https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MichaelWhite3Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-06T08:22:57ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guwahati_War_Cemetery&diff=501635Guwahati War Cemetery2026-05-08T10:37:16Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Started a stub!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|CWGC cemetery in India}}<br />
{{Infobox military memorial<br />
| name = Guwahati War Cemetery<br />
| image = Guwahati War Cemetery.jpg<br />
| body = [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]<br />
| use_dates = 1942–present<br />
| established = {{start date and age|1942}}<br />
| location = Silpukhuri, [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India<br />
| nearest_town = Guwahati<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1881|N|91.7637|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AS}}<br />
| total = 500+<br />
| unknowns = 25<br />
| by_war = [[World War II]]<br />
| commemorates = Commonwealth, Indian, Chinese soldiers<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Guwahati War Cemetery''' is a [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC) cemetery located in the Silpukhuri area of [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India. Established during the [[Second World War]], it serves as the final resting place of soldiers who died in military hospitals in and around the region. The cemetery is one of the principal World War II war cemeteries in north-east India and is maintained by the CWGC.<ref name="trawell">{{cite web |url=https://www.trawell.in/assam/guwahati/guwahati-war-cemetery |title=Guwahati War Cemetery |publisher=Trawell |access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The cemetery was established during the [[Second World War]] to accommodate burials from several military hospitals operating in the Guwahati region.<ref name="incredible">{{cite web |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/assam/guwahati/guwahati-war-cemetery |title=Guwahati War Cemetery |publisher=Incredible India |access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref> As casualties increased, the available burial space proved insufficient. Consequently, the Army Graves Service consolidated graves from other burial grounds, including military and civil cemeteries in the region.<ref name="incredible" /><br />
<br />
In the post-war period, additional land was acquired to expand the cemetery and reorganize scattered burials into a permanent and dignified site.<ref name="incredible" /> The cemetery was subsequently formalised and entrusted to the care of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, which standardised its layout and memorial architecture in line with other CWGC cemeteries worldwide.<ref name="cwgc">{{cite web |url= https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/2020001/gauhati-war-cemetery/|title= GAUHATI WAR CEMETERY|access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
<br />
[[File:Cross of Sacrifice at Guwahati War Cemetery 1.jpg|thumb|Cross of Sacrifice at Guwahati War Cemetery]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Graves in Guwahati war cemetery.jpg|thumb|Graves in Guwahati war cemetery]]<br />
The cemetery is situated on Navagraha Road in the Silpukhuri locality, approximately 2.5 kilometres from Guwahati Railway Station.<ref name="trawell" /> It is landscaped in the typical CWGC style, featuring uniform headstones, manicured lawns, and a central memorial structure.<br />
<br />
The cemetery contains over 500 burials, including:<br />
* Approximately 486 Commonwealth servicemen of the Second World War<ref name="trawell" /><br />
* 25 unidentified burials<ref name="trawell" /><br />
* 24 graves of Chinese soldiers<ref name="trawell" /><br />
* A number of Indian soldiers, including both identified and unidentified graves<ref name="incredible" /><br />
<br />
There were also burials of Japanese soldiers who died during the war; however, their remains were later exhumed and repatriated to Japan.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/exhumation-of-japanese-army-remains-from-graves-at-world-war-cemetery-in-guwahati/ |title=Exhumation of Japanese Army remains |publisher=Times of Assam |date=2012-01-19 |access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
The Guwahati War Cemetery is one of several Second World War cemeteries established in India to commemorate Allied war dead, particularly those who served in the [[Burma Campaign]] and the broader South-East Asian theatre.<ref name="cwgc" /> It reflects the logistical importance of Assam during the war, when the region served as a key base for military operations and medical treatment.<br />
<br />
The cemetery also highlights the multinational composition of Allied forces, with graves representing soldiers from [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[India]], [[China]], and other countries. It stands as a memorial to the sacrifices made during the war and is maintained as a site of remembrance and historical importance.<br />
<br />
==Maintenance==<br />
The cemetery is maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, an intergovernmental organisation responsible for commemorating Commonwealth military personnel who died in the two World Wars.<ref name="cwgc" /> The CWGC ensures uniform commemoration regardless of rank, nationality, or religion.<br />
<br />
The cemetery has occasionally been subject to vandalism and theft of commemorative plaques, raising concerns about preservation and security.<ref name="toi2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/plaques-stolen-from-war-graves/articleshow/19815385.cms |title=Plaques stolen from war graves |publisher=The Times of India |date=2013-05-01 |access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kohima War Cemetery]]<br />
* [[Imphal War Cemetery]]<br />
* [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.cwgc.org/}}<br />
{{Cemeteries in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:World War II memorials]]<br />
[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guwahati]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amrut_Kansar&diff=486184Amrut Kansar2026-05-07T17:47:59Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Starting a info - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician and lawyer (c. 1950–2017)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Amrut Kansar<br />
| image = Amrut Kansar.png<br />
|birth_date = {{circa}} 1950<br />
| birth_name = Amrut Shivram Kansar<br />
|birth_place = [[Bicholim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]<br />
|death_date = 11 September 2017<br />
|death_place = [[Goa Medical College]]<br />
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|spouse = <br />
|children = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = March 1977<br />
| term_end = August 1979<br />
| predecessor = [[Purushottam Kakodkar]]<br />
| successor = [[Sanyogita Rane]]<br />
| constituency = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Amrut Shivram Kansar''' ({{circa}} 1950 – 11 September 2017) was an Indian politician. He was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] representing the [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]] from 1977 to 1979.<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24">{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |title=Double Engine: History of Goa Lok Sabha Elections |date=March 2024 |publisher=goanews.com |isbn=9-789358-985627 |pages=44-45,133}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Kansar was born in Bicholim and completed a Masters of Law in [[Poona]].<ref name="ToI_Friend_17">{{Cite news |date=2017-09-16 |title=My talented friend Kansar and his unfulfilled dreams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/my-talented-friend-kansar-and-his-unfulfilled-dreams/articleshow/60704886.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
In March 1977, Kansar represented the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP) and was chosen as the Member of Parliament for the [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]]. He polled 66,933 votes, which was 44% of the vote share and was a lead of 11,066 votes over [[Purushottam Kakodkar]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" /><br />
<br />
As a parliamentarian, Kansar raised several important issues affecting Goans like the local bonded labour system, the Mokasso system in Sattari and spread of diseases like [[tuberculosis]] due to pollution from mining. He also forced the Central Government to make public the report on the mortality of fish which was caused by pollution from the Zuari Agro Chemicals factory in Goa. He was then 30-years old, and these actions of his upset [[Shashikala Kakodkar]], the then leader of the MGP.<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" /> <br />
<br />
Kansar was thus a strong advocate of the Bahujan Samaj and participated in programmes of the Rashtra Seva Dal. The ''[[Times of India]]'' describes him as being [[socialist]].<ref name="ToI_Friend_17" /><br />
<br />
Kansar contested the [[1984 Lok Sabha election]] as an Independent candidate and lost, polling only 4% of the votes. He later contested the [[1996 Lok Sabha election]], representing the Congress, losing after polling 38% of the votes.<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" /><br />
<br />
==Legal career==<br />
Kansar published his own magazine, ''Sarita''. He was successful as a lawyer, eventually becoming a High Court lawyer. He also worked against the caste system in Goa. He was an expert in constitutional law, Portuguese law, Uniform Civil Code in Goa and laws related to temples, mundkar and tenancy. He won cases for the people of Madkai and Poriem.<ref name="ToI_Friend_17" /><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Kansar died on 11 September 2017 at the [[Goa Medical College and Hospital]]. He lived in St Cruz and his funeral was held on 12 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Ex MP and senior advocate Amrut Kansar no more |url=https://www.thegoan.net//ex-mp-and-senior-advocate-amrut-kansar-no-more/36570.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kansar, Amrut}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:1930 births]]<br />
[[Category:2017 deaths]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Krishnamurali&diff=492658C. Krishnamurali2026-05-07T02:35:43Z<p>MichaelWhite3: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = C. Krishnamurali<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 12 May 2021<br />
| term_end = 6 May 2026<br />
| constituency = [[Kadayanallur (state assembly constituency)|Kadayanallur]]<br />
| predecessor = [[K. A. M. Muhammed Abubacker]]<br />
| successor = T. M. Rajendran<br />
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| relations = [[P. Chendur Pandian]] (father)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''C. Krishnamurali''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician.<ref>{{Cite web|title=C.Krishnamurali(AIADMK):Constituency- KADAYANALLUR(TENKASI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=442|access-date=2021-05-09|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party. He was elected as a member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kadayanallur (state assembly constituency)|Kadayanallur Constituency]] in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=C Krishnamurali {{!}} Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/c-krishnamurali-kadayanallur-candidate-s22a221c001/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamurali, C}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virudhunagar&diff=544846Virudhunagar2026-05-04T00:23:59Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Created a post</p>
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<div>{{Short description|City in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{About|the City in Tamil Nadu, India|its namesake district|Virudhunagar district}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Virudhunagar<br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = விருதுநகர் (விருதுபட்டி).JPG<br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9|34|04.8|N|77|57|44.6|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu|Revenue Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Aruppukkottai division|Aruppukkottai]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]<br />
| subdivision_name4 = [[Virudhunagar taluk|Virudhunagar]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Selection Grade Municipality<br />
| governing_body = Virudhunagar municipality<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 04562<br />
| area_total_km2 = 6.39<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 120<br />
| population_total = 72,296<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 626 001<br />
| registration_plate = TN-67<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Virudhunagar''' is a [[City]] and the administrative headquarters of [[Virudhunagar district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located {{convert|506|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of the state capital [[Chennai]] and {{convert|53|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Madurai]]. Virudhunagar emerged as an important trade centre during the [[British Raj|British rule]]. Located to the east of [[Kowsika River]], Virudhunagar has an average elevation of {{convert|102|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level and is largely flat with no major geological formations. The town has a humid climate and receives {{convert|780| mm|in|abbr=on}} rainfall annually. It has been ruled at various times by Later Pandyas, [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Madurai Nayaks]], [[Chanda Sahib]], [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic kingdom]] and the British. It was formerly known as Virudhupatti.<br />
<br />
Virudhunagar is administered by a municipality covering an area of {{convert|6.39|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. In 2011, the city had a population of 72,296. As the administrative headquarters of the district, the town's economy is based on the [[service sector]], which employs 93% of the total workforce. The remaining 7% is employed in agriculture, mining, quarrying, raising livestock, manufacturing, construction, trade and commerce. Roadways are the main means of transportation, while the town also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is [[Madurai Airport]], located {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-east of the town. There are 14 secondary schools, two colleges of arts and sciences (one for men and one for women), one polytechnic college, Three Engineering Colleges ([[Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology]], Sri Vidya, AAA) and three university study centres. Virudhunagar Government Medical College is established in the year 2021. It is located on the NH-44 nearby Virudhunagar Collector Office.<br />
<br />
==Etymology and history==<br />
According to a local legend, a warrior who won a number of banners (called ''virudhu'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) from his conquest of kingdoms, came to the town and challenged the residents. A resident accepted the challenge, killed the warrior, and then proceeded to seize the flags held by him. From then on, the town was known as ''Virudhukkalvetti''.<ref name="urbaninfra1011"/><ref name="history">{{cite web|title=Historical moments|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/abcity_historical_Moments.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322024330/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/abcity_historical_Moments.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Virudhunagar was a part of Madurai region (the region comprising all of southern Tamil Nadu beyond Trichy in modern times) during the 16th century CE. The region became independent from [[Vijayanagar Empire]] in 1559 under the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayaks]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=V.|first=Vriddhagirisan|page=[https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid/page/115 115]|title=Nayaks of Tanjore|year=1995|orig-year=1942|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-206-0996-4|url=https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid/page/115}}</ref> Nayak rule ended in 1736 and the region was repeatedly captured several times by [[Chanda Sahib]] (1740&nbsp;– 1754), [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Arcot Nawab]] and [[Marudhanayagam Pillai]] (1725&nbsp;– 1764) in the middle of 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William. P|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0810-2|pages=30–36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&pg=PA36}}</ref> In 1801, the region came under the direct control of the British [[East India Company]] and was annexed to the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Markovits|first=Claude |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950|year=2004 |publisher=Wimbledon Publishing Company|page=253 |location=London |isbn=1-84331-152-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA253}}</ref><br />
<br />
The town's name was changed to Virudhupatti in 1875 and on 6 April 1923, the town council renamed it Virudhunagar. It was an important trading centre during the [[British Raj|British rule]] and the merchandise from Virudhunagar was exported overseas through the ports of [[Kulasekharapatnam]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Vaippar]] and [[Devipattinam]]. The town is the birthplace of [[K. Kamaraj]], a freedom fighter, [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 1954 to 1963 and a recipient of the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian award.<ref name="urbaninfra1011"/><ref name="history"/><br />
<br />
==Geography and climate==<br />
Virudhunagar municipality covers an area of {{convert|6.39|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="abtcity" /> It is located {{convert|506|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of the state capital [[Chennai]] and {{convert|53|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Madurai]]. The city has an average elevation of {{convert|102|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The town is located to the east of the Kowsika River and to the west of the Madurai–Tirnelveli railway line. The topology is largely flat, with no major geological formations. The soil types are black and red, which are conducive for crops like cotton, chillies, spices, cardamom and millet. Paddy and sugar cane are grown in places where motor pumps are available for irrigation.<br />
<br />
Virudhungar has a borderline [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh'') not quite wet enough for [[tropical savanna climate|tropical savanna]] (''As'') classification. Like the rest of Tamil Nadu, Virudhunagar experiences hot weather between April and June and is relatively cooler in December and January. The average daily temperature ranges from a maximum of {{convert|38.5|°C|°F}} to a minimum of {{convert|30|°C|°F}}. The town receives an annual average rainfall of {{convert|829.6| mm|in|abbr=on}}, which is less than the state average of {{convert|1008| mm|in|abbr=on}}. The [[South-west monsoon]], which begins in June and lasts until August, brings little rain. Most of the rain is received during the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|North-east monsoon]] in the months of October, November and December.<ref name="climate"/><ref name="abtcity">{{cite web|title=About city|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/abcity_city.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016113747/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/abcity_city.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="agri">{{cite web|title=Agriculture|url=http://www.virudhunagar.tn.nic.in/default.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar district administration|access-date=2013-09-09|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185524/http://www.virudhunagar.tn.nic.in/default.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="urbaninfra6">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 6</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Irrigation facilities|url=http://www.virudhunagar.tn.nic.in/default.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar district administration|access-date=2013-09-09|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185524/http://www.virudhunagar.tn.nic.in/default.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lime (material)|Lime]], locally called Limekankar, is the major mineral available in Virudhunagar, which is utilised by Tamil Nadu Cements, a Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking in Sivakasi and Ramco Cements, a private sector plant in R.R.Nagar in Virudhunagar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mineral Wealth|publisher=Virudhunagar District administration}}</ref><br />
{{Weather box<br />
| location = Virudhunagar<br />
| single line = yes<br />
| metric first = yes<br />
| temperature colour = pastel<br />
| Jan high C = 31.726<br />
| Feb high C = 34.321<br />
| Mar high C = 37.871<br />
| Apr high C = 36.967<br />
| May high C = 38.094<br />
| Jun high C = 37.6<br />
| Jul high C = 36.79<br />
| Aug high C = 36.726<br />
| Sep high C = 36.15<br />
| Oct high C = 35.742<br />
| Nov high C = 30.95<br />
| Dec high C = 30.097<br />
| Jan low C = 19.661<br />
| Feb low C = 20.625<br />
| Mar low C = 22.113<br />
| Apr low C = 24.433<br />
| May low C = 24.581<br />
| Jun low C = 24.717<br />
| Jul low C = 25.21<br />
| Aug low C = 24.79<br />
| Sep low C = 24.383<br />
| Oct low C = 23.323<br />
| Nov low C = 21.29<br />
| Dec low C = 22.6<br />
| Jan rain mm = 18.5<br />
| Feb rain mm = 23.5<br />
| Mar rain mm = 37.6<br />
| Apr rain mm = 76.8<br />
| May rain mm = 60.2<br />
| Jun rain mm = 18.3<br />
| Jul rain mm = 31.1<br />
| Aug rain mm = 51.6<br />
| Sep rain mm = 80.8<br />
| Oct rain mm = 191<br />
| Nov rain mm = 175.5<br />
| Dec rain mm = 64.7<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
|source=Virudhunagar district website<ref name="climate">{{cite web|title=Climatology of Virudhunagar|url=http://www.virudhunagar.tn.nic.in/default.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar district administration|access-date=2013-09-09|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185524/http://www.virudhunagar.tn.nic.in/default.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics and economy==<br />
{{bar box|title=Religions in Virudhunagar|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Per cent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|85.02}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|7.73}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|blue|7.09}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|darkkhaki|0.02}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.14}}}}<br />
<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|align = right<br />
|state=collapsed<br />
|1951|46456<br />
|1961|54871<br />
|1971|61904<br />
|1981|68040<br />
|1991|70971<br />
|2001|72081<br />
|2011|72296<br />
|footnote=Sources:<br />
* 1951&nbsp;– 2001<ref>{{cite web|title=Area and Population|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_population.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017095502/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_population.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Virudhunagar had a population of 72,296 with a sex-ratio of 1,014 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 6,454 were under the age of six, constituting 3,268 males and 3,186 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 7.06% and 0.08% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 84.28%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 19,841 households. There were a total of 27,533 workers, comprising 54 cultivators, 64 main agricultural labourers, 703 in house hold industries, 25,266 other workers, 1,446 marginal workers, 17 marginal cultivators, 10 marginal agricultural labourers, 66 marginal workers in household industries and 1,353 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Virudhunagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=701119|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As of 2004, twelve recognized slums and eleven unrecognised slums were identified in the town, and a total of 17,787 people resided in the slums. The slum population was predominantly employed as daily labourers.<ref name="urbaninfra48">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 48</ref> The population density was 114 persons per hectare in 2001.<ref name="urbaninfra610">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 6–10</ref><br />
<br />
As per the religious census of 2011, Virudhunagar (M) had 85.02% [[Hindus]], 7.73% [[Muslims]], 7.09% [[Christians]], 0.02% [[Sikhs]] and 0.14% following other religions.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2008, a total of {{convert|228.5|ha|acre|abbr=on}} constituting 35.72% of the land in Virudhunagar was used for residential purposes, {{convert|27|ha|acre|abbr=on}} constituting 4.22% for commercial use, {{convert|99.5|ha|acre|abbr=on}} constituting 15.6% for industrial space, {{convert|26.21|ha|acre|abbr=on}} constituting 2.81% for public and semi-public use, {{convert|17.98|ha|acre|abbr=on}} constituting 2.81% for educational purposes and {{convert|195.79|ha|acre|abbr=on}} constituting 30.6% for non-urban purposes like agriculture and irrigation.<ref name="urbaninfra11">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 11</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
<br />
Virudhunagar is a marketing and service town for the surrounding areas. It is also one of the important Industrial districts, followed by Coimbatore and Salem. Many kinds of spices and edible oils are manufactured for national and international markets. It is the administrative headquarters of the district. The economy of the town is based on the service sector, with 93% of the workforce employed therein as of 2001. The rest of the workforce is employed in agriculture, mining, quarrying, raising livestock, manufacturing, construction, trade and commerce. In 2001, 5.4% of the workforce was employed in the industrial sector, making it the second-largest sector. There is little agricultural activity in the town, due to the local geography and unfavorable climate for growing crops and poor irrigation facilities.<ref name="urbaninfra1011"/> The town has a few oil mills and match factories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar industries|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/srv_industry.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016113744/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/srv_industry.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Commercial activities are concentrated around Katchery Road, Pullalakottai Road and the main bazaar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar markets|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_markets.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016113829/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_markets.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2001, the percentage of the workforce in the service sector had increased from the previous decade.<ref name="urbaninfra1011">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 10–11</ref> All major [[List of banks in India#Nationalized Banks|nationalised banks]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-02|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of banks in India#Nationalized Banks|reason= The anchor (Nationalized Banks) [[Special:Diff/528874008|has been deleted]].|diff_id=528874008}} like [[State Bank of India]], [[Indian Bank]], [[Central Bank of India]], [[Punjab National Bank]], [[Indian Overseas Bank]], and private banks like TMB (Tamilnad Mercantile Bank), [[ICICI Bank]], [[City Union Bank]] and Axis Bank have branches in Virudhunagar. All of these banks have [[automated teller machine|ATMs]] located in various parts of the town. TMB is the first bank to have its branch, since 1940. It also has an E-Lobby in the bazaar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/srv_bank.htm|title=Banks in Virudhunagar|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-07-02|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016113826/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/srv_bank.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Virudhunagar is famous for Commission Marketing's millet, cotton, and edible oils. In recent years, Virudhunagar is into e-commerce also.<br />
<br />
==Municipal administration and politics==<br />
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Municipality officials'''<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"| Chairman||G. Shanti<ref>{{cite web|title=Chairman of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/who_chairperson.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-date=4 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004173142/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/who_chairperson.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|Commissioner||A. Sardar<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/who_commissioner.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-date=6 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206061922/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/who_commissioner.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|Vice-chairman||S. Mariappan<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Chairman of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/who_Deputy_chairperson.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-date=20 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820222620/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/who_Deputy_chairperson.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Elected members'''<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[A.R.R.Srinivasan]]<ref name="MLA of Virudhunagar">{{cite web|title=MLA of Virudhunagar|url=http://www.virudhunagar.tn.nic.in/|access-date=29 April 2010|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514153823/http://www.virudhunagar.tn.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|Member of Parliament||[[Manicka Tagore]]<ref name="Rit">{{cite web|title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2014|access-date =26 May 2014}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
The Virudhunagar municipality (formerly Virudupatti municipality) was established in 1915 as a third-grade municipality. It was upgraded to second-grade in 1956 and then to special grade in 1998.{{Ref|a|'''a'''}} The municipality has 36 wards, and there is an elected councillor for each ward.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/abus_municip.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-date=7 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207130051/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/abus_municip.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General Administration/Personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, City Planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a municipal commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|access-date =2012-12-29|year=2006}}</ref> The legislative powers are vested in a body of 36 members, one from each of the 36 wards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Councillors of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/who_councilors.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson, who is assisted by a deputy chairperson.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30|page=2396|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|url=http://www.epw.in/epw-archive.html|access-date = 2012-12-29|year=1995}}</ref><br />
<br />
Virudhunagar comes under the [[Virudhunagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Virudhunagar assembly]] constituency and it elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm<br />
| title = List of Assembly Constituencies<br />
| year=2010<br />
| access-date =2012-12-28<br />
| work = Tamil Nadu<br />
| publisher = Tamil Nadu state government}}</ref> The assembly seat was won once each by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) (1996), [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS (SCS)]] (1991), [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] (DMDK) (2011), [[Janata Party]] (1984), [[MDMK|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) (2006), [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC) (2001) and [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) (1989), and twice by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) (1996, 2016), [[ADMK|All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) (1977 and 1980).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp206.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> The current MLA of the constituency is A.V.R. Srinivasan from DMK.<ref name="MLA of Virudhunagar"/><br />
<br />
During the 1957 elections, Virudhunagar was a part of Srivilliputhur constituency and was held by the INC and an independent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=17}}</ref> During the 1962 elections, the town was a part of Aruppukkottai constituency and was held by the [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Block party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=49}}</ref> The town was a part of Virudhunagar Lok Sabha Constituency during the 1967 elections and was held by the [[Swatantra Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=67}}</ref> The constituency was held by DMK during the 1971 elections,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=71}}</ref> INC during the 1977 elections,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=80}}</ref> and AIADMK during the 1980, 1984, 1989, 1991 and 2014 elections,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=79}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=73}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=51}}</ref> [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) during 1996 and MDMK during the 1998, 1999 and 2004 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=94}}</ref><br />
<br />
Virudhunagar is now part of the [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]&nbsp;– it has the following five assembly constituencies&nbsp;– [[Thirupparankundram (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruparankundram]], [[Tirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumangalam]], [[Sattur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sattur]], [[Virudhunagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Virudhunagar]], and [[Aruppukottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Aruppukkottai]]. The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is [[Manicka Tagore]] from the Congress party.<ref name="Rit"/><br />
<br />
Law and order in Virudhunagar is maintained by the Virudhunagar subdivision of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], headed by a deputy superintendent. There are three police stations in the town, one of which is an all-women police station. There are special units like [[prohibition]] enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branches that operate at the district level police division headed by a superintendent of police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar Police|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/srv_police.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
The Virudhunagar municipality maintains a total of {{convert|78.923|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads: {{convert|38.36|km|mi|abbr=on}} of concrete roads, {{convert|39.428|km|miles|abbr=on}} of bituminous roads, {{convert|0.39|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[Macadam|water bound macadam]] (WBM) roads, {{convert|0.488|km|mi|abbr=on}} of earthen roads and {{convert|0.257|km|mi|abbr=on}} of other roads.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar roads |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_roads.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> The major roads include [[National Highway 44 (India)|National]] Highway 44 and three district roads that connect Virudhunagar with neighbouring towns like [[Sivakasi]], [[Madurai]], [[Rajapalayam]], [[Aruppukkottai]] and [[Sattur]]. There is a bypass road located west of the town connecting Virudhunagar to Kallupatti, that reduces traffic inside the town.<ref name="urbaninfra12">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 12</ref><br />
<br />
Virudhunagar is served by a town bus service, which provides connectivity within the town and the suburbs. There are privately operated mini-bus services that cater to the local transport needs. The main bus stand, located in the centre of the town, has 25 bus bays.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar bus stand |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_busstand.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> The [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] operates daily services connecting various cities to Virudhunagar. The corporation operates a computerised reservation centre in the main bus stand.<ref>{{cite web|title=S.E.T≥.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres|url=http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204353/http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation]] operates long-distance buses connecting the town to important cities like [[Chennai]], [[Tiruppur]] and [[Thoothukudi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bus service to Tuticorin and Sivakasi|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/27/stories/2007102753030800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028184427/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/27/stories/2007102753030800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2007|date=27 October 2007|access-date=2012-12-29|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The major inter-city bus routes from the town are to adjacent cities like [[Madurai]], [[Chennai]], [[Rajapalayam]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Kovilpatti]], [[Tuticorin]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Aruppukottai]] and [[Rameshwaram]]. The town bus routes to surrounding villages are to [[Thayilpatti]], [[Vilampatti]], [[Alangulam, Virudhunagar|Alangulam]], [[Vilampatti]], [[Pudupatti, Virudhunagar|M.Pudupatti]], [[Alamarathupatti]] and [[Muthalipatti]].<ref name="routes">{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar bus routes|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/srv_bus.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=5 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005024559/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/srv_bus.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Virudhunagar railway station is located in the major rail head from Madurai to Kanyakumari. The [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] operates daily express trains to places like Chennai, [[Tuticorin]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Guruvayoor]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupathi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Mysuru]], [[Howrah]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Madgaon]] and [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station|Nizamuddin]]. There are passenger trains connecting the town to Madurai, Tenkasi, Kollam, Tirunelveli, [[Kumbakonam]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Erode]], [[Nagercoil]] and [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="routes"/> The nearest airport is [[Madurai Airport]], located {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar bus stand|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/abcity_how_to_reach.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education and utility services==<br />
