices and were lenient towards perpetrators with some even attending witch-swingings.<ref name=":3" />

It is possible that the outlawing of witch-hunting inflamed the number of hunts, due to the hostile and resistant response legislation was met with. Firstly, many Indians opposed the trials of witch-killers, who were often influential men that played central roles in village life and, in the views of locals, were only trying to protect their communities from evil supernatural forces. Additionally, after the passing of witch-hunting bans, reasons to hunt 'dayans' expanded beyond land-grabbing and a way of gaining retribution for misfortunes and arguably transitioned into a form of resisting colonialist rule. For instance, witches became a symbol of colonial power and who many believed had been 'protected' by new British laws, therefore the practice of witch-hunting became an indirect form of expressing hostility towards colonial power.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Shashank |first=Sinha |date=2007-05-12 |title=1857: Witch-hunts, Adivasis, and the Uprising in Chhotanagpur |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2007/19/commentary/1857-witch-hunts-adivasis-and-uprising-chhotanagpur.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=Shashank |date=2007 |title=Witch-Hunts, Adivasis, and the Uprising in Chhotanagpur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419566 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=42 |issue=19 |pages=1672–1676 |jstor=4419566 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==== 1855 Santhal Rebellion and 1857 Indian Rebellion ====
[[File:Sepoy Mutiny 1857.png|thumb|[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion 1857]]|253x253px]]Mass incidents of witch-hunting often coincided with major rebellions in British India, further supporting the notion that witch-hunts represented a mode of resistance against colonial rule.<ref name=":6" /> For example, in the 1855 [[Santhal rebellion|Santhal Rebellion]], large numbers of women were persecuted by Santhal leaders in the form of witchcraft accusations, despite playing active roles in the resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallick |first=Ata |date=2017 |title=Santal Women and the Rebellion of 1855 in Colonial India |journal=ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=9–28 |doi=10.1177/2455632717723490 |s2cid=158785351 |jstor=}}</ref>

Similarly, in 1857 during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]], a wave of witch hunts broke out across the region of [[Chota Nagpur Tributary States|Chota Nagpur]]. The rebellion provided an opportunity for rebel leaders to 'clean out' witches, whose numbers many suspected had risen under the 'benevolent power' of the British, leading to a surge in hunts across rebel-controlled regions. Witches in many ways came to symbolise British power and for this reason were killed by rebel leaders as a way of consolidating their religious and political power over the masses in times of major upheaval.<ref name=":5" />

== Modern witch hunts ==
In modern-day India, witch-hunting continues to be prevalent and customary in isolated and deprived rural areas, particularly in the Northern and central parts of the country.<ref name=":9" /> The state of [[Jharkhand]] has recorded the highest total number of murders where the motive was witchcraft, with 593 women being killed on the grounds of witchcraft between 2001 and 2021 according to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Crime in India – All Previous Publications |url=https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india |access-date=2022-12-20 |url-status=dead |website=ncrb.gov.in |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220173152/https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Mayur |date=6 December 2019 |title=Day Thirteen {{!}} Witch-branding in Eastern India |url=https://16daysblogathon.blog/2019/12/06/day-thirteen-witch-branding-in-eastern-india/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=16 Days Blogathon}}</ref> The states of [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]] also have recorded many cases of witch branding.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> There are usually three stages to a witch hunt: accusation, declaration and persecution.<ref name=":2" /> A witchcraft accusation is most commonly triggered after the sudden death or illness of a family member, crop failure or loss of livestock. A woman is then declared a witch by a socially recognised sorcerer, who is consulted by community members after suffering misfortune. These sorcerers perform magic to identify a witch and to punish her for practising black magic.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ style="text-align: left"; | Murders with Witchcraft as their Motive by Year <ref name=" :7" />
! '''Year''' !! '''Murders'''
|-
|2000
|126<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime in India Table Contents {{!}} National Crime Records Bureau |url=https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india-table-addtional-table-and-chapter-contents?field_date_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=2000&field_select_table_title_of_crim_value=3&items_per_page=All |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=ncrb.gov.in |at=Table 13A}}</ref>
|-
| 2001 || 126
|-
| 2002 || 151
|-
| 2003 || 138
|-
| 2004 || 111
|-
| 2005 || 197
|-
| 2006 || 186
|-
| 2007 || 177
|-
| 2008 || 175
|-
| 2009 || 175
|-
| 2010 || 178
|-
| 2011 || 240
|-
| 2012 || 119
|-
| 2013 || 160
|-
| 2014 || 156
|-
| 2015 || 135
|-
| 2016 || 134
|-
| 2017 || 73
|-
| 2018 || 62
|-
| 2019 || 102<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motives of Murder 2019 |url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/crime_in_india_table_additional_table_chapter_reports/Table%202A.2_2.pdf |website=[[National Crime Records Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || 88<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motives of Murder 2020 |url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/crime_in_india_table_additional_table_chapter_reports/TABLE%202A.2.pdf |website=[[National Crime Records Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || 68<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motives of Murder 2021 |url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII-2021/TABLE%202A.2.pdf |website=[[National Crime Records Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| '''Total''' || 3077
|}

=== Persecution ===
Since the early 2000s reported cases of witch-hunting have shown that women accused of practising black magic have been subjected to persecution and inhumane treatment from those living in their village. This is done in an attempt to punish the witch or 'purify' her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 'witches' victims of superstition, poverty – DW – 07/26/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/indias-witches-victims-of-superstition-and-poverty/a-49757742 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> Victims can be badly beaten or [[Flagellation|flogged]] by perpetrators and [[Sexual assault|sexually assaulted]], some are forced to endure even more violent forms of torture such as having limbs chopped off.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /> In more serious cases accused witches are killed, and some methods of execution still used today in hunts include being [[Death by burning|burned alive]] and [[Stoning|stoned]]. Many deaths can also happen as a result of injuries caused by physical violence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-08 |title=Five women killed in India by villagers suspecting witchcraft |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/08/five-women-killed-india-jharkhand-villagers-suspecting-witchcraft |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Hundreds accused after woman is burned alive 'for being a witch' in Indian village |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/bihar-india-withcraft-arrests-burnt-alive-b2222148.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Witch-hunting victims face mental torture as well as physical attacks, this ranges from verbal abuse and harassment to [[public humiliation]]. For example, in 2009 five women from a remote village in Jharkhand's [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]] district were paraded naked, beaten and forced to eat human faeces.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Salman |date=2009-10-20 |title=Village 'witches' beaten in India |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8315980.stm?ls |access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref> In many cases, women have to flee their homes in fear of persecution or are banished from their villages and forced off their property. The effects of attacks and so-called 'punishments' often leave a lasting impact on victims of witch branding, leading some to commit [[suicide]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-10-24 |title=Three 'witches' kill themselves |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3211535.stm |access-date=2023-01-28}}</ref>

=== Causal factors ===

==== Lack of quality education and healthcare provision ====
The majority of witch-hunting cases in India are recorded from places and communities in poor socio-economic conditions. For example, in Jharkhand, a state where witch branding is highly prevalent, nearly 40% of the population lives below the [[Poverty line in India|poverty line]].<ref name=":0" /> This combined with inadequate healthcare provision and education helps to create an environment where witch-hunting can thrive.

A lack of hygiene and easily accessible medical facilities means that in many poorer areas, treatable minor illnesses are common causes of death. Hospitals and other medical facilities are often too far from rural Indian communities and instead, many Indians in isolated areas seek the help of a local deity or priest for medical ailments.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Borah |first1=Lekha |last2=Das |first2=Madhushree |date=2019-11-25 |title=Witch-Hunting in Assam: Myth or Reality |url=https://www.spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/566 |journal=Space and Culture, India |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=99–114 |doi=10.20896/saci.v7i3.566 |s2cid=214131359 |issn=2052-8396|doi-access=free }}</ref> This is a key causal factor of witch hunts as disease outbreaks and seemingly unexplainable deaths are viewed in these communities as the result of witchcraft or black magic. The significance of poor access to healthcare on witch-hunting can be seen in a 2019 joint study by [[Uttarakhand State Commission for Women|The Uttarakhand State Commission for Women]] and [[ActionAid|Action Aid]] Commission, which found that 27% of recorded witch-hunting cases in the state of [[Uttarakhand]] were triggered in response to children developing health issues and another 43.5% were instigated due to the ill health of adults.<ref>"World Human Rights Day: Is an India free of witch-hunts possible." ''Down To Earth'', 7 Dec. 2021, p. NA. ''Gale General OneFile'', link.gale.com/apps/doc/A685732782/ITOF?u=ed_itw&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=cb86ccb5. Accessed 25 Jan. 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-26 |title=Witch-hunting driven by class and gender discrimination in tribal areas of India |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20220226-witch-hunting-driven-by-class-and-gender-discrimination-in-tribal-areas-of-india |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> The poor standard of education in states like Jharkhand also increases the likelihood that people will turn to irrational superstitious beliefs, like witchcraft, to explain sudden deaths, illnesses or crop failure in their communities.<ref name=":1" />

==== Ulterior motives of accusers ====
Witch hunts are often a common ploy to grab land and property from women, a motive which is usually hidden under the guise of superstition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" /> This is because coveted land and resources owned by single, usually widowed and childless women are more easily acquired after witch hunts by jealous neighbours and family members. For instance, a labelled 'witch' can have her right to own property denied. She may be forced off her land in fear of being attacked, by being banished from her village, or killed.<ref name=":2" />

Settling personal grudges and disputes can take the form of a witch hunt. Outspoken, naturally assertive and more confrontational women are more likely to be targeted and labelled as a witch as a way of silencing them or acting on a long-term grudge against them.<ref name=":8" /> There have been instances where the refusal of a woman to accept sexual advances has led to her being branded a witch, making it far easier for perpetrators to isolate the woman from her village and take sexual advantage of her.<ref name=":2" />

Some [[Feminism|feminist]] academics have argued that an underlying desire to subordinate women who pose a threat to the patriarchal structure of rural Indian societies is a key factor in the existence of modern-day witch-hunting. Tanvi Yadav, for example, argues that brutal methods of physical and mental punishment for accused witches, such as beating, naked parading and lynching are used to intentionally terrorize and silence women who otherwise may have challenged or spoken out against [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] norms.<ref name=":2" /> Sikha Das also notes that young, independent and strongly-willed widows are more likely to be branded a witch as a way of punishing them for stepping outside of traditional expectations for women of their status.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Sikha |date=March 2017 |title=Gender, Power and Conflict of Identities: A Witch Hunting Narrative of Rabha Women |journal=South Asian Survey |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–100 |doi=10.1177/0971523118783037 |s2cid=158296750 |via=SAGE Journals}}</ref>

== Efforts to end witch-hunting ==
Attempts to create legislation to prevent and eliminate the practice of witch-hunting have been made at national and state levels. For example, in 2001 [[Jharkhand]] enacted The Prevention of Witch (Daain) Practices Act to "eliminate" the "torture, humiliation and killing by the (sic) society". Additionally, the law criminalises rituals performed by witch doctors who are believed to identify and 'cure' witches.<ref name=":10" /> In 2021 the state government launched Project Garima which aims to curb witch-hunting by "empowering" victims by providing them with counselling, job skills training and livelihood opportunities. The project also has the goal of spreading awareness among vulnerable communities in order to prevent witch-hunts.<ref name=":0" /> Currently 6 states in the country have specific laws targeting witch hunting including [[Rajasthan]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], and [[Assam]], meanwhile [[Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act|Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]] have legislation broadly covering witch-hunting along with other superstitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Jigyasa |date=2023-04-06 |title=Labelled As Witches In Rajasthan, Women Face Harassment, Torture And Ostracism |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/gendercheck/labelled-as-witches-in-rajasthan-women-face-harassment-torture-and-ostracisation-858661 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.indiaspend.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title='Human sacrifice' in Kerala: What are the laws on witchcraft in India's states? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-are-the-laws-on-witchcraft-in-india-8206958/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

However, the overall effectiveness of anti-witch-hunting legislation has been called into question. Firstly, the majority of laws enacted to combat witch-hunting have only been made at a [[Indian state|state level]] and the [[Central Government of India]] has yet to pass a specific piece of legislation relating to the practice. One of the only attempts to stop this crime at a federal level has been the introduction of The Prevention of Witch-Hunting Bill by [[Raghav Lakhanpal]] to Parliament in 2016, however, as of now the bill is still pending.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidhi |title=The Witch Hunt Bill, 2016: Speculations & Urgency |url=https://vidhi.org/the-witch-hunt-bill-2016-speculations-urgency/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Vidhi |date=17 July 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The implementation of these laws is also poor, as only 2 percent of perpetrators are convicted.<ref name=":9" /> Cases that are reported are likely to be dismissed due to a lack of proper investigation, witnesses or because of a 'compromise' reached between victim and perpetrator.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, most cases are not documented as it is difficult for poor and illiterate women to travel from isolated regions to file police reports.<ref>Bailey, Frederick George 1994: The Witch-Hunt, or the Triumph of Morality. New York: Cornell University Press.</ref> For these reasons, campaigners have argued for social solutions which target superstition and irrationality in communities, support victims and address the roots of the problem, rather than taking a strictly legal approach to eliminate witch-hunting.<ref name=":1" />[[File:Birobala Rabha.jpg|thumb|[[Birubala Rabha]]|242x242px]]

[[Non-governmental organization|Non-governmental organisations]] like the [[Centre for Social Justice]] (CSJ) use the legal system to fight for the rights and assets of women and marginalized people, who are attacked in witch hunts. Another organisation, ANANDI, builds solidarity among victims of witch hunts or those who live in areas where women are frequently targeted. Individual activists have also had a significant impact on the fight against witch-hunting. For example, [[Birubala Rabha]], who runs an organisation which spreads awareness against witch-hunting called [Mission Birubala, has spent the last 15 years campaigning against the practice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-14 |title=A witch-hunting survivor crusades to save Assamese women |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-witch-hunting-survivor-crusades-to-save-assamese-women/story-IjRG4KvjMiT289X9kMaxuN.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062431/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-witch-hunting-survivor-crusades-to-save-assamese-women/story-IjRG4KvjMiT289X9kMaxuN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2016-04-09 |title=The Indian woman who hunts the witch hunters |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35975360 |access-date=2023-01-31 |archive-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525142520/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35975360 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rabha was instrumental in the passing of the Assam Witch Hunting (Prohibition Prevention and Protection) Act, which many say is India's toughest anti-witch-hunting law and in 2021 was recognised for her work by the Government of India with the prestigious [[Padma Shri]] award.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crusader against witch hunting to be felicitated |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-crusader-against-witch-hunting-to-be-felicitated-2276064 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021AwardeesList_25012021_0.pdf "Padma Awards: 2021"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126004111/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021AwardeesList_25012021_0.pdf |date=26 January 2021 }} (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2021. pp. 2–5. Retrieved 31 January 2023.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2017 hair and braid chopping incidents in India]]
* [[Indian WhatsApp lynchings]]
* [[Modern witch-hunts]]
* [[Witch-hunt]]
* [[Witch-hunts in Nepal]]
* [[Witch-hunts in Papua New Guinea]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Modern witch hunts|India]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Witch hunting|India]]
[[Category:Femicide in India]]
[[Category:Lynchings in India]]
[[Category:Torture in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]

List of monuments of national importance in Mumbai circle

2026-04-21T21:05:12Z

Michaelevansnet: Added a data first draft

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
This is a list of [[Monument of National Importance|Monuments of National Importance]] as officially recognized by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]] falling under the jurisdiction of its [[Mumbai]] (ASI circle).<ref name="ASI MNI">{{cite web|url=https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Maharashtra-Aurangabad-Circle-Mumbai-Circle-and-Nagpur-Circle.pdf|title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments / Sites under the jurisdiction of Maharashtra (Aurangabad Circle, Mumbai Circle and Nagpur Circle) |website=Archaeological Survey of India| date=August 2021|accessdate=27 November 2022 }}</ref>{{GeoGroup}}

{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-MH|Circle=Mumbai}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M1
| description = [[Kopeshwar Temple]]
| location = Khidrapur
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat =16.61595
| lon =74.68565
| image =Kopeshwar SideView.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M2
| description = Ancient site at [[Brahamapuri]]
| location = Kolhapur
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat =16.70454
| lon =74.21826
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M3
| description = [[Panhala Fort]]
i. Ambarkhana,
ii. Andhra Vav,
iii. Dharma Kopthi,
iv. Naikinicha Sajja,
v. Teen Darwaja,
vi. Wagh Darwaja,
vii. Tatbandi together with bastions
| location = Panhala
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat = 16.8113
| lon = 74.10781
| image =Panhala fort.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M3-a
| description = Panhala Fort: i. Ambarkhana
| location = Panhala
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat = 16.80922
| lon = 74.10923
| image = Ambarkhana on Panhala.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M3-b
| description = Panhala Fort: ii. Andhra Vav
| location = Panhala
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat = 16.8066
| lon = 74.10749
| image =Insite Panhala fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M3-c
| description = Panhala Fort: iii. Dharma Kothi / Sajja Kothi
| location = Panhala
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat = 16.81374
| lon = 74.11282
| image =Inside Sajja Kothi on Panhala.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M3-d
| description = Panhala Fort: iv. Naikinicha Sajja
| location = Panhala
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat = 16.80811
| lon = 74.11324
| image =Kalavantin's Mahal (Dansuese's Palace) Panhala.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M3-e
| description = Panhala Fort: v. Teen Darwaja
| location = Panhala
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat = 16.80727
| lon = 74.10688
| image = Teen darwaja.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M3-f
| description = Panhala Fort: vi. Wagh Darwaja
| location = Panhala
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat = 16.81424
| lon = 74.11096
|image=Panhala Fort photo.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M3-g
| description = Panhala Fort: vii. Tatbandi together with bastions
| location = Panhala
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat = 16.8088889
| lon = 74.1091667
| image =Panhala walls on Konkan side.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M4
| description = [[Pohale Caves|Buddhist Caves]]
| location = Pohala
| address =
| district = Kolhapur
| lat =16.79097
| lon =74.19117
| image =Pohale Caves.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M5
| description = Monolithic bas relief depicting seven manifestations of Siva locally known as Baradeva [[Parel Relief]]
| location = [[Parel]] village
| address =
| district = Mumbai
| lat = 19.00057
| lon = 72.84737
| image =Monolithic bass relief depicting siva -Mumbai -Maharashtra -DSC003.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M6
| description = Whole hill [[Sion Fort|fort of Sion]] together with all ancient Portuguese remains of buildings situated to the north, east and south-east sides of the hill at its toe
| location = [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]]
| address =
| district = Mumbai
| lat = 19.046595
| lon = 72.867498
| image = External Wall of Sion Fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M7
| description = [[Kanheri Caves|The Buddhist Caves]]
| location = Kaneri
| address =
| district = Mumbai Suburban
| lat =19.20786
| lon =72.9048
| image = Kanheri Great Chaitya panorama.jpg
|commonscat=Kanheri Caves
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M8
| description = [[Kondivate Caves|Kondivate/Mahakali Caves]]
| location = Kondiote
| address =
| district = Mumbai Suburban
| lat =19.13007
| lon =72.87317
| image = Kondivte Caves 01.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M9
| description = [[Jogeshwari Caves]]
| location = Majas
| address =
| district = Mumbai Suburban
| lat = 19.1391
| lon = 72.8568
| image = Jogeshwari Caves Statue 8.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M10
| description = [[Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church, Mt. Poinsur|Old Portuguese Churches]], Watch Tower and Caves
| location = Mandapeshwar
| address =
| district = Mumbai Suburban
| lat =19.24462
| lon =72.85321
| image = Mandapeshwar caves & Portuguese churches 17.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M11
| description = [[Mandapeshwar Caves|Caves]]
| location = Mandapeshwar
| address =
| district = Mumbai Suburban
| lat =19.24503
| lon =72.85363
| image = Mandapeshwar Caves.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M12
| description = The Portuguese monastery over the caves and large watch tower on the adjoining hill at Mandapeshwar
| location = Mandapeshwar
| address =
| district = Mumbai Suburban
| lat =19.24525
| lon =72.85336
| image = Mandapeshwar caves & Portuguese churches 25.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M13
| description = [[Arnala Fort]]
| location = Arnala
| address =
| district = Palghar
| lat =19.46594
| lon =72.73225
| image =Arnala killa.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M14
| description = Fort and Portuguese remains - [[Bassein Fort]] also known as Vasai Fort
| location = Bassein
| address =
| district = Palghar
| lat = 19.33027778
| lon = 72.815
| image = Dwan of Vasai Fort.JPG
|commonscat=Bassein Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M15
| description = Tank by the west side of the road from Umarale village to Bolinj
| location = Bolinj
| address =
| district = Palghar
| lat =19.43267
| lon =72.79668
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M16
| description = Mound locally known as "Sonar Bhat" in Hissa No.11 of the Survey No. 52 having an area of {{Fraction|25|1|4}} gunthas
| location = Gas
| address =
| district = Palghar
| lat =19.40889
| lon =72.80456
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M17
| description = Caves on Burud Hill [[Bahrot Caves]]
| location = Khunavada
| address =
| district = Palghar
| lat =20.06899
| lon =72.82356
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-18
| description = A mound locally known as Burud Raja cha Kot [[Nallasopara]]
| location = Mardes (Nalasopara)
| address =
| district = Palghar
| lat =19.41419
| lon =72.79524
| image =Stupa Of Nalla sopara (Mumbai) 03 Panorama shot.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-19
| description = Brahmanical Caves
| location = Polu Sonala
| address =
| district = Palghar
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M20
| description = Carved Stones
| location = Vada
| address =
| district = Palghar
| lat =19.65193
| lon =73.14298
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M21
| description = Small Dargah near [[Habsi Gumbaz|Habsi Gumaz]] (near Junnar)
| location = Agar
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =19.19642
| lon =73.8979
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M22
| description = Cave Temples and Inscriptions ([[Bedse Caves]])
| location = Bedsa
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat = 18.72143
| lon = 73.53511
| image = Bedse Caves.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M23
| description = Cave temples and Inscriptions ([[Bhaja Caves]])
| location = Bhaja
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =18.72839
| lon =73.48154
| image = Bhaja Caves IMG 5469.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M24
| description = Caves and inscription at the Nana Pass ([[Naneghat]])
| location = Ghatghar
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat = 19.2922
| lon = 73.67506
| image = Complete view of Inscription in cave at Naneghat.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M25
| description = Caves, Temple and Inscription (also known as [[Lenyadri]])
| location = Junnar
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat = 19.24345
| lon = 73.88741
| image = Lenyadri.jpg
|commonscat=Lenyadri
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M26
| description = [[Shivneri Fort|Fort of Shivneri]]
| location = Junnar
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =19.19309
| lon =73.85547
| image = 045shivneri3.jpg
|commonscat=Shivneri
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M27
| description = [[Habsi Gumbaz]]
| location = Junnar
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =19.1962
| lon =73.89848
| image = N-MH-M75 Habsi Gumbaz 4.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M28
| description = Cave Temples and inscriptions ([[Karla Caves]])
| location = Karla
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat = 18.78333333
| lon = 73.47055556
| image = Karla chaitya stupa.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M29
| description = Ancient dam with lock and sluice gates
| location = Khed
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M30
| description = [[Dilawar Khan's Tomb and Mosque#Mosque|Dilawar Khan's Masjid]]
| location = Khed
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =18.85489
| lon =73.88453
| image = Hazrat_Dilawar_khan_dargah,_rajgurunagar_(3).JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M31
| description = [[Dilawar Khan's Tomb and Mosque#Tomb|Dilawar Khan's Tomb]]
| location = Khed
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =18.85491
| lon =73.88511
| image = Hazrat_Dilawar_khan_dargah,_rajgurunagar_(2).JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M32
| description = [[Lohagad|Fort]]
| location = Lohogad
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =18.70992
| lon =73.47669
| image = Greenery at Lohagad Fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M33
| description = [[Bhuleshwar Temple|Bhuleshwar Mahadeo Temple]]
| location = Malsiras
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat = 18.435874
| lon = 74.241081
| image = Bhuleshwar1.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M34
| description = [[Aga Khan Palace]] Building
| location = Pune
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat = 18.5523
| lon = 73.9015
| image = Aga Khan Palace, Pune, India.jpg
|commonscat=Aga Khan Palace
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M35
| description = The Cave Temple of Bhamburda (known as [[Pataleshwar caves]])
| location = Pune
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =18.52698
| lon =73.84988
| image =N-MH-M63 PATALESHWAR CAVES.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M36
| description = Old Citadel known as [[Shaniwar Wada]]
| location = Pune
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat = 18.519075
| lon = 73.85545
| image = Shaniwarwada fortress gate.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M37
| description = Old European Tombs
| location = Pune
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M38
| description = [[Rajmachi|Fort]]
| location = Rajmachi
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat = 18.83132
| lon = 73.39515
| image = RajmachiView from Rajmachi Village.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M39
| description = Excavations & Inscriptions ([[Ghorawadi_Caves|Ghoradeshwar Caves]])
| location = Shelarwadi
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat =18.69238
| lon =73.70402
| image = Ghoradeshwar_(Shelarwadi)_Leni.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M40
| description = [[Visapur Fort|Fort ]]
| location = Visapur
| address =
| district = Pune
| lat = 18.7225
| lon = 73.49
| image = Visapur fort Ramparts.JPG
|commonscat=Visapur fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M41
| description = Songad
| location = Achloli
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.09804
| lon =73.38926
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M42
| description = Cathedral
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.5565
| lon =72.93843
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M43
| description = Chouburji-the castle or factory of Cheul
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M44
| description = Church & Convent of the Augustinians
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M45
| description = The Dominican Church & Convent
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M46
| description = The Jesuit Monastery
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M47
| description = Kothi
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Raigad kothi.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M48
| description = 1 Buruj
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Buruj Raigad.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M49
| description = St. Francis Xavier's Chapel
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M50
| description = Satkhani Buruj-St. Barbara's Tower
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M51
| description = Two Gates-Porta do Mar & Porta da Terra
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M52
| description = Hirakote old Fort
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53
| description = [[Kolaba Fort]] Containing i) Sarja Kot, ii) The North Causeway, iii) The Manik Chawda, iv) The South causeway, v) The Talghar, vi) The Padmawati Shrine, vii) The Temple of Gulbai or Mahishasuri, viii) The Shrine of Bhawani, ix) The Nanisahib's Palace, x) The Thorla wada, xi) The Reservoir Apsaras, xii) The Temple of Ganpati-Panchyatan, xiii) The Temple of Mahadeo, xiv) The Shrine of Maruti, xv) The Temple of Kanoba, xvi) The Shrine of Yeshvantdari, xvii) The Tomb of a Mahomedan saint, xviii) The Temple of Bapdeo
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
|image=Kolaba-Fort1.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-a
| description = Kolaba Fort: i) Sarja Kot
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.63789
| lon = 72.86553
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-b
| description = Kolaba Fort Containing: ii) The North Causeway
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.63695
| lon = 72.86514
| image = Kolaba fort northcauseway.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-c
| description = Kolaba Fort: iii) The Manik Chawda
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-d
| description = Kolaba Fort: iv) The South causeway
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-e
| description = Kolaba Fort: v) The Talghar
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-f
| description = Kolaba Fort: vi) The Padmawati Shrine
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-g
| description = Kolaba Fort: vii) The Temple of Gulbai or Mahishasuri
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-h
| description = Kolaba Fort: viii) The Shrine of Bhawani
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-i
| description = Kolaba Fort: ix) The Nanisahib's Palace
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-j
| description = Kolaba Fort: x) The Thorla wada
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-k
| description = Kolaba Fort: xi) The Reservoir Apsaras
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-l
| description = Kolaba Fort: xii) The Temple of Ganpati-Panchyatan
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.63386
| lon = 72.86414
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-m
| description = Kolaba Fort: xiii) The Temple of Mahadeo
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.63397
| lon = 72.8641
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-n
| description = Kolaba Fort: xiv) The Shrine of Maruti
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-o
| description = Kolaba Fort: xv) The Temple of Kanoba
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-p
| description = Kolaba Fort: xvi) The Shrine of Yeshvantdari
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-q
| description = Kolaba Fort: xvii) The Tomb of a Mahomedan saint
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M53-r
| description = Kolaba Fort: xviii) The Temple of Bapdeo
| location = Agarkot
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.6344
| lon = 72.8642
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M54
| description = Caves
| location = Ambivli
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =19.01881
| lon =73.49722
| image =Ambivali Caves.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M55
| description = [[Birwadi fort]] on a broken range of varying 1700 to 900 feet in height
| location = Birwadi
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.42415
| lon =73.04137
| image =Birwadi fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M56
| description = Barber's Mahal
| location = Cheul
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M57
| description = Dadar (Stair Case)
| location = Cheul
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M58
| description = Kaman (Arch)
| location = Cheul
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M59
| description = Mosque
| location = Cheul
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M60
| description = Rajkot
| location = Cheul
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M61
| description = Tomb of Angre
| location = Cheul
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M62
| description = Vada of Dancing Girls
| location = Cheul
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M63
| description = [[Chandragad]]
| location = Dhavala
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.0015
| lon =73.61952
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M64
| description = [[Elephanta Caves]]
| location = Gharapuri
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.96334
| lon = 72.93148
| image = Elephanta Caves in Elephanta Island in Maharashtra.JPG
|commonscat=Elephanta Caves
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M65
| description = Ancient Brick stupa at [[Elephanta Island]].
| location = Gharapuri
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.9665
| lon = 72.93748
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M66
| description = Gheragad or [[Surgad]]
| location = Ghera Surgad
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.45506
| lon =73.22649
| image = 217gherasurgarh.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M67
| description = [[Ghosale gad|Ghosalgad Fort]]
| location = Ghosale
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.3647
| lon =73.09074
| image = 218ghosalgarh.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M68
| description = Buddhist Caves
| location = Gomashi
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.46582
| lon =73.29812
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M69
| description = Old Fort containing a temple of the God Kangormel & Two tanks
| location = Kadasari Kangori
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.05012
| lon =73.58162
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M70
| description = A precipitious hill near Raigad Fort containing one rock-cut cistern of water. It was formerly used as a Jail for prisoners.
| location = Kadasari Lingana
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.25325
| lon =73.50237
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M71
| description = Caves
| location = Kol
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.06611
| lon =73.42986
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M72
| description = Caves situated in Survey No.86 & No. 49 of the Village of Kol
| location = Kol
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.05462
| lon =73.43244
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M73
| description = [[Kondana Caves|Caves]]
| location = Kondhane
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.83938
| lon =73.38396
| image = Waterfall in front the cave.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M74
| description = [[Korlai Fort|Old Fort]]
| location = Korlai
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.53632
| lon =72.90813
| image =Korlai fort inscription.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M75
| description = [[Kuda Caves|Caves]]
| location = Kuda
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.28559
| lon =73.07281
| image =Kuda-caves-15.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M76
| description = [[Avchitgad|Awchitgad]]
| location = Medhe
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.47502
| lon =73.1182
|image=Prajwal1030.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M77
| description = [[Kasa Fort|Kasa (Kamsa) Fort]] also known as Murud Fort
| location = Murud
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.32213
| lon =72.9327
| image = The Murud Fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M78
| description = [[Thanale Caves|Thanala Caves]]
| location = Nadsur
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.56872
| lon =73.3193
| image =Thanale Caves.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M79
| description = Nagothana Bridge
| location = Nagothana
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.53883
| lon =73.13333
| image =Old bridge of Nagothane.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M80
| description = [[Nenavali Caves|Khadsamla Caves]]
| location = Nenawali
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.51026
| lon =73.3443
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M81
| description = Jijamata's Samadhi consisting of four towers.
| location = Pachad
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.24392
| lon =73.41472
| image = Jijamata Samadhi at Pachad, Raigadh, Maharashtra.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M82
| description = Jijamata's Wada comprising four dilapidated houses & three wells surrounded by a stone wall
| location = Pachad
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.23677
| lon =73.41735
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M84
| description = [[Gandharpale Caves|Caves]]
| location = Pala
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.08682
| lon =73.40416
| image =Gandhapale caves.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M84
| description = Caves Near the [[Kothaligad|Kotali Fort]]
| location = Peth
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.99223
| lon =73.51267
| image = Caves Near the Kotaligad.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M85
| description = [[Kothaligad|Kotali Fort]] with two iron guns and one bronze gun
| location = Peth
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.99208
| lon =73.51298
| image = Kothaligad with Cannon gun.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M86
| description = [[Raigad Fort]]
| location = Raigad
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat = 18.2335
| lon = 73.4406
| image = Raigad fort towers.jpg
|commonscat=Raigad Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M87
| description = [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira Fort]]
| location = Rajapuri
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.2999
| lon =72.96443
| image = Janjiraushnish6.jpg
|commonscat=Janjira Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M88
| description = Tombs at Khokari Najik Ghumaj ([[Khokari Tombs|Khokari Ghumaj]])
| location = Rajapuri
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.30167
| lon =72.98102
| image = A view of two tombs at Khokeri Ghumaj, near Murud, Maharashtra.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M89
| description = [[Talagad|Tala Fort]]
| location = Tala
| address =
| district = Raigad
| lat =18.29224
| lon =73.13603
| image =Talagad5.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M90
| description = Mosque
| location = Dabhol
| address =
| district = Ratnagiri
| lat =17.58541
| lon =73.17637
| image =Shahi Masjid Dabhol.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M91
| description = Rock cut Caves (Ganesh lena group)
| location = Dapoli
| address =
| district = Ratnagiri
| lat =17.64572
| lon =73.24619
| image = Panhalekaji cave.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M92
| description = [[Suvarnadurg]]
| location = Harnai
| address =
| district = Ratnagiri
| lat = 17.817
| lon = 73.085
| image = 223harne2.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M93
| description = [[Jaigad Fort|Jaygad fort]]
| location = Jaygad
| address =
| district = Ratnagiri
| lat = 17.3007
| lon = 73.2215
| image = 160jaygarh7.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M94
| description = [[Vijaydurg Fort]]
| location = Vijaydurg
| address =
| district = Ratnagiri
| lat =16.56117
| lon =73.33297
| image = 153vijaygarh5.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M95
| description = Muhammad Tughlak's Mosque
| location = Khanapur
| address =
| district = Sangli
| lat =17.26038
| lon =74.71539
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M96
| description = Buddhist caves
| location = Jakhinwadi
| address =
| district = Satara
| lat =17.23557
| lon =74.15226
|image=Karad caves Agashiv Leni.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M97
| description = Panta's Kot or Got open space
| location = Karad
| address =
| district = Satara
| lat =17.29277
| lon =74.17642
|image=Pantach kot well.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M98
| description = Old Temple of the River Krishna facing the Wai Valley
| location = Old Mahabaleshwar
| address =
| district = Satara
| lat =17.96427
| lon =73.6654
| image = Old Temple of the River Krishna.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M99
| description = Jhabareshwar Mahadeo temple
| location = Phaltan
| address =
| district = Satara
| lat =17.99023
| lon =74.43032
| image =Jabreshwar Mandir,Phaltan.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M100
| description = Tomb of Begami
| location = Ghodeshwar
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.56367
| lon =75.56989
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M101
| description = Aurangazeb's Fort
| location = Machnur
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.56791
| lon =75.56192
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M102
| description = Old Temple of Sri Siddheshwar (enclosed in a paved court)
| location = Machnur
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.56451
| lon =75.55923
| image =Siddheshwar Mandir, Machnur, Solapur. Original photo by Amar D. Raut on 4 September 2021.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M103
| description = Covered colonnade (to the south of the well)
| location = Mahalung
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.87056
| lon =75.09324
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M104
| description = Hemadpanthi Temple of Mahadeo
| location = Mahalung
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.87053
| lon =75.09622
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M105
| description = Hemadpanthi Temple of Vithoba
| location = Mahalung
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.87041
| lon =75.09442
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M106
| description = Hemadpanthi Well
| location = Mahalung
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.87066
| lon =75.09327
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M107
| description = Mahadev Stones
| location = Mahalung
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M108
| description = Temple of Devi (Yamai)
| location = Mahalung
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.87073
| lon =75.09295
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M109
| description = [[Solapur Bhuikot Killa|Old Fort]]
| location = Sholapur
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.67402
| lon =75.90212
| image = India2012 Maharashtra Solapur Fort from lake side Panorama.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M110
| description = Gateway and old Maruti temple with Viragal stones on either side.
| location = Velapur
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.79075
| lon =75.05904
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M111
| description = Old doubled shrined temple, on the far side of a tank near the last
| location = Velapur
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.79242
| lon =75.0605
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M112
| description = Old Temple and Viragals or sculptured memorial stones by the road side just outside the village
| location = Velapur
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.79139
| lon =75.06086
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M113
| description = Old Temple of Sarkarvada locally known as Parasnath temple
| location = Velapur
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.79071
| lon =75.05729
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M114
| description = Temple of Haranareshwar & Ardhanarinateshwar, one Hemadpanthi tank (small square kunda) & Viragal stone kept in the compound.
| location = Velapur
| address =
| district = Sholapur
| lat =17.79162
| lon =75.0539
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M115
| description = [[Sindhudurg Fort]]
| location = Malvan
| address =
| district = Sindhdurg
| lat =16.04338
| lon =73.46099
| image = 133sindhudurg 1.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M116
| description = [[Shiv Mandir, Ambarnath|Temple of Ambarnath]]
| location = Ambarnath
| address =
| district = Thane
| lat =19.19853
| lon =73.1768
| image = Shiv Mandir, Ambernath.jpg
|commonscat=Shiva temple of Ambarnath
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MH-M117
| description = Mahuli Fort
| location = Mahuli
| address =
| district = Thane
| lat =19.49106
| lon =73.25005
| image = Mahuli Fort From Pivali End.JPG
}}
|}

==See also==

* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]]
* [[Heritage structures in Mumbai]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
{{Monuments in India}}

[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Maharashtra|Monuments of National Importance, Mumbai]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra|Monuments of National Importance, Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra|Monuments of National Importance]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Maharashtra|Monuments of National Importance]]

Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:39:49Z

Michaelevansnet: done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Fatehgarh Sahib
| map_image = 55-Fatehgarh Sahib.svg
| mla = [[Lakhbir Singh Rai]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Fatehgarh Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:161754 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 55
}}
'''Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 55) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| [[Nirmal Singh Kahlon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Sukhjinder Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Nirmal Singh Kahlon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2| [[Kuljit Singh Nagra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Lakhbir Singh Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Fatehgarh Sahib}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Lakhbir Singh Rai]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:57706}}
|percentage = 45.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Kuljit Singh Nagra]]
|votes= {{formatnum:25507}}
|percentage= 20.32
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Didar Singh Bhatti
|votes = {{formatnum:14186}}
|percentage = 11.3
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate=Emaan Singh Mann
|votes= {{formatnum:12286}}
|percentage= 9.79
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate= Jagdeep Singh Cheema
|votes= {{formatnum:10922}}
|percentage= 8.7
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Sanyukt Sangharsh Party
|candidate= Sarbjeet Singh
|votes= {{formatnum:2159}}
|percentage= 1.72
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:765}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:32199}}|percentage=25.66|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:161754 }}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Fatehgarh Sahib<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kuljit Singh Nagra]]
|votes = 58,205
|percentage = 46.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Didar Singh Bhatti]]
|votes = 34,338
|percentage = 23.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Lakhbir Singh Rai]]
|votes = 29,393
|percentage = 27.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Kuldip Singh
|votes = 1,589
|percentage = 1.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Tarlochan Singh
|votes = 449
|percentage = 0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 803
|percentage = 0.64
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =23867
|percentage = 19.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 124777
|percentage =83.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:149715}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===

{{Election box begin|title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Fatehgarh Sahib}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kuljit Singh Nagra|votes=36573|percentage=46.65 |change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Prem Singh Chandumajra|votes=33035|percentage=29.62|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=People's Party of Punjab|candidate=Didar Singh Bhatti|votes=32065|percentage=28.75|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=[[Simranjit Singh Mann]]|votes=3234|percentage=2.9|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Harbans Lal|votes=2163|percentage=1.94|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Tarlochan Singh|votes=1748|percentage=1.57|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=3538|percentage=3.17|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=111529|percentage=84.45|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors={{formatnum:149715}}|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also ==
[[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
* [http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/161 Elections Results 2017]
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.65|76.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Bojjala Sudhir Reddy

2026-04-19T00:28:44Z

Michaelevansnet: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bojjala Sudhir Reddy
| native_name_lang =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| predecessor = [[Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| father = [[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
}}

'''Bojjala Venkata Sudhir Reddy''' (born 1980) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency]] in Tirupati district. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with BJP and Jana Sena Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkata Sudhir Reddy Bojjala, TDP Candidate from Srikalahasti Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/venkata-sudhir-reddy-bojjala-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a168e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikalahasti Constituency Election Results 2024: Srikalahasti Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/srikalahasti |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from Urandur, Srikalahasti mandal, Tirupati district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-03-23 |title=Srikalahasti NDA candidate Bojjala Venkata Sudhir Reddy warns people not to vote for Madhusudan Reddy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/srikalahasti-nda-candidate-bojjala-venkata-sudhir-reddy-warns-people-not-to-vote-for-madhusudan-reddy-867252 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His father,[[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]], served as a cabinet minister in the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=SHUKLA |first=G. P. |date=2024-03-14 |title=YSRCP will lose Srikalahasti first, asserts former Minister's son |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/ysrcp-will-lose-srikalahasti-first-asserts-former-ministers-son/article67951643.ece |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and a five time MLA from Srikalahasti. He completed his Master of Business Administration degree in 2005 at Bharathi Institute of Higher Education and Research, which is an esteemed university in Selaiyur, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkata Sudhir Reddy Bojjala(TDP):Constituency- SRIKALAHASTI(CHITTOOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=122 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy won the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Srikalahasti Assembly constituency representing Telugu Desam Party. He polled 121, 565 votes and defeated his nearest rival [[Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy]] of YSR Congress Party by a margin of 43,304 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkata Sudhir Reddy Bojjala, TDP Candidate from Srikalahasti Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/venkata-sudhir-reddy-bojjala-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a168e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections Seat Wise Results 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/seat-change-2024 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Elections results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikalahasti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Bojjala Sudhir Reddy|votes=121565|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy]]
|votes =78261
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=JBNP|candidate=Niranjan Reddy Rommala|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. Rajesh Naidu Pothugunta|votes=3002|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikalahasti<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy]]
|votes = 109,541
|percentage = 55.89%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Bojjala Sudheer Reddy
|votes = 71,400
|percentage = 36.43%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jana Sena Party
|candidate = Nagaram Vinutha
|votes = 5,274
|percentage = 2.69%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = K Anand Kumar
|votes = 4,004
|percentage = 2.04%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,141
|percentage = 19.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 195,994
|percentage = 82.47%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhir Reddy, Bojjala}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Nathikal Nanaivathillai

2026-04-07T01:54:14Z

Michaelevansnet: Added first details w/ infobox...

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Nanjil P.C. Anbazhagan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nathikal Nanaivathillai
| image = Nathikal Nanaivathillai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Nanjil P.C. Anbazhagan
| writer = Nanjil P.C. Anbazhagan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = Pranav [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] Risha
| narrator =
| cinematography = Karthik Raja
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Soundaryan]]
| studio = Saraswathi Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2015|3|27|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury — March 27 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-27-news-tamil-pd1lkyafbcbcc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327184459/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-27-news-tamil-pd1lkyafbcbcc.html |archive-date=27 March 2015 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nathikal Nanaivathillai''''' ({{Translation|Rivers don't get wet}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Nanjil P.C. Anbazhagan and starring Pranav, [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] and Risha. The film was released to mixed reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Pranav
*[[Monica (actress)|Monica]]
*Risha
*Kalyani Nair
*[[Bala Singh]]
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Gundu Kalyanam]]
*[[Madurai Muthu]]
*Doubt Senthil
*[[Nellai Siva]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Soundaryan]].<ref name="K">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2015 |title=நதிகள் நனைவதில்லை |url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5113&id1=45&issue=20150330 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*"Unnai Nethu Raathri" - [[K. J. Yesudas]]

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Nathigal Nanaivathillai'' seems like yet another instance of a maker’s good intention gone haywire".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=27 March 2015 |title=Film that Lacks Conviction |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Mar/28/film-that-lacks-conviction-734730.html |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' felt that despite the poetic title, the story lacks taste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=நதிகள் நனைவதில்லை |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1326/Nathikal%20Nanaivathillai/ |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote, "Director Nanjil P.C.Anbazhagan has made the movie with a mix of romance, humour and action".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2015 |title=Nadhigal Nanaivathillai |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2015/03/28102126/Nadhikal-Nanaivathillai.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612175539/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2015/03/28102126/Nadhikal-Nanaivathillai.vpf |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref> A critic form ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' wrote, "Director P.C. Anbazhagan has directed the romantic and sentimental scenes realistically and is giving advice to parents".<ref name="K" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13045272}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

1958 in Kerala

2026-04-06T23:49:30Z

Michaelevansnet: put up a details

{{Year in Kerala}}
{{dynamic list}}
Events in the year '''1958''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==
[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governor of Kerala''']] -

* [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief minister of Kerala''']] –

* [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
[[Kerala High Court|'''Chief Justice of Kerala High Court''']]

* Justice K.T. Koshy

== Events ==

* 29 April - [[Food poison|Food poisoning]] from flour containing [[Parathion]] claimed 108 lives in [[Kerala]]. The gravest incident occurred at a Lok Sahayak Sena camp in [[Sasthamkotta]] where 74 got killed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=Mysterious deaths in J&K trigger memories of Kerala's 1958 food poisoning tragedy |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/jammu-kashmir-mysterious-deaths-mirror-kerala-food-poisoning-incident-in-1958-organophosphate-poison-89effdfd |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/901473/1/02_IV_30-04-1958_p52_p53_PII.pdf#:~:text=Signs%20of%20food%20poisoning%20appeared%20among%20the,those%20who%20have%20ded%20are%20military%20personnel. https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/901473/1/02_IV_30-04-1958_p52_p53_PII.pdf#:~:text=Signs%20of%20food%20poisoning%20appeared%20among%20the,those%20who%20have%20ded%20are%20military%20personnel.]</ref>
* 19 May - [[Rosamma Punnoose]] won the first ever byelection to state assembly from [[Devikulam Assembly constituency]]. She who won the constituency was removed by court intervention which led to byelection.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-29 |title=Rosamma Punnoose passes away in Oman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Rosamma-Punnoose-passes-away-in-Oman/articleshow/28095001.cms |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Kerala's 'first legislator' Rosamma Punnoose passes away |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kerala-s-first-legislator-rosamma-punnoose-passes-away-1941827 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* 26 July - Two [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] affiliated cashew workers killed in police firing at [[Chandanathope]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2008-08-02 |title=From 50 Years Ago: Kerela in Turmoil. |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2008/31/50-years-ago/50-years-ago-kerela-turmoil.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2008}}</ref>
* 20 October - Two tea plantation workers including a pregnant women killed in police firing at [[Munnar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=M.K |first=Nidheesh |date=2017-04-13 |title=Kerala celebrates 60th anniversary of state's first govt under EMS Namboodiripad |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/l4VxIZwzKyIJUb82lJajYJ/Kerala-celebrates-60th-anniversary-of-states-first-govt-und.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dates unknown ===

* [[Liberation Struggle (Kerala)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dismissal Of The First Elected Communist Government In Kerala: An Abuse Of Article 356 Of The Constitution - The Polis Project |url=https://thepolisproject.com/read/the-dismissal-of-the-first-elected-communist-government-in-kerala-an-abuse-of-article-356-of-the-constitution/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=thepolisproject.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Births ==

* 28 April - [[Jose Chacko Periappuram]] cardiac surgeon who performed first [[Heart transplantation]] in state.
* 26 June - [[Suresh Gopi]] - actor and politician.