[[File:விருதுநகர்த் தெப்பக்குளம்.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Temple tank of Mariamman temple in Virudhunagar|alt=temple tank with a hall in the centre]]<br />
There are 14 secondary schools in Virudhunagar. The town has two arts and science colleges, namely V.H.N.S.N. College and V.V.V. College for Women. V.S.V.N. Polytechnic College is the only polytechnic college in the town. Three university study centers operated by the [[Tamil Nadu Open University]], [[Annamalai University]], and Alagappa University are located in the town. The district also have a Deemed University named Kalasalingam University,<ref>{{cite web | title=KARE | website=Top 10 Best Private Universities in India 2022 | date=2021-04-16 | url=http://kalasalingam.ac.in | access-date=2023-03-18}}</ref> located in Krishnankovil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Institutions|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/srv_edu.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> There is one Educational consultant and career guidance provider with HRD and MEA(All Embassy Attestation), Mahindra Varman Educational Group in SIVAKASI, located near Bus stand.<br />
<br />
Electricity supply to Virudhunagar is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB). The town and its suburbs form the Virudhunagar Electricity Distribution Circle. A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Address|url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|publisher=Indian Wind Power Association|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Water supply is provided to the town by the Virudhunagar municipality from three sources, namely Anaikuttam, Karuseri Kalquarry and Sukkravarpatti Summer Storage Tank. During the period 2000–01, a total of 3.86 million litres of water was supplied every day to households in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Supply Details|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_watersupply.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality |year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> About 35 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Virudhunagar every day by door-to-door collection. Subsequently, the sanitary department of the Virudhunagar municipality carries out the source segregation and dumping. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waste management programme|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> There is no underground drainage system in the town, and the sewerage system for disposal of sludge is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar sewarage|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_sewerage.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> The municipality maintains stormwater drains on all municipal roads.<ref>{{cite web|title=Storm water drains of Virudhunagar|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_stromwaterdrainage.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> There are 35 hospitals in the town, one [[Siddha medicine|siddha dispensary]] and two municipal maternity homes that take care of the healthcare needs of the citizens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar hospitals|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/srv_hospitals.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> There are a total of 2,875 street lamps in the town: 276 sodium lamps, five mercury vapour lamps, 2,592 tube lights and two high-mast beam lamps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar street lights|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_streetlight.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29 }}</ref> The municipality operates three markets, namely, the Municipal Market, Uzhavar Santhai, and Virudhunagar Bazaar Market, that cater to the needs of the town and the surrounding rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar markets|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_markets.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016113829/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/sal_markets.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Places of interest==<br />
* The Arulmigu Sri Meenakshi Chokkanathaswamy Temple is a 1000 year old Shiva temple believed to have been consecrated by Sage [[Vishvamitra]].<br />
*The Sri Veyilugandhamman Tirukkovil is an Amman temple in the town. The old name of Virudhunagar, Veyilugandalpattanam, is believed to have been derived from the name of this goddess. An annual celebration of this temple is performed during the Tamil month of Vaikasi.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}<br />
*The Parashakti Mariamman Temple is a Hindu temple located at the centre of the town. An annual temple festival celebrated during April is one of the prominent festivals of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar places of interest|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/abcity_place_of_interest.htm|publisher=Virudhunagar municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017095426/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/abcity_place_of_interest.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
*The house of [[K. Kamaraj|Kamaraj]] has been converted into a memorial, and is one of the most prominent tourist attractions in Virudhunagar.<br />
*The Kullursandai reservoir, which attracts many migratory birds.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
===Footnotes===<br />
* {{Note|a}} The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population.<br />
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===Citations===<br />
{{reflist<br />
| colwidth = 20em<br />
| refs =<br />
}}<br />
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==References==<br />
* {{cite report |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/virudhunagar/master.pdf|title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan |last=Urban Infrastructure report |publisher=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited |year=2008 |access-date=2012-12-29|ref=urban}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.virudhunagar.nic.in/ District of Virudhunagar government website]<br />
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{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Virudhunagar district]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamia,_Madhya_Pradesh&diff=539437Tamia, Madhya Pradesh2026-05-02T08:40:30Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Created new details!</p>
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<div>{{short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tamia<br />
| settlement_type = <br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 230<br />
| image_style =<br />
| perrow = 1<br />
|image1 = Tamia mp.jpg<br />
|caption1 = Tamia Hills }}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhindwara District|Chhindwara]]<br />
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]<br />
| population_total = 5,481<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 28]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Tamia''' is a small town located in [[Chhindwara District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] which is also a tehsil headquarter and a [[Development Block]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chhindwara.nic.in/%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b2/|title=तहसील &#124; जिला छिंदवाड़ा, मध्य प्रदेश सरकार &#124; इंडिया}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Tamia is located in the [[Satpura Range]].[[Dudhi River]] originates from here. It is 55&nbsp;km away from Chhindwara. 480559 is its pin code.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Tamia Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Tamia, Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/chhindwara/tamia |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is Tamia, Madhya Pradesh, India on Map Lat Long Coordinates |url=https://www.latlong.net/place/tamia-madhya-pradesh-india-3854.html#:~:text=Tamia%20is%20a%20small%20town,large%20markets%20and%20commercial%20zones |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.latlong.net}}</ref><br />
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==Demographics==<br />
Tamia town population of 5481 of which 2838 are males while 2643 are females as Census 2011.Total 1254 families residing here.<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/493776-tamia-madhya-pradesh.html</ref><br />
<br />
==Places to Visit==<br />
* [[Patalkot, India|Patalkot]] <br />
* Tamia Hills <br />
* Tamia Resort<br />
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== Transport ==<br />
Tamia is well connected with roads. Road's connecting it from [[Dongar Parasia|Parasia]], [[Pachmadhi]] and [[Chhindwara]]. Daily Bus service available from here.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Jabalpur Division}}<br />
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{{coord|22|20|37|N|78|40|12|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}<br />
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Chhindwara district]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._Iqbal_Singh&diff=519494N. Iqbal Singh2026-04-30T00:41:33Z<p>MichaelWhite3: adding new bio</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian writer and journalist}}<br />
'''N. Iqbal Singh''' (28 September 1912-1 January 2001) was an Indian writer, journalist and broadcaster, known for his accounts of [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Buddha]], and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name=Open>{{cite web |title=Iqbal Singh {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/iqbal-singh |website=www5.open.ac.uk |publisher=The Open University |access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117170102/https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/iqbal-singh|archive-date=17 November 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
N. Iqbal Singh was born on 28 September 1912 in [[Abbottabad]], then in British India and later in [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Open/> He completed his education in England and France.<ref name=Open/><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
In 1927 Singh published a book on Buddha.<ref name=Open/> In London, he co-founded the magazine ''Indian Writing'' and was active with the India League.<ref name=Open/><ref name=Gupta2023>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Diya |title=India in the Second World War: An Emotional History |date=2023 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-1-78738-945-8 |page=258 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iu8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT258 |language=en |chapter=4. An anguished heart: witnessing the Indian home-front}}</ref><ref name=Nasta2020>{{cite book |last1=Nasta |first1=Susheila |last2=Stein |first2=Mark U. |title=The Cambridge History of Black and Asian British Writing |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19544-8 |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q23IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT160 |language=en}}</ref> His book ''The ardent pilgrim: an introduction to the life and work of Mohammed Iqbal'' (1957) was initially declined by [[Allen & Unwin]], and then published by [[Oxford University Press]].<ref name=Ranasinha2007>{{cite book |last1=Ranasinha |first1=Ruvani |title=South Asian Writers in Twentieth-Century Britain: Culture in Translation |date=2007 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-920777-0 |pages=17–18 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTkTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |language=en |chapter=1. Shifting conditions: the changing markets for South Asian writing in Britain during the twentieth century}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected works==<br />
*{{cite book |title=Gautama Buddha |date=1927 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195639247}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=The ardent pilgrim: an introduction to the life and work of Mohammed Iqbal |date=1951 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195639797}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=The Andaman story |date=1978 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-70690-632-5}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Amrita Sher-Gill: A Biography |date=1984 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=0-7069-2474-6}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?search-author-txt=Singh,%20Iqbal,%201912-2001 List of works]<br />
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{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, N. Iqbal}}<br />
[[Category:1912 births]]<br />
[[Category:2001 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Progressive Writers' Movement]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]<br />
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{{India-writer-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repusudan_Dayal&diff=530348Repusudan Dayal2026-04-26T13:00:42Z<p>MichaelWhite3: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian judge (1941 - 2023)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)<br />
| name = Repusudan Dayal<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = [[Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta|Lokayukta of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start = 22 June 2003<br />
| term_end = 22 June 2009<br />
| appointer = [[Ram Prakash Gupta]]<br />
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Sikkim High Court|8th Chief Justice]] of [[Sikkim High Court]]<br />
| term_start1 = 3 February 1999<br />
| term_end1 = 17 May 2003<br />
| nominator1 = [[A. S. Anand]]<br />
| appointer1 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]<br />
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|K. A. Thanikkachallam|Malay Sengupta ''(acting)''|Anup Deb ''(acting)''}}<br />
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[Radha Krishna Patra|R. K. Patra]]|N. Surajmani Singh ''(acting)''}}<br />
| office2 = Judge of [[Calcutta High Court]]<br />
| term_start2 = 21 July 1997<br />
| term_end2 = 2 February 1999<br />
| nominator2 = [[J. S. Verma]]<br />
| appointer2 = [[S. D. Sharma]]<br />
| office3 = Judge of [[Allahabad High Court]]<br />
| term_start3 = 18 October 1995<br />
| term_end3 = 20 July 1997<br />
| nominator3 = [[A. M. Ahmadi]]<br />
| appointer3 = [[S. D. Sharma]]<br />
| office4 = Judge of [[Sikkim High Court]]<br />
| term_start4 = 10 May 1984<br />
| term_end4 = 17 October 1995<br />
| nominator4 = [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]<br />
| appointer4 = [[Zail Singh]]<br />
| status5 = Acting Chief Justice<br />
| term_start5 = 9 November 1992<br />
| term_end5 = 19 January 1993<br />
| appointer5 = [[S. D. Sharma]]<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Braja Nath Misra]]<br />
| successor5 = Surendra Nath Bhargava<br />
| term_start6 = 5 January 1989<br />
| term_end6 = 19 January 1990<br />
| appointer6 = [[R. Venkataraman]]<br />
| predecessor6 = Jugal Kishore Mohanty<br />
| successor6 = [[Braja Nath Misra]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|5|18|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|1|8|1941|5|18|df=y}}<br />
| children = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
}}<br />
'''Repusudan Dayal''' (18 May 1941 - 8 January 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Court Reference to condole the sad demise of Hon’ble Mr. Justice Ripusudan Dayal, former Chief Justice of this High Court on 08.01.2023 {{!}} High Court of Sikkim |url=https://hcs.gov.in/hcs/node/2511 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250425112206/https://hcs.gov.in/hcs/node/2511 |archive-date=2025-04-25 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=hcs.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>) is an Indian Judge, [[Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta|Lokayukta of Madhya Pradesh]] and former Chief Justice of the [[Sikkim High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Ripusudan Dayal {{!}} High Court of Sikkim |url=https://hcs.gov.in/hcs/node/2045 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251219042850/https://hcs.gov.in/hcs/node/2045 |archive-date=2025-12-19 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=hcs.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Dayal joined in the Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service on 22 February 1966. In 1975, he became the additional Judge of Small Cause Court, [[New Delhi]]. He was appointed Additional and District Sessions Judge in 1979.<br />
<br />
He was the judge, then serving as Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, before whom [[Indira Gandhi]] was produced after being arrested on 3 October 1977. He outrightly held that no case was made out against her and directed that she be set free.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=This is how Indira Gandhi thanked lawyers and judges. Look at Repusudan Dayal's career |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/this-is-how-indira-gandhi-thanked-lawyers-and-judges-look-at-repusudan-dayals-career/1326400/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=The Print}}</ref><br />
<br />
Initially he was proposed to be appointed as Judge in [[Orissa High Court]], the then chief justice of Orissa also endorsed this proposal but this proposal was dropped due to strong opposition by Orissa High Court Bar Association.<ref name=":0" /> Later on 10 May 1984, Dayal became a Judge of the Sikkim High Court, he also served as acting chief justice there twice, thereafter transferred to [[Allahabad High Court]] on 18 October 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad and its Bench at Lucknow(1991-2000)|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/Judges/ex-judge1991-2000.htm|access-date=2021-09-24|website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in}}</ref> He also served as the Judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FormerChiefJustice {{!}} High Court of Sikkim|url=https://hcs.gov.in/hcs/formerchiefjustice|access-date=2021-09-24|website=hcs.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 February 1999, Justice Dayal was elevated to the post of the Chief Justice of the Sikkim High Court and served there until 17 May 2003. He was appointed Chairman of Sikkim State Law Commission and [[Sikkim State Human Rights Commission]] after retirement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-05-23|title=Chairman of Sikkim law and HR commissions resigns|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/chairman-of-sikkim-law-and-hr-commissions-resigns_100155.html|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> He also became the [[Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=On last day of MP Lok Ayukta, AG accuses him of corruption, resigns - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/on-last-day-of-mp-lok-ayukta-ag-accuses-him-of-corruption-resigns/480076/|access-date=2021-09-24|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Ambreesh Mishra |date=25 June 2009 |title=Fight to the finish|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/controversy/story/20090706-fight-to-the-finish-740112-2009-06-25|access-date=2021-09-24|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dayal, Repusudan}}<br />
[[Category:1941 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Chief justices of the Sikkim High Court]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Sikkim High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Ombudsmen in India]]<br />
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{{India-law-bio-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maund_(unit)&diff=516901Maund (unit)2026-04-22T21:18:28Z<p>MichaelWhite3: adding entry</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Traditional unit of mass}}<br />
{{for|people with the surname|Maund (surname)}}<br />
[[File:Edai kal (1 manu).jpg|thumb|right|250px|A one maund weighing stone of the [[Madras Presidency]]]]<br />
[[File:Bengalpresidency 1858.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The vast extent of the [[Bengal Presidency]] (shown here in 1858) facilitated the adoption of the standard of 100&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|Troy pounds]] for the maund throughout [[British India]].]]<br />
The '''maund''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔː|n|d}}), '''mun''' or '''mann''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: {{lang|bn|মণ}}; [[Urdu]]: {{lang|ur|من}}) is a traditional [[Units of measurement|unit]] of [[mass]] used in [[British India]], and also in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran|Persia]], and [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]:<ref name="OED">{{citation | contribution = maund | title = [[Oxford English Dictionary|A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles]] | volume = 6B | year = 1908 | page = 250}}.</ref> the same unit in the [[Mughal Empire]] was sometimes written as '''''mann''''' or '''''mun''''' in English, while the equivalent unit in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Central Asia]] was called the ''[[batman (unit)|batman]]''. At different times, and in different South Asian localities, the mass of the maund has varied, from as low as 25&nbsp;pounds (11&nbsp;kg) to as high as 160&nbsp;pounds (72&nbsp;kg): even greater variation is seen in Persia and Arabia.<ref name="Prinsep">{{citation | last = Prinsep | first = James | year = 1840 | title = Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYGAAAAQAAJ | edition = 2nd | location = Calcutta | publisher = Bishop's College Press | pages = 84–90}}.</ref><ref name="Doursther">{{citation | last = Doursther | first = Horace | title = Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KAibOR651tkC | location = Brussels | publisher = Hayez | year = 1840 | pages = 259–63}}.</ref> One maund in Pakistan is measured as 40kg.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
In British India, the maund was first standardized in the [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1833, where it was set equal to 100&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|Troy pounds]] (82.28&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lbs.]] [[Avoirdupois|av.]]). This standard spread throughout the [[British Raj]].<ref name="ImpGaz">{{citation | contribution = Introductory notes | contribution-url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_007.gif | year = 1909 | title = [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] | volume = 1 | page= xi}}.</ref> After the independence of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], the definition formed the basis for [[metrication]], one maund becoming '''exactly 37.3242&nbsp;[[kilograms]]'''.<ref name="sizes.com">{{citation | title = maund | url = http://www.sizes.com/units/maund.htm | publisher = Sizes.com | accessdate = 2010-02-12}}.</ref><ref>Schedule 1 to the Standard Weights and Measures Act (No.&nbsp;89 of 1956).</ref> A similar metric definition is used in [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]. Throughout Bangladesh, one মণ/mun/mann is 40&nbsp;kg. In Nepal's southern plains one Mann equals 40 kilograms and is generally used to measure agricultural output.<br />
<br />
==South Asia==<br />
{{British Indian units of mass}}<br />
<br />
=== Delhi Sultanate ===<br />
<br />
During the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], 1 ''mann'' was roughly equivalent to 15 kg.<ref>{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |title=History of Medieval India: 800–1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |year=2014 |orig-year=2007 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |page=103 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Mughal Empire===<br />
Prinsep (1840) summarizes the evidence as to the weight of the ''mun'' (later "maund") during the reign (1556–1605) of [[Akbar the Great]],<ref name="mun">{{citation | last = Prinsep | first = James | year = 1840 | title = Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYGAAAAQAAJ | edition = 2nd | location = Calcutta | publisher = Bishop's College Press | page = 81}}.</ref> which comes from the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' written by the [[vizier]] [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] (anglicized as "Abul Fuzl"). The principal definition is that the ''mun'' is forty ''[[Seer (unit)|seers]]''; and that each ''seer'' is thirty ''[[Dam (unit)|dams]]''.<br />
:1 ''mun'' = 40 ''seers'' = 1200 ''dams''<br />
The problem arises in assigning the values of the smaller units. <br />
<br />
The section of the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' that defines the ''mun'' also defines the ''dam'' as five ''[[Tank (unit)|tanks]]''. A separate section defines the ''tank'' as twenty-four ''[[ruttee]]s''. However, by the 19th&nbsp;century, the ''tank'' was no longer a uniform unit across the former Mughal territories: Prinsep quotes values of 50&nbsp;grains (3.24&nbsp;g) in [[Dharwad|Darwar]], 72&nbsp;grains (4.67&nbsp;g) in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and 268&nbsp;grains (17.37&nbsp;g) in [[Ahmednagar|Ahmednugur]].<ref name="mun"/> <br />
<br />
The ''jilály'', a square [[silver]] [[rupee]] coin issued by Akbar, was said by the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' to be {{frac|11|1|4}}&nbsp;''[[masha (unit)|mashas]]'' in weight: surviving ''jilály'' and other Mughal rupee coins weigh 170–175&nbsp;[[Grain (unit)|Troy grains]] (11.02–11.34&nbsp;g), so the ''masha'', defined as eight ''ruttees'', would be about {{frac|15|1|2}}&nbsp;grains (1&nbsp;g). ''Masha'' weights sent back to London in 1819 agree with this value.<ref>{{citation | last = Prinsep | first = James | year = 1840 | title = Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYGAAAAQAAJ | edition = 2nd | location = Calcutta | publisher = Bishop's College Press | pages = 17–18}}.</ref> This basis gives a ''mun'' of {{frac|34|3|4}}&nbsp;lb. av. (15.75&nbsp;kg). One ''Koni'' was 4 muns.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=O2WSRW2t3XYC&dq=koni+mughal+weight&pg=PA73 Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh]</ref><br />
<br />
However, in yet another section of the ''Ain-i-Akbari'', the ''dam'' is said to be "twenty ''mashas'' seven ''ruttees''": using this definition would imply an [[Imperial units|Imperial mass]] of about 47&nbsp;lb. av. (21.3&nbsp;kg) for the ''mun''. Between these two values, the maund in Central India was often found to be around 40&nbsp;lb. av. (18&nbsp;kg) in the [[East India Company]] survey of 1821.<br />
<br />
A Maund was 55.5 British pounds mass under Akbar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Narang|first1=Kirpal Singh|last2=Gupta|first2=Hari Ram|title=History of the Pubnab, 1500-1858|edition=2nd.|year=1969|publisher=U.C. Kapur|location=Delhi|page=181}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Nineteenth century===<br />
[[File:IGI1908India1837a.jpg|thumb|right|[[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] is shown in pink on this 1837 map. The Madras Presidency is in the southeast, the Bombay Presidency is in the west and the Bengal Presidency is in the northeast.]]<br />
{{quotation|The maund of India may as a ''genus'' be divided into four different ''species'': <br />
#That of Bengal, containing 40 seers, and averaging about 80 lbs. avoir.<br />
#That of Central India (Malwa, Ajmeer, &c.) generally equal to 40 lbs. avoir. and containing 20 seers (so that the seer of this large portion of the continent assimilates to that of Bengal.)<br />
#The maund of Guzerat and Bombay, equal to {{frac|1|4}} cwt. or 28 pounds and divided into 40 seers of smaller grade.<br />
#The maund of Southern India, fixed by the Madras government at 25 lbs. avoir.<br />
There are, however many other varieties of maund, from 15 to 64 seers in weight; which it is unnecessary to particularize.|Prinsep (1840), p.&nbsp;77}}<br />
<br />
Prinsep's values for the maund come from a survey organized by the [[East India Company]] in 1821. The Company's agents were asked to send back examples of the standard weights and measures used in the places they were stationed, and these were compared with the English standards in London by [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Patrick Kelly]], the leading British metrologist of the time. The results were published as an appendix to the second edition of Kelly's ''Universal Cambist'' (1831), and later as a separate book entitled ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832).<br />
<br />
It will be seen from Kelly's results below that Prinsep's generalizations are only partially correct. The [[Gujarat]] maund is more closely related to the Central Indian maund than to the standardized Bombay maund, except in the town of [[Anjar, India|Anjar]], except that it is divided into 40&nbsp;seers instead of 20 as was found in [[Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)|Malwa]].<br />
<br />
====Central India and Gujarat====<br />
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right<br />
|alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be approximately 40 lb. av. (18 kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|caption = The towns where the maund was found to be approximately 40&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] (18&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=02|lon_deg=72|lon_min=35|position=left|label=Ahmadābād|label|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=00|lon_deg=72|lon_min=52|label=Amod|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=07|lon_deg=73|lon_min=07|label=Bārdoli|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=18|lon_deg=73|lon_min=12|position=left|label=Baroda|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=42|lon_deg=72|lon_min=58|position=right|label=Broach|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=15|lon_deg=75|lon_min=46|position=right|label=Calicut|}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=18|lon_deg=72|lon_min=37|label=Cambay|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=50|lon_deg=73|lon_min=43|label=Doongurpoor|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=35|lon_deg=72|lon_min=48|label=Hānsot|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=25|lon_deg=75|lon_min=32|position=right|label=Indore|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=03|lon_deg=72|lon_min=48|label=Jambusar|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=25|lat_min=11|lon_deg=75|lon_min=50|position=right|label=Kota|}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=00|lon_deg=69|lon_min=57|position=right|label=Kumbharia|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=09|lon_deg=73|lon_min=16|label=Kurod|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16|lat_min=10|lon_deg=81|lon_min=08|position=right|label=Masulipatam|}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=24|lat_min=02|lon_deg=75|lon_min=05|position=right|label=Mundissor|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=36|lon_deg=73|lon_min=00|label=Okalesur|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=11|lon_deg=75|lon_min=47|position=right|label=Oujein|}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=24|lat_min=02|lon_deg=74|lon_min=47|label=Pertabgurh|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=19|lon_deg=75|lon_min=04|label=Rutlam|label_size=0}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=10|lon_deg=72|lon_min=50|position=left|label=Surat|}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=45|lon_deg=75|lon_min=29|position=left|label=Tellicherry|}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17|lat_min=42|lon_deg=83|lon_min=15|position=right|label=Vizagapatam|}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right<br />
|alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be more than 130 lb. av. (59 kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|caption = The towns where the maund was found to be more than 130&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] (59&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=19|lat_min=44|lon_deg=79|lon_min=11|position=right|label=Chanadore}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=35|lon_deg=76|lon_min=04|position=left|label=Dewas}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=20|lat_min=12|lon_deg=73|lon_min=50|position=left|label=Dindoor}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=43|lon_deg=75|lon_min=19|position=left|label=Jamkhair}}<br />
<!--Roombharee--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <!--align=right style="margin:0 0 0 0.5em;"--><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Place<ref group="note" name="place">Kelly's transliterations of place names have been retained, but the transliterations of names of districts have been updated where possible.</ref><br />
! rowspan=2 | Subdivision<br />
! colspan=3 | [[Imperial units|Imperial]]<br />
! rowspan=2 | [[Metric system|Metric]]<br/>[[Kilogram|kg]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Pound (mass)|lb.]]<br />
! [[Ounce|oz.]]<br />
! [[Dram (unit)|dr.]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadābād]], in Gujarat<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 42<br />
| align=right | 4<br />
| align=right | 13<br />
| align=right | 19.817 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Amod, Gujarat|Amod]], in Broach<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 40<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 12<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anjar, India|Anjar]]'', in Cutch<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 27<br />
| align=right | 3<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Berasia|Bairseah]]'', in Malwa<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 77<br />
| align=right | 1<br />
| align=right | 12<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bardoli|Bārdoli]], in Surat<br />
| {{frac|39|3|4}} seers, 2 [[Paisa|pice]]<br />
| align=right | 37<br />
| align=right | 4<br />
| align=right | {{frac|4|3|4}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bharuch|Broach]], in Gujarat<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 40<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 12<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vadodara|Baroda]]'', in Gujarat<br />
| 42 seers<br />
| align=right | 44<br />
| align=right | 9<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khambhat|Cambay]]'', in Gujarat<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 37<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chanadore]], Central Provinces<br />
| 64 seers<br />
| align=right | 149<br />
| align=right | 12<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dewas]]'', in Malwa<br />
| 64 seers<br />
| align=right | 137<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 2<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dungarpur|Doongurpoor]], in Rajputana<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 50<br />
| align=right | 1<br />
| align=right | 14<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | [[Hansot|Hānsot]], in Broach<br />
| 40 seers, "market"<br />
| align=right | 38<br />
| align=right | 9<br />
| align=right | 9<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 42 seers, for oil<br />
| align=right | 40<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 6<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 40 ''pergunna'' seers<br />
| align=right | 39<br />
| align=right | 3<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Indore]]'', in Malwa<br />
| 20 seers, for grain<br />
| align=right | 40<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 6<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 40 seers, for opium<br />
| align=right | 81<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 12<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Jambusar]], in Broach<br />
| 40 seers, "market"<br />
| align=right | 40<br />
| align=right | 6<br />
| align=right | 4<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 42 seers, for cotton<br />
| align=right | 42<br />
| align=right | 6<br />
| align=right | 9<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]'', in Rajputana<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 30<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kumbhariya, Surat district|Kumbharia]], in Surat<br />
| 40 seers 8 pice<br />
| align=right | 37<br />
| align=right | 13<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kurod]], in Surat<br />
| 40 seers 15 pice<br />
| align=right | 37<br />
| align=right | 15<br />
| align=right | {{frac|8|1|2}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)|Malwa]]''<br />
| 20 seers<br />
| align=right | 40<br />
| align=right | 7<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mandsaur|Mundissor]]'', in Malwa<br />
| 15 seers<br />
| align=right | 34<br />
| align=right | 4<br />
| align=right | {{frac|4|1|2}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Ankleshwar|Okalesur]], in Broach<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 38<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 13<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 40 seers, "''pergunna''"<br />