== Deaths ==

* 13 March - [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] - [[Poet]] (b.1878)

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[1958 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:1950 in India]]
[[Category:Years in Kerala]]
[[Category:1950s in Kerala]]

Akshay Naheta

2026-03-26T00:09:54Z

Michaelevansnet:

{{Short description|Indian-born British business executive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshay Naheta
| image = Akshay_Naheta.jpg
| birth_date = 23 July 1981
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], [[MIT]]
| occupation = [[Co-chief executive officer]], [[Bakkt Holdings, Inc.]], Founder and [[CEO]], Distributed Technologies Research
| awards = Fortune's [[40 Under 40|40 under 40]]
}}
'''Akshay Naheta''' (born 23 July 1981) is an [[India]]n-born [[United Kingdom|British]] [[business executive]]. He is the founder and [[chief executive officer]] of Distributed Technologies Research, a [[decentralized finance]] startup focusing on stablecoin technology and other linked services.<ref name=":102">{{Cite news |last1=Bartenstein |first1=Ben |last2=Parasie |first2=Nicolas |date=2023-10-02 |title=Ex-SoftBank Executive Sets Up Stablecoin to Dodge High Inflation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-02/ex-softbank-executive-sets-up-uae-dirham-backed-stablecoin-in-abu-dhabi |access-date=2023-10-04 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":112">{{Cite news |last=Mukul |first=Pranav |date=2023-10-03 |title=Former SoftBank executive Akshay Naheta's DeFi startup DTR launches UAE dirham-backed stablecoin |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/former-softbank-executive-akshay-nahetas-defi-startup-dtr-launches-uae-dirham-backed-stablecoin/articleshow/104097520.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-10-02 |title=Indian-born British launches stablecoin technology to dodge inflation |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/cryptocurrency/meet-akshay-naheta-indian-born-british-who-has-launched-stablecoin-technology-to-dodge-inflation-11696221962393.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> As of March 2025, he was appointed as the [[co-chief executive officer]] at [[Bakkt Holdings, Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-SoftBank Rainmaker Naheta Picked to Head Bakkt's Turnaround Efforts |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-20/akshay-naheta-picked-as-co-ceo-to-head-bakkt-s-turnaround-efforts |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>

He was previously Senior Vice President, Investments at SoftBank Group where he was involved in several high-profile investments for the [[SoftBank Vision Fund|Vision Fund]], including Auto1 and chipmaker [[Nvidia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SoftBank's man with the Midas touch |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/softbanks-man-with-the-midas-touch/105452 |access-date=2021-05-16 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |date=10 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TechCrunch2">{{Cite web |title=Softbank invests €460M in Germany's Auto1 car dealer platform |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/15/softbank-invests-e460m-in-germanys-auto1-car-dealer-platform/ |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=TechCrunch |date=15 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Additionally, he was the chief architect behind the planned $40 billion sale of the British software design and semiconductor firm [[Arm Holdings|Arm]] to Nvidia, “creating world’s premier computing company for the age of AI,” and was responsible for its restructuring.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Nvidia to Acquire Arm for $40 Billion, Creating World's Premier Computing Company for the Age of AI |url=http://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-to-acquire-arm-for-40-billion-creating-worlds-premier-computing-company-for-the-age-of-ai |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=NVIDIA Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=SoftBank set to sell UK's Arm Holdings to Nvidia for $40bn |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6bfe40a5-2426-4743-98cd-6fed9dd01b98?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Detrixhe |first=John |title=The biggest semiconductor deal in history should have been even bigger |url=https://qz.com/1905492/nvidia-acquisition-price-of-arm-holdings-is-surprisingly-low/ |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=Quartz |date=18 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In early February 2022, Nvidia and Arm agreed to terminate the deal due to significant regulatory challenges, with the newly restructured Arm prepared for a public offering.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Michelle Toh |title=The biggest chip deal in history has fallen apart |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/08/tech/nvidia-arm-deal-softbank-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=CNN|date=8 February 2022 }}</ref> Despite the termination of the deal, Softbank made $2 billion due to the break fee, which was paid upfront at the signing of the deal.<ref name=":12" />

While at SoftBank, Naheta helped founder and CEO [[Masayoshi Son]] monetize his stake in [[Alibaba Group]]. Son described Naheta as having “helped create significant value for shareholders."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-05 |title=Deutsche Bank Alumni Are Helping Son Remake Japan's SoftBank |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-05/deutsche-bank-alumni-are-helping-son-remake-japan-s-softbank |access-date=2023-04-06}}</ref>

In 2020, he was included in ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''’s "[[40 Under 40]]" most influential people in finance list and was named a [[World Economic Forum]] Young Global Leader.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Akshay Naheta {{!}} 2020 40 under 40 in Finance|url=https://fortune.com/40-under-40/2020/akshay-naheta/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Meet the young leaders set to shape 2020|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/ygl-wef-young-global-leaders/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> In February 2021, he was also listed on ''[[GQ|GQ India]]''’s 25 Most Influential Young Indians list.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Innovators, entertainers, disruptors, game changers: Meet GQ's Most Influential Young Indians|url=https://www.gqindia.com/influence-list/content/innovators-entertainers-disruptors-game-changers-meet-gqs-most-influential-young-indians|access-date=2021-02-22|website=GQ India|date=11 February 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Naheta was born in [[Mumbai]] in 1981 to an Indian family of jewelers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deutsche Bank Alumni Are Helping Son Remake Japan's SoftBank|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/deutsche-bank-alumni-helping-son-210000686.html|access-date=2021-02-22|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}</ref> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[electrical engineering]] from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] (UIUC) in 2003. At UIUC he was a recipient of several awards for academics, research and leadership. In 2020, he received a Young Alumni Achievement Award from the university.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Grainger Engineering Office of Marketing and |title=Akshay Naheta |url=https://ece.illinois.edu/alumni/awards/yaaa/20-naheta |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=ece.illinois.edu |language=en}}</ref>

He subsequently obtained an S.M. in electrical engineering and computer science from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) in 2004. He dropped out of pursuing a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] at MIT to begin a career in finance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the power players at the SoftBank Vision Fund, who are writing checks for billions of dollars and upending the technology business|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/miscellaneous/meet-the-power-players-at-the-softbank-vision-fund-who-are-writing-checks-for-billions-of-dollars-and-upending-the-technology-business/slidelist/69651673.cms|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Distributed Technology Research ===
Naheta established Distributed Technology Research within the Emirate's international financial free zone.<ref name=":102"/><ref name=":112"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Ex-SoftBank executive sets up UAE stablecoin pegged to dirham |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3236483/ex-softbank-executive-sets-uae-stablecoin-teams-hong-kong-firm-target-high-net-worth-users |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> DTR seamlessly bridges national payment systems around the world to make financial transactions efficient, secure and universally accessible. By leveraging blockchain technologies for transparency, security and instantaneous settlements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Distributed Technologies Research Simplifies Global Payments {{!}} AFP.com |url=https://www.afp.com/en/infos/distributed-technologies-research-simplifies-global-payments |website=[[Agence France-Presse]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== SoftBank ===
In 2017, Naheta joined SoftBank Investment Advisors as an investment manager in the Vision Fund, a technology-focused fund, and was responsible for acquisitions and public equity investments.<ref name=":7" />

At the fund, Naheta supported SoftBank's acquisition of a $3.6 billion stake in [[Silicon Valley]]–based graphics chipmaker Nvidia in 2017.<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leather |first=Antony |title=Softbank $3.6 Billion Nvidia Share Dump: Chip Maker's Woes Continue But 2019 Offers Hope |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antonyleather/2019/02/08/softbank-3-6-billion-nvidia-share-dump-chip-makers-woes-continue-but-2019-offers-hope/ |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> SoftBank sold its stake in the chipmaker in January 2019, making a profit of $3.3 billion on its investment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulze |first=Elizabeth |date=2019-02-06 |title=SoftBank's investment fund dumps entire $3.6 billion stake in Nvidia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/06/softbank-vision-fund-sells-nvidia-stake.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Duckett |first=Chris |title=SoftBank sells off Nvidia and Flipkart stakes to bank $5.6 billion in exits for 2018 |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/softbank-sells-off-nvidia-and-flipkart-stakes-to-bank-5-6-billion-in-exits-for-2018/ |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=ZDNet |language=en}}</ref> During Naheta's time at the Vision Fund, he led several other investments such as Auto1, Wirecard, Roivant Sciences, [[Brazil]]ian logistics company Loggi, Energy Vault, Creditas and Cambridge Mobile Telematics (CMT).<ref name="TechCrunch2"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-06 |title=CORRECTED-Brazil logistics firm Loggi raises $150 mln in new financing round |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/loggi-ma-softbank-idUSL2N23D0LU |access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy Vault raises $110 million from SoftBank Vision Fund as energy storage grabs headlines |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/08/14/energy-vault-raises-110-million-from-softbank-vision-fund-as-energy-storage-grabs-headlines/ |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=TechCrunch |date=14 August 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2021-05-03 |title=Biotech firm Roivant Sciences to go public via $7.3 bln SPAC deal |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/biotech-firm-roivant-sciences-go-public-via-73-bln-spac-deal-2021-05-28/ |access-date=2023-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rogers |first=Adam |title=The Japanese Telecom Giant SoftBank Bets $1 Billion on Pharma Startup Roivant |url=https://www.wired.com/story/softbank-invests-roivant/ |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=2023-04-21}}</ref>

[[Roivant Sciences]]' founder, and future [[President of the United States|presidential]] candidate [[Vivek Ramaswamy]] described Naheta as a '<nowiki/>''very fast study'''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-05 |title=Deutsche Bank Alumni Are Helping Son Remake Japan's SoftBank |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-05/deutsche-bank-alumni-are-helping-son-remake-japan-s-softbank |access-date=2023-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar, Dhamija |first=Sourav, Anshul |date=May 1, 2021 |title=SoftBank's man with the Midas touch |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/softbanks-man-with-the-midas-touch/105452 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2020, SoftBank named Naheta as a Senior Vice President of Investments for SoftBank Group, becoming the CEO of SB Management, a newly formed unit of SoftBank, which manages the fund SB Northstar.<ref name="bl">{{Cite news |date=2020-05-29 |title=SoftBank Hands New Roles to Two Vision Fund Managing Partners |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-29/softbank-hands-new-roles-to-two-vision-fund-managing-partners |access-date=2021-02-22 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> It was later revealed that SB Northstar was the "[[Nasdaq]] Whale" responsible for massive investments in US tech stocks in the summer of 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SoftBank abandons its 'Nasdaq whale' bets |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5982b289-fdbe-499d-9421-e0982e2a716f |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-05-28 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=2 December 2020 |last1=Inagaki |first1=Kana |last2=Smith |first2=Robert |last3=Lewis |first3=Leo }}</ref>

In December 2021, [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] reported that Naheta was in talks to leave SoftBank Group, possibly taking "an advisory role at the firm to focus on his own long-only fund".<ref>{{Cite news |title=SoftBank Senior Executive Akshay Naheta in Talks to Leave |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-15/softbank-senior-executive-akshay-naheta-in-talks-to-leave |access-date=2022-03-01 |newspaper=Bloomberg|date=15 December 2021 }}</ref>

==== Sale of Arm to Nvidia ====
According to ''[[Financial Times]]'', Naheta was "heavily involved" in negotiations between SoftBank and Nvidia about the former's stake in British chip designer Arm Limited.<ref name=":02"/> In September 2020, SoftBank announced that it would be selling its stake to Nvidia for $40 billion, after acquiring Arm in 2016 for $32 billion.<ref name="bl"/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Picker |first1=Leslie |last2=Scott |first2=Mark |last3=Soble |first3=Jonathan |date=2016-07-18 |title=SoftBank's $32 Billion Deal for Chip Designer ARM Is Britain's Biggest Since Brexit (Published 2016) |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/19/business/dealbook/softbank-buys-chip-designer-arm.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Don |date=2020-09-14 |title=Nvidia Buys Arm From SoftBank for $40 Billion |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/13/technology/nvidia-arm-softbank.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Cara Lombardo and Maureen |date=2020-09-12 |title=SoftBank Nears $40 Billion Deal to Sell Arm Holdings to Nvidia |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-nearing-deal-to-sell-arm-holdings-to-nvidia-for-more-than-40-billion-11599928360 |access-date=2021-02-22 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The deal was expected to see SoftBank take a stake in Nvidia totalling between 6.7% and 8.1%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=hermes |date=2020-09-15 |title=SoftBank to sell chip designer Arm to Nvidia in $54.7b deal |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/softbank-to-sell-chip-designer-arm-to-nvidia-in-547b-deal |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Holton |first=Sam Nussey, Stephen Nellis, Kate |date=2020-09-14 |title=Nvidia to buy chip designer Arm for $40 billion as SoftBank exits |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/arm-holdings-m-a-nvidia-idUSKBN26507O |access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref>

The deal was pending regulatory approval, after competition concerns were raised by Google, Microsoft, and Qualcomm<ref>{{Cite news |title=Google, Microsoft, Qualcomm Protest Nvidia's Acquisition of Arm Ltd. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-12/google-microsoft-qualcomm-protest-nvidia-s-arm-acquisition |access-date=2021-05-16 |newspaper=Bloomberg|date=12 February 2021 }}</ref> and in 2022 the parties agreed to terminate the deal because of significant regulatory challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nvidia and SoftBank Group Announce Termination of NVIDIA's Acquisition of Arm Limited |url=https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-and-softbank-group-announce-termination-of-nvidias-acquisition-of-arm-limited}}</ref>

==== Wirecard ====
Naheta, along with a group of other SoftBank traders, made a [[convertible bond]] investment in [[Wirecard]] on favorable terms in April 2019, which netted the group instant profits of tens of millions of dollars.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Paul J. |date=2019-11-14 |title=SoftBank's $1 Billion Investment in Wirecard Came With a Twist—No SoftBank Cash |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbanks-1-billion-investment-in-wirecard-came-with-a-twistno-softbank-cash-11573767771 |access-date=2021-02-22 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Massoudi |first=Arash |date=September 21, 2019 |title=SoftBank reaps instant profit from Wirecard debt shuffle |url=https://www.ft.com/content/847436a6-dba9-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> The investment, which according to the ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]'' required several conditions to be met including getting Wirecard's 2018 financial results approved by its long-term auditor [[Ernst & Young|EY]], came from Naheta and other executives from SoftBank, as well as [[Abu Dhabi]]’s sovereign wealth fund, the Mubadala Investment Fund.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patrick |first=Margot |date=2020-06-23 |title=Wirecard's Downfall Blows Up $1 Billion Lifeline From SoftBank, Credit Suisse |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/wirecards-downfall-blows-up-1-billion-lifeline-from-softbank-credit-suisse-11592907754 |access-date=2021-02-22 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Massoudi |first=Arash |date=June 22, 2020 |title=SoftBank executives set to lose profits from Wirecard trade |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b8eec9d0-0c85-467d-8cb1-467ad87adced |website=Financial Times}}</ref> In October 2019, a ''[[Financial Times]]'' investigation placed Wirecard under scrutiny because of alleged [[Wirecard scandal|accounting misconduct]], later revealing that the company fraudulently inflated over $2 billion in profits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCrum |first=Dan |date=2019-10-15 |title=Wirecard's suspect accounting practices revealed |url=https://www.ft.com/content/19c6be2a-ee67-11e9-bfa4-b25f11f42901 |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=www.ft.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=The former Deutsche Bank traders who invested their own money in Wirecard |url=https://www.efinancialcareers.co.uk/news/2020/06/ex-deutsche-bank-traders-wirecard |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=eFinancialCareers |language=en}}</ref> While the investment structure masterminded by Naheta was criticized in its machinations, neither SoftBank nor the investors in the fund that purchased the convertible bond lost money.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Margot Patrick, Bradley Hope and Liz |date=2020-07-29 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} SoftBank Saw Opportunity in Wirecard Before It Unraveled |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-saw-opportunity-in-wirecard-before-it-unraveled-11596015040 |access-date=2021-02-22 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In June 2020, Naheta criticized Wirecard’s auditor EY in the light of the Wirecard revelations and decried EY’s "lack of competence and responsibility displayed."<ref name=":9" /> His criticism was published in an article by the ''Financial Times'' after it was revealed that Wirecard and its auditor left "a €1.9bn hole in its balance sheet from cash that probably never existed."<ref>{{Cite news |title=SoftBank executives set to lose profits from Wirecard trade |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b8eec9d0-0c85-467d-8cb1-467ad87adced |newspaper=Financial Times|date=22 June 2020 |last1=Smith |first1=Robert |last2=Massoudi |first2=Arash }}</ref>

In May 2021, the investigation into Wirecard by the German government confirmed EY's misconduct and reported that the auditor inappropriately issued unqualified audits for Wirecard.<ref>{{Cite news |title=EY fraud expert: 'incomprehensible' that Wirecard 'red flags' were ignored |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0288d7b1-1e52-4a3d-a9e1-6850afae0d26 |access-date=2021-05-16 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=6 May 2021 |last1=Storbeck |first1=Olaf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=EY audit failings on Wirecard laid bare in 'dynamite' report |url=https://www.ft.com/content/68c699dc-7427-4c24-a57e-0980fb1371ec |access-date=2021-05-28 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=21 May 2021 |last1=Storbeck |first1=Olaf }}</ref> The investigation, which concluded on 22 June 2021, heavily criticized EY who “could and should have noticed the accounting fraud” as well as Minister of Finance [[Olaf Scholz]], who “should have stepped in when the country’s financial regulator in 2019 issued a ban on short-selling Wirecard stock.”<ref>{{Citation |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Wirecard inquiry report published but questions remain {{!}} DW {{!}} 22.06.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/wirecard-inquiry-report-published-but-questions-remain/av-58004624 |access-date=2021-06-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=German lawmakers fault finance minister, auditor on Wirecard |url=https://www.designdevelopmenttoday.com/industries/iot/news/21521146/german-lawmakers-fault-finance-minister-auditor-on-wirecard |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Design and Development Today |language=en-us}}</ref>

==== SoftBank dubbed "Nasdaq Whale" ====
In late 2020, the ''Financial Times'' revealed that a series of investments in tech giants, which earned SoftBank the title of "Nasdaq Whale", was carried out through SB Northstar. The paper reported that while Naheta was managing SB Northstar, SoftBank's CEO [[Masayoshi Son]] was said to have been the "driving force" behind these investments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inagaki |first=Kana |date=November 11, 2020 |title=SoftBank racks up $3.7bn in losses at tech stock trading unit |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0edb7c17-58e6-4ded-acfa-1822440a926c |website=Financial Times}}</ref>

In December 2020, it was reported that SB Northstar was stepping away from such [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives trading]], refocusing on long-term investments instead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SoftBank's options exit unlikely to stir markets, analysts say |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/softbank-winding-down-options-trading-043549109.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-11 |title=SoftBank's Northstar unit reports about $3.7 billion in losses |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-northstar-idUKKBN27R30T |access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Inagaki |first=Kana |date=December 2, 2020 |title=SoftBank abandons its 'Nasdaq whale' bets |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5982b289-fdbe-499d-9421-e0982e2a716f |website=Financial Times}}</ref>

==== Other investments ====
In February 2021, shortly after SB Northstar announced a $900 million convertible bond investment in DNA-sequencing company Pacific Biosciences of California, ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]'' reported that SoftBank was planning to invest billions in biotech stocks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SoftBank Plans to Invest Billions in Biotech Stocks |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-23/softbank-is-said-to-plan-billions-to-invest-in-biotech-stocks |website=Bloomberg|date=23 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Maureen |date=2021-02-10 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} SoftBank to Make $900 Million Investment in Pacific Biosciences |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-to-make-900-million-investment-in-pacific-biosciences-11612921031 |access-date=2021-02-22 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Subsequently, in August 2021, it was reported that SB Northstar has built a $5 billion stake in Swiss pharmaceutical company [[Roche|Roche Holding AG]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=SoftBank Builds a $5 Billion Stake in Pharma Giant Roche |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-03/softbank-is-said-to-build-5-billion-stake-in-pharma-giant-roche |website=Bloomberg|date=3 August 2021 }}</ref>

The unit has furthermore invested heavily in other tech platforms, including Norwegian game-based learning platform [[Kahoot!]] and Swedish CPaaS platform [[Sinch (company)|Sinch]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SoftBank increases its stake in Kahoot, as Northzone sells 12 million of its shares for €90 million |url=https://tech.eu/brief/softbank-increases-its-stake-in-kahoot-as-northzone-sells-12-million-of-its-shares-for-e90-million/ |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=Tech.eu |date=21 December 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Irwan |first1=Irwan |last2=Luthfi |first2=Zaky Farid |last3=Waldi |first3=Atri |date=2019-04-16 |title=Efektifitas Penggunaan Kahoot! untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa [Effectiveness of Using Kahoot! to Improve Student Learning Outcomes] |journal=PEDAGOGIA: Jurnal Pendidikan |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=95 |doi=10.21070/pedagogia.v8i1.1866 |issn=2548-2254 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-30 |title=SoftBank Buys 10.1% Stake in Sinch After Its Meteoric Surge |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-30/after-290-stock-surge-sinch-owners-to-sell-shares-to-softbank |access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref>

Naheta also spearheaded the group's acquisition of a 40 percent stake, acquired in Vision Fund II for $2.8 billion, in private Norwegian warehouse automation company AutoStore in April 2021. Following the company's listing on the [[Oslo Stock Exchange]] on 20 October 2021, the country's biggest IPO in over two decades and Europe's largest IPO in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saunders |first=John |date=2021-10-19 |title=SB Management sets its sights on Nordic start-ups |url=https://londonlovesbusiness.com/sb-management-sets-its-sights-on-nordic-start-ups/ |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=London Business News {{!}} Londonlovesbusiness.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2021 |title=SoftBank to take 40% stake in warehouse robotics firm AutoStore for $2.8 billion |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-group-autostore-idUSKBN2BS1YC |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=SoftBank deals unleash internal compliance tensions |url=https://www.ft.com/content/107fe840-1874-4fb2-a70b-f2f8f1381215 |website=Financial Times|date=9 August 2021 |last1=Inagaki |first1=Kana |last2=Lewis |first2=Leo }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Robotics Firm AutoStore Plans IPO at $10 Billion Value |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-28/robotics-firm-autostore-is-said-to-plan-ipo-at-10-billion-value |website=Bloomberg|date=28 June 2021 }}</ref>

=== Bakkt ===
As of March 2025, Naheta serves as the co-chief executive officer of [[Bakkt Holdings, Inc.]], a SaaS and API platform for cryptocurrency trading and loyalty point redemption. He also sits on the company’s board and collaborates with CEO Andy Main. His company, Distributed Technology Research, is expected to integrate its stablecoin-based payments infrastructure with Bakkt’s platform, pending regulatory approvals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hamilton |first1=Katherine |title=Bakkt Names Co-CEO, Plans Cuts to Focus on Payments, Crypto |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/retail/bakkt-names-co-ceo-plans-cuts-to-focus-on-payments-crypto-18868bb0 |website=WSJ}}</ref>

Naheta has been involved with [[Intercontinental Exchange]]-backed crypto solutions business [[Bakkt Holdings, Inc.|Bakkt Holdings]] and previously also served as its director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-25 |title=The Bakkt Story: Our Vision For Digital Assets |url=https://www.bakkt.com/about-us |access-date=2021-05-16 |website=Bakkt |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 11 January 2021, Bakkt and [[Nasdaq]]-listed VPC Impact Acquisition Holdings, a Special Purpose Acquisition Company sponsored by Victory Park Capital, entered a definitive agreement that will result in [[Bakkt]]'s listing on the [[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]] with an enterprise value of $2.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-11 |title=Bakkt to Go Public via SPAC at $2.1 Billion Valuation |url=https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2021/01/171117-bakkt-to-go-public-via-spac-at-2-1-billion-valuation/ |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=Crowdfund Insider}}</ref>

It is speculated that [[Donald Trump|Donald J Trump]]'s [[Truth Social]] is in talks to acquire the company in an all-stock deal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stafford |first1=Philip |title=Donald Trump's social media group in talks to buy crypto trading venue |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d7f921d5-3668-4b6b-a98d-2681ad73610f |website=Financial Times |date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Knight Assets & Co. ===
Naheta left Deutsche Bank in 2010 and founded Knight Assets & Co. in 2011, an investment manager focused on arbitrage and value investing in companies such as [[Tata Motors]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-25|title=Knight Assets & Co. Engaging with Management of Tata Motors to Discuss Possible Solutions to Unlock Shareholder Value|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140624006839/en/Knight-Assets-Co.-Engaging-with-Management-of-Tata-Motors-to-Discuss-Possible-Solutions-to-Unlock-Shareholder-Value|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.businesswire.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hoffman|first=Liz|date=2014-06-24|title=Asset Manager Pushes Tata Motors to List New Shares in U.S.|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/asset-manager-pushes-tata-motors-to-list-new-shares-in-u-s-1403646506|access-date=2021-05-16|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> and [[Rolls-Royce Holdings]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Turner|first=Giles|date=2017-01-10|title=SoftBank hires UK investor Akshay Naheta to help manage $100 billion fund|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/a3FMMl63hq6LRPWNMPB97N/SoftBank-hires-UK-investor-Akshay-Naheta-to-help-manage-100.html|access-date=2021-02-22|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> By the time Naheta left in 2017, Knight Assets had yielded an internal rate of return of 112.5 percent on $416 million in investments, according to VC Circle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-11|title=SoftBank hires UK fund manager Naheta to help manage $100 bn fund|url=https://www.vccircle.com/softbank-hires-uk-fund-manager-naheta-help-manage-100-bn-fund|access-date=2021-02-22|website=VCCircle|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Deutsche Bank ===
After graduating from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], Naheta joined [[Deutsche Bank]] as a trader in [[New York City|New York]], subsequently relocating to [[Hong Kong]], where he led the proprietary trading business as the head of principal strategies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-05 |title=Deutsche Bank Alumni Are Helping Son Remake Japan's SoftBank |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-05/deutsche-bank-alumni-are-helping-son-remake-japan-s-softbank |access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Akshay Naheta|url=https://www.montgomerysummit.com/speakers/akshay-naheta/#:~:text=Akshay%20Naheta%20is%20a%20Partner,on%20arbitrage%20and%20value%20investing.|website=The Montgomery Summit}}</ref>

== Affiliations ==
Naheta was member of the board of directors of [[Arm Limited]], Auto1, [[Bakkt Holdings, Inc.|Bakkt Holdings]] and [[Roivant Sciences|Roivant]].<ref name=":6"/>

== Awards and honors ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Year
|-
| World Economic Forum Young Global Leader<ref name=":3" />
|2020
|-
|40 under 40 list ''Fortune Magazine''<ref name=":2" />
|2020
|-
|University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Young Alumni Achievement Award<ref name=":6"/>
|2020
|-
|''GQ India''’s 25 Most Influential Young Indians<ref name=":4" />
|2021
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SoftBank}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naheta, Akshay}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century British businesspeople]]
[[Category:Deutsche Bank people]]
[[Category:SoftBank people]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni]]

Dhankar Gompa

2026-03-25T23:26:39Z

Michaelevansnet:

{{Short description|Village and Gompa in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Dhankar Gompa
|image =File:Dhankar Gompa and village.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|alt =
|caption = Dhankar Gompa
|pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh
|coordinates = {{coord|32|05|26|N|78|12|43|E|type:landmark_region:IN-HP|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within India
|map_size = 250
|location_country = India
|location=[[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
|founded_by =
|founded = 12th century
|sect = [[Gelug]]
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama = The Fourteenth [[Dalai Lama]]
|architecture = [[Tibet]]an [[Architecture]]
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}
[[File:Dankhar Gompa Gate.jpg|thumb|240px|Dhankar Gompa Gate]]
[[File:Prayer-flags-in-dhankar.jpg|thumb|240px|Prayer flags in Dhankar]]
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
'''Dhankar Gompa''' (also '''Dankhar''', '''Drangkhar''' or '''Dhangkar Gompa'''; ''Brang-mkhar'' or ''Grang-mkhar'') is a village and also a [[Gompa]], a [[Buddhist]] temple in the district of [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] in [[India]]. It is situated at an elevation of 3,894 metres (12,774 feet) in the Spiti Valley above [[Dhankar Village]], between the towns of [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]] and [[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo]]. The complex is built on a 1000-foot (300-metre) high spur overlooking the confluence of the [[Spiti River|Spiti]] and Pin Rivers - one of the world's most spectacular settings for a gompa. ''Dhang'' or ''dang'' means cliff, and ''kar'' or ''khar'' means fort. Hence Dhangkar means ''fort on a cliff''.

Dhankar, like [[Key Monastery]] and [[Tangyud Monastery]] in Spiti, and [[Thiksey]], [[Likir]] and [[Rangdum]] monasteries in [[Ladakh]], was built as a fort monastery on the Central Tibetan pattern. It was reported to have had 90 monks in 1855.<ref>Handa (1987), pp. 131, 149.</ref>

==Overview==
Below the Gompa lies the small village of Shichilling which contains the new Dhankar Monastery, home to about 150 monks belonging to the [[Gelug]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].

Beyond the surrounding harsh, lunar landscape, notable sights at Dhankar Gompa include a statue of [[Vairocana]] consisting of four figures seated back-to-back, in addition to various crumbling [[thangka]]s.
There is a small museum in the gompa. In 2006, [[World Monuments Fund]] selected Dhankar gompa as one of the 100 most endangered sites in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmf.org/watch_past.html|title=World Monuments Watch 1996-2006|publisher=World Monuments Fund|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928211806/http://wmf.org/watch_past.html|archivedate=28 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A nonprofit group, Dhangkar Initiative, is attempting to organize its conservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhangkar.com/|title=The Dhangkar Initiative}}</ref>

Dhankar is approachable by a motorable road, good for small vehicles only, that branches off for Dhankar from the main [[qadaa|Kaza]]-Samdu road at a point around 24 km from Kaza. The branch road is 8 km in length up to Dhankar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.golden-heron.com/gompas.htm|title=The Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries of the Spiti Valley}}</ref>

==History==
Dhankar was the traditional capital of the Spiti Valley Kingdom during the 17th century and has some features dating back to the 12th century. It was the seat of the early rulers of Spiti, the Nonos, who had the right to cultivate the government lands nearby and were required to keep the fort in repair. They also dispensed justice to the people and were noted for their harsh penalties until the British replaced them.<ref>Kapidia (1999), pp. 76-79.</ref>

The monastery is also referred to as Lhaöpé [[gompa|Gönpa]] ({{bo|w=lha 'od pa'i dgon pa}}):{{quote|''Lha-'od'' seems to be the local pronunciation of ''Zla-'od'', the name of a famous lama who was born in 1121, according to the Reu-mig. Zla-'od-pa would then mean "a follower of Zla-'od." He is apparently the founder or renovator of the monastery which now belongs to the Gelugpa order. The monks assert that it was not only of earlier origin than the [[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo]] monastery, but also earlier than Srong-btsan-sgam-po. They have, however, nothing to show of any really ancient relics. They explain this fact by stating that the monastery was plundered many times, lastly during the Dōgrā war [...]<ref>Francke (1914), vol. I, p. 43.</ref>}}

A new Teaching Temple was inaugurated by the [[Fourteenth Dalai Lama]] on 12 July 2009.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Francke, A. H. (1914, 1926). ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet''. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.
*Handa, O. C. (1987). ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-85182-03-5}}.
*Kapadia, Harish. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lOzHDG7NfooC&pg=PA209 ''Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya'']. 2nd Edition. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7387-093-4}}.

==Gallery==
<gallery>

File:View down Spiti River Valley from roof of Dhankar Gompa.jpg|View down [[Spiti Valley]] from roof of Dhankar Gompa
File:Small shrine honouring HH the 14th Dalai Lama. Dhankar Gompa.jpg|Small shrine honouring the 14th [[Dalai Lama]]. Dhankar Gompa.
File:Dhankhar Monastery Guest House Sign. 2010.jpg|Dhankhar Monastery Guest House Sign. 2010
File:Meditation cave, Dhankhar Gompa. Lahaul and Spiti, India. 2004.jpg|Meditation cave, Dhankhar Gompa. [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]], India. 2004
File:Sculptures, Dhankar Gompa.jpg|Sculptures, Dhankar Gompa
File:Dhankar village & Gompa.jpg|Dhankar village & Gompa
File:Confluence Of Spiti And Pin river and pin valley from Old Dhankar Monastery.jpg|Confluence Of Spiti And Pin river and pin valley from Old Dhankar Monastery
File:Dhankar gompa, Spiti.jpg|Dhankar gompa, Spiti
File:Dhankar Gompa.jpg|Dhankar Gompa
</gallery>

{{Buddhist monasteries in Himachal Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhankar Gompa}}
[[Category:Gelug monasteries and temples]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lahaul and Spiti district]]

New Zealand national cricket team

2026-03-24T11:27:28Z

Michaelevansnet: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Men's international cricket team}}
{{about||the women's team|New Zealand women's national cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = New Zealand
| image = Logo_of_cricket_New_zealand_Team.png
| image_size = 190px
| nickname = Black Caps<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blackcaps |url=http://www.nzc.nz/international/blackcaps |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304094640/https://www.nzc.nz/international/blackcaps |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=NZC}}</ref>
| association = [[New Zealand Cricket]]
| test_captain = [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]]
| od_captain = [[Mitchell Santner]]
| t20i_captain = [[James Neesham]]
| coach = [[Rob Walter]]
| test_status_year = 1930

| icc_status = Full Member
| icc_member_year = 1926
| icc_region = [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]

| test_rank = 5th
| odi_rank = 2nd
| t20i_rank = 4th
| test_rank_best = 1st (6 January 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2021 |title=Jamieson takes six as New Zealand scale the rankings summit |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1966751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106112532/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1966751 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]}}</ref> 
| odi_rank_best = 1st (3 May 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |title=New Zealand climb to top of the ODI rankings in annual update |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2124391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503073257/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2124391 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]}}</ref>
| t20i_rank_best = 1st (4 May 2016)<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2016 |title=New Zealand top T20I rankings for first time |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/1008183.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110045028/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/1008183.html |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

| first_test = v. {{cr|ENG}} at [[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]]; 10–13 January 1930
| most_recent_test = v. {{cr|WIN}} at [[Bay Oval]], [[Mount Maunganui]]; 8–22 December 2025
| num_tests = 483
| num_tests_this_year = 0
| test_record = 123/189 (171 draws)
| test_record_this_year = 0/0 (0 draws)

| wtc_apps = 3
| wtc_first = [[2019–2021 World Test Championship|2021]]
| wtc_best = Champions ([[2021 ICC World Test Championship final|2021]])
| first_odi = v. {{cr|PAK}} at [[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]]; 11 February 1973
| most_recent_odi = v. {{cr|IND}} at [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]]; 18 January 2026
| num_odis = 850
| num_odis_this_year = 3
| odi_record = 398/401 (7 ties, 44 no results)
| odi_record_this_year = 2/1 (0 ties, 0 no results)

| wc_apps = 13
| wc_first = [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]
| wc_best = Runners-up ([[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]])

| first_t20i = v. {{cr|AUS}} at [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]; 17 February 2005
| most_recent_t20i = v. {{cr|SA}} at [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]]; 22 March 2026
| num_t20is = 264
| num_t20is_this_year = 18
| t20i_record = 134/108 (10 ties, 12 no results)
| t20i_record_this_year = 8/9 (0 ties, 1 no result)

| wt20_apps = 10
| wt20_first = [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]
| wt20_best =Runners-up ([[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]], [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]])

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The '''New Zealand men's national cricket team''' represents [[New Zealand]] in men's international [[cricket]]. Nicknamed the '''Black Caps''' ({{langx|mi|Pōtae Pango}}),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pōtae Pango – te Aka Māori Dictionary |url=https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/40345}}</ref> they played their first [[Test cricket|Test]] in 1930 against [[England cricket team|England]] in [[Christchurch]], becoming the fifth country to play Test cricket. From 1930, New Zealand had to wait until 1956, more than 26 years, for its first Test victory, against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at [[Eden Park]] in [[Auckland]].<ref name="Beard">{{Cite book |last=Frindall |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Frindall |title=Ask Bearders |publisher=[[BBC Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84607-880-4 |page=163}}</ref> They played their first [[One Day International|ODI]] in the 1972–73 season against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in Christchurch. New Zealand are the inaugural champions of [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]] which they won in [[2021 ICC World Test Championship final|2021]] and they have also won [[ICC KnockOut Trophy|ICC Champions Trophy]] in [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy|2000]]. They were also runners-up in the [[Cricket World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cup]] in [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]] and [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]], as well as the [[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC T20 World Cup]] in [[2021 Men's T20 World Cup|2021]] and [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/59282104|title=T20 World Cup: Australia beat New Zealand by eight wickets in final}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India vs New Zealand Highlights, T20 World Cup 2026 Final: India's Era Of Dominance Starts As Suryakumar Yadav And Co Clinch Record 3rd T20 World Cup|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/t20-world-cup-2026/india-vs-new-zealand-live-score-t20-world-cup-2026-final-ind-vs-nz-live-updates-scorecard-abhishek-sharma-suryakumar-yadav-samson-kishan-11185098}}</ref>

[[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] is the current captain of the team in Test cricket and [[Mitchell Santner]] is the current captain of the team in ODI and T20I cricket. The national team is organised by [[New Zealand Cricket]].

The New Zealand cricket team became known as the Black Caps in January 1998, after its sponsor at the time,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story: Cricket |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cricket}}</ref> [[Clear Communications]], held a competition to choose a name for the team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=Ian |date=29 January 1998 |title=It's Clear Black Caps very dull |work=[[Waikato Times]] |page=12}}</ref> This is [[New Zealand national team nomenclature based on the "All Blacks"|one of many]] national team nicknames related to the [[All Blacks]].

{{As of|2025|05|14}}, the team is ranked 5th in [[Test cricket|Tests]], second in [[One Day International|ODIs]] and 4th in [[Twenty20 International|T20Is]] by the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]].<ref name="ICC rankings - ICC Test, ODI and Twenty20 rankings">{{Cite web |title=ICC rankings – ICC Test, ODI and Twenty20 rankings – ESPN Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/rankings/content/page/211271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303202904/http://www.espncricinfo.com/rankings/content/page/211271.html |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

As of 2022, the team has participated in all the 29 ICC Men's events taking place from 1975 onwards and have made six final appearances out of which they won two titles. In October 2000, they won the [[ICC Champions Trophy|ICC Knockout Trophy]] (now called ICC Champions Trophy). In June 2021, they won the inaugural [[2021 World Test Championship final|ICC World Test Championship 2020-21]].

==History==
===Beginnings of cricket in New Zealand===
{{See also|History of cricket in New Zealand to 1890}}
The reverend [[Henry Williams (missionary)|Henry Williams]] provided history with the first report of a game of cricket in New Zealand, when he wrote in his diary in December 1832 about boys in and around [[Paihia]] on Horotutu Beach playing cricket. In 1835, [[Charles Darwin]] and {{HMS|Beagle}} called into the [[Bay of Islands]] on its epic circumnavigation of the Earth and Darwin witnessed a game of cricket played by freed Māori slaves and the son of a missionary at Waimate North. Darwin in ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle]]'' wrote:<ref>The Summer Game by D.O & P.W. Neely 1994 Page 11</ref>

<blockquote>
several young men redeemed by the missionaries from slavery were employed on the farm. In the evening I saw a party of them at cricket.
</blockquote>

The first recorded game of cricket in New Zealand took place in [[Wellington]] in December 1842. The ''Wellington Spectator'' reports a game on 28 December 1842 played by a "Red" team and a "Blue" team from the Wellington Club. The first fully recorded match was reported by the ''Examiner'' in [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] between the Surveyors and Nelson in March 1844.

The first team to tour New Zealand was Parr's all England XI in 1863–64. Between 1864 and 1914, 22 foreign teams toured New Zealand. England sent 6 teams, Australia 15 and one from [[Fiji]].

===First national team===
[[File:DL PX 135 Cricket 1894 01 SLNSW FL10366757.jpg|thumb|Australia v Canterbury, Lancaster Park, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1 February 1894]]
{{See also|History of cricket in New Zealand from 1890–91 to 1918}}
On 15–17 February 1894 the first team representing New Zealand played New South Wales at Lancaster Park in Christchurch. New South Wales won by 160 runs. New South Wales returned again in 1895–96 and New Zealand won the solitary game by 142 runs, its first victory. The New Zealand Cricket Council was formed towards the end of 1894.

New Zealand played its first two internationals (not Tests) in 1904–05 against a star-studded Australia team containing such players as [[Victor Trumper]], [[Warwick Armstrong]] and [[Clem Hill]]. Rain saved New Zealand from a thrashing in the first match, but not the second, which New Zealand lost by an innings and 358 runs – currently the second-largest defeat in New Zealand first-class history.

===Inter-war period===
{{see also|History of cricket in New Zealand from 1918–19 to 1945}}
In 1927 [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 1927|they toured England]] for the first time. They played 26 first-class matches, mostly against county teams. They won seven matches, including those against [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]], [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]], [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] and [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club|Derbyshire]]. On the strength of the performances of this tour New Zealand was granted [[Test status]].

In 1929/30 the [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 1929–30|English team toured the country]] and played 4 Tests all of 3 days in duration. New Zealand lost its first Test match but drew the next 3. In the second Test [[Stewie Dempster]] and [[John Mills (cricketer, born 1905)|Jackie Mills]] put on 276 for the first wicket. This is still the highest partnership for New Zealand against England. New Zealand first played South Africa in 1931–32 in a three match series but were unable to secure Test matches against any teams other than England before [[World War II]] ended all Test cricket for 7 years. A Test tour by Australia, planned for February and March 1940, was cancelled after the outbreak of the war.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=8 July 1939 |title=Australian cricket team: Tour of New Zealand |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19390708.2.186.31 |url-status=live |journal=Evening Star |page=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329061707/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19390708.2.186.31 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=22 June 1939 |title=Bradman may lead Australian team on tour of N.Z. |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390622.2.179 |url-status=live |journal=Auckland Star |page=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329074455/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19390622.2.179 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=30 November 1939 |title=Australian tour abandoned: 'Difficulties caused by war' |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19391130.2.86 |url-status=live |journal=Press |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329074508/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19391130.2.86 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>

===After World War II===
{{see also|History of cricket in New Zealand from 1945–46 to 1970}}
New Zealand's first Test after the war was against Australia in 1945/46. This game was not considered a "Test" at the time but it was granted Test status retrospectively by the [[International Cricket Council]] in March 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstats.com.au/zArchive/1940s/1945NA/1945NA.htm|title=Test Cricket Tours - Australia to New Zealand 1945-46}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzc.nz/media/1184/nzcm_mag08.pdf|title=NEW ZEALAND CRICKET MUSEUM}}</ref> The New Zealand players who appeared in this match probably did not appreciate this move by the ICC as New Zealand were dismissed for 42 and 54. The [[New Zealand Cricket Council]]'s unwillingness to pay Australian players a decent allowance to tour New Zealand ensured that this was the only Test Australia played against New Zealand between 1929 and 1972.

In 1949 New Zealand sent one of its best-ever teams to England. It contained [[Bert Sutcliffe]], [[Martin Donnelly (cricketer)|Martin Donnelly]], [[John Richard Reid|John R. Reid]] and [[Jack Cowie]]. However, 3-day Test matches ensured that all 4 Tests were drawn. Many have regarded the 1949 tour of England among New Zealand's best ever touring performances. All four tests were high-scoring despite being draws and Martin Donnelly's 206 at Lord's hailed as one of the finest innings ever seen there.<ref name="nzhistory.net.nz">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=New Zealand cricket Page 4 – Playing England |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/cricket-in-nz/playing-england |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207072607/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/cricket-in-nz/playing-england |archive-date=7 February 2015 |access-date=7 February 2015 |publisher=NZHistory}}</ref> Despite being winless, New Zealand did not lose a test either. Prior to this, only the legendary 1948 Australian team, led by the great [[Don Bradman]], had achieved this.

New Zealand played its first matches against the West Indies in 1951–52, and Pakistan and India in 1955/56.

In 1954/55 New Zealand recorded the lowest ever innings total, 26 against England.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/new-zealand-cricket-team-bowled-out-for-26#:~:text=Events%20in%20March,overs%20to%20amass%2026%20runs.|title=NZ cricketers skittled for 26}}</ref> The following season New Zealand achieved its first Test victory. The first 3 Tests of a 4 Test series were won easily by the West Indies but New Zealand won the fourth to notch up its first Test victory. It had taken them 45 matches and 26 years to attain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=New Zealand's first test cricket victory |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/new-zealand-cricket-team-achieves-its-first-ever-test-victory-defeating-the-west-indies |access-date=12 March 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]}}</ref>

{{Test match
| date = 9, 10, 12, 13 March 1956
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 255 all out (166.5 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 145 all out (78.3 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 157 all out (80 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 77 all out (45.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[John Richard Reid|John R. Reid]] 84
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Tom Dewdney]] 5/21 (19.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hammond Furlonge]] 64
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harry Cave]] 4/22 (27.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sammy Guillen]] 41
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Denis Atkinson]] 7/53 (40 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Everton Weekes]] 31
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Harry Cave]] 4/21 (13.1 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 190 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62810.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]
| umpires = [[Clyde Harris]] (NZL) and Terry Pearce (NZL)
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and chose to bat
| notes =
}}

In the next 20 years, New Zealand won only seven more Tests. For most of this period New Zealand lacked a class bowler to lead their attack although they had two excellent batsmen in [[Bert Sutcliffe]] and [[Glenn Turner]] and a great all-rounder in [[John Richard Reid|John R. Reid]].

Reid captained New Zealand on a tour to South Africa in 1961–62 where the five-test series was drawn 2–2. The victories in the third and fifth tests were the first overseas victories New Zealand achieved. Reid scored 1,915 runs in the tour, setting a record for the most runs scored by a touring batsman of South Africa as a result.<ref name="Outstanding Achievements">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2009 |title=Outstanding Achievements |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/cricket-mens/page-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207074145/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/cricket-mens/page-5 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |access-date=7 February 2015 |publisher=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref>

New Zealand won their first test series in their three match 1969/70 tour of Pakistan 1–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1970 |title=New Zealand in Pakistan Test Series, 1969/70 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/engine/series/60430.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326182401/http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/engine/series/60430.html |archive-date=26 March 2015 |access-date=7 February 2015 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> This was the first ever series win by New Zealand after almost 40 years and 30 consecutive winless series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most consecutive series without victory |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283918.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055007/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283918.html |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===1970 to 2000===
{{see also|History of cricket in New Zealand from 1970-71 to 2000}}
[[File:Scoreboard_-_NZ_v_England,_Wellington,_February_1978.jpg|thumb|Scoreboard – [[Basin Reserve]], February 1978. NZ's first win over England]]
In 1973 [[Richard Hadlee]] debuted and the rate at which New Zealand won Tests picked up dramatically. Hadlee was one of the best pace bowlers of his generation, playing 86 Tests for New Zealand before he retired in 1990. Of the 86 Tests that Hadlee played in New Zealand won 22 and lost 28. In 1977/78 New Zealand won its first Test against England, at the 48th attempt. Hadlee took 10 wickets in the match.

During the 1980s New Zealand also had the services of one of its best-ever batsman, [[Martin Crowe]] and a number of good players such as [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]], [[Bruce Edgar]], [[John Fulton Reid|John F. Reid]], [[Andrew Jones (cricketer, born 1959)|Andrew Jones]], [[Geoff Howarth]], [[Jeremy Coney]], [[Ian Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Ian Smith]], [[John Bracewell]], [[Lance Cairns]], [[Stephen Boock]], and [[Ewen Chatfield]], who were capable of playing the occasional match-winning performance and consistently making a valuable contribution to a Test match.

The best example of New Zealand's two star players (R. Hadlee and M. Crowe) putting in match-winning performances and other players making good contributions is New Zealand versus Australia, 1985 at Brisbane.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/938095/i-was-there-new-zealand-s-first-test-win-in-australia-1985|title=Hadlee's greatest hits}}</ref> In Australia's first innings Hadlee took 9–52.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1247899/jason-gillespie---to-get-nine-wickets-in-an-innings--i-had-never-seen-anything-like-that|title=Jason Gillespie: 'To get nine wickets in an innings, I had never seen anything like that'}}</ref> In New Zealand's only innings, M Crowe scored 188 and John F. Reid 108. Edgar, Wright, Coney, Jeff Crowe, V. Brown, and Hadlee scored between 17 and 54*. In Australia's second innings, Hadlee took 6–71 and Chatfield 3–75. New Zealand won by an innings and 41 runs.

{{Test match
| date = 8–12 November 1985
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 179 (76.4 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 553/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (161 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 333 (116.5 overs
| score-team2-inns2 =
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kepler Wessels]] 70 (186)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Richard Hadlee]] 9/52 (23.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Martin Crowe]] 188 (328)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Greg Matthews]] 3/110 (31 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Allan Border]] 152* (301)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Richard Hadlee]] 6/71 (28.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| result = New Zealand won by an innings and 41 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63415.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Tony Crafter]] (Aus) and [[Dick French]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Richard Hadlee]] (NZ)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| notes =
}}

One-day cricket also gave New Zealand a chance to compete more regularly than Test cricket with the better teams in world cricket. In one-day cricket a batsman does not need to score centuries to win games for his team and bowlers do not need to bowl the opposition out. One-day games can be won by one batsman getting a 50, a few others getting 30s, bowlers bowling economically and everyone fielding well. These were requirements New Zealand players could consistently meet and thus developed a good one-day record against all teams.

Perhaps New Zealand's most infamous one-day match was the [[Underarm bowling incident of 1981|"under arm" match]] against Australia at the [[Melbourne Cricket ground|MCG]] in 1981. Requiring six runs to tie the match off the final ball, Australian captain [[Greg Chappell]] instructed his brother [[Trevor Chappell|Trevor]] to bowl the ball underarm along the wicket to prevent New Zealand batsman Brian McKechnie from hitting a six. The Australian umpires ruled the move as legal even though to this day many believe it was one of the most unsporting decisions made in cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virginmedia.com/sport/galleries/cheats.php?ssid=3 |title=Top ten sporting cheats: 8. Greg Chappell |publisher=Virgin Media |work=Sport |access-date=12 July 2008 |quote=Cheating? It wasn't against the rules – but it certainly wasn't cricket.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2004/s1035164.htm |title=Underarm incident was a cry for help: Greg Chappell |last=Knight |first=Ben |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |work=ABC Local Radio: The World Today |date=30 January 2004 |access-date=12 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/hindsight/the-underarm-ball-that-changed-cricket/22072/1|title=The Underarm Ball That Changed Cricket|first=Abhishek|last=Raghunath|work=[[Forbes India]]|date=11 February 2011|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>

When New Zealand next played in the tri-series in Australia in 1983, [[Lance Cairns]] became a cult hero for his one-day batting. In one match against Australia, he hit six sixes at the [[Melbourne Cricket ground|MCG]], one of the world's largest grounds. Few fans remember that New Zealand lost this game by 149 runs. However, Lance's greatest contribution to New Zealand cricket was his son [[Chris Cairns]].

Chris Cairns made his debut one year before Hadlee retired in 1990. Cairns, one of New Zealand's best all-rounders, led the 1990s bowling attack with [[Danny Morrison (cricketer)|Danny Morrison]]. [[Stephen Fleming]], New Zealand's most prolific scorer, led the batting and the team into the 21st century. [[Nathan Astle]] and [[Craig McMillan]] also scored plenty of runs for New Zealand, but both retired earlier than expected.

[[Daniel Vettori]] made his debut as an 18-year-old in 1997, and when he took over from Fleming as captain in 2007 he was regarded as the best spinning all-rounder in world cricket. On 26 August 2009, Daniel Vettori became the eighth player and second left-arm bowler (after [[Chaminda Vaas]]) in history to take 300 wickets and score 3000 test runs, joining the illustrious club. Vettori decided to take an indefinite break from international short form cricket in 2011 but continued to represent New Zealand in Test cricket and returned for the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/vettori-drops-short-game-to-focus-on-test-cricket/story-QrD8CwduFyS3hWYQYKqVeN.html|title=Vettori drops short game to focus on Test cricket}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/archive/daniel-vettori-retires-from-international-cricket/|title=Daniel Vettori retires from international cricket}}</ref>

On 4 April 1996, New Zealand achieved a unique world record, where the whole team was adjudged Man of the Match for team performance against 4-run victory over the West Indies. This is recorded as the only time where whole team achieved such an award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1995–1996 West Indies v New Zealand – 4th Match – Georgetown, Guyana |url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Matches/MatchScorecard_ODI.asp?MatchCode=1153 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728144817/http://howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Matches/MatchScorecard_ODI.asp?MatchCode=1153 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=11 March 2017 |publisher=HowStat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4th ODI, New Zealand tour of West Indies at Georgetown, Apr 3 1996 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16203/game/64524/West-Indies-vs-New-Zealand-4th-ODI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828194336/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16203/game/64524/West-Indies-vs-New-Zealand-4th-ODI |archive-date=28 August 2017 |access-date=11 March 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fourth One-Day International – WEST INDIES v NEW ZEALAND |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151262.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405204100/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151262.html |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=2 May 2016 |website=Wisden 1997}}</ref>

{{Limited overs international
| date = 3 April 1996
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| score1 = 158 (35.5 overs)
| score2 = 154 (49.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Craig Spearman]] 41 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Laurie Williams (cricketer)|Laurie Williams]] 3/16 (4.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Roland Holder]] 49[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Cairns]] 2/17 (5.1 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 4 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16203/game/64524/West-Indies-vs-New-Zealand-4th-ODI Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bourda]], [[Georgetown, Guyana]]
| umpires = [[Clyde Duncan (umpire)|Clyde Duncan]] (WI) and [[Eddie Nicholls]] (WI)
| motm = New Zealand team (all players)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
}}

===21st century===
{{see also|History of cricket in New Zealand from 2000–01}}

New Zealand started the new millennium by winning the [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy]] in Kenya to claim their first ICC tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/remember-the-time-cairns-ganguly-nairobi-2000-1475709|title=Remember the time: Cairns, Ganguly, Nairobi, 2000}}</ref> This was a knockout tournament where teams were seeded according to their performance in Cricket World Cup 1999, the top five teams from that world cup gained direct entry to quarter-finals and while remaining six teams had to play the pre-quarter finals. New Zealand gained direct entry to quarter-finals where they faced Zimbabwe against whom they had recently lost an ODI series, after a nervy start they pulled things back and romped to a crushing 64-run victory to get through to the semis. In semis they faced Pakistan, a team who had managed to knock New Zealand out from last World Cup at this very stage. New Zealand beat Pakistan this time in a thrilling run-chase to enter the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/8th-match-icc-knock-out-nz-v-pak-statistical-highlights-93178|title=8th Match, ICC Knock Out, NZ v Pak, Statistical Highlights}}</ref> In the final, they faced India who had knocked out world champions Australia and defending champions South Africa. New Zealand won the toss and opted to bowl but the decision seemed to backfire as India romped to a 141 run opening partnership in 27 overs, New Zealand somehow managed to pull things back but the target was a daunting 265, and in reply they struggled for the most part of their innings but in the end, it was a 122-run partnership between Chris Cairns and Chris Harris that took them close the target before Cairns finished the game with two balls to spare as New Zealand won its first-ever ICC event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2000/oct/20/cricket.newzealandcricketteam|title=The rise and rise of New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2000/oct/16/cricket.iccchampionstrophy20002|title=Cairns carries Kiwis to victory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2000/oct/16/cricket.iccchampionstrophy20001|title=The ICC Knockout: a big hit}}</ref>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 October 2000
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| score1 = 264/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 265/6 (49.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 117 (130)
| wickets1 = [[Scott Styris]] 2/53 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Cairns]] 102* (113)
| wickets2 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 3/27 (7 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 4 wickets (with 2 balls remaining)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66179.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]] {{cr|KEN}}
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Chris Cairns]] (NZ)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = New Zealand won the 2000 ICC Knockout Trophy.
}}

[[Shane Bond]] played 18 Tests for NZ between 2001 and 2009 but missed far more through injury. When fit, he added a dimension to the NZ bowling attack that had been missing since Hadlee retired, taking 87 wickets at an average of 22.09.

Vettori stood down as Test captain in 2011 leading to star batsman [[Ross Taylor]] to take his place. Taylor led New Zealand for a year which included a thrilling win in a low scoring Test match against Australia in [[Hobart]], their first win over Australia since 1993. In 2012/13 [[Brendon McCullum]] became captain and new players such as [[Kane Williamson]], [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]], [[Doug Bracewell]], [[Trent Boult]] and [[Jimmy Neesham]] emerged as world-class performers. McCullum captained New Zealand to series wins against the West Indies and India in 2013/14 and both Pakistan and Sri Lanka in 2014/15 increasing New Zealand's rankings in both Test and ODI formats. In the series against India McCullum scored 302 at Wellington to become New Zealand's first Test [[List of Test cricket triple centuries|triple centurion]].

In early 2015 New Zealand made the final of the Cricket World Cup, going through the tournament undefeated until the final, where they lost to Australia by seven wickets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results {{!}} Cricket World Cup 2015 – ICC Cricket {{!}} Official Website |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/results |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320065120/http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/results |archive-date=20 March 2016 |access-date=19 March 2016 |website=www.icc-cricket.com}}</ref> In 2015 the New Zealand national cricket team played under the name of [[Aotearoa]] for their first match [[New Zealand cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2015|against Zimbabwe]] to celebrate [[Māori Language Week]].<ref name="Aotearoa">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand to play as Aotearoa |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-new-zealand-2015/content/story/903551.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730011806/http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-new-zealand-2015/content/story/903551.html |archive-date=30 July 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015 |website=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>

In mid-2015 New Zealand toured England,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand tour of England, 2015 schedule – Match details, time, venue – Cricbuzz |url=http://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-schedule/series/2284/new-zealand-tour-of-england-2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402201714/http://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-schedule/series/2284/new-zealand-tour-of-england-2015 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> performing well, drawing the Test series 1–1, and losing the One Day series, 2–3. From October to November 2015, and in February 2016, New Zealand played Australia in two Test Series, three and two games respectively. With a changing of an era in the Australian team, New Zealand was rated as a chance of winning especially in New Zealand. New Zealand lost both series by 2–0<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2016 |title=Australia v New Zealand Test series: Little brother's big chance |url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/australia-v-new-zealand-test-series-little-brothers-big-chance-20160211-gmrlqg.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315035758/http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/australia-v-new-zealand-test-series-little-brothers-big-chance-20160211-gmrlqg.html |archive-date=15 March 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

In February 2016, Kane Williamson was appointed as the captain of the team after Brendon McCullum's retirement who played his 101st and final ever test against Australia at Christchurch. Williamson's first international series as the full-time captain was Men's T20 World Cup 2016 in India in which the team won all four of its group games but lost to England in the semi-final at Delhi. After the annual rankings update on 4 May 2016 the team was awarded the No. 1 ranking in T20Is. The team then got into a rough patch after the T20WC where they would go onto lose away series to South Africa, India and Australia. In their home season they managed to beat Pakistan for the first time in a Test series in 32 years, whitewashed Bangladesh across formats, won the Chappell-Hadlee Trophy against Australia but went onto lose to South Africa in T20I, ODI and Test series.

New Zealand started the 2017 international season with a tri-series involving hosts Ireland, and Bangladesh as a preparation for upcoming Champions Trophy in England. New Zealand managed to win the tri-series as they finished at the top of the points table but the Champions Trophy turned out to be a disastrous campaign as they got knocked out by Bangladesh and ended the tournament without a single win, the worst performance for them in an ICC Event. After that the team had to wait four months for their next tour which was to India in which both the ODI and T20I series were closely contested but New Zealand lost both by a scoreline of 2–1. The home season started with whitewash of the West Indies across formats followed by whitewash of Pakistan in the ODI series but after that New Zealand lost the T20I series to Pakistan and in the process lost their No. 1 ranking in T20Is. Then they took part in the first ever T20I tri-series involving full-members the Trans-Tasman T20I Tri-Series in which they ended up runners-up to Australia and England finished third. Then they played England where they lost the ODI series but then managed to win the test series. This was their first test series win against England after 19 years and 4th overall in their 87 year old rivalry.

New Zealand played no matches in the 2018 season. In 2018–19 they began with a tour of UAE in Oct–Dec 2018 to play Pakistan. The tour started with New Zealand suffering a whitewash in the T20I series but they drew the ODI series, 1–1. New Zealand produced a stunning act of resilience to register their first away test series win against Pakistan after 49 years. This put New Zealand 3rd on the test rankings table. After this in their home season they beat Sri Lanka across formats, lost to India in the ODI series before managing to beat them in the T20I series and lastly they beat Bangladesh across formats and consequently they climbed to No. 2 spot in Test rankings.

New Zealand started the 2019 season with the Cricket World Cup in England & Wales. New Zealand had a terrific start to their World Cup campaign as they remained unbeaten and top of the table for their first six games. Their formed dipped after that initial burst as they managed to lose their next three group games convincingly and only just managed to get through to the semi-finals on net run-rate. In the semi-final, they stunned favourites India on the reserve day to reach a second consecutive final. In the [[2019 Cricket World Cup final|final]], the scores were tied after 50 overs and again after the Super Over.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=12249489|title=2019 Cricket World Cup final: England beat Black Caps in greatest ODI in history|last=Anderson|first=Niall|journal=The New Zealand Herald|date=14 July 2019|access-date=16 July 2019|issn=1170-0777|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715173614/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=12249489|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> England won by having hit more boundaries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/48983890|title=England win Cricket World Cup: Ben Stokes stars in dramatic victory over New Zealand|date=14 July 2019|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715181544/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/48983890|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/report/1144530/england-vs-new-zealand-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019|title=Epic final tied, Super Over tied, England win World Cup on boundary count|website=ESPNcricinfo|date=14 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715190820/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/report/1144530/england-vs-new-zealand-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This boundary countback rule was criticised and a couple of months later ICC abolished the rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-more-boundary-countback-as-icc-changes-super-over-regulations-1203757|title=No more boundary countback as ICC changes Super Over regulations}}</ref>

In December 2022, [[Kane Williamson]] stepped down as Test captain and was replaced by [[Tim Southee]]; Williamson remained white-ball captain. On 4 June 2025, [[Gary Stead]] was let go as head coach, as NZ Cricket opted to keep a single coach to oversee all three formats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gary Stead to step down as Black Caps head coach |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2025/06/04/gary-stead-to-step-down-as-black-caps-head-coach/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=1News |language=en}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, [[Rob Walter]] was named as his successor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Black Caps head coach named |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2025/06/06/new-black-caps-head-coach-named/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=1News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotty Stevenson: NZ Cricket favours soft power in coach appointment |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2025/06/06/scotty-stevenson-nz-cricket-favours-soft-power-in-coach-appointment/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=1News |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2024, New Zealand won their first ever test series in India winning it 3–0 through a combination of splendid bowling from [[Ajaz Patel]], [[Mitchell Santner]], [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer) ]], [[Matt Henry (cricketer)]] and [[Will O'Rourke]] and broke India's test series winning streak at home of 12 years. [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] has been a key New Zealand batter. In November 2025, after helping his team whitewash England and West Indies, he became the second New Zealand cricketer (second only to Glenn Turner) to become the best ODI batsman.<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's pretty special': Daryl Mitchell steps into rare air as World No. 1 |url=https://sportnation.nz/article/its-pretty-special-daryl-mitchell-steps-into-rare-air-as-world-no-1 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Sport Nation |language=en}}</ref> In January 2026, New Zealand won their first ever ODI series in India aided by Mitchell who scored 352 runs in the 3 matches including back to back match winning centuries with [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] also scoring a century in the decider. From this series, Daryl Mitchell rose to being the number 1 ODI batsman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitchell bests Kohli to complete uplifting rankings climb |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/mitchell-bests-kohli-to-complete-uplifting-rankings-climb |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=ICC |language=en}}</ref>

==International grounds==
{{main|List of cricket grounds in New Zealand}}
{{location map+|New Zealand|float=right|width=390|caption=Locations of all stadiums which have hosted a men's international cricket match within New Zealand since 2018|places=
{{location map~|New Zealand|label=[[Hagley Oval]]|position=top|lat=-43.541944|long=172.654167}}
{{location map~|New Zealand|label=[[Basin Reserve]]|position=right|lat=-41.300278|long=174.780278}}
{{location map~|New Zealand|label=[[Bay Oval]]|position=right|lat=-37.652814|long=176.190736}}
{{location map~|New Zealand|label=[[Eden Park]]|position=right|lat=-36.875|long=174.744722}}
{{location map~|New Zealand|label=[[McLean Park]]|position=right|lat=-39.501944|long=176.912778}}
{{location map~|New Zealand|label=[[Saxton Oval]]|position=left|lat=-41.33095|long=173.212883}}
{{location map~|New Zealand|label=[[Seddon Park]]|position=left|lat=-37.786667|long=175.274167}}
{{location map~|New Zealand|label=[[University of Otago Oval]]|position=bottom|lat=-45.865833|long=170.525278}}
{{location map~|New Zealand|label=[[Wellington Regional Stadium]]|position=bottom|lat=-41.273056|long=174.785833}}
}}

Listed chronologically in order of first match. Neutral fixtures such as World Cup and World Cup Qualifier games are included.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Venue !! City !! Representative team !! Capacity !! Years used !! Test !! ODI !! T20I
|-
!colspan="8"| Current venues
|-
| [[Basin Reserve]] || Wellington || [[Wellington cricket team|Wellington]] || 11,600 || 1930–2025 || 70 || 31 || —
|-
| [[Eden Park]] || Auckland || [[Auckland cricket team|Auckland]] || 42,000 || 1930–2025 || 50 || 80 || 32
|-
| [[McLean Park]] || Napier || [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]] || 19,700 || 1979–2025 || 10 || 47 || 6
|-
| [[Seddon Park]] || Hamilton || [[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Districts]] || 10,000 || 1981–2025 || 29 || 43 || 13
|-
| [[Wellington Regional Stadium]] || Wellington || [[Wellington cricket team|Wellington]] || 34,500 || 2000–2025 || — || 32 || 17
|-
| [[John Davies Oval]] || Queenstown || [[Otago cricket team|Otago]] || 19,000 || 2003–2023 || — || 9 || 1
|-
| [[University of Otago Oval|University Oval]] || Dunedin || [[Otago cricket team|Otago]] || 6,000 || 2008–2025 || 8 || 12 || 5
|-
| [[Saxton Oval]] || Nelson || [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]] || 6,000 || 2014–2025 || — || 12 || 5
|-
| [[Hagley Oval]] || Christchurch || [[Canterbury cricket team|Canterbury]] || 18,000 || 2014–2025 || 15 || 17 || 14
|-
| [[Bay Oval]] || Tauranga || [[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Districts]] || 10,000 || 2014–2025 || 6 || 13 || 18
|-
!colspan="8"| Former venues
|-
| [[Lancaster Park]] || Christchurch || [[Canterbury cricket team|Canterbury]] || 38,628 || 1930–2011 || 40 || 48 || 4
|-
| [[Carisbrook]] || Dunedin || [[Otago cricket team|Otago]] || 29,000 || 1955–2004 || 10 || 21 || —
|-
| [[Pukekura Park]] || New Plymouth || [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]] || || 1992 || — || 1|| —
|-
| [[Owen Delany Park]] || Taupo || [[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Districts]] || 15,000 || 1999–2001 || — || 3 || —
|-
| [[Cobham Oval]] || Whangarei || [[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Districts]] || 5,500 || 2012–2017 || — || 2 || —
|-
| [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]] || Lincoln || New Zealand Academy || || 2014 || — || 2 || —
|-
|colspan="8"| As of 22 December 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of cricket grounds in New Zealand |url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Grounds/GroundList.asp}}</ref>
|}

==Current squad==
New Zealand Cricket released the list of their 2025-2026 national contracts on 3 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=Hay, Abbas among fresh faces on New Zealand contract list |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mitch-hay-muhammad-abbas-among-fresh-faces-on-new-zealand-contract-list-1488813 |website=espncricinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=Williamson to miss Australia series under NZC casual agreement |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kane-williamson-to-miss-australia-series-under-new-zealand-cricket-casual-agreement-1502921 |website=espncricinfo.com}}</ref>

This is a list of every active player who is contracted to New Zealand Cricket, has played for New Zealand since February 2025 or was named in the recent Test, ODI or T20I squads. Uncapped players are listed in ''italics''.

''Last updated: 5 February 2026''

*Forms – This refers to the forms they've played for New Zealand in the past year, not over their whole New Zealand career
*No. – Shirt number
*C – Contracted to New Zealand Cricket (Y = Holds contract)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Name
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Age
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Batting style
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Bowling style
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Domestic team
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Forms
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | No.
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | C
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Captaincy
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Last Test
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Last ODI
! style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white; | Last T20I
|-
! colspan="12" | Batters
|-
| [[Muhammad Abbas (New Zealand cricketer)|Muhammad Abbas]]|| {{age|2003|11|29}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || ODI || || Y || || – || {{cricon|PAK}} 2025 || –
|-
| [[Finn Allen]] || {{age|1999|4|22}} || Right-handed || – || [[Auckland Aces|Auckland]] || T20I || 16 || Y || || – || {{cricon|BAN}} 2023 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Bevon Jacobs]] || {{age|2002|5|6}} || Right-handed || – || [[Auckland Aces|Auckland]] || T20I || 70 || || || – || – || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Nick Kelly (cricketer)|Nick Kelly]] || {{age|1993|7|25}} || Left-handed || – || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || ODI || 55 || || || – || {{cricon|PAK}} 2025 || –
|-
| [[Rhys Mariu]] || {{age|2001|12|15}} || Right-Handed || - || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbury]] || ODI || 25 || || || – || {{cricon|PAK}} 2025 || –
|-
| [[Henry Nicholls (cricketer)|Henry Nicholls]] || {{age|1991|11|15}} || Left-handed || – || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbury]] || Test, ODI || 86 || Y || || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|BAN}} 2021
|-
| [[Tim Robinson (New Zealand cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] || {{age|2002|4|28}} || Right-handed || – || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || T20I || 33 || || || – || {{cricon|SRI}} 2024 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025
|-
| [[Kane Williamson]] || {{age|1990|08|08}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || [[Northern Districts Knights|Northern Districts]] || Test, ODI || 22 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|ENG}} 2025 || {{cricon|PNG}} 2024
|-
| [[Will Young (cricketer)|Will Young]] || {{age|1992|11|22}} || Right-handed || – || [[Central Districts Stags|Central Districts]] || Test, ODI || 32 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|SRI}} 2024
|-
! colspan="12" | All-rounders
|-
| [[Michael Bracewell (cricketer)|Michael Bracewell]] || {{age|1991|02|14}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 4 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025
|-
| [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] || {{age|1994|6|27}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Auckland Aces|Auckland]] || ODI, T20I || 80 || Y || || – || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Zak Foulkes]] || {{age|2002|06|5}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium]] || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbrury]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 35 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] || {{age|1991|05|20}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbury]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 75 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[James Neesham]] || {{age|1990|09|17}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium fast]] || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || T20I || 50 || || || {{cricon|SA}} 2017 || {{cricon|SA}} 2023 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025
|-
| [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] || {{age|1996|12|06}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || [[Otago Volts|Otago]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 23 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Rachin Ravindra]] ||{{age|1999|11|18}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 8 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Mitchell Santner]] ||{{age|1992|02|05}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Northern Districts Knights|Northern Districts]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 74 || Y || ODI, T20I (C) || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Nathan Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Nathan Smith]] ||{{age|1998|7|15}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || Test, ODI || 10 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || –
|-
! colspan="12" | Wicket-keeper-batters
|-
| [[Tom Blundell (cricketer)|Tom Blundell]] || {{age|1990|09|01}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || Test || 66 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|BAN}} 2023 || {{cricon|PAK}} 2024
|-
| [[Devon Conway]] || {{age|1991|07|08}} || Left-handed || – || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 88 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Mitchell Hay]] || {{age|2000|8|20}} || Right-handed || – || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbury]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 81 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025
|-
| [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] || {{age|1992|04|02}} || Left-handed || – || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbury]] || Test, ODI || 48 || Y || Test (C) || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|PAK}} 2023
|-
| [[Tim Seifert]] || {{age|1994|12|14}} || Right-handed || – || [[Northern Districts Knights|Northern Districts]] || ODI, T20I || 43 || Y || || – || {{cricon|PAK}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
! colspan="12" | Pace Bowlers
|-
| [[Kristian Clarke]] || {{age|2001|3|06}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium]] || [[Northern Districts Knights|Northern Districts]] || ODI, T20I || 34 || || || – || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Jacob Duffy]] || {{age|1994|8|02}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|fast medium]] || [[Otago Volts|Otago]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 27 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
|[[Matthew Fisher (New Zealand cricketer)|Matthew Fisher]] || {{age|1999|11|10}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|fast medium]] || [[Northern Districts Knights|Northern Districts]] || Test || || || || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025 || – || –
|-
| [[Lockie Ferguson]] || {{Age|1991|06|13}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|fast]] || [[Auckland Aces|Auckland]] || T20I || 69 || Y || || {{cricon|AUS}} 2019 || {{cricon|IND}} 2023 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]] || {{age|1991|12|14}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|fast medium]] || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbury]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 21 || Y || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Kyle Jamieson]] || {{age|1994|12|30}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|fast medium]] || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbury]] || ODI, T20I || 12 || Y || || {{cricon|SA}} 2024 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
| [[Adam Milne]] || {{Age|1992|04|13}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|fast]] || [[Central Districts Stags|Central Districts]] || T20I || 20 || || || – || {{cricon|SRI}} 2024 || {{cricon|SA}} 2025
|-
| [[William O'Rourke (cricketer)|Will O'Rourke]] || {{age|2001|8|6}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|fast]] || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbury]] || Test, ODI, T20I || 2 || Y || || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025 || {{cricon|PAK}} 2025 || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025
|-
| [[Michael Rae]] || {{age|1995|6|13}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium fast]] || [[Canterbury Kings|Canterbury]] || Test || || || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || – || –
|-
| [[Ben Sears]] || {{age|1998|2|11}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium fast]] || [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington]] || ODI, T20I || 14 || Y || || {{cricon|AUS}} 2024 || {{cricon|PAK}} 2025 || {{cricon|AUS}} 2025
|-
| [[Blair Tickner]] || {{age|1993|10|13}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium fast]] || [[Central Districts Stags|Central Districts]] || ODI || 13 || || || {{cricon|SRI}} 2023 || {{cricon|ENG}} 2025 || {{cricon|PAK}} 2023
|-
! colspan="12" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| [[Adithya Ashok]] || {{age|2002|10|05}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] || [[Central Districts Stags|Central Districts]] || ODI || – || Y || || – || {{cricon|IND}} 2026 || {{cricon|UAE}} 2023
|-
| [[Ajaz Patel]] || {{age|1988|10|21}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Central Districts Stags|Central Districts]] || Test || 24 || || || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || – || {{cricon|BAN}} 2021
|-
| [[Ish Sodhi]] || {{age|1992|10|31}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] || [[Northern Districts Knights|Northern Districts]] || T20I || 61 || || || {{cricon|IND}} 2024 || {{cricon|SRI}} 2024 || {{cricon|IND}} 2026
|-
|}

==Coaching staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:black; color:white; text-align:center; | Position
! style="background:black; color:white; text-align:center; | Name
|-
| Team manager ||
|-
| Head coach ||
|-
| Batting coach ||
|-
| Bowling coach ||
|-
| Fielding coach ||
|-
| Physiotherapist || Tommy Simsek
|-
| Strength and conditioning coach || [[Chris Donaldson]]
|}

===Coaching history===
*1985–1987: [[Glenn Turner]]
*1987–1990: Bob Cunis
*1990–1993: [[Warren Lees]]
*1993–1995: [[Geoff Howarth]]
*1995–1996: [[Glenn Turner]]
*1996–1999: [[Steve Rixon]]
*1999–2001: [[David Trist]]
*2001–2003: [[Denis Aberhart]]
*2003–2008: [[John Bracewell]]
*2008–2009: [[Andy Moles]]
*2010: [[Mark Greatbatch]]
*2010–2012: [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]]
*2012–2018: [[Mike Hesson]]
*2018–2025: [[Gary Stead]]
*2025-present: [[Rob Walter]]

==Team colours==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left:1em; float:right"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Sponsor (chest)
!Sponsor (sleeves)
|-
|1980–1989
|rowspan=2|[[Adidas]]
|
|
|-
|1990
|rowspan=4|[[DB Draught]]
|
|-
|1991
|
|
|-
|1992
|rowspan=4|[[ISC (sportswear)|ISC]]
|
|-
|1993–1994
|[[Bank of New Zealand]]
|-
|1995–1996
|
|rowspan=2|[[DB Draught]]
|-
|1997
|rowspan=3|[[Bank of New Zealand]]
|-
|1998
|[[Canterbury of New Zealand|Canterbury]]
|rowspan=2|[[TelstraClear]]
|-
|1999
|[[Asics]]
|-
|2000
|rowspan=4|WStar
|[[TelstraClear]]
|
|-
|2001–2005
|rowspan=5|[[National Bank of New Zealand]]
|[[TelstraClear]]
|-
|2006–2008
|
|-
|2009
|rowspan=2|[[Dheeraj & East Coast]]
|-
|2010
|rowspan=5|[[Canterbury of New Zealand|Canterbury]]
|-
|2011–2014
|rowspan=2|[[Ford Motors|Ford]]
|-
|2015–2016
| rowspan="4" |[[ANZ Bank New Zealand|ANZ]]
|-
|2017
| rowspan="3" |[[ANZ Bank New Zealand|ANZ]]
|-
|2018–2024
|-
|2024
|[[Castore]]
|}

New Zealand's kit is manufactured by [[Canterbury of New Zealand]], who replaced previous manufacturer WStar in 2009. When playing Test cricket, New Zealand's [[Cricket clothing and equipment|cricket whites]] feature logo of the sponsors [[Gillette]] on the left of the shirt, the [[ANZ Bank New Zealand|ANZ]] logo on the left sleeve and on the middle of the shirt and the Canterbury logo on the right sleeve. New Zealand fielders may wear a black cap (in the style of a [[baseball cap]] rather than the baggy cap worn by some teams) or a white sun hat with the New Zealand Cricket logo in the middle. Helmets are also coloured black (although until 1996, they used to be white with the silver fern logo encased in a black circle).

In [[limited overs cricket]], New Zealand's ODI and Twenty20 shirts feature the ANZ logo across the centre, with the silver fern badge on the left of the shirt, Canterbury logo on the right sleeve and the Ford logo on the right. In ODIs, the kit comprises a black shirt with blue accents and black trousers, whilst the Twenty20 kit comprises a beige shirt with black accents and black trousers. In [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] limited-overs tournaments, a modified kit design is used with sponsor's logos moving to the sleeve and 'NEW ZEALAND' printed across the front.

In ODI, New Zealand wore Beige and brown between 1980 World Series Cricket and 1988 World Series Cricket. The 1983–1984 version was made popular by the Black Caps supporter group [[Beige Brigade]], who sells the version of this uniform to the general public together with a "moral contract" which explains the expectations that come with being a Beige Brigadier. and was also worn in the inaugural Twenty20 international between New Zealand and Australia. Between 1991 and 1997 grey or silver (with some splashes of black or white) was worn instead. Until 2000, the ODI uniform was teal with black accents.

Previous suppliers were Adidas (World Series Cricket 1980–1990), ISC (World Cup World Cup 1992 and 1996, World Series 1993–97) Canterbury (1998–1999), Asics (who supplied all the 1999 Cricket World Cup participating teams) and WStar (2000–2009).

Previous sponsors were [[DB Draught]] (1990–1994 in the front, 1995–1997 in the sleeve), [[Bank of New Zealand]] (1993–94 and 1997–99 in the front), [[Clear Communications]], later [[TelstraClear]] (1997–2000 in the front, 2001–2005 in the sleeve), [[National Bank of New Zealand]] (2000–2014) and [[Dheeraj and East Coast]] (2009–2010),<ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Cricket Museum Shop – Poster: NZ ODI Shirts |work=NZ CRICKET MUSEUM |url=http://nzcricketmuseum.co.nz/product/poster-nz-odi-shirts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202403/http://nzcricketmuseum.co.nz/product/poster-nz-odi-shirts/ |archive-date=8 September 2018 |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> since 2014 [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]] is the current sponsor, due to National Bank's rebranding as ANZ. [[Amul]] became the new sponsor in May 2017 for the [[ICC Champions Trophy 2017|ICC CT]].

[[2023 Cricket World Cup|ICC World Cup 2023]] started on 5 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=World Cup 2023: New Zealand won the Warm up Match against South Africa by 7 runs (DLS method) |url=https://theblogscorner.news.blog/2023/10/02/world-cup-2023-new-zealand-won-the-warm-up-match-against-south-africa-by-7-runs-dls-method/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=TheBlogsCorner |language=en}}</ref> They have ended their journey to this tournament by getting defeated to India by 70 runs in the semi-final.

In December 2023, there had been a six-year deal with [[Castore]] to manufacture their kits starting from October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NZC inks new deal with Castore |url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/nzc-inks-new-deal-with-castore/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=NZC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Euan |date=20 December 2023 |title=New Zealand Cricket in tie-up with Castore |url=https://www.sportcal.com/sponsorship/new-zealand-cricket-in-tie-up-with-castore/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Sportcal |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Tournament history==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Key'''
|style="background:gold" width="20"|
|align="left"| '''Champions'''
|-
|style="background:silver" width="20"|
|align="left"| '''Runners-up'''
|-
|style="background:#CD7F32" width="20"|
|align="left"| '''Semi-Finalists'''
|}

===ICC Men's Cricket World Cup===

====England 1975====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|{{cricon|East Africa}} [[East Africa cricket team|EA]] '''W''' 181 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 80 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 4 wickets
|2 '''Q'''
||{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''L''' 5 wickets
|Did Not Qualify
|4
|}

====England 1979====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 9 wickets
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 8 wickets
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''L''' 32 runs
|2 '''Q'''
||{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 9 runs
|Did Not Qualify
|4
|}

====England & Wales 1983====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=7|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 106 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 52 runs
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 2 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 3 wickets
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 11 runs
|3
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|5
|}

====India & Pakistan 1987====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=7|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|ZIM]] '''W''' 3 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''L''' 16 runs
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 3 runs
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|ZIM]] '''W''' 4 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 17 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''L''' 9 wickets
|3
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|6
|}

====Australia & New Zealand 1992====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=9|League Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''W''' 37 runs
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|RSA|1982}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|ZIM]] '''W''' 48 runs (Rain Rule)
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 4 wickets
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 4 wickets
|Did Not Qualify
|{{bronze3}}
|}

====India, Pakistan & Sri Lanka 1996====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=6|Group Stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 11 runs
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands national cricket team|NED]] '''W''' 119 runs
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] '''W''' 109 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 46 runs
|3 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 6 wickets
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|7
|}

====England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland & The Netherlands 1999====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=6|Group Stage
!colspan=4|Super 6
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 62 runs
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland national cricket team|SCO]] '''W''' 6 wickets
|3 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|ZIM]] '''NR'''
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 74 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|4 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 9 wickets
|Did Not Qualify
|4
|}

====South Africa, Zimbabwe & Kenya 2003====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=7|Pool Stage
!colspan=4|Super 6
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 47 runs
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''W''' 20 runs
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 9 wickets (D/L)
|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya national cricket team|KEN]] '''L''' Forfeit
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada national cricket team|CAN]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|3 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|ZIM]] '''W''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 96 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|5
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|5
|}

====West Indies 2007====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!colspan=7|Super 8
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya national cricket team|KEN]] '''W''' 148 runs
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada national cricket team|CAN]] '''W''' 114 runs
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''W''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 9 wickets
|{{cricon|IRE}} [[Ireland cricket team|IRE]] '''W''' 129 runs
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 215 runs
|3 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 81 runs
|Did Not Qualify
|{{bronze3}}
|}

====India, Sri Lanka & Bangladesh 2011====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=7|Group Stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya national cricket team|KEN]] '''W''' 10 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|ZIM]] '''W''' 10 wickets
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 110 runs
|{{cricon|CAN}} [[Canada national cricket team|CAN]] '''W''' 97 runs
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 112 runs
|4 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 49 runs
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 5 wickets
|Did Not Qualify
|4
|}

====Australia & New Zealand 2015====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=7|Pool Stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 98 runs
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland national cricket team|SCO]] '''W''' 3 wickets
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 8 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''W''' 1 wicket
|{{cricon|AFG}} [[Afghanistan national cricket team|AFG]] '''W''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 3 wickets
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''W''' 143 runs
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 4 wickets (DLS)
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|{{silver2}}
|}

====England & Wales 2019====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=10|League Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 10 wickets
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 2 wickets
|{{cricon|AFG}} [[Afghanistan national cricket team|AFG]] '''W''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''NR'''
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 4 wickets
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''W''' 5 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 86 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 119 runs
|4 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 18 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 9 boundaries
|{{silver2}}
|}

====India 2023====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=10|League Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 9 wickets
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands national cricket team|NED]] '''W''' 99 runs
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 8 wickets
|{{cricon|AFG}} [[Afghanistan national cricket team|AFG]] '''W''' 149 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''L''' 4 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 5 runs
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 190 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 21 runs (DLS)
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|4 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''L''' 70 runs
|Did Not Qualify
|4
|}

===ICC Men's T20 World Cup===
{{main|New Zealand at the T20 World Cup}}

====South Africa 2007====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=3|Group Stage
!colspan=4|Super 8
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya national cricket team|KEN]] '''W''' 9 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 10 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 5 runs
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 6 wickets
|2 '''Q'''
||{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 6 wickets
|Did Not Qualify
|4
|}

====England 2009====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=3|Group Stage
!colspan=4|Super 8
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland national cricket team|SCO]] '''W''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 1 run
|2 '''Q'''
|{{cricon|IRE}} [[Ireland cricket team|IRE]] '''W''' 83 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 48 runs
|3
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|5
|}

====West Indies 2010====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=3|Group Stage
!colspan=4|Super 8
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 2 wickets
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|ZIM]] '''W''' 7 runs (D/L)
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 13 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 1 run
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 3 wickets
|3
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|5
|}

====Sri Lanka 2012====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=3|Group Stage
!colspan=4|Super 8
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 59 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 13 runs
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' Super Over
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''L''' Super Over
|4
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|7
|}

====Bangladesh 2014====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|First Round
!colspan=5|Super 10
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|colspan=4|'''Q'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 5 runs (D/L)
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 2 runs
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands national cricket team|NED]] '''W''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 59 runs
|3
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|6
|}

====India 2016====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|First Round
!colspan=5|Super 10
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|colspan=4|'''Q'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 47 runs
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''W''' 8 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 22 runs
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 75 runs
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|Did Not Qualify
|{{Bronze3}}
|}

====UAE & Oman 2021====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|First Round
!colspan=6|Super 12
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
|colspan=4|'''Q'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 8 wickets
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland national cricket team|SCO]] '''W''' 16 runs
|{{flagicon|NAM}} [[Namibia national cricket team|NAM]] '''W''' 52 runs
|{{cricon|AFG}} [[Afghanistan national cricket team|AFG]] '''W''' 8 wickets
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 8 wickets
|{{Silver2}}
|}

====Australia 2022====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|First Round
!colspan=6|Super 12
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|colspan=4|'''Q'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''W''' 89 runs
|{{cricon|AFG}} [[Afghanistan national cricket team|AFG]] '''NR'''
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 65 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 20 runs
|{{cricon|IRE}} [[Ireland cricket team|IRE]] '''W''' 35 runs
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|Did Not Qualify
|4
|}

====West Indies & USA 2024====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=5|Group Stage
!colspan=4|Super 8
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{cricon|AFG}} [[Afghanistan national cricket team|AFG]] '''L''' 84 runs
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''L''' 13 runs
|{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Uganda national cricket team|UGA]] '''W''' 9 wickets
|{{flagicon|PNG}} [[Papua New Guinea cricket team|PNG]] '''W''' 7 wickets
|3
|colspan=6|Did Not Qualify
|10
|}

====India & Sri Lanka 2026====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=5|Group Stage
!colspan=4|Super 8
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
|{{cricon|AFG}} [[Afghanistan national cricket team|AFG]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] '''W''' 10 wickets
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada national cricket team|CAN]] '''W''' 8 wickets
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''NR'''
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 61 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England national cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 4 wickets
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 9 wickets
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''L''' 96 runs
|{{Silver2}}
|}

===ICC World Test Championship===

====2019-21====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=14|League Stage
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#FFD700"
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 6 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' Inns & 65 runs
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 296 runs
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 247 runs
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 279 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 10 wickets
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''Aug 2020''' Canceled
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''Aug 2020''' Canceled
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''W''' Inns & 134 runs
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''W''' Inns & 12 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 101 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' Inns & 176 runs
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 8 wickets
|{{gold1}}
|}

====2021-23====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=14|League Stage
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''D'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''L''' 372 runs
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''L''' 8 wickets
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' Inns & 117 runs
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' Inns & 276 runs
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 198 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''D'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''D'''
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 2 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' Inns & 58 runs
|6
|Did Not Qualify
|6
|}

====2023-25====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=15|League Stage
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''L''' 150 runs
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 4 wickets
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 281 runs
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 172 runs
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 3 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 63 runs
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' Inns & 154 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 8 wickets
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 113 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 25 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 8 wickets
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 323 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 423 runs
|4
|Did Not Qualify
|4
|}

====2025-27====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=17|League Stage
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''D'''
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''W''' 9 wickets
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|WI]] '''W''' 323 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''4-8 Jun 2026'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''17-21 Jun 2026'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''25-29 Jun 2026'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''Nov 2026'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''Dec 2026'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''9-13 Dec 2026'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''17-21 Dec 2026'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''26-30 Dec 2026'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''4-8 Jan 2027'''
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''Jan 2027'''
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''Jan 2027'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''Mar 2027'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''Mar 2027'''
|2
|
|
|}

===ICC Champions Trophy===

====Bangladesh 1998====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!Pre-Quarterfinal
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|ZIM]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''L''' 5 wickets
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|7
|}

====Kenya 2000====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!Pre-Quarterfinal
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#FFD700"
|'''Q'''
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|ZIM]] '''W''' 64 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 4 wickets
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''W''' 4 wickets
|{{gold1}}
|}

====Sri Lanka 2002====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=3|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 164 runs
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 167 runs
|2
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|8
|}

====England 2004====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=3|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States national cricket team|USA]] '''W''' 210 runs
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|2
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|5
|}

====India 2006====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|Qualifying Group
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|colspan=4|'''Q'''
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 87 runs
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 7 wickets
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 51 runs
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 34 runs
|Did Not Qualify
|4
|}

====South Africa 2009====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''L''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 38 runs
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''W''' 4 wickets
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 6 wickets
|{{silver2}}
|}

====England & Wales 2013====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 1 wicket
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''NR'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 10 runs
|3
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|5
|}

====England & Wales 2017====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''NR'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|ENG]] '''L''' 87 runs
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''L''' 5 wickets
|4
|colspan=2|Did Not Qualify
|8
|}

====Pakistan & UAE 2025====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 60 runs
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national cricket team|BAN]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''L''' 44 runs
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|SA]] '''W''' 50 runs
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|IND]] '''L''' 4 wickets
|{{silver2}}
|}

===Commonwealth Games===

====Kuala Lumpur 1998====

{| class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!colspan=4|Group stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final/BM
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- style="background:#CD7F32"
|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya national cricket team|KEN]] '''W''' 5 wickets
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland national cricket team|SCO]] '''W''' 177 runs
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]] '''W''' 81 runs
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|AUS]] '''L''' 9 wickets
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|SL]] '''W''' 51 runs
|{{Bronze3}}
|}

==Honours==
===ICC===
*'''[[World Test Championship]]'''
**'''Champions (1):''' [[2019–2021 World Test Championship|2019–2021]]
*'''[[ICC Cricket World Cup|World Cup]]'''
**'''Runners-up (2):''' [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]]
*'''[[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]]'''
**'''Runners-up (2):''' [[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]], [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]]
*'''[[ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]'''
**'''Champions (1):''' [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy|2000]]
**'''Runners-up (2):''' [[2009 ICC Champions Trophy|2009]], [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy|2025]]

===Others===
*'''[[Cricket at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]'''
**'''Bronze medal (1):''' [[Cricket at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|1998]]

==Result summary==

{{main|New Zealand national cricket team record by opponent}}

===Test matches===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style=align:center;
|-
! width="130" rowspan="2" | Opposition
! width="130" rowspan="2" | Span
! colspan="8" | Series
! colspan="9" | Matches
|-
! width="20" | {{abbr|P|Played}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W|Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|L|Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|D|Draw}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W/L|Win/Loss}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%W|% Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%L|% Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%D|% Draw}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|P|Played}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W|Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|L|Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|D|Draw}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|T|Tied}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W/L|Win/Loss}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%W|% Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%L|% Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%D|% Draw}}
|-
| {{Cr|AUS}} || 1946–2024 || 22 || 2 || 15 || 5 || 0.13 || 9.09 || 68.18 || 22.72 || 62 || 8 || 36 || 18 || 0 || 0.22 || 12.90 || 58.06 || 29.03
|-
| {{Cr|BAN}} || 2001–2023 || 9 || 6 || 0 || 3 || — || 66.66 || 0.00 || 33.33 || 19 || 14 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 7.00 || 73.68 || 10.52 || 15.78
|-
| {{Cr|ENG}} || 1930–2024 || 40 || 6 || 25 || 9 || 0.24 || 15.00 || 62.50 || 22.50 || 115 || 14 || 54 || 47 || 0 || 0.25 || 12.17 || 46.95 || 40.86
|-
| {{Cr|IND}} || 1955–2024 || 22 || 7 || 12 || 3 || 0.58 || 31.81 || 54.54 || 13.63 || 65 || 16 || 22 || 27 || 0 || 0.72 || 24.61 || 33.84 || 41.53
|-
| {{Cr|PAK}} || 1955–2023 || 23 || 5 || 11 || 7 || 0.45 || 21.74 || 47.83 || 30.43 || 62 || 14 || 25 || 23 || 0 || 0.56 || 22.58 || 40.32 || 37.09
|-
| {{Cr|SA}} || 1932–2024 || 17 || 1 || 12 || 4 || 0.08 || 5.88 || 70.59 || 23.53 || 49 || 7 || 26 || 16 || 0 || 0.26 || 14.28 || 53.06 || 32.65
|-
| {{Cr|SL}} || 1983–2024 || 19 || 8 || 5 || 6 || 1.60 || 42.10 || 26.31 || 31.57 || 40 || 18 || 11 || 11 || 0 || 1.63 || 45.00 || 27.50 || 27.50
|-
| {{Cr|WIN}} || 1952–2020 || 18 || 8 || 6 || 4 || 1.33 || 44.44 || 33.33 || 22.22 || 49 || 17 || 13 || 19 || 0 || 1.30 || 34.69 || 26.53 || 38.77
|-
| {{Cr|ZIM}} || 1992–2025 || 8 || 6 || 0 || 2 || — || 75.00 || 0.00 || 25.00 || 19 || 13 || 0 || 6 || 0 || — || 68.42 || 0.00 || 31.57
|-
| '''Summary''' || '''1930–2025''' || '''178''' || '''49''' || '''86''' || '''43''' || '''0.57''' || '''27.53''' || '''48.31''' || '''24.16''' || '''480''' || '''121''' || '''189''' || '''170''' || '''0''' || '''0.64''' || '''25.20''' || '''39.37''' || '''35.41'''
|-
| colspan=19| Last updated: 9 August 2025 ''Source: ESPNCricInfo<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-results-summary/new-zealand-5/test-matches-1 |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>''
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Only bilateral series wherein a minimum of 2 matches were played have been included here. One-off matches are not credited as a bilateral series.

===ODI matches===

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; text-align: center"
|-
! width="130" rowspan="2" | Opposition
! width="130" rowspan="2" | Span
! colspan="8" | Series
! colspan="8" | Matches
|-
! width="20" | {{abbr|P|Played}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W|Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|L|Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|D|Draw}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W/L|Win/Loss}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%W|% Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%L|% Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%D|% Draw}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|P|Played}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W|Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|L|Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|T|Tied}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|Tie+W|Tie+Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|Tie+L|Tie+Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|N/R|No result}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%W|% Won}}
|-
| {{Cr|AFG|2013}} || 2015–2023 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|AUS}} || 1974–2023 || 17 || 3 || 10 || 4 || 0.30 || 17.64 || 58.82 || 23.52 || 142 || 39 || 96 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 27.46
|-
| {{Cr|BAN}} || 1990–2023 || 11 || 9 || 2 || 0 || 4.50 || 81.82 || 18.18 || 0.00 || 46 || 34 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 73.91
|-
| {{Cr|CAN}} || 2003–2011 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| [[File:East Africa Cricket Team Flag.png|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[East Africa cricket team|East Africa]] || 1975–1975 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|ENG}} || 1973–2023 || 19 || 7 || 9 || 3 || 0.78 || 36.84 || 47.37 || 15.79 || 96 || 45 || 44 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 4 || 48.44
|-
| {{Cr|IND}} || 1975–2026 || 18 || 7 || 9 || 2 || 0.66 || 35.29 || 52.94 || 11.76 || 120 || 50 || 62 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 42.08
|-
| {{Cr|IRE}} || 2007–2022 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || — || 100.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|KEN}} || 2007–2011 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|NED}} || 1996–2023 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || — || 100.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|PAK}} || 1973–2025 || 22 || 12 || 8 || 2 || 1.50 || 54.55 || 36.36 || 9.09 || 122 || 57 || 61 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 47.13
|-
| {{Cr|Scotland}} || 1999–2022 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|SA}} || 1992–2025 || 10 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 0.20 || 20.00 || 80.00 || 0.00 || 74 || 27 || 42 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 34.49
|-
| {{Cr|SL}} ||| 1979–2025 || 15 || 8 || 3 || 4 || 2.66 || 53.33 || 20.00 || 26.66 || 108 || 54 || 44 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 9 || 50.46
|-
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] || 1996-1996 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|USA}} || 2004-2004 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|WIN}} || 1975–2025 || 13 || 6 || 6 || 1 || 0.83 || 41.66 || 50.00 || 8.33 || 68 || 30 || 31 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 49.18
|-
| {{Cr|ZIM}} || 1987–2015 || 9 || 6 || 2 || 1 || 3.00 || 66.66 || 22.22 || 11.11 || 38 || 27 || 9 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 74.32
|-
| '''Summary''' || '''1973–2025''' || '''137''' || '''62''' || '''58''' || '''17''' || '''1.07''' || '''45.26''' || '''42.34''' || '''12.41''' || '''841''' || '''390''' || '''400''' || '''7''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''44''' || '''46.78'''
|-
| colspan=18| ''Last updated: 17 June 2025. Source: ESPNCricInfo<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-results-summary/new-zealand-5/one-day-internationals-2 |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>''
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Only bilateral series wherein a minimum of 2 matches were played have been included here. One-off matches are not credited as a bilateral series.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> "Tie+W" and "Tie+L" indicates matches tied and then won or lost in a tiebreaker such as a bowlout or one-over-eliminator ("Super Over").

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The win percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Forfeited matches are not included.

===T20I matches===

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; text-align: center"
|-
! width="130" rowspan="2" | Opposition
! width="130" rowspan="2" | Span
! colspan="8" | Series
! colspan="8" | Matches
|-
! width="20" | {{abbr|P|Played}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W|Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|L|Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|D|Draw}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W/L|Win/Loss}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%W|% Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%L|% Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%D|% Draw}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|P|Played}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|W|Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|L|Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|Tie|Tie}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|Tie+W|Tie+Won}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|Tie+L|Tie+Lost}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|N/R|No result}} !! width="20" | {{abbr|%W|% Won}}
|-
| {{Cr|AFG|2013}} || 2021–2024 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
| {{Cr|AUS}} || 2005–2024 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1.00 || 33.33 || 33.33 || 33.33 || 19 || 5 || 13 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 28.95
|-
| {{Cr|BAN}} || 2010–2023 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 2.00 || 50.00 || 25.00 || 25.00 || 20 || 15 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 75.00
|-
| {{Cr|ENG}} || 2007–2023 || 5 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 0.33 || 20.00 || 60.00 || 20.00 || 27 || 10 || 15 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 38.89
|-
| {{Cr|IND}} || 2007–2023 || 8 || 3 || 5 || 0 || 0.60 || 37.50 || 62.50 || 0.00 || 25 || 10 || 12 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 46.00
|-
| {{Cr|IRE}} || 2009–2022 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || — || 100.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|KEN}} || 2007-2007 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|NAM}} || 2021-2021 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|NED}} || 2014–2022 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || — || 100.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|PAK}} || 2007–2025 || 11 || 5 || 3 || 3 || 1.67 || 45.45 || 27.27 || 27.27 || 49 || 23 || 24 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 46.94
|-
| {{Cr|PNG}} || 2024-2024 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|Scotland}} || 2009–2022 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || — || 100.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| {{Cr|SA}} || 2005–2025 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 66.66 || 33.33 || 18 || 7 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 38.88
|-
| {{Cr|SL}} ||| 2006–2025 || 9 || 5 || 1 || 3 || 5.00 || 55.56 || 11.11 || 33.33 || 28 || 16 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 55.17
|-
| {{Cr|WIN}} || 2006–2024 || 7 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 4.00 || 57.14 || 14.28 || 28.57 || 20 || 10 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 57.50
|-
| {{Cr|ZIM}} || 2010–2025 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || — || 100.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 8 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| '''Summary''' || '''2005–2025''' || '''56''' || '''25''' || '''17''' || '''11''' || '''1.47''' || '''44.64''' || '''30.36''' || '''19.64''' || '''235''' || '''123''' || '''95''' || '''1''' || '''2''' || '''7''' || '''7''' || '''54.46'''
|-
| colspan=18| ''Last updated: 29 July 2025. Source: ESPNCricInfo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Records {{!}} Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Team records {{!}} Results summary {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283307.html |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=3&id=5&type=team |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Only bilateral series wherein a minimum of 2 matches were played have been included here. One-off matches are not credited as a bilateral series.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> "Tie+W" and "Tie+L" indicates matches tied and then won or lost in a tiebreaker such as a bowlout or one-over-eliminator ("Super Over")

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The win percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win.

==Records==
{{main|List of New Zealand Test cricket records|List of New Zealand One Day International cricket records|List of New Zealand Twenty20 International cricket records}}

===World records===

* [[Richard Hadlee]], one of New Zealand and the world's best all-rounders, took the world record for [[List of Test cricket records#Most wickets in a career|most Test wickets]] (374) vs India at [[Bangalore]] in 1988. Hadlee was the first bowler to reach 400 Test wickets, vs India at [[Christchurch]] in 1990, and finished his career with 431 wickets. He subsequently lost the record to [[Kapil Dev]].
* The black caps would be known for their world record of having the most semi final appearances of any country but The Black Caps have yet to claim the trophy.
* [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] holds record for the second [[List of One Day International cricket records#Fastest centuries|fastest century]] in [[One Day International]]s (or any other format of international cricket). Playing against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], he scored his ton in just 36 balls. Corey Anderson lost the record to [[AB de Villiers]] when AB scored a century in just 31 balls against West Indies.
* In a One Day International in 1996, the entire New Zealand team were awarded man of the match against the West Indies, the first such occasion.
* [[Andrew Jones (cricketer, born 1959)|Andrew Jones]] and [[Martin Crowe]] held the highest ever 3rd-wicket [[List of Test cricket records#Partnership records|partnership in Tests]], with 467 against Sri Lanka in 1991, which at the time was the highest partnership for any wicket.<ref name="cricinfo.com">{{Cite web |title=Records – Test matches – Partnership records – Highest partnerships for any wicket – ESPNcricinfo |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283573.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830080140/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283573.html |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Brian Hastings]] and [[Richard Collinge]] together scored 151 runs for the 10th-wicket [[Pakistani cricket team in New Zealand in 1972–73|against Pakistan in 1973]], the [[List of Test cricket records#Highest partnership (for each wicket)|highest 10th-wicket partnership]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Records – Test matches – Partnership records – Highest partnership for the tenth wicket – ESPNcricinfo |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283526.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511231230/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283526.html |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Nathan Astle]] scored Test cricket's [[List of Test cricket records#Centuries|fastest ever double century]] [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 2001–02#1st Test|versus England, at Christchurch in 2002]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Records: Test matches – Batting records – Fastest double hundreds |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284135.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327140454/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284135.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=6 September 2015 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He scored 200 off 153 balls with the second hundred coming off just 39 deliveries. He was eventually out for 222—the dreaded double [[Nelson (cricket)|Nelson]]. He knocked the first hundred off 114 balls. Astle smashed the record by 59 balls, previously held by [[Adam Gilchrist]] Australia vs South Africa [[Johannesburg]] 2002.
* [[Brendon McCullum]] holds the world record for the [[fastest Test hundred]] in terms of balls faced. It was scored off 54 balls on 20 February 2016, [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 2015–16#2nd Test|against Australia]] during his final Test match, in Christchurch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2016 |title=Brendon McCullum: New Zealand captain breaks fastest Test century record |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/35620560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918170743/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/35620560 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref>
* Brendon McCullum holds the world record for the [[most sixes in Test cricket]] with 107.<ref name="most sixes in Test cricket">{{Cite web |title=Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most sixes in career |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283122.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327142018/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283122.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=4 March 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He passed [[Adam Gilchrist]]'s record of 100<ref name="most sixes in Test cricket" /> in his final Test match. This record was also previously held by Chris Cairns.<ref name="most sixes in Test cricket" />
* Brendon McCullum was the first batsman to score two centuries in Twenty20 International Cricket (116* v. Australia and 123 v. Bangladesh).
* Brendon McCullum held the record for the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Highest individual score|highest individual score]] in Twenty20 International cricket, when he scored 123 v. Bangladesh at Pallekele. He lost the record to [[Aaron Finch]] who scored 156* against England at Southampton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2012 |title=World Twenty20 2012: Brendon McCullum's record 123 leads New Zealand to emphatic win over Bangladesh |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/9558194/World-Twenty20-2012-Brendon-McCullums-record-123-leads-New-Zealand-to-emphatic-win-over-Bangladesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122044901/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/9558194/World-Twenty20-2012-Brendon-McCullums-record-123-leads-New-Zealand-to-emphatic-win-over-Bangladesh.html |archive-date=22 November 2019 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
* [[Chris Cairns]] and his father [[Lance Cairns]] are one of the two father-son combinations to each claim 100 Test wickets, South Africa's [[Peter Pollock|Peter]] and [[Shaun Pollock]] being the other.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
* [[Martin Guptill]] scored the [[List of Cricket World Cup records#Batting records|highest score in World Cups]] with 237* [[2015 Cricket World Cup|in 2015]].
* Guptill holds the record for [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most career runs|most career runs]] (2,271) and [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most career sixes|most sixes]] (103, equal with [[Chris Gayle]]) in Twenty20 Internationals, both records previously held by Brendon McCullum.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Records {{!}} Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Most runs in career {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282827.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529230254/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282827.html |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=29 May 2018 |work=Cricinfo}}</ref>
* [[John Bracewell]] was the first – and so far only – [[substitute fielder]] to take four catches in a One Day International, vs Australia in [[Adelaide]] on 23 November 1980. {{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
* [[Daniel Vettori]] was the first cricketer to take four wickets and score a half-century in each innings of a Test match, a feat he achieved against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in October 2008 at [[Chittagong]]. His figures were 5/95 and 4/74 with the ball and 55* and 76 with the bat.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Vettori's unique feat" (cricinfo) |url=http://content-nz.cricinfo.com/bdeshvnz/content/story/374910.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205180440/http://content-nz.cricinfo.com/bdeshvnz/content/story/374910.html |archive-date=5 February 2009 |access-date=7 May 2012 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Colin Munro]] is the first player in to score three Twenty20 International hundreds. This was accomplished on 3 January 2018 against the West Indies when he scored 104 off 88 balls, with 3 fours and 10 sixes.
* [[Ross Taylor]] is the first player to have played 100 ODI, Tests and T20Is.
* [[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]] holds the record for the most ODI [[caught and bowled]] dismissals, with 29.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2004 |title=Winning without losing a wicket, and Kumble's record |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/137509.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114222942/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/137509.html |archive-date=14 November 2007 |access-date=21 February 2007 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>

===Notable===
* Ross Taylor has the 8th highest ODI batting average among batsmen to have played at least 100 ODIs, and Kane Williamson has the 10th highest.
* New Zealand dismissed Zimbabwe ([[New Zealand cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2005#First Test|Harare 2005]]) twice in the same day for totals of 59 and 99. Zimbabwe became only the second team (after India at Manchester in 1952) to be dismissed twice in the same day. The whole Test was completed inside two days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2005 |title=Hopeless Zimbabwe crushed inside two days- Zimbabwe v New Zealand 1st Test, Harare |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/215253.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122204734/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/215253.html |archive-date=22 November 2012 |access-date=15 November 2012 |website=The Bulletin |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref> This feat was then repeated [[Zimbabwean cricket team in New Zealand in 2011–12#Only Test|at Napier in 2012]] when NZ dismissed Zimbabwe for 51 and 143 to end the match within three days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Andrew |date=28 January 2012 |title=New Zealand bowl out Zimbabwe twice in a day |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-zimbabwe-2012/content/story/551285.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428224719/http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-zimbabwe-2012/content/story/551285.html |archive-date=28 April 2012 |access-date=15 November 2012 |website=[[Cricinfo]] |publisher=ESPN}}</ref>
* Kane Williamson holds the record for most centuries by a New Zealander in Tests, with 33.
* Brendon McCullum holds the record for the highest Test innings by a New Zealander of 302 (vs India in 2014). He is currently the only triple centurion from New Zealand.
* Brendon McCullum holds the New Zealand Test record for the most innings of 200 or more, with 4.
* Brendon McCullum scored the fastest World Cup fifty (off 18 balls) for New Zealand in a Pool A Match of [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] against England, beating his own 20-ball record set against Canada in World Cup (2007) earlier.
* Martin Guptill holds the record for the highest One Day International innings by a New Zealander, with 237 not out against West Indies in the [[2015 Cricket World Cup knockout stage#Quarter-finals|2015 World Cup quarter-final]] in Wellington.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket Records – New Zealand – Records – One-Day Internationals – High scores |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=5;type=team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206194427/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=5;type=team |archive-date=6 December 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Shane Bond]] took an ODI hat-trick in the last over (innings bowling figures: 10–0–61–4) vs Australia at Hobart in January 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2007 |title=Australia crush Kiwis in Hobart |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6258381.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919181109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6258381.stm |archive-date=19 September 2011 |access-date=15 November 2012 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref>
* [[Tim Southee]] took a [[List of Twenty20 International records#Hat-tricks|Twenty20 hat-trick]], taking 5–18 in the match against Pakistan.
* [[Colin Munro]] scored the second fastest T20 International 50, off 14 balls, against Sri Lanka at [[Eden Park]], Auckland on 10 January 2016.
* Chris Harris, Daniel Vettori, [[Kyle Mills]] and Chris Cairns are the only New Zealand cricketers to have taken 200 wickets in ODIs.
* [[Ajaz Patel]] took all 10 wickets in an innings, being the third international cricketer and first New Zealand cricketer to achieve this feat, after England's [[Jim Laker]] and India's [[Anil Kumble]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of India vs New Zealand, December 03 – 06, 2021 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-1278675/full-scorecard}}</ref>
* In June 2022 against England, New Zealand scored the fifth-highest team total (553) and second-highest match aggregate (837) in a losing cause in test match history.