| align=right | 40<br />
| align=right | 6<br />
| align=right | 13<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajgarh (Madhya Pradesh)|Omutwara]]'', in Malwa<br />
| 28 seers<br />
| align=right | 54<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ujjain|Oujein]]'', in Malwa<br />
| {{frac|16|7|8}} seers<br />
| align=right | 33<br />
| align=right | 5<br />
| align=right | 13<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pertabgurh]], in Ajmer<br />
| 20 seers<br />
| align=right | 38<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 14<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ratlam|Rutlam]]'', in Malwa<br />
| 20 seers<br />
| align=right | 40<br />
| align=right | 7<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Surat]], in Gujarat<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 37<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan=6 | Source: [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Kelly]]'s ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832)<ref name="Prinsep"/><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Bombay Presidency====<br />
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right<br />
|alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be approximately 28 lb. av. ({{frac|12|3|4}} kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|caption = The towns where the maund was found to be approximately 28&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] ({{frac|12|3|4}}&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=08|lon_deg=70|lon_min=01|position=top|label=Anjar}}<br />
<!--Anjengo--><br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=15|lat_min=51|lon_deg=74|lon_min=33|position=right|label=Belgaum}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=58|lon_deg=72|lon_min=50|position=left|label=Bombay}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=09|lat_min=59|lon_deg=76|lon_min=16|position=left|label=Cochin}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=12|lat_min=52|lon_deg=74|lon_min=53|position=left|label=Mangalore}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=28|lon_deg=73|lon_min=48|position=right|label=Poona}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=08|lat_min=53|lon_deg=76|lon_min=36|position=left|label=Quilon}}<br />
}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" <!--align=right style="margin:0 0 0 0.5em;"--><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Place<ref group="note" name="place"/><br />
! rowspan=2 | Subdivision<br />
! colspan=3 | [[Imperial units|Imperial]]<br />
! rowspan=2 | [[Metric system|Metric]]<br/>[[Kilogram|kg]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Pound (mass)|lb.]]<br />
! [[Ounce|oz.]]<br />
! [[Dram (unit)|dr.]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]]<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 78<br />
| align=right | 15<br />
| align=right | 12<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]''<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 74<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Belgaum]]''<br />
| 44 seers<br />
| align=right | 26<br />
| align=right | 3<br />
| align=right | 15<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mumbai|Bombay]]<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 28<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Karwar|Carwar]], in Kanara<br />
| 42 seers<br />
| align=right | 26<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindoor]]<br />
| 64 seers<br />
| align=right | 157<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | [[Pune District|Dukhun Poona]]<br />
| {{frac|12|1|2}} seers, for [[ghee]], etc.<br />
| align=right | 24<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | {{frac|4|1|3}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 14 seers, for metals<br />
| align=right | 27<br />
| align=right | 9<br />
| align=right | {{frac|9|2|3}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 48 seers, for grain<br />
| align=right | 94<br />
| align=right | 9<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Goa]] (Portuguese)<br />
| —<br />
| align=right | 24<br />
| align=right | 12<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Jamkhed|Jamkhair]], in Ahmednagar<br />
| 64 seers<br />
| align=right | 147<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Jalna (city)|Jaulnah]], in Hyderabad<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 80<br />
| align=right | 2<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Honavar|Onore]], in Kanara<br />
| 40–44 seers<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | [[Pune|Poona]]<br />
| {{frac|12|1|2}} seers, for [[ghee]], etc.<br />
| align=right | 24<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | {{frac|4|1|3}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 14 seers, for metals<br />
| align=right | 27<br />
| align=right | 9<br />
| align=right | {{frac|9|2|3}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 48 seers, for grain<br />
| align=right | 94<br />
| align=right | 9<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Roombharee]], in Ahmednagar<br />
| 64 seers<br />
| align=right | 160<br />
| align=right | 13<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan=6 | Source: [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Kelly]]'s ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832)<ref name="Prinsep"/><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Madras Presidency====<br />
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right<br />
|alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be approximately 25 lb. av. ({{frac|11|1|3}} kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|caption = The towns where the maund was found to be approximately 25&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] ({{frac|11|1|3}}&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=12|lat_min=58|lon_deg=77|lon_min=34}}<!--Bangalore--><br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=15|lat_min=09|lon_deg=76|lon_min=56|position=right|label=Bellary}}<br />
<!--Carwar--><br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=01|lon_deg=76|lon_min=58|position=left|label=Coimbatoor}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=15|lat_min=18|lon_deg=73|lon_min=57|position=left|label=Goa}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17|lat_min=25|lon_deg=78|lon_min=28|position=right|label=Hyderabad}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=13|lat_min=05|lon_deg=80|lon_min=16|position=right|label=Madras}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=09|lat_min=48|lon_deg=78|lon_min=06|position=right|label=Madura}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=12|lat_min=52|lon_deg=74|lon_min=53|position=left|label=Mangalore}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=10|lat_min=46|lon_deg=79|lon_min=50|position=right|label=Negapatam}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=14|lat_min=17|lon_deg=74|lon_min=27|position=left|label=Onore}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=56|lon_deg=79|lon_min=50|position=right|label=Pondicherry}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=28|lon_deg=73|lon_min=48|position=left|label=Poona}}<br />
<!--Sankeridroog--><br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=12|lat_min=25|lon_deg=76|lon_min=42}}<!--Seringapatam--><br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=10|lat_min=49|lon_deg=78|lon_min=41}}<!--Trichinopoly--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <!--align=right style="margin:0 0 0 0.5em;"--><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Place<ref group="note" name="place"/><br />
! rowspan=2 | Subdivision<br />
! colspan=3 | [[Imperial units|Imperial]]<br />
! rowspan=2 | [[Metric system|Metric]]<br/>[[Kilogram|kg]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Pound (mass)|lb.]]<br />
! [[Ounce|oz.]]<br />
! [[Dram (unit)|dr.]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Anchuthengu|Anjengo]], in Travancore<br />
| —<br />
| align=right | 28<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bangalore]], in Mysore<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bellary]], in Madras<br />
| 48 seers<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 6<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], in Malabar<br />
| 68 seers<br />
| align=right | 34<br />
| align=right | 11<br />
| align=right | 11<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kochi, India|Cochin]], in Malabar<br />
| {{frac|42|1|2}} seers<br />
| align=right | 27<br />
| align=right | 2<br />
| align=right | 11<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Coimbatore|Coimbatoor]], in Mysore<br />
| 40 seers<br />
| align=right | 24<br />
| align=right | 1<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kolachal|Colachy]], in Travancore<br />
| 125 pollums<br />
| align=right | 18<br />
| align=right | 12<br />
| align=right | 13<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in Madras<br />
| 12 seers, "''kucha''"<br />
| align=right | 23<br />
| align=right | 13<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 40 seers, "''pucka''"<br />
| align=right | 79<br />
| align=right | 6<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chennai|Madras]]<br />
| 40 seers, or 8 vis<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Madurai|Madura]], in Carnatic<br />
| 39.244 seers<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | [[Mangalore]]<br />
| 46 seers, "market"<br />
| align=right | 28<br />
| align=right | 2<br />
| align=right | 4<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 46 seers, "Company's"<br />
| align=right | 28<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | 13<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| 40 seers, for sugar<br />
| align=right | 24<br />
| align=right | 7<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatam]], in Madras<br />
| "''kucha''"<br />
| align=right | 35<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| "''pucka''"<br />
| align=right | 80<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nagapatnam|Negapatam]], in Carnatic<br />
| 41.558 seers<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]<br />
| 8 vis<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 14<br />
| align=right | {{frac|5|1|2}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kollam|Quilon]], in Travancore<br />
| 25 old Dutch pounds<br />
| align=right | 27<br />
| align=right | 5<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sankaridrug|Sankeridroog]], in Carnatic<br />
| 41.256 seers<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]]<br />
| 40 seers, "''kucha''"<br />
| align=right | 24<br />
| align=right | 4<br />
| align=right | 8<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]], in Malabar<br />
| 64 seers<br />
| align=right | 32<br />
| align=right | 11<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]], in Coromandel<br />
| 68 Danish pounds<br />
| align=right | 74<br />
| align=right | 12<br />
| align=right | 9.6<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Travancore]], in Madras<br />
| —<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | {{frac|6|1|2}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichinopoly]], in Carnatic<br />
| 13.114 seers<br />
| align=right | 25<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam]], in Madras<br />
| "''kucha''"<br />
| align=right | 35<br />
| align=right | 10<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| "''pucka''"<br />
| align=right | 80<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | 0<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan=6 | Source: [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Kelly]]'s ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832)<ref name="Prinsep"/><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
Maund was known as '''Mudi''' in [[Tulu language]]<br />
<br />
====Bengal====<br />
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right<br />
|alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be approximately 80 lb. av. (36 kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|caption = The towns where the maund was found to be approximately 80&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] (36&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.<br />
|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=19|lat_min=05|lon_deg=74|lon_min=44|position=left|label=Ahmednugur}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=19|lat_min=47|lon_deg=75|lon_min=17|position=right|label=Aurungabunder}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=38|lon_deg=77|lon_min=26|position=right|label=Bairseah}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=34|lon_deg=88|lon_min=22|position=left|label=Calcutta}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17|lat_min=25|lon_deg=78|lon_min=28}}<!--Hyderabad--><br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=25|lon_deg=75|lon_min=32|position=left|label=Indore}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=19|lat_min=50|lon_deg=75|lon_min=53|position=left|label=Jaulnah}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=13|lon_deg=90|lon_min=38|position=right|label=Luckipoor}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16|lat_min=10|lon_deg=81|lon_min=08|position=right|label=Masulipatam}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=28|lon_deg=73|lon_min=48|position=bottom|label=Poona}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=02|lon_deg=79|lon_min=50|position=right|label=Tranquebar}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17|lat_min=42|lon_deg=83|lon_min=15|position=right|label=Vizagapatam}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <!--align=right style="margin:0 0 0 0.5em;"--><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Place<ref group="note" name="place"/><br />
! rowspan=2 | Subdivision<br />
! colspan=3 | [[Imperial units|Imperial]]<br />
! rowspan=2 | [[Metric system|Metric]]<br/>[[Kilogram|kg]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Pound (mass)|lb.]]<br />
! [[Ounce|oz.]]<br />
! [[Dram (unit)|dr.]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 40 seers<br />
| rowspan="2" align="right" | 82<br />
| rowspan="2" align="right" | 4<br />
| rowspan="2" align="right" | {{frac|9|1|7}}<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chandpur District|Luckipoor]], in Bengal<br />
| align=right | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan=6 | Source: [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Kelly]]'s ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832)<ref name="Prinsep"/><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group="note"}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sizes.com/units/maund.htm Sizes.com]<br />
*[https://onlcalc.online/man-to-kg-calculator/ Maund to Kg Calculator]<br />
*[http://www.sizes.com/units/maund_india.htm The maund in India] (historical values)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Customary units of mass in India]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_James_Sumner_Maine&diff=502612Henry James Sumner Maine2026-04-20T01:15:53Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Started data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Henry James|Sumner, Maine}}<br />
{{Short description|British jurist and historian (1822–1888)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Sir Henry Maine<br />
| image = HSMaine.jpg<br />
| caption = The young Maine<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1822|08|15}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kelso, Scotland]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|UK]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1888|02|03|1822|08|15}}<br />
| death_place = [[Cannes]], [[French Third Republic|France]]<br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| fields = [[History]], [[law]]<br />
| workplaces = [[University of Oxford]]<br />[[University of Cambridge]]<br />[[University of Calcutta]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]]<br />
| title = [[Professor of Jurisprudence (Oxford)|Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University]]; [[Whewell Professor of International Law]]<br />
| predecessor = [[William Harcourt (politician)|William Harcourt]]<br />
| successor = [[John Westlake (law scholar)|John Westlake]]<br />
| notable_students =<br />
| known_for =<br />
| influences =<br />
| influenced =<br />
| awards =<br />
| signature = Signature of Sir Henry James Sumner Maine.jpg<br />
| signature_alt =<br />
| spouse =<br />
}}<br />
'''Sir Henry James Sumner Maine''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|FRS|sep=,|size=100}} (15 August 1822 – 3 February 1888), was a British [[Whiggism|Whig]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bevir |first1=Mark |title=Historicism and the Human Sciences in Victorian Britain |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=5}}</ref> [[comparative jurisprudence|comparative jurist]]<ref>Pollock, Frederick (1893). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106019608139;view=1up;seq=112 "Sir H. Maine as a Jurist,"] ''The Edinburgh Review,'' Vol. 178, pp. 100–121.</ref> and [[historian]].{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=432}} He is famous for the thesis outlined in his book ''[[Ancient Law]]'' that law and society developed "from status to contract."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maine |first=Henry |year=1861 |title= Ancient Law, Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relation to Modern Ideas |publisher=John Murray |place=London |edition= 1 |page= [https://archive.org/details/ancientlawitsco18maingoog/page/n182 170] |url= https://archive.org/details/ancientlawitsco18maingoog }}</ref> According to the thesis, in the ancient world individuals were tightly bound by status dealing with(in) a particular group while in the modern one, in which individuals are viewed as autonomous agents, they are free to make contracts and form associations with whomever they choose. Because of this thesis, Maine can be seen as one of the forefathers of modern [[legal anthropology]], [[legal history]] and [[sociology of law]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Maine was the son of Dr. James Maine, of [[Kelso, Scottish Borders|Kelso]], [[Roxburghshire]]. He was educated at [[Christ's Hospital]], where a boarding house was named after him in 1902, being the 7th block on the avenue, and 3rd on the East Side. From there he went up to [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]], in 1840. At Cambridge, he was noted as a classical scholar and also won the [[Chancellor's Gold Medal]] for poetry in 1842.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Complete Collection of the English Poems which Have Obtained the Chancellor's Gold Medal in the University of Cambridge|publisher=W. Metcalfe|location=Cambridge|url=https://archive.org/details/acompletecollec00cambgoog|author=University of Cambridge|format=PDF|year=1859|access-date=1 October 2008}}</ref> He won a Craven scholarship and graduated as senior classic in 1844, being also senior chancellor's medallist in classics.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=432}}<ref>{{acad|id=MN840HJ|name=Maine, Henry James Sumner}}</ref> He was a [[Cambridge Apostle]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Alan |title=The Voice from the Hearth-Rug |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v21/n21/alan-ryan/the-voice-from-the-hearth-rug |website=London Review of Books |language=en |date=28 October 1999}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shortly afterwards, he accepted a tutorship at [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]]. In 1847, he was appointed [[Regius Professor of Civil Law (Cambridge)|Regius Professor of Civil Law]],<ref>[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101050585924;view=1up;seq=388 "Henry James Sumner Maine,"] ''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,'' Vol. 23, 1887–1888, p. 356. [https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofame23amer#page/356/mode/2up via – Internet Archive]</ref> and he was called to the bar three years later; he held this chair until 1854. Meanwhile, in 1852 he had become one of the readers appointed by the [[Inns of Court]].{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=432}}<br />
<br />
==In India==<br />
[[Image:John Lawrence's Executive Council 1864.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Maine, sitting second from right, with [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], Viceroy of India and other council members and secretaries in Simla, India, by Bourne & Shepherd, circa 1864.]]<br />
<br />
The post of legal member of council in [[India]] was offered to Maine in 1861; he declined it once, on grounds of health. The following year Maine was persuaded to accept, and it turned out that India suited him much better than Cambridge or London. He was asked to prolong his services beyond the regular term of five years, and he returned to England in 1869.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=432}}<br />
<br />
The subjects on which it was Maine's duty to advise the government of India were as much political as legal. They ranged from such problems as the land settlement of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], or the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|introduction of civil marriage]] to provide for the needs of unorthodox [[Hindu]]s, to the question of how far the study of [[Persian language|Persian]] should be required or encouraged among European civil servants. Plans of codification were prepared, and largely shaped, under Maine's direction, which were implemented by his successors, [[James Fitzjames Stephen|Sir James Fitzjames Stephen]] and [[Whitley Stokes (scholar)|Dr Whitley Stokes]].{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=432}}<br />
<br />
Maine became a member of the [[Council of India#Members|Secretary of State's council]] in 1871 and remained so for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=432}} In the same year he was gazetted a [[Order of the Star of India|K.C.S.I.]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 23739|page=2474|date=20 May 1871}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Oxford professor==<br />
In 1869, Maine was appointed to the [[Professor of Jurisprudence (University of Oxford)|chair of historical and comparative jurisprudence]] newly founded in the [[University of Oxford]] by [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi College]].<ref>Grant Duff, M.E (1892). [https://archive.org/stream/sirhenrymainebri00main#page/n9/mode/2up ''Sir Henry Maine: A Brief Memoir of his Life'']. London: John Murray, p. 36.</ref> Residence at Oxford was not required, and the election amounted to an invitation to the new professor to resume and continue in his own way the work he had begun in ''Ancient Law''.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=433}}<br />
<br />
==Cambridge professor==<br />
In 1877, the mastership of [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]], where Maine had formerly been tutor, became vacant. There were two strong candidates whose claims were so nearly equal that it was difficult to elect either; the difficulty was solved by a unanimous invitation to Maine to accept the post. His acceptance entailed the resignation of the Oxford chair, though not continuous residence at Cambridge. Ten years later, he was elected to succeed [[William Vernon Harcourt (politician)|Sir William Harcourt]] as [[Whewell Professor of International Law]] at Cambridge.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=433}}<br />
<br />
In 1886, he was elected as a member to the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1886&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=24 May 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Maine's health, which had never been strong, gave way towards the end of 1887. He went to the Riviera under medical advice, and died at [[Cannes]], France, on 3 February 1888. He left a wife, Jane, and two sons, of whom the elder died soon afterwards.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=433}} An oil portrait of Jane remains in the possession of their descendants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seeking Sir Henry in British Columbia |url=http://democracystreet.blogspot.com/2011/06/find-in.html |website=Democracy Street |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=26 June 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
[[Image:Maine by Dickinson.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sir Henry James Sumner Maine, by [[Lowes Cato Dickinson]], 1888.]]<br />
Maine wrote journalism in 1851 for the ''[[Morning Chronicle]]'', edited by [[John Douglas Cook]]. With Cook and others, in 1855, he then founded and edited the ''[[Saturday Review (London)|Saturday Review]]'', writing for it to 1861.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=17808|title=Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner|first=R. C. J.|last=Cocks}}</ref> Like his close friend [[James Fitzjames Stephen]], he enjoyed occasional article-writing, and never quite abandoned it.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=433}}<br />
<br />
Maine contributed to the ''Cambridge Essays'' an essay on Roman law and legal education, republished in the later editions of ''Village Communities''. Lectures delivered by Maine for the Inns of Court were the groundwork of ''[[Ancient Law]]'' (1861), the book by which his reputation was made at one stroke. Its object, as stated in the preface, was "to indicate some of the earliest ideas of mankind, as they are reflected in ancient law, and to point out the relation of those ideas to modern thought." He published the substance of his Oxford lectures: ''Village Communities in the East and the West'' (1871); ''Early History of Institutions'' (1875); ''Early Law and Custom'' (1883). In all these works, the phenomena of societies in an archaic stage are brought into line to illustrate the process of development in legal and political ideas{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=433}} (see [[freedom of contract]]).<br />
<br />
As vice-chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta]], Maine commented on the results produced by the contact of Eastern and Western thought. Three of these addresses were published, wholly or in part, in the later editions of ''Village Communities''; the substance of others is in the [[Rede lecture]] of 1875, in the same volume. An essay on India was his contribution to the composite work entitled ''The Reign of Queen Victoria''{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=433}} (editor [[Thomas Humphry Ward]], 1887).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maine |first=Henry |year=1887 |chapter= India |title=The Reign of Queen Victoria, A Survey of Fifty Years of Progress (Thomas Ward ed.) |publisher=Smith, Elder & CO. |place=London |volume= I |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/reignqueenvicto01wardgoog#page/n480/mode/2up |pages= 460–558 }}</ref><br />
<br />
His brief work in international law is represented by the posthumous volume ''International Law'' (1888). Maine had published in 1885 his one work of speculative politics, a volume of essays on ''Popular Government'', designed to show that democracy is not in itself more stable than any other form of government and that there is no necessary connexion between democracy and progress.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=433}}<br />
<br />
In 1886, there appeared in the ''Quarterly Review'' an article on the posthumous work of [[J. F. McLennan]], edited and completed by his brother, entitled "The Patriarchal Theory".<ref>Maine, Henry (1886). [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlyreview125smitgoog#page/n193/mode/2up "The Patriarchal Theory,"] ''The Quarterly Review,'' Vol. 162, pp. 181–209.</ref> The article, though unsigned by the rule of the ''Quarterly'' at the time, was Maine's reply to the McLennan brothers' attack on the historical reconstruction of the Indo-European family system put forward in ''Ancient Law'' and supplemented in ''Early Law and Custom''. Maine charged McLennan in his theory of [[Urgesellschaft|primitive society]] with neglecting and misunderstanding of the Indo-European evidence.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=433}}<br />
<br />
A summary of Maine's writings was in [[Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff|Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff]]'s memoir.{{sfn|Pollock|1911|p=433}}<br />
<br />
===Selected publications===<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/ancientlawitsco18maingoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relation to Modern Ideas.''] London: John Murray, 1861.<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/villagecommunit00mainuoft#page/n9/mode/2up ''Village-Communities in the East and West.''] London: John Murray, 1871.<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofpr00main#page/n3/mode/2up ''The Early History of the Property of Married Women.''] Manchester: A. Ireland and Co., 1873.<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/lecturesonearlyh00mainuoft#page/n9/mode/2up ''Lectures on the Early History of Institutions.''] New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1875.<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/dissertationson01maingoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Dissertations on Early Law and Custom: Chiefly Selected from Lectures Delivered at Oxford.''] London: John Murray, 1883.<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924096776269#page/n7/mode/2up ''Popular Government: Four Essays.''] London: John Murray, 1885.<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/internationallaw00mainiala#page/n7/mode/2up ''International Law: A Series of Lectures Delivered Before the University of Cambridge, 1887.''] London: John Murray, 1888.<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/platoapoembysir00mainrich#page/n3/mode/2up ''Plato: A Poem.''] Cambridge: Privately Printed, 1894.<br />
<br />
===Selected articles===<br />
* [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000070083914;view=1up;seq=61 "Mr. Fitzjames Stephen's Introduction to the Indian Evidence Act,"] ''The Fortnightly Review'', Vol. XIX, 1873.<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentur24unkngoog#page/n808/mode/2up "South Slavonians and Rajpoots,"] ''The Nineteenth Century'', Vol. II, 1877.<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/fortnightlyrevi00moregoog#page/n153/mode/2up "The King and his Successor,"] ''The Fortnightly Review'', Vol. XXXVII, 1882.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{EB1911 |author-link=Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet |first=Frederick |last=Pollock |wstitle=Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner |volume= 17 | pages = 432–433 }}<br />
* {{cite DNB |last=Stephen |first=Leslie |author-link=Leslie Stephen |wstitle=Maine, Henry James Sumner|volume=35 }}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Carey |first=George |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter= Maine, Henry Sumner (1822–1888) |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publishing|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n189 |isbn= 978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |page=314 |url-access=subscription }}<br />
* Cassani, Anselmo (2002), ''Diritto, antropologia e storia: studi su Henry Sumner Maine'', prefazione di Vincenzo Ferrari, Bologna, Clueb.<br />
* Chakravarty-Kaul, Minoti (1996). ''Common Lands and Customary Law: Institutional Change in North India over the Past Two Centuries,'' Oxford University Press.<br />
* Cocks, Raymond (1988). ''Sir Henry Maine: A Study in Victorian Jurisprudence.'' Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Cotterrell, Roger (2003). ''The Politics of Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to Legal Philosophy''. Oxford University Press, pp.&nbsp;40–48.<br />
* Deflem, Mathieu (2023). [https://deflem.blogspot.com/2023/02/sir-henry.html "Maine, (Sir) Henry (1822–1888)."] In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, Second Edition, edited by George Ritzer and Chris Rojek. Wiley-Blackwell.<br />
* Diamond, Alan. ed. (2006). ''The Victorian Achievement of Sir Henry Maine: A Centennial Reappraisal.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521400236|052103454X}}<br />
* Feaver, George (1969). ''From Status to Contract: A Biography of Sir Henry Maine 1822–1888.'' London: Longmans Green.<br />
* Hamza, Gabor (1991): Sir Henry Maine et le droit comparé. Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös nominatae, Sectio Juridica pp.&nbsp;59–76.<br />
* Hamza, Gabor (2007): Sir Henry Maine'work and the traditional legal systems. In: Chinese Culture and the Rule of Law. Ed. by China Society of Legal History. Social Sciences Academic Press (China) Beijing, pp.&nbsp;417–429.<br />
* Hamza, Gabor (2008): Sir Henry Maine et le droit comparé. In: Philia. Scritti per Gennaro Franciosi. (A cura di F. M. d'Ippolito), vol. II. Napoli pp.&nbsp;1217–1232.<br />
* [[Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff|Grant Duff, Sir M.E]] (1900). [https://archive.org/stream/notesfromadiary09duffgoog#page/n8/mode/2up ''Notes From a Diary, 1886–1888,''] [https://archive.org/stream/notesfromadiary16duffgoog#page/n6/mode/2up Vol. 2]. London: John Murray.<br />
* Landauer, Carl (2003). "Henry Summner Maine´s Grand Tour: Roman Law and Ancient Law," ''Current Legal Issues,'' Vol. 6, pp.&nbsp;135–147.<br />
* [[Alfred Comyn Lyall|Lyall, Alfred Comyn]] [and others] (1888). [https://archive.org/stream/lawquarterlyrev13unkngoog#page/n144/mode/2up "Sir Henry Maine".] ''Law Quarterly Review'', Vol. IV, pp.&nbsp;129–138.<br />
* Mantena, Karuna (2010). ''Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism.'' Princeton University Press.<br />
* [[Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet|Pollock, Sir Frederick]] (1890). [https://archive.org/stream/oxfordlecturesa00pollgoog#page/n162/mode/2up "Sir Henry Maine and his Work."] In: ''Oxford Lectures''. London: Macmillan Company, pp.&nbsp;147–168; ''Ancient Law'', [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=2001&Itemid=28 ''Introduction and Notes.''] London: John Murray.<br />
* {{cite journal |author= Smellie, K. B. |year= 1928 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/2548385 |title= Sir Henry Maine |journal= Economica |volume= 22 |pages= 64–94 |jstor= 2548385}}<br />
* [[Paul Vinogradoff|Vinogradoff, Paul]] (1904). [https://archive.org/stream/teachingsirhenr00vinogoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Teaching of Sir Henry Maine.''] London: Henry Frowde.<br />
* {{cite book |author= Vinogradoff, Paul |author-link= Paul Vinogradoff |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924030429017/page/n13/mode/2up |title= The Teaching of Sir Henry Maine: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered in Corpus Christi College Hall on March 1, 1904 |publisher= Henry Frowde |place= London |year= 1904 |via= [[Internet Archive]]}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
{{wikisource|works=or}}<br />
* {{cite book |chapter= Sir Henry Maine (Obituary Notice, Monday, February 6, 1888) |title= Eminent Persons: Biographies reprinted from The Times|year=1893 |publisher=Macmillan and Co., Limited |place=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eminentpersonsb05unkngoog/page/n35 24]–34 |volume= IV (1887–1890)|url=https://archive.org/details/eminentpersonsb05unkngoog |access-date=11 February 2019 |via= Internet Archive }}<br />
* {{Gutenberg author | id=25592}}<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Henry Sumner Maine}}<br />
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Maine,%20Henry%20Sumner,%20Sir,%201822-1888.%22&type=author&inst= Works by Henry James Sumner Maine], at [[HathiTrust]]<br />
* [http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/maine/index.html Maine, Henry Sumner]: at [http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/ McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023230127/http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/ |date=23 October 2017 }}.<br />
* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&person=3910 Maine, Henry Sumner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131053335/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&person=3910 |date=31 January 2023 }}: at [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=149 Online Library of Liberty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129152019/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=149 |date=29 November 2022 }}<br />
* [http://www.panarchy.org/maine/maine.html Henry Sumner Maine, Writings]<br />
* {{NPG name}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Law|Liberalism|Libertarianism|Philosophy|Politics}}<br />
{{University of Calcutta Vice chancellors}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Maine, Henry James Sumner}}<br />
[[Category:1822 births]]<br />
[[Category:1888 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Christ's Hospital]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars of comparative law]]<br />
[[Category:English legal writers]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century English historians]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century English male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:British legal historians]]<br />
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kelso, Scottish Borders]]<br />
[[Category:Whewell Professors of International Law]]<br />
[[Category:Masters of Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Professors of Jurisprudence (University of Oxford)]]<br />
[[Category:Regius Professors of Civil Law (University of Cambridge)]]<br />
[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puliyangudi_Assembly_constituency&diff=527146Puliyangudi Assembly constituency2026-04-19T08:54:34Z<p>MichaelWhite3: made page.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| established = 1962<br />
| district = [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]]<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| mla = P. Urukavala Kudumban<br />
| name = Puliyangudi<br />
| electors= 91,260<br />
| reservation = <br />
| abolished= 1967<br />
}}<br />