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Cricket}}
* [[New Zealand Māori cricket team]]
* [[List of New Zealand cricketers]]
* [[List of New Zealand first-class cricket records]]
* [[New Zealand national cricket captains]]
* [[New Zealand women's cricket team]]
* [[Beige Brigade]] Black Caps Supporters

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}


* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/new-zealand-5 Cricinfo – New Zealand]
* [https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/new-zealand-cricket/cricket-in-new-zealand Runs on the board – New Zealand cricket (NZHistory)]
{{s-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Test cricket|Test match playing teams]]
| years = 10 January 1930
| before = [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]
| after = [[India national cricket team|India]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{New Zealand national cricket team}}
{{Navboxes|
|titlestyle=background:black; color:white;
|list=
{{International cricket tours of New Zealand}}
{{Cricket in New Zealand}}
{{National cricket teams}}
{{ICC World Test Championship winners}}
{{ICC Champions Trophy winners}}
{{New Zealand national teams}}
}}

[[Category:Cricket in New Zealand]]
[[Category:National cricket teams]]
[[Category:Men's national sports teams of New Zealand|Cricket]]
[[Category:New Zealand in international cricket]]

Economy of Kerala

2026-03-18T15:23:50Z

Michaelevansnet:

{{Short description|none}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = Kerala
| image = INS Vikrant under construction at Cochin Shipyard.png
| image_size = 300px
| year = 1 April – 31 March
| currency = [[Indian rupee]]
| caption = Aerial view of [[Cochin Shipyard]]
| population = {{increase}} 35,100,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Population 2025 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/regions/kerala |publisher=World Population Review |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref>
| gdp = {{INRConvert|16.29|t|lk=on}} ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2026-27)<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Budget Analysis 2026–27 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/kerala-budget-analysis-2026-27 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=February 16, 2026 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> 
{{increase}} $807.35 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Budget Analysis 2026–27 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/kerala-budget-analysis-2026-27 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=February 16, 2026 |access-date=February 16, 2025}}</ref> ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2026 est.)
| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|13th]]
| growth = 11.05% (2025–26)<ref name="PRSIndia-KeralaBudget2023-24" />
| per capita = {{increase}} $5,243<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Budget Analysis 2026–27 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/kerala-budget-analysis-2026-27 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=February 16, 2026 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2026 est.)
{{increase}} $22,278<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Budget Analysis 2026–27 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/kerala-budget-analysis-2026-27 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=February 16, 2026 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2026 est.)
| per capita rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|9th]]
| sectors = Agriculture 12% Industry 23% Services 66% (2021-22)<ref name="PRSIndia-KeralaBudget2020-21">{{cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/kerala-budget-analysis-2022-23|title=Kerala Budget Analysis 2022-23|access-date=18 March 2022|work=[[PRS Legislative Research]]|date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
| components =
| inflation =
| poverty = {{decreasepositive}} [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|0.55%]] in poverty (2019–21)<ref>{{cite web | title=National Multidimensional Poverty Index: A Progress Review 2023 | url=https://www.undp.org/india/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-progress-review-2023 |work=The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) | access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref>
| gini =
| hdi = {{increase}} 0.798 {{color|green|high}} (2023) ([[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|2nd]])
| labor =
| occupations =
| unemployment = {{decreasePositive}} 5.8%(May 2022)<ref name="Unemployment Rate in India">{{cite web|title=Unemployment Rate in India |url=https://unemploymentinindia.cmie.com/ |publisher=Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy |page=1 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>
| average gross salary =
| gross median =
| average net salary =
| net median =
| industries = Shipping, [[IT]], Tea manufacturing
Tourism, fishing and Retail etc.
| exports =
| export-goods =
| export-partners =
| imports =
| import-goods =
| import-partners =
| FDI =
| current account =
| gross external debt =
| debt = 36.9% of GSDP (2023–24 est.)<ref name="PRSIndia-KeralaBudget2023-24" />
| balance = {{INRConvert|-39662|c}} (3.5% of GSDP) (2023–24 est.)<ref name="PRSIndia-KeralaBudget2020-21" />
| revenue = {{INRConvert|1.36|lc|nolink=yes}} (2023–24 est.)<ref name="PRSIndia-KeralaBudget2020-21" />
| expenses = {{INRConvert|1.76|lc|nolink=yes}} (2023–24 est.)<ref name="PRSIndia-KeralaBudget2023-24" />
| aid =
| credit =
| spelling = Oxford
| presentUS$asdefault = no
}}
The '''economy of [[Kerala]]''' is the [[List of Indian states by GDP|11th largest in India]], with an annual [[gross state product]] (GSP) of ₹13.11 lakh crore (US$157.45 billion) in 2024–2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Budget Analysis 2024-25 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/kerala-budget-analysis-2024-25 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> Per-capita GSP of [[Kerala]] during the same period is {{INRConvert|372783|nolink=yes}}, the sixth largest in India.<ref name="PRSIndia-KeralaBudget2023-24">{{cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/kerala/2023/KL_State_Budget_Analysis_2023-24.pdf|title=Kerala Budget Analysis 2023-24|access-date=7 February 2023|work=[[PRS Legislative Research]]|date=7 February 2023}}</ref> In 2019–20, the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]] contributed around 63% of the state's [[Gross value added|GSVA]], compared to 28% by [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary sector]], and 8% by [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]].<ref name="eco">{{Cite book|title=Economic Review 2020 - Volume I|publisher=Kerala State Planning Board|year=2021|location=Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-01/English-Vol-1_0.pdf}}</ref>

Kerala's high [[GDP]] and productivity figures with higher development figures is often dubbed the "[[Kerala Model|Kerala Phenomenon]]" or the "Kerala Model" of development by economists, political scientists, and sociologists. This phenomenon arises mainly from Kerala's land reforms, social upliftment of entire communities initiated from the first democratic government of Kerala led by [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] and subsequently implemented by various governments ruled the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-02|url=http://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Singh.Kerala.World%20Development.pdf|access-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102151358/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Singh.Kerala.World%20Development.pdf|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> Kerala's economy is based on a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] [[welfare state]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A virus, social democracy, and dividends for Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-virus-social-democracy-and-dividends-for-kerala/article31370554.ece|last=Heller|first=Patrick|date=18 April 2020|access-date=2 February 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Some, such as Financial Express, use the term "Money Order Economy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/cashing-out-of-the-money-order-economy/242464/|title=Cashing out of the money order economy|date=23 November 2007}}</ref> Kerala is the [[Urbanisation in India|second-most urbanised major state]] in the country with [[List of cities in Kerala by urban area growth|47.7% urban population]] according to the [[2011 Census of India]], and has tried to maintain a pan-state economy rather than concentrating in some selected cities to develop.<ref name="ubn">{{Cite web|url=http://mohua.gov.in/cms/level-of-urbanisation.php|title=Level of Urbanisation in Indian States|date=|website=mohua.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> [[Kerala]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|second-least impoverished state]] in India according to the Annual Report of [[Reserve Bank of India]] published in 2013, only behind [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Table 162, Number and Population Below Poverty Line|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=16603|year=2013|publisher=Reserve Bank of India, Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602074949/https://www.rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/PublicationsView.aspx?id=16603|archive-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=SDGs India Index | url=https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/ranking | date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

Kerala, which accounts for 2.8% of India's population and 1.2% of its land area, contributes more than 4% to the [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of India. Thus, the southern state's per capita income is 60% higher than India's average. This has fuelled internal migration to Kerala for low-end jobs, even as Keralites have emigrated—mostly to the Gulf countries—in search of better-paying jobs. Around 3,000,000 Keralites are working abroad, mainly in [[Persian Gulf]]; to where migration started with the [[Kerala Gulf diaspora#The Gulf Boom|Gulf Boom]]. The Kerala Economy is therefore largely dependent on trade in services and resulted [[remittances]].<ref name="abroad">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/world/asia/07migrate.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1|title=Jobs Abroad Support 'Model' State in India|work=The New York Times| first=Jason | last=Deparle | date=7 September 2007 | access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="rem1">{{cite journal |url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/ind/cdswpp/328.html|title=Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972-2000|year=2002|author=K.P. Kannan, K.S. Hari|journal=Centre for Development Studies, Trivendrum Working Papers }}</ref><ref name="rem2">{{cite web|url=http://www.iss.nl/content/download/8303/81035/file/Panel%202_Rajan.pdf|title=Remittances and its impact on the Kerala Economy and Society|year=2007|author=S Irudaya Rajan, K.C. Zachariah|access-date=2 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225101006/http://www.iss.nl/content/download/8303/81035/file/Panel%202_Rajan.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, the state was the highest receiver of overall [[remittances to India]] which stood at Rs. 49,965 Crore (31.2% of the State's GDP), followed by Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=hin12>{{cite news | title = NRIs beat FDI, keep the money coming |newspaper= Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/nris-beat-fdi-keep-the-money-coming/article1-941337.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313025252/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/nris-beat-fdi-keep-the-money-coming/article1-941337.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 March 2014 |date=8 October 2012| access-date = 2014-07-09}}</ref> The [[Migrant labourers in Kerala]] are a significant [[workforce]] in industrial and agricultural sectors of state. Kerala's economy was gradually shifting from an agrarian economy into a service-based one during the period between 1960 and 2020.

With [[Unemployment in Kerala|12.5% of the labour force unemployed]] in 2016, Kerala sank from being the 11th in unemployment in India in the year before to being 3rd in the country.<ref name="Quickonomics">{{cite web|title=Indian Economy at a Glance [Infographic] - Quickonomics|url=https://quickonomics.com/2015/09/indian-economy-at-a-glance-infographic/|website=Quickonomics|access-date=19 November 2016|date=12 September 2015}}</ref> The 'Report on Fifth Annual Employment - Unemployment Survey for 2015-16' prepared by the Labour Bureau of the Union ministry of Labour and Employment indicates that Tripura had the highest unemployment rate of 19.7% in India, followed by Sikkim (18.1%) and Kerala (12.5%). In 2020 with unemployment rate around 5%, Kerala has managed to turn its fate around despite the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] affecting all sectors of the economy.<ref name="Unemployment Rate in India">{{cite web|title=Unemployment Rate in India |url=https://unemploymentinindia.cmie.com/ |publisher=Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy |page=1 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> The state's poverty rate is exceptionally lowest in the country at 0.71% (2015-16); and it houses the [[Kottayam district]] which is the only one in the country with zero poor residents.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-27|title=Kottayam Only District With Zero Poverty: NITI Aayog's Poverty Index Report|url=https://news.abplive.com/states/kottayam-only-district-with-zero-poverty-niti-aayog-s-poverty-index-report-1496078|access-date=2022-02-08|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|quote=In the overall index, Kerala recorded the least 0.71% of poverty followed by Goa (3.76%), Sikkim (3.82%) and Tamil Nadu (4.89%).}}</ref>

==Macro-economic trend==
{{Panorama
|image = File:Marine_Drive_Kochi_Night_View_DSW.jpg
|height = 175
|alt = Marine Drive, Kochi
|caption = {{center|The city of [[Kochi]] is the largest financial, commercial, and industrial hub in Kerala, with the highest [[GDP]] as well as the highest [[List of Kerala cities by GDP per capita|GDP per capita]] in the state.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://spb.kerala.gov.in/ER2017/web_e/ch12.php?id=1&ch=12| title=National and State Income| publisher=[[Kerala State Planning Board]]| access-date=28 August 2018| archive-date=27 August 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827210016/http://spb.kerala.gov.in/ER2017/web_e/ch12.php?id=1&ch=12| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://community.data.gov.in/top-5-districts-of-kerala-on-the-basis-of-gdp-at-current-price-from-2004-05-to-2012-13| title=Top 5 districts of Kerala on the basis of GDP at current price from 2004-05 to 2012-13| work=Open Government Data(OGD) Community| publisher=[[Government of India]]| access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>}}
}}
The following table shows the annual growth in nominal GSDP for the [[financial year]]s 2001–02 to 2021–22, from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Domestic Product and other aggregates, 2004–05 series|url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State-wise%20SDP-27.02.2015.xls|publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|access-date=18 June 2015|archive-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323115356/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State-wise%20SDP-27.02.2015.xls|date=27 February 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Nominal GSDP of Kerala from 2021–22 to 2001–02 in ₹ millions
! Year
! GSDP (₹ millions)
!Change
|-
|2021-22
|9,324,700
|{{Increase}} 20.83%
|-
|2020-21
|7,717,240
|{{Decrease}} 5.07%
|-
|2019-20
|8,129,350
|{{Increase}} 3.13%
|-
|2018-19
|7,882,860
|{{Increase}} 12.36%
|-
|2017-18
|7,015,880
|{{Increase}} 10.51%
|-
|2016-17
|6,348,860
|{{Increase}} 12.97%
|-
|2015-16
|5,619,940
|{{Increase}} 9.64%
|-
|2014-15
|5,125,640
|{{Increase}} 10.22%
|-
|2013-14
|4,650,410
|{{Increase}} 12.79%
|-
|2012-13
|4,123,130
|{{Increase}} 13.26%
|-
|2011-12
|3,640,480
|{{Increase}} 38.02%
|-
|2010-11
|2,637,730
|{{Increase}} 13.70%
|-
|2009-10
|2,319,990
|{{Increase}} 14.41%
|-
|2008-09
|2,027,830
|{{Increase}} 15.79%
|-
|2007-08
|1,751,410
|{{Increase}} 13.91%
|-
|2006-07
|1,537,580
|{{Increase}} 12.36%
|-
|2005-16
|1,368,420
|{{Increase}} 14.74%
|-
|2004-05
|1,192,640
|{{Increase}} 23.34%
|-
|2003-04
|966,980
|{{Increase}} 11.28%
|-
|2002-03
|868,950
|{{Increase}} 11.52%
|-
|2001-02
|779,240
| -
|}
This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Kerala at market prices [https://web.archive.org/web/20060413232217/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm estimated] by ''Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation'' with figures in crores (1,00,00,000) of Indian Rupees. Kerala had recorded a growth rate of 6.49 per cent in 2013, which was above the national average (4.04) and the second highest among South Indian States. The state's growth rate was above that of Karnataka (5.79 per cent) and Andhra Pradesh (5.97 per cent). During the period between 1960 and 2020, Kerala's economy was gradually shifting from an agrarian economy into a service-based economy as shown below:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Kerala: GSDP - At Constant Prices (1960–2020)<ref name="eco"/><ref name=:>{{Cite book|title=Economic Review 2016 - Volume I|publisher=Kerala State Planning Board|year=2017|location=Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720141140/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Year
! [[State Domestic Product|GSDP]] - At constant prices (in ₹[[Crore]])
! [[Primary sector of the economy|Primary Sector]] (in ₹Crore)
! [[Secondary sector of the economy|Secondary Sector]] (in ₹Crore)
! [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Tertiary Sector]] (in ₹Crore)
! Per Capita Income At constant prices (in ₹)
|-
! 1960–61
| 462
| 241 (52.16%)
| 68 (14.72%)
| 153 (33.12%)
| 276
|-
! 1970–71
| 1,255
| 653 (52.03%)
| 163 (12.99%)
| 439 (34.98%)
| 594
|-
! 1980–81
| 3,823
| 1,682 (44.00%)
| 841 (22.00%)
| 1,300 (34.00%)
| 1,508
|-
! 1990–91
| 12,195
| 4,756 (39.00%)
| 3,171 (26.00%)
| 4,268 (35.00%)
| 4,207
|-
! 2000–01
| 63,715
| 14,017 (22.00%)
| 14,017 (22.00%)
| 35,680 (56.00%)
| 19,951
|-
! 2009–10
| 180,812
| 15,966 (8.83%)
| 38,249 (21.15%)
| 126,597 (70.02%)
| 47,360
|-
! 2015–16
| 467,243
| 49,206 (11.58%)
| 111,177 (26.17%)
| 264,408 (62.25%)
| 136,811
|-
! 2017–18
| 516,190
| 47,619 (10.34%)
| 129,866 (28.18%)
| 283,269 (61.48%)
| 149,650
|-
! 2018–19
| 549,673
| 46,004 (9.40%)
| 138,034 (28.21%)
| 305,304 (62.39%)
| 158,564
|-
! 2019–20
| 568,636
| 42,374 (8.44%)
| 141,806 (28.25%)
| 317,781 (63.31%)
| 163,216
|}
'''Sources: Economic Review, Kerala (2016 and 2020)'''
{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| header_align = left/right/center

| image1 = Technopark Trivandum Ganga and Yamuna Buildings.jpg
| caption1 = [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the first and largest [[information technology]] (IT) park in India

| image2 = Container terminal.JPG
| caption2 = [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|Vallarpadam Terminal]] at [[Kochi]], the first [[container terminal|transshipment terminal]] in India

| image3 = Focus mall calicut.jpg
| caption3 = A [[Shopping mall]] at [[Kozhikode]]

| image4 = Mappila bay.JPG
| caption4 = [[Mappila Bay]] harbour at [[Kannur]]

| image5 =
| caption5 = A cruise ship at [[Vizhinjam International Seaport|Vizhinjam]] port.
}}
In 2009, Kerala was the 8th greatest debt burden in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide7-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |title=Kerala economy climbs to $23b by 2005 |work=rediff.com |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> In 2013, the state's debt was estimated at 35.53 per cent of GSP.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nandakumar |first=T |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-can-bear-rising-debt-burden-mani/article6195656.ece |title=Kerala can bear rising debt burden: Mani |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> State's debt liability recorded an increase of 14.4 per cent and rose from {{INRConvert|124081|c|year=2014|mode=historical}} in 2013–14 to {{INRConvert|141947|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} in 2014–15. This liability as a percentage of GSDP was 31.4 per cent, which is higher than the target of 29.8 per cent fixed in the Kerala Fiscal Responsibility Act.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kerala-has-failed-to-meet-fiscal-deficit-targets-cag-116021701119_1.html |title=Kerala has failed to meet fiscal deficit targets: CAG |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

The GDP growth rate that continuously stood above the national average, began to show a declining trend from 2012 to 2013, and it further slid to 8.59% in 2015–16, when the national average stood at 9.94%. The tax growth rate, which was 23.24% in 2010–11, fell to 10.68% in 2015–16.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/keralas-growth-rate-falls-below-national-average/articleshow/62752307.cms |title=Kerala's growth rate falls below national average |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

==GDDP by district==
{{Bar chart
| title = Kerala Districts: GDDP - At Current Prices (2023–2024)
| label_type = Districts
| data_type = GSDP (in ₹Lakh)
| bar_width = 50
| width_units = em
| data_max = 16000000
| label1 = Ernakulam
| data1 = 15,191,255
| label2 = Thrissur
| data2 = 11,815,620
| label3 = Thiruvananthapuram
| data3 = 11,248,087
| label4 = Kollam
| data4 = 10,897,250
| label5 = Malappuram
| data5 = 10,280,415
| label6 = Kozhikode
| data6 = 9,630,856
| label7 = Alappuzha
| data7 = 9,236,849
| label8 = Palakkad
| data8 = 8,087,654
| label9 = Kannur
| data9 = 7,947,733
| label10 = Kottayam
| data10 = 7,539,776
| label11 = Idukki
| data11 = 3,930,679
| label12 = Kasaragod
| data12 = 3,746,545
| label13 = Pathanamthitta
| data13 = 3,006,316
| label14 = Wayanad
| data14 = 2,051,832
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Kerala Districts: GDDP - At Current Prices (2023–2024)<ref name=spb>{{Cite book|title=Economic Review 2024 - Volume II|publisher=Kerala State Planning Board|year=2025|location=Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-02/ER_2024%20Eng_Vol%202_Press.pdf|chapter = Kerala Economy|page = 26-27|access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>
! District
! [[Gross Domestic Product|GDDP]] - At current prices (in ₹[[Lakh]])
! [[Primary sector of the economy|Primary Sector]] (in ₹Lakh)
! [[Secondary sector of the economy|Secondary Sector]] (in ₹Lakh)
! [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Tertiary Sector]] (in ₹Lakh)
! [[Taxes|Taxes on Products]] (in ₹Lakh)
! [[Subsidies|Subsidies on Products]] (in ₹Lakh)
! Per Capita Income At current prices (in ₹)
|-
! [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 11,248,087
| 783,735
| 1,620,715
| 7,665,299
| 1,310,421
| 132,083
| 326,734
|-
! [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| 10,897,250
| 918,203
| 2,321,196
| 6,516,266
| 1,269,548
| 127,964
| 400,504
|-
! [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| 3,006,316
| 585,822
| 357,421
| 1,748,135
| 350,241
| 35,302
| 256,476
|-
! [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| 9,236,849
| 470,891
| 2,852,068
| 4,946,247
| 1,076,109
| 108,466
| 421,460
|-
! [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| 7,539,776
| 708,871
| 1,452,419
| 4,588,627
| 878,397
| 88,538
| 373,132
|-
! [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| 3,930,679
| 1,129,289
| 566,363
| 1,823,253
| 457,931
| 46,157
| 355,980
|-
! [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| 15,191,255
| 1,020,741
| 3,457,590
| 9,121,503
| 1,769,807
| 178,387
| 423,751
|-
! [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| 11,815,620
| 659,326
| 2,567,716
| 7,350,787
| 1,376,540
| 138,748
| 349,421
|-
! [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| 8,087,654
| 891,151
| 1,953,175
| 4,396,075
| 942,226
| 94,971
| 260,664
|-
! [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| 10,280,415
| 944,176
| 1,563,448
| 6,695,825
| 1,197,686
| 120,720
| 211,798
|-
! [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| 9,630,856
| 653,289
| 2,323,045
| 5,645,604
| 1,122,011
| 113,093
| 281,339
|-
! [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| 2,051,832
| 416,436
| 141,987
| 1,278,461
| 239,042
| 24,094
| 233,119
|-
! [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| 7,947,733
| 529,746
| 2,106,145
| 4,479,245
| 925,925
| 93,378
| 292,073
|-
! [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| 3,746,545
| 513,416
| 880,788
| 1,959,856
| 436,479
| 43,995
| 254,373
|-
! [[KERALA]]
| '''114,610,867'''
| '''10,225,092'''
| '''24,164,075'''
| '''68,215,184'''
| '''13,352,363'''
| '''1,345,847'''
| '''317,723'''
|}

==Sectors==
The state's [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] which accounts for around 65% of its revenue is mainly based upon its [[Hospitality industry]], [[Tourism in Kerala|Tourism]], [[Ayurveda]] and Medical Services, Pilgrimage, [[Information technology]], [[Roads in Kerala|Transportation]], Financial sector, and [[Education in Kerala|Education]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://slbckerala.com/Economy.aspx|title=Economy of Kerala - 2016|website=slbckerala.com|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628012213/http://slbckerala.com/Economy.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major initiatives under the industrial sector include [[Cochin Shipyard]], Oil refinery, Shipbuilding, Software Industry, Coastal mineral industries,{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=343}} food processing, marine products processing, and Rubber based products. The primary sector of the state is mainly based upon [[Cash crop]]s.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=409}} Kerala produces a significant amount of national output of the cash crops such as [[coconut]], [[tea]], [[coffee]], [[Malabar pepper|pepper]], [[natural rubber]], [[cardamom]], and [[cashew]] in India.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=409}} The cultivation of food crops began to reduce since the 1950s.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=409}} The [[Migrant labourers in Kerala]] are a significant [[workforce]] in its industrial and agricultural sectors. Being home to only 1.18% of the total land area of India and 2.75% of its population, Kerala contributes more than 4% to the [[Gross Domestic Product]] of India.

==Information technology==
[[File:Carnival Info Park Phase - 4.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Infopark, Kochi]]]]
[[Kerala]] has focused more attention towards growth of [[Information Technology]] sector with formation of [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] which is one of the largest IT employer in Kerala. It was the first technology park in India<ref>{{cite web |title=Official site of Kerala IT |url=http://www.keralait.org/search_result.php?project_id=2 |publisher=Department of IT, Government of Kerala |access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Technopark aims to be among top 5 IT investment locations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/technopark-aims-to-be-among-top-5-it-investment-locations/articleshow/6224254.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=27 July 2010}}</ref> and with the inauguration of the Thejaswini complex on 22 February 2007, Technopark became the largest IT Park in India.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rajeevpi |title=God's own country to house largest IT park |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gods-own-country-to-house-largest-it-park/24662/ |access-date=22 October 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=3 March 2007}}</ref> Software giants like [[Infosys]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Capgemini]], [[HCL Technologies|HCL]], [[UST Global]], NeST and Suntec have offices in the state. The state has a second major IT hub, the [[InfoPark, Kochi|Infopark]] centred in Kochi with "spokes"(it acts as the "hub") in [[Thrissur]] and [[Cherthala]], [[Alappuzha]]. {{As of|2014}}, Infopark generates one-third of total IT Revenues of the state<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/article26324.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Symbols akin to Indus valley culture discovered in Kerala |date=29 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Infoparks-IT-exports-climb-53-in-FY14/articleshow/45141011.cms |location=Kochi, India |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Infopark's IT exports climb 53% in FY14 |date=14 November 2014}}</ref> with key offices of IT majors like Tata Consultancy Services, [[Cognizant]], [[Wipro]], UST Global, IBS Software Services etc. and [[Multinational corporation]]s like [[IBM]], [[KPMG]], [[Ernst & Young]], [[EXL Service]], [[Etisalat|Etisalat DB Telecom]], [[Nielsen Audio]], [[Affiliated Computer Services|Xerox ACS]], Tata ELXSI etc. [[Kochi]] also has another major project [[SmartCity, Kochi|SmartCity]] under construction, built in partnership with Dubai Government. A third major IT Hub is under construction centred around [[Kozhikode]] known as Cyberpark.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyberpark to place Kozhikode on IT map|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cyberpark-to-place-kozhikode-on-it-map/article5686855.ece|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Now, Cyberpark puts Kozhikode on the IT map|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Now-Cyberpark-puts-Kozhikode-on-the-IT-map/articleshow/30482192.cms|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=UL CyberPark marks a first in IT sector|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/ul-cyberpark-marks-a-first-in-it-sector/article8274206.ece|last=Govind|first=Biju|date=24 February 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Kerala is the first Indian state to make Internet access a basic right.<ref name="eco"/> As of 2019, Kerala's Internet penetration rate is the second-highest in India, only behind [[Delhi]].<ref name="eco"/>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Muzhappilangad beach6.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Muzhappilangad Beach]] near [[Thalassery]] is the longest Drive-in beach in [[Asia]]]]
[[File:Kerala Water Transport DS.jpg|thumb|A houseboat view from [[Vembanad Lake]]]]
{{Main|Tourism in Kerala}}

Kerala is an established tourist destination for both Indians and non-Indians alike. Tourism contributes to nearly 10% of the state's GDP. Tourists mostly visit the [[hill station]]s of [[Munnar]], [[Nelliampathi]], [[Wayanad]] and [[Ponmudi]] Beaches at [[Varkala]], [[Kovalam]], [[Cherai]], [[Kozhikode]] Historical centers at [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kappad]] and national parks and wildlife sanctuaries such as [[Thekkady|Periyar]] and [[Eravikulam National Park]]. The "[[Kerala backwaters|backwaters]]" region – an extensive network of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that center on [[Ashtamudi Lake|Ashtamudi]], [[Alleppey]], [[Kumarakom]], Veli, [[Vembanad]] and Punnamada – also see heavy tourist traffic. Examples of Keralite architecture, such as the [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]], [[Malik Deenar Mosque]] [[Kasaragod]], [[Paradesi Synagogue]] are also visited. cities like [[Kozhikode]] (Land of Zamorins) and [[Alappuzha]](called the "[[Venice]] of the East") are also popular destinations. Tourism plays an important role in the state's economy. Kerala is also a preferred destination for night dwellers and the nightlife districts in [[Trivandrum]], [[Kovalam]], [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]] and [[Varkala]] are the major centres. Along with tourism there is also a new trend of domestic pilgrimage tourism visible in Kerala in recent years during the annual [[Sabarimala]] pilgrimage season and round the year to temples such as [[Guruvayur Temple]] [[Thrissur]], [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Vadakkunatha Temple, Parasseni kadavu temple in Kannur etc.

==Education==
{{Main article|Education in Kerala}}

Around 18% of the total employees in the organised sector of state, both public and private, are employed in the Educational sector as in March 2020.<ref name="eco"/> Kerala is also one of the Indian states which spend a larger proportion of its revenue for human resource development including educational and healthcare uplifting.<ref name="eco"/> According to the first economic census, conducted in 1977, 99.7% of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within {{convert|2|km|mi}}, 98.6% had a middle school within {{convert|2|km|mi}} and 96.7% had a high school or higher secondary school within {{convert|5|km|mi}}.<ref name="ChattopadhyayFranke2006">{{Cite book|title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala|last1=Chattopadhyay|first1=Srikumar|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=978-81-8069-294-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC|last2=Franke|first2=Richard W.}}</ref>{{rp|62}} In 1991, Kerala became the first state in India to be recognised as completely literate, although the effective literacy rate at that time was only 90%.<ref name="Soundarapandian2000">{{cite book |author=Mookkiah Soundarapandian |title=Literacy Campaign in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVhHEC449yoC&pg=PA21 |year= 2000 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-8171415533 |page=21}}</ref> In 2006–2007, the state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) of the 21 major states in India.<ref>{{Cite news |author=D Suresh Kumar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kerala-tops-primary-education-index/articleshow/3587924.cms |title=Kerala tops primary education index |work=The Times of India |date=13 October 2008 |access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref> {{As of|2007}}, enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other states in India, educational opportunity was almost equally distributed among sexes, social groups, and regions.<ref name="Devrep255-258">{{Cite book |author=Planning Commission, India |title=Kerala Development Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=978-8171885947 |pages=255–58 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, Kerala has a 93.9% literacy, compared to the national literacy rate of 74.0%.<ref name="IBNLiteracy2013">{{cite news |title=Tripura tops literacy rate with 94.65 per cent, leaves behind Kerala |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tripura-tops-literacy-rate-with-with-9465-per-cent-leaves-behind-kerala/420560-3-224.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913005546/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tripura-tops-literacy-rate-with-with-9465-per-cent-leaves-behind-kerala/420560-3-224.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2013 |access-date=12 February 2015 |work=IBNLive |date=9 September 2013}}</ref> In January 2016, Kerala became the first Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its ''Athulyam'' literacy programme.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-becomes-1st-indian-state-achieve-100-primary-education-662878 |title=Kerala becomes 1st Indian state to achieve 100% primary education |date=12 January 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |work=International Business Times}}</ref> Though the cost of education is generally considered low in Kerala,<ref>Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", [[Economic and Political Weekly]], 10 October 2009, vol. XLIV, no. 41, page 55</ref> according to the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households was reported to be {{INRConvert|41}} for Kerala, more than twice the national average. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.<ref>Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", Economic and Political Weekly, 10 October 2009, vol. XLIV, no. 41, page 56</ref> The [[KITE Kerala]] is a state owned [[special purpose company]] under education department of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/keralas-itschool-project-now-a-government-company-kite-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-launches-logo-4785993/|title=Kerala's 'IT@school' project now a government company 'KITE'|website=indianexpress.com|date=7 August 2017|access-date=2018-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kite.kerala.gov.in/KITE/index.php/welcome/about_us|title=Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education|website=Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education about us page|access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref> It was developed to support [[Information and communications technology|ICT]] enabled education for schools in the state. The erstwhile [[IT@School Project]] was transformed into KITE for extending its scope of operations in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/keralas-itschool-project-now-a-govt-company/article9805422.ece|title=Kerala's IT@school project now a govt company|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|date=7 August 2017 |access-date=2018-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/kerala-governments-it-school-project-formed-into-government-company-as-kite-1734509|title=Kerala Government's IT@school Project Formed Into Government Company|last=S|first=Shihaubudeen Kunju|date=7 August 2017|publisher=NDTV|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Kerala is the first Indian state to have ICT-enabled education with hi-tech classrooms in all public schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala becomes first state to have hitech classrooms in all public schools|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/kerala-has-become-first-state-to-have-hi-tech-classrooms-in-all-public-schools-cm-pinarayi-vijayan/2103844/ |work=Financial Express |date=12 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala becomes first state to have hitech classrooms in all public schools, says CM|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/kerala-has-become-first-state-have-hi-tech-classrooms-in|work=NDTV |date=12 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Kerala topped in the ''School Education Quality Index'' published by [[NITI Aayog]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Niti Aayog's School Education Quality Index: Kerala tops, UP worst performer|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/niti-aayogs-school-education-quality-index-kerala-tops-up-worst-performer-1569845124-1|last=Bakshi|first=Gorki|date=30 September 2019|access-date=4 December 2020|work=Jagranjosh}}</ref>

==Ship building==
[[File:Vikrant.jpg|left|thumb|[[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]] being built at Cochin Shipyard in 2017]]
The [[Cochin Shipyard]] in Kochi is the biggest ship building facility in India. Cochin Shipyard was incorporated in the year 1972 as a fully owned Government of India company. In the last three decades the company has emerged as a forerunner in the Indian shipbuilding & Shiprepair industry. This yard can build and repair the largest vessels in India. It can build ships up to 1,100,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT) and repair ships up to 1,250,000 DWT. The yard has delivered two of India's largest double hull Aframax tankers each of 95,000 DWT. CSL has secured shipbuilding orders from internationally renowned companies from Europe & Middle East and is nominated to build the country's first indigenously built Air Defence Ship. The Cochin Shipyard also builds ships for the Indian Navy.

Shipyard commenced ship repair operations in the year 1982 and has undertaken repairs of all types of ships including upgradation of ships of oil exploration industry as well as periodical lay up repairs and life extension of ships of Navy, UTL, Coast Guard, Fisheries and Port Trust besides merchant ships of SCI & ONGC. The yard has, over the years, developed adequate capabilities to handle complex and sophisticated repair jobs. Recently Cochin Shipyard won a major repair orders from ONGC. The order for major repairs of three rigs viz Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) Sagar Vijay, Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) Sagar Bhushan and Jack Up Rig (JUR) Sagar Kiran was secured by CSL against very stiff international competition.

==Infrastructure==
{{See also|Roads in Kerala}}
[[File:Kollam Bypass, Feb 2020.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kollam Bypass]] near [[Thrikkadavoor]]]]
[[File:Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg|thumbnail|A highway at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]

Kerala has {{convert|331904|km|mi}} of roads, which accounts for 5.6% of India's total.<ref name="eco"/><ref name="road">{{Cite book|title=Ministry Annual Report (2019-20)|publisher=Ministry of Road Transport & Highways Transport Research Wing, Government of India|year=2020|location=New Delhi|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Ministry%20Annual%20Report_2019-20.pdf}}</ref> This translates to about {{convert|9.94|km|mi|2}} of road per one thousand people, compared to an average of {{convert|4.87|km|mi|2}} in the country.<ref name="eco"/><ref name="road"/> Roads in Kerala include:
* {{convert|1,812|km|mi}} of national highway, 1.6% of the nation's total,
* {{convert|4342|km|mi}} of state highway, 2.5% of the nation's total,
* {{convert|27470|km|mi}} of district roads, 4.7% of the nation's total,
* {{convert|33201|km|mi}} of urban (municipal) roads, 6.3% of the nation's total, and
* {{convert|158775|km|mi}} of rural roads, 3.8% of the nation's total.<ref name=":16-17">{{Cite book|title=Basic Road Statistics of India (2016–17)|publisher=Ministry of Road Transport & Highways Transport Research Wing, Government of India|year=2019|location=New Delhi|pages=7–18|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Basic%20_Road_Statics_of_India.pdf}}</ref>

Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through the [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] (previously NH 17 and 47); and the eastern side is accessible through state highways.<ref name="Kerala PWD">{{cite web |title=National Highways in Kerala |url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php%3Fpage%3DNH%2520in%2520Kerala%26pageId%3D301&ved=2ahUKEwjRh7jHod7YAhWFmZQKHWSeAeoQFjAOegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw15WM6wG3ueKFD1qj28WEps |work=Kerala Public Works Department |publisher=Government of Kerala }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> New projects for hill and coastal highways were recently announced under Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board [[Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board|KIIFB]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Coastal, Hill Highways to become a reality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/coastal-hill-highways-to-become-a-reality/article19262450.ece |date=12 July 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> Virtually all of Kerala's villages are connected by road. Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Total road length in Kerala increased by 5% between 2003 and 2004. The road density in Kerala is nearly four times the national average, and is a reflection of Kerala's unique settlement patterns. India's national highway network includes a Kerala-wide total of 1,524 km, which is only 2.6% of the national total. There are eight designated national highways in the state. Upgrading and maintenance of 1,600 km of state highways and major district roads has been taken up under the Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the [[GIS]]-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS).

The [[Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board]] is a government owned [[financial institution]] in the state to mobilize funds for infrastructure development from outside the state revenue, aiming at overall infrastructure development of the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/big-push-for-infrastructure-in-budget/article17403255.ece|title=Big push for infrastructure in Budget|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 March 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/mar/04/kerala-budget-infrastructure-projects-get-a-major-fillip-1577360.html|title=Kerala Budget: Infrastructure projects get a major fillip|website=The New Indian Express|date=4 March 2017 }}</ref>

==Energy==
Renewable energy sources constitute the bulk of electricity generated in Kerala. KSEB Ltd has 31 hydro-electric projects, 11 solar projects, 2 diesel power plants & 7 wind farms. Power generation is also undertaken by Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects & Co-generation mode projects other than KSEBL.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=553&lang=en | title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Generation }}</ref>

===Oil refining and petrochemicals===
[[Image:SBM01.jpg|thumb|right|The SPM facility at offshore ([[Kochi Refineries]])]]
The [[Kochi Refinery]] is a public crude oil refinery in the city of Kochi. It is the largest state owned refinery in India with a production capacity of 15.5 million tons per annum.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/integrated-expansion-project-boosts-bpclkochi-refinery/article9677392.ece|title=Integrated expansion project boosts bpcl Kochi|date=10 December 2015|magazine=India Today |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Formerly known as Cochin Refineries Limited and later renamed as Kochi Refineries Limited, it was acquired by Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited in the year 2006. Today Kochi Refinery is a frontline entity as the unit of the Fortune 500 company, BPCL. With a turnover of around US$2500 million, the refinery aims to strengthen its presence in refining and marketing of petroleum products and further grow into the energy and petrochemical sectors.

Kochi Refinery is engaged in Refining and marketing of petroleum products. Beginning with a capacity of 50,000 barrels per day, today the Refinery has a refining capacity of 310,000 bbl/d. The Company entered the petrochemical sector with benzene and toluene in 1989.
The oil and gas industry is a critical sector that plays a vital role in the global economy. Kochi, located in the southern state of Kerala in India, is home to several institutions that offer courses in oil and gas-related subjects.

=== Solar Power ===

[[File:Cochin International Airport Limited.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Cochin International Airport]] is the first airport in the world to be fully powered by solar energy]]
* India's largest floating solar power plant is set up on the Banasura Sagar reservoir in [[Wayanad]], Kerala. It is a 500 kWp (kilowatt peak) solar plant. It belongs to the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB). It floats on 1.25 acres of water at the Banasura Sagar reservoir.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manoj |first=E. M. |date=21 January 2021 |title=Floating solar project in Wayanad on solid ground |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/floating-solar-project-on-solid-ground/article33629769.ece |access-date=16 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* India's first solar ferry used for public transport, "[[Aditya (boat)|Aditya]]", operates in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=John L. |date=6 June 2020 |title=India's first solar ferry sails into global contest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/indias-first-solar-ferry-sails-into-global-contest/article31769302.ece |access-date=16 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* The [[Cochin International Airport]], the first airport in the world that runs entirely on solar power, is in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=9 September 2024 |title=CIAL generates 312 million units of solar power, cuts two lakh tonnes of emissions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/cial-generates-312-million-units-of-solar-power-cuts-two-lakh-tonnes-of-emissions/article67288543.ece |access-date=16 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* The [[Kochi Metro]] is planning 78 solar-electric ferry boats for the city, which will be the largest integrated water transport system in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=John L. |date=27 April 2023 |title=Explained {{!}} How the Kochi Water Metro will improve islanders' socio-economic status, boost tourism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/explained-how-the-kochi-water-metro-will-improve-islanders-socio-economic-status-boost-tourism/article66785278.ece |access-date=16 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Finance==
As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3,341 local bank branches: each branch served 10,000 people, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.<ref name="RBI_2002">{{cite web |url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/35585.pdf |title=State/Union Territory-Wise Number of Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks and Average Population Per Bank Branch |date=March 2002 |work=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810094850/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/35585.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2007 }}</ref> On 1 October 2011, Kerala became the first state in the country to have at least one banking facility in every village.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Now-you-can-bank-on-every-village-in-Kerala/articleshow/10194261.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Now, you can bank on every village in Kerala |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> Around 8% of the total number of employees in the organized sector of the state are employed in the financial and insurance industries as of March 2020.<ref name="eco"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Banks based in Kerala
! Bank Name !! Established !! Headquarter !! Branches !! [[Revenue]]s !! [[Asset|Total Assets]] !! Ref
|-
| [[Federal Bank]] || 1931 || [[Aluva]], [[Kochi]] || 1,589 || {{INRConvert|28106.08|c}} || {{INRConvert|349004.80|c}} || <ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://www.federalbank.co.in/documents/10180/515982150/Annual+Report+FY+23.pdf/e0d8897e-41dc-1602-2994-df39c983a9ed?t=1691749248753}}</ref>
|-
| [[South Indian Bank]] || 1929 || [[Thrissur]] || 954 || {{INRConvert|10128|c}} || {{INRConvert|117412|c}} || <ref name="https://www.southindianbank.com/userfiles/file/annual_report_sib_2023-24.pdf"/>
|-
| [[CSB Bank]] || 1920 || [[Thrissur]] || 785 || {{INRConvert|4569.20|c}} || {{INRConvert|47836.27 |c}} ||<ref>[https://www.csb.co.in/sites/all/themes/csb/annual-report-2020-21/files/full-report.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2021"].</ref>
|-
| [[ESAF Small Finance Bank|ESAF Bank]] || 2017 || [[Thrissur]] || 765 || {{INRConvert|4329.31|c}} || {{INRConvert|27178.29|c}} ||
|-
| [[Dhanlaxmi Bank]] || 1927 || [[Thrissur]] || 299 || {{INRConvert|1489|c}} || {{INRConvert|17936|c}} || <ref>[https://www.dhanbank.com/pdf/financials/Annual_Report_2016-17.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2017"]. dhanbank.com (15 March 2018).</ref>
|-
|}

==Traditional Industries==
Traditional industries manufacturing items; [[coir]], [[handloom]]s, and [[handicraft]]s employ around one million people.<ref name="KumarKerala2007">{{cite book |author1=S. Rajitha Kumar |author2=University of Kerala |title=Traditional Industries of India in the Globalised World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBvtAAAAMAAJ |year= 2007 |publisher=University of Kerala |isbn=978-8177081435 |page=223}}</ref> Kerala supplies 60% of the total global produce of white coir fibre. India's first coir factory was set up in [[Alleppey]] in 1859–60.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Coir Industry |url=http://www.indianmirror.com/indian-industries/coir.html |work=Indian Mirror |access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> The Central Coir Research Institute was established there in 1959. As per the 2006–2007 census by [[SIDBI]], there are 1,468,104 [[Small and medium enterprises#India|micro, small and medium enterprises]] in Kerala employing 3,031,272 people.<ref name="SIDBI Report 2010">{{cite book |title=SIDBI Report on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Sector, 2010 |publisher=Small Industries Development Bank of India |year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A Study on the Position of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kerala vis a vis the National Scenario |author=N. Rajeevan |journal=International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics and Management |date=March 2012 |volume=2 |issue=3}}</ref> The [[KSIDC]] has promoted more than 650 medium and large manufacturing firms in Kerala, creating employment for 72,500 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksidc.org/about-functions.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709062837/http://www.ksidc.org/about-functions.php |archive-date=9 July 2014 |title=Functions, KSIDC, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation |access-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>
A mining sector of 0.3% of GSDP involves extraction of [[ilmenite]], [[kaolin]], [[bauxite]], [[silica]], [[quartz]], [[rutile]], [[zircon]], and [[sillimanite]].<ref name="GOK_2005c">{{Cite journal |author=Government of Kerala |year=2005 |title=Kerala at a Glance |journal=Government of Kerala |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=22 January 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-date=18 January 2006 }}</ref>

==Agriculture and livestock==
[[File:Nemmara-paddy.jpg|left|thumb|[[Palakkad district]] is known as ''The Granary of Kerala'']]
Agricultural sector contributes only 7% to the GSDP of Kerala.<ref name="eco"/> Kerala produces 97% of national output of [[black pepper|pepper]], and accounts for 85% of the area under [[natural rubber]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/economy/agri.htm |title= |website=www.kerala.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327074723/http://www.kerala.gov.in/economy/agri.htm |archive-date=27 March 2010}}</ref> [[Coconut]], tea, coffee, [[cashew]], and [[spices]] — including cardamom, [[vanilla]], [[cinnamon]], and [[nutmeg]] — comprise a critical agricultural sector. Around 90% of the total cardamom produced in India is from Kerala.<ref name="eco"/> India is the second-largest producer of cardamom in world.<ref name="eco"/> A key agricultural staple is rice, with some six hundred varieties grown in Kerala's extensive paddy fields.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_5">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=5}}.</ref> Nevertheless, [[Residential garden|home gardens]] comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector. Related [[animal husbandry]] is also important, and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalised, and the landless. Feeding, milking, breeding, management, health care, and concomitant micro-enterprises all provide work for around 3.2 million of Kerala's 5.5 million households.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} The state government seeks to promote such activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as [[Sunandini]]. About 20% of the total coffee produced in India are from Kerala.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=409}}

Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Kerala based on 2011 prices<ref>[http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Final1Brochure_30july2018.pdf 2015 agricultural output of Kerala based on 2011 prices]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Segment || National Share %
|-
| Palmyra || 100.0
|-
| Nutmeg || 99.8
|-
| Clove || 95.6
|-
| Rubber || 84.1
|-
| Cardamom || 70.2
|-
| Pepper || 64.8
|-
| Tapioca || 48.3
|-
| Coconut || 35.8
|-
| Tamarind || 27.4
|-
| Jackfruit || 18.8
|-
| Arecanut || 16.9
|-
| Cocoa || 15.5
|-
| Pineapple || 12.7
|-
| Condiments and spices || 9.7
|-
| Marine fish || 8.3
|-
| Fuel wood || 5.3
|-
| Banana || 5.2
|-
| Coffee || 5.2
|-
| Meat || 5.1
|}

The most essential or the staple crop is the rice or paddy. About 600 varieties of rice are grown in the sprawling paddy fields of Kerala. In fact the Kuttanad region of the district of Kerala is known as the 'rice bowl of the state' and enjoys a significant status in the production of rice. Next to rice is Tapioca and is cultivated mainly in the drier regions. Tapioca is a major food of the Keralites. Besides production of the main crop, Kerala is also a major producer of spices that form the cash crops of the state. The important spices are cardamom, cinnamon, clove, turmeric, nutmeg and vanilla. Other cash crops that constitute the agricultural sector include tea, coffee cashew, pulses, areca nut, ginger and coconut. In fact coconut provides the principal source of income in Kerala- from coir industry to coconut shell artifacts. Cashew is also an essential cash crop. Kottayam district has extensive areas producing and processing rubber. Apart from rubber, other plantation crop likes plantains or bananas are also grown in plenty. In 1960–61, Kerala contributed to nearly 70% of the country's coconut production. In 2011–12, it was at 42%. It dropped further by 2.3% points the next year. According to the State Planning Board (2011) data, the state is producing only about 12% of its total requirement for rice. In 1960-61 Kerala produced more than 10 lakh tons of rice. By 2012-13 rice production was down to 5.08 lakh tons. By 2012–13, in just a single year, area under rice cultivation had declined by 5.2%, and the production itself dropped by 10.2%.

==Fisheries==
[[File:Chinese Fishing Nets with Blue Cloudy Sky in Background at Fort Kochi, Kerala, India.jpg|alt=|thumb|''[[Cheena vala]]'' (Chinese fishing net)]]
With {{convert|590|km|mi|lk=out|abbr=off}} of coastal belt,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala: Natural Resources |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=70 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218084509/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=70 |archive-date=18 December 2011 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> 400,000 hectares of inland water resources<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala: April 2012 |url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Kerala_060710.pdf |publisher=Indian Brand Equity Fund |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> and approximately 220,000 active fishermen,<ref name="Commission1961">{{cite book |author=India. Planning Commission |title=Third five year plan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_G5AAAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1961 |publisher=Manager of Publications |page=359}}</ref> Kerala is one of the leading producers of fish in India.<ref name="google13">{{cite book |author=Government of India Planning Commission |title=Kerala Development Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC&pg=PA51 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2008 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-8171885947 |page=51}}</ref> According to 2003–04 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 608,000 tons in 2003–04.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Planning Commission, India |title=Kerala Development Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=978-8171885947 |page=51 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, around 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala.<ref name="Handbook"/> During the southwest monsoon, a suspended mud bank develops along the shore, which in turn leads to calm ocean water, peaking the output of the fishing industry. This phenomenon is locally called ''[[chakara]]''.<ref name="Gulati1984">{{cite book |author=Leela Gulati |title=Fisherwomen on the Kerala Coast: Demographic and Socio-Economic Impact of a Fisheries Development Project |url=https://archive.org/details/fisherwomenonker0000gula |url-access=registration |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1984 |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=978-9221036265 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fisherwomenonker0000gula/page/103 103]}}</ref><ref name="Journal of Kerala Studies">{{cite book |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgSSAAAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1987 |publisher=University of Kerala. |page=201}}</ref> The waters provide a large variety of fish: [[Pelagic fish|pelagic species]]; 59%, [[Demersal fish|demersal species]]; 23%, [[crustacean]]s, [[Mollusca|molluscs]] and others for 18%.<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book |title=Handbook of Marine Fisheries Conservation and Management |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookmarinefi00graf |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University Press |author1=R. Quentin Grafton |author2=Ray Hilborn |author3=Dale Squires |year=2009 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookmarinefi00graf/page/n24 10]–12 |isbn=978-0195370287}}</ref> Around 1.050 million fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes as of a 1999–2000 estimate; 222 fishing villages are strung along the {{convert|590|km|adj=on|abbr=off}} coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland.

=== Background radiation levels ===
Minerals including [[Ilmenite]], [[Monazite]], [[Thorium]], and [[Titanium]], are found in the coastal belt of Kerala.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=343}} Kerala's coastal belt of [[Karunagappally]] is known for high background radiation from [[thorium]]-containing [[monazite]] sand. In some coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 [[Gray (unit)#Effect on the body|mGy/yr]] and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.<ref>{{Cite news |vauthors=Nair RR, Rajan B, Akiba S, Jayalekshmi P, Nair MK, Gangadharan P, Koga T, Morishima H, Nakamura S, Sugahara T |title=Background radiation and cancer incidence in Kerala, India-Karanagappally cohort study. |publisher=Health Physics |date=January 2009 |pmid=19066487}}</ref>

==Alcohol==
[[File:Alcoholic beverages consumed in kerala 2010.png|thumb|Per capita & Consumption of alcoholic beverages in Kerala for the year of 2010]]
The government enforces state monopoly over liquor sale in the state, after the state banned foreign liquor shops, through the government owned [[Kerala State Beverages (M&M) Corporation Ltd|Kerala State Beverages Corporation (KSBC)]]. Every year, liquor sales have been rising and the total sales of liquor and beer during 2010-11 fiscal year was expected to be about Rs. 67 billion.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/05/stories/2011010554260900.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110062049/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/05/stories/2011010554260900.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 January 2011 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Bevco pockets Rs. 600 crore in December | date=5 January 2011}}</ref>

The government applies the highest state tax on liquor (around 247%).
[[Rum]] and [[brandy]] are the preferred drinks in Kerala in a country where [[whisky]] outsells every other liquor.
Taxes on alcohol was a major source of revenue for the state government, but of late, it has been showing a declining trend. Only 4.2% of revenues for its annual budget come from liquor sales. Revenues from alcohol to the state's exchequer have registered a 100% rise over the past four years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksbc.kerala.gov.in/reports.htm |title=Official web site of Kerala State Beverages Corporation Limited |work=Ksbc.kerala.gov.in |access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref>

Liquor sales stood at 201 lakh cases worth Rs. 11,577 crore during 2015–16, down from 220 lakh cases worth Rs. 10,013 crore during the previous year. Gross sales during the first three months of 2016 were around Rs. 4,000 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Just-click-to-clink-Kerala-takes-liquor-sales-online/article14578577.ece|title=Just click to clink: Kerala takes liquor sales online|first=K. a|last=Martin|date=19 August 2016|access-date=2 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Numbers from the Kerala State Beverages Corporation analyzed by the Alcohol and Drug Information Center (AIDIC), show that alcohol consumption dropped by 20.27 per cent since April 2014, this in a market that registered an annual growth of 12 per cent to 67 per cent for the last 30 years.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-sets-an-example-by-reducing-alcohol-consumption-276631-2015-12-10|title=Just click to clink: Kerala sets a record by reducing alcohol consumption|date=10 December 2015|magazine=India Today |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>
In 2018–19, the turnover from the sale of liquor in Kerala stood at over Rs 14,500 crore and the revenue earned by way of tax was in excess of Rs 12,400 crore.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/keralas-double-standards-towards-alcohol-sale-and-liquor-consumption-5369811.html| title= Kerala's double standards towards alcohol sale and liquor consumption}}</ref>

Another source of income for the Kerala Government is lotteries. In 2020-21, the revenue from lottery sales was Rs.4911.52 crores, resulting in a profit of Rs 472.70 crores.

==Foreign remittances==
{{See also|Kerala Gulf diaspora}}
1.6 million Keralites work overseas out of a population of 32 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-survey-finds-only-1625-lakh-norks/article5298630.ece|title=State survey finds only 16.25 lakh NoRKs|date=2013-10-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of 2008, the Keralites in the Gulf countries send home a sum of [[USD]] 9.25 billion annually,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080822060145/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/19/stories/2008081954710500.htm GCC residency cap may force lakhs to return] by Biju Govind; The Hindu - Tuesday, 19 August 2008</ref> which is about 10% of [[Remittance#Top recipient countries|Remittance to India]]. Large numbers work in construction. High literacy allows Keralites to secure administrative employment & white-collar jobs. Migrants' families are three times as likely as those of nonmigrants to live in superior housing, and about twice as likely to have telephones, refrigerators, and cars.<ref>{{Harv|DeParle|2007}}</ref> [[Malappuram district]] has the largest proportion of emigrant households in state.<ref name="eco"/> [[Pathanamthitta]] and [[Thrissur]] districts have on an average one member from each household a non-resident Indian.

Of the $71 billion in remittances sent to India in 2012, Kerala still received the highest among the states: $11.3 billion, which is nearly 20%.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/remittances--kerala-drives-dollar-flows-to-india-053414379.html |title=Remittances: Kerala drives dollar flows to India |work=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> The foreign remittances in 2014 were estimated to be {{INRConvert|711|b}}, which dropped to {{INRConvert|633|b}} in 2016. The annual remittance received by the state in 2017 was estimated as {{INRConvert|900|b}}, which constituted 35% of the state's total income in the year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Remittances to Kerala set to decline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/remittances-to-kerala-set-to-decline/articleshow/62471109.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2018}}</ref> In 2018, there were 2.1 million emigrants from the state who made a remittance of {{INRConvert|851|b}}. There was a decline of about 3 lakh emigrants from the state during 2013–18. However, the overall remittances showed an increase compared to those of the previous years.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=New Evidences from the Kerala Migration Survey, 2018|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/4/special-articles/new-evidences-kerala-migration-survey-2018.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=5 June 2015|language=en|volume=55|issue=4|pages=7–8}}</ref>

There is also another interesting observation made by Kerala Migration Survey in its previous studies, which is, there is a steady rise in migration of highly qualified women professionals from Kerala from the 1990s to 2004. These women migrants were more educated and skilled and are earning more compared to unskilled migrants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Promised Land: Kerala's female emigrants key reason behind the rise in remittances - Long-reads News, Firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/the-promised-land-keralas-female-emigrants-key-reason-behind-rise-in-remittances-3730831.html|access-date=2020-10-11|website=Firstpost|date=21 June 2017 }}</ref> There was a diversification of source and destinations among female migrants their migration isn't entirely [[Middle East]] oriented and they are predominantly hailing from Central Kerala compared to male migrants who are overwhelmingly from [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] region and migrate to GCC. There is also more permanent nature of employment for female migrants compared to male migrants. This diversification provided a cushioning from both increasing naturalisation of West Asian countries and tightened immigration laws of Western countries in the 2010s this helped to sustain remittance inflow. The women migrants are mainly trained in [[Nursing]].

According to a study commissioned by the [[Kerala State Planning Board]], the state should look for other reliable sources instead of relying on remittances to finance its expenditure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131104/news-current-affairs/article/high-time-kerala-looked-beyond-remittance-income-says-study |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104093022/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131104/news-current-affairs/article/high-time-kerala-looked-beyond-remittance-income-says-study |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |title=High time Kerala looked beyond remittance income, says study |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=4 November 2013 |access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref>

== Other ==
Kerala is the single largest originator of education loans for the country as a whole. Total disbursal of education loans amount to Rs. 60 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/article2989038.ece |title=Business Line : Others / States : Kerala largest originator of education loans |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=13 March 2012 |access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref>

[[Aluva]] is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. There are more than 247 industries viz. Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore (FACT), Travancore Cochin Chemicals, Indian Rare Earths Limited, Hindustan Insecticides Limited and many others manufacturing a range of products like chemical and petrochemical products, pesticides, rare-earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilizers, zinc/chromium compounds and leather products.

== Publicly-listed companies from Kerala ==
[[File:Codacal Tile Factory.jpg|thumbnail|Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, [[Tirunavaya]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]. The tile factory at Kodakkal, started in 1887, is the second tile-manufacturing industry in India. The first tile factory was also in the state, located at [[Feroke]]]]
The following companies headquartered in or primarily operating from Kerala are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] includes:
# Muthoot Capital Services Limited
# [[Geojit Financial Services]]
# [[V-Guard Industries Ltd]]
# [[Federal Bank]]
# [[Dhanlaxmi Bank]]
# [[South Indian Bank]]
# [[Cochin Minerals and Rutile Limited]]
# Manappuram Finance Limited
# [[Muthoot Finance]]
# [[Harrisons Malayalam]]
# Accel Transmatic Limited
# GTN Textiles Limited
# Kitex Garments
# Nitta Gelatin India Ltd
# Eastern Treads Limited
# Rubfila International LTD
# Kerala Ayurveda Ltd
# Vertex Securities Ltd
# Sree Sakthi Paper Mills
# AVT Natural Products
# Victory Paper and Boards (India) Limited
# [[Cochin Shipyard|Cochin Shipyard Limited]]
# Aster DM Healthcare Limited
# [[Wonderla]] Holidays Ltd
# Catholic Syrian bank
# TCM Ltd (Formerly Travancore Chemical & Manufacturing Company Ltd)
# [[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore|Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Ltd (FACT)]]
# [[Kalyan Jewellers]]
# [[ESAF Small Finance Bank]]
# [[Apollo Tyres]]

The structure of unemployment and job seekers in the southwestern state of [[Kerala]] varies significantly from the rest of [[India]]. K. P. Kannan, a development economist in Kerala, calls it as Educated Unemployment, in which a person can't find desired job according to his educational qualification.<ref name="TNM">{{Cite news|title=Kerala's unemployment rate among youth rises to 40.5%: Here's why|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-s-unemployment-rate-among-youth-rises-405-here-s-why-143614|last=Kuttappan|first=Rejimon|date=17 February 2021|access-date=19 June 2021|work=The News Minute}}</ref> Other varying factor of Kerala with respect to rest of India is the higher number of female job seekers with respect to its male counterpart. More than 60% of the total job seekers in Kerala are women, with most of them are well-educated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://employment.kerala.gov.in/statistics/|title=Employment statistics|website=employment.kerala.gov.in|publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref> It is also seen that the unemployment rate among the women job seekers is much higher than that among the male job seekers.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/economic-review/ER2017/web_e/ch412.php?id=41&ch=412|title=Human Resources- Employment (2017)|website=spb.kerala.gov.in|publisher=Kerala State Planning Board, Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> Around 25% of the [[Postgraduate education|Postgraduates]] are unemployed while nearly 17% of each of those who have attained either a technical degree or vocational training are unemployed.<ref name=":17"/> The [[Workforce|labour force]] utilized for the primary and secondary sectors of the state are mainly the [[Migrant labourers in Kerala]], who come from other states of India, for higher wages.<ref name="TNM"/><ref name="FirstPost-01">{{cite news |last=K |first=Rejimon |title=Left-led Kerala govt will be first in country to provide insurance, free medical treatment for migrant workers |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/left-led-kerala-govt-will-be-first-in-country-to-provide-insurance-free-medical-treatment-for-migrant-workers-3416142.html |work=Firstpost |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Unescogym">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unescogym.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Gods-Own-Workforce-CMID-2017.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221750/https://www.unescogym.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Gods-Own-Workforce-CMID-2017.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead|title=God's Own Workforce: Unravelling Labour Migration to Kerela|first1=Benoy|last1=Peter|first2=Vishnu|last2=Narendran|publisher=Centre for Migration and Inclusive Development|date=November 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/684044/can-kerala-learn-to-respect-its-non-resident-millionaires-and-bengali-immigrants-equally/ |title=Election 2016: Can Kerala learn to respect its non-resident millionaires and Bengali immigrants equally? — Quartz |publisher=Qz.com |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> A portion of the male workforce of the state have emigrated—mostly to the Gulf countries—in search of better-paying jobs, known as [[Kerala Gulf diaspora]]. However the female work force doesn't do so resulting in higher unemployment rate among the women, who are more than 60% of the total job seekers in Kerala.<ref name="TNM"/><ref name=":17"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Business and economics}}
* [[Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board]]
* [[Kerala Startup Mission]]
* [[Kerala Model]]
* [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala]]
* [[Unemployment in Kerala]]
* [[Migrant labourers in Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Gulf diaspora]]
* [[Emerging Kerala]]
* [[Invest Kerala Global Summit]]
* [[Demographics of Kerala]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Hari
| first1 = KS
| surname2 = Kannan
| first2 = KP
| year = 2002
| title = Kerala's Gulf Connection: Emigration, Remittances and their Macro Economic Impact (Working Paper 328)
| journal = Centre for Development Studies (Trivandrum)
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Raman
| given1 = N
| year = 2005
| title = How almost everyone in Kerala learned to read
| journal = Christian Science Monitor
| url = https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0517/p12s01-legn.html
| access-date = 12 January 2006
}}.
{{refend}}
{{col-3}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|surname1 = Sreedharan
|given1 = TP
|year = 2004
|title = Biological Diversity of Kerala: A survey of Kalliasseri panchayat, Kannur district
|journal = Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development (Centre for Development Studies)
|url = http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/62.pdf
|access-date = 13 January 2006
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326054155/http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/62.pdf
|archive-date = 26 March 2009}}.
* {{Citation
|surname1=Varma
|given1=MS
|year=2005
|title=Nap on HDI scores may land Kerala in an equilibrium trap
|journal=The Financial Express
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/print.php?content_id=86925
|access-date=19 January 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201145951/http://www.financialexpress.com/print.php?content_id=86925
|archive-date=1 December 2005
|url-status=dead
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = DeParle
| given1 = Jason
| title = In India, Even Cared-For Populace Leaves For Work
| journal = The New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/world/asia/07migrate.html?hp
| access-date = 7 September 2007
| date = 7 September 2007
}}.
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}
{{refend}}
{{col-end}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title=Economic Review 2016 - Volume I|publisher=Kerala State Planning Board|year=2017|location=Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720141140/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1|url-status=dead}}
* [https://spb.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-01/English-Vol-1_0.pdf Economic Review 2020] by State Planning Board, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]

==External links==
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8546952.stm Conundrum of Kerala's struggling economy BBC News]
* [http://www.keralaeconomicassociation.org Kerala Economic Association's Official Website]

{{Wikiquote|Kerala}}
{{Topics related to Kerala}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Economy of India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy of Kerala}}
[[Category:Economy of Kerala| ]]

Kinjal Singh

2026-03-14T20:56:50Z

Michaelevansnet: Made Bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kinjal Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|1|5}}
| birth_place = [[Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], [[Civil servant]]
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]]
| spouse = Abhay Singh
| father = K. P. Singh
| mother = Vibha Singh
| employer = [[Government of India]]
| organization = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| years_active = 2008–present
}}
'''Kinjal Singh''' is an [[IAS officer|Indian Administrative Service officer]] working as the [[Director General]] of [[Medical Education]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="UPSDC">{{Cite web |url=https://niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in/ias-posting-detail.htm?89 |title=IAS Posting Detail |publisher=[[Department of Appointment and Personnel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/administration/ias-kinjal-singh-dgme-posting-challenged-in-high-court-hearing-public-plea/articleshow/100647239.cms |title=IAS किंजल सिंह की DGME पद पर तैनाती पर उठे सवाल, हाई कोर्ट में जनहित याचिका पर सुनवाई
|publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-petition-to-remove-ias-kinjal-singh-from-the-post-of-dgme-8242982.html |title=आईएएस किंजल सिंह को डीजीएमई पद से हटाने को याचिका |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-news-challenge-to-the-posting-of-ias-kinjal-singh-on-the-post-of-dgme-2023-05-30 |title=Lucknow News : डीजीएमई पद पर आईएएस किन्जल सिंह की तैनाती को चुनौती, जनहित याचिका पर सुनवाई 31 को |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref> She is the former vice chairman of the [[Kanpur Development Authority]].<ref name="UPSDC"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-12-11/Kanpur-Development-Authority-lauds-Jalamandali-rain-harvesting-park/456198 |title=Kanpur Development Authority lauds Jalamandali rain harvesting park |publisher=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Kinjal Singh was born on 5 January 1982 in [[Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="UPSDC"/> to a [[Hindu]] family of K. P. Singh and Vibha Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-meet-ias-officer-whose-father-was-killed-mother-died-of-cancer-cleared-upsc-won-justice-for-her-father-aft-3070236 |title=Meet IAS officer, whose father was killed, mother died of cancer, cleared UPSC, won justice for her father after 31 yrs |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jansatta.com/lifestyle/ias-kinjal-singh-success-stories-father-murdered-mother-dies-of-cancer-still-not-giving-up/2353875/ |title=IAS success stories: पिता की हत्या, कैंसर से मां का निधन, फिर भी नहीं हारी हिम्मत; आईएएस बन किंजल ने पूरा किया सपना |publisher=[[Jansatta]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/usman-saifi-safar-kinjal-singh-up-youtuber-charged-for-making-video-on-bureaucrats-dead-parents-6022042 |title=UP YouTuber Charged For Making Video On Bureaucrat's Dead Parents |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In 2013, she married Abhay Singh, an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of the same batch.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wish-mother-were-alive-todaysays-slain-cops-ias-daughter/articleshow/19409450.cms |title=Wish mother were alive today, says slain cop's IAS daughter |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/news/cbi-raids-aganst-ias-abhay-singh-in-bulandshahar-today-01591123.html |title=होमगार्डों को पीटने तो कभी वायरल वीडियो के कारण चर्चाओं में रहे अभय सिंह |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

==Education==

Kinjal Singh completed her education at the [[Lady Shri Ram College]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/these-up-sisters-became-ias-and-irs-officers-to-bring-their-dsp-fathers-murderers-to-justice-8690818.html |title=These UP Sisters Became IAS And IRS Officers To Bring Their DSP Father's Murderers To Justice |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/career/story-upsc-cse-got-25th-rank-became-ias-officer-dsp-father-murdered-up-ias-officer-kinjal-singh-file-case-youtuber-10358875.html |title=फिर चर्चा में यूपी की तेज तर्रार IAS अफसर, UPSC CSE में आई थी 25वीं रैंक, DSP पिता की हुई थी हत्या |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/upsc-success-story-of-kinjal-singh-ias-pranjal-singh-irs-became-government-officer-to-take-revenge-of-father-death-motivational-story-7873026.html |title=Success Story: DSP पिता की हत्या, मां की कैंसर से मौत, बेटियों ने अफसर बनकर लिया बदला, 31 साल बाद मिला न्याय |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref>

==Career==

Kinjal Singh is an [[IAS officer]] of the 2008 batch. She started her career as a Joint Magistrate of [[Lucknow]] in 2010.<ref name="UPSDC"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/hindi/women/struggle-and-success-story-of-ias-kinjal-singh-585071.html |title=Kinjal Singh: पिता की हुई हत्या, मां को भी खोया, संभाली बहन की जिम्मेदारी, IAS बन दिलाई दोषियों को सजा |publisher=[[IndiaTimes]] |language=hi}}</ref> In 2012, Kinjal held the post of [[district magistrate]] and collector of [[Bahraich]].<ref name="UPSDC"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kinjal-singh-dm-bahraich-half-marathon-champion-up-178208-2014-01-24 |title=Guess how far this woman District Magistrate from UP ran |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref> She was former [[Director General]] of [[Medical Education]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="UPSDC"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-scraps-fine-for-leaving-medical-education-midway-101719513686661.html |title=Uttar Pradesh scraps fine for leaving medical education midway |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> She is currently Transport Commissioner in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IAS Transfer: यूपी में 16 आईएएस अधि‍कार‍ियों का तबादला, ल‍िस्‍ट में रोशन जैकब और बी चंद्रकला का नाम भी शामिल - 16 IAS officers transferred in UP Roshan Jacob B Chandrakala kinjal singh ias saumya agarwal ias |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-16-ias-officers-transferred-in-up-roshan-jacob-b-chandrakala-kinjal-singh-ias-saumya-agarwal-ias-24049393.html |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{Indian Civil Servants}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kinjal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Ballia]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Hindi cinema content lists

2026-03-13T19:45:00Z

Michaelevansnet: Made A Article

{{Short description|none}}
{{portal|Lists}}
This is a list of content of [[Hindi cinema]].
{{dynamic list}}
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi horror films]]
* [[List of Indian romance films]]
* [[List of Hindi film families]]
* [[List of Indian film music directors]]
* [[List of Indian music families]]
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]
* [[List of Hindi film actors]]

{{list of lists}}
[[Category:Hindi cinema-related lists]]

Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri

2026-03-12T06:35:41Z

Michaelevansnet: put up a post

{{Short description|1308 Khalji military campaign}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|place=[[Devagiri]]
|image=Daulatabad Fort & Monument therein 19.jpg
|caption=The Ruins of [[Daulatabad Fort|Devagiri fort]]
|date=1308
|combatant1= [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]]
|combatant2= [[Delhi Sultanate]]
|commander1=[[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]]
|commander2=[[Alauddin Khalji]] [[Malik Kafur]]
|result=Khalji victory
}}
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Delhi]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.2273958, 28.661898] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Devagiri]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.2131507, 19.942715] }
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</mapframe>
The '''conquest of Devagiri''' occurred around 1308, after the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent a large army led by his general [[Malik Kafur]] to [[Devagiri]], the capital of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] king [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]].

Alauddin had earlier [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|raided Devagiri in 1296]], and forced Ramachandra to pay him [[tributary state|tribute]]. However, Ramachandra had discontinued tribute payments, and had given asylum to the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna]], whom Alauddin had [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|ousted from Gujarat]] in 1304.

A section of the Delhi army, commanded by [[Alp Khan]], invaded Karna's principality in the Yadava kingdom, and captured the Vaghela princess [[Devaladevi]], who later married Alauddin's son Khizr Khan. Another section, commanded by Malik Kafur captured Devagiri after a weak resistance by the defenders. Ramachandra agreed to become a [[vassal]] of Alauddin, and later, aided Malik Kafur in the Sultanate's invasions of the southern kingdoms.

== Date ==

There is some confusion over the date of Alauddin's second invasion of Devagiri. His courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] dates this invasion to March 1307, but describes it after the [[Siege of Siwana]], which occurred in 1308. The 16th century writer [[Firishta]] dates the Devagiri campaign to 1306, but states that it happened in the same year as the [[Siege of Siwana]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=189}}

The near-contemporary writer [[Ziauddin Barani]] dates the invasion to 1308, which according to historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]], appears to be correct.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=189}}

== Causes of 1308 invasion ==

The Yadava king [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] had agreed to pay an annual tribute after [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|Alauddin's 1296 raid]] of the Yadava capital Devagiri. However, in the mid-1300s, he stopped sending the tribute, as Alauddin remained occupied with his campaigns in northern India.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=188}} As a result, Alauddin sent a force led by his general [[Malik Kafur]] to subjugate Ramachandra. According to the 14th century chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]], the decision of not paying the tribute was that of Ramachandra's son and his associates: Ramachandra himself remained loyal to Alauddin, and even appealed the Sultan to punish his son, resulting in Malik Kafur's invasion.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=189}} This seems true, because according to Amir Khusrau's ''Khazainul Futuh'', Alauddin ordered his army not to harm Ramachandra and his family during the invasion.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=401}}

According to some medieval writers, another reason for this campaign was the pursuit of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] princess [[Devaladevi]]. During his [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|1299 invasion of Gujarat]], Alauddin had captured the Vaghela queen Kamaladevi, who later was forced to marry him in Delhi. In 1304, Alauddin annexed Gujatat to the Delhi Sultanate, forcing the Vaghela king [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna]] to flee to the Yadava kingdom, where Ramachandra gave Karna the principality of [[Baglana]]. According to the 16th century historian Firishta, Kamaladevi requested Alauddin to bring her daughter Devaladevi to Delhi.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=190}}

[[Ziauddin Barani]] mentions that Malik Kafur invaded Devagiri on his way to the [[Kakatiya]] capital [[Warangal]], but this is not correct. Malik Kafur returned to Delhi after his conquest of Devagiri, and invaded the Kakatiaya kingdom at a later time.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=402-405}}

== March to the Yadava kingdom ==

Alauddin had thought of selecting Malik Shahin, the former governor of [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]], as the commander of the Devagiri campaign. However, Malik Shahin had earlier fled Chittor fearing a Vaghela resurgence in the neighbouring territory of Gujarat. Therefore, Alauddin selected another general - Malik Kafur - to lead the invasion of Devagiri.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=401}}

According to [[Firishta]], Alauddin took special care to ensure that all the officers participating in the campaign obeyed Malik Kafur. He sent his royal canopy and pavilion with Kafur, and ordered his officers to pay respects to him daily. These officers included Sirajuddin Khwaja Haji, the minister of war, who held immediate charge of the army. The [[Malwa]] governor Ainul Mulk Multani and the Gujarat governor [[Alp Khan]] were ordered to extend all possible support to Kafur.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=401}}

Malik Kafur assembled a 30,000-strong cavalry at [[Tilpat]] near Delhi, and then marched towards Devagiri via [[Dhar]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=401}} His army was reinforced by the forces of Khavaja Haji, Ainul Mulk Multani and Alp Khan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=190}} After crossing [[Malwa]], Malik Kafur sent Alp Khan to Baglana to capture Devaladevi forcefully, while he himself marched to Devagiri.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=191}}

== Baglana ==

In the past, Ramachandra's son Simhana had offered to marry Karna's daughter Devaladevi, but Karna had refused this proposal.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=191}} As Alp Khan invaded [[Baglana]], Karna found himself in a difficult situation, and agreed to marry his daughter to Simhana. Devaladevi was sent on a journey to Devagiri, escorted by a small party under Simhana's brother Bhillama.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=191}}

According to one account, soon after Devaladevi's departure, Alp Khan defeated Karna in a battle. Karna fled towards Devagiri, pursued by the Delhi forces.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=192}} He was denied asylum at Devagiri, and ultimately, had to seek shelter from the Kakatiyas in Warangal.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=400}} Meanwhile, Bhillama's party was intercepted by a contingent of Alp Khan's army. Devaladevi's horse was wounded by arrow, and she was captured by Dilawar Panchami, an officer of Alp Khan. She was taken to Alp Khan, who sent her to Delhi.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=402}}

[[Firishta]] offers a slightly different account of Devaladevi's capture. According to him, Simhana had sent Bhillama to escort Devaladevi without Ramachandra's permission. Alp Khan was unable to find Karna in Baglana, and retired to a [[bank (geography)|riverbank]], where his army rested for two days. There, around 300-400 of his soldiers took his permission to visit the famous [[Ellora Caves]]. During this journey, these soldiers encountered Bhima's party escorting Devaladevi to Devagiri. They defeated Bhillama, captured Devaladevi, and took her to Alp Khan.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=403}}

== Devagiri ==
[[File:Region of the Yadavas, with the city of Diogil (Deogil. Dwaigir. Daulatabad) in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|upright=2|Western coast of India, with the traditional Yadava capital of ''Diogil'' ("Deogiri", or [[Devagiri]] [[File:Diogil_(Deogil._Dwaigir._Daulatabad)_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg|15px]]) at the center, in the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375). On top of the city of ''Diogil'' floats a peculiar flag ([[File:Flag of Diogil, Catalan Atlas 1375.png|20px]]), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ([[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|20px]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore |date=1936 |pages=264–265 |url=https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesFromSanThomeAndMylaporeHenriHosten1936/page/n319/mode/2up?q=diogil}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadoi |first1=Yuka |title=On the Timurid Flag |journal=Beiträge zur Islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |date=2010 |volume=2 |page=148 |doi=10.29091/9783954909537/009 |s2cid=263250872 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816|quote="...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555)."}}</ref> Devagiri was ultimately captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1307.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |title=The worlds of the Indian Ocean : a global history : a revised and updated translation |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42456-1 |page=Chapter 8 |url=|id=978-1108424653|quote="The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307"}}</ref> The trading ship raises the flag of the [[Ilkhanate]] ([[File:Flag_of_the_Ilkhanate.svg|20px]]).]]
Meanwhile, at Devagiri, the defenders offered a weak resistance, and Malik Kafur achieved an easy victory. According to [[Isami (historian)|Isami]], Kafur plundered Devagiri, but [[Firishta]] states that Kafur did not harm the general public. Historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] believes Isami to be incorrect.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=401}}

Amir Khusrau states that the defending army split into two sections: one section led by Ramachandra surrendered, while another section led by his son Bhillama fled.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=401}} Ramachandra left his son Simhana (or Singhana) at Devagiri, and then came to meet Kafur.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=402}}

== In Delhi ==

Kafur took Ramachandra and his family to Delhi to personally acknowledge Alauddin's suzerainty. In Delhi, Alauddin treated Ramachandra well, and honoured him with the title ''Rai Rayan''. According to Barani, Alauddin gave him 100,000 gold ''tankas'' (coins), and the principality of [[Navsari]] in Gujarat. According to Haji-ud-dabir, Alauddin chided Malik Kafur for misbehaving with Ramachandra, and the Yadava king had voluntarily submitted to Alauddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=192}}

According to Isami, Ramachandra also gave his daughter Jhatyapali in marriage to Alauddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=56}} The 14th century Persian historian [[Wassaf]], in his ''Tajziyat al-amsar'', also mentions that the ruler of Devagiri gave his daughter to Alauddin to save his life.{{sfn|P. M. Joshi|1966|p=210}} Historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] believes that Ramachandra gave his daughter to Alauddin after the [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|1296 raid]],{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|pp=56-57}} but historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] states that this probably happened after the second expedition.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=92}} This daughter is alternatively called Chhitai, Jhitai, Jethapali or Kshetrapali in various historical texts.{{sfn|P. M. Joshi|1966|p=210}} Isami states that she was the mother of Alauddin's son and successor [[Shihab-ud-din Omar]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=57}} The 16th century historian [[Firishta]] claims that after Alauddin's death, his viceroy [[Malik Kafur]] married Ramachandra's daughter. ''Chhitai Varta'' (c. 1440), a Hindi poem by Narayan-das, narrates her legend.{{sfn|P. M. Joshi|1966|p=210}}

Ramachandra stayed at Delhi for six months.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=402}} By the end of 1308, he came back to Devagiri, where he ruled as a vassal of Alauddin. He remained loyal to Alauddin till his death, and helped his army carry out the subsequent southern campaigns of [[Siege of Warangal, 1310|Warangal]] and [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|Dwarasamudra]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=193}}

Ramachandra appears to have died sometime in 1311, although the exact date of his death is not certain.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=554}} The Nala inscription, his last extant inscription, is dated 1311 CE (1233 [[Shaka era|Shaka]]).{{sfn|Ramakant R. Bhoir|2002|pp=25-27}}

==1313 invasion==
In 1313, probably at his own request,{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=177}} Malik Kafur led another expedition to Devagiri, against Ramachandra's successor Simhana III (or Shankaradeva). He defeated and killed him for unsuccessfully rebelling against [[Alauddin Khalji]].,{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=155}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=554}} and annexed Devagiri to the Delhi Sultanate. Kafur remained in Devagiri as governor of the newly annexed territory for two years, until he was urgently summoned to Delhi when Alauddin's health began deteriorating.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=38}}{{sfn|S. Digby|1990|p=419}}

==1317 invasion==
After Malik Kafur was recalled to Delhi, Ayn al-Mulk Multani acted as the governor of Devagiri, but later, he too was recalled to crush a rebellion in Gujarat.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=434}}

Taking advantage of this, the Yadavas seized Devagiri, and declared their independence. They were led by Harapaladeva (or Hirpal), who was probably a son-in-law of the former Yadava monarch [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]], and his prime minister Raghava (or Raghu).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=556}}

In April 1317, during the second year of his reign, [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]] marched to Devagiri with a large army.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=434}} When the army reached Devagiri, all the local chiefs except Raghava and Harapaladeva accepted Mubarak Shah's suzerainty without offering any resistance.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=434}}

Raghava and his nearly 10,000-strong cavalry, as well as Harapaladeva, fled to the hilly region near Devagiri. The Delhi generals [[Khusrau Khan]] and Malik Qutlugh (who held the title ''amir-i shikar'') led an army to pursue them.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=434}} The Delhi forces completely routed Raghava's army.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=329}} Khusrau Khan dispatched a force led by ''amir-i koh'' Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Talbagha (son of Yaghda) to pursue Harapaladeva, who was wounded and captured after 2-3 skirmishes. Harapaladeva was presented before Mubarak Shah, who ordered his beheading.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=435}} The body of Harapaladeva was hung at the gates of Devagiri.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=323}}

Mubarak Shah spent some time consolidating his rule in Deccan. Malik Yaklakhi, who had served as Alauddin's Naib-i-Barid-i-Mumalik, was appointed as the governor of Devagiri.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=330}}

==Aftermath==
Ramachandra had two other sons, Ballala and [[Bhima of Mahikavati|Bhima]] (also called Bimba or Bhillama).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=555}} Of these, Bhima escaped to [[Konkan]], where he established a base at Mahikavati (modern [[Mahim]] in [[Mumbai]]).{{sfn|Stephen Meredyth Edwardes|1902|p=25}}

In 1328, Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] moved his capital to Devagiri and renamed it as Daulatabad. It came under the control of [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in 1347. It became the secondary capital of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] in 1499. [[Mughals]] captured the region in 1632. In 1795, the region came under the Maratha rule, following the Maratha victory over the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Kharda.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14DvAQAACAAJ |oclc=59001459 }}
* {{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |page=178 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=P. M. Joshi |chapter=Alauddin Khalji's first campaign against Devagiri |editor=H. K. Sherwani |editor-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani |title=Dr. Ghulam Yazdani Commemoration Volume |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK7de_DTsW8C |year=1966 |publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |oclc=226900 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Ramakant R. Bhoir |title=Latest inscription of Ramchandra Yadava |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |year=2002 |pages=247–250 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44158092 }}
* {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA92 |year=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=S. Digby |chapter=Kāfūr, Malik |editor1=E. Van Donzel |editor2=B. Lewis |editor3=Charles Pellat |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |year=1990 |publisher=Brill |volume=4, Iran–Kha |isbn=90-04-05745-5 |page=419 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shanti Sadiq Ali |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA35 |year=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=[[Stephen Meredyth Edwardes]] |title=The Rise of Bombay: A Retrospect |url=https://archive.org/stream/risebombayaretr00edwagoog#page/n38/mode/2up |year=1902 |publisher=The Times of India Press / Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-14407-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=The Seunas of Devagiri |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]

Nidurinchu Jahapana

2026-03-10T13:32:26Z

Michaelevansnet: put up post

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Prasanna Kumar Devarapalli}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nidurinchu Jahapana.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Prasanna Kumar Devarapalli
| writer = Prasanna Kumar Devarapalli
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Sam
* G. Vamsi Krishna Varma
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Aanand Vardhan]]
* Navami Gayak
* [[Roshni Sahota]]
}}
| cinematography = Anand Reddy Nadakatla
| editing = Nani Babu Karumanchi
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| studio = AR Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|2|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nidurinchu Jahapana''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romantic drama (film and television)|romantic drama]] film written and directed by Prasanna Kumar Devarapalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidurinchu Jahapana: ఆరు నెలలు నిద్రలోనే జహాపన |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/nidurinchu-jahapana-movie-poster-launched/0201/123111685 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625204639/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/nidurinchu-jahapana-movie-poster-launched/0201/123111685 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features [[Aanand Vardhan]], Navami Gayak and [[Roshni Sahota]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velugu |first=V6 |date=2023-06-25 |title=చైల్డ్ ఆర్టిస్ట్ ఆనంద్ వర్ధన్ హీరోగా ..జహాపన నిదురించు.. |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/anand-vardhan-as-hero-nidurinchu-jahapana |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629222125/https://www.v6velugu.com/anand-vardhan-as-hero-nidurinchu-jahapana |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-27 |title=Indra child artist Aanand Vardhan to debut as a hero with Nidurinchu Jahapana |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/27/indra-child-artist-aanand-vardhan-to-debut-as-a-hero-with-nidurinchu-jahapana |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130125723/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/27/indra-child-artist-aanand-vardhan-to-debut-as-a-hero-with-nidurinchu-jahapana |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Aanand Vardhan]] as Veeru
* Navami Gayak as Sitara
* [[Roshni Sahota]] as Madhura
* [[Ramaraju (actor)|Ramaraju]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Kancharapalem Raju]] as Veeru's father
* [[Kalpa Latha]] as Jayamma, Veeru's mother
* Viren Thambidorai as Nayan
* Gemini Suresh
* Jabardasth Santhikumar
}}

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| title1 = Hailesso Hailessa
| length1 = 3:00
| lyrics1 = Prasanna Kumar
| extra1 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| title2 = Aasa Aasa Allari Aasa
| length2 = 4:46
| lyrics2 = Shreshta
| extra2 = Sruthi Ranjani
| title3 = Idena Idena
| length3 = 5:14
| lyrics3 = Kalyan Chakravarthy
| extra3 = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Nidurinchu Jahapana'' was released on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=జహాపన {{!}} Anand Vardhan Nidurinchu Jahapana Teaser released {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/anand-vardhan-nidurinchu-jahapana-teaser-released-2341999 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' gave a mixed review and is particularly critical of screenplay and story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-02-14 |title=Nidurinchu Jahapana Review: మాస్టర్ ఆనంద్ వర్థన్, హీరోగా సక్సెస్ ఇచ్చాడా {{!}} Master Anandvardhan Starrer Nidurinchu Jahapana Review avm |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/film-reviews/master-anandvardhan-starrer-nidurinchu-jahapana-review-avm-61017.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214054917/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/film-reviews/master-anandvardhan-starrer-nidurinchu-jahapana-review-avm-61017.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=28455855|title=Nidurinchu Jahapana}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]

{{2020s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}
{{2020s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Meitei folklore

2026-03-05T01:49:13Z

Michaelevansnet: quick update structure for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Folklore of the Meitei people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Khamba and Thoibi (The Torture by the Elephant).jpg|thumb|A scene from the [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic legends of ancient [[Moirang]], a southern province of [[Ancient Kangleipak|Ancient Manipur]].]]
'''Meitei folklore''' is the [[folklore]] and [[mythology]] of the [[Meitei people]] of [[Manipur]], India.

Such folklore is traditionally passed from generation to generation.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/307|title=The Oral Folk Literature of the Ancient Meiteis of Manipur: An Analysis of its Cultural Significance|first1=Thounaojam|last1=Caesar|first2=Reena|last2=Sanasam|date=28 June 2018|journal=Space and Culture, India|volume=6|issue=1|pages=29–37|via=spaceandculture.in|doi=10.20896/saci.v6i1.307|doi-access=free}}</ref> Currently, the [[government of Manipur]] is planning to preserve the folklore of the Meitei people through primary education in government institutions.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/lessons-from-folklore-for-manipur-schools/cid/1449166 | title=Lessons from folklore for Manipur schools | newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | first=Ngangbam Indrakanta | last=Singh | date=17 May 2018 | access-date=8 May 2021 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Meitei folktales]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite thesis |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/68226 |title=A study of Manipuri Meitei folklore |last=Singh |first=Huirem Behari |date=1985 |publisher=[[Gauhati University]] |type=PhD}}
* {{cite book |last=Thoudam |first=N. |date=2026 |chapter=Oral Storytelling Practices of the Meiteis of Manipur in India’s Northeast: Wari Leeba and Phunga Wari |editor1=S. N. Dhumal |editor2=T. V. Banekar |title=Whispers of Forgotten Tales |series=Performance Studies & Cultural Discourse in South Asia |volume=7 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore |pages=1-20 |doi=10.1007/978-981-95-5973-2_1}}

[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology| ]]

{{Meitei Myth footer}}

{{folklore-stub}}
{{India-culture-stub}}

Jwaladweepa Rahasyam

2026-03-03T20:34:57Z

Michaelevansnet: Made A Pg - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jwaladweepa Rahasyam
| director = [[B. Vittalacharya]]
| producer = P. Mallikharjuna Rao <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1063960/|title=P. Mallikharjuna Rao|publisher=IMDb|access-date=2016-07-26}}</ref>
| writer = G. Krishna Murthy (Dialogues)
| screenplay = [[B. Vittalacharya]]
| starring = [[Kanta Rao]] [[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]] [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
| narrator =
| music = [[S. P. Kodandapani]]
| cinematography = S. Venkataratnam <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1025163/|title=Venkataratnam Cinematographer|publisher=IMDb|access-date=2016-07-26}}</ref>
| editing = B. Kandaswamy
| studio = Madhu Pictures, Madras
| distributor = Navayuga Vidudhala ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) Kalpana Movies ([[Mysore]])
| released = {{Film date|1965|06|08|df=y}}
| runtime = 198 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
}}

'''''Jwaladweepa Rahasyam''''' ({{translation|The Secret of the Volcanic Island}}) is a 1965 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film]] directed by [[B. Vittalacharya]]. The film was produced under the banner Madhu Pictures by P. Mallikharjuna Rao. It stars [[Kanta Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] and [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]].

== Plot ==
Siddhendra [[Bhattaraka]] ([[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]) is a sage who aims to get immortal powers by practising black magic and by offering three young babies everyday to Black Magic Goddess. King Prabhakara Varma (K. V. S. Sarma), who is furious with Siddhendra's acts even after repeated warnings, orders Siddhendra to be exiled from the kingdom of Tejovathi. While being sent out to a forest, Siddhendra tries to escape and he loses his big toe when he is shot with an arrow by one of the King's soldiers. He hides behind a rock and misguides the soldiers by dropping his big toe in another route.

While walking through the forest, he hears a woman screaming and being attacked by a giant vulture. He fights with the vulture and kills it. The woman he saved is a witch called Sarpakesi and the vulture that tried to kill her is a warlock. Sarpakesi is impressed and grants him a boon. She builds a volcano (Jwala Dweepa) for Siddhendra and arranges a secret place inside it for him to perform all rituals in order to achieve immortal powers. She also snatches three small babies every day from the citizens of the kingdom through her black magic and brings them to Siddhendra for Goddess offerings.

One day Black Magic Goddess appears and tells Siddhendra that he can never achieve immortal powers in spite of all these offerings as he is considered handicapped due to losing his big toe. With the help of Sarpakesi, Siddhendra drowns the boat of king's army coming to attack him. Sarpakesi recommends Siddhendra to accept one of the servants of the King Prabhakara Varma, Bhallataka Varma ([[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]]) as his disciple and train him to achieve the goal. Bhallataka joins hands with Siddhendra and they conduct worship for five years to Snake God to gain immortal powers. Finally, Snake God blesses Bhallataka with immortal powers with one condition that his hands should never be filled with blood, meaning he can't kill anyone.

Bhallataka overtakes the kingdom of Prabhakara Varma and gets the King, the Queen and their four sons imprisoned in the volcano under the control of Sarpakesi. One of the servants manages to escape with the King's fifth son, Anand Varma ([[Kanta Rao]]) without Bhallataka's knowledge. Siddhendra creates an immortal girl called Lalasa and gets her married to Bhallataka. In an inauspicious moment, Lalasa gives birth to a baby girl, Aravinda ([[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]). Fed up with the atrocities, the chief priest curses Bhallataka that his own son-in-law will be killing Bhallataka. Bhallataka first thinks of killing his daughter, but couldn't because he will lose his powers. So, he decides not to get his daughter married. The chief priest is imprisoned and tortured by Sarpakesi. Bhallataka passes a rule that every citizen in the kingdom should worship him as the only God and should remove any idols or pictures of other gods from temples and houses. People like Kanteerava, who opposed this rule are harassed and jailed. The servant who raised Anand reveals the secret that Anand is the son of the King Prabhakara Varma and explains all the crimes of Bhallataka. Anand comes to the Tejovathi kingdom and is jailed for opposing Bhallataka's views by the commander Dalapathi ([[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Kaikala Satya Narayana]]). Anand, through a small hole in the jail happens to see the princess Aravinda singing and falls for her. Both exchange words and Aravinda also falls for Anand.

The rest of the story is all about how Anand married Aravinda and released his family from the volcano (Jwala Dweepa) by killing Bhallataka and Siddhendra.

== Cast ==

'''Male actors'''
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kanta Rao]] as Anand Varma
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Bhallataka Varma
* [[Mukkamala Krishna Murthy|Mukkamala]] as Siddhendra Bhattaraka
* [[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]
* K. V. S. Sarma as King Prabhakara Varma
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Kaikala Satya Narayana]] as Dalapathi
* Pehalwan Kantha Rao as Kanteerava
* Viswanadham
* Sarma
* Raghuram
* Krishnayya
* Kasinath
* Ramaraju
* Bheemaraju
* Kalappa
* Rajarao
* Pasha
* Sasi
{{colend}}

'''Female actors'''
{{colbegin}}
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Aravinda
* Suryakala as Lalasa
* Saraswathi
* Meena Kumari
* Lakshmi Kanthamma
* Vijaya
* Brindavana Chowdhary
* Junior Janaki
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1510775}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:1965 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Vittalacharya]]
[[Category:1965 fantasy films]]

Kakdwip subdivision

2026-03-03T16:27:11Z

Michaelevansnet: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Subdivision in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kakdwip
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Kakdwip (subdivision) in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Kakdwip subdivision in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|21.8791446|N|88.1912992|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kakdwip]]
| leader_title = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name = [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]], [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]], [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]], [[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]]
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]], [[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]], [[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 1389.95
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,008,653
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 82.04 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 953 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Kakdwip subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
Kakdwip subdivision has full rural population. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]]. The southern part of the delta has numerous channels and islands such as the [[Henry Island (India)|Henry Island]], [[Sagar Island]], Frederick Island and Fraserganj Island. The subdivision is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]]. A comparatively recent country-wide development is the guarding of the coastal areas by special coastal forces. The area attracts large number of tourists – [[Gangasagar]] and [[Fraserganj]]-[[Bakkhali]] are worth mentioning. [[Gobardhanpur]] holds a promise for the future.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physigraphy| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
South 24 Parganas district is divided into five administrative subdivisions:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 27 October 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters||Area (km2) || Population (2011) ||Urban population %||Rural Population %
|-
|[[Alipore Sadar subdivision|Alipore Sadar]]||[[Alipore]]||427.43||1,490,342||59.85||40.15
|-
|[[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]||[[Baruipur]]||1,355.44||2,396,643||31.05||68.95
|-
|[[Canning subdivision|Canning]]||[[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]]||1,103.73||1,140,562||12.37||87.63
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]||[[Diamond Harbour]]||1,264.68||2,125,758||14.61||85.39
|-
| Kakdwip||[[Kakdwip]]||1,389.93||1,008,653||0||100
|-
![[South 24 Parganas]]||[[Alipore]]||9,960,00||8,161,961||25.58||74.42
|-
|}
12.36% of the total population of South 24 Parganas district live in Kakdwip subdivision.

==Administrative units==
Kakdwip subdivision has 8 police stations, 4 community development blocks, 4 panchayat samitis, 42 gram panchayats, 217 [[mouza]]s and 202 inhabited villages.<ref name=handbook2014/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data (PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=ctlist>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |title=District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001 |publisher=Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date=24 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=distProfile>{{cite web | url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/FrameTable2_8.htm | title=List of Districts/C.D.Blocks/ Police Stations with Code No., Number of G.Ps and Number of Mouzas | publisher=Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date=24 December 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416145627/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/FrameTable2_8.htm | archive-date=16 April 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Police stations==
Police stations in Kakdwip subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://sundarbanpolicedistrict.org/index|title = Sundarban police district |publisher= West Bengal police | access-date = 27 October 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police Station ||Area covered (km2) ||Border (km)||Municipal town/ city || CD Block
|-
|[[Kakdwip#Police station|Kakdwip]]|| 91 || - || - ||[[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]], [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]]
|-
|[[Harwood Point#Police station|Harwood Point Coastal*]]||169|| - || - ||[[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]]
|-
|[[Namkhana#Police station|Namkhana]]||95.26 || - || - ||[[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]]
|-
|[[Fraserganj#Police station|Fraserganj Coastal]]|| 34.07 || - || - ||[[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]]
|-
|[[Patharpratima#Police station|Patharpratima]]|| 293.96 || - || - ||[[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]]
|-
|[[Gobardhanpur#Police station|Gobardhanpur Coastal]]||207|| - || - ||[[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]]
|-
|[[Rudranagar#Police station|Sagar]]||225.3 || - || - ||[[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]]
|-
|[[Gangasagar#Police station|Gangasagar Coastal]]||77.72|| - || - ||[[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]]
|}

Note:Certain portions of Kakdwip subdivision are within the jurisdiction of [[Dhola, Diamond Harbour|Dholahat]] PS in Diamond Harbour subdivision

.*Newly added

==CD Blocks==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Community development blocks in Kakdwip subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters||Area (km2) || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Hindus]] %||[[Muslims]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]]||[[Ganespur]]||252.74||281,963||22.95||0.80||82.37||17.09||77.93|| -
|-
|[[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]]||[[Namkhana]]||370.61||182,830||25.85||0.41||85.97||13.88||85.72|| -
|-
|[[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]]||[[Ramganga, Patharpratima|Ramganga]]||241.9||331,823||22.95||0.80||88.91||10.72||82.11|| -
|-
|[[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]]||[[Rudranagar]]||282.11||212,037||26.53||0.40||87.88||11.73||84.21|| -
|-
|}

==Gram panchayats==
The subdivision contains 42 [[gram panchayat]]s under 4 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = South 24 Parganas - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=blocdir>{{cite web |url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc |title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008 |date=19 March 2008
|access-date=24 December 2008 |work=West Bengal |publisher=National Informatics Centre, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc
|archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

* [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]] CD block consists of eleven gram panchayats: Bapuji, Madhusudanpur, Netaji, Pratapadityanagar, Rabindra, Ramgopalpur, Rishi Bankimchandra, Srinagar, Sri Sri Ramkrishna, Suryanagar and Swami Bibekananda.
* [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]] CD block consists of seven gram panchayats: Budhakhali, Frezarganj, Haripur, Mausini, Namkhana, Narayanpur and Shibrampur.
* [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]] CD block consists of fifteen gram panchayats: Achintyanagar, Banashyamnagar, Brajaballavpur, Dakshin Gangadharpur, Dakshin Raipur, Digambarpur, Durbachati, G Plot, Gopalnagar, Herambagopalpur, Laksmijanardanpur, Patharpratima, Ramganga, Sridharnagar and Srinarayanpur Purnachandrapur.
* [[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]] CD block consists of nine gram panchayats: Dhablat, Dhaspara Sumatinagar-I, Dhaspara Sumatinagar-II, Gangasagar, Ghoramara, Muriganga-I, Muriganga-II, Ramkarchar and Rudranagar.