'''Puliyangudi''' former constituency in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Tenkasi district]] and it was also part of [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Winner<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||P. Urukavala Kudumbar|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.69}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Puliyangudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Urukavala Kudumbar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,485 |percentage=42.69% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Dorai Raj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,458 |percentage=24.46% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S, Periasami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,673 |percentage=15.76% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Karadi Madasamy |party=Swatantra Party |votes=7,453 |percentage=13.55% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shunmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,950 |percentage=3.54% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,027 |percentage=18.22% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,019 |percentage=63.46% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,260 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br />
<br />
{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{coords|9.17|77.39|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tenkasi district]]<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-constituency-stub}}<br />
{{TamilNadu-geo-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jubbal-Kotkhai_Assembly_constituency&diff=506644Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:25:19Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Started new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jubbal-Kotkhai<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 65<br />
| map_image = 65-Jubbal-Kotkhai constituency.svg<br />
| mla = [[Rohit Thakur]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2021<br />
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:73362}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], covering the area of [[Jubbal]], [[Kotkhai]] and [[Nawar Valley|Nawar]]. Jubbal Kotkhai constituency is a part of [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jubbal-kotkhai.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|- <br />
| [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bala Nand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. Lal <br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=3 | [[Thakur Ram Lal]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Virbhadra Singh]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | [[Thakur Ram Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || [[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Narinder Bragta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Narinder Bragta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2021 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2021 By-election]] || rowspan=2 | [[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-03|title=Himachal Pradesh: Rohit Thakur beats BJP rebel to secure Jubbal-Kotkhai|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/himachal-pradesh-rohit-thakur-beats-bjp-rebel-to-secure-jubbal-kotkhai-7605235/|access-date=2021-11-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2021 bye election results |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS0865.htm?ac=65 |website=www.results.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=5 March 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125072049/http://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS0865.htm?ac=65 |archivedate=25 January 2022}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,393 |percentage=52.65% |change={{decrease}}0.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chetan Singh Bragta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,324 |percentage=44.15% |change={{increase}}39.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishal Shankta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,256 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=239 |percentage=0.40% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=187 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shrikant Chauhan |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=163 |percentage=0.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suman Kadam |party=Independent politician |votes=65 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,069 |percentage=8.50% |change= {{decrease}}2.62 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,627 |percentage=81.28% |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,362 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.38 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.27 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly By-election 2021 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2021 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/13971-bye-elections-2021-parliamentary-and-assemblies/|title=Bye Elections 2021 (Parliamentary and Assemblies)|date=21 January 2022 |access-date=10 December 2023|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,955 |percentage=52.92% |change={{increase}}5.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chetan Singh Bragta |party=Independent politician |votes=23,662 |percentage=41.80% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Seraik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,644 |percentage=4.67% |change={{decrease}}45.14 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,293 |percentage=11.12% |change= {{increase}}9.19 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,607 |percentage=78.51% |change= {{decrease}}2.17 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,965 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.46 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.10 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narinder Bragta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,466 |percentage=49.81% |change={{increase}}10.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,404 |percentage=47.89% |change={{decrease}}9.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lokinder Jhouta |party=Independent politician |votes=370 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=289 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,062 |percentage=1.93% |change= {{decrease}}15.99 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,137 |percentage=81.94% |change= {{increase}}2.76 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,289 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.94 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.74 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,219 |percentage=57.55% |change={{increase}}11.28 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narinder Bragta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,124 |percentage=39.64% |change={{decrease}}12.89 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lal Kesta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=683 |percentage=1.35% |change={{increase}}0.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lokinder Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=632 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,095 |percentage=17.91% |change= {{increase}}11.66 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,770 |percentage=79.18% |change= {{increase}}2.65 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,121 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.70 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.02 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narinder Bragta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,714 |percentage=52.53% |change={{increase}}15.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,890 |percentage=46.27% |change={{decrease}}7.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bobby Sawant |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=532 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,824 |percentage=6.26% |change= {{decrease}}10.70 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,145 |percentage=76.53% |change= {{decrease}}1.08 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,990 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.42 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2003 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,884 |percentage=54.22% |change={{decrease}}15.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,040 |percentage=37.26% |change={{increase}}25.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal Singh |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=1,817 |percentage=4.50% |change={{increase}}2.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh |party=Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh |votes=1,621 |percentage=4.02% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,844 |percentage=16.96% |change= {{decrease}}35.67 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,362 |percentage=77.95% |change= {{increase}}8.76 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,009 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.48 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.12 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1998 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Ram Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,762 |percentage=69.34% |change={{increase}}0.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Pal |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,728 |percentage=16.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,062 |percentage=11.85% |change={{decrease}}3.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Het Ram |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=717 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,034 |percentage=52.62% |change= {{decrease}}0.70 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,269 |percentage=70.35% |change= {{decrease}}2.43 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,777 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.46 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.41 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1993 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Ram Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,745 |percentage=68.93% |change={{increase}}21.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,922 |percentage=15.60% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narinder Bragta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,880 |percentage=15.47% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,823 |percentage=53.33% |change= {{increase}}48.57 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,547 |percentage=71.82% |change= {{decrease}}5.48 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,260 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.70 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Ram Lal]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=16,209 |percentage=51.87% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virbhadra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,723 |percentage=47.11% |change={{decrease}}36.89 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bela Ram Chauhan |party=Janata Party |votes=320 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,486 |percentage=4.75% |change= {{decrease}}68.11 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,252 |percentage=77.27% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,718 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.07 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virbhadra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,125 |percentage=84.00% |change={{decrease}}1.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,667 |percentage=11.13% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Lal Pirta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,167 |percentage=4.87% |change={{decrease}}8.86 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,458 |percentage=72.87% |change= {{increase}}1.25 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,959 |percentage=74.56% |change= {{decrease}}5.23 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,299 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.41 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.34 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Ram Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,765 |percentage=85.34% |change={{increase}}25.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Lal Pirta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,340 |percentage=13.73% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=178 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,425 |percentage=71.61% |change= {{increase}}42.82 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,332 |percentage=80.18% |change= {{increase}}10.46 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,642 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.41 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}25.15 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Ram Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,115 |percentage=60.19% |change={{decrease}}33.63 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh Jhina |party=Janata Party |votes=5,799 |percentage=31.41% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guman Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,114 |percentage=6.03% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iswar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=237 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh Mehta |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,316 |percentage=28.79% |change= {{decrease}}60.35 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,465 |percentage=69.95% |change= {{increase}}4.21 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,783 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.01 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}33.63 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thakur Ram Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,201 |percentage=93.83% |change={{increase}}14.23 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh Mehta |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=760 |percentage=4.69% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh Jhina |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,441 |percentage=89.14% |change= {{increase}}20.86 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,201 |percentage=65.75% |change= {{increase}}5.17 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,029 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.04 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.23 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,496 |percentage=79.59% |change={{increase}}79.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,492 |percentage=11.31% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Nand |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=5.22% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=510 |percentage=3.87% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,004 |percentage=68.28% |change= {{increase}}45.03 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,187 |percentage=62.78% |change= {{increase}}16.84 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,142 |ref = |change= {{increase}}50.12 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}31.88 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jubbal-Kotkhai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bala Nand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,006 |percentage=47.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhag Mal Sautha |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=1,541 |percentage=24.46% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huma Nand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,105 |percentage=17.54% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kesho Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=648 |percentage=10.29% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,465 |percentage=23.25% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,300 |percentage=42.71% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,750 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Jubbal Kotkhai]]<br />
* [[Shimla district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|31.11|77.67|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Shimla district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khyrunnisa_A.&diff=509895Khyrunnisa A.2026-04-11T19:09:34Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Started article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian author}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
|name=Khyrunnisa A.<br />
|image=Khyrunnisa A.jpg<br />
|caption=Khyrunnisa A; Creator & author of the Butterfingers' series.<br />
|birth_place=[[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
|nationality=Indian<br />
|genre=[[Children's literature]], [[Realistic fiction]], [[Humour]]<br />
|education=[[University of Kerala]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Khyrunnisa A.''' is an Indian author of children's fiction, speaker, academic and columnist who also writes for adults. She created the comic book character 'Butterfingers'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://penguin.co.in/author/a-khyrunnisa/|title=Khyrunnisa A – Penguin India|work=Penguin India|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en-US|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728182613/https://penguin.co.in/author/a-khyrunnisa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The character first appeared in the Indian children's magazine ''[[Tinkle]]''. Thirteen-year-old Amar Kishen, aka Butterfingers, now features in the eponymous Butterfingers series of novels and short story collections published by [[Puffin Books|Puffin]], the children's imprint of [[Penguin Group|Penguin Random House India]].<br />
<br />
She has written two books for adults ''Tongue in Cheek: The Funny Side of Life'' (2019), published by Westland,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2019-07-26 |title=Author Khyrunnisa A has two different books ready for release |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/author-khyrunnisa-a-ready-with-two-different-books/article28721733.ece |access-date=2019-08-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and ''Chuckle Merry Spin: Us in the U.S'', also published by Westland, in September 2022. It is a humorous travelogue based on her trip to the U.S. in 2018.<br />
<br />
Her book of animal stories for young readers titled ''The Lizard of Oz and Other Stories'', published by Scholastic, appeared in 2019.<ref name=":1" /> Another book of animal stories, ''The Crocodile Who Ate Butter Chicken For Breakfast and Other Stories'', was published by Red Panda, the children's imprint of Westland, on 17 August 2020. Shashi Tharoor had this to say about the book, 'Khyrunnisa's oeuvre now has some unique and lovely animal stories giving it the resonance of a Panchatantra for the contemporary world.'<br />
<br />
In February 2021, ''Baby and Dubdub'', a warm and funny novella about the relationship between a boy, a dog and a baby, was published by Talking Cub, the children's imprint of Speaking Tiger.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Baby and Dubdub seaking tiger – Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Baby+and+Dubdub+seaking+tiger |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=google.com}}</ref> ''The Couch Potato Who Said Ouch and Other Funny Stories'', a fun collection of twenty stories, was published by Red Panda, (Westland Books) in January 2024. Around the same time, ''Ka Kha Ga'', a picture book, was published by [[DC Books]], illustrated by Monami Roy. Her latest book, ''Agassi and the Great Cycle Race,'' was published by Puffin (Penguin Random House) in February 2025.<br />
<br />
Khyrunnisa's first three children's novels ''Howzzat Butterfingers!'' (2010),<ref name="All about Butterfingers">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/All-about-Butterfingers/article16191991.ece|title=All about Butterfingers|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en}}</ref> ''Goal, Butterfingers! (2012)'' and ''Clean Bowled, Butterfingers!'' ''(2015)'', were followed by three collections of short stories, ''The Misadventures of Butterfingers (2016''), ''Run, It's Butterfingers Again!'' (2017) and ''Of Course It’s Butterfingers!'' (2018).<ref name="Nagarajan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/author-khyrunnisa-a-on-the-sixth-book-of-the-butterfingers-series/article25670537.ece|title=Butterfingers is back in action|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2018-12-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''Smash It, Butterfingers!'' a rollicking badminton-based novel and the seventh in the Butterfingers series, came out in July 2021. All the Butterfingers books were launched by [[Shashi Tharoor|Shashi Tharoor, Member of Parliament]].<br />
<br />
In 2022, the Malayalam translation of her first novel, ''Howzzat Butterfingers!'', was published by [[Mathrubhumi]] Books under the title, ''Itha Butterfingers!'' The book was translated by Kaikasi V.S.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title='ഹൗസ്സാറ്റ് ബട്ടർഫിംഗേഴ്സി'ന്റെ മലയാള പരിഭാഷ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/ithaa-butterfingers-book-khyrunnisa-a-children-s-literature-english-writer-kaikasi-translation-1.8121449 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the Malayalam translation of ''Tongue in Cheek: the Funny Side of Life'' was published by Mathrubhumi Books under the title ''Kulchayum Phulkayum... Pinne Nyanum'' . It was translated by K.T. Rajagopalan.<br />
<br />
In May 2023, ''The World of Butterfingers: Adventure in Texas and Other Stories'', a hilarious hundred page comic featuring Butterfingers and illustrated by Abhijeet Kini, was published by Puffin ( Penguin Random House).<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-26 |title=Why did Butterfingers character created by Khyrunissa A go to Texas in a new comic book |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-arts/chen-books/why-did-butterfingers-character-created-by-khyrunissa-a-go-to-texas-in-a-new-comic-book/article66887550.ece |access-date=2023-06-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Another rib-tickling three-in-one hundred page comic titled ''The World of Butterfingers: The Halloween Adventure and Other Stories'' also illustrated by Abhijeet Kini and published by Puffin (PRH) came out in June 2025.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2025-06-29 |title=Children's author Khyrunnisa A on her latest book in the 'Butterfingers' series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/khyrunnisa-a-on-her-latest-book-in-the-butterfingers-series/article69744181.ece |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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A book of her prize-winning stories, ''Lost in Ooty and Other Adventure Stories'', was brought out by Unisun Publications in 2010. Some of her stories for children and for adults have appeared in anthologies published by Puffin, [[Children's Book Trust]], Talking Cub, Red Panda and Unisun Publications. She writes stories regularly for the children's magazine, ''Dimdima'', a Bhavan's publication.<br />
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''Butterfingers'', Khyrunnisa's entry for the Annual All India Tinkle Short story competition for adult writers of children's fiction in 1996, won her the second prize.<ref name="Packing a punch">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/packing-a-punch/article7976594.ece|title=Packing a punch|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en}}</ref> She went on to win the first prize at the competition for the next seven consecutive years – from 1997 to 2003. In 2007, she won the prestigious Unisun Children's Fiction Award. She also has five Children's Book Trust prizes to her credit.<br />
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''Smash it, Butterfingers!'' was short-listed for [[Sahitya Akademi]]'s [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] 2024 (English).<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2024 |title=Press Release - Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2024 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2024.pdf |archive-url=}}</ref> It was long-listed for the JK Paper and Times of India Auther Awards 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women AutHer Awards 2022 Longlist announced – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/women-auther-awards-2022-longlist-announced/articleshow/90317034.cms |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> in the Children's Literature category and also featured in Times of India's top ten books for children 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Noteworthy children's books of 2021 by Indian authors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/web-stories/childrens-day-10-noteworthy-childrens-books-of-2021-by-indian-authors/photostory/87680285.cms |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>''The Couch Potato Who Said Ouch and Other Funny Stories'' was longlisted for the [[Kalinga Literary Festival]] 2024 Book Awards (Children; English) and shortlisted for the Jury round of the 2025 Delhi Literature Festival 2025 award in the Children’s category.<br />
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== Personal life ==<br />
Khyrunnisa's parents, A.R. Bijli and Ayesha Bijli, settled down in [[Trivandrum]] as her father, a post master, believed that Trivandrum was the best place to provide his eight children, seven of whom were girls, with good education.<br />
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She continues to reside in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, with her husband P. Vijaya Kumar, a former professor of English and the grandson of Mahakavi [[Kumaran Asan]], who was one of the triumvirate poets of Kerala, a philosopher, a social reformer and a disciple of Sree Narayana Guru. They have one son, Amar Vijaykumar, an engineer, who is married to Arpitha Sridhara. The two are currently working in the USA.<ref name="yentha.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/LITERATURE-Author-Profile-Khyrunnisa-A|title=LITERATURE: Author Profile – Khyrunnisa A – Trivandrum News {{!}} Yentha.com|last=yentha.com|website=yentha.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-21|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024646/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/LITERATURE-Author-Profile-Khyrunnisa-A|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Go, Butter, go!">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/go-butter-go/article18387112.ece|title=Go, Butter, go!|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en}}</ref> Their son Neil was born in Dallas on 20 June 2021.<br />
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== Education ==<br />
Khyrunnisa did her schooling in [[Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum]], and her undergraduate studies in All Saints College and postgraduate as well as M Phil. in University College, Trivandrum. She was awarded the 3rd rank for BA English Literature in [[University of Kerala|Kerala University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/LITERATURE-Author-Profile-Khyrunnisa-A|title=LITERATURE: Author Profile – Khyrunnisa A – Trivandrum News|website=yentha.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024646/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/LITERATURE-Author-Profile-Khyrunnisa-A|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Khyrunnisa worked as associate professor of English at All Saints' College, Thiruvananthapuram. She was appointed Management Trainee in [[Punjab National Bank]] and worked there for two years before resigning to take up a teaching job at All Saints' College.<br />
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She was a columnist for [[The New Indian Express]], writing on classics and well known works of fiction and for [[The Hindu]] where she had a popular fortnightly humour column, Inside View in The Hindu MetroPlus. She has freelanced for publications like Outlook Traveller, Manorama Year Book and Kerala Calling, among others.<ref name="yentha.com"/><br />
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== Butterfingers ==<br />
The Butterfinger series revolves around the escapades of thirteen-year-old Amar Kishen, a class VIII student of the fictitious Green Park Higher Secondary School. Amar's slip-grip methods and his clumsy antics earned him the nickname Butterfingers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-khyrunnisa-a-on-clean-bowled-butterfingers/article7350130.ece|title=For the kid within|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Butterfingers, named after Khyrunnisa's son, Amar, first appeared in 2006 in ''[[Tinkle]]'', a fortnightly Indian children's magazine, as a regular comic-strip character. The illustrations were by Abhijeet Kini, the Mumbai-based illustrator and graphic artist.<br />
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The Butterfingers series, published by Puffin, began with the novel, ''Howzzat Butterfingers!'' in 2010.<ref name="All about Butterfingers"/> This humorous cricket-based book was followed in 2012 by ''Goal, Butterfingers!''<ref name="Packing a punch"/>'','' a football-based adventure novel which also includes an environmental theme.<ref name="yentha.com"/> The third in the series, ''Clean Bowled, Butterfingers!'' was published in 2015 and is another cricket-based novel with a farcical plot in which Amar and his friends invent a variation of cricket called 'Crack It' when the school's cricket gear gets stolen. This game, played without cricket bats and balls, has its own absurd rules.<br />
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''The Misadventures of Butterfingers'', the fourth book in the series, came out in 2016 and is a collection of short stories. It was followed by two collections of short stories'', Run! It's Butterfingers Again!''<ref name="Go, Butter, go!"/><ref name="Thumbs up for Indian writing">{{Cite news |title=Thumbs up for Indian writing |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/thumbs-up-for-indian-writing/article18476520.ece |access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref> in 2017 and ''Of Course It's Butterfingers!'' in 2018.<ref name="Nagarajan"/> In July 2021, a badminton-based novel, ''Smash It, Butterfingers!'' was published.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Smash It, Butterfingers! |url=https://penguin.co.in/book/smash-it-butterfingers/ |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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In 2022, ''Itha Butterfingers!,'' the Malayalam translation of ''Howzzat Butterfingers!'', was published by Mathrubhumi Books. The book was translated by Kaikasi V.S.<ref name=":4" /><br />
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In 2023, Puffin (Penguin Random House) came out with a hundred-page comic book, titled ''The World of Butterfingers: Adventure in Texas and Other Stories'' and illustrated by Abhijeet Kini.<ref name=":5" /> It includes three stories featuring Butterfingers. It was followed by another 3-in-1 one hundred page comic book in 2025 titled ''The World of Butterfingers: The Halloween Adventure and Other'' Stories, also illustrated by Abhijeet Kini.<ref name="The Hindu"/><br />
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The books have received praise from different quarters. [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi]], former Indian cricket captain, wrote of ''Howzzat Butterfingers!'': 'What great fun! It brings back memories of my prep school days.' The cricketer [[V. V. S. Laxman]] described ''Clean Bowled Butterfingers'' as an 'exuberant mix of school, cricket and fun.' [[Shashi Tharoor]], writer, MP and diplomat, complimented Khyrunnisa 'not just for creating Butterfingers, but for enriching Indian writing with world-class children's literature.' He also said that 'Khyrunnisa's Butterfingers is a gift to the children of our nation!'<br />
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== Bibliography ==<br />
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=== Children's books ===<br />
'''Butterfingers (Novels)'''<br />
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* ''Smash It, Butterfingers!'' (2021)<br />
* ''Clean Bowled, Butterfingers!''(2015)<br />
* ''Goal, Butterfingers!'' (2012)<br />
* ''Howzzat Butterfingers!'' (2010)<br />
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'''Butterfingers (Collections of Short Stories)'''<br />
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* ''Of Course It’s Butterfingers!'' (2018)<br />
* ''Run, It's Butterfingers Again!'' (2017)<br />
* ''The Misadventures of Butterfingers'' (2016)<br />
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'''Butterfingers (Comics)'''<br />
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* ''The World of Butterfingers: The Halloween Adventure and Other Stories'' (2025)<br />
* ''The World of Butterfingers: Adventure in Texas and Other Stories'' (2023)<br />
<br />
====Others====<br />
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*''Agassi and the Great Cycle Race'' (2025)<br />
*''The Couch Potato Who Said Ouch and Other Funny Stories'' (2024)<br />
*''Ka Kha Ga'' (2024) <br />
*''Baby and Dubdub'' (2021)<ref name=":2" /><br />
*''The Crocodile Who Ate Butter Chicken For Breakfast and Other Stories'' (2020)<br />
*''The Lizard of Oz and Other Stories'' (2019)<ref name=":1" /><br />
*''Lost in Ooty and Other Adventure Stories'' (2010)<br />
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=== Books for Adults ===<br />
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*''Chuckle Merry Spin: Us in the U.S'' (2022)<br />
*''Tongue in Cheek: The Funny Side of Life'' (2019)<ref name=":1" /><br />
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=== Books in Translation ===<br />
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*''Kulchayum Phulkayum... Pinne Nyanum'' (2024) Malayalam translation of ''Tongue in Cheek:The Funny Side of Life''<br />
*''Itha Butterfingers!'' (2022) Malayalam translation of ''Howzzat Butterfingers!''<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.khyrunnisa.com Official Website]<br />
* [https://penguin.co.in/book_author/khyrunnisa-a/ Khyrunnisa A.] at [[Penguin India]]<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women humorists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian columnists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian humour columnists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ty%C4%81ga&diff=542205Tyāga2026-04-09T03:00:11Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Created article!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Sanskrit word meaning sacrifice}}<br />
{{Hinduism}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
'''Tyāga''' ([[Sanskrit]]: [[wikt:त्याग#Sanskrit|त्याग]]) is a [[Sanskrit]] word that means "sacrifice, giving up in generosity, forsaking, resigning" anything of value,<ref>Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0400/mw__0489.html Tyaga], Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, page 456</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|author=V.S.Apte|publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=tyaga&matchtype=exact&display=utf8|access-date=2014-02-18|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224142631/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=tyaga&matchtype=exact&display=utf8|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as "renunciation" depending on the context.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kapil N. Tiwari|title=Dimensional of Renunciation in Advaita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pdj41OmtVUoC&pg=PA50|year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0825-6|page=50}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Williams|title=Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLKcrIJ6oscC |year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0775-4|pages=34–35}}</ref> It is an ethical concept in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
Tyāga means&nbsp;– sacrifice, renunciation, abandonment, resignation, donation, forsaking, liberality, withdrawal <ref>{{cite web|title=Sanskrit Dictionary|publisher=Spokensanskrit.de|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=tyAga&direction=SE&link=yes&choice=yes}}</ref> Tyāga which is not merely physical renunciation of the world is different from [[Sannyasa]]; Sannyasa which comes from the root as means&nbsp;– "giving up entirely", Tyāga means&nbsp;– "giving up with generosity what one could probably have kept".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bhagavad Gita: A text and Commentary for Students|author=Jeaneane D.Fowler|year=2012|publisher=Sussex Academy Press|page=273|isbn=9781845193461|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zU4E5ZidVr0C&q=tyaga&pg=PA276}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
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==Hinduism==<br />
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Tyāga or abandonment refers to giving up of all anxieties for enjoying the fruits of actions; through practice of this kind of ''tyāga'' infusing [[discipline]] in daily activities the momentary anxiety to enjoy fruits of actions is overcome. It is a [[Subjectivity|subjective]] renunciation of selfishness and desire.<ref>{{cite book|title=Managerial Ethics: Dilemmas in Decision Making|author=Poonam Sharma|date=16 November 2004|publisher=SAGE|page=106|isbn=9780761932499|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsWIy-T-0B4C&q=tyaga&pg=PA106}}</ref><br />
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''Yajna is Tyāga ''. The [[Vedic]] interpretation of renunciation (''tyāga '') of the fruits of ritual acts including&nbsp;– ''agnistomena svargakāmo yajeta''&nbsp;– "the desire for heaven", which renunciation is to be found expressed in the phrase&nbsp;– ''agnaye idam na mama''&nbsp;– "this is for Agni, not for me"&nbsp;– pronounced by the yajamana at the time of the oblation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rituals and Mantras: Rules without meanings|author=Frits Staal|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=121|isbn=9788120814127|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CKLxjjXqAsQC&q=tyaga+rig+veda&pg=PA179 }}</ref><br />
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The [[Tejobindu Upanishad]] belonging to Krishna- yajurveda explains that in ''Tyāga'' ('renunciation') one abandons the manifestations or objects of the universe through the cognition of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] that is ''Sat'' and ''Cit'' and this is practiced by the wise as the giver of immediate salvation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thirty Minor Upanishads|author=IslamKatob|publisher=Islamic Books|page=79|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CvXZ0j1UyAAC&q=tyaga+upanishads&pg=PA79}}</ref> Thus, [[Kaivalya Upanishad]] portrays the state of man on the way of renunciation (''tyāga'') as having become free of all attachment to the worldly and who, consequently knows and feels himself only as the one divine essence that lives in all.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|author=Paul Deussen|date=September 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=791|isbn=9788120814677|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&q=tyaga+upanishads&pg=PA975}}</ref><br />
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===Tyaga of Bhagavad Gita===<br />
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[[Moksha]] consists in securing lasting freedom from the bondage of existence in the form of birth and death and realizing God who is no other than Bliss (Brahman). Chapter XVIII of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] deals with [[Sannyasa]] and Tyāga, the Paths of Knowledge and Action that are means to the attainment of moksha. [[Krishna]] tells [[Arjuna]] that ''sannyāsa'' is understood as the giving up of all actions motivated by desires, and ''tyāga'' consists in relinquishing the fruit of all actions. There are three kinds of ''Tyāga''&nbsp;– ''Sattvika'', ''Rajasika'' and ''Tamasika'' (Sloka XVIII.4). Acts of sacrifice, charity and penance (the purifiers of wise men) must be performed without attachment or hope of award. Krishna states - मोहात्तस्य परित्यागस्तामसः (the abandonment of prescribed duty through ignorance) is the ''Tamasika'' form of ''tyāga'' and is not advisable. And if abandonment is owing to कायक्लेशभयात्तयजेत् (abandonment for fear of physical strain) then it is ''Rajasika'' form. If abandonment is&nbsp;–<br />
<br />
:कार्यमित्येव यत्कर्म नियतं क्रियतेऽर्जुन |<br />
:सङंग त्यक्त्वा फलं चैव स त्यागः सात्त्विको मतः| (Sloka XVIII.9)<br />
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: "A prescribed duty which is performed simply because it has to be performed, giving up attachment and fruit, that alone has been recognized as the Sattvika form of renunciation."<br />
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Thereafter, Arjuna is told about the marks of a Sattvika-man of renunciation. Krishna states that no one in possession of a body can give up absolutely all action. Instead, a renunciate is one who abstains from any actions that are prohibited or motivated by desire, and who performs duties and renounces the fruit of actions. No fruits of actions accrue for this kind of renunciate (Sloka XVIII.11-12).<ref>{{cite book|title=Srimadbhagavadgita Tattvavivecani|author=Jayadayal Goyandaka|publisher=Gita Press, Gorakhpur|pages=659–669|url= http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/srimad-bhagavad-gita-tattvavivecani-english-commentary-IDE961/}}</ref> In the preceding discourses, Krishna had recommended to Arjuna actions which ought to be performed as duty (Ch.III.19); He told him to perform ordained actions (Ch.III.8), to be free from attachment (Ch.III.9,19 & Ch.II.48), and to have no desire for the fruit of action (Ch.II.47); Krishna had recommended ''Sattvika-tyāga''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita: An Exposition|author=Chhaganlal G. Kaji|year=2004|publisher=Genesis Publishing|isbn=9788177558708|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwUiusoi0qQC&q=tyaga&pg=PA558}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Sannyasa and Tyāga===<br />
<br />
[[Sannyasa]] literally means&nbsp;– throwing away, absolute rejection, formal monastic life; in the [[Bhagavad Gita]], it means&nbsp;– mental state of thorough-going renunciation, of uncompromising abandonment of all that is unfit and unworthy, of intense dispassion toward things of the world, both internal and external. Tyāga literally means&nbsp;– abandonment, the turning from all that hinders the realization of the Self; in the [[Bhagavad Gita]], it means&nbsp;– renunciation in the sense of relinquishment of the fruit of action. Sannyāsa is external, even though it is based on internal disposition; Tyāga is completely mental, it is a state of thought and attitude. Arjuna is emphatically told that it is possible to act and accrue no karma whatsoever; it is a matter of consciousness.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gita: Commentary Full|author=IslamKotob|publisher=Islamic Books|page=248,250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b387bE4Ok0oC&q=tyaga&pg=PA248}}</ref><br />
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In this context, [[Chinmayananda]] remarks that abandonment is the true content of the status of renunciation&nbsp;– ''sannyāsa'' without the ''tyāga'' spirit is but an empty show; real abandonment is meant for rising to a nobler status of fulfillment, leading on to the ampler fields of expression, to fuller ways of living and to greater experiences of joy.<ref>{{cite q|Q108731212|year=1996|chapter=18|page=1127,1138|url=https://archive.org/details/holygeetabyswamichinmayana/page/n1193/mode/2up}}</ref> And, [[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo]] explains that&nbsp;– "Sannysa in the standing of the terminology of the sages means the laying aside of desirable actions. In that sense Tyāga, not Sannyasa, is the better way. It is not the desirable actions that must be laid aside, but the desire that gives them that character has to be put away from us... The spiritual transference of all works to the Master and his Shakti is the real sannyāsa in the teachings of the Gita.... The essence of renunciation, the true Tyāga, the true sannyāsa is not any rule of thumb of inaction but a disinterested soul, a selfless mind, the transition from ego to the free impersonal and spiritual nature. "<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gita and its Message|author=Aurobindo|date=March 1996|publisher=Lotus Press|pages=252–256|isbn=9780941524780|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QnSE5zrNjVUC&q=tyaga&pg=PA252}}</ref><br />
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[[Self-control|Self-discipline]] too becomes a form of ''Sattvika-tyāga'', during the course of which exercise one has control over negative emotions and behaviours such as anger, greed and pride.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gita on Effective Leadership|author=Pujan Roka|date=April 2006|publisher=iUniverse|page=139|isbn=9780595370405|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWw-tGKmEYgC&q=tyaga&pg=PA139}}</ref> [[The Bhagavad Gita]] projects action to serve as steps on the path of spiritual ascent, as an effective means to purify the mind through diligently cultivated mental discipline in action; the true fruit of Tyāga is an elevating sense of peace and fulfillment, even if it entails a bit of physical discomfort.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Making Man Part 2|author=Chinmayananda|publisher=Chinmaya Mission|page=339|isbn=9788175974692|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSiiLlXehVUC&q=tyaga&pg=PA339}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Jainism==<br />
<br />
According to [[Tattvartha Sutra]], an ascetic’s [[dharma]] consists of ten elements i.e. abstract virtues, which are&nbsp;– ''ksama'' ('forbearance'), ''[[mardava]]'' ('humility'), ''arjava'' ('uprightness'), ''sauca'' ('desirelessness'), ''satya'' ('truthfulness'), ''samyama'' ('self-discipline'), ''tapas'' ('self-mortification'), ''tyaga'' ('renunciation'), ''akincanya'' ('poverty') and ''brahmacharya'' ('celibacy'). [[Hemachandra]] has recognized only two of the ten ''pratyakhyanas'' viz. ''sanketa-pratyakhyana'' and ''addha-pratyakhyana'', the former, which is of eight types, is symbolic and the devotee refrains from taking food for some time by which renunciation he recalls his mind to his religious duties; the latter, is ritualistic, also connected with abstention from or renouncing food, and has a set methodology to adopt. [[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsa-vrata]] practiced by the ''Svetambras'' refers to the renunciation of killing. Basically, there are five kinds of ''tyāgas'' included in the eleven pratimās viz. ''sacitta-tyāga pratimā'', the stage of renouncing uncooked food; ''ārambha-tyāga pratimā'', the stage of abandonment of all professional activity; ''parigraha-tyāga pratimā'', the stage of transferring publicly one’s property to a son or relative; ''anumati-tyāga pratimā'', the stage of leaving the household and refraining from counselling in household matters, and ''uddista-tyāga pratimā'', the stage of not eating food especially prepared for oneself i.e. the stage of seeking alms like a monk, commonly followed by '' [[Śvētāmbara|Svetambras]] '', '' [[Digambara]]s '' and ''Avasyaka-Curni''. [[Nemicandra]] gives a list of eighty-four asatanas which includes ''sacittanām atayāga'' or failure to remove sentient objects and ''ajive tyāga'' or failure to remove non-sentient objects.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Sarvakacaras|author=R.Williams|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=34,69,173,227|isbn=9788120807754|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LLKcrIJ6oscC&q=tyaga&pg=PA173}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Nekkhamma]]<br />
*[[Vairagya]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Indian philosophy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyaga}}<br />
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Jain philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Samkhya]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Vedanta]]<br />
[[Category:Causality]]<br />
[[Category:Asceticism]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu monasticism]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu ethics]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._Tamilselvan&diff=531357S. Tamilselvan2026-04-02T04:53:25Z<p>MichaelWhite3: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer and literary critic (born 1954)}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = S. Tamilselvan<br />
| image = Tselvan.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|05|27}}<br />
| birth_place = Nagalapuram, [[Thoothukudi district]], Tamil Nadu<br />
| occupation = writer and literary critic<br />
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| period = <br />
| genre = <br />
| subject = <br />
| movement = <br />
| notableworks = ''Veyilotu Potu'', ''Tamizh Sirukathaiyin Thadankal''<br />
| spouse = R. Vellathai<br />
| children = 1<br />
| relatives = [[Konangi]] and [[Murugabhoopathy]] (brothers)<br />
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2025)|BestStory Award by the Tamil Nadu Government Film Corporation (2008)}}<br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = <br />
| portaldisp = <br />
}}<br />
'''S. Tamilselvan''' is a Tamil language writer and literary critic from Tamilnadu. He has written more than fifty books, including essays, short stories, and children's literature, on a variety of subjects including literature, culture, education, science, feminism, politics, and history. He received the 2025 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in the Literary Criticism category for his work ''Tamizh Sirukathaiyin Thadankal'', critically analyzes Tamil short stories from different generations.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
S. Tamilselvan was born on 27 May 1954 in Nagalapuram, [[Thoothukudi district]] of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="vikatan">{{cite news |title=விகடனில் தொடராக வெளிவந்த நூலுக்கு சாகித்ய அகாடமி விருது! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/sahitya-academy-award-winner-satamilselvan |work=vikatan.com |date=16 March 2026 |language=ta}}</ref> His grandfather, [[Madhurakavi Bhaskara Das]], was a playwright and the mentor of [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], [[S. G. Kittappa]], and [[K. B. Sundarambal]], and his father M. S. Shanmugam was a writer, who wrote on various journals of the Dravidian movement.<ref name="vikatan"/> His mother is Saraswathi.<ref name="vikatan"/> Writer [[Konangi]] and playwright [[Murugabhoopathy]] are Tamilselvan's brothers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/ki-ra-award-is-to-be-presented-to-writer-konangi-this-year/articleshow/85764646.cms|title=கோணங்கிக்கு கி.ரா விருது: பரிசுத் தொகை 5 லட்சம்!|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta|access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tamilselvan grew up in Nenmeni Mettupatti, Virudhunagar district and completed his schooling.<ref name="Dinakaran">{{cite news |title=தமிழ் சிறுகதையின் தடங்கள் எனும் புத்தகத்திற்கு எழுத்தாளர் ச.தமிழ்ச்செல்வனுக்கு சாகித்ய அகாடமி விருது - Dinakaran |url=https://www.dinakaran.com/news/sahityaakademi-award-book-trails-tamilshortstories-writer-stamilchelvan/ |work=Dinakaran |language=ta}}</ref> He completed his college studies at Kovilpatti.<ref name="Dinakaran"/> Born into a family of writers, he was drawn to reading and later to writing at an early age.<ref name="vikatan"/> His first poem was published in the small magazine ''Neelakkuuil''. His first short story appeared in the journal ''Thamarai''.<ref name="vikatan"/><br />
<br />
In early years Tamilselvan was attracted to [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] ideology.<ref name="Andhimazhai">{{Cite news |last=கவிதாபாரதி |title=எழுத்தும் சமூகமும் |url=https://www.andhimazhai.com/web-series/literature-and-society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307055956/https://www.andhimazhai.com/web-series/literature-and-society |archive-date=2026-03-07 |access-date=2026-04-01 |work=Andhimazhai |language=ta}}</ref> He also stated that the character Aravindan of the famous Tamil novel "Kurinjimalar" written by [[Na. Parthasarathy]] was his role model.<ref name="Andhimazhai" /> Inspired by the character’s Gandhian values and patriotic spirit, Tamilselvan even used to dress like him.<ref name="Andhimazhai" /><br />
<br />
Inspired by Gandhism and patriotism, he joined the Indian army. There he started reading English books. Poems by [[Kamala Surayya|Kamala Das]], novels by [[Pritish Nandy]], Shasti Pratha and [[Bharati Mukherjee]] were his favorites that time.<ref name="Andhimazhai" /><br />
<br />
Unable to adapt to the mechanized discipline of the army, he returned home after a few years and settled in [[Kovilpatti]].<ref name="Andhimazhai" /> At that time, Kovilpatti was the home of many left-wing progressive literary youth, including well-known writers. He too became one of them.<ref name="Andhimazhai" /> He started writing extreme left-wing poetry, and also ran a manuscript magazine called ''Kizhakku''.<ref name="Andhimazhai" /><br />
<br />
He joined the postal service as an employee, and attracted towards the trade union activism.<ref name="Andhimazhai" /> Subsequently, he joined the 'Tamil Nadu Murpokku Ezhuthalar Kalaignargal Sangam' (TMMS) and later became its state president.<ref name="Andhimazhai" /><br />
<br />
===Personal life===<br />
Tamilselvan is currently living in [[Sivakasi]] with his wife R. Vellathai, a retired Headmaster.<ref name="Dinakaran"/> His son Siddharth lives in Chennai.<ref name="vikatan"/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Initially working in the Postal Department, Tamilselvan later joined the Indian Army and served on the India-China border.<ref name="vikatan"/> Later, he left the army and rejoined the Postal Department.<ref name="vikatan"/><br />
<br />
Also a left-wing thinker affiliated with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], S. Tamilselvan also served as the state secretary and president of the progressive writers and artistes association in the state called 'Tamil Nadu Murpokku Ezhuthalar Kalaignargal Sangam' (TMMS).<ref name="minnambalam">{{cite news |title=எழுத்தாளர் ச. தமிழ்ச்செல்வனுக்கு சாகித்திய அகாதமி விருது - முதல்வர் ஸ்டாலின் வாழ்த்து - Writer Sa Tamil Selvan Sahitya Akademi Award 2025 Tamil Sirukathaiyin Thadangal |url=https://minnambalam.com/writer-sa-tamil-selvan-sahitya-akademi-award-2025-tamil-sirukathaiyin-thadangal/ |date=16 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="vikatan"/> He played a major role in expanding the reach of the association to all corners of the state, thereby attracting a large number of youth to the organization.<ref name="vikatan"/><br />
<br />
He also participated in the ''Arivoli'' (meaning:Light of Knowledge) movement, traveling from village to village to create awareness about the importance of education.<ref name="vikatan"/> For this, Tamilselvan wrote several pamphlets and composed several songs.<ref name="vikatan"/> Eventually, he voluntarily retired from his position in the Postal Department to focus more on these movements.<ref name="vikatan"/><br />
<br />
Tamilselvan also served as the editor of the literary magazine ''Semmalar''.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=S. Tamilselvan wins Sahitya Akademi award for literary criticism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/s-tamilselvan-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-for-literary-criticism/article70750415.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 March 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Contributions==<br />
Tamilselvan has written more than 50 books, including essays, short stories, and children's literature, on a variety of subjects including literature, culture, education, science, feminism, politics, and history.<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=SA Tamilselvan wins Sahitya Akademi Award for literary criticism |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Mar/17/sa-tamilselvan-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-for-literary-criticism-3 |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> His works range from small pamphlets of about 16 pages to large volumes of up to 1,000 pages.<ref name="The New Indian Express"/><br />
<br />
Tamilselvan's first collection of short stories, ''Veilode Poi'', was released in 1984. The short story ''Veilode Poi'', included in that collection, was adapted into film by film director Sasi under the title ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]''.<ref name="vikatan"/> For that film, he was awarded the Tamil Nadu Government's Award for Best Story for Film.<ref name="vikatan"/><br />
<br />
As of 2024, of the 52 books of Tamilselvan , apart from ''Iruttu Ennakku Padukku'' (Vasal Publishing), ''Peshatha Peschelam'' (Uyirumai Publishing), ''Modeyaman Kaatruyum Isivana Kadalalaiyum'' (Collection of Stories, Thamizhini Publishing) and ''Naan Pesha Paramundu'' (Vamsi Publishing), the other books that have been published by Bharathi Puthakalayam.<ref name="Hindu Tamil">{{cite news |title=ச.தமிழ்ச்செல்வன் 70: தமிழுக்கும் அறிவுக்குமான தொண்டு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/opinion/columns/1275885-s-tamilchelvan-70-charity-for-tamil-and-knowledge.html |work=Hindu Tamil Thisai |date=7 July 2024 |language=ta}}</ref> Some of his books like ''Namakhana Kutumbam'' [meaning:Our family] and ''Arasiyal Enak Pudikum'' [meaning: I like politics] have seen 27 editions so far.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/> Both these books have sold several lakh copies.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/><br />
<br />
''Namakhana Kutumbam'' [meaning:Our family] is a book that has scientifically explained the historical facts about the origin, development and present state of the family system.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/> The series ''Esappatu'' written by him in the daily ''Hindu Tamil Vekti'' talks about interactions between women and our society.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/> The book ''Theivam Saatchi'' [meaning: God is the witness] tells the stories of more than 60 women who are worshiped as folk goddesses in Tamil land.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/> The book ''Sappatu Ramanin Ninaivalikal'' covers the recipe, taste and variety, starting from the traditional Tamil cuisine to the present-day paratha.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/> But this is not a collection of recipe; The book says that men taking up cooking is the first step in trying to free women.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/><br />
<br />
His work ''Tamizh Sirukathaiyin Thadankal'' [meaning:Traces of the Tamil Short Story] that focus on the history of Tamil short stories, critically analyzes Tamil short stories from V. V. S. Iyer's ''Kulthankarai Arasamaram'', which is widely considered to be the first short story in Tamil.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |title=Tamilselvan receives Sahitya Akademi award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamilselvan-receives-sahitya-akademi-award/article70808601.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The book classifies Tamil short stories into 6 main categories manikodi-writing, mass magazines, left-wing thought, Dravidian movement, Dalit and women writers.<ref name="Dinakaran"/> In this book, he compares the works of 57 important short story writers including [[Pudhumaipithan]], [[K. P. Rajagopalan]], [[Jayakanthan]] and [[K. Rajanarayanan]] with their social backgrounds.<ref name="Dinakaran"/> Not just a literary review, this book conveys to the readers the political and economic environment of the time when a work was created.<ref name="Dinakaran"/><br />
<br />
The book ''Kettathal Solla Nerinthath'' includes a collection of interviews with him conducted by journalists and writers.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/> He notes that in response to the questions asked of him, he simply presented the thoughts that came to him at those particular moments.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/> His book Zi''ndabad Zindabad'', describe a trade unionist's experience in politics.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The series ''Pesatha Pachellam'', which he wrote in 'Uiirmai' magazine, has been published as a book with the same title.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/> In this book, in a very emotional mood, he describes the way his life experiences interacted with many of his fellow human beings who have passed away.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/> The book ''Nan Pesa Virumbikiren'' [meaning:I want to talk] features poetic essays on noted artistic figures like [[Frida Kahlo]], [[Ingrid Bergman]], [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Egon Schiele]], and [[Liv Ullmann]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=உமா |first1=வி |title=ச.தமிழ்ச்செல்வனின் 'நான் பேச விரும்புகிறேன்' புத்தக விமரிசனம்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/book-space/2018/Jan/25/liv-ulmann-and-frida-kahlo-2851142.html |work=தினமணி |date=25 January 2018 |language=Tamil}}</ref> These articles were serially published in the quarterly magazine 'Puthuvisai'.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/><br />
<br />
He has also published a 1000 page two-volume history of the communist movementand empowerment of poor peasants in Thanjavur district, titled ''Thiruppiaditha Varalaru''.<ref name="vikatan"/><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and honors==<br />
Tamilselvan received the 2025 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in the Literary Criticism category for his work "Tamizh Sirukathaiyin Thadankal".<ref name="The Hindu"/> He has also been honoured with the Sahitya Akademi Award for his works like ''Veyilodu Poyi'' and ''Valin Solani''.<ref name="minnambalam"/> Best Story Award by the Tamil Nadu Government Film Corporation.<ref name="Hindu Tamil"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamilselvan, S.}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1954 births]]<br />
[[Category:living people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]<br />
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Marxist historians]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Mohan_Yadav&diff=471737Chandra Mohan Yadav2026-03-20T23:38:22Z<p>MichaelWhite3: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Nepali politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Dr. Chandra Mohan Yadav<br />
| native_name = चन्द्र मोहन यादव<br />
| office1 = Elected Member of Parliament of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2026 -<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| image =<br />
| party = [[Nepali Congress]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Janakpur]], [[Dhanusa District|Dhanusa]], [[Nepal]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| residence = Janakpur, Province No. 2, Nepal<br />
| alma_mater = [[PGIMER Chandigarh]]<br />
| website = <br />
| father = [[Ram Baran Yadav]]<br />
| mother = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dr. Chandra Mohan Yadav''' ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: चन्द्र मोहन यादव) is a [[Nepalis|Nepali]] politician of [[Nepali Congress]] and has been elected as Member of the Nepalese Parliament (Proportionate Candidate) in the House of Representatives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=राष्ट्रपतिका छोरा धनुषा ५ मा विजयी|url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2013/11/138721|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Online Khabar|language=en-US}}</ref> He is also central committee member of Nepali Congress. Yadav is the eldest son of [[Ram Baran Yadav]], the first president of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-12|title=तीन दशकपछि निधि र यादव मिलेपछि...|url=https://todaykhoj.com/2021/09/12/32584/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Today Khoj|language=en-US}}</ref> In the party, Yadav is one of the closest to vice president [[Bimalendra Nidhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=कांग्रेस प्रदेश नेतृत्वमा आकांक्षीको लहर|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2021/11/08/16363339134599986.html|access-date=2021-11-30|website=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Samaya|first=Nepal|title=प्रदेश २ मा यसरी समर्थन जुटाउन खोज्दैछन् निधि|url=https://nepalsamaya.com/politics/2021-10-20-172239|access-date=2021-11-30|website=nepalsamaya.com|language=en-gb}}</ref><br />
<br />
Yadav is also a doctor ([[Radiology|radiologist]]) by profession.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete Diagnostic Center Pvt. Ltd|url=http://cdcjnp.com.np/blogpost/4|access-date=2021-11-30|website=cdcjnp.com.np}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral history ==<br />
'''2013 Constituent Assembly Election'''<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
'''Dhanusha-5'''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Party<br />
!Candidate<br />
!Votes<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nepali Congress]]<br />
|Chandra Mohan Yadav<br />
|11,703<br />
|Elected<br />
|-<br />
|[[CPN-UML]]<br />
|[[Raghubir Mahaseth]]<br />
|10,023<br />
|Lost<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[2022 Janakpur municipal election]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Chandra Mohan}}<br />
[[Category:Nepali Congress politicians from Madhesh Province]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dhanusha District]]<br />
[[Category:Nepalese Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoya_Akhtar&diff=460224Zoya Akhtar2026-03-16T21:50:41Z<p>MichaelWhite3: expand page as per guidelines for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian filmmaker (born 1972)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Zoya Akhtar<br />
| image = Zoya Akhtar at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Akhtar at the [[2024 Toronto International Film Festival|2024 TIFF Film Festival]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|10|14|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| alma_mater = {{Ubl<br />
| [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]]<br />
| [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts|Tisch School of the Arts]]<br />
}}<br />
| occupation = {{Hlist|Filmmaker|screenwriter}}<br />
| yearsactive = 1996–present<br />
| organisation = [[Tiger Baby Films]]<br />
| parents = {{ubl|[[Javed Akhtar]]|[[Honey Irani]]}}<br />
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film clans#Akhtar–Azmi– family|Akhtar family]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Zoya Akhtar''' (born 14 October 1972) is an Indian director, producer and screenwriter who works in [[Hindi]] films and series. Born to [[Javed Akhtar]] and [[Honey Irani]], she completed a diploma in filmmaking from [[New York University|NYU]] and assisted directors [[Mira Nair]], [[Tony Gerber]] and [[Dev Benegal]], before becoming a writer and director. She is the recipient of several accolades, including four [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2020|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|access-date=2020-08-31|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref> Akhtar and frequent collaborator [[Reema Kagti]] founded the production company [[Tiger Baby Films]] in 2015. <br />
<br />
Akhtar made her directorial debut with the drama ''[[Luck by Chance]]'' (2009), winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director]]. She achieved her breakthrough with the comedy-drama ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011), which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]]. She has since directed the comedy-drama ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015), segments in the anthology films ''[[Lust Stories]]'' (2018) and [[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|''Ghost Stories'']] (2020), and the musical drama ''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019), which won her a second Filmfare Award for Best Director. She has also worked on the streaming drama series [[Made in Heaven (TV series)|''Made in Heaven'']] (2019–2023) and the crime thriller series ''[[Dahaad]]'' (2023).<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Akhtar was born to poet, lyricist and screenwriter [[Javed Akhtar]] and screenwriter [[Honey Irani]]. Akhtar's stepmother is actress [[Shabana Azmi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-stepmothers-who-share-a-beautiful-bond-with-their-step-kids/Shabana-Azmi-Farhan-and-Zoya-Akhtar/photostory/62706902.cms|title=Shabana Azmi- Farhan and Zoya Akhtar - Bollywood stepmothers who share a beautiful bond with their step kids|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Her great-grandfather, [[Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi]], a scholar of Islamic studies and theology, edited the first [[Diwan (poetry)|diwan]] of [[Mirza Ghalib]] on his request and later became a figure during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] in his native [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]].<ref name=sat>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Jan+Nissar+Akhtar&pg=PA1796 Jan Nisar Akhtar Biography] ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (D -J)''. by Amaresh Datta. [[Sahitya Akademi]], 2006. {{ISBN|81-260-1194-7}}. ''p. 1796-97''.</ref><br />
<br />
Akhtar grew up in an atheist environment and along with her brother Farhan and father Javed, and does not believe in any religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/10-self-proclaimed-celebrity-atheists/21972/4 |title=10 Self-Proclaimed Celebrity Atheists &#124; Entertainment &#124; iDiva.com &#124; Page 4 |date=3 June 2013 |publisher=iDiva.com |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203026/http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/10-self-proclaimed-celebrity-atheists/21972/4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-who-are-atheist/Farhan-Akhtar/articleshow/45068648.cms|title=Celebs who are atheist|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
=== Early work (1996–2007) ===<br />
Akhtar started her career as the co-director of a music video called ''Price of Bullets'' for a rock band called [[Pentagram (Indian band)|Pentagram]]. She has worked as a [[casting director]] for films including the drama ''[[Split Wide Open]]'' (1999) and the ensemble coming-of-age comedy-drama ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001), and as an [[assistant director]] for her brother [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s films ''Dil Chahta Hai'' and the coming-of-age war drama ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004). She then worked as an [[executive producer]] for her longtime friend and associate [[Reema Kagti]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' (2007), also produced by [[Excel Entertainment]].<ref name="excelzoya">{{cite web|url=http://www.excelmovies.com/|title=Zoya Akhtar|publisher=[[Excel Entertainment]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Reema Kagti and Zoya Akhtar.jpg|thumb|Akhtar ''(right)'' with [[Reema Kagti]]]]<br />
<br />
=== Directorial debut, breakthrough and critical acclaim (2009–2013) ===<br />
Akhtar made her directorial debut with the drama ''[[Luck by Chance|Luck By Chance]]'' (2009), starring her brother Farhan and [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] in lead roles. The film tells the story of a struggling actor who breaks into the industry. It opened to widespread critical acclaim, with high praise directed towards its novel concept, story, screenplay and dialogues; however, the film had an underwhelming performance at the box-office.<ref name="lbc">{{Cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?239688|title=Zoya Akhtar|date=9 February 2009|access-date=28 March 2010|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Box office Top 5|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/532.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 July 2011|archive-date=22 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322041900/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/532.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Luck By Chance - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=786 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> It earned Akhtar the inaugural [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director]], tying for the award with [[Ayan Mukerji]] for ''[[Wake Up Sid]]''.<br />
<br />
In 2011, she achieved her breakthrough with the coming-of-age comedy-drama ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'', which stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Abhay Deol]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Kalki Koechlin]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara: Cast and Crew details|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14207/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207024553/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14207/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2009|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> The film opened to widespread critical acclaim, with praise for its novel concept, storyline and setting. It emerged as a major commercial success at the box-office, grossing ₹1.53 billion (US$19 million) worldwide, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2011|fifth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=33 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara'' earned Akhtar her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]].<br />
<br />
The following year, she and Kagti co-wrote the psychological crime thriller ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]'' (2012), starring an ensemble cast of [[Aamir Khan]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Shernaz Patel]] in lead roles. The film received highly positive reviews upon release and emerged as a commercial success at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talaash - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1197 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, Akhtar teamed up with [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Dibakar Banerjee]] and [[Karan Johar]] for the anthology film ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''. It was made as a celebration of 100 years of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood directors join hands to pay homage to Indian cinema. She teamed up again with the same directorial squad, which consisted of Anurag Kashyap, Dibakar Banerjee, and Karan Johar to a direct Lust Stories, a Netflix Original Indian anthology film, consisting of four short film segments|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bollywood-directors-join-hands-to-pay-homage-to-Indian-cinema/articleshow/13020569.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622040500/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-07/news-interviews/31599052_1_cinema-karan-johar-indian-films|url-status=live|archive-date=22 June 2012|date=7 May 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dubey|first=Bharati|title=Film industry to mark Phalke centenary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Film-industry-to-mark-Phalke-centenary/articleshow/18165999.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419031257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-25/news-interviews/36527754_1_film-industry-dadasaheb-phalke-indian-cinema|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2013|date=25 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> Her segment titled ''Sheila Ki Jawaani'', told the story of a 12-year-old child who idolised Hindi film actress Katrina Kaif and aspires to be a Bollywood dancer, earned her positive reviews from critics. However, the film emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay Talkies - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=884 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Continued success and career expansion (2015–present) ===<br />
[[File:Zoya Akhtar gracing ‘Filmfare Glamour & Style Awards 2016’ (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Akhtar at [[Filmfare]] Glamour & Style Awards in 2016]]<br />