==Education==
South 24 Parganas district had a literacy rate of 77.51% as per the provisional figures of the census of India 2011. Alipore Sadar subdivision had a literacy rate of 81.14%, Baruipur subdivision 77.45%, Canning subdivision 70.98%, Diamond Harbour subdivision 76.26% and Kakdwip subdivision 82.04%<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 October 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in South 24 Parganas district, with data for the year 2013-14:<ref name=2handbook2014/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Alipore Sadar subdivision|Alipore Sadar]]
|align="center"|531
|align="center"|53,719
|align="center"|34
|align="center"|4,455
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|16,471
|align="center"|91
|align="center"|66,813
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|8,122
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|3,094
|align="center"|1,379
|align="center"|53,429
|-
|align=left|[[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
|align="center"|883
|align="center"|132,649
|align="center"|65
|align="center"|8,954
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|26,443
|align="center"|128
|align="center"|129,195
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|27,657
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|6,735
|align="center"|3,116
|align="center"|138,507
|-
|align=left|[[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
|align="center"|532
|align="center"|81,697
|align="center"|59
|align="center"|9,181
|align="center"|29
|align="center"|10,515
|align="center"|55
|align="center"|57,921
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|5,490
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|n/a
|align="center"|2,105
|align="center"|96,622
|-
|align=left|[[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
|align="center"|1,212
|align="center"|116,407
|align="center"|61
|align="center"|6,680
|align="center"|98
|align="center"|38,470
|align="center"|145
|align="center"|113,147
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|20,061
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|1,774
|align="center"|3,140
|align="center"|137,378
|-
|align=left|Kakdwip
|align="center"|598
|align="center"|53,058
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|5,654
|align="center"|48
|align="center"|20,383
|align="center"|82
|align="center"|56,192
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|5,420
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|100
|align="center"|1,844
|align="center"|78,897
|-

|align=left|[[South 24 Parganas district]]*
|align="center"|3,756
|align="center"|437,530
|align="center"|264
|align="center"|34,924
|align="center"|275
|align="center"|118,282
|align="center"|501
|align="center"|423,268
|align="center"|27
|align="center"|66,750
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|11,703
|align="center"|11,584
|align="center"|504,833
|-
|}
.* Does not include data for portions of South 24 Parganas district functioning under Kolkata Municipal Corporation

The following institutions are located in Kakdwip subdivision:
*[[Sundarban Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Kakdwip]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sundarbanmahavidyalaya.in/ |title = Sundarban Mahavidyalaya |publisher=SM | access-date = 30 October 2019 }}</ref>
*[[Sagar Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Harinbari]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sagarmv.ac.in/ | title = Sagar Mahavidyalaya | publisher = SM | access-date = 30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/sagar-mahavidyalaya/admission | title = Sagar Mahavidyala | publisher = College Search | access-date = 30 October 2019}}</ref>
*[[Sibani Mandal Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Namkhana]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://sibanimandalmahavidyalaya.in/# |title = Sibani Mandal Mahavidyalaya |publisher= SMM | access-date = 30 October 2019 }}</ref>
*[[Patharpratima Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Patharpratima]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.patharpratimamahavidyalaya.in/ | title = Patharpratima Mahavidyalaya | publisher = PM | access-date = 26 October 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in South 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Alipore Sadar subdivision|Alipore Sadar]]
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|48
|align="center"|65
|align="center"|1,159
|align="center"|199
|align="center"|33,498
|align="center"|633,233
|-
|align=left|[[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|66
|align="center"|94
|align="center"|1,045
|align="center"|201
|align="center"|48,114
|align="center"|1,266,244
|-
|align=left|[[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|26
|align="center"|351
|align="center"|49
|align="center"|22,467
|align="center"|666,377
|-
|align=left|[[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|68
|align="center"|95
|align="center"|1077
|align="center"|169
|align="center"|65,051
|align="center"|1,325,535
|-
|align=left|Kakdwip
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|36
|align="center"|458
|align="center"|73
|align="center"|28,707
|align="center"|405,501
|-
|align=left|[[South 24 Parganas district]]
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|59
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|217
|align="center"|316
|align="center"|4,090
|align="center"|691
|align="center"|197,837
|align="center"|4,397,890
|-
|}
Note: The district data does not include data for portions of South 24 Parganas district functioning under Kolkata Municipal Corporation. The number of doctors exclude private bodies.

Medical facilities in Kakdwip subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 31 October 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

*Kakdwip Subdivisional Hospital, [[Kakdwip]], 100 beds

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds) <ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =31 October 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

*Sagar Rural Hospital, Sagar CD Block, [[Rudranagar]], 30 beds
*Dwarikanagar Rural Hospital, Namkhana CD block, Dwarikanagar, 30 beds
*Madhabnagar Rural Hospital, Patharpratima CD block, Madhababnar, 30 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =31 October 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

*Harendranagar Block Primary Health Centre, Kakdwip CD block, Harendranagar, 10 beds

'''Primary Health Centres''': (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 31 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

*Kakdwip CD block: Ramchandranagar (10)
*Namkhana CD block: Narayanpur (6), Maharajganj (6), [[Fraserganj]] (10), Bagdanga Mousuni (10)
*Patharpratima CD block: Gadamathurpur (10), Brajballavpur (15), Indrapur (10)
*Sagar CD block: [[Gangasagar]] (6), Mahendraganj (6), Muriganga (6)

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Kakdwip subdivision were as follows:<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 17 January 2009 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher = Delimitation Commission | pages = 12–14, 24}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas
|-
|[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||[[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]||None||[[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]]||None||[[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]] CD Block, and Budhakhali and Narayanpur gram panchayats of [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]||None||[[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]] CD Block, and Frezarganj, Haripur, Mausini, Namkhana and Shibrampur gram panchayats of [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]] CD Block
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakdwip Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:South 24 Parganas district]]

Karpoora Deepam

2026-03-03T05:21:20Z

Michaelevansnet: enhance references further and fixed typos for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karpoora Deepam
| director = [[A. Jagannathan]]
| producer = Mylai R. V. Gurupatham
|story =[[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]
|screenplay =A. L. Narayanan
|editing =P. R. Gautham Raj
|cinematography =P. Ganesa Pandiyan
| starring = [[Sivakumar]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] [[Goundamani]]
| music = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| studio = G. R. P. Arts
| released = {{Film date|1985|5|31|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Karpoora Deepam''''' is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[A. Jagannathan]]. The film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] and [[Goundamani]]. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Karthika Deepam (film)|Karthika Deepam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maang Bharo Sajana |url=http://myswar.co/album/maang-bharo-sajna-1980 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902104654/http://myswar.co/album/maang-bharo-sajna-1980 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=MySwar}}</ref> The film was released on 31 May 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karpoora Deepam (1985) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/karpoora-deepam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231026122754/https://screen4screen.com/movies/karpoora-deepam |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sivakumar and Sujatha are a happily married couple with a daughter. Their son falls in love. The father of the son's love interest is a wealthy man Senthamarai. Initially unwilling, both the families finally agree to marry their children. On the wedding day, Senthamarai tries to stop the marriage stating that the bride (son) is not the child of their parents. Sivakumar takes us to the flashback from thereon. It is revealed that Sivakumar had a love interest Ambika in the past who is the mother of his son (the bridegroom). He delays marrying her since he's already married to Sujatha. Things take a turn when both Sujatha and Ambika befriend each other. Towards the climax, Sujatha finds out that Ambika and Sivakumar have a son together and confronts her. She bursts out in anger which makes Ambika sick. Ambika becomes bedridden and in her death bed, Sivakumar ties the knot to her with Sujatha's blessings. But she embraces death handing over her son to Sujatha-Sivakumar duo. In return from flashback, Senthamarai apologises and agress to the marriage and the film ends with their marriage.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivakumar]]
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
*[[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]]
*[[Goundamani]]
*[[SR Sivagami]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress) |Manorama]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]]

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Gangai Amaran]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karpoora Deepam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Gangai Ameran |url=https://mossymart.com/product/karpoora-deepam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-gangai-ameran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505053557/https://mossymart.com/product/karpoora-deepam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-gangai-ameran/ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 1985 |title=Karpooradeepam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/karpooradeepam/LNQglodFSlM_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011070214/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/karpooradeepam/LNQglodFSlM_ |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vaa Maalai Neram
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:21
| title2 = Kaalam Kaalamai
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]], S. Janaki
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Vilakketri
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:47
| title4 = Malligai Poovile
| extra4 = [[S. N. Surendar]], S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:20
| total_length = 17:48 
}}

==Reception==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt it has become a fashion to give new colour to old plots and added all the actors performed well but none of them gets registered in the mind and concluded that director should be asked for this.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=1985-06-16 |title=கற்பூர தீபம் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1985-06-16/kalki1985-06-16.pdf |access-date=17 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=66 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Jagannathan}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Jagannathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gangai Amaran]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rothangpuia

2026-02-26T05:12:55Z

Michaelevansnet: put up a details

{{Short description|Chittagong Hills Mizo Chief (d.1873)}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rothangpuia
| image =
| title =
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = Lalpuihluta
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = Lalchheuva
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1873
| death_place =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue = Lalchheuva Thailala
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Thangluaha
| father = Lalpuihluta
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
}}
'''Rothangpuia''' (d. 1873; {{langx|en|Rutton Poea}}) was a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] chief of the Thangluaha dynasty. Rothangpuia established himself in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and became a British ally after the [[Raban Expedition]]. He would become a close ally of [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]] and participate in the [[Lushai Expedition]].

==Chieftainship==
Rothangpuia was a chief located on the ridges of the Ramgarth ranges on the Feni River. Rothangpuia amassed a reputation as a wealthy chief while also being close to Demagiri. Rothangpuia was originally considered ferocious for his daring raids in Tripura, Chittagong and Cachar.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=684}} Due to the pressure of Sailo chiefs, his clan settled west from Chawngtui to Thorang Tlang. Rothangpuia settled at Lungsen. At the time of the [[Lushai Expedition]], he then shifted his village 6 miles east, where it would be known as [[Demagiri]]. Following Demagiri, he would settle at Tiante, Mullianpui West and Kanghum.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=2}}

Rothangpuia is recorded to have been at war with a powerful Sailo chief known as [[Savunga]]. To end their feud, they decided to take the oath of ''Saui Tan''. Savunga invited Rothangpuia to cross the river but Rothangpuia declined on account of Savunga's large party of men accompanying him. As a counter offer Rothangpuia invited Savunga to his side of the river. Savunga let twenty of his men accompany him until Rothangpuia cut the ferry rope and isolated Savunga on his side of the river. Rothangpuia is stated to have said "I have now captured you and you have become my [[Bawi system|slave]]. If you wish rather, let us fire a gun at each other." Savunga decided to carry out the saui tan oath. When the heart and liver of a dog were ready to be eaten, Rothangpuia invited Savunga to take the meat first as the elder of the two. However when Savunga asked Rothangpuia to consume the meat , Rothangpuia replied "As you, who are the elder, have already eaten it as through we have both eaten" and saying this he left Savunga. In a sense, Savunga was bound to an oath of peace while Rothangpuia was not.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=51}}

Rothangpuia was responsible for the raid on Munsir Khal bazaar in Tripura. It is believed that the king's brother, Nilkrishna Thakur, cooperated with Rothangpuia to make the raid happen.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=684}} A translator under [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]] named Ramoni recounts a story of a raid on a Bengali settlement before Rothangpuia allied with the British. Ramoni was a [[Bawi system|bawi]] under Rothangpuia before Lewin ransomed their freedom. The raid saw the Bengali men run away, with the exception of all those who were speared down. The young women and children attempted to escape, but most were caught and captured alive. The men were killed, with the exception of healthy young men younger than fifteen. Women under 30-35 years old were tied by the thumbs with their arms behind their backs. A cord was run through the lobes of the ears to keep them in a line. If a hole was not large enough, then a knife would be used to enlarge it. Ramoni recounts being ordered to spear a woman with swollen ankles who could no longer walk.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=268}} When the women begged for mercy and Ramoni could not accomplish it, Rothangpuia insulted him. Ramoni attempted to spear the women, but he did not fully succeed with his eyes closed. Rothangpuia took the spear and killed her in one blow, and ordered him to lick the blood on the spear to strengthen his heart.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=369}} The village was recorded to be reduced to ashes with 182 persons killed and 100 made captive. Many more incidents of captives being killed due to being unable to walk were surfaced. For this outrage the [[Raban Expedition]] would target Rothangpuia.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=684}}

==Anglo-Lushai Relations==
After the Raban expedition, Rothangpuia became a British ally. Rothangpuia sent his ''karbaris'' to meet with [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]], the superintendent of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. They met with Lewin in Kassalong to express the desire to maintain friendly ties with the British and for his people to be trusted as merchants and traders at the frontier markets. Lewin formed an intention to meet with Rothangpuia. After being warned that Rothangpuia had murdered or caused the murder of a sergeant and two frontier policemen in a friendly message, Lewin decided to meet Rothangpuia himself. Lewin ordered his jemadar to form a party to accompany the twenty best men. After two days of encampments and travelling via river, Lewin arrived at Rothangpuia's settlement. The karbaris accompanying Lewin entered into conversation with the [[Pasalṭha]] guarding the settlement with fire-locks. After a deeper travel and climb, Lewin arrived in Rothangpuia's settlement surrounded by 40-50 armed men. Rothangpuia was summoned by Lewin's karbaris. Rothangpuia would formally invite Lewin into the village proper, but without his armed escort, out of consideration for the village's women and children. Lewin proceeded while his men encamped outside Rothangpuia's settlement.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=298}} Lewin was granted a guest house by Rothangpuia before setting out to gather the neighbouring chiefs to be formally inducted into the family circle.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=300}} The next day, Lewin was summoned to the chief's house, where Rothangpuia and the other chiefs were assembled. Lewin described Rothangpuia as a physically small, dark, athletic man, with a melancholy cast of countenance and large, stern eyes. Rothangpuia wore no ornaments or insignia typical of a chief apart from fine clothing.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=304}}

After a long pause, Rothangpuia questioned Lewin why he brought an armed escort to his village, which Lewin's karbari translated for him. Leiwn justified it by stating that the journey to his village was dangerous, and now there is no need for it on arrival. Lewin stated his appreciation for Rothangpuia's denials of the raids being committed in the south and confirmed the Anglo-Lushai friendship between them. Rothangpuia did not reply but handed out cups of [[Zu (beverage)|zu]] to him and all the other chiefs. Lewin made a risky remark as he stated, "the prevention of such occurrences (raids) is my duty or, when not preventable, we can punish our enemies, and Rutton Poia knows what I say is true."{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=305}} Lewin states that Rothangpuia took big gulps and stuttered in his response. Rothangpuia asked if the previous superintendent, Captain Magrath, was a magician with a charm against shot and steel. Lewin answered that all British sahibs have this charm. Lewin subsequently retrieved a gun to make an example of his statement.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=306}} Using a marked bullet which he crossed on, he measured the powder and prepared the shot. He ordered the karbari to shoot him in the chest. After the shot was fired, Lewin feigned a physical shock before placing his hand over his mouth and retrieving the marked bullet from his teeth.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=307}} Lewin changed the pewter bullet of the Lushai for a waxen ball carefully blackleaded. When the gun fired, the waxen ball was fragmented, and the marked bullet was concealed under Lewin's thumb. Before firing, Lewin covered his eyes to conceal the power and wax from his eyes, but placed the bullet in his mouth.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=308}} The meeting concluded with Vanlula making a speec,h and a formal alliance was forged offensive and defensive by sacrificing a [[gayal|mithun]].{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=307}}

Another incident recounts how when Lewin was in an inquiry with a higher official, Rothangpuia offered via his karbaris to join his settlement. He further offered that each chief will build him a house with many men to follow him on account of his being bulletproof.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=328}} Another incident recounts a visit to Rothangpuia's village, where a drunk man rudely pushed Rothangpuia. When Lewin questioned why he did not punish the man, Rothangpuia explained that the man was at home and all equal, on the war path, disobedience would be punished with death, but also on account of a man's drunkenness, he is incapable of disrespect.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=366}}

At the start of the [[Lushai Expedition]], Lewin alerted Rothangpuia to the warlike preparations in the Lushai Hills and not to be alarmed. The assistant political officer, Crouch, was sent to clear a camping ground at Demagiri close to Rothangpuia's village. Rothangpuia, accompanied by two minor chiefs, arrived on 12 November 1871 and offered his support for the cause, providing all assistance within his power. As a result, Lewin introduced Rothangpuia to [[Charles Henry Brownlow]], who visited his village on 22 November.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=394}} A gayal was killed in honour of the meeting and a round of drinking [[Zu (beverage)|zu]]. Rothangpuia held a meeting with Lewin after General Brownlow left. Rothangpuia wished to remain neutral because supporting the British would invite hostile powers to destroy him after the expedition.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=396}} In return for cooperation, Lewin promised Rothanguia that a detachment of police would be placed in his village, which led to Rothanguia's support for the Lushai expedition. As a result, Rothangpuia's wife brought their ten-year-old son and placed his hands folded in Lewin's, as a recognition of him as protector and suzerain.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=397}}

Rothangpuia's involvement in the Lushai Expedition would earn him disfavour with the Howlong chiefs of the Southern Lushai Hills. He was charged with treachery for bringing the English to them and their settlements. Rothangpuia's daughter-in-law, who became a widow, was known as Pakuma rani. Rothangpuia, fearful of the reprisal of the Lushai chiefs, moved him and Pakuma Rani's villages into British territory after they refused to fight his enemies under a non-intervention policy.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=686}}

==Death==
Rothangpuia died in the December winter of 1873.{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=207}}
Rothangpuia was succeeded by his son Lalseva in 1876.{{sfn|Chambers|1889|p=43}}

==Genealogy==
{{Rothangpuia family tree}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publsihing House}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lewin |first1=Thomas Herbert |title=A fly on the wheel: Or, how I helped to govern India |date=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Co |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_wGAAAAQAAJ |access-date=27 January 2025}}

*{{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}

*{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=O.A. |title=handbook of the Lushai Country with Map |date=1889 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1889%20Hand-book%20of%20the%20Lushai%20Country%20by%20Chambers%20s.pdf |access-date=5 February 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Zawla |first1=K. |title=Mizo Pi Pute leh an thlahte Chanchin |date=1964 |publisher=Gosen Press |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467485/mode/2up |access-date=5 March 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Zorema |first1=James |title=The South Lushai Hills |date=2021 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Southern Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:1873 deaths]]

BB Jodigal

2026-02-23T02:10:30Z

Michaelevansnet: put up new article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Reality]] [[dance show]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| director =
| presenter = '''Season 1''' [[Erode Mahesh]] [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]] '''Season 2''' [[Priyanka Deshpande]] [[Raju Jeyamohan]]
| judges = [[Ramya Krishnan]] (1-2) [[Nakkhul]] (1) [[Sathish Krishnan]] (2)
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 33
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 40-50 minutes per episode
| company =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|05|02|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|09|04|df=y}}
| related =
| music =
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
}}

'''''Bigg Boss: Jodigal''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality television [[dance show]], which premiered on 2 May 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auditionform.in/bb-jodigal-dance-reality-show-starts-may-2/|title=BB Jodigal Dance Reality Show Starts May 2!|website=auditionform.in|date=30 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and ended on 4 September 2022. It was broadcast on [[Star Vijay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/bb-jodigal-starting-date-contestants-list-for-star-vijays-latest-reality-show-revealed/35637/|title=BB Jodigal Starting Date, Contestants List for Star Vijay's Latest Reality Show Revealed!|website=thenewscrunch.com|date=27 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/star-vijay-launches-bb-jodigal-a-brand-new-dance-reality-show-103276.html|title=STAR VIJAY launches BB JODIGAL - a brand new Dance Reality Show|website=adgully.com|date=29 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Over 2 years, ''BB Jodigal'' has rolled out 2 seasons.

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original broadcast
! rowspan="2" |Winner
! rowspan="2" |Prize
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:RED"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 1|1]]'''
| 16
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|5|2}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2021|9|21}}
|Anitha Sampath and [[Shariq Hassan]]
|₹ 3.00.000
|-
|style="background:GREEN"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 2|2]]'''
| 17
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2022|5|8}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2022|9|4}}
|[[Pavani Reddy]] and Amir & [[Suja Varunee]] and [[Shivaji Dev]]
| -
|}

==Season 1==
The first season aired on every Sunday from 2 May 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/bigg-boss-jodigal-grand-premiere-bb-jodigal-contestants-list-judges-and-special-performances/35789/|title=Bigg Boss Jodigal Grand Premiere: BB Jodigal Contestants List, Judges and Special Performances!|website=thenewscrunch.com|date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> to 21 September 2021 and ended with 16 episodes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dance-reality-show-bb-jodigal-to-premiere-on-may-2/articleshow/82308371.cms|title=Dance reality show BB Jodigal to premiere on May 2|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ramya Krishnan]] and [[Nakkhul]] as the judges,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/bb-jodigal-new-pair-revealed-judges-ramya-krishnan-and-nakhul-watch-video.html|title=Bigg Boss Jodi – Latest Promo Confirms Nakhul & Ramya Krishnan as Judges – New Jodi Introduced!|website=behindwoods.com|date=29 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> television host [[Erode Mahesh]] and [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]] as the hosts.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Serialtalks |url=https://serialtalks.in/star-vijay/bigg-boss-jodigal-2021-contestant-list-star-vijay-tv-show-start-date-timing-wiki-more/|title=Bigg Boss Jodigal 2021 Contestant List|website=serialtalks.in|date=30 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The winners of the season were [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|''Bigg Boss 4'']] contestant Anitha Sampath<ref>{{cite web|url=https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/bb-jodigal-finale-shoot-complete-jodi-winners-208738|title=BB Jodigal Finale Shoot Complete; Is This Jodi the Winners?|website=astroulagam.com|language=en}}</ref> and [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)|''Bigg Boss 2'']] contestant Shariq Hassan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://totalreporter.com/winners-of-bigg-boss-jodigal-grand-finale/|title=Winners of Bigg Boss Jodigal Grand Finale|website=totalreporter.com|date=23 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/bigg-boss-jodigal-shoot-begins-pics-go-viral-ft-bb-jodigal-vijay-tv/bb-jodigal-pic-3.html|title=Bigg Boss Jodigal Photo Album: Shoot Begins with Fun and Celebration – Don't Miss These Pics!|website=behindwoods.com|date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

* Winners of Bigg Boss Jodigal : Anitha Sampath and [[Shariq Hassan]]
* Runner-up : [[Gabriella Charlton]] and Aajeedh Khalique and [[Jithan Ramesh]] and Samyuktha Shanmughanathan

===Contestants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black" | #
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black" colspan="2" | Jodigal
|-
| 1
| [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] {{small|Bigg Boss 3}}
| Suresh Chakravarthy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/bb-jodigal-vanith-jodi-promo-video-goes-viral|title=விஜய் டிவி – பிபி ஜோடியில் வனிதாவின் ஜோடி யார் தெரியுமா.? ஜாடிக்கேத்த மூடி தான்!|website=cinemapettai.com|date=20 June 2021 |language=ta}}</ref> {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
|-
| 2
| [[Shivani Narayanan]] {{small|Bigg Boss 4}} / [[Aishwarya Dutta]] {{small|Bigg Boss 2}}
| Som Shekar {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
|-
| 3
| [[Gabriella Charlton]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Winters |first1=Bryce J. |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/bigg-boss-gabriella-tests-positive-for-covid-19-bigg-boss-jodigal-show-cancelled/35939/|title=Bigg Boss Gabriella tests positive for COVID 19, Bigg Boss Jodigal show cancelled?|website=thenewscrunch.com|date=6 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
| Aajeedh Khalique {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
|-
| 4
| [[Aranthangi Nisha]] {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
| Dhadi Balaji {{small|Bigg Boss 2}}
|-
| 5
| Anitha Sampath {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
| [[Shariq Hassan]] {{small|Bigg Boss 2}}
|-
| 6
| Maria Juliana {{small|Bigg Boss 1}}
| [[Sendrayan]] {{small|Bigg Boss 2}}
|-
| 7
| Samyuktha Shanmughanathan {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
| [[Jithan Ramesh]] {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
|-
| 8
| [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] {{small|Bigg Boss 3}}
| [[Fathima Babu]] {{small|Bigg Boss 3}}
|-
|}

====Episodes====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Round
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Notes
|-
| 1
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|5|2}}
| Dance Wars: The Grand Launch
| [[Shivani Narayanan]] Left the show.
|-
| 2
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|5|9}}
| Power-packed Dancers
|
|-
| 3
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|6|20}}
| Village Theme Round
|
|-
| 4
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|6|27}}
| Dance, Duet and Lots of Drama
|
|-
| 5
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|7|4}}
| Monochrome Love Round
|
|-
| 6
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|7|11}}
| Love Battles
|
|-
| 7
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|7|18}}
| Demons Vs Angels
|
|-
| 8
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|7|25}}
| Good VS Evil
| [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] Left the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2021/vanitha-vijaykumar-and-ramya-krishnan-engage-in-war-of-words-in-bb-jodigal-watch-video-317728.html?story=1|title=Vanitha Vijaykumar And Ramya Krishnan Engage In War Of Words In BB Jodigal; Watch Video|website=filmibeat.com|date=21 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vanitha-vijaykumar-quit-bb-jodigal-due-to-ramya-krishnan-baahubali-actor-reacts-7388911/|title=Is Ramya Krishnan the reason behind Vanitha Vijaykumar quitting BB Jodigal? Baahubali actor reacts|website=indianexpress.com|date=4 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|8|1}}
| Recreation Round
|
|-
| 10
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|8|8}}
| The Zone of Entertainment
|
|-
| 11
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|8|15}}
| Celebration Round
|
|-
| 12
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|8|22}}
| Story With a Dance Twist
|
|-
| 13
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|8|29}}
| Retro Round
|
|-
| 14
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|9|5}}
| Golden Ticket to the Finale
|
|-
| 15
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|9|15}}
| Kollywood One Movie Round
|
|-
| 16
| {{start date|df=yes|2021|9|19}}
| The Grand Finale
|
|}

==Season 2==
The second season aired on every Sunday at 19:30 from 8 May 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-launches-bb-jodigal-season-2-on-may-8/|title=Star Vijay launches BB Jodigal season 2 on May 8|website=medianews4u.com|date=6 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> to 4 September 2022 and ended with 17 Episodes. Ramya Krishnan was again the judge along with new judge [[Sathish Krishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-reality-show-bb-jodigal-season-2-judges-list-selv-ghta-740169.html|title=BB jodigal 2விற்கு நடுவராக வரப்போவது யார் தெரியுமா.?|website=tamil.news18.com|date=4 May 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Priyanka Deshpande]] and [[Raju Jeyamohan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/raju-brings-baloon-baba-rajini-style-bb-jodigal-2.html|title="பாபா ரஜினி ஸ்டைலில் பலூனை வரவழைச்ச Bigg Boss ராஜூ".. அதெப்படி வாத்தியாரே.? BB Jodigal|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=12 June 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> as the hosts. The show witnessed three real life couples from Bigg Boss Tamil Contestants and five bigg boss Contestants couples engage in a 17-weeks dancing competition.

The winner of the season was [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]] Contestants Pavani Reddy & Amir<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/amir-pavni-wins-the-bb-jodigal-season-2-title-in-grand-finale-71666|title=அமீர் - பாவனி ஜோடிக்கு கிடைத்த வெற்றி... பிபி ஜோடிகள் சீசன் 2 டைட்டில் வின்னர்|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=5 September 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> and Bigg Boss 2 Contestant [[Suja Varunee]] and her Husband Shivaji Dev.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/bb-jodigal-2-title-winner/|title=BB Jodigal சீசன் 2 Finale – முதல் இரண்டு இடத்தை பிடித்த ஜோடி யார் தெரியுமா ? நீங்க எதிர்பார்த்தது தான்.|website=tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=27 August 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

* Winners of Bigg Boss Jodigal : Pavani Reddy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/pavani-love-proposal-to-amir-after-winning-bb-jodigal-2.html|title=போடு..! ஜெயிச்ச கையோடு I LOVE U சொல்லி அமீரிடம் Propose செய்த பாவனி.. BB Jodigal 2|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=4 September 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> & Amir and Suja Varunee and Shivaji Dev.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bb-jodigal-2-winners-suja-varunee-sivakumar-talk-about-their-trauma-struggle-5908987.html|title=BB Jodigal 2 Winners Suja Varunee, Sivakumar Talk About Their Trauma, Struggle|website=news18.com|date=7 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Runner-up : Abishek Raaja and Nadia Chang<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinefry.co.in/bigg-boss-jodigal-season-2/|title=Bigg Boss Jodigal Season 2 Grand Finale Winner, Runner |website=cinefry.co.in|date=2 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Final results ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Jodigal
! Places
! Status
|-
| Amir & Pavni || 1st || style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Winner'''
|-
| Suja Varunee & Shiva || 1st || style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Winner'''
|-
| VJ Abhishek & Nadia Chang || 2nd || style="background:#7FFFD4;"|'''''{{nowrap|1st Runner-up}}'''''
|-
| Aarthi & Ganesh || 3rd || style="background:#DDA0DD;"|'''''{{nowrap|3rd Runner-up}}'''''
|-
| Thamarai Selvi & Parthasarathy|| 4th ||style="background:#FA8072" | ''Evicted''
|-
| Ikky Berry & Dev || 5th || style="background:#FA8072" | ''Evicted''
|-
| Isaivani & Velmurugan || 6th || style="background:#FA8072" | ''Evicted''
|-
| Daniel & Ramya NSK || 7th|| style="background:salmon" |''Evicted''
|}

===Contestants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black" | #
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black" colspan="2" | Jodigal
|-
| 1
| [[Pavani Reddy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/bb-jodigal-2-amir-pavani-marriage-new-promo-viral.html|title=நடனத்தின் நடுவே அமீர் & பாவனிக்கு டும்.. டும்.. டும்.. செம performance.. BB Jodigal 2|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=11 August 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> {{small|Bigg Boss 5}}
| Amir<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/bigg-boss-amir-proposes-pavani-during-dance-bb-jodigal-2.html|title=BB Jodigal 2: மோதிரம் கொடுத்து ப்ரொபோஸ் பண்ணிய அமீர்.! கண் கலங்கிய பாவனி.!|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=19 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/did-pavni-reddy-and-amir-tie-the-knot-on-bb-jodigal-2-what-we-know-5738119.html|title=Did Pavni Reddy and Amir Tie the Knot on BB Jodigal 2? What We Know|website=news18.com|date=12 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> {{small|Bigg Boss 5}}
|-
| 2
| Abishek Raaja<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/abhishek-raaja-emotional-over-his-father-memories-bb-jodigal-2.html|title=
"கல்யாண Life-ல சிக்கல்.. ஒருத்தருக்கு Sorry சொல்லணும்" - கண்ணீர் விட்டழுத அபிஷேக் BB Jodigal 2|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=
July 2022|language=ta}}</ref> {{small|Bigg Boss 5}}
| [[Suruthi Periyasamy]] {{small|Bigg Boss 5}} / Nadia Chang {{small|Bigg Boss 5}}
|-
| 3
| Iykki Berry {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
| Dev
|-
| 4
| [[Daniel Annie Pope]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/bigg-boss-velmurugan-eliminated-from-bb-jodigal/|title=பிக் பாஸிலும் சரி, BB ஜோடியிலும் சரி என்ன இதுக்கு தான் கூப்பிட்டாங்க – BB ஜோடியில் இருந்து வெளியேற்றப்பட்ட போட்டியாளர் புலம்பல்.|website=tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=25 June 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> {{small|Bigg Boss 2}}
| [[Ramya NSK]] {{small|Bigg Boss 2}}
|-
| 5
| [[Suja Varunee]] {{small|Bigg Boss 1}}
| [[Shivaji Dev]] {{small|Bigg Boss 8}}
|-
| 6
| [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/its-2022-vijay-tv-under-fire-after-bigg-boss-jodigal-2-contestant-sports-blackface-5843497.html|title=BB Jodigal 2 Winners Suja Varunee, Sivakumar Talk About Their Trauma, Struggle|website=news18.com|date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> {{small|Bigg Boss 1}}
| [[Ganeshkar]]
|-
| 7
| Thamarai Selvi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/bb-jodigal-2-thamarai-praised-iykki/|title='It's 2022': Vijay TV Under Fire After Bigg Boss Jodigal 2 Contestant Sports Blackface|website=tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=24 May 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> {{small|Bigg Boss 5}}
| Parthasarathy
|-
| 8
| [[Isaivani]] {{small|Bigg Boss 5}}
| [[Velmurugan]] {{small|Bigg Boss 4}}
|-
|}

====Episodes====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Round
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Notes
|-
| 1
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|5|8}}
| A Power-packed Beginning
|
|-
| 2
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|5|15}}
| Energetic Performances
| [[K. S. Ravikumar]], Tharshan Thiyagarajah, Losliya Mariyanesan and the [[Google Kuttappa]] movie crew grace the show!
|-
| 3
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|5|22}}
| Village Theme Round
|
|-
| 4
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|5|29}}
| City vs Village Round
|
|-
| 5
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|5}}
| Ulganayakan Special
| [[Kamal Haasan]] join the show.
|-
| 6
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|12}}
| Kollywood Super Star Round
|
|-
| 7
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|19}}
| Angels vs Demons Round
|
|-
| 8
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|7|3}}
| The Elimination Round
|
|-
| 9
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|7|10}}
| Retro vs Black and White
|
|-
| 10
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|7|17}}
| Janani Graces the Show
| [[Janani (actress)|Janani]] and [[Aishwarya Dutta]] join the show.
|-
| 11
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|7|24}}
| Romance Round
|
|-
| 12
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|7|31}}
| Elimination Time
|
|-
| 13
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|8|7}}
| A Contest to Remember
|
|-
| 14
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|8|14}}
| Wedding Round
|
|-
| 15
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|8|21}}
| Enacting Iconic Movie Couples
|
|-
| 16
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|8|28}}
| Power-packed Performances
|
|-
| 17
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|4}}
| The Grand Finale<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/vijay-tv-to-air-bb-jodigal-2-grand-finale-on-4th-september/|title=Vijay TV to air BB Jodigal 2 grand finale on 4th September|website=medianews4u.com|date=3 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]] cast graces the stage with their presence. ([[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[S. S. Rajamouli]])
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:red; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:red; width:14%;"| Title
! style="background:red; width:13%;"| Original release
! style="background:red; width:16%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:red; width:13%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''BB Jodigal''
| 2 May 2021
| [[Star Vijay]]
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[BB Jodi]]''
| 13 February 2022
| [[Star Maa]]
| Remake
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15079928}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language dance television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television seasons]]

Kingjong

2026-02-18T01:21:25Z

Michaelevansnet: Made A Stub

{{Short description|Village in Nagaland, India}}
{{orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kingjung
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.012413|95.025424|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,035
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kingjung''' or '''Kenjong''' is a village located in [[Thuonoknyu]] circle of [[Noklak district]] in Nagaland, India. It is situated 36 km away from sub-district headquarter Thuonoknyu and 132 km away from Tuensang.<ref name="nagalandpost">{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2017/01/31/eden-hospital-conduct-1st-ever-free-medical-camp-at-kenjong/|title=Eden hospital conduct 1st ever free medical camp at Kenjong,-Nagaland post|date=21 January 2024|website=nagalandpost.com}}</ref><ref name="nagalandtribune">{{cite web|url=https://noklak.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title=Village & Panchayats Name of Administrative Circle: Noklak - The Noklak Nagaland|date=21 January 2024|website=noklak.nic.in|access-date=21 March 2024|archive-date=10 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210072819/https://noklak.nic.in/village-panchayats/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]
[[Category:Villages in Tuensang district]]

{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}

New Delhi–Kanpur section

2026-02-16T11:32:59Z

Michaelevansnet:

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = New Delhi–Kanpur section
| color = 800000
| image = Etawah jun.jpg
| caption = [[Etawah Junction railway station]] is an important Railway Station on New Delhi - Kanpur Section
| status = Operational
| start = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
| open = 1866
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]] and [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| depot = [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur]]
| stock = [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]]
| linelength = 441 km
| tracklength = 441 Km
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676 mm}} [[broad gauge]]
| electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead line|OHLE]]
| speed = Main line: up to 160 km/h
| map = {{Kanpur–Delhi section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''New Delhi–Kanpur section''' is a railway line connecting {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} and {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}. It is one of the most important and busiest sections of the [[New Delhi–Howrah main line]]. The section carries heavy passenger and freight traffic and forms a key rail corridor between Delhi and central Uttar Pradesh.

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] initiated efforts to develop a railway line from Howrah to Delhi in the mid nineteenth century. Even when the line to Mughalsarai was being constructed and only the lines near Howrah were put in operation, the first train ran from Allahabad to Kanpur in 1859 and the Kanpur–Etawah section was opened to traffic in the 1860s. For the first through train from Howrah to Delhi in 1864, coaches were ferried on boats across the [[Yamuna]] at Allahabad. With the completion of the [[Old Naini Bridge]] across the Yamuna through trains started running in 1865–66.<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title = IR History: Early History (1832–1869) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 23 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,396,403,500 |title=Allahabad Division: A Historical Perspective |publisher=North Central Railway |access-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601154617/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C396%2C403%2C500 |archive-date= 1 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railways-enters-159th-year-of-its-journey/articleshow/12629710.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120822142843/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/patna/31330356_1_indian-railways-danapur-division-railway-board | url-status = live | archive-date = 22 August 2012 |title = Railways enter 159th year of its journey|date=23 June 2013| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 24 May 2013}}</ref>

The {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] Delhi–Bandikui and Bandikui–Agra lines of Rajputana State Railway were opened in 1874.<ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early Days II (1870-1899)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date =23 June 2013 }}</ref> The lines were converted to broad gauge in early 2000s.

The Hathras Road–Mathura Cantt broad-gauge line was opened in 1875 and the Agra–Gwalior broad-gauge line was opened in 1881.<ref name=irfcaii/>

The broad-gauge Agra–Delhi chord was opened in 1904.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|title = IR History: Part III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date =23 June 2013 }}</ref> Some parts of it were relaid during the construction of New Delhi (inaugurated in 1927–28).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx | title = A fine balance of luxury and care | work = Hindustan Times|date=21 July 2011 | access-date = 2 July 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602112944/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx | archive-date = 2 June 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The {{convert|61.80|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] Barhan–Etah line was constructed in 1959.<ref name=transport>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v21-4YYgocUC&q=Muri-Chandrapura+line&pg=PA60 |title = Transport Geography of India: Commodity Flow and the Regional Structure of Indian Economy| work= page 60|last= Moonis Raza & Yash Aggarwal|year = 1986|publisher= Concept Publishing Company, A-15/16 Commercial Block, Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110059| isbn = 81-7022-089-0|access-date = 26 June 2013}}</ref>

The {{convert|54.3|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] Ghaziabad–Tughlakabad line, including bridge across [[Yamuna]], was completed in 1966.<ref name=transport/>

==Electrification==
The Kanpur–Panki section was electrified in 1968–69, Panki–Tundla in 1971–72, Tundla–Hathras-Aligarh–Ghaziabad in 1975–76, Ghaziabad–Nizamuddin–New Delhi–Delhi in 1976–77, Tilak Bridge-Fairdabad in 1982–83, Raja ki Mandi-Agra–Dhoulpur in 1984–85, Tundla–Yamuna Bridge in 1998–99 and Yamuna Bridge-Agra in 1990–91.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 24 June 2013}}</ref>

==Loco sheds==
Kanpur Central electric loco shed accommodates [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] electric locos. Agra diesel loco shed houses WDS-4 locomotives. The shed serves the requirement of shunting locos at different stations and Jhansi Workshop. Ghaziabad electric loco shed serves the Delhi area. It housed 47 WAP-1 locos in 2008. It also has [[Indian locomotive class WAM-4|WAM-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5HA]] locos.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 24 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Speed limits==
The entire Howrah–Delhi line, via [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]] and [[Grand Chord]] is classified as a "Group A" line which can take speeds up to {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title=Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030524/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
{{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}} and [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi]] on the main line, and {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}} and {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}} on the Agra–Delhi chord are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Major railway stations==
Some of the important railway stations that lie in this section are-
* {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
* {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bulandshahr Junction}} (Currently Chola Station)
* {{stnlnk|Aligarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Etawah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanpur - Delhi section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1866]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Kanpur]]

Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)

2026-02-15T11:51:28Z

Michaelevansnet: cleaned up page further and updated info

{{short description|Indian actor (Malayalam)}}
{{other people|Prem Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Prem Kumar
| image = Actor Prem Kumar.jpg
| caption = Prem Kumar in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|09|12|df=yes}}<ref name=":0" />
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Jisha|2001}}<ref name="mangalam1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mangalam.com/print-edition/sunday-mangalam/5619 |title=വിറയോടെ വിഐപികള്‍ക്കിടയില്‍ | mangalam.com |access-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019060441/http://www.mangalam.com/print-edition/sunday-mangalam/5619 |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref>
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[St. Xavier's College, Thumba]]|[[Sree Narayana College, Chempazhanthy]]}}
| children = Jameema<ref name="mangalam1"/>
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|James Samuel|Jayakumari<ref name="mangalam1"/>}}
}}

'''Prem Kumar''' is an Indian actor known for his roles in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. He has acted in more than 100 films, and played lead roles in 18 films.<ref name="mangalam1"/> He was the former Chairman of [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Actor Prem Kumar appointed as the interim Chairman of Kerala State Chalachitra Academy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/prem-kumar-assumes-charge-as-interim-chairman-of-chalachitra-academy/article68610484.ece |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Personal life and education==

Prem Kumar was born to Premsadan Samuel and Jayakumari in [[Kazhakoottam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], Kerala. Ajith Kumar and Prasanna Kumar are his siblings. He received his primary education from Kazhakoottam Govt U.P School, Muslim Boys High School, [[Kaniyapuram]] and [[St. Xavier's College, Thumba]]. He obtained a degree in [[Psychology]] from [[Sree Narayana College, Chempazhanthy]].

He married Jisha on 12 July 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JL8qDbFRHuo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/JL8qDbFRHuo |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title=Malayalam film Actor Premkumar accepts Jesus Christ |publisher=YouTube |date=2014-02-07 |access-date=2016-05-29}}{{cbignore}}</ref> They have a daughter named Jameema.<ref name="mangalam1"/>

==Awards==
* 1993 Kerala State Television Award for Best Actor for a telefilm ''Lambo'' in [[Doordarshan]].
*[[Prem Nazir]] Award in March 2019

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1991 || ''[[Arangu (film)|Arangu]]'' || Pappan Govindan ||
|-
| ''[[Sundhari Kakka]]'' || Johnson ||
|-
| ''Oru Prathyeka Ariyippu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1992 || ''[[Johnnie Walker (film)|Johnnie Walker]]'' || Mansoor ||
|-
| ''[[Pandu Pandoru Rajakumari]]'' || Pushpan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kochu Bhoomikulukkam]]'' || Snake Charmer ||
|-
| ''Cheppadividya'' || Thomachan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1993 || [[Aayirappara]] || Yasodharan ||
|-
| ''Kulapathy'' || Sakkeer ||
|-
| ''Padaleeputhram'' || Sakkeer ||
|-
| ''[[Ammayane Sathyam]]'' || Sreeni ||
|-
| ''[[Gandharvam]]'' || Preman ||
|-
| ''[[Aalavattam (film)|Aalavattam]]'' || Govindankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Butterflies (1993 film)|Butterflies]]'' || MP Dineshan ||
|-
| ''[[Kalippattam]]'' || Lambodharan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1994 || ''[[Malappuram Haji Mahanaya Joji]]'' || Havildar Sukumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Sainyam]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''Gothram'' || Manikandan ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaagyavaan]]'' || Jose ||
|-
| ''[[Santhanagopalam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vardhakya Puranam]]'' || Parimalan ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1995 || ''[[Puthukkottayile Puthumanavalan]]'' || Satheesh Cochin ||
|-
| ''Kakkakkum Poochakkum Kalyanam'' || Aravindakshan ||
|-
| ''Peter Scott'' || SI Shelvaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Street (film)|Street]]'' || Pradeep ||
|-
| ''[[Achan Rajavu Appan Jethavu]]'' || Thomaskutty ||
|-
| ''[[Parvathy Parinayam]]'' || Premachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Minnaminuginum Minnukettu]]'' || [[Sub-inspector#India|S.I.]] Pradeep ||
|-
| ''Kokkarakko'' || Adv. Radhakrishnan ||
|-
| ''Keerthanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]'' || Sundaran ||
|-
| ''[[Kalamasseriyil Kalyanayogam]]'' || Prakashan ||
|-
| ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]'' || Urumees ||
|-
| ''Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Three Men Army]]'' || Benny Kurien ||
|-
| ''[[Thumboli Kadappuram]]'' || Chalappan ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1996 || ''Excuse Me Ethu Collegila'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyabhamakkoru Premalekhanam]]'' || Bruce lee Bhaskaran ||
|-
| ''Kireedamillatha Rajakkanmar'' || Tender Sarasan ||
|-
| ''[[Malayaalamaasam Chingam Onninu]]'' || Appu ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| ''[[Manthrika Kuthira]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kavadam'' || || Unreleased
|-
| ''[[Saamoohyapaadam]]'' || Raghuraman ||
|-
| ''Mookkilla Rajyathu Murimookkan Rajavu'' || Dasappan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1997 || ''[[Hitler Brothers]]'' || [[Sub-inspector#India|S.I.]] Sundaran ||
|-
| ''Killikurushiyile Kudumba Mela'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| ''Gajaraja Manthram'' || Sankarankutty ||
|-
| ''Snehasindooram'' || ||
|-
| ''Poothumbiyum Poovalanmarum'' || Pavithran ||
|-
| ''Kalyana Unnikal'' || Bosco ||
|-
| ''[[Poonilamazha]]'' || Shakthi Varma ||
|-
| ''Ikkareyanente Manasam'' || Kuttiraman ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''[[Manthri Kochamma]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| ''Mayajalam'' || Harischandran ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1999 || ''[[Charlie Chaplin (1999 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || Charlie ||
|-
| ''[[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal]]'' || [[Sub-inspector#India|Sub Inspector]] ||
|-
| ''[[American Ammayi]]'' || Devan ||
|-
| ''[[James Bond (1999 film)|James Bond]]'' || Unnithan ||
|-
| ''[[My Dear Karadi]]'' || Tarzan Kittunni ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Desam'' || Jayakrishnan ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Snehithan]]'' || Vivekan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2003 || ''OK Chacko Cochin Mumbai'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Brahmachari]]'' || Varadappan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''[[Koottu (film)|Koottu]]'' || W. J. Napoleon ||
|-
| ''Thalamelam'' || C.I Richard SI ||
|-
| ''[[Black (2004 film)|Black]]'' || Unni ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Achante Ponnumakkal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Kadha, Samvidhanam Kunchakko]]'' || Dr. Mathew Kurian ||
|-
| ''[[Angel John]]'' || Fireman ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2010 || ''[[Paattinte Palazhy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Advocate Lakshmanan – Ladies Only]]'' ||Rajappan ||
|-
| ''[[Fiddle (film)|Fiddle]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2011 || ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || Hari Prasad ||
|-
| ''Sundarimukku'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mohabbath (2011 film)|Mohabbath]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Chattakkari (2012 film)|Chattakaari]]'' || Rahim ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2013 || ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' || [[Sub-inspector#India|S.I.]] Subhashchandran ||
|-
| ''[[Crocodile Love Story]]'' || [[Sub-inspector#India|S.I.]] Vishwambharan ||
|-
| ''Black Ticket'' || Mammali ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2014 || ''Malayalakara Residency'' || ||
|-
| ''Monayi Angane Aanayi'' || R.K.G.||
|-
| ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nagara Varidhi Naduvil Njan]]'' || [[Sub-inspector#India|Sub Inspector]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[She Taxi (film)|She Taxi]]'' || Nambiar ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Mudhugauv]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]'' || Adv. Marcos ||
|-
| ''[[Sakhavu (2017 film)|Sakhavu]]'' || Party Secretary ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]'' || [[Sub-inspector#India|S.I.]] K.O. Rangan ||
|-
| ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2019 || ''[[Kuttymama]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pattabhiraman]]'' || ASI Sandeep Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Mohabbathin Kunjabdulla]]'' || Auto Rickshaw Driver||
|-
| ''Mr. Pavanayi 99.99'' || ||
|-
| ''Theerumanam'' || ||
|-
| ''Varthakal Ithuvare'' || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Uriyadi (2020 film)|Uriyadi]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || P Madhu, MLA Opposition ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Thathvika Avalokanam]]'' || Delhi Underworld Leader ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' || Anto Chettan ||
|-
| ''[[Kallan D'Souza]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]'' || Sathyabalan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Kallanum Bhagavathiyum]]'' ||
SI Sudheendran ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Many popular actors refused to play role of goddess in 'Kallanum Bhagavathiyum': Director |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/07/kallanum-bhagavathiyum-fantasy-movie-east-coast-vijayan-actress-moksha.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maheshum Marutiyum]]'' || Sakhavu ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[CID Ramachandran Retd. SI]]'' || Vasundaran||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-15 |title=Kalabhavan Shajohn-starrer Film CID Ramachandran Retd SI New Release Date Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kalabhavan-shajohn-starrer-film-cid-ramachandran-retd-si-new-release-date-out-8891510.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-28 |title=Asif Ali's Abhyanthara Kuttavali confirms release date, teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/28/asif-alis-abhyanthara-kuttavali-confirms-release-date-teaser-out |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
*Lambo ([[Doordarshan]])
*Ente Manasaputhri (Asianet)
*Scooter ([[Doordarshan]])
*Comedy Ulsavam (Flowers TV)
*O Henry Stories (Doordarshan Malayalam)
*Mechilpurangal ([[Doordarshan]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1335381|Premkumar}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Premkumar&limit=53 Premkumar at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Prem}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Ankitta Sharma

2026-02-06T05:42:19Z

Michaelevansnet: put up a biography.

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ankitta Sharma
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|05|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[actor|Actress]]
| years_active = 2011–present
| television = ''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]'' ''[[Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman]]''
}}

'''Ankitta Sharma''' is an Indian television [[Actor|actress]]. She is the winner of [[Ticket to Bollywood (TV series)|''Ticket to Bollywood'']]. She made her television debut with [[Lajwanti (TV series)]]. Ankitta is best known for portraying the role of Naina Chauhan in ''[[Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman]]''. She has also appeared in ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)]]'' as the antagonist and in ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)]]''. She played the lead role in [[ZEE5]] series ''[[Ishq Aaj Kal]]'' and recently appeared in ''The Whistleblower''.

== Early life and career ==
Sharma hails from [[Chandigarh]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/ankitta-sharma-enjoys-home-made-food-in-chandigarh/articleshow/63684489.cms|title=Ankitta Sharma enjoys home-made food in Chandigarh - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 April 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> and entered acting after winning the reality show [[Ticket to Bollywood (TV series)|''Ticket to Bollywood'']] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ankita-sharma-keen-dance-shows-1502594666.html|title=Ankita Sharma keen on doing dance shows|date=2018-03-02|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> She made her television debut with the [[Zee TV]]'s historical show [[Lajwanti (TV series)|''Lajwanti'']] playing the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/such-a-long-journey-14/|title=Such a Long Journey: 'Lajwanti' to premiere soon|date=2015-09-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/love-in-the-time-of-partition/|title='Lajwanti' is a proper story with a finite end: Sid Makkar on his new show based on partition|date=2015-09-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-adaptation-of-rajinder-singh-bedis-lajwanti-launched/|title=TV adaptation of Rajinder Singh Bedi's 'Lajwanti' launched|date=2015-09-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>

She gained attention after playing the female lead in the [[Colors TV]] family drama ''[[Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman]]'' opposite [[Samridh Bawa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/291116/ankita-sharma-to-mirror-vivaah-character.html|title=Ankita Sharma to mirror Vivaah character|date=2016-11-29|newspaper=asianage.com|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ek-shringaar-swabhimaan-review-the-show-is-engaging-and-fast-paced-keeping-you-hooked-to-the-screen/ |title=Ek Shringaar Swabhimaan Review: The show is engaging and fast-paced keeping you hooked to the screen |last=Iyengar |first=Anusha |language=en-US |access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>

In 2021, she is cast as the lead role in the Sony Liv OTT webseries - The Whistleblower.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|2012
|''PTC Miss Punjaban 2012''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|[[PTC Punjabi]]
|Pageant
|-
|2014
|''[[Ticket to Bollywood (TV series)|Ticket to Bollywood]]''
|[[NDTV India]]
|Winner<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/behind-the-scenes-from-the-sets-of-ticket-to-bollywood-17660|title=Behind-the-Scenes: From the Sets of Ticket To Bollywood|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140614/ttlife1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>
|-
|2015-2016
|''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]''
|Lajwanti Kaur Bhardwaj
|[[Zee TV]]
|Female Lead''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151017/entertainment-tvmusic/article/we-share-good-chemistry-sid-makkar|title=We share a good chemistry: Sid Makkar|date=2015-10-18|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-02-11|language=en}}</ref>''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)|Bigg Boss 10]]''
|Herself
|[[Colors TV]]
|Celebrity guest
|-
|''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)]]''
|Meher Khanna
|[[Zee TV]]
|Antagonist<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankita-Sharma-bags-role-in-Zee-TVs-Ye-Vaada-Raha/articleshow/51482017.cms|title=Ankita Sharma bags role in Zee TV's 'Ye Vaada Raha' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 March 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman]]''
|Naina Solanki Singh Chauhan
| rowspan="4" | [[Colors TV]]
|Main Female Lead<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/colors-ek-shringaar-swabhiman-to-go-off-air-4861610/|title=Exclusive: Colors' Ek Shringaar – Swabhimaan to go off air|date=2017-09-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2017
|''[[Rising Star (Indian TV series)|Rising Star]]''
|Herself
|Celebrity guest
|-
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|rowspan="2"|Naina Solanki
|Special appearances
|-
|''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
|Crossover Episodes
|-
|2018
|''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
|Radhika
|[[&TV]]
|Episodic Role<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/mishkat-verma-ankitta-sharma-tvs-laal-ishq/2018/06/28|title=Mishkat Verma and Ankitta Sharmaa in &TV's Laal Ishq|last=Rajesh|first=Author: Srividya|date=2018-06-28|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2013
|''Udeek''
|Rajjo
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|Short film
|-
|2014
|''Baaz''
|
|Female lead’s younger sister
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Ishq Aaj Kal]]''
|Alia Jaffri
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/editorial-digital/review-of-zee5-series-ishq-aaj-kal-interesting-thriller-with-a-storyline-that-impacts/2019/07/10|title=Review of ZEE5 series Ishq Aaj Kal: Interesting thriller with a storyline that impacts|last=Merani|first=Author: Anil|date=2019-07-10|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''The Whistleblower''
| Dr. Pragya
| rowspan="1" | [[Sony LIV]]
|
|-
|2022
|''Wrong Way''
| Ankita
| rowspan="1" | [[Hotstar]]
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Show
!Result
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Favourite Beti
| rowspan="3" |''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]''
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Favourite Pati-Patni Rishta (with [[Sid Makkar]])
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Favourite Nayi Jodi (with [[Sid Makkar]])
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7774647}}
* {{facebook|iamankittasharma}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ankitta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Madho Singh I

2026-02-03T18:06:21Z

Michaelevansnet: improved page and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Maharaja of Jaipur from 1750 to 1768}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sawai Madho Singh I
| title = [[Maharaja]] [[Sawai (title)|Sawai]] of [[Jaipur State|Amber]]
| image = Portrait of Savai Madho Singh of Jaipur.jpeg
| caption = Portrait of Sawai Madho Singh of Jaipur
| succession = 3rd [[Raja]] of [[Jaipur state|Jaipur]]
| reign = {{Nowrap|12 December 1750 – 5 March 1768}}
| predecessor = [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]]
| successor = [[Prithvi Singh II]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1728|06|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Jaipur Kingdom]], [[Rajputana]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1768|03|05|1728|05|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Jaipur Kingdom]], [[Rajputana]]
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|
|Chundawatji Kundan Kanwarji of [[Deogarh, Rajasthan|Devgarh]] in [[Mewar]]
|Sisodiniji Ratan Kanwarji of [[Banera]] in [[Mewar]]
|Bhatiyaniji
|Sisodiniji Braj Kanwarji of [[Banera]] in [[Mewar]]
|Rathorji Arjun Kanwarji of [[Jodhpur]]-[[Marwar]]
}}
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|
|Man Singh (died infant)
|Bhawani Singh (died infant)
|Raghubir Singh (died infant)
|[[Prithvi Singh II]]
|[[Pratap Singh of Jaipur|Pratap Singh]]
}}
| house = [[Kachhwaha]]
| father = [[Jai Singh II]]
| mother = Ranawatji Chandra Kanwarji d.of Maharana [[Amar Singh II]] of [[Udaipur]]-[[Mewar]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Sawai Madho Singh I''' (20 May 1728 – 5 March 1768) was the [[Kachwaha|Kachwaha Rajput]] ruler of the [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Jaipur]]. He was the younger son of Maharaja Sawai [[Jai Singh II]] and younger half brother of Sawai [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]]. He became ruler of Jaipur after his brother Sawai Ishwari Singh died in 1750. He established the city of [[Sawai Madhopur]] in 1763. He also allied with Vijay Singh Rathore against Ahmad Shah Abdali

== Biography ==

=== Succession dispute and rise to power (1748-1750) ===

Following the death of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in the year 1743, a succession dispute arose in Jaipur. The designated heir, Ishwari Singh, ascended the throne. However, Madho Singh, Jai Singh's younger son from a Mewar princess, contested the claim.

He based his claim on a historical agreement signed in 1708 between [[Maharana Pratap|Maharana Amar Singh II]] of [[Mewar]] and other [[Rajput]] states, including [[Kingdom of Amber]] (Jaipur's predecessor). This pact supposedly ensured succession for any son born of a Mewar princess, regardless of birth order. Upholding this tradition, [[Jagat Singh II|Maharana Jagat Singh II]] of Mewar supported his grand nephew Madho Singh, and launched a military campaign to enthrone him.

A decisive battle ensued near Rajamahal, where the Mewar forces under Maharana Jagat Singh II clashed with the [[Marathas]], who sided with Ishwari Singh at the [[Battle of Rajamahal]] in 1747. The Mewar army suffered defeat. Despite the setback, Ishwari Singh, emboldened by the initial victory, marched against and defeated the [[Hada Chauhan]] chiefs of [[Bundi]] and [[Kota state|Kota]] with Maratha assistance.

Facing continued opposition from Mewar, Ishwari Singh sought additional Maratha support. However, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] demanded a hefty sum and territorial concessions in exchange for aiding Madho Singh's claim. Unable to bear the pressure and fearing for his safety, Ishwari Singh committed suicide in 1750. This paved the way for Madho Singh's ascension to the throne of Jaipur as Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh I.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Manu Nandshankar |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/hind-rajasthan-or-annals-native-states-india-0 |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |last2=Mehta |first2=Markand Nandshankar |publisher=Usha |year=1985 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |pages=205}}</ref>

Madho Singh I was at [[Udaipur]] when his half brother Ishwari Singh committed suicide. Following this Madho Singh was crowned as the new [[Kachwaha]] ruler of Jaipur.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142/page/n261/mode/1up G.S. Sardesai, New History of Marathas Vol. II, Pg.238]</ref>

Madho Singh invited [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia|Jayappa Scindia]] who arrived in due time along with [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] to dinner where the Maratha sardars were served poisoned food which they detected and evaded in time. Next day on 10 January 1751, about 5,000 Marathas marched through Jaipur and started exploring the city's temples and monuments. Marathas seemed to have behaved towards Jaipur like city taken by storms. Suddenly the pent-up hatred of the Rajput gentry burst forth and a riot broke out at noon and citizens attacked unsuspected Marathas. Madho Singh I posted assassins along the escape routes to kill off the Maratha envoys calling for aid.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142/page/n261/mode/1up G.S. Sardesai, New History of Marathas Vol. II, Pg.239]</ref>
<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1994) A History of Jaipur, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}</ref>

He won several important battles against other rulers. He later reconciled with the Marathas after rewarding Holkar for his help in gaining the Jaipur throne by giving him the parganas of [[Rampura, Neemuch|Rampura]], [[Bhanpura]] and [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] in 1753.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Raghubir |title=Malwa in Transition Or A Century of Anarchy: the First Phase 1698—1765 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2017 |isbn=9789351289166 |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Sir Jadunath |pages=302}}</ref> According to Vir Vinod which is 19th-century creation, Madho Singh gave poison to Maharaja [[Bakht Singh of Marwar]] but according to contemporary Persian sources Bakht Singh died due to cholera in 1752.<ref>Rajasthan Through the Ages By R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi p.156</ref>

=== Conflict With Jawahar Singh ===
In December 1765, the Sikhs launched expeditions through Saharanpur, Delhi, and Rewari, causing significant destruction. During this period, Madho Singh was engaged in a conflict with [[Jawahar Singh]] of Bharatpur. To strengthen his position, Jawahir Singh hired 25,000 Sikh soldiers. After this truce, Jawahir Singh turned his attention to Dholpur, a region controlled by his step-brother Nahar Singh. He employed 7,000 Sikh soldiers, while Nahar Singh allied with the Marathas. A fierce battle followed on March 13-14, 1766, in which the Sikhs defeated the Marathas. Following their defeat, the Marathas withdrew their support, forcing Nahar Singh to seek refuge with Madho Singh in Jaipur. To avoid further conflict, Madho Singh bribed the Sikhs, who then left Jawahir Singh and returned to Punjab, concluding the hostilities.<ref>Gupta, Hari Ram. ''History of the Sikhs, Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803''. Munshilal Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0213-9. Page 56. Accessed 9 January 2025.</ref>

In December 1767, Jawahar Singh fought Madho Singh in a Maonda. The Rajputs suffered around 3,000 casualties, while the Jats lost nearly 2,000 men. Jawahar Singh’s army included trained troops with artillery, led by two European officers, Walter Reinhard (known as Sombre and the husband of Begum Samru) and Rene Madec. After this, Madho Singh reorganized his forces and invaded Jawahir Singh’s territory with 16,000 soldiers. In response, Jawahar Singh recruited 10,000 Sikhs. The two armies clashed at Kama on February 29, 1768, where Jawahir Singh was defeated, losing 400 soldiers. The Jats and Sikhs fled, but Jawahir Singh recruited an additional 10,000 Sikhs, bringing his total force to 20,000 at a cost of seven lakh rupees per month. With this reinforced army, he advanced again, causing the Rajputs to return to Jaipur to take a fortified position and await a military response by the Sikhs and Jats who were too afraid to launch another attack,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Herrli|first=Hans|url=https://archive.org/details/TheCoinsOfTheSikhs/page/n4/mode/1up|title=The Coins of the Sikhs|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal publishers Pvt ltd, New Delhi|year=2004|edition=2nd|pages=233|quote=In December 1765 Jawahir singh marched against Jaipur with 25000 sikhs who were bought off by Raja Mado Singh, but in March 1768 Jawahir Singh, supported by 20000 Sikh mercenaries, again attacked and routed Mado Singh”|orig-year=1993}}</ref><ref name="Rima Hooja">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa Publication |year=2006 |location=New Delhi |pages=726, 736}}</ref><ref>Gupta, Hari Ram. ''History of the Sikhs, Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803''. Munshilal Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0213-9. Page 56. Accessed 9 January 2025.</ref>

== Death==
He died in 1768 after a rule of 17 years after contracting dysentery after a battle with [[Jawahar Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQeSBLpUwsC&dq=madho+singh+chundawat&pg=PA211 |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages |last2=Bakshi |first2=S. R. |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref> Madho Singh's queen, Chundawatji who belonged to the [[Chundawat]] clan, was the daughter of Rawat Jaswant Singh of [[Deogarh, Rajasthan|Deogarh]], ruled Jaipur along with her father following her deceased husband's death as the new ruler, [[Prithvi Singh II|Sawai Prithvi Singh II]] was only five years old at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tillotson |first=Giles Henry Rupert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmfxexeX3pIC&dq=madho+singh+chundawat&pg=PA49 |title=Jaipur Nama: Tales from the Pink City |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-400100-2 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Following Prithvi Singh's death, her second son [[Pratap Singh of Jaipur|Sawai Pratap Singh]] succeeded to the throne.

==Cultural contributions==
His contribution to the field of art, architecture, town-planning, literature and religion was remarkable. He founded the well planned walled-city of [[Sawai Madhopur]] and the well planned town of [[Sri Madhopur]], built several palaces including Madho Niwas in the Chandra Mahal complex of the [[City Palace, Jaipur|City Palace]], Madho Vilas the leisure palace in the centre of Jai Mahal, the [[Sisodiya Rani Bagh|Sisodia Rani Bagh]] (Queens' Gardens) as well as several temples. The painting atelier (''surathkhana'') was rejuvenated and a variety of court scenes and several portraits were painted there. He patronized Sportsmen of his State and even sent them to other places within the country to take part in competitions. Likewise, he sent artists from his State to other places to exhibit their skills and produce. He was fond of watching elephant fights, bullfights and other similar sports. He had Shaikh Sadi's Gulistan translated into Sanskrit. A few Sanskrit works were also attributed to him. Many dramas and poetic works were written under his patronage such as Veli Rukmani, Madhav Natakam, Madahava Vijaikavyama, Rajaritinirupana, [[Shataka|Sataka]], etc. Greatest contribution, at the end of his reign was political stability in the state of Jaipur.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==See also==
*[[Kachwaha]]

==References==
<references />

{{Maharajas of Jaipur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madho Singh 01}}
[[Category:Maharajas of Jaipur]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1728 births]]
[[Category:1768 deaths]]

Flood of Fire

2026-01-31T07:01:14Z

Michaelevansnet: update references for consistency

{{short description|2015 novel by Amitav Ghosh}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Flood of Fire
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Flood of Fire book cover.jpg
| caption = Flood of Fire book cover
| author = [[Amitav Ghosh]]
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series = [[Ibis trilogy]]
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = John Murray
| release_date = 28 May 2015
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|hardback]])
| pages = 624
| isbn = 978-0-670-08216-2
| dewey =
| congress =
| oclc =
| preceded_by = [[River of Smoke]]
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Flood of Fire''''' is a 2015 novel by Indian novelist [[Amitav Ghosh]]. Following the ''[[Sea of Poppies]]'' (2008) and ''[[River of Smoke]]'' (2011), the novel is the final installment of the [[Ibis trilogy]], which concerns the 19th-century opium trade between India and China. The book was first published by the English publisher [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]], and later by [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] in the United States. The novel was shortlisted for [[The Hindu Literary Prize]] and received the [[Crossword Book Award|Crossword Book Jury Award]] in Fiction in 2015.

== Plot ==
Following the storylines of the previous two parts, ''Sea of Poppies'' and ''River of Smoke'', the story continues in [[1839]]. Kesri Singh, brother of Deeti, is made aware that Deeti ran away from her husband's pyre by avoiding [[Sati (practice)|sati]]. She eloped with a lower-caste labourer and Singh's family is ashamed of the events. Kesri joins the British service as an Indian soldier at the rank of [[sepoy]]. He works for the [[East India Company]], where his superior is Deeti's deceased husband's brother. Zachary Reid, an American soldier born to a [[quadroon]] mother and a white father, pretends to be white and starts entering the trading business. Shireen Modi, an Indian Parsi woman, has left for China in search of her late husband's illegitimate child. In her pursuit, she starts to have feelings for her husband's close friend who is now helping her. She is fully aware that her relationship with this Armenian friend would be condemned by her orthodox [[Parsis|Parsi]] community. Neel Rattan Halder, once a king, has been separated from his son after he was arrested by the British. Neel has now absconded and remains a fugitive in order to avoid being jailed for his conviction on the false forgery charges, which Mr. Burnham had manipulated. The [[First Opium War]] has commenced and the characters find themselves in midst of these events.{{sfn|Ghosh|2015}}<ref name="NYT"/>

== Development and publication ==
Ghosh started working on the trilogy in 2004 but mentioned that he had conceptualised it after he finished his 2000 novel ''[[The Glass Palace]]''. He visited various places in China, Hong Kong, and Singapore to gather research material. By the time ''Flood of Fire'' was published, Amitav had published seven novels, which included two initial parts of this trilogy and five non-fictional works.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/books/review/amitav-ghoshs-flood-of-fire.html|title=Amitav Ghosh's 'Flood of Fire'|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Lalami, Laila|date=26 August 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

Along with English, the characters in the book converse in other languages like [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Cantonese]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and make use of the ornate dialect and the colloquial sailor terminology.<ref name="HT"/> The book was first published by the English publisher [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] on 28 May 2015, and later by [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hodder.co.uk/Books/detail.page?isbn=9780719569005|title=Flood of Fire Ibis Trilogy Book 3 By Amitav Ghosh|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|access-date=29 May 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="BE">{{cite web|url=https://bepl.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:1976441/ada|title=Flood of fire @ Buffalo & Erie County Public Library|publisher=Buffalo & Erie County Public Library|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Maps in the book were drawn by Rodney Paull.{{sfn|Ghosh|2015|p=i}}

''Flood of Fire'' is the last installment of Ghosh's Ibis trilogy and deals with events between 1839 and 1841.<ref name="TI">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/flood-of-fire-by-amitav-ghosh-book-review-10250108.html|title=Flood of Fire by Amitav Ghosh, book review|newspaper=The Independent|author=Mihir Bose|date=14 May 2015|access-date= 17 May 2017}}</ref> Rebutting all rumours, Ghosh confirmed in one of the book launch events that it is the last of the Ibis trilogy.<ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Ziya_Us_Salam/amitav-ghosh-talks-about-flood-of-fire/article7286098.ece|title='The trilogy is over'|newspaper=The Hindu|author=Ziya Us Salam|date=6 June 2015|access-date= 17 May 2017}}</ref> In an interview, Ghosh mentioned that he used to feel
"devastated" after completing a book. So, he decided to write a trilogy so that he "could stay with the characters for a long time". Ghosh mentioned that he felt "an incredible sense of fulfilment" and expressed that with the trilogy, he achieved what he wanted to.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/the-long-read-amitav-ghosh-on-flood-of-fire-the-final-part-of-his-scathing-account-of-the-opium-wars-1.95199|title=The long read: Amitav Ghosh on Flood of Fire, the final part of his scathing account of the Opium Wars|publisher=The National|author=James Kidd|date=11 June 2015|access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The book received favourable reviews.<ref name="FT">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/82c986be-f894-11e4-be00-00144feab7de|title='Flood of Fire', by Amitav Ghosh|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="LM">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PwZuphut5F9TfV9O65AQiP/Book-Review-Flood-Of-Fire-by-Amitav-Ghosh.html|title=Book Review: Flood Of Fire by Amitav Ghosh|publisher=Live Mint|author=Elizabeth Kuruvilla|date=30 May 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/opium-for-the-masses/|title=Book Review: 'Flood of Fire' by Amitav Ghosh|newspaper=Indian Express|author=Amar Farooqui|date=30 May 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Simar Bhasin of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' appreciated "Ghosh's play with language" and mentioned that "the research done by the author and its consequent treatment is close to flawless". She further noted that the language would be challenging "for a reader who is unacquainted with '[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]' and therefore many such phrases and double meanings would be lost on them".<ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/amitav-ghosh-s-flood-of-fire-a-fitting-end-to-the-ibis-voyage/story-8XWiTyoQ1jnthAMN7QfXxI.html|title=Amitav Ghosh's Flood of Fire: A fitting end to the Ibis' voyage|newspaper=Hindustan Times|author=Bhasin, Simar|date=8 June 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Nilanjana Roy of ''[[Business Standard]]'' called the novel as "a brisk read for all of the dense historical research and period detail crammed into these 616 pages" and mentioned that "the strongest criticism of the Ibis trilogy is that it sometimes reads like a historical novel of that period, not just a historical novel about that period".<ref name="BS">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/book-review-flood-of-fire-115052900727_1.html|title=Book review: 'Flood of Fire' by Amitav Ghosh|newspaper=Business Standard|author=Nilanjana Roy|date=30 May 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' gave the novel five out of five stars, saying "few writers have combined popular and literary styles in a Hong Kong-set book better than Amitav Ghosh".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-10 |title=Author Amitav Ghosh's epic trilogy ends in Hong Kong |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/books/article/1819227/author-amitav-ghoshs-epic-trilogy-ends-hong-kong |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

Mark Thomas of ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reviewed the book as "an exceptionally well-read novel" and noted that Ghosh has kept the fortunes of characters as a mystery.<ref name="SMH">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/flood-of-fire-review-amitav-ghoshs-poignant-end-to-opium-wars-triology-20150622-ghdsew.html|title=Flood of Fire review: Amitav Ghosh's poignant end to Opium Wars triology [sic]|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|author=Mark Thomas|date=26 June 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Wendy Smith of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' also noted that Ghosh did not wrap up the trilogy, "leaving in transition many people to whom we have grown attached over the course of three novels". She considers this as "a mark of his artistry that this ending, though in some ways inconclusive, nonetheless feels satisfying and right".<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-amitav-ghosh-20150809-story.html|title=Review Amitav Ghosh sails into the Opium War with trilogy finale 'Flood of Fire'|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|author=Wendy Smith|date=6 August 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

[[Aram Bakshian]], a former speechwriter for [[List of Presidents of the United States|Presidents of the United States]] [[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]], and [[Ronald Reagan]], in his ''[[The Washington Times]]'' review called the book as "a truly grand [[tamasha]]" while noting the "only downside is [Ghosh]'s tendency to get a bit preachy from time to time".<ref name="WT">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/29/book-review-flood-of-fire/|title=Book Review: 'Flood of Fire'|newspaper=The Washington Times|author=Aram Bakshian Jr.|date=29 October 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Alex Clark of ''[[The Guardian]]'' reviewed the book as "high seriousness and low humour drive";<ref name="TG">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jun/05/flood-of-fire-amitav-ghosh-review-instalment-trilogy|title=Flood of Fire by Amitav Ghosh review: The final instalment of an extraordinary trilogy|newspaper=The Guardian|author=Clark, Alex|date=5 June 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Katherine Powers of ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' considered the book as "the best of the three volumes".<ref name="CT">{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-prj-flood-of-fire-amitav-ghosh-20150730-story.html|title=Review: 'Flood of Fire' by Amitav Ghosh|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|author=Katherine A. Powers|date=30 July 2015|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2015, the novel received the [[Crossword Book Award|Crossword Book Jury Award]] in fiction category whereas the ''[[Scion of Ikshvaku]]'' by [[Amish Tripathi]] won the popular choice award in fiction category.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Celebrating-writing-at-the-14th-Raymond-Crossword-Book-Award/articleshow/55706315.cms|title=Celebrating writing at the 14th Raymond Crossword Book Award|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 November 2016|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Life-Style/2016-11-30/Amish-Tripathi-Amitav-Ghosh-Ruskin-Bond-Radhakrishnan-Pillai-Twinkle-Khanna-win-big-at-the-14th-Raymond-Crossword-Book-Award/266425 |title=Amish Tripathi, Amitav Ghosh, Ruskin Bond, Radhakrishnan Pillai, Twinkle Khanna win big at the 14th Raymond Crossword Book Award. |work=The Hans India |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=19 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201144226/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Life-Style/2016-11-30/Amish-Tripathi-Amitav-Ghosh-Ruskin-Bond-Radhakrishnan-Pillai-Twinkle-Khanna-win-big-at-the-14th-Raymond-Crossword-Book-Award/266425 |archive-date=1 December 2016 }}</ref> It was also shortlisted for [[The Hindu Literary Prize]] which was eventually presented to [[Easterine Kire]] for her novel ''[[When the River Sleeps]]'' narrating the story of a hunter who is on a mission single-handedly looking for a powerful stone in a faraway river, which will make him omnipotent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/the-hindu-prize-2015-shortlist/article7813562.ece|title=The Hindu Prize 2015 Shortlist|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 October 2015|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/lit-for-life/Lit-for-Life-The-Hindu-Prize-for-2015-goes-to-Easterine-Kire/article14003138.ece |title=Lit for Life: The Hindu Prize for 2015 goes to Easterine Kire |work=The Hindu |author=Zubeda Hamid |date=16 January 2016|access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Amitav|title=Flood of Fire: A Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPcZCgAAQBAJ|date=4 August 2015|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-17424-8}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.amitavghosh.com/ Amitav Ghosh website]

{{Amitav Ghosh}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2015 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1830s]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1839]]
[[Category:Novels by Amitav Ghosh]]
[[Category:Works about opium]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels in English]]
[[Category:Novels set in British India]]
[[Category:Novels set in Guangdong]]
[[Category:Novels set in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Novels set in the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Novels set on ships]]
[[Category:John Murray (publishing house) books]]
[[Category:Farrar, Straus and Giroux books]]
[[Category:Postcolonial novels]]
[[Category:Novels about colonialism]]

Arvind Rathod

2026-01-29T01:22:27Z

Michaelevansnet: put up new page.

{{Short description|Indian actor (1941–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arvind Rathod
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|2|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhavnagar]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|7|1|1941|2|14}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| occupation = Actor
| website =
| signature =
}}
'''Arvind Rathod''' (14 February 1941 {{endash}} 1 July 2021) was an Indian film and theatre actor known for his work in [[Gujarati theatre]] and [[Gujarati cinema]].

==Biography==
Rathod was born on 14 February 1941 in [[Bhavnagar]], Gujarat. His father was a tailor.<ref name="DivyaBhaskar2021">{{cite news |last1=Radiya |first1=Amit| title=ગુજરાતી સિનેમાના પ્રાણ હતા અરવિંદ રાઠોડ, બુરખો પહેરીને દિલીપ કુમાર-સાયરાબાનોના લગ્નમાં ગયા હતા. |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/bollywood/news/gujarati-cinema-well-knowb-actor-arvind-rathod-life-interesting-facts-128654443.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=www.divyabhaskar.co.in |date=2 Jul 2021}}</ref> Because of his interest in acting from school and college, Rathod decided to choose acting over his father's tailoring business.<ref name="Guj Vishwakosh">{{cite web |title=રાઠોડ-અરવિંદ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1-%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6/ |website=gujarativishwakosh.org |publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his acting career in [[Gujarati theatre]] with the play ''Mota Gharni Vahu'' directed by [[Aruna Irani]]'s father F. R. Irani.<ref name="DivyaBhaskar2021"/> He worked as a [[Photojournalism|photo journalist]] before starting his career in film industry.<ref name="indianexpress"/> In 1967, he was brought to [[Bombay]] from his home town in Gujarat by Vinod Jani for his play ''Preet Piyu Ne Panetar''.<ref>{{cite news |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મોના અભિનેતા અરવિંદ રાઠોડનું નિધન |url=https://gujarati.webdunia.com/gujrati-cinema-gossips/veteran-gujarati-film-actor-arvind-rathod-passed-away-121070100013_1.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=gujarati.webdunia.com |date=1 Jul 2021}}</ref> He started his career on the [[Hindi cinema|film screen]] by playing a small role as a photographer in his first Hindi film ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]''.<ref name="DivyaBhaskar2021"/> In 1967, his first Gujarati film ''Gujaratan'' was released. In 1969, ''Kanku'', ''Sansarleela'' and ''Janani ni Jod'' and in 1973, ''Janamtip'' was released. He had acted in six films in 1976. His role of 'Jetha' played in ''Bhadar Tara Vaheta Pani'' established him as a villain in [[Gujarati cinema]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

He played major roles in Gujarati films including ''Ghar Gharni Vaat'', ''Ma-baap'', ''Pankhino Malo'', ''Sona Ni Jaal'', ''Lohi Bhini Chundadi'', ''Kanyaviday'', ''Mandvano Mor'', ''Sant Savaiyanath'', ''Halone Madi Garbe Ramado'' and ''Mare Todle Betho Mor''.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

He acted in Hindi films like ''[[Kora Kagaz]]'' (1974), ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' (1990) (as Hasmukh) and ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' (1992).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Muskan |first1=Khullar |title=Amitabh Bachchan's Agneepath co-actor and Gujarati star Arvind Rathod passes away aged 83 |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/article/amitabh-bachchans-agneepath-co-actor-and-gujarati-star-arvind-rathod-passes-away-aged/779246 |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=zoomtventertainment.com |date=2 Jul 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarati actor Arvind Rathod passes away due to illness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/gujarati-actor-arvind-rathod-passes-away-due-to-illness/articleshow/84060145.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |agency=TIMESOFINDIA.COM |date=2 Jul 2021}}</ref>

He acted in many Gujarati plays including ''Mukhavato'', ''Shikast'', ''Mahayatra'', ''Babasaheb'', ''Ghatana-2003''. In Shafi Inamdar directorial 'Ek Sapnu Badu Shaitani' his role as a father is memorable. He has also directed the play ''Mujhe Ajwalan Jaaye''.

In 2006, he was nominated for [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] in category of Best Actor for his role in ''[[Thodi Khushi Thode Gham]]''

== Personal life ==
Rathod was unmarried<ref name="indianexpress"/> and was survived by his niece-in-law.<ref name="indianexpress"/> He died on 1 July 2021 in [[Paldi (Ahmedabad)|Paldi]], [[Ahmedabad]], aged 83<ref name="DivyaBhaskar2021"/> due to age-related complications.<ref>{{cite news |last1=V |first1=Madhuri |title=Veteran Gujarati Actor Arvind Rathod Passes Away Due To Age-Related Complications |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2021/veteran-gujarati-actor-arvind-rathod-passes-away-due-to-age-related-complications-316561.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=filmibeat.com |date=2 Jul 2021}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |title=Actor Arvind Rathod dies in Ahmedabad at 83 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/actor-arvind-rathod-dies-in-ahmedabad-at-83-7385381/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=2 Jul 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
In his career, he acted in more than 250 films including [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films<ref name="Bhavsar Nilay">{{cite news |last1=Bhavsar |first1=Nilay |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મોના દિગ્ગજ એક્ટર અરવિંદ રાઠોડનું 80 વર્ષની ઉંમરે નિધન |url=https://www.iamgujarat.com/entertainment/gujarati-movies/a-photojournalist-turned-gujarati-actor-arvind-rathod-passed-away/articleshow/84018275.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=I am Gujarat |date=1 Jul 2021}}</ref> and more than 70 [[Gujarati theatre|plays]].<ref name="Gujarat Samachar 2023">{{cite news |title=અભિનેતા અરવિંદ રાઠોડ સાથે સુરતના આર્ટીસ્ટે 165 જેટલા નાટકના શૉ કર્યા |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/artist-from-surat-performed-about-165-plays-with-actor-arvind-rathore |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |date=2 Jul 2021}}</ref> He was known for playing negative roles in Gujarati films.<ref name="Bhavsar Nilay"/>

=== Hindi films ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* ''Lady Killer'' (1968)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zinzuwadia |first1=Manisha |title=ફિલ્મ ઈન્ડસ્ટ્રીને વધુ એક ઝટકો, ફેમસ અભિનેતા અરવિંદ રાઠોડનુ નિધન |url=https://gujarati.oneindia.com/movies/gujarati/gujarati-actor-arvind-rathod-passes-away-shared-screen-with-amitabh-bachchan/articlecontent-pf260885-069571.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=gujarati.oneindia.com |date=3 Jul 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]'' (1970)
* ''Johnny Uska Naam'' (1970)
* ''[[Badnam Farishte]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Maha Sati Savitri]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Kora Kagaz]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Toofan Aur Bijlee]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Mera Jiwan]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Salaam Memsaab]]'' (1979)
* ''Hamari Jung'' (1987)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arunachalam |first1=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981 – 1990 |date=14 Apr 2020 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |page=863 |isbn=9788193848227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Arvind+Rathod&pg=PA863 |access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref>
* ''Tawaif Ki Beti'' (1988)
* ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Ab To Aaja Saajan Mere]]'' (1994)
}}
Sources:<ref>{{cite web |title=Arvind Rathod(1938–2021) |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1032187/?ref_=nmbio_ov |website=www.imdb.com |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Gujarati films ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* ''[[Jesal Toral]]'' (1971)
* ''Hothal Padamani''
* ''Janamteep'' (1974)
* ''Bhadar Tara Vehata Paani'' (1976)
* ''Baba Ramdev Pir'' (1976)
* ''Son Kansari'' (1977)
* ''Mota Gharni Vahu'' (1978)
* ''Koinu Mindhal Koina Hathe'' (1979)
* ''Ganga Sati'' (1979)
* ''Raja Gopichand'' (1979)<ref name="indiatoday"/>
* ''Vaya Viramgam'' (1980)
* ''Jog Sanjog'' (1980)
* ''Maniyaro'' (1980)
* ''Alkhane Oatle'' (1980)
* ''Vaheta Aansu Vahu Na'' (1981)
* ''Jagya Tyathi Sawaar'' (1981)
* ''Putra Vadhu'' (1982)
* ''Kanku Ni Kimat'' (1983)
* ''Lohibhini Choondani'' (1986)
* ''Shetal Tara Oona Pani'' (1986)<ref name="indiatoday"/>
* ''Kanya Viday'' (1986)
* ''Maa Khodal Taro Khamkaro'' (1989)
* ''Maa Tere Aangan Nagara Baje'' (1990)
* ''Shetal Tara Unda Pani'' (1990)
* ''Sabar Tara Vehta Pani'' (1990)
* ''Aapna Malak Na Mayalu Manvi'' (1994)
* ''Mehandi Rang Lagyo'' (1997)
* ''Khodiyar Chhe Jogmaya'' (2001)
* ''Hu Tari Meera Ne Tu Maro Shyam Re'' (2011)
* ''Dikrine Na Desho Koi Pardesh'' (2011)<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |title=Veteran Gujarati actor Arvind Rathod dies of age-related issues at 83 in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/veteran-gujarati-actor-arvind-rathod-dies-of-age-related-issues-at-83-in-ahmedabad-1822864-2021-07-02 |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=2 Jul 2021}}</ref>
* ''Tension Thai Gayu'' (2018)
* ''Sharad Poonamani Rat''<ref>{{cite news |title=અરવિંદ રાઠોડ : કબૂતરને બચવાની તક આપ્યા વિના મારું તો તો અન્યાય જ થઈ જાય ને? |url=https://www.thechabuk.com/veteran-gujarati-actor-and-superstar-arvind-rathod-death/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=thechabuk |date=1 Jul 2021}}</ref>
}}

=== Gujarati play ===
* ''11 Kalak 23 Minit''<ref name="Gujarat Samachar 2023"/>
* ''Garvi Gujaratane Rang Rakhyo''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gordiya |first1=Sanjay |title=પદ્‍મારાણી, અરવિંદ રાઠોડ અને સનત વ્યાસ : આનાથી મોટી ડ્રીમકાસ્ટ બીજી કઈ હોય? |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/columns/article/damodar-deewano-thayo-play-s-cast-was-a-dream-cast-padmarani-arvind-rathod-and-sanat-vyas-was-in-lead-202743 |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=gujaratimidday |date=11 September 2023}}</ref>
* ''Mukhavato''
* ''Shikast''
* ''Mahayatra''
* ''Babasaheb''
* ''Ghatana-2003''
* ''Ba retiered thay chhe''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1032187}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathod, Arvind}}
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Jaspal Singh Sandhu

2026-01-27T17:02:51Z

Michaelevansnet:

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jaspal Singh Sandhu
| image = Jaspal Singh Sandhu Photo.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India]]
| occupation = Film director, writer, producer, actor
| years_active = 2015{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Jaspal Singh Sandhu''' is an Indian film director, writer, producer, and actor.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2023 |title=Exclusive |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-jaspal-singh-sandhu-on-his-film-vadh-similarities-with-shraddha-walker-murder-case-purely-coincidental-12149262.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vadh director Jaspal Singh Sandhu opens up on his working experience in Punjabi industry |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2023/jan/23/vadh-director-jaspal-singh-sandhu-opens-up-on-his-working-experience-in-punjabi-industry-46822.html |website=Indulgexpress |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Vadh started off with an idea that 'an old man commits a murder'," says director Jaspal Singh Sandhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/vadh-started-off-with-an-idea-that-an-old-man-commits-a-murder-says-director-jaspal-singh-sandhu-exclusive/articleshow/97875651.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref>

His film credits include ''[[Angrej]]'' (2015), ''[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]'' (2018), and ''[[Vadh (2022 film)|Vadh]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaspal Singh Sandhu |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jaspal_singh_sandhu |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vadh director Jaspal Singh Sandhu is gearing up to make a 1950s thriller |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/entertainment/movie/vadh-director-jaspal-singh-sandhu-is-gearing-up-to-make-a-1950s-thriller/mh20230203173601455455615 |website=ETV Bharat |language=mr |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref>

''[[Vadh 2]]'', written and directed by Sandhu, is scheduled for release on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 October 2025 |title=Vadh 2 release date out: Neena Gupta, Sanjay Mishra return in spiritual sequel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vadh-2-release-date-out-neena-gupta-sanjay-mishra-return-in-spiritual-sequel-2809005-2025-10-27 |website=India Today |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Mishra and Neena Gupta’s ‘Vadh 2’ gets new poster, theatrical release locked for February |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-mishra-and-neena-guptas-vadh-2-gets-new-poster-theatrical-release-locked-for-february/amp_articleshow/126377656.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==
===Punjabi film industry===
In 2015, Sandhu made his debut in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi film industry]] with the film ''[[Angrej]]'' starring [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Sargun Mehta]] and [[Ammy Virk]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Vadh director Jaspal Singh Sandhu: Audiences are now warming up to slow burn |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-vadh-director-jaspal-singh-sandhu-audiences-are-now-warming-up-to-slow-burn/01df9283ae492 |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>
In 2016, he produced the film ''[[Love Punjab]]'' starring [[Amrinder Gill]] and [[Sargun Mehta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Punjab - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/love_punjab |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, he contributed as co-producer in the film ''[[Lahoriye]]'', as producer in the film ''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]'' and ''Bhalwan Singh''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaspal Singh Sandhu movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/jaspal-singh-sandhu-126589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220132045/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/jaspal-singh-sandhu-126589 |url-status=live |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> In 2018, sandhu produced the film ''[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]'' and co-produced the film ''[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Punjabi to hindi films |work=The tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/punjabi-to-hindi-films-478882 |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref>

He also acted in the film ''[[Uda Aida]]'' as vice principal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uda Aida {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/uda_aida |access-date= |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Hindi film industry ===
Sandhu made his debut in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]] with the crime thriller ''[[Vadh (2022 film)|Vadh]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |title=Vadh Movie Review: Gripping, thrilling and powered with stellar performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/vadh/amp_movie_review/96051222.cms |access-date=20 February 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2022 |title=Vadh movie review: Sanjay Mishra and Neena Gupta's film is both heroic and heartbreaking |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vadh-movie-review-sanjay-mishra-and-neena-guptas-film-is-both-heroic-and-heartbreaking-11764241.html |access-date=20 February 2023 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> He worked on the film as director, writer, producer, and actor, and later directed its sequel, ''[[Vadh 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-11-25 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Director Jaspal Singh Sandhu calls IFFI response to Vadh 2 “deeply positive” 2 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-director-jaspal-singh-sandhu-calls-iffi-response-vadh-2-deeply-positive/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadh 2 Unveils New Poster Featuring Sanjay Mishra And Neena Gupta Ahead Of February 2026 Release |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/vadh-2-unveils-new-poster-featuring-sanjay-mishra-and-neena-gupta-ahead-of-february-2026-release-3003985.html/amp |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Actor
! scope="col" | Director
!Producer
!Writer
|-
| 2015|| ''[[Angrej]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Love Punjab]]''
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Lahoriye]]''
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]''
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|''Bhalwan Singh''
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]''
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]]''
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Uda Aida]]''
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Vadh (2022 film)|Vadh]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
|2026
|''[[Vadh 2]]''
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Work !! Award !! Category !! Result !! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2023
|[[Vadh (2022 film)|Vadh]]
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete List of Winners - 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 With Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/here-are-the-winners-of-the-68th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2023-with-maharashtra-tourism-58146.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm8012613}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu Singh, Jaspal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Film producers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kochangadi Synagogue

2026-01-18T16:20:41Z

Michaelevansnet: page edit

{{short description|Former synagogue in Kochi, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Kochangadi Synagogue
| native_name = {{ubl|{{langx|he|בית הכנסת קוצ'נגאדי}}|{{langx|ml|കൊച്ചങ്ങാടി ജൂതപള്ളി}}}}
| religious_affiliation = {{nowrap|[[Judaism]]}}
| image = Cochin Jewish Inscription.JPG
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = Hebrew inscription on a tablet from the former Kochangadi Synagogue, now placed at the eastern wall of the [[Paradesi Synagogue]]
| location = [[Kochangadi]], [[Kerala]]
| geo =
| rite = [[Nusach Sefard]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Former location of the destroyed synagogue in [[Kerala]]
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Synagogue]] {{small|(1344–1789)}}
| functional_status = '''Destroyed'''
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Synagogue architecture]]
| architecture_style = Cochin Jewish architectur
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1344
| construction_cost =
| date_destroyed = {{nowrap|1789 {{small|([[Second Anglo-Mysore War|2nd Anglo-Mysore War]])}}}}
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| materials =
}}
The '''Kochangadi Synagogue''' ({{langx|he|בית הכנסת קוצ'נגאדי}}; {{langx|ml|കൊച്ചങ്ങാടി ജൂതപള്ളി}}), or '''Misro Synagogue''', was an historic [[Judaism|Jewish]] congregation and [[synagogue]], located in [[Kochangadi]], south of [[Mattancherry|Jew Town]] in [[Kochi]], in the coastal state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].

It was built in 1344<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |author=Waronker, Jay |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/671537518 |title=The synagogues of Kerala, India : their architecture, history, context, and meaning |date=2010 |oclc=671537518}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Jussay |first=P.M. |date=1990 |title=The Origins of the Kerala Jews - An Evaluation of their Traditional Sources |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148189 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=51 |pages=66–74 |jstor=44148189 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Nathan |first=Katz |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/246707556 |title=The last Jews of Cochin : Jewish identity in Hindu India |date=1993 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=0-87249-847-6 |oclc=246707556}}</ref> by the [[Cochin Jews|Malabari Jews]] after fleeing from [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]], making it the oldest synagogue in India in recorded history. It was lost and never rebuilt. "Kochangadi" is an abbreviation of "Kocha Angadi" or "Jew Market", as Jews were addressed as ''Kocha'' in colloquial [[Malayalam]].

The synagogue in its history underwent multiple stages of destruction and restoration. The ruins of the synagogue were believed to have been intact until the late 20th century. The compound had at least one intact wall and was colloquially called "'''Misro Palli'''" though the entomology of the name is lost to time.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author=Daniel, Ruby |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1243580690 |title=Ruby of Cochin: an Indian Jewish woman remembers |date=2002 |publisher=Varda Books |isbn=1-59045-649-1 |oclc=1243580690}}</ref> The foundation stone is retained in the courtyard wall of the [[Paradesi Synagogue]] of [[Mattancherry]], by the [[Cochin Jews|Paradesi Jews]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-26 |title=Indian Jews: This little known minority community has a rich heritage |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/indian-jews-this-little-known-minority-community-has-a-rich-heritage-2855590.html |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |author=Koder, S. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/3415398 |title=History of the Jews of Kerala|date=1974 |publisher= |oclc=3415398}}</ref>

== History ==
The Kochangadi Synagogue was built in the 14th century, after the Malabari Jews had to abandon [[Muziris]] or [[Kodungallur]]. Joseph Azar, the 72nd heir to [[Joseph Rabban]] and the last Jewish prince of [[Kodungallur|Shingly]], fled to [[Kochangadi]] with his followers and founded the Kochangadi congregation. The reason for this migration is unclear with numerous theories and legends ranging from an attack by the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Portuguese]], a catastrophic [[Periyar Flood of 1341|flood in 1341]], to a quarrel and subsequent murder of his elder brother Aaron Azar. Moses Pereira de Paiva gives his account ''Noticias dos Judeos de Cochim'', that he had seen the tomb of Joseph Azar in Cochin. No extant remains have been found to corroborate this claim.

Another tradition states that the [[Palayoor synagogue|Palayur Jews]] migrated to Kochangadi and founded the congregation, based on oral songs of Cochini women.<ref name=":0" /> Other traditions state that the nearby [[Chempittapally|Chembittapally]], a [[Mosque|Muslim mosque]], was built with wood donated by the Kochangadi Jews.

After its establishment in 1344, the synagogue was restored by Baruch Joseph Levi in 1539. Levy was the Jewish ''Mudaliyar'' of the Cochin Jews. It is believed to have been demolished by the army of [[Tipu Sultan]] during his raids into Kerala in 1789, during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref name="cochinsyn_lostsyn">{{cite web |url=http://cochinsyn.com/page-lostsyn.html |title=Lost Kerala Synagogues |author=Waronker, Jay A. |work=Friends of Kerala Synagogues |year=2011 }}</ref> Added to that, [[Islam|Muslim]] dominance in the area may have forced the Kochangadi Jews to relocate further north to Jew Town in Mattancherry.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Katz, Nathan |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/828245962 |title=Indian Jews: an annotated bibliography, 1665-2005 |year=2013 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-980-4 |oclc=828245962}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

After it was destroyed, the Jewish community did not rebuild the synagogue. Instead, they moved to the nearby [[Kochi]] and carried with them the inscription stone mentioning its year of construction and planted it a wall of the [[Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue]] at Synagogue Lane, Jew Town. It was re-discovered in 1818 when plaster fell from the wall, exposing the inscription tablet.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Later on, the tablet was inserted into the east wall of the nearby [[Paradesi Synagogue]] where it remains. The Hebrew inscription states that the structure was built in 5105 (as per the [[Hebrew calendar]]) as "an abode for the spirit of God". The tablet is the oldest known Jewish relic from any synagogue in India.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|India}}}}
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[List of synagogues in India]]
* [[List of synagogues in Kerala]]

==References==
<references />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Synagogues in India}}

[[Category:1344 establishments in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1789 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:14th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:14th-century synagogues in Asia]]
[[Category:18th-century attacks on Jewish institutions]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1789]]
[[Category:Cochin Jews]]
[[Category:Destroyed synagogues]]
[[Category:Former synagogues in India]]
[[Category:Mattancherry]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Sephardi synagogues in India]]
[[Category:14th-century synagogues]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1344]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Kerala]]

Sant Gajanan Shegaviche

2026-01-15T01:52:59Z

Michaelevansnet:

{{Short description|Indian devotional TV series}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sant Gajanan Shegaviche.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Hindu devotional cinema|Devotional]]
| executive_producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 621
| list_episodes =
| producer = Tejendra Neswankar
| company = Trrump Carrd Production
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Sun Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|10|17|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|11|05|df=yes}}
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| related =
}}

'''''Sant Gajanan Shegaviche''''' ({{translation|Saint Gajanan of Shegavi}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] mytho series starring Amit Phatak as Saint Gajanan in lead role. It premiered on [[Sun Marathi]] from 17 October 2021. It is produced by Tejendra Neswankar under the banner of Trrump Carrd Production.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/senior-actor-manoj-kolhatkar-replaces-amit-phatak-in-sant-gajanan-shegaviche/articleshow/99243014.cms|title=Senior actor Manoj Kolhatkar replaces Amit Phatak in Sant Gajanan Shegaviche - Times of India|date=4 April 2023|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Sant Gajanan Maharaj was a noble soul, legendary saint and mystic. Believed to be a reincarnation of Lord Ganesha & Lord Dattatreya, he has touched the lives of many with his spiritual power and wisdom.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Amit Phatak as Saint Gajanan
** Manoj Kolhatkar as elder Saint Gajanan

===Recurring===
* [[Mohan Joshi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mohan-joshi-all-set-to-reprise-swami-samarth-ramdas-role-in-this-serial-read-details-6423697.html|title=Mohan Joshi All Set To Reprise Swami Samarth Ramdas' Role In This Serial; Read Details|date=19 November 2022|website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
* [[Anand Kale]]
* [[Nikhil Raut]]
* [[Pratiksha Jadhav]]
* Vikas Patil
* Vijay Kadam
* Sonali Patil<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-fame-sonali-patil-to-appear-in-sant-gajanan-shegaviche-next-6057817.html|title=Bigg Boss Marathi Fame Sonali Patil to Appear in Sant Gajanan Shegaviche Next|date=28 September 2022|website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
* Aatish More
* Rupal Nand
* Mangal Rane
* Gayatri Warungase
* Sarita Mehendale
* Hridaynath Jadhav
* Rohit Deshmukh
* Nimish Kulkarni
* Savita Malpekar
* Kishori Ambiye
* Shriram Pendse
* Parth Ghatge
* Jitendra Pol
* Akshay Tak
* Anand Kale
* Pooja Nayak
* Rajshri Nikam
* Mayur Khandge
* Sanjiv Tandel
* Divesh Medge
* Manjusha Godse
* Devendra Dodke
* Shekhar Phadke
* Janhavi Tambat
* yogesh daware
* vaishnavi daware
* dipak s. Nandgaokar

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" | Originally Broadcast
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Days
|-
! style="padding: 1 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 1 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:Purple"|
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| 613
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|10|17}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2023|08|12}}
|align="center"| Mon-Sat
|-
|style="background:Orange"|
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"| 8
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|09|17}}
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|11|05}}
|align="center"| Sun (1hour)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-marathi-serial-sant-gajanan-shegaviche-episodeno-Oct07-2022/detail/126131/0 ''Sant Gajanan Shegaviche''] at [[Sun NXT]]
* {{IMDb title|tt15842064}}

[[Category:Sun Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Samir Dey

2026-01-12T08:22:42Z

Michaelevansnet: created

{{Short description|Indian politician (1957–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Minister of Higher Education [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 18 May 2004
| term_end = 9 February 2009
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor = Bimbadhar Kuanr
| successor = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| office1 = Minister of Urban Development [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 6 March 2000
| term_end1 = 16 May 2004
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
| office2 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1995
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = Sayed Mustafiz Ahmed
| successor2 = [[Debashish Samantaray]]
| constituency2 = [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1957|01|10}}
| birth_place = Punanga, [[Jagatsinghpur]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2024|11|18|1957|01|10}}
| death_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Dipika Dutta Ray
| children = 1 daughter
| father = Atul Prasad Dey
| education = [[Master of Arts]] [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| profession = Advocate, Politician
| source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=44
| caption = Dey in 2020
}}

'''Samir Prasad Dey''' (10 January 1957 – 18 November 2024) was an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha]] who had served as minister of Higher Education in [[Naveen Patnaik]] cabinet from 2004 to 2009. He had earlier served as the Minister of Urban Development in [[First Naveen Patnaik ministry]] from 2000 to 2004. He had represented [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]] thrice in a row – [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]], [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]], [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]] in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-15 |title=Uphill task for Samir Dey, no cakewalk for Samantray |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2009/Apr/12/uphill-task-for-samir-dey-no-cakewalk-for-samantray-40430.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-15 |title=Former minister lands in controversy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2009/Jun/16/former-minister-lands-in-controversy-59312.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-18 |title=Dey case starts again in HC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/dey-case-starts-again-in-hc/cid/696002 |website=Telegraph}}</ref> Dey died from a kidney infection on 18 November 2024, at the age of 67.<ref>[https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/veteran-bjp-leader-samir-dey-no-more-7589673 Veteran BJP leader Samir Dey no more]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, Samir}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney disease]]

Chintamani (1937 film)

2026-01-10T00:30:44Z

Michaelevansnet: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chintamani
| image = Chintamani_1937_film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = A scene from the film
| native_name = 
| director = [[Y. V. Rao]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = A. Ayyalu Somayajulu [[Serukalathur Sama]]
| story = [[Y. V. Rao]]
| based_on = 
| starring = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] [[K. Aswathamma]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Papanasam Sivan]]
| cinematography = Y. B. Washikar
| editing = Bholanath Auddya
| studio = Deva Datta Films Studio
| distributor = Rayal Talkie Distributors
| released = {{film date|1937|3|12|df=y|ref1={{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|pages=16}}}}
| runtime = 215 min
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
[[File:Chintamani (1937).webm|thumb|'''Chintamani''' film]]
'''''Chintamani''''' is a 1937 Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil-language film]] directed by [[Y. V. Rao]] starring [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[Serukalathur Sama|Serugulathur Sama]] and Aswathamma.<ref name="guy2">{{Cite news| last= Guy| first= Randor | title= Blast from the Past – Chintamani 1937 | date=21 December 2007 | url =http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/21/stories/2007122150591600.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071223145813/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/21/stories/2007122150591600.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =23 December 2007| work =[[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2009-12-07}}</ref> It was the first Tamil film to run for a year in a single theatre.<ref name="chintamani" /><ref name="tamilcinema_memories">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna2.htm|title=Tamil cinema history – The Early Days 1937 – 1944|access-date=2008-10-12|publisher=indolink.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917185055/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna2.htm|archive-date=17 September 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="yvrao">{{Cite news | last= Guy | first= Randor | title= A revolutionary filmmaker | date= 22 August 2003 | url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm | work= The Hindu:Entertainment | access-date= 2008-09-12 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090626045843/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm | archive-date= 26 June 2009 | url-status= usurped }}</ref>

==Production==
''Chintamani'' was a popular play which had been performed in many languages. First, a silent film was made based on the play, then [[talkies]] based on it were made in Bengali, Hindi and Telugu. In 1937, a Tamil version of the film was directed by film-maker Y. V. Rao under the banner of Rayal Talkies, owned by yarn merchants of [[Madurai]].<ref name="chintamani">{{Cite news| last= Muthiah | first= S. | title= An unforgettable superhit | date=3 March 2008 | url =http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/03/stories/2008030350910500.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090930092924/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/03/stories/2008030350910500.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =30 September 2009 | work= [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2008-10-13}}</ref>

Initially, the director Y. V. Rao, wanted to play [[Vilwamangalam Swamiyar|Bilwamangal]]'s role himself.<ref name="MKT">{{Cite web|url=http://raja1630.tripod.com/mktb/id2.html |title=MKT Filmography Part I |access-date=2008-10-12 |work=M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar fan site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704184423/http://raja1630.tripod.com/mktb/id2.html |archive-date=4 July 2008 }}</ref> However, he changed his mind and acted as Bilwamangal's companion Manoharan. [[Serukalathur Sama|Serugulathur Sama]] was another contender for the main role. But, Rao rejected him in favor of [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] who was signed to play the part. In the initial stages, more publicity was given to the Kannada actress Aswathamma who played Chintamani's role than M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar. Her name was mentioned above that of Bhagavathar's in the credits.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=17}}

==Plot==
''Chintamani'' was based on the legendary story of a [[Sanskrit]] poet and devotee of [[Lord Krishna]] named [[Vilwamangalam Swamiyar|Bilwamangal]] (M. K. Thyragaraja Bhagavathar). Bilwamangal, a resident of [[Varanasi]], was a Sanskrit scholar, who gets infatuated towards a courtesan called Chintamani (Aswathamma), a woman of ill-fame. As a result, he deserts his wife. However, Chintamani is an ardent devotee of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] (Serugalathur Sama) and spends most of her time singing ''[[bhajan]]s'' in praise of Lord Krishna. His attraction towards Chintamani eventually draws Bilwamangal closer towards Lord Krishna and transforms his life forever. Bilwamangal, himself, becomes a devotee of Lord Krishna and pens a monumental Sanskrit work ''[[Shree Krishna Karnamrutam|Sri Krishna Karnamritam]]''.