Akhtar next directed the family comedy-drama ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015), which told the story of a dysfunctional Punjabi family. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]], with [[Anil Kapoor]] as an egotistical industrialist, [[Shefali Shah]] as his bitter socialite-wife, and [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Ranveer Singh]] as their children. The film also features [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Farhan Akhtar]] as love interests of Singh and Chopra.<ref>{{cite news|title='Dil Dhadakne Do' - Movie Review|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/dil-dhadakne-do---movie-review/16265195|access-date=4 June 2015|issue=Mid-day.com|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Zoya Akhtar's film is about a dysfunctional Punjabi family|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Zoya-Akhtars-film-is-about-a-dysfunctional-Punjabi-family/articleshow/30851535.cms|access-date=23 February 2014|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=23 February 2014}}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews from critics, and emerged as a commercial success at the box-office, grossing ₹1.44 billion (US$18 million) worldwide, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2015|ninth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Dhadakne Do - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2879 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The same year, Akhtar, along with [[Reema Kagti]], founded [[Tiger Baby Films]], an Indian film production company. <br />
<br />
In 2018, she again teamed up with Kashyap, Banerjee and Johar for the anthology film ''[[Lust Stories]]'', the sequel to ''Bombay Talkies'', which premiered on [[Netflix]] in June 2018. Her segment in the film, about the sexual relationship between a bachelor ([[Neil Bhoopalam]]) and his maid ([[Bhumi Pednekar]]), received positive reviews.<br />
<br />
In 2019, Akhtar directed the musical drama ''[[Gully Boy]]'' starring [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/230617/ranveer-singh-to-turn-composer-in-gully-boyz.html|title = Ranveer Singh to turn composer for Zoya Akhtar's Gully Boyz|date = 23 June 2017|work = Deccan Chronicle|access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref> The film was loosely based on the lives of Mumbai rappers [[Naezy]] and [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://desihiphop.com/ranveer-singh-met-underground-rappers-gully-boy-workshop/181553|title=Ranveer Singh Met Underground Rappers- Ranveer Singh Gully Boy Movie|date=2017-12-20|work=Desi Hip Hop|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-US|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165859/http://desihiphop.com/ranveer-singh-met-underground-rappers-gully-boy-workshop/181553|url-status=dead}}</ref> It received positive reviews from critics upon release, and emerged as a commercial success at the box-office, grossing ₹2.38 billion (US$33.8 million) worldwide, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2019|ninth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gully Boy - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5602 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> At the [[65th Filmfare Awards]], ''Gully Boy'' won a record 13 [[Filmfare Awards]], the most awards for a single film in a year, breaking the previous record of ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' (2005) with 11 wins. The film won Akhtar (along with Kagti) the [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay]], in addition to her second Filmfare Award for Best Director, thus making her the only female director to win the award twice.<br />
<br />
The same year, Akhtar and Kagti created the romantic comedy-drama web series [[Made in Heaven (TV series)|''Made in Heaven'']], alongside [[Nitya Mehra|Nithya Mehra]] and [[Alankrita Shrivastava|Alankrita Srivastava]] which told the story of two wedding planners in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |author=NAIRITA MUKHERJEE |date=18 Jun 2017 |title=After Inside Edge, is Zoya Akhtar's show next on Amazon Prime? |url=http://t2online.com/entertainment/after-inside-edge-is-zoya-akhtar-s-show-next-on-amazon-prime/cid/1.76961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003084529/http://t2online.com/entertainment/after-inside-edge-is-zoya-akhtar-s-show-next-on-amazon-prime/cid/1.76961 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |access-date=17 Jul 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 Dec 2016 |title=Farhan Akhtar might have a cameo in Zoya Akhtar's next |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-might-have-a-cameo-in-zoya-akhtars-next-4427953/ |access-date=18 Jul 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The series, which stars an ensemble cast of [[Arjun Mathur]], [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], [[Jim Sarbh]], [[Shashank Arora]], [[Kalki Koechlin]] and [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]] in lead roles, was produced by [[Tiger Baby Films]] and Excel Entertainment, and premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The first season of the series released in 2019, followed by the second season in 2023, after several delays due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. The series received widespread critical acclaim, with high praise for its dark take on the Big Fat Indian Wedding. <br />
<br />
She was also invited to be a member of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/zoya-akhtar-invited-to-be-member-of-oscar-academy-127967.html|title=Zoya Akhtar invited to be a member of Oscar Academy|website=femina.in|language=en|access-date=2019-07-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, she reteamed with Kashyap, Banerjee and Johar for the [[Horror film|horror]] [[anthology film]] [[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|''Ghost Stories'']], the sequel to ''Lust Stories''.<ref name="niex:ghost">{{Cite news |date=15 April 2019 |title=Karan Johar, Zoya, Dibakar and Anurag reunite for Netflix's 'Ghost Stories' |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/apr/15/karan-johar-zoya-dibakar-and-anurag-reunite-for-netflixs-ghost-stories-1964670.html |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> ''Ghost Stories'' premiered on Netflix on 1 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/netflixs-ghost-stories-to-premier-on-january-1-2020-2403863.html|title=Netflix's Ghost Stories to Premier on January 1, 2020|website=News18|date=28 November 2019 |access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref> Her segment in the film told the story of an ailing bedridden elderly lady ([[Surekha Sikri]]) and her nurse ([[Janhvi Kapoor]]). Unlike its predecessors, it received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics upon release.<br />
<br />
In 2023, she and Kagti co-created the crime thriller web series ''[[Dahaad]]'' starring [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Vijay Varma]] and [[Sohum Shah]] in lead roles. The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video and received positive reviews from critics upon release. It also became the first ever Indian web series to premiere at the 2023 [[Berlin International Film Festival]], where it competed for the Berlinale Series Award. <br />
<br />
Akhtar next directed the [[The Archies (film)|live-action feature film adaptation]] of ''[[The Archies]]'' which released on [[Netflix]] on 7 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 10, 2021 |title=Zoya Akhtar to Direct 'The Archies' Comic Book Adaptation for Netflix (EXCLUSIVE) |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/the-archies-comic-book-adaptation-for-netflix-1235109056/}}</ref> The film stars debutants Agastya Nanda, [[Khushi Kapoor]], [[Suhana Khan]], [[Vedang Raina]], Mihir Ahuja, [[Aditi Saigal]] and Yuvraj Menda as [[Archie Andrews]], [[Betty Cooper]], [[Veronica Lodge]], [[Reggie Mantle]], [[Jughead Jones]], [[Ethel Muggs]] and [[Dilton Doiley]] respectively. It opened to negative reviews from critics and audience alike upon release.<br />
<br />
She next collaborated with Kagti, Arjun Varain Singh and Yash Sahai on the coming-of-age buddy drama ''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]'', directed by Singh and starring [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], [[Ananya Panday]], and [[Adarsh Gourav]] in lead roles.<ref name=":1" /> The film was released on [[Netflix]] on 26 December 2023 and received positive reviews from critics upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Film Alert: Kho Gaye Hum Kahan - In Which Ananya Panday, Siddhant Chaturvedi, Adarsh Gourav "Disconnect To Reconnect" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/new-film-alert-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-in-which-ananya-panday-siddhant-chaturvedi-adarsh-gourav-disconnect-to-reconnect-2542768 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Writer !! Producer !! Note(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 <br />
| ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''<br />
|{{no}} || {{no}} || {{partial|Executive}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| ''[[Luck By Chance]]''<br />
|{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{partial|Executive}} || Directorial debut<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''<br />
|{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || rowspan="2" | co-writer : [[Reema Kagti]]<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]''<br />
|{{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} <br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''<br />
|{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || [[anthology film]]; Segment: ''Sheila Ki Jawaani''<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''<br />
|{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || co-writer : [[Reema Kagti]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''[[Lust Stories]]''<br />
|{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||[[anthology film]]; Segment 2<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''[[Gully Boy]]''<br />
|{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || co-writer : [[Reema Kagti]]<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]''<br />
|{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||[[anthology film]]; Segment 1<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2023<br />
|''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]''<br />
|{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||Live-action musical film adaptation<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-and-archie-comics-partner-for-the-live-action-musical-film-the|title=Netflix and Archie Comics Partner for the Live-Action Musical Film, The Archies, to be Directed By Zoya Akhtar|date=November 11, 2021|website=Netflix Media Center}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''<br />
|{{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Released on [[Netflix]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/it-s-a-wrap-for-ananya-panday-siddhant-chaturvedi-s-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-see-pic-1987625-2022-08-13|title=It's a wrap for Ananya Panday, Siddhant Chaturvedi's Kho Gaye Hum Kahan. See pic|website=India Today|date=13 August 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Superboys of Malegaon]]''<br />
|{{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Released on [[Amazon Prime Video]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/superboys-of-malegaon-trailer-out-adarsh-gourav-starrer-is-all-about-cinema-dreams-and-friendship-watch-article-113120229 |title=Superboys Of Malegaon Trailer OUT! Adarsh Gourav Starrer Is All About Cinema, Dreams And Friendship. WATCH |date=6 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=Times Now |author=Sushmita Dey}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Show !! Creator !! Director !! Writer !! Producer !! Notes !! Platform<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 2019–2023<br />
| ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''<br />
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} <br />
| rowspan=2|{{no wrap|Co-created with}} [[Reema Kagti]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 2023<br />
| ''[[Dahaad]]''<br />
|{{yes}}||{{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other appearances==<br />
She appeared on the [[Valentine's Day]] charity show of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' along with her brother [[Farhan Akhtar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/14kbc.htm|title=Discuss: A Shah Rukh Valentine|date=14 February 2007|publisher=Rediff|access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref> She also appeared in a very brief role as Rasa Devi's ([[Rekha]]'s) courtesan in ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]'' in September 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0015295/|title=Zoya Akhtar|website=IMDb}}</ref> She and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] had a 'fireside chat' with [[Jeff Bezos]] of [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] in January 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/jeff-bezos-shah-rukh-khan-zoya-akhtar-chat-amazon-india-gandhi-bollywood-don-how-to-watch-2167317|title=Jeff Bezos, Shah Rukh Khan, Zoya Akhtar Talk Amazon, Storytelling, Failures, Superstitions, and More: How to Watch|first=Akhil|last=Arora|date=January 21, 2020|access-date=February 8, 2020|publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-joins-jeff-bezos-at-blue-carpet-event-confesses-he-doesn-t-shop-for-underwear-online-see-pics/story-D3SnbskoYvbwiQKNHaSbOO.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan joins Jeff Bezos at blue carpet event, confesses he doesn't shop for 'underwear online'. See pics|date=January 17, 2020|access-date=February 8, 2020|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJJB7eb-1u0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/lJJB7eb-1u0 |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Fireside Chat with Jeff Bezos, Shah Rukh Khan, Zoya Akhtar Amazon Prime Video|website=[[YouTube]] |date=January 17, 2020|access-date=February 8, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Film !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Ref<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|[[Luck by Chance|''Luck By Chance'']]<br />
|rowspan=3|[[55th Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]] (shared with [[Ayan Mukerji]] for ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'')<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan=3|<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/articles/55th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-461.html 55th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213061715/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/55th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-461.html |date=13 February 2010 }} Filmfare.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2020|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|access-date=31 August 2020|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=10|''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''<br />
|[[57th Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Zindagi-Na-Milegi-Dobara-sweeps-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/11676105.cms |title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara sweeps Filmfare Awards |work=The Times of India |accessdate=30 January 2012 |date=31 January 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130091201/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Zindagi-Na-Milegi-Dobara-sweeps-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/11676105.cms |archivedate=30 January 2012 }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5tvV33OWm8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915022941/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5tvV33OWm8|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2016|title=Zoya Announced as Best Director for ''ZNMD'' 2012| website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[13th IIFA Awards]]<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011)&nbsp;— Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/awards/id/535587 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103035713/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/awards/id/535587 |archivedate= 3 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (with Reema Kagti)<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Screen Awards|18th Screen Awards]]<br />
|[[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners+of+18th+Annual+Colors+Screen+Awards+2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=24 January 2015 |date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426180845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners%20of%2018th%20Annual%20Colors%20Screen%20Awards%202012 |archivedate=26 April 2016 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (with Reema Kagti)<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2998/ |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 January 2012 |accessdate=15 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619193032/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2998 |archivedate=19 June 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Story|Best Story]] (with Reema Kagti)<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Star Guild Awards|Star Guild Awards 2012]]<br />
|[[Star Guild Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=7th Apsara Awards&nbsp;– Nominees |publisher=[[Star Guild Awards|Film Producers Guild of India]] |accessdate=27 January 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504100107/http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archivedate= 4 May 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Screenplay (with Reema Kagti)<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Stardust Awards]]<br />
|[[Stardust Award for Dream Director|Dream Director]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060 |title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=15 March 2012 |date=6 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213203922/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060 |archivedate=13 February 2013 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''<br />
|[[Screen Awards|22nd Screen Awards 2016]]<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/star-screen-awards/7050/main-awards-ceremony/1000082990 |title=22 Star Screen Awards |publisher=Star India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317213510/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/star-screen-awards/7050/main-awards-ceremony/1000082990 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Times of India Film Awards|Times of India Film Awards 2016]]<br />
| Best Director<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/category/times-of-india-film-awards-2016 |title=Times of India Film Awards Nominations |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301053044/http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/category/times-of-india-film-awards-2016 |archive-date=1 March 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=13|''[[Gully Boy]]''<br />
|[[26th Screen Awards]]<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-star-screen-awards-2019/|title=Winners of Star Screen Awards 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=9 December 2019|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|[[65th Filmfare Awards]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/technical-nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-2020_-38868.html|title=Technical Nominations for the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020|website=Filmfare|date=31 January 2020|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/65th-amazon-filmfare-awards-technical-and-short-film-award-winners-38901.html|title=65th Amazon Filmfare Award 2020 Technical and Short Film award winners|website=Filmfare|date=2 February 2020|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] (with Reema Kagti)<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (with Reema Kagti)<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-cine-awards-2020-winners-list/|title=ZEE Cine Awards 2020: Winners list|work=BizAsia|date=15 March 2020|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020<br />
| Best Director (Hindi)<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's a Full List of the Winners of Critics' Choice Film Awards|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-ranveer-singh-wins-for-gully-boy-geetika-vidya-ohlyan-wins-best-actress-for-soni-full-list#read-more|website=The Quint|date=29 March 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Jagran Film Festival]]<br />
| Best Writing (with Reema Kagti)<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jagran-film-festival-2019-aibs-chintu-ka-birthday-named-best-film-gully-boy-wins-for-music-writing-7424771.html|title=Jagran Film Festival 2019|work=Firstpost|date=30 September 2019|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne|Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2019]]<br />
|Best Film<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/iffm-awards-2019-winners-shah-rukh-khan-zoya-akhtar-tabu-karan-johar-and-other-celebrities-win-the-award/articleshow/70601818.cms|title=IFFM Awards 2019 winners: Shah Rukh Khan, Zoya Akhtar, Tabu, Karan Johar and other celebrities win the award|work=The Times of India|date=9 August 2019|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Best Director<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[9th AACTA Awards]]<br />
| Best Asian Film<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aacta.org/connect/nominees-for-the-2019-aacta-award-for-best-asian-film-announced/|title=Nominees for the 2019 AACTA Award for Best Asian Film Announced|website=Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts|date=15 October 2019|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201050421/https://www.aacta.org/connect/nominees-for-the-2019-aacta-award-for-best-asian-film-announced/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]]<br />
| [[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema|NETPAC Award for Best Asian Film]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/gully-boy-wins-netpac-award-at-bifan-in-south-korea-119070800983_1.html|title='Gully Boy' wins NETPAC Award at BIFAN in South Korea|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=8 July 2019|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[21st IIFA Awards]]<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite news |title=IIFA Awards 2020 - Popular Award Winners |url=https://iifa.com/blog/blog-details/iifa-awards-2020---popular-award-winners |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=[[IIFA Awards]] |date=25 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126055921/https://iifa.com/blog/blog-details/iifa-awards-2020---popular-award-winners |archive-date=26 November 2021 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]] (with Reema Kagti)<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|''Made in Heaven'']]<br />
|[[iReel Awards|iReel Awards 2019]]<br />
|Best Writing - Drama<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/ireel-awards-2019-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-2320007.html|title=iReel Awards 2019: Check Out The Complete List Of Winners|date=2019-09-23|website=News18|access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{N/A}}<br />
|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]<br />
|Most Stylish Filmmaker<br />
|{{Nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php | title=Complete List of Winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Zoya Akhtar}}<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0015295|name=Zoya Akhtar}}<br />
<br />
{{Zoya Akhtar}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
| title = Awards for Zoya Akhtar<br />
| list =<br />
{{FilmfareAwardBestDirector 2001-2020}}<br />
{{Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay}}<br />
{{IIFAAwardBestDirector}}<br />
{{Screen Award for Best Director}}<br />
{{ZeeCineAwardBestDirector}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhtar, Zoya}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian atheists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian agnostics]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Irani (India) people]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inayat_Ahmad_Kakorvi&diff=503813Inayat Ahmad Kakorvi2026-03-14T17:44:32Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Started a post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Inayat Ahmad Kakorvi<br />
| image = <!-- Filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix --><br />
| caption = <!-- Image caption (optional) --><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1813|10|5|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Barabanki]], [[Oudh State]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1863|4|7|1813|10|5|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = <!-- Place of death (optional) --><br />
| occupation = Revolutionary, writer, judge<br />
| known_for = Islamic scholarship, the Indian independence movement<br />
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Inayat Ahmad Kakorvi''' (5 October 1813 – 7 April 1863) was an Islamic scholar and a key figure in the [[Indian independence movement]]. He played a significant role in promoting Islamic teachings and contributing to the political landscape of [[British India]].<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Kakorvi was born on 5 October 1813 in [[Barabanki]], a town located in the [[British Raj]], which is present-day [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholars.pk/ur/scholar/hazrat-molana-mufti-inayat-ahmed-kakorwi|title=Hazrat Molana Mufti Inayat Ahmed Kakorwi &#124; Scholars &#124; Islamic &#124; Encyclopedia &#124; Book Libraray &#124; Articles &#124; Blogs|first=I. T. Department of|last=Zia-e-Taiba|website=scholars.pk}}</ref> He displayed a keen interest in Islamic studies and pursued an extensive education in religious sciences.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://hamariweb.com/articles/82554|title=مفتی عنایت احمد کاکوروی :جنگ آزادی ۱۸۵۷ء کے فراموش کردہ مجاہد|trans-title=Mufti Inayat Ahmed Kakurvi: The Forgotten Mujahid of the 1857 War of Independence|date=26 October 2016|website=Hamariweb.com Articles}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Contributions==<br />
As an Islamic scholar, Mufti Inayat Ahmad Kakorvi made significant contributions to the understanding and dissemination of Islamic teachings. He authored numerous books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/mohammad-inayat-ahmad/ebooks?lang=ur|title=محمد عنایت احمد کی کتابیں &#124; ریختہ|trans-title=Muhammad Inayat Ahmad's books-Rekhta|website=Rekhta}}</ref> One of his books ''Ilm Ul Seegha'' is part of the curriculum of [[Dars-i-Nizami]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://besturdubooks.net/dars-e-nizami/al-sania-2nd-year/|title=Dars e Nizami Darja Sania (2nd Year) درجہ ثانیہ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hamariweb.com/articles/73799|title=شہیدِ راہِ حجازحضرت مفتی عنایت احمد کاکوروی|trans-title=Martyr of Hijaz's way Hazrat Mufti Inayat Ahmed Kakurvi|date=30 March 2016|website=Hamariweb.com Articles}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to his scholarly pursuits, Kakorvi actively participated in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Inayat Ahmad Kakorvi died on 7 April 1863, at the age of 49, as a result of drowning.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1813 births]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:1863 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Barabanki district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian writers]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Islamic-scholar-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_India&diff=456660Constitution of India2026-03-08T08:19:48Z<p>MichaelWhite3: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Supreme legal document of India since 1950}}<br />
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox constitution<br />
| document_name= Constitution of India<br />
| image = Constitution of India.jpg<br />
| image_size=<br />
| image_caption= [https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/ Original text] of the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|preamble]]<br />
| date_ratified= {{Start date and age|df=yes|1949|11|26}}<br />
| date_effective= {{Start date and age|df=yes|1950|01|26}}<br />
| writer= <br />
| signers= 284 members of the Constituent Assembly<br />
| purpose= <br />
| system = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional republic]]<br />
| number_entrenchments = 2<br />
| date_last_amended = [[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|28 September 2023 (106th)]]<br />
| citation = {{citation |url= https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2024/07/20240716890312078.pdf |title= Constitution of India |date= 2024-05-01}}<br />
| federalism = Federal<ref name=structure /><br />
| chambers = [[Parliament of India|Two]] ([[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]])<br />
| branches = Three (Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary)<br />
| executive = [[Prime Minister of India]]–led cabinet responsible to the [[Lok Sabha|lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India|parliament]]<br />
| jurisdiction = [[India]]<br />
| courts = [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]], [[High courts of India|high courts]], and [[District courts of India|district courts]]<br />
| number_amendments = [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|106]]<br />
| electoral_college = [[Electoral College (India)|Yes]], for [[List of Indian presidential elections|presidential]] and [[List of Indian vice presidential elections|vice presidential elections]]<br />
| supersedes = [[Government of India Act 1935]]<br />[[Indian Independence Act 1947]]<br />
| location_of_document = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Samvidhan Sadan]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| head_of_state=[[President of India]]<br />
| wikisource = Constitution of India (2020)<br />
}}<br />
{{Constitution of India}}<br />
<br />
The '''Constitution of India''' is the supreme [[law of India|legal document of India]], and the longest written national constitution in the world.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pylee |first=Moolamattom Varkey |title=India's Constitution |publisher=R. Chand & Company |year=1994 |isbn=978-8121904032 |edition=5th rev. and enl. |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=3 |oclc=35022507}}</ref><ref name="original">{{cite book |title=Original edition with original artwork - The Constitution of India |date=26 November 1949 |publisher=Government of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/ |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322045811/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web|title=Preface, The constitution of India|url=http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_preface.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331033925/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_preface.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]], [[Directive Principles|directive principles]], and the duties of citizens.<br />
<br />
It espouses [[constitutional autochthony|constitutional supremacy]] (not [[Parliamentary sovereignty|parliamentary supremacy]] found in the [[United Kingdom]], since it was created by a [[Constituent Assembly of India|constituent assembly]] rather than [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]) and was adopted with a declaration in [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|its preamble]]. The Indian Constitution does not contain a provision to limit the powers of the parliament to amend the constitution. However, the Supreme Court in ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]'' held that there were certain features of the Constitution so integral to its functioning and existence that they could never be cut out of the constitution (known as the [[Basic structure doctrine|'Basic Structure' Doctrine]]).<br />
<br />
The [[Government of India Act 1935]], mainly drafted by [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]],<ref name="c000"/> provided the basis for the constitution of India. The [[Constituent Assembly of India]] adopted the constitution on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950.<ref name="law_min_intro">{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm |title=Introduction to Constitution of India |access-date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice of India |date=29 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022161409/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm |archive-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> It became the country's fundamental governing document, and the [[Dominion of India]] became the [[India|Republic of India]]. To ensure [[constitutional autochthony]], its framers repealed prior acts of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]], in Article 395.<ref>{{cite news|last=Swaminathan|first=Shivprasad|title=India's benign constitutional revolution|journal=The Hindu: Opinion|date=26 January 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-benign-constitutional-revolution/article4345212.ece|access-date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301174137/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-benign-constitutional-revolution/article4345212.ece|archive-date=1 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].<ref name="Hari Das">{{cite book|title=Political System of India|last=Das|first=Hari|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-8174884961|edition=Reprint|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=120}}</ref><br />
<br />
The constitution declares India a [[Sovereign state|sovereign]], [[Socialism in India|socialist]], [[Secularism in India|secular]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/html/pdf/schoolcurriculum/ncfsc/judge51_80.pdf#page=18|title=Aruna Roy & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors.|date=12 September 2002|publisher=Supreme Court of India|page=18/30|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507005232/http://www.ncert.nic.in/html/pdf/schoolcurriculum/ncfsc/judge51_80.pdf#page=18|archive-date=7 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Democracy in India|democratic republic]], assures its citizens [[justice]], [[equality before the law|equality]], and [[liberty]], and endeavours to promote [[Fraternity (philosophy)|fraternity]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Preamble of the Constitution of India|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss%283%29.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Law & Justice|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009180953/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss%283%29.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a [[nitrogen]]-filled case at the Parliament Library Building in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/llscd.57026883/?st=gallery |title=The Constitution of India |date=1950 |publisher=Photolithographed at the Survey of India Offices |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Constitution of India (Interesting Facts) |url=https://pib.gov.in/FactsheetDetails.aspx?Id=148584&lang=1&reg=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228085646/https://pib.gov.in/FactsheetDetails.aspx?Id=148584 |archive-date=28 Feb 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
[[File:Sir Samuel Hoare GGBain.jpg|thumb|alt=Samuel Hoare|[[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]] significantly drafted the [[Government of India Act 1935]] which formed the basis for the Indian constitution.]]<br />
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.jpg|thumb|alt=A smiling Babasaheb Ambedkar and Rajendra Prasad|upright=1.2|[[Babasaheb Ambedkar]], chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president [[Rajendra Prasad]] on 25 November 1949]]<br />
In 1928, the [[All Parties Conference]] convened a committee in [[Lucknow]] to prepare the Constitution of India, which was known as the [[Nehru Report]].<ref name="ElsterGargarellaNareshRasch2018">{{cite book |last1=Elster |first1=Jon |last2=Gargarella |first2=Roberto |last3=Naresh |first3=Vatsal |last4=Rasch |first4=Bjørn Erik |title=Constituent Assemblies |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42752-4 |page=64 |language=en|quote=Nevertheless, partition increased the dominance of the Congress Party in the constituent assembly, which in turn made it easier for its leadership to incorporate in the constitution elements of its vision of Indian unity. This vision was based on a decades-long period of Congress-led consultation concerning the future independent constitution. More importantly, it rested on a detailed draft constitution adopted in 1928 by the All Parties Conference that met in Lucknow. The draft, known as the "Nehru Report," was written by a seven-member committee, chaired by Motilal Nehru. ... The committee was appointed during the May 1928 meeting of the All Parties Conference, which included representatives of all the major political organizations in India, including the All-India Hindu Mahasabha, the All-India Muslim League, the All-India Liberal Federation, the States' Peoples Conference, The Central Khalifat Committee, the All-India Conference of Indian Christians, and others.}}</ref><br />
<br />
With the exception of scattered [[French India|French]] and [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] exclaves, [[British Raj|India]] was under the [[British Raj|British rule]] from 1858 to 1947. From 1947 to 1950, the same legislation continued to be implemented as India was a [[Dominion of India|dominion]] of [[United Kingdom]] for these three years, as most of the princely states were convinced by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sardar Patel]] and [[Louis Mountbatten]] to sign the [[Political integration of India|articles of integration]] with India, and the British Government continued to be responsible for the external security of the country.<ref name="Sanajaoba 1991 p. 223">{{cite book | last=Sanajaoba | first=N. | title=Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001 | publisher=Mittal Publications | year=1991 | isbn=978-81-7099-271-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&pg=PA223 | quote=The princely states had been wooed by Mountbatten, Patel and Nehru to join the Indian Dominion | page=223 | access-date=15 March 2024 | archive-date=15 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315055859/https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&pg=PA223 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="menon">{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=V.P. |title=The story of the integration of the India states |date=15 September 1955 |publisher=Longman Greens and Co |location=Bangalore }}</ref> Thus, the constitution of India repealed the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] and [[Government of India Act 1935]] when it became effective on 26 January 1950. India ceased to be a [[dominion]] of the [[The Crown|British Crown]] and became a sovereign, democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950 which is celebrated every year in India as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].<ref name="cameintoforce">{{cite web | url = http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p22394.html | title = Commencement | access-date = 20 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150220131327/http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p22394.html | archive-date = 20 February 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{anchor|Previous legislation used as sources}}<br />
===Previous legislation===<br />
The Indian constitution was drawn from a number of sources, mainly the [[Government of India Act 1935]] which was significantly drafted by [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]].<ref name="c000">{{cite magazine | title=INDIA: Chariot of Freedom | magazine=TIME | date=1938-03-07 | url=https://time.com/archive/6758479/india-chariot-of-freedom/ | access-date=2025-04-14}}</ref> Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the [[Government of India Act 1858]], the [[Indian Councils Act 1861|Indian Councils Acts of 1861]], [[Indian Councils Act 1892|1892]] and [[Indian Councils Act 1909|1909]], the Government of India Acts [[Government of India Act 1919|1919]] and [[Government of India Act 1935|1935]], and the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]]. The latter, which led to the creation of [[Pakistan]], divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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{{anchor|Constituent assembly}}<br />
==Constituent Assembly==<br />
{{Main|Constituent Assembly of India}}<br />
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[[File:A Constituent Assembly of India meeting in 1950.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Many men in a room|1950 Constituent Assembly meeting]]<br />
<br />
The constitution was drafted by the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], which was elected by elected members of the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|provincial assemblies]].<ref name="Degbate">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/debates.htm|title=The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings) (9 December 1946 to 24 January 1950)|publisher=The Parliament of India Archive|access-date=22 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102902/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/debates.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the [[partition of India]]) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Celebrate-the-supreme-law/article14011992.ece|title=Celebrate the supreme law|last=Krithika|first=R.|date=21 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 July 2018|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221074638/http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Celebrate-the-supreme-law/article14011992.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-11-26/Making-of-Indian-Constitution/188947|title=Making of Indian Constitution|last=Yellosa|first=Jetling|date=26 November 2015|website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032421/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-11-26/Making-of-Indian-Constitution/188947|archive-date=24 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the constitution assembly, a member of the drafting committee, [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] said:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|text=Mr. President, Sir, I am one of those in the House who have listened to [[Dr. Ambedkar]] very carefully. I am aware of the amount of work and enthusiasm that he has brought to bear on the work of drafting this Constitution. At the same time, I do realise that that amount of attention that was necessary for the purpose of drafting a constitution so important to us at this moment has not been given to it by the Drafting Committee. The House is perhaps aware that of the seven members nominated by you, one had resigned from the House and was replaced. One died and was not replaced. One was away in America and his place was not filled up and another person was engaged in State affairs, and there was a void to that extent. One or two people were far away from Delhi and perhaps reasons of health did not permit them to attend. So it happened ultimately that the burden of drafting this constitution fell on Dr. Ambedkar and I have no doubt that we are grateful to him for having achieved this task in a manner which is undoubtedly commendable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ambedkar-constitution-narendra-modi-govt-2851111/|title=Denying Ambedkar his due|first=D. |last=Raja |date=14 June 2016|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331065443/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ambedkar-constitution-narendra-modi-govt-2851111/|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C05111948.html|title=Constituent Assembly of India Debates|website= |access-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124534/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C05111948.html|archive-date=7 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>|author=|title=|source=}}<br />
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[[B. R. Ambedkar]] in his concluding speech in constituent assembly on 25 November 1949 stated that:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr B.R. Ambedkar concluding speech in constituent assembly on November 25, 1949|url=http://prasarbharati.gov.in/whatsnew/whatsnew_653363.pdf|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802033306/http://prasarbharati.gov.in/whatsnew/whatsnew_653363.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote<br />
|The credit that is given to me does not really belong to me. It belongs partly to [[B. N. Rau|Sir B.N. Rau]] the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft of the Constitution for the consideration of Drafting Committee. <br />
A part of the credit must go to the members of the Drafting Committee who, as I have said, have sat for 141 days and without whose ingenuity to devise new formulae and capacity to tolerate and to accommodate different points of view, the task of framing the Constitution could not have come to so successful a conclusion. Much greater share of the credit must go to Mr. S. N. Mukherjee, the Chief Draftsman of the Constitution. His ability to put the most intricate proposals in the simplest and clearest legal form can rarely be equalled, nor his capacity for hard work. He has been an acquisition to the Assembly. Without his help this Assembly would have taken many more years to finalise the Constitution. I must not omit to mention the members of the staff working under Mr. Mukherjee. For, I known how hard they worked and how long they have toiled sometimes even beyond midnight. I want to thank them all for their effort and their co-operation. }}While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm|title=First Day in the Constituent Assembly|publisher=Parliament of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104514/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=12 May 2014|df=dmy}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Timeline of formation of the Constitution of India ===<br />
<br />
* '''6 December 1946:''' Formation of the Constitution Assembly (in accordance with French practice).<ref name=":1000">{{cite web<br />
|title=Evolution of the Indian Constitution<br />
|url=http://www.surendranatheveningcollege.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Evolution-of-Indian-Constitution.pdf<br />
|website=Surendranath Evening College<br />
|access-date=28 September 2024<br />
|language=en<br />
}}</ref><br />
* '''9 December 1946:''' The first meeting was held in the constitution hall (now the [[Parliament of India|Central Hall of Parliament House]]).<ref name=":1000"/> The 1st person to address was [[J. B. Kripalani]], [[Sachchidananda Sinha]] became temporary president. (Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting.)<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Civics and Polity: The Making of Indian Constitution<br />
|url=https://leverageedu.com/discover/general-knowledge/civics-and-polity-the-making-of-indian-constitution/<br />
|website=Leverage Edu<br />
|date=10 April 2024<br />
|access-date=28 September 2024<br />
|language=en<br />
}}</ref><br />
* '''11 December 1946:''' The Assembly appointed [[Rajendra Prasad]] as its president,<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=25 January 2020 |title=Making of the Indian Constitution |url=http://employmentnews.gov.in/NewEmp/MoreContentNew.aspx?n=SpecialContent&k=40367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714201706/http://employmentnews.gov.in/NewEmp/MoreContentNew.aspx?n=SpecialContent&k=40367 |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Employment News}}</ref> [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee|H. C. Mukherjee]] as its vice-president and, [[B. N. Rau]] as constitutional legal adviser. (There were initially 389 members in total, which declined to 299 after [[Partition of India|partition]], out of the 389 members, 292 were from government provinces, four from chief commissioner provinces and 93 from princely states.)<br />
* '''13 December 1946:''' An "Objective Resolution" was presented by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. This later became the Preamble of the Constitution.<br />
* '''22 January 1947:''' Objective resolution unanimously adopted.<br />
* '''22 July 1947:''' [[Flag of India|National flag]] adopted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/my-india-my-pride/indian-tricolor.php#:~:text=The%20National%20Flag%20of%20India,British%20on%2015%20August%2C%201947.|title=History Of Indian Tricolor|access-date=10 September 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307084402/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/my-india-my-pride/indian-tricolor.php#:~:text=The%20National%20Flag%20of%20India,British%20on%2015%20August%2C%201947.|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* '''15 August 1947:''' Achieved independence. India split into the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref name=":1000"/><br />
* '''29 August 1947:''' Drafting Committee appointed with [[B. R. Ambedkar]] as its chairman. The other six members of committee were [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K.M. Munshi]], [[Muhammed Saadulah|Muhammed Sadulla]], [[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]], [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]], Devi Prasad Khaitan<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Republic Day, Gautam Khaitan remembers great-grandfather, an architect of Indian Constitution |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/on-republic-day-gautam-khaitan-remembers-great-grandfather-an-architect-of-indian-constitution20210126104302/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416152813/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/on-republic-day-gautam-khaitan-remembers-great-grandfather-an-architect-of-indian-constitution20210126104302/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and BL Mitter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AK |first=Aditya |title=Republic Day: The Lawyers who helped draft the Constitution of India |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/republic-day-lawyers-constitution-india |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=26 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112501/https://www.barandbench.com/columns/republic-day-lawyers-constitution-india |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* '''16 July 1948:''' Along with [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]], [[V. T. Krishnamachari]] was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationaldefenceinstitute.in/article/evolution-of-indian-constitution|title=The Making and Evolution of Indian Constitution|access-date=10 September 2023|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112520/https://nationaldefenceinstitute.in/article/evolution-of-indian-constitution|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* '''26 November 1949:''' The Constitution of India was passed and adopted by the assembly.<ref name=":8" /><br />
* '''24 January 1950:''' Last meeting of Constituent Assembly. The Constitution was signed and accepted (with 395 Articles, 8 Schedules, and 22 Parts).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eoi.gov.in/eoisearch/MyPrint.php?4645%3F000%2F0001|title=CONSTITUTION OF INDIA|access-date=10 September 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414105714/https://eoi.gov.in/eoisearch/MyPrint.php?4645%3F000%2F0001|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* '''26 January 1950:''' The Constitution came into force. (The process took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days<ref name=":1000"/>—at a total expenditure of ₹6.4&nbsp;million to finish.)<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Interesting Facts About the Indian Constitution<br />
|url=https://bpac.in/interesting-facts-about-indian-constitution/<br />
|website=BPAC<br />
|date=25 November 2022<br />
|access-date=28 September 2024<br />
|publisher=Bangalore Political Action Committee<br />
|language=en<br />
}}</ref><br />
[[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar|G. V. Mavlankar]] was the first [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] (the lower house of Parliament) after India turned into a republic.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=G. V. Mavalankar<br />
|url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/members/g-v-mavalankar/<br />
|website=Constitution of India<br />
|access-date=28 September 2024<br />
|publisher=Constitution of India Website<br />
|language=en<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{anchor|Membership and structure}}<br />
===Membership===<br />
[[B. R. Ambedkar]], Sanjay Phakey, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]], [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]], Sandipkumar Patel, [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee|Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]], [[N. R. Ghosh|Nalini Ranjan Ghosh]], and [[Balwantrai Mehta]] were key figures in the assembly,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> which had over 30 representatives of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled classes]]. [[Frank Anthony]] represented the [[Anglo-Indian|Anglo-Indian community]],<ref name=":2" /> and the [[Parsi]]s were represented by H. P. Modi.<ref name=":2" /> [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]], a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians.<ref name=":2" /> Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community.<ref name=":2" /> Judges, such as [[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]], [[B. N. Rau|Benegal Narsing Rau]], [[K. M. Munshi]] and [[Ganesh Mavlankar]] were members of the assembly.<ref name=":2" /> Female members included [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Hansa Jivraj Mehta|Hansa Mehta]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh]], [[Amrit Kaur]] and [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The first, two-day president of the assembly was [[Sachchidananda Sinha]]; [[Rajendra Prasad]] was later elected president.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Degbate" /> It met for the first time on 9 December 1946.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Degbate" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-constitution-of-india-66-yrs-of-change-and-progress/story-ngDCPtxWjXXO6LwDlUzBZL.html|title=Document for all ages: Why Constitution is our greatest achievement|last=Dhavan|first=Rajeev|date=26 November 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=24 July 2018|oclc=231696742|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032210/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-constitution-of-india-66-yrs-of-change-and-progress/story-ngDCPtxWjXXO6LwDlUzBZL.html|archive-date=24 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Drafting===<br />
Sir [[B. N. Rau]], a [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|civil servant]] who became the first [[Judges of the International Court of Justice|Indian judge]] in the [[International Court of Justice]] and was [[president of the United Nations Security Council]], was appointed as the assembly's constitutional advisor in 1946.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/bn-rau-the-forgotten-architect-of-indian-constitution.html|title=BN Rau: The Forgotten Architect of Indian Constitution|last=Patnaik|first=Biswaraj|date=26 January 2017|work=[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=24 July 2018|publisher=[[Chandan Mitra]]|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032338/https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/bn-rau-the-forgotten-architect-of-indian-constitution.html|archive-date=24 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Responsible for the constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://arunshourie.voiceofdharma.com/articles/ambedkar.htm |work=The Arun Shourie Site |title=The Manu of Our Times? |first=Arun |last=Shourie |access-date=2013-06-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220030736/http://arunshourie.voiceofdharma.com/articles/ambedkar.htm |archive-date=20 February 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/specials/in-depth/november-26-celebrating-constitution-day/article10229384.ece|title=Celebrating Constitution Day|date=26 November 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 July 2018|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627061858/https://www.thehindu.com/specials/in-depth/november-26-celebrating-constitution-day/article10229384.ece|archive-date=27 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The draft of B.N. Rau consisted of 243 articles and 13 schedules which came to 395 articles and 8 schedules after discussions, debates and amendments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C26111949.pdf|title=Constituent Assembly of India Debates|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211307/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C26111949.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed.<ref name="Degbate"/> Rau's draft was considered, debated and amended by the seven-member drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with [[B. R. Ambedkar]] as chair.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> On 26 November 1949, it adopted the constitution,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm|title=Some Facts of Constituent Assembly|work=Parliament of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104514/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=14 April 2011|quote=On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B. R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India|df=dmy}}</ref> which was signed by 284 members.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> The day is celebrated as National Law Day,<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/on-national-law-day-saluting-two-remarkable-judges-140748.html |title=On National Law Day, saluting two remarkable judges |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130023311/http://www.firstpost.com/india/on-national-law-day-saluting-two-remarkable-judges-140748.html |archive-date=30 November 2015 |work=First Post |date=26 November 2011 |first=Raghul |last=Sudheesh}}</ref> or [[Constitution Day (India)|Constitution Day]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-modi-greets-people-on-constitution-day-2149048 |title=PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127030239/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-modi-greets-people-on-constitution-day-2149048 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |work=DNA India |date=26 November 2015}}</ref> The day was chosen to spread the importance of the constitution and to spread thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar.<ref>{{cite news|title=November 26 to be observed as Constitution Day: Facts on the Constitution of India|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/constitution-of-india/1/496659.html|access-date=20 November 2015|work=India Today|date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114203645/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/constitution-of-india/1/496659.html|archive-date=14 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru signing Indian Constitution.jpg|thumb|alt=A bespectacled Jawaharlal Nehru bending over a large book|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] signing the constitution]]<br />
The assembly's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in [[Hindi]] and the other in English.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> The original constitution is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists from [[Santiniketan|Shantiniketan]] including [[Beohar Rammanohar Sinha]] and [[Nandalal Bose]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Its [[Calligraphy|calligrapher]] was [[Prem Behari Narain Raizada]].<ref name=":5" /> The constitution was published in [[Dehradun]] and [[Photolithography|photolithographed]] by the [[Survey of India]]. Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of [[states and union territories of India|India]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/9/|title=Original unamended constitution of India, January, 1950|access-date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417052010/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/9/|archive-date=17 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was {{INR}}6.3 [[crore]].<ref name=":3" /> The constitution has had [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|more than 100 amendments]] since it was enacted.<ref name="amendments">{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/amendment.htm|title=The Constitution (Amendment) Acts|work=India Code Information System|publisher=Ministry of Law, Government of India|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427052233/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/amendment.htm|archive-date=27 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Influence of other constitutions==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Government<br />
!Influence<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name="CoI">{{cite news |title=Constitution Day: Borrowed features in the Indian Constitution from other countries |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/constitution-day-borrowed-features-in-the-indian-constitution-1622632-2019-11-26 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307090944/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/constitution-day-borrowed-features-in-the-indian-constitution-1622632-2019-11-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|<br />
* [[Westminster system|Parliamentary government]]<br />
* Nominal [[Head of state|head of the state]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* Post of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br />
* More powerful [[Lok Sabha|lower house]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* Concept of single citizenship<br />
* [[Lawmaking procedure in India|Legislative procedure]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* [[Bicameralism|Bicameral legislature]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* [[Rule of law]]<br />
* [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet system]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* The [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|legislative speaker]] and their role<br />
* [[Prerogative writ]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* [[Parliamentary privilege]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|USA|variant=1912}} [[United States Constitution|United States]]<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bahl|first1=Raghav|author-link1=Raghav Bahl|date=27 November 2015|title=How India Borrowed From the US Constitution to Draft its Own|work=[[The Quint]]|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/how-india-borrowed-from-the-us-constitution-to-draft-its-own|url-status=live|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032215/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/how-india-borrowed-from-the-us-constitution-to-draft-its-own|archive-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><br />
|<br />
* [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] ([[Fundamental rights#India|Fundamental rights]])<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
* Written constitution<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Preamble to the Constitution]]<br />
* [[Federation|Federal structure of government]]<ref name=":2" /><br />
* [[President of India#Impeachment|Impeachment of the president]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* Post of the [[Vice President of India|vice president]] and his functions<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* The institution of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* Removal of Supreme Court and [[High courts of India|High courts]] judges<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College]]<br />
* Independent judiciary and separation of powers{{citation needed|reason=''The Presidential system of America is based upon the separation of the Executive and the Legislature. So that the President and his Secretaries cannot be members of the Congress. The Draft Constitution does not recognise this doctrine.'' https://www.constitutionofindia.net/debates/04-nov-1948/ #7.48.200|date=March 2025}}<br />
* [[Judicial review in India|Judicial review]]<br />
* President as [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces]]<br />
* [[Equal Protection Clause|Equal protection under law]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Constitution of Ireland|Ireland]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India|Directive principles of state policy]]<ref name=":5" /><br />
* [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nomination of members]] to the [[Rajya Sabha]] by the president<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* Method of election of the [[President of India#Election process|president]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Constitution of Australia|Australia]]<br />
|<br />
* Freedom of trade between states<ref name=":3" /><br />
* Federal legislative power to implement treaties, even on matters outside normal federal jurisdiction<br />
* [[Concurrent List]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sridhar|first1=Madabhushi|title=Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution (page 22)|url=http://www.hrdiap.gov.in/87fc/images11/4.pdf#page=22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616054514/http://www.hrdiap.gov.in/87fc/images11/4.pdf#page=22|archive-date=16 June 2015|access-date=22 October 2015|publisher=Dr.Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute (Institute of Administration), Hyderabad.}}</ref><br />
* Provision of [[Joint Session of the Parliament of India|Joint Session of the Parliament]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* Preamble terminology<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Constitution of France|France]]<br />
|<br />
* Notions of {{lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}} ([[liberty]], [[Social equality|equality]], [[Fraternity (philosophy)|fraternity]]) in the preamble<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
* The ideals of [[republic]] in the preamble<ref name="CoI"/><br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|CAN|variant=1921}} [[Constitution of Canada|Canada]]<br />
|<br />
* Quasi-federal government—a federal system with a strong central government<ref name=":3" /><br />
* Distribution of powers between the [[Union List|central]] and [[State List|state]] governments<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
* [[Reserved powers|Residual powers]], retained by the central government<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bélanger|first=Claude|title=Quebec History|url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/federal/residual.htm|access-date=2020-06-27|website=faculty.marianopolis.edu|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028221550/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/federal/residual.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Appointment of [[Governor (India)|Governor of states]] by Centre<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court<ref name="CoI"/><br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|SUN}} [[Constitution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]<ref name=":2" /><br />
|<br />
* [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India#Fundamental Duties|Fundamental Duties]] under article 51-A.<br />
* Mandated [[Five-Year Plans of India|planning commission]] to oversee economic development<ref name="CoI"/><br />
* Ideals of justice (social, economic and political) in the preamble<ref name="CoI"/><br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|GER|variant=1919}} [[Weimar Constitution|Weimar Republic]]<ref name=":5" /><br />
|<br />
* Suspension of fundamental rights during [[Emergency provisions of the Constitution of India|emergency]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|RSA|variant=1928}} [[Constitution of South Africa|South Africa]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Amendment procedure of the constitution]]<br />
* Election of members of [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref name="CoI"/><br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Constitution of Japan|Japan]]<br />
|<br />
* Procedure established by law<br />
* Laws on which the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] functions<ref name="CoI"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
{{Constitution of India}}<br />
The Indian constitution is the world's longest for a [[Sovereign state|sovereign]] nation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nix |first=Elizabeth |date=9 August 2016 |title=Which country has the world's shortest written constitution? |url=https://www.history.com/news/which-country-has-the-worlds-shortest-written-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724062544/https://www.history.com/news/which-country-has-the-worlds-shortest-written-constitution |archive-date=24 July 2018 |access-date=24 July 2018 |work=[[History (U.S. TV network)|History]] |publisher=[[A&E Networks]]}}</ref> At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.{{Efn|Although the last article of the 1974 Constitution of Yugoslavia was Article 406, the Yugoslav constitution contained about 56,000 words in its English translation|name=Yugoslavian constitution}}<ref name=":3" /> At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution—after the [[Constitution of Alabama]]—in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.annistonstar.com/is-the-alabama-constitution-the-longest-constitution-in-the-world/article_c928bd51-fbf1-5056-a30c-1bf4b19eb012.html|title=Is the Alabama Constitution the longest constitution in the world?Truth Rating: 4 out of 5|last=Lockette|first=Tim|date=18 November 2012|work=[[The Anniston Star]]|access-date=24 July 2018|publisher=Josephine Ayers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517050147/https://www.annistonstar.com/is-the-alabama-constitution-the-longest-constitution-in-the-world/article_c928bd51-fbf1-5056-a30c-1bf4b19eb012.html|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The amended constitution has a preamble and 470 articles,{{efn|name="prashant"|Although the last article of the constitution is Article 395, the total number in March 2013 was 465. New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location of the original constitution. To not disturb the original numbering, new articles are inserted alphanumerically; Article 21A, pertaining to the right to education, was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act.}} which are grouped into 25 parts.{{Efn|name="Parts"|The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally. Part VII & IX (older) was repealed in 1956, whereas newly added Part IVA, IXA, IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times (lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment).}}<ref name=":5" /> With 12 schedules{{efn|name="Schedules"|By the 73rd and 74th Amendments, the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality were included in the Constitution as Schedules 11 and 12 respectively in the year 1993.}} and five appendices,<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web|url= http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/contents.htm|title= Constitution of india|publisher= [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice, Govt. of India]]|access-date= 4 July 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160325025912/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/contents.htm|archive-date= 25 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> it has been amended [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|106 times]]; the [[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|latest amendment]] was given assent on 28 September 2023.<br />
<br />
The constitution's articles are grouped into the following parts:<br />
* ''[[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Preamble]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baruah|first1=Aparijita|title=Preamble of the Constitution of India: An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions|date=2007|publisher=Deep & Deep|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7629-996-1|page=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPujAJ1UVqUC&pg=PA177|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112522/https://books.google.com/books?id=aPujAJ1UVqUC&pg=PA177|url-status=live}}</ref> with the words "socialist", "secular" and 'integrity' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chishti|first1=Seema|last2=Anand|first2=Utkarsh|title=Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless, needless|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/legal-experts-say-debating-preamble-pointless-needless|access-date=12 November 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=30 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027155509/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/legal-experts-say-debating-preamble-pointless-needless/|archive-date=27 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="42_amend">{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm |title=Forty-Second Amendment to the Constitution |access-date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice of India |date=28 August 1976 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm |archive-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Part I of the Constitution of India|Part I]]''<ref>[[s:Constitution of India/Part I|Part I]]</ref>&nbsp;– [[States and union territories of India|The Union and its Territory]] – Articles 1 to 4<br />
* ''[[Citizenship|Part II]]''&nbsp;– [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship]] – Articles 5 to 11<br />
* ''[[Fundamental rights in India|Part III]]''&nbsp;– [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India#Fundamental Rights|Fundamental Rights]] – Articles 12 to 35<br />
* ''Part IV''&nbsp;– [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India#Directive Principles of State Policy|Directive Principles of State Policy]] – Articles 36 to 51<br />
* ''Part IVA''&nbsp;– [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India#Fundamental Duties|Fundamental Duties]] – Article 51A<br />
* ''Part V''&nbsp;– The Union – Articles 52 to 151<br />
* ''Part VI''&nbsp;– The States – Articles 152 to 237<br />
* ''Part VII''&nbsp;– States in the B part of the first schedule ''(repealed)'' – Article 238<br />
* ''Part VIII''&nbsp;– Union Territories – Articles 239 to 242<br />
* ''Part IX''&nbsp;– Panchayats – Articles 243 to 243(O)<br />
* ''Part IXA''&nbsp;– Municipalities – Articles 243(P) to 243(ZG)<br />
* ''Part IXB''&nbsp;– Co-operative societies<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf |title=The Constitution (Ninety Seventh Amendment) |access-date=17 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522144037/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> – Articles 243(ZH) to 243(ZT)<br />
* ''Part X''&nbsp;– Scheduled and tribal areas – Articles 244 to 244A<br />
* ''Part XI''&nbsp;– Relations between the Union and the States – Articles 245 to 263<br />
* ''Part XII''&nbsp;– Finance, [[property]], contracts and suits – Articles 264 to 300A<br />
* ''Part XIII''&nbsp;– Trade and commerce within India – Articles 301 to 307<br />
* ''Part XIV''&nbsp;– Services under the union and states – Articles 308 to 323<br />
* '' Part XIVA''&nbsp;– Tribunals – Articles 323A to 323B<br />
* ''Part XV''&nbsp;– Elections – Articles 324 to 329A<br />
* ''Part XVI''&nbsp;– Special provisions relating to certain classes – Articles 330 to 342<br />
* ''Part XVII''&nbsp;– Languages – Articles 343 to 351<br />
* ''Part XVIII''&nbsp;– Emergency provisions – Articles 352 to 360<br />
* ''Part XIX''&nbsp;– Miscellaneous – Articles 361 to 367<br />
* ''[[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Part XX]]''&nbsp;– Amendment of the Constitution – Articles 368<br />
* ''Part XXI''&nbsp;– Temporary, transitional and special provisions – Articles 369 to 392<br />
* ''Part XXII''&nbsp;– Short title, date of commencement, authoritative text in [[Hindi]] and repeals – Articles 393 to 395<br />
<br />
===Schedules===<br />
Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Schedule<br />
!Article(s)<br />
!Description<br />
|-<br />
|First<br />
|1 and 4<br />
|Lists India's states and territories, changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change.<br />
|-<br />
|Second<br />
|59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221<br />
|Lists the salaries of public officials, judges, and the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|comptroller and auditor general]].<br />
|-<br />
|Third<br />
|75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219<br />