==Cast==
[[File:Aswathamma.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Aswathamma who played the title role of Chintamani]]
Cast according to the opening credits of the film and the song book<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP689-27-1-11 |title=Chintamani |publisher=Rayal Talkies |year=1937 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] as [[Vilwamangalam Swamiyar|Bilwamangal]]
* [[Serukalathur Sama]] as Krishnan & Sadhu
* L. Narayana Rao as Azhwar Chetty
* S. Kalyanasundaram as Umapathi Sastri
* [[Y. V. Rao]] as Manoharan
* E. Krishnamoorthi as Vaishnavan
* M. R. Durairaj as Begger & Vasudevamoorthi
* S. G. Rajam as Ragupathi
* P. S. Krishnasami as Ramachandran
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* K. Aswathamma as Chintamani
* K. Ranganayaki as Susheelai
* S. P. Mathuram as Rukmani & Sadhuni
* R. Komalam as Shrihari
* S. S. Rajamani as Meenakshi
{{col-end}}

==Release and reception==
[[File:SaraswathiStores Chintamani label.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Gramaphone disks of songs from ''Chintamani'' manufactured and marketed by Saraswathi Stores]]

''Chintamani'' was released on 12 March 1937 and became one of the most acclaimed films of early Tamil cinema.{{Sfn|Film News Anandan|2004|page=28.11}} Though Bhagavathar's first film ''[[Pavalakkodi (1934 film)|Pavalakkodi]]'' had achieved some success, it was ''Chintamani'' that made Bhagavathar into a successful actor. It had an uninterrupted theatrical run of more than a year.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2004|pages=62–63}} It was one of the two films of Bhagavathar, released in 1937 (the other one was [[Ambikapathy (1937 film)|''Ambikapathy'']]) which ran for more than a year. It also marked the debut in Tamil for Kannada actress Aswathamma who played the title role. Aswathamma acted in one more Tamil movie before her untimely death in 1939 due to [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="MKT" />

With the substantial profits obtained from the movie, the owners of Rayal Talkies constructed a theatre in [[Madurai]] and named it ''Chintamani''.<ref name="guy2" /><ref name="chintamani"/><ref name="MKT" /> The Tamil writer [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki]] wrote that the film has so affected viewers that the housewife would sing the song ''Mayaprapanchattil'' from the movie while preparing coffee in the morning and her husband would sing ''Rathey unakku kobam'' in order to please his sweetheart.<ref name="MKT" />

The gramophone discs of ''Chintamani'' were also popular though M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar did not sing the songs that were featured in them as he was not under contract with Saraswathi Stores which produced the records. Instead, the songs were sung by Thuraiyur Rajagopala Sarma.<ref name="guy2" /><ref name="MKT" /> It continues to influence [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] film music to this day.<ref name="chintamani" />

Writing in ''Eelakesari'' magazine in April 1938, [[Pudumaipithan]] praised the film as follows:

{{Cquote|Out of the 80 odd Tamil films that have been made so far, Chintamani is considered to be best. Plot, dialogues, music, acting, cinematography, sound recording – everything is superb in this film. Among all Tamil films, it has run for the most days. Though its heroine Aswathamma is a Kannadiga from Bangalore, her lisping Tamil accent was liked by the audience. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar who has played Bilwamangal has shown his acting and singing talents}}{{Sfn|Baskaran|2004|pages=62–63}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by Papanasam Sivan. The song "Radhe Unakku" became famous and it is a cult song.

A partial list of songs {{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| extra5 = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
| extra4 = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
| extra3 = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
| extra2 = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
| extra1 = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| length7 =
| title1 = [[Radhae Unakku Kobam Aagathadi]]
| title7 =
| length6 = --
| title6 = Nadagame Ulagam
| length5 = --
| title5 = Maya prapanchathil
| length4 = --
| title4 = Divya Darishanam
| length3 = --
| title3 = Krishna Krishna
| length2 = 3:07
| title2 = Gnana kann
| length1 = 3:29
| extra6 = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
}}

== Music Credits ==

;Orchestra

* A. Narayan – [[Ghatam|Gottu]]
* A. Venkateswaran – [[Violin]]
* M. R. Dorairaj – [[Tabla]]
* K. M. Rangachari – [[Organ (music)|Organ]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt8232168|title=Chintamani (1937 film)}}
* {{YouTube|id=KReOhM7cyhQ|title=Chintamani (1937 film)}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book| first=S. Theodore| last=Baskaran | author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 2004| title=Chithiram Pesuthadi |language=ta | publisher= Kalachuvadu| location= Chennai| isbn= 81-87477-75-X | pages=62–3 }}
*{{Cite book| last=Film News Anandan| language= ta| year= 2004 | title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru | publisher=Sivagami Publications| location= Chennai| pages=28:11}}
*{{cite book|last=Dhananjayan|first=G.|author-link=G. Dhananjayan|title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013|date=2014|publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chintamani (1937 Film)}}
[[Category:1937 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Papanasam Sivan]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1937 Indian films]]
[[Category:1930s biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. V. Rao]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ran Vijay Singh

2025-12-05T11:20:48Z

Michaelevansnet: further improve intro after review further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian Navy admiral (1932–1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{for|the Indian actor|Rannvijay Singha}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biographies|date=July 2012}}
{{Sources|date = January 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Rear Admiral Ran Vijay Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date text|December 1932}}
| birth_place = [[Dungarpur, Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1971|12|3|1932|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bay of Bengal]], Indian Ocean
| placeofburial = at sea
| image =
| caption =
| alma_mater =
| nickname =
| allegiance = India
| branch = [[Indian Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1953–1971
| rank = [[Rear Admiral]]
| commands = {{ship|INS|Karanj|S21}}
| unit =
| battles =
| awards =
| laterwork =
}}

[[Rear Admiral]] '''Ran Vijay Singh Rathore''' (December 1932 – 3 December 1971) served the [[Indian Navy]] from 1953 to 1971. He attended [[Dartmouth College]]. He was the son of [[Lieutenant General]] [[Nathu Singh Rathore]].He was the descent of Rao [[Jaimal Rathore]] .<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&q=rear+admiral+ranvijay+singh&pg=PA59 |title=Leadership in the Indian army: biographies of twelve soldiers - V. K. Singh - Google Books |date=2005-03-23 |isbn=9780761933229 |accessdate=2012-03-28|last1=Singh |first1=V. K.|page=59|publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ran Vijay}}

[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Navy rear admirals]]
[[Category:Dartmouth College alumni]]

{{India-mil-bio-stub}}

Mumbai International Arbitration Centre

2025-12-01T04:35:02Z

Michaelevansnet: Added initial entry w/ refs...

{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Mumbai International Arbitration Centre
| native_name =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| established = 2016
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
| jurisdiction = International
| website =
| chiefjudgetitle = Secretary-General
| chiefjudgename =
| termstart =
| chiefjudgetitle2 = Chairperson
| chiefjudgename2 =
| termstart2 =
}}

'''Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] institution formed as system for [[Alternative dispute resolution|alternate dispute resolution]] and act as [[Arbitral tribunal|arbitrator]] or [[Mediator (coactivator)|mediator]] in case of international [[Financial transaction|commercial transactions]]. The channel helps in enforcing the right of individuals under section 89 of [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|Civil Procedure Code, 1908]] to exercise right for [[Settlement (litigation)|out of court settlement]] in case such possibility exists.

== History and Objective ==

Mumbai International Arbitration Centre was established in 2016<ref name="ma2">{{cite news |last1=Jog |first1=Sanjay |title=Devendra Fadnavis launches Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/devendra-fadnavis-launches-mumbai-centre-for-international-arbitration-116100800617_1.html |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=8 October 2016}}</ref> for resolving international disputes on commercial litigations, except those relating to tax and intellectual property, which can be resolved through arbitration and mediation.<ref name="ma1">{{cite news |last1=Saigal |first1=Sonam |title=Arbitration centre in city pushes to be among global best |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/arbitration-centre-in-city-pushes-to-be-among-global-best/article28816946.ece |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=4 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Aims ==

Mumbai International Arbitration Centre has been set up with the following objectives-<ref name="ma3">{{cite news |last1=vishwanath |first1=Apurva |title=India's first commercial arbitration centre to be opened in Mumbai |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/lojMn7ImT30b2d5EkBlc5L/Indias-first-commercial-arbitration-centre-to-be-opened-in.html |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=mint |date=27 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ma4">{{cite news |last1=Vyas |first1=Maulik |last2=Dave |first2=Sachin |title=Mumbai to get international arbitration centre by August |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/mumbai-to-get-international-arbitration-centre-by-august/articleshow/51627274.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="ma5">{{cite news |title=Navigating commercial disputes in India |url=https://law.asia/navigating-commercial-disputes-india/ |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=Law.asia |date=24 August 2022}}</ref>

* Helps in settling international disputes which involves Indian companies.
* Improves Ease of Doing Business in the country, therefore inviting foreign investors and companies.
* Improving Cost efficiency for settling disputes as it can be settled in the country.
* Cities act as neutral place with arbitrators having best professional experience in International standards.
* Dispute to be resolved in 12 months from date of filing.

== Members ==

There are 18 members as Arbitrators in Mumbai International Arbitration Centre and 9 out of them are from other countries.<ref name="ma1" />

== Procedure ==

The rules for Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA) lays down following procedure for arbitration process<ref name="ma1" />

* Application for dispute resolution to be made to Central Government.
* Arbitrator from Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA) finalises day of hearing.
* After hearing and cross examination from parties to dispute, ruling is made.
* A standard percentage of fees is fixed by the Institution after claims and counter claims, which includes cost of the arbitrator and amount payable to the centre.

== Challenges ==

The awareness on Mumbai International Arbitration Centre as institution is less in general public and also it needs skilled people, financial support and staff are lacking.<ref name="ma1" />

== See also ==

* [[Dispute resolution]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mcia.org.in/ Official Website]


[[Category:Arbitration organizations]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Dispute resolution]]

Muin Bek Hafeez

2025-11-07T22:59:24Z

Michaelevansnet:

{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Muin Bek Hafeez
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| number =
| position = [[Point Guard (basketball)|Point Guard]]/[[Forward (basketball)|Forward]]
| height_m = 1.90
| weight_lb =
| league =
| team =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|3|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Krishnagiri]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| nationality = Indian
| high_school = SAI Academy
| college = [[Jeppiaar Institute of Technology]]
| draft_year = 2020
| career_start =
| career_end =
| years1 = 2018 | team1 = [[ONGC BC]]
| years2 = 2019–2022 | team2 = [[Indian Bank Chennai BC]]
| years3 = 2023–| team3 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| highlights =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[basketball]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[Basketball at the 2019 South Asian Games|Team]]}}
}}

'''Muin Bek Hafeez''' (born 16 March 1996) is an Indian professional [[basketball]] player, most recently for [[Indian Bank Chennai BC]].

==High school==
Hailing from Krishnagiri, Muin Hafeez has practiced many different sports disciplines. As a kid he played [[cricket]], [[Kho kho]] and [[Martial Arts|martial arts]]. While at school at the ''SAI Academy'' in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], Hafeez also competed in [[Judo]] at the divisional and [[Throwball]] at the state-level.<ref name="nba.com">[https://in.nba.com/news/muin-bek-hafeezs-redemption-song-fiba-2021-asia-cup-qualifiers-india-basketball-iraq-bahrain/wf7jvhti6eyo158szrwdw249c Muin Bek Hafeez's Redemption Song] Karan Madhok ([[nba.com]]), 13 March 2020. Accessed 30 December 2020.</ref>
Soon, Muin Hafeez discovered his talent for basketball and went on to favor it above all other sports. He normally played the [[Center (basketball)|center]] position.<ref name="nba.com"/>

==College==
When Muin Hafeez went to college at [[Jeppiaar Institute of Technology]], he competed against physically bigger opponents. This made him switch positions so he moved outside to play [[Forward (basketball)|forward]].<ref name="nba.com"/>
He eventually found success representing his university, with whom he won the ''IMG-Reliance College League National Finals''. He was also selected for [[Tamil Nadu]]'s U18 squad for the ''Junior Nationals'' in [[Kerala]], and his performances earned him an invite to India's national camps in 2014.<ref name="nba.com"/>
In 2017, when he was still in college, he played in the nationals finals once again.<ref name="nba.com"/>

==Later playing career==
He played for [[ONGC BC]] in the 2018 ''Federation Cup''. In 2019, he joined the [[Indian Bank Chennai BC]], which dominated through half a dozen invitational tournaments that year. In 2020, he finished as top scorer for Indian Bank at the National Championship.<ref name="nba.com"/>

==India national team==
In 2017, as a [[late bloomer]], Hafeez received an invitation for [[India men's national basketball team|India’s national team]]. He made his India debut at age 21 for the [[2017 SABA Championship]] in [[Maldives]]. He achieved a rare feat, playing for the senior squad without prior experience with either the [[India men's national under-18 basketball team|U18]] or [[India men's national under-16 basketball team|U16 squad]].<ref name="nba.com"/>
Hafeez played for the team in three continuous tournaments that year-the [[BRICS Games]] in China, the [[William Jones Cup]] in [[Chinese Taipei]], and the [[2017 FIBA Asia Cup]] in [[Lebanon]].<ref name="nba.com"/>
In July 2019, Hafeez was finally called back up to the national team.<ref name="nba.com"/>
India’s new head coach [[Veselin Matic]] gave him the role as [[point guard]], a position that India has often struggled with in the past. Hafeez later stressed the major adjustments he had to make to switch positions in such a drastic way.<ref name="nba.com"/>
At the [[2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualification]], at the first game against [[Bahrain national basketball team|Bahrain]], Hafeez ended up with 13 points and 8 rebounds, and led the team in efficiency rating (13).<ref name="nba.com"/>
Because of his good performance, Hafeez was part of the [[Starting lineup]] against [[Iraq national basketball team|Iraq]] three days later. By the final buzzer, Hafeez had ended with a team-high 24 points, a game-high 8 assists, plus 8 rebounds and 3 steals, all while finishing with the highest efficiency in the game (32). India cruised to a 94-75 win. India was able to end its losing streak.<ref>[https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/india-ease-to-win-over-iraq-in-asia-cup-2021-qualifier/ India ease to win over Iraq in Asia Cup 2021 qualifier] [[Olympic Channel]], 24 February 2020. Accessed 18 January 2021.</ref>

==Personal==
He holds a degree in [[mechanical engineering]].<ref name="Naik">[https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/hoop-and-the-hype-basketball-nationals-india-players-6206984/ Hoop and the hype: Meet the promising basketball talent knocking on Team India doors] Shivani Naik ([[The Indian Express]]), 9 January 2020. Accessed 12 January 2021.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.eurobasket.com/player/Muin-Hafeez/India/Indian-Overseas-Bank-Chennai/445361 Profile] at Eurobasket.com
*[https://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2021/qualifiers/player/Muin-Bek-Hafeez Profile] at FIBA.basketball
*[https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Muin-Bek-Hafeez/Opponents/120569 Profile] at RealGM.com
*[https://greatgoalschennai.com/muin-bek/ Muin Bek] at Great Goals

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hafeez, Muin Bek}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Forwards (basketball)]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in basketball]]
[[Category:People from Krishnagiri district]]

Mewar–Malwa conflicts

2025-11-06T20:59:58Z

Michaelevansnet: Added basic article basic info...

{{Short description|Military conflict between the Kingdoms of Mewar and Malwa}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mewar–Malwa conflicts
| place = [[Rajasthan]] [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| result = Mewar victory
| territory = [[Hadoti]], [[Gagron Fort]], [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]], [[Raisen]], [[Chanderi]], [[Bhilsa]], [[Kalpi]], and [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]] captured by Mewar<ref>{{Cite book |author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|title= A History of Rajasthan |date=2006|publisher=Rupa and Company|pages=Page no- 340 and 450 | isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
| combatant2 = [[Malwa Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Kshetra Singh]] [[Rana Kumbha]] [[Ranmal ]] [[Rana Raimal]] [[Prithviraj Sisodia]] [[Rana Sanga]] [[Medini Rai]] [[Silhadi]] [[Ratnasimha|Ratan Singh]] Chananji Khidiya Ajja Jhala Gajadhar Singh{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Hoshang Shah]] [[Mahmud Khalji]] [[Ghiyas-ud-Din Shah]] Zafar Khan Nasir-ud-Din Shah [[Muzaffar Shah II ]] Ashaf Khan Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II
| image = Extent of the Kingdom of Mewar, Malwa Sultanate and Gujarat Sultanate in their respective peaks.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Kingdom of Mewar and the Malwa and Gujarat Saltanates at their peak
}}
The '''Mewar–Malwa conflicts''' were a series of battles between the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] and the [[Sultanate of Malwa]] which erupted due to territorial expansion by both sides. The conflicts were fought in present-day [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The [[Rana (title)|Rana]] branch of the [[Guhila dynasty|Guhilas]], after their recovery of the Rajput stronghold of [[Chittorgarh]] and the region of Mewar (with [[Rajputana]]) following the [[Battle of Singoli]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dC7exAEACAAJ |title=A History and Culture of Indian People |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan |year=1960 |edition=2nd |pages=Pg- 70 "The story of Hammira's success against the Muslims cannot, therefore, be regarded as altogether baseless. We may accept the conclusion of Ojha that not only Mewar but nearly the whole of Rajputana became practically independent of Delhi Sultanate,"}}</ref> began an ambitious expansion at the cost of their neighbouring kingdoms. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] weakened with the invasion of [[Timur]], and many of its provinces gained independence; this included [[Malwa]], adjacent to Mewar.<ref name="Sarda 1917">{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanakumbhaso00sardrich/page/24/mode/1up |title=Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar |date=1917 |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co. |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

The conflict began during the reigns of [[Kshetra Singh|Rana Kshetra]] and [[Dilawar Khan|Dilawar Khan Ghori]] in [[Bakrol|Bakrole]],<ref name="Mankekar-1976">{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D. r |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130482/page/n37/mode/1up |title=Mewar Saga |date=1976}}</ref> and was continued by [[Rana Kumbha]] and [[Mahmud Khalji|Sultan Mahmud Khalji]] in the Battle of Sarangpur, the [[Capture of Gagron (1444)|siege of Gagron]], and the [[Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanakumbhaso00sardrich/page/26/mode/1up |title=Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar |date=1917 |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co. |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> The next rulers of Mewar and Malwa, [[Rana Raimal]] and [[Ghiyath Shah|Ghiyas-ud-Din Shah]], fought the [[Battle of Mandalgarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C |url=http://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06, The Delhi Sultanate |date=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource}}</ref> The last battles between the states were the [[Battle of Gagron]] and the [[Siege of Mandsaur]], during the reign of [[Rana Sanga]] and Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |year=2006 |publication-date=2006 |pages=Page no 450|publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 }}</ref>

== Background ==

=== Mewar ===
The [[Kingdom of Mewar]] rose to prominence between the 14th and 16th centuries after the [[Battle of Singoli]] and took Mahmud (possibly [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Sultan Mohommad Bin Tuqlaq]]) prisoner, capturing [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]] and claiming sovereignty of [[Badnor|Badnore]], [[Bakrol]]e, [[Ajmer]], [[Mandalgarh]], [[Jahazpur]], [[Hadoti]], and [[Chappan Rajasthan|Chappan]]. The kingdom hoped to expand its territory to neighbouring regions.<ref name="Hooja-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |pages=Pg- 332 "Hammir's son and successor, Kheta, or Kshetra Singh (r. 1364-1382), successfully annexed areas like Ajmer and Jahazpur from Lilla Pathan, and added the whole of the Chappan plains territory to his patrimony. Kheta re-annexed Dusore and Mandalgarh, which had been occupied by the Hada Chauhans, and forced the subjugation of the Hada Chauhans"|publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History Of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publication-date=2006 |pages=Pg- 332 "Following Rana Kheta’s death in 1382, Lakha (r.1382-1421), the eldest of his seven legitimate sons succeeded to the throne of Mewar. Tod tells us that Lakha’s "first act was the entire subjugation of the mountainous region of Merwarra, and the destruction of its chief stronghold, Beratgurh, where he erected Badnore""|publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 }}</ref>

=== Malwa ===
After the 1305 fall of the [[Paramara dynasty|Parmara kingdom]] to the [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Malwa]] was annexed and controlled by Delhi until the invasion of the [[Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]]. After Timur's invasion, Malwa governor [[Dilawar Khan]] declared Malwa independent of the Delhi Sultanate and established its capital at [[Dhar]]. Malwa remained independent until 1562, when it was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Sarda 1917"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/173/mode/1up |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06, The Delhi Sultanate |date=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource}}</ref>

== Conflict ==
The first battle between the Kingdom of Mewar and Malwa Sultanate was during the reign of Rana Kshetra, son and successor of Rana Hammir, who (after consolidating power in Mewar) began to take key points in eastern Rajasthan. He captured [[Ajmer]], [[Jahazpur]], and re-annexed [[Mandalgarh]], [[Mandsaur]], and [[Chappan]].<ref name="Hooja-2006a" /> At that time, [[Dilawar Khan]] Ghori (the first sultan of Malwa) attacked him at Bakrole. The battle ended with Dilawar's victory and the retreat of the Malwa army.<ref name="Mankekar-1976" /> The conflict was continued by [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]] in 1437 at Sarangpur, where he defeated the Malwa army and took [[Mahmud Khalji|Sultan Mahmud Khalji]] prisoner for six months.<ref name="Hooja-2006b">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |year=2006 |pages=Pg-526-529"The Rana's promise of help to Umar Khan against Mahmud Khilji, the garrisoning of Mewars frontier outposts, and Kumbha's assertion of overlordship over Hadauti, Mandsaur, Gagron....The armies of Mewar and Malwa clashed at Sarangpur in 1437. The latter army was conclusively routed here... Furthermore, the Rana laid siege to Mandu, the capital of Malwa, and carried off its Sultan Mahmud Khilji...Mahmud was kept prisoner in Chittor for six months before being granted his freedom and an honourable return to his own kingdom. This act of generosity has been favourably commented upon by Abul Fazl."|publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankrekar |first=DR. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130482/page/n40/mode/1up |title=Mewar Saga |year=1976 |pages=Pg- 30 "When Sultan Mohmad of Malwa refused to surrender to him a fugitive, Mahipal Panwar, one of the assassins of Maharana Mokul, Kumbha marched on Mandu (1437). The Rana’s army met the sultan’s forces near Sarangpur, between Chittor and Mandsaur. The engagement that followed saw Mohmad Khilji routed and, according to the Kumbhalgarh Inscription, Kumbha “captured countless Muslim women and burnt down Sarangpur.” The sultan shut himself up in the fort of Mandu. The Rana stormed the fort and took Mohmad Khilji prisoner, while his army fled in all directions. The sultan was brought to Chittor as prisoner,"}}</ref> He also captured [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]] and other Malwa territories. Mahmud was later freed, since Kumbha was unwilling to antagonise neighbouring sultanates with the sultan's captivity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa and Co. |year=2006 |publication-date=2006 |pages=Page no- 340|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 }}</ref>

To avenge his defeat, Mahmud fought with Kumbha again at [[Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas|Mandalgarh and Banas]] between 1443 and 1446; both battles were indecisive.<ref name="Day-1978">{{Cite book |last=Day |first=Upendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBMdAAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Under Maharana Kumbha, 1433 A.D.-1468 A.D. |date=1978 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |language=en}}</ref> The Kingdom of Mewar experienced setbacks as Sultan Mahmud Khilji raided as far inland as Ajmer and established his governor there; it also fought the sultans of Gujarat and Nagore and contended with the Rathors of Marwar. Rana Kumbha repulsed the setbacks, reconquered Ajmer, and held onto most of his conquests. Only the border area of [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]], in the rugged region of [[Hadoti]], eluded his grasp.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526 ) |date=2004 |pages=Pg-223 "The conflict with Gujarat and Malwa occupied Kumbha throughout his reign. During most of the time, the Rana also had to contend with the Rathors of Marwar. Although sorely pressed from all sides the Rana was largely able to maintain his position in Mewar. Kumbhalgarh was besieged a couple of times by Gujarat forces while Mahmud Khalji was able to raid as far inland as Ajmer and install his own governor there. The Rana was able to repulse these attacks and retain possession of most of his conquests with the exception of some of the outlying areas such as Ranthambore."|publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 }}</ref> Rana Kumbha was assassinated by his oldest son, Uday Singh I, in 1468; this began a period of political instability in Mewar. Taking advantage of this vacuum, the next sultan of Malwa ([[Ghiyath Shah|Ghiyas-ud-Din Shah]]) captured [[Ajmer]] and [[Sheopur]]. He supported Surajmal (the son of Udai Singh I) as Rana of Mewar; Uday was struck by lightning and another son of Kumbha, [[Rana Raimal|Raimal]], was crowned king. At this time, Malwa had the upper hand against Mewar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=http://archive.org/details/maharanasangahin00sardrich |title=Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race |date=1918 |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> The sultan's ambitions were thwarted when he experienced setbacks during the [[Battle of Mandalgarh]] in 1473, resulting in the loss of Sheopur <ref name="Sarda-1918">{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Harbilas |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanasangahin00sardrich/page/7/mode/1up |title=Maharana Sanga: The last great leader of the Rajput race |date=1918 |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries}}</ref> Ajmer was later conquered by [[Prithviraj Sisodia|Kunwar Prithviraja]], a son of Raimal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Harbilas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRBDAAAAYAAJ |title=Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race |date=1970 |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries |pages=Page no-28 "Nawab Malloo Khan, then holding Ajmer, determined to oppose the Sesodia prince in person; who, resolved upon being the assailant, advanced to Ajmer, encountered his foe in the camp at day-break, and after great slaughter entered Garh Beetli, the citadel, with the fugitives. 'By these acts/"}}</ref>

The conflict entered its last phase when [[Rana Sanga]] ascended the throne of Mewar in 1508 and supported [[Medini Rai|Medani Rai]], a rebellious feudal lord who was serving the sultan of Malwa Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II. During his first invasion of Malwa, Sanga was driven out by the combined armies of Malwa and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]]. In an attempt to make Sanga pay for his previous invasion, the sultan of Malwa attacked [[Gagron Fort|Gagron]]. This led to the 1519 [[Battle of Gagron]], which resulted in the sultan's capture and the near-total loss of his Malwa territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Lectures on Rajput History and Culture |date=1970 |pages=Page no- 27 "The early 16th century marks the rise of the patriotic one-eyed chief of Mewar named as Rana Sanga who defeats several of his neighbour kingdoms and establish Rajput hold on Malwa first time after falling of Parmara dynasty through series of victories over Malwa, Gujarat and Delhi Sultanate"|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0262-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopi Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.) |date=1954 |publisher=S.L. Agarwala |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
After Rana Sanga's victory in the Battle of Gagraun, restoring Hindu rule in Malwa, Sanga ordered Medini Rai to remove the [[Jizya]] tax from the region's Hindus. Rai made Chanderi his capital, and became king of Malwa. Another Rajput chief, [[Silhadi|Silhaditya Tomar]], established himself as master of the Raisen and Sarangpur regions. According to historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], these events took place between 1518 and 1519.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Dist. |pages=156, 155, 158–160}}</ref>

== Battles ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Battle (year)
![[Maharana]]
!Sultan
!Result
|-
|Battle of Sarangpur (1437)
|[[Kumbha of Mewar|Maharana Kumbha]]
|[[Mahmud Khalji]]
|Mewar victory; Sarangpur, Hadoti and Gagron captured, and Sultan Mahmud taken prisoner for six months<ref name="Hooja-2006b" />
|-
|[[Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas|Battle of Mandalgarh]] (1443)
|Maharana Kumbha
|Mahmud Khalji
|Mewar victory<ref name="Day-1978" />
|-
|[[Capture of Gagron (1444)|Siege of Gagron (1444)]]
|Palan Singh and Dahir Singh
|Mahmud Khalji
|Malwa victory; Gagron reaptured<ref name="Day-1978" />
|-
|[[Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas|Battle of Banas (1446)]]
|Maharana Kumbha
|Mahmud Khalji
|Mewar victory; Khalji retreat<ref name="Day-1978" />
|-
|Siege of Mandasaur (1447)
|Maharana Kumbha
|Mahmud Khalji
|Mewar victory; Mandasur defended<ref name="Day-1978" />
|-
|Conquest of Ajmer
|Gajadhar Singh {{KIA}}
|Mahmud Khalji
|Malwa victory
|-
|[[Conquest of Mandalgarh]]
|Uparamal {{KIA}}
|Mahmud Khalji
|Malwa victory
|-
|Battle of Kumbhalgarh (1459)
|Maharana Kumbha
|[[Ghiyath Shah]]
|Mewar victory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur}}</ref>
|-
|Siege of Chittor (1473)
|[[Rana Raimal|Maharana Raimal]]
|Mahmud Khalji
|Mewar victory<ref name="Sarda-1918" />
|-
|[[Battle of Mandalgarh (1473)]]
|Maharana Raimal
|Mahmud Khalji
|Mewar victory; Kherabad captured<ref name="Sarda-1918" />
|-
|[[Nasir-ud-Din invasion of Chittor]]
|Maharana Raimal
|Nasir-ud-Din Shah
|Malwa victory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=ram Vallabh |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.143000 |title=History Of Mewar |date=1976 |pages=151}}</ref>
|-
|[[Battle of Gagron|Battle of Gagron (1519)]]
|[[Rana Sanga|Maharana Sanga]]
|Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II
|Mewar victory; Raisen, Chanderi, Bhilsa, Kalpi and Ranthambore captured<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dC7exAEACAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa and Co. |year=2006 |pages=Page no- 450}}</ref>
|-
|[[Siege of Mandsaur|Siege of Mandsaur (1520)]]
|Maharana Sanga
|Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II
|Mewar victory<ref>{{Citation |last=Majumdar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dC7exAEACAAJ |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: the Delhi sultanate. vol. [6] |date=1990 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mewar-Malwa conflicts}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mewar]]
[[Category:Malwa Sultanate]]

2019 Karnataka political crisis

2025-10-30T09:55:22Z

Michaelevansnet: update intro for consistency and corrected details to improve readability

{{short description|Political crisis in Indian state of Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The '''2019 Karnataka political crisis''' was a period of [[political instability]] when [[members of the legislative assembly]] in the Indian State of [[Karnataka]] submitted their resignations, which led to the fall of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] coalition [[Second H. D. Kumaraswamy ministry|government]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20190715-karnataka-rebel-rousing-in-the-congress-1562059-2019-07-05|title=Rebel-rousing in the Congress|last=Gowda|first=Aravind|date=5 July 2019|work=India Today|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="july-1-resignation">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karnataka-crisis-congress-steps-up-efforts-to-persuade-mla-to-withdraw-resignation-from-assembly/articleshow/70216118.cms|title=Karnataka crisis: Congress steps up efforts to persuade MLA to withdraw resignation from assembly|date=14 July 2019|work=Times of India|access-date=15 July 2019|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

{{Infobox event|date=July 2019|place=[[Karnataka]], India|type=Parliamentary crisis|cause=Resignation of 17 legislators|outcome=* Fall of [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] government 
* [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] sworn in as new [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]|participants=* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]}}

==Background==
In the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 elections]] to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) won the most seats, 104,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-should-get-first-call-to-form-govt-in-karnataka-jurys-out/articleshow/64182765.cms|title=Who should get first call to form govt in Karnataka? Jury's out|date=16 May 2018|work=Times of India|agency=TNN (Times News Network)}}</ref> but the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)) formed a coalition government with 120 out of 224 seats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-2018/from-results-to-resort-politics-how-karnataka-formed-its-government/article23960753.ece|title=From results to resort politics: how Karnataka formed its government|date=May 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref> In the [[2019 Indian general election in Karnataka|2019 general election]], the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|BJP-led NDA]] won 25 out of 28 seats in [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/karnataka-election-results-live-updates-highlights/article27210206.ece|title=As it happened {{!}} Karnataka Lok Sabha results 2019: highlights|date=23 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> while the [[United Progressive Alliance|INC-led UPA]] won two and the Independent Candidate won one.

==Resignations==
On 1 July, two members, [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] and [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]] of the INC submitted their resignations.<ref name="july-1-resignation" /> Over the next few days, ten INC and three JD(S) legislators resigned.<ref name="outlook">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-serious-threat-from-congress-leaders-no-intention-of-meeting-them-rebel-karnataka-mlas-tell-police/334209|title="Serious threat" From Congress Leaders, No Intention Of Meeting Them: Rebel Karnataka MLAs Tell Police|date=15 July 2019|work=Outlook India|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>

The reaction of the coalition government was to attempt to convince the legislators who had submitted their resignations to rescind them.<ref name="outlook" /> Many of the legislators fled to [[Mumbai]], and directed the police not to permit INC leaders to meet them.<ref name="outlook" /> The government also attempted to induce the legislators to return by offering them cabinet posts; all 21 INC ministers resigned on 8 July to ensure that a sufficient number of ministerial berths were available.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/all-21-karnataka-congress-ministers-resign-to-make-way-for-new-cabinet/article28318628.ece|title=All 21 Karnataka Congress Ministers resign to make way for new Cabinet|date=2019-07-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 July 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It also requested that the [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] should disqualify those who had resigned under anti-defection legislation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karnataka-crisis-congress-seeks-disqualification-of-rebel-mlas-one-more-quits/articleshow/70144523.cms|title=Karnataka crisis: Congress seeks disqualification of rebel MLAs; one more quits|date=9 July 2019|work=Times of India|access-date=16 July 2019|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

The speaker, [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]], did not immediately accept the resignations, on grounds that he was constitutionally obliged to scrutinize them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-political-crisis-live-updates-july-11-2019/article28367385.ece|title=Karnataka political crisis updates: Need to ensure resignations are genuine and voluntary, says the Speaker|date=11 July 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref> Consequently, some of those who had submitted their resignations approached the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], which on 12 July agreed to hear the case on 16 July, whilst ordering the speaker not to disqualify any lawmakers or take any other action in this connection.<ref name="business-standard">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/sc-directs-status-quo-in-karnataka-mla-resigning-case-next-hearing-july-16-119071200788_1.html|title=SC directs status quo in Karnataka MLA resigning case, next hearing July 16|last=Aryan|first=Aashish|date=2019-07-12|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref>

At the 16 July hearing, [[Mukul Rohatgi]], counsel for the legislators who had submitted their resignations, said that the speaker should be ordered to rule immediately on the resignations.<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/speaker-should-decide-now-on-resignations-karnataka-mlas-tell-supreme-court/cid/1694585|title=Speaker should 'decide now' on resignations, Karnataka MLAs tell Supreme Court|date=16 July 2019|work=The Telegraph|access-date=16 July 2019|agency=Press Trust of India|location=Calcutta}}</ref> Rohatgi argued that disqualification was a "mini-trial", and so a decision on the resignations should take priority over one on disqualification.<ref name="telegraph" /> [[Rajeev Dhavan]], who appeared for the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]], argued that the legislators never met the speaker, and consequently the speaker should rule on their disqualifications first.<ref name="et">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karnataka-crisis-live-news-updates-kumaraswamy-yeddyurappa-supreme-court/liveblog/70239740.cms|title=Karnataka crisis live: speaker says working as per Constitution, Supreme Court order tomorrow|date=16 July 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref> [[Ranjan Gogoi]], the [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]], said that the court would have to balance two competing claims: first, the excuse of resignation could not be used to circumvent anti-defection measures; but, second, claims of defection should not be used to prevent resignation.<ref name="et" /> He also said that the court would have to consider the extent to which it is permitted to issue directions to holders of other constitutional posts, such as that of the speaker of the assembly.<ref name="telegraph" />

===Members responsible for the Crisis===
14 INC and 3 JD(S) legislators were responsible for the political crisis. One [[Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party]] legislator also left the coalition government. A few days later, INC legislator [[Ramalinga Reddy]] withdrew his resignation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-07-19|title=Ramalinga Reddy withdraws resignation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ramalinga-reddy-withdraws-resignation/article28566448.ece|access-date=2021-07-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===List of members who took back resignation===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! SI No.
! Constituency
! Member
! colspan=2| Party
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|1.
|[[B.T.M Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|BTM Layout]]
|[[Ramalinga Reddy]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

===List of disqualified legislators===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.No
! Constituency
! Member
! colspan=2| Party
! colspan=2| [[2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019 by-election results]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka bypoll results Highlights: BJP wins 12 out of 15 seats; state Congress leaders quit posts|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karnataka-bypoll-results-live-news-bjp-congress-jds-yediyurappa/liveblog/72431972.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|1.
|[[Ranebennur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranebennur]]
|[[R. Shankar (politician)|R. Shankar]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party}}" |
|[[Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party]]
|''Did not contest''. Won by [[BJP]] candidate [[Arunkumar Guththur]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|2.
|[[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|[[R. Roshan Baig]]
| rowspan="13" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="13" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|''Did not contest''. Won by [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate [[Rizwan Arshad]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|3.
|[[Maski (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maski]] (ST)
|[[Pratap Gowda Patil]]
|Lost to [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate [[Basanagouda Turvihal]]
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|4.
|[[Hosakote (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hoskote]]
| [[M. T. B. Nagaraju]]
|Lost to [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Sharath Kumar Bachegowda]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|5.
|[[Kagwad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kagawad]]
|[[Shrimant Balasaheb Patil]]
| rowspan="12" |Won back seat as [[BJP]] candidate
| rowspan="12" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|6.
|[[Krishnarajapuram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnarajapuram]]
|[[Byrati Basavaraj]]
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|7.
|[[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]]
|[[Munirathna]]
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|8.
|[[Yeshvanthapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yeshvanthapura]]
|[[S. T. Somashekhar]]
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|9.
|[[Gokak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gokak]]
|[[Ramesh Jarkiholi]]
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|10.
|[[Vijayanagara Assembly constituency|Vijayanagara]]
|[[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]]
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|11.
|[[Hirekerur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hirekerur]]
|[[B. C. Patil]]
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|12.
|[[Athani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Athani]]
|[[Mahesh Kumathalli]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|13.
|[[Chikkaballapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chikkaballapur]]
| Dr. [[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|14.
|[[Yellapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yellapur]]
|[[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|15.
|[[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
|[[K. Gopalaiah]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|16.
|[[Krishnarajpete (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnarajpet]]
|[[Narayana Gowda]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|17.
|[[Hunasuru (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hunsur]]
|[[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
|Lost to [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate [[H. P. Manjunath]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"

|-
|}

==Reaction and conclusion==
The INC members in the [[Rajya Sabha]] forced adjournments twice in protest,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Shaswati|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/karnataka-crisis-disrupts-rajya-sabha-proceedings-1562655152513.html|title=Rajya Sabha adjourned twice over Karnataka crisis|date=9 July 2019|work=Livemint|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref> alleging bribery on the part of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-buying-mlas-in-karnataka-surjewala/articleshow/70107159.cms|title=BJP 'buying' MLAs in Karnataka|date=6 July 2019|work=Times of India|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref> The BJP demanded that the government should resign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-political-crisis-bjp-demands-kumaraswamy-s-resignation-1564352-2019-07-08|title=Karnataka crisis: 21 Congress ministers resign; BJP wants Kumaraswamy to step down|date=8 July 2019|work=India Today|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>

Eventually the Congress-JD(S) coalition was reduced to 101 seats, whilst the BJP retained 105. After three weeks of turmoil, Kumarasamy lost a trust vote and resigned. On 26 July 2019, [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] was sworn in as Chief Minister of Karnataka once again.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|'''Vote of confidence'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:200px;" | Head Count →
! 23 July 2019
|-
! style="width:1px; background:green;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Yes
|{{Composition bar|99|206|green|width=125px}}
|-
! style="background:red;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | No
|{{Composition bar|105|206|red|width=125px|}}
|-
! style="background:gray;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Could not attend
|{{Composition bar|2|206|gray|width=125px}}
|-
| colspan="03" style="text-align:centre;" | '''Government resigned thereafter'''
|}

==See also==
* [[2010s in political history]]
* [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-elections]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Political crises in India|K]]
[[Category:History of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Government crises]]
[[Category:Constitutional crises]]
[[Category:2019 scandals]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:History of the Indian National Congress]]

2019 AIFF Super Cup final

2025-10-02T19:17:24Z

Michaelevansnet: put up stub.

{{main article|2019 Indian Super Cup}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2019 Super Cup final
| image = Kalinga Stadium during ISL.jpg
| caption = [[Kalinga Stadium]] hosted the match
| image_size = 300px
| event = [[2019 Indian Super Cup]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| team1association =
| team1score = 2
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| team2association =
| team2score = 1
| details =
| date = 13 April 2019
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| city = [[Bhubaneshwar]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]] (Goa)
| man_of_the_match1atitle =
| man_of_the_match1aname = Hero of the match
| referee = Ajit Meetei
| attendance = 1,500
| weather = Warm and humid
| previous = [[2018 Indian Super Cup final|2018]]
| next = [[2023 Indian Super Cup final|2023]]
}}
The '''2019 Super Cup final''' was the final match of the [[2019 Indian Super Cup]], the second edition of the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]. It was played at [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneshwar]] on 13 April 2019 between [[FC Goa|Goa]] and [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Super Cup Media Team |url=https://www.supercup.in/news/goa-overcome-chennaiyin-to-clinch-2019-hero-super-cup-title |title=Goa overcome Chennaiyin to clinch 2019 Hero Super Cup title |date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413195556/https://www.supercup.in/news/goa-overcome-chennaiyin-to-clinch-2019-hero-super-cup-title |archive-date=13 April 2019 |website=supercup.in}}</ref>

[[FC Goa|Goa]] won the match 2–1 for their first ever major title.<ref name="final">{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/super-cup-final-2019-fc-goa-chennaiyin-fc-score-live-streaming-corominas-edu-bedia-thapa-ck-vineeth-brandon-updates-commentary/article26830391.ece |title=Super Cup final: FC Goa wins first trophy after beating Chennaiyin 2-1 |date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621013826/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/super-cup-final-2019-fc-goa-chennaiyin-fc-score-live-streaming-corominas-edu-bedia-thapa-ck-vineeth-brandon-updates-commentary/article26830391.ece |archive-date=21 June 2023 |website=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Match==
<onlyinclude>{{Football box
| id =
| date = {{Start date|2019|4|13|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| event =
| score= 2–1
|report= https://web.archive.org/web/20230621013826/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/super-cup-final-2019-fc-goa-chennaiyin-fc-score-live-streaming-corominas-edu-bedia-thapa-ck-vineeth-brandon-updates-commentary/article26830391.ece
|team1= [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1=
* [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Brandon Fernandes|B. Fernandes]] {{goal|64}}
|team2= [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals2=
* [[Raphael Augusto|Augusto]] {{goal|54}}
| penaltyscore =
| penalties1 =
| penalties2 =
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]]
| attendance = 1,500
| referee = Ajit Meetei
| aet =
}}</onlyinclude>

{| width=92% |
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _blueborder
| pattern_b = _whitehalf_right
| pattern_ra = _blueborder
| pattern_sh = _bluebottom
| leftarm = FF8000
| body = FF8000
| rightarm = FF8000
| shorts = FF8000
| socks = FF8000
| alt =
| title = Goa
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _whiteborder
| pattern_b = _vneckwhite
| pattern_ra = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh = _whiteborder
| pattern_so = _1415h
| leftarm = 000080
| body = 000080
| rightarm = 000080
| shorts = 000080
| socks = 000080
| alt =
| title = Chennaiyin
}}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size:90%"
|
'''Man of the Match:'''
 [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]

'''[[Assistant referee (association football)|Assistant referees]]:'''
 J Tony
 Antony Abraham
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official|Fourth official]]:'''
 Rahul Kumar Gupta
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.supercup.in/ Super Cup Official Website].

{{AIFF Super Cup}}
{{2018–19 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:AIFF Super Cup Final 2019}}
[[Category:2019 AIFF Super Cup]]
[[Category:AIFF Super Cup finals]]
[[Category:2018–19 in Indian football]]
[[Category:April 2019 sports events in India|Indian Super Cup Final]]

Sunaina Kejriwal

2025-09-14T23:27:39Z

Michaelevansnet: done

{{Short description|Indian art curator (1971–2024)}}
{{Use Indian English |date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunaina Kejriwal
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1971|7|31|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|5|1971|7|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Art curator
| organization = [[Kamalnayan Bajaj Hall and Art Gallery]]
| spouse = Manish Kejriwal
| children = 2
| father = [[Rahul Bajaj]]
| relations = ''See'' [[Bajaj Family]]
| website =
}}
'''Sunaina Kejriwal''' (''[[née]]'' '''Bajaj''', 31 July 1971– 5 October 2024) was an Indian [[art curator]].

== Early life and education ==
Kejriwal (nee Bajaj) was born to [[Rahul Bajaj]] and Ruparani Bajaj. She was the younger sister of billionaire businessmen [[Rajiv Bajaj]] and [[Sanjiv Bajaj]] and the great-granddaughter of founder [[Jamnalal Bajaj]].

She graduated from [[SNDT Women's University]] in [[Pune]] with a degree in textiles and specialised in home science. She also completed courses in silk screen printing at [[Sophia College for Women]] and in Modern & Contemporary Indian Art and Curatorial Studies at [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manjar |first=Nishat |date=24 April 2024 |title=Sunaina Kejriwal: A Smart Business Person Continuing The Bajaj Group Traditions And Helping Others |url=https://www.businessoutreach.in/sunaina-kejriwals-success-story/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunaina Kejriwal, Director Of Kamalnayan Bajaj Hall In Mumbai, Dies At 53 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sunaina-kejriwal-director-of-kamalnayan-bajaj-hall-in-mumbai-dies-at-53-6735540 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
She was the art curator at [[Kamalnayan Bajaj Hall and Art Gallery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=Sunaina Kejriwal, Director Of Kamalnayan Bajaj Hall, Passes Away At 53 After Battle With Cancer |url=https://www.news18.com/india/sunaina-kejriwal-director-of-kamalnayan-bajaj-hall-passes-away-9077217.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Curated exhibitions ==

* ''Spanda: Reverberations of the Cosmos'', by Seema Lisa Pandya, January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S Sen |first=Debarati |date=17 January 2024 |title=Artist Seema Lisa Pandya's creation with old tabla heads fascinates art lovers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/artist-seema-lisa-pandyas-creation-with-old-tabla-heads-fascinates-art-lovers/articleshow/106906789.cms |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Daniel |date=8 March 2024 |title=Faculty and Students See NYSID Instructor's Art Show Up-Close in Mumbai |url=https://www.nysid.edu/blog/faculty-and-students-see-nysid-instructors-art-show-up-close-in-mumbai |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[New York School of Interior Design]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Healing Through The Arts'', March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Piramal Raje |first=Aparna |title=The Changing Purpose And Process Of Philanthropy: Aparna Piramal Raje |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/the-changing-purpose-and-process-of-philanthropy-aparna-piramal-raje/83665/1 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* ''I Want Tomorrow: Investigating Mental Health through Art'' by Arshiya Lokhandwla, April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Want Tomorrow: Investigating Mental Health through Art |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/i-want-tomorrow-investigating-mental-health-through-art |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=India Art Fair |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''The Future is Here'', January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khatau |first=Parth |date=25 January 2019 |title=Reality bytes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/the-future-is-here-exhibition-kamalnayan-art-gallery-mumbai-5554247/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Mohua |date=17 January 2019 |title=With new-age tech, millennials shape art for the future |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-new-age-tech-millennials-shape-art-for-the-future/articleshow/67565489.cms |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaram |first=Rajashree |date=17 January 2019 |title=How is technology affecting millennials? |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/how-is-technology-affecting-millennials |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She married Manish Kejriwal, the former head of Temasek India,<ref>{{cite news|last=Adhikari|first=Anand|date=26 March 2006|title=Billion Dollar Dealer|work=Business Today|url=http://www.india-today.com/btoday/20060326/cover2.html|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013132725/http://www.india-today.com/btoday/20060326/cover2.html|archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref> and they became parents to two children.

== Death ==
Kejriwal died on 5 October 2024, after suffering from cancer for three years, at the age of 53.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2024 |title=Sunaina Kejriwal, 53, passes away after battle with cancer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/sunaina-kejriwal-53-dies-after-battle-with-cancer-9606297/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Rahul |title=Sunaina Kejriwal (53) Passes Away After Prolonged Battle With Cancer |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/sunaina-kejriwal-53-passes-away-after-prolonged-battle-with-cancer |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahato |first=Shreta |title=Sunaina Kejriwal Died: कमलनयन बजाज हॉल की निदेशक सुनैना केजरीवाल का निधन, तीन साल से कैंसर से जूझ रही थीं |trans-title=Sunaina Kejriwal, Director of Kamalnayan Bajaj Hall, passes away, was battling cancer for three years. |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/sunaina-kejriwal-director-of-kamalnayan-bajaj-hall-in-mumbai-news-in-hindi-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kejriwal, Sunaina}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian art curators]]
[[Category:Indian women curators]]
[[Category:Bajaj family]]
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]

{{art-historian-stub}}

Kopagarh

2025-09-10T23:11:06Z

Michaelevansnet: Made New Stub

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Bihar}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Kopagarh
| native_name = कोपगढ
| native_name_lang = Mai
| location = Keoti block, [[Darbhanga district]]
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| area = 70 acres
}}
'''Kopagarh''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: कोपगढ) is an archaeological site in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is located in the Keoti block of the [[Darbhanga district]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. There is mound at the site. The size of the mound is smaller than that of [[Balirajgarh]] but the antiquity of the site excels. The site seems to be an important urban centre in the ancient period of the region. The neighbouring village of the Kopagarh is ''Miran Than''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nautiyal |first=Vinod |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Him_Kanti.html?id=7wRuAAAAMAAJ#Kopagarh |title=Him-Kanti: Archaeology, Art, and History : Prof. K.P. Nautiyal Felicitation Volume |date=1997 |publisher=Book India Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-85638-10-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Dilip K. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Archaeological_Geography_of_the_Ganga_Pl.html?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC#v=onepage&q=Kopagarh&f=false |title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga |date=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-016-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
Kopagarh is an ancient site in the state of Bihar in India. It lies off the Rahika - Darbhanga road. It was originally a moat. There is ruins of mud fortification wall. The mound at the site is spread over 70 acres of land. It was originally discovered by the archaeologist Dr S K Jha.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Between_the_Empires.html?id=efaOR_-YsIcC#v=onepage&q=Kopagarh&f=false |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |date=2006-07-13 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 |language=en}}</ref>

The site yields micaceous [[Black and red ware|Black and Red Ware]] (BRW), [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] (NBP) and later potteries. Presently, the whole area of the site is under cultivation.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
{{Archaeology-stub}}

[[Category:Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites]]

Krishnagiri, Telangana

2025-08-20T22:18:44Z

Michaelevansnet: Made New Details

{{One source|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''Krishnagiri''' (Eegalapenta) is a village of [[Nagarkurnool district]] in the Indian state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is near to [[Srisailam Dam]] and the temple of [[Srisailam]].

Krishnagiri also known as Eegalapenta from 1963 to 19 July 2025 is a village on the left side of Srisailam Project, situated in [[Nallamala Hills]] of Nagarkurnool district, Telangana, India. It is on the left bank of [[River Krishna]], about 188 km south of Telangana's capital [[Hyderabad]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|16|05|30|N|78|53|38|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Nagarkurnool district]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}