|Forms of oaths&nbsp;– Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges<br />
|-<br />
|Fourth<br />
|4(1) and 80(2)<br />
|Details the allocation of seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house of Parliament) by state or union territory.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Fifth]]<br />
|244(1)<br />
|Provides for the administration and control of [[Scheduled Areas]]{{efn|name="SA"|Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state, administered federally and usually mainly populated by a Scheduled Tribe.}} and [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribes]]{{Efn|name="ST"|Scheduled Tribes are groups of [[Adivasi|indigenous people]], identified in the Constitution, who are struggling [[Socio-economics|socioeconomically]]}} (areas and tribes requiring special protection).<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Sixth]]<br />
|244(2) and 275(1)<br />
|Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Tripura]], and [[Mizoram]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India|Seventh]]<br />
|246<br />
|Central government, state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth]]<br />
|344(1) and 351<br />
|[[Scheduled languages of India|Official languages]]<br />
|-<br />
|Ninth<br />
|31-B<br />
|Validation of certain acts and regulations.{{efn|Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights, but in a landmark judgement in 2007, the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14, 15, 19, 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution{{ambiguous|date=August 2021}}{{snd}}I.R. Coelho (dead) by L.Rs. v. State of Tamil Nadu and others(2007) 2 S.C.C. 1}}<br />
|-<br />
|Tenth<br />
|102(2) and 191(2)<br />
|[[Parliamentary system#Characteristics|Anti-defection]] provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures.<br />
|-<br />
|Eleventh<br />
|243-G<br />
|[[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat Raj]] (rural local government)<br />
|-<br />
|Twelfth<br />
|243-W<br />
|[[Municipal governance in India|Municipalities]] (urban local government)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Appendices===<br />
* ''Appendix I''{{snd}}The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954<br />
* ''Appendix II''{{snd}}Re-statement, referring to the constitution's present text, of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir<br />
* ''Appendix III''{{snd}}Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978<br />
* ''Appendix IV''{{snd}}The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002<br />
* ''Appendix V''{{snd}}The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003<br />
<br />
{{anchor|The constitution and the government|Constitution and government}}<br />
== Governmental sources of power ==<br />
The executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it.<ref name=MadhavaMenon>{{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=N.R. Madhava|title=Parliament and the Judiciary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600481600.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161116034308/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600481600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2016|access-date=21 November 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2004}}</ref> With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a [[parliamentary system]] of government with the [[Executive (government)|executive]] directly accountable to the [[legislature]] though the two partially overlap each other.<br />
<br />
* Under Articles 52 and 53: the [[president of India]] is head of the executive branch<br />
* Under [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 60]]: the duty of preserving, protecting, and defending the constitution and the law.<br />
* Under [[Article 74 (Constitution of India)|Article 74]]: the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] is the head of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]], which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties.<br />
* Under Article 75(3): the Council of Ministers is answerable to the [[Lok Sabha|lower house]].<br />
<br />
The constitution is considered [[Federalism|federal]] in nature, and [[Unitary state|unitary]] in spirit. It has features of a federation, including a [[codified constitution|codified]], supreme constitution; a three-tier governmental structure (central, state and local); division of powers between Centre and states;<ref>{{Cite book |title=Constitution of India |at=Article 246}}</ref> [[bicameralism]]; and an independent [[Judiciary of India|judiciary]]. It also possesses unitary features such as a single constitution, single [[Indian nationality law|citizenship]], an integrated judiciary, a flexible constitution, a strong [[Government of India|central government]], appointment of [[Governor (Indian states)|state governors]] by the central government, [[All India Services]] (the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]] and [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]), and [[Emergency provisions of the Constitution of India|emergency provisions]]. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.<ref>{{cite book|first1=M|last1=Laxmikanth|title=Indian Polity|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|isbn=978-1-25-906412-8|page=3.2|edition=4th|chapter=3|year=2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Each state and [[union territory]] has its own government. Analogous to the president and prime minister, each has a [[Governor (Indian states)|governor]] or (in union territories) a [[Lieutenant Governor (India)|lieutenant governor]] and a [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]]. [[s:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government cannot be conducted in accordance with constitution. This power, known as [[president's rule]], was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons. After ''[[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnakumar |first1=R. |title=Article 356 should be abolished |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1514/15140240.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330070338/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1514/15140240.htm |archive-date=30 March 2016 |access-date=9 November 2015 |work=Frontline |volume=15 |issue=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajendra Prasad |first1=R.J. |title=Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1514/15140220.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220055328/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1514/15140220.htm |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=9 November 2015 |work=Frontline |volume=15 |issue=14}}</ref> such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swami |first1=Praveen |title=Protecting secularism and federal fair play |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220170.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219010353/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220170.htm |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=9 November 2015 |work=Frontline |volume=14 |issue=22}}</ref><br />
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The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of [[panchayati raj]] in rural areas and [[Nagar Palika]]s in urban areas.<ref name=":5" /> [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] gave special status to the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<br />
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{{anchor|The constitution and the legislature}}<br />
=== The legislature and amendments ===<br />
{{Main|Amendment of the Constitution of India|List of amendments of the Constitution of India}}<br />
<br />
'''Article 368''' dictates the procedure for [[constitutional amendment]]s. Amendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament.<ref name="cpower">{{cite web |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/875590/ |title=Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement: A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December, 1981 |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161710/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/875590/ |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures.<br />
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Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with [[s:Constitution of India/Part XI|Article 245]] (except for [[money bill]]s), there is no provision for a joint session of the [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]] to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the president cannot promulgate [[Ordinance (India)|ordinances]] under his legislative powers under [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 123, Chapter III]].<br />
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Despite the [[supermajority]] requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document.<ref name="Krishnamurthy2009">{{cite journal|url=http://www.yale.edu/yjil/files_PDFs/vol34/Krishnamurthy.pdf |page=219 |title=Colonial Cousins: Explaining India and Canada's Unwritten Constitutional Principles |last=Krishnamurthi |first=Vivek |date=2009 |volume=34 |issue=1 |journal=[[Yale Journal of International Law]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075730/http://www.yale.edu/yjil/files_PDFs/vol34/Krishnamurthy.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies.<br />
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In 2000, the [[National Commission to review the working of the Constitution|Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission]] was formed to examine a constitutional update. The commission submitted its report on 31 March 2002. However, the recommendations of this report have not been accepted by the consecutive governments.<br />
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The [[government of India]] establishes term-based [[Law Commission of India|law commissions]] to recommend legal reforms, facilitating the rule of law.<br />
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{{anchor|Limitations of the legislature}}<br />
====Limitations====<br />
{{Main|Basic structure doctrine}}<br />
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In ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]'', the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ruled that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify; it cannot tinker with the constitution's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution. According to the doctrine, the constitution's basic features (when "read as a whole") cannot be abridged or abolished. These "basic features" have not been fully defined,<ref name="MadhavaMenon"/> and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a "basic feature" is decided by the courts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dhamija|first1=Ashok|title=Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features|date=2007|publisher=Wadhwa and Company|isbn=9788180382536|pages=568|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHxUPgAACAAJ&q=ashok+dhamija|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112521/https://books.google.com/books?id=YHxUPgAACAAJ&q=ashok+dhamija|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The ''Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala'' decision laid down the constitution's basic structure:<ref name=structure/><br />
# Supremacy of the constitution<br />
# Republican, democratic form of government<br />
# Its secular nature<br />
# Separation of powers{{citation needed|reason=''The Presidential system of America is based upon the separation of the Executive and the Legislature. So that the President and his Secretaries cannot be members of the Congress. The Draft Constitution does not recognise this doctrine.'' https://www.constitutionofindia.net/debates/04-nov-1948/ #7.48.200|date=March 2025}}<br />
# Its federal character<ref name="structure">{{Cite web|title = Doctrine of Basic Structure{{snd}}Constitutional Law|url = http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/thyg.htm|website = www.legalserviceindia.com|access-date = 26 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321214815/http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/thyg.htm|archive-date = 21 March 2016|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a [[List of high courts in India|high court]] may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a [[Judicial review in India|judicial review]]. This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power.<br />
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In its 1967 ''[[I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs.|Golak Nath v. State of Punjab]]'' decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.<ref name="Jacobsohn 52">{{cite book|last1=Jacobsohn|first1=Gary J.|title=Constitutional Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionalid00jaco|url-access=limited|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780674047662|page=[https://archive.org/details/constitutionalid00jaco/page/n72 52]}}</ref> The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights.<ref name="lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu">{{cite journal|last1=Dalal|first1=Milan|title=India's New Constitutionalism: Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law|journal=Boston College International Comparative Law Review|date=2008|volume=31|issue=2|pages=258–260|url=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol31/iss2/4|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018054027/http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol31/iss2/4/|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.<ref name="lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu"/><br />
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{{anchor|The constitution and the judiciary}}<br />
===The judiciary===<br />
The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MO3NiIV_4bUC&pg=PA187|title=Article – The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism: Judicial Review and the 'Basic Structure' (Book{{snd}}India's Kiving Constitution: Ideas, Practices, Controversies)|author1=Mehta, Pratap Bhanu|date=2002|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=81-7824-087-4|editor1-last=Hasan|editor1-first=Zoya|edition=(2006)Second Impression (2002)First|location=Delhi|page=187|access-date=9 November 2015|editor2-last=Sridharan|editor2-first=E.|editor3-last=Sudarshan|editor3-first=R.|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112522/https://books.google.com/books?id=MO3NiIV_4bUC&pg=PA187|url-status=live}}</ref> Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Bishwajit |title=Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC |url=http://www.dayafterindia.com/magz_detail_news.php?id=4202 |access-date=10 November 2015 |work=the day after |issue=1–15 Nov 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505192102/http://www.dayafterindia.com/magz_detail_news.php?id=4202 |archive-date= 5 May 2016 }}</ref> The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the constitution) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state (or states).<br />
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The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution|title=A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b2-1.htm|date=26 September 2001|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052816/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b2-1.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chakrabarty|first1=Bidyut|title=Indian Politics and Society Since Independence: Events, Processes and Ideology|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxon(UK), New York (US)|isbn=978-0-415-40867-7|page=103|edition=First|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOGWI1BOjOUC&pg=PA103|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112558/https://books.google.com/books?id=kOGWI1BOjOUC&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> which cannot be changed by the legislature or the executive.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sorabjee|first1=Soli J.|title=A step in the Wrong Direction|url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/invalidating-thenjac-act.html|access-date=12 November 2015|work=The Week|date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113065932/http://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/invalidating-thenjac-act.html|archive-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Article 50 of the Constitution provides that the state must take measures to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services.<br />
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====Judicial review====<br />
{{Main|Judicial review in India}}<br />
[[Judicial review]] was adopted by the constitution of India from [[judicial review in the United States]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|date=10-23 March 2012|title=Three doctrines|url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2905/stories/20120323290507900.htm|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=29|issue=5|issn=0970-1710|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613062951/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2905/stories/20120323290507900.htm|archive-date=13 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Indian constitution, [[Judicial review in India|judicial review]] is dealt with in [[s:Constitution of India/Part III|Article 13]]. The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws. According to '''Article 13''':<br />
<br />
# All pre-constitutional laws, if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended (the Doctrine of Eclipse).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Constitutional Law|last=Jain|first=Mahabir Prashad|publisher=LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur|year=2010|isbn=978-81-8038-621-3|edition=6th|location=[[Gurgaon]]|pages=921|oclc=650215045}}</ref><br />
# Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it, or they will be deemed void ''[[ab initio]]''.<br />
# In such situations, the Supreme Court (or a high court) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency (and where separation is possible), the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void. In addition to Article 13, Articles 32, 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review.<ref>Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh, Jindal Global Law School.</ref><br />
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Due to the adoption of the [[Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Thirty-eighth Amendment]], the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe [[fundamental rights]] under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Constitutional Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionalid00jaco|url-access=limited|last=Jacobsohn|first=Gary|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0674047662|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/constitutionalid00jaco/page/n77 57]|oclc=939085793}}</ref> The [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|Forty-second Amendment]] widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Minerva Mills v. Union of India]]'' that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-deceptive-constitution/article7295299.ece|title=India's deceptive Constitution|last=Chandrachud|first=Chintan|date=6 June 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 July 2018|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625123629/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-deceptive-constitution/article7295299.ece|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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{{anchor|The constitution – a living document}}<br />
=== The executive ===<br />
{{Main|President of India|Prime Minister of India}}<br />
Chapter 1 of the Constitution of India creates a [[parliamentary system]], with a prime minister who, in practice, exercises most executive power. The prime minister must have the support of a majority of the members of the [[Lok Sabha]], or lower House of Parliament. If the prime minister does not have the support of a majority, the Lok Sabha can pass a motion of no confidence, removing the prime minister from office. Thus the prime minister is the member of parliament who leads the majority party or a coalition comprising a majority.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-03|title=The Hindu : Front Page : President appoints Manmohan Prime Minister|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/20/stories/2004052007550100.htm|access-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603070838/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/20/stories/2004052007550100.htm|archive-date=3 June 2012}}</ref> The prime minister governs with the aid of a [[Union Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]], which the prime minister appoints and whose members head ministries. Importantly, Article 75 establishes that "the Council of Ministers shall be [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the House of the People" or Lok Sabha.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 75|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_75_{Other_provisions_as_to_Ministers}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> The Lok Sabha interprets this article to mean that the entire Council of Ministers can be subjected to a no confidence motion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules.aspx|access-date=2021-10-17|website=164.100.47.194|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121080129/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> If a no confidence motion succeeds, the entire Council of Ministers must resign.<br />
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Despite the prime minister exercising executive power in practice, the constitution bestows all the national government's executive power in the office of the president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 53|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_53_{Executive_power_of_the_Union}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> This de jure power is not exercised in reality, however. Article 74 requires the president follow the "aid and advice" of the council, headed by the prime minister.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 74|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_74_{Council_of_Ministers_to_aid_and_advise_President}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> In practice, this means that president's role is mostly ceremonial, with the prime minister exercising executive power because the president is obligated to act on the prime minister's wishes.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|date=2017-08-02|title=What is India's president actually for?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40772945|access-date=2021-10-17|archive-date=2 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602231458/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40772945|url-status=live}}</ref> The president does retain the power to ask the council to reconsider its advice, however, an action the president may take publicly. The council is not required to make any changes before resubmitting the advice to the president, in which case the president is constitutionally required to adhere to it, overriding the president's discretion.<ref name=":02" /> Previous presidents have used this occasion to make public statements about their reasoning for sending a decision back to the council, in an attempt to sway public opinion.<ref name=":12" /> This system, with an executive who only possesses nominal power and an official "advisor" who possess actual power, is based on the British system and is a result of colonial influences on India before and during the writing of its constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Parts of the Indian Constitution that were 'inspired by' others|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/parts-of-the-indian-constitution-that-were-inspired-by-others-943077.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111043024/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/parts-of-the-indian-constitution-that-were-inspired-by-others-943077.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Go|first=Julian|date=March 2002|title=Modeling the State|journal=Southeast Asian Studies|volume=39|issue=4|pages=558–583}}</ref><br />
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The president is chosen by an electoral college composed of the members of both the national and state legislatures. Article 55 outlines the specifics of the electoral college. Half of the votes in the electoral college are assigned to state representatives in proportion to the population of each state and the other half are assigned to the national representatives. The voting is conducted using a secret, [[single transferable vote]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 55|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_55_{Manner_of_election_of_President}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref><br />
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While the Constitution gives the legislative powers to the two Houses of Parliament, Article 111 requires the president's signature for a bill to become law. Just as with the advice of the council, the president can refuse to sign and send it back to the Parliament, but the Parliament can in turn send it back to the president who must then sign it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 111|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_111_{Assent_to_Bills}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref><br />
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==== Dismissal of the prime minister ====<br />
Despite the president's mandate to obey the advice of the prime minister and the council, Article 75 declares that both "shall hold office during the pleasure of the president."<ref name=":22" /> This means the president has the constitutional power to dismiss the prime minister or Council at anytime. If the prime minister still retained a majority vote in the Lok Sabha, however, this could trigger a constitutional crisis because the same article of the Constitution states that the Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha and must command a majority in it. In practice the issue has never arisen, though President [[Zail Singh]] threatened to remove Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi from office in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 15, 1987|first1=Surajeet|last1=Das Gupta|first2=Inderjit|last2=Badhwar|title=Under the Constitution, does the President have the right to remove the Prime Minister?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870515-under-the-constitution-does-the-president-have-the-right-to-remove-the-prime-minister-798837-1987-05-15|access-date=2021-10-18|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806141528/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870515-under-the-constitution-does-the-president-have-the-right-to-remove-the-prime-minister-798837-1987-05-15|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Presidential power to legislate ====<br />
When either or both Houses of Parliament are not in session, the prime minister, acting via the president, can unilaterally exercise the legislative power, creating [[Ordinance (India)|ordinances]] that have the force of law. These ordinances expire six weeks after Parliament reconvenes or sooner if both Houses disapprove.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 123|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_123_{Power_of_President_to_promulgate_Ordinances_during_recess_of_Parliament}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> The Constitution declares that ordinances should only be issued when circumstances arise that require "immediate action." Because this term is not defined, governments have begun abusing the ordinance system to enact laws that could not pass both Houses of Parliament, according to some commentators.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-27|title=Repeated promulgation of ordinances because a bill is held up in the Rajya Sabha is a violation of constitutional principles|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/repeated-promulgation-of-ordinances-because-a-bill-is-held-up-in-the-rajya-sabha-is-a-violation-of-constitutional-principles/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219083542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/repeated-promulgation-of-ordinances-because-a-bill-is-held-up-in-the-rajya-sabha-is-a-violation-of-constitutional-principles/|url-status=live}}</ref> This appears to be more common with divided government; when the prime minister's party controls the lower house but not the upper house, ordinances can be used to avoid needing the approval of the opposition in the upper house. In recent years, around ten ordinances have been passed annually, though at the peak of their use, over 30 were passed in a single year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|last1=Aney|first1=Madhav S.|last2=Dam|first2=Shubhankar|date=2021-10-01|title=Decree Power in Parliamentary Systems: Theory and Evidence from India|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/715060|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=83|issue=4|pages=1432–1449|doi=10.1086/715060|s2cid=235567253|issn=0022-3816|access-date=11 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091938/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/715060|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ordinances can vary widely on their topic; recent examples of ordinances include items as varied as modifications to land owner rights, emergency responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes to banking regulations.<ref name=":72" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-11|title=The ordinance raj of the Bharatiya Janata Party|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-ordinance-raj-of-the-bharatiya-janata-party/story-NlVvn0pm6updxwYlj0gSvJ.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111043023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-ordinance-raj-of-the-bharatiya-janata-party/story-NlVvn0pm6updxwYlj0gSvJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Federalism ==<br />
{{Main|Federalism in India}}<br />
The first article of the Constitution declares that India is a "Union of States".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part I, Article 1|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I#Article_1_{India_and_union_of_state}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> Under the Constitution, the states retain key powers for themselves and have a strong influence over the national government via the Rajya Sabha. However, the Constitution does provide key limits on their powers and gives final say in many cases to the national government.<br />
<br />
=== State powers in the Constitution ===<br />
<br />
==== Rajya Sabha ====<br />
{{Main|Rajya Sabha}}<br />
At the Union level, the states are represented in the Rajya Sabha or Council of States. The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution lays out the number of seats that each state controls in the Council of States, and they are based roughly on each state's population.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Rajya Sabha|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rajya_sabha/council_state.aspx|access-date=2021-10-19|website=rajyasabha.nic.in|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126135325/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rajya_sabha/council_state.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The members of each state legislature elect and appoint these representatives in the Council of States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 80|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_80_{Composition_of_the_Council_of_States}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> On most topics the Rajya Sabha is coequal with the lower house or Lok Sabha, and its consent is required for a bill to become a law.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 107|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_107_{Provisions_as_to_introduction_and_passing_of_Bills}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> Additionally, as one of the Houses of Parliament, any amendment to the Constitution requires a two-thirds majority in the Rajya Sabha to go into effect.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|title=Part XX, Article 368|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XX|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XX |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> These provisions allow the states significant impact on national politics through their representation in the "federal chamber".<ref name=":42" /><br />
<br />
==== State List ====<br />
The Constitution provides the states with a long list of powers exclusive to their jurisdiction.<ref name=":42" /> Generally only state legislatures are capable of passing laws implementing these powers; the Union government is prohibited from doing so. These powers are contained in the second list of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, known as the State List. The areas on the State List are wide-ranging and include topics like public health and order and a variety of taxes. The State List grants the states control over the police, healthcare, agriculture, elections, and more.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|title=Constitution of India|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/India_2016?lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622123934/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/India_2016?lang=en |archive-date=22 June 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Powers can only be permanently removed from the State List via a constitutional amendment approved by a majority of the states. The Rajya Sabha, as the representative of the states, can temporarily remove an item from the State List so the Union parliament can legislate on it. This requires a two-thirds vote and lasts for a renewable one-year period.<ref name=":42" /><br />
<br />
==== Amendments ====<br />
In addition to exerting influence over the amendment process via the Rajya Sabha, the states are sometimes involved in the amendment process. This special, [[Entrenched clause|entrenched]] process is triggered when an amendment to the Constitution specifically concerns the states by modifying the legislature or the powers reserved to the states in the Seventh Schedule. When this occurs, an amendment must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures for the amendment to go into effect.<ref name=":52" /><br />
<br />
=== Limitations on state powers ===<br />
<br />
==== Union and Concurrent Lists ====<br />
While the State List mentioned above provides powers for the states, there are two other lists in the Seventh Schedule that generally weaken them. These are the Union and Concurrent lists. The Union List is the counterpart to the State List, containing the areas of exclusive jurisdiction of the Union government, where the states are prohibited from legislating.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part XI, Article 246|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI#Article_246_{Subject-matter_of_laws_made_by_Parliament_and_by_the_Legislatures_of_States}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> Items on the Union List include the national defense, international relations, immigration, banking, and interstate commerce.<ref name=":62" /><br />
<br />
The final list is the Concurrent List which contains the topics on which ''both'' the Union and state-level governments may legislate on. These topics include courts and criminal law, unions, social security, and education.<ref name=":62" /> In general, when the Union and state laws on a Concurrent List item conflict, the Union-level laws prevail. The only way for the state-level law to override the national one is with the consent of the president, acting on the advice of the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-29|title=Congress mulls using Article 254(2) to bypass farm laws: All you need to know about the rarely-used provision|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/congress-mulls-using-article-2542-to-bypass-farm-laws-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-rarely-used-provision-8861611.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207083450/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/congress-mulls-using-article-2542-to-bypass-farm-laws-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-rarely-used-provision-8861611.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Additionally, any powers not on any of the three lists are reserved for the Union government and not for the states.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part XI, Article 248|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI#Article_248_{Residuary_powers_of_legislation}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Appointment of governors ====<br />
The governor of each state is given the executive power of the respective state by the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part VI, Article 154|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_154_{Executive_power_of_State}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> These governors are appointed directly by the president of the central government. Because the prime minister acts via the president, the prime minister is the one who chooses the governors in practice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part VI, Article 155|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_155_{Appointment_of_Governor}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> Once appointed, a governor serves for a five-year term or can be replaced by the president at any time, if asked to do so by the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part VI, Article 156|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_156_{Term_of_office_of_Governor}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> Because the Union government can remove a governor at any time, it is possible that governors may act in a way the Union Government wants, to the detriment of their state, so that they can maintain their office. This has become a larger issue as the state legislatures are often controlled by different parties than that of the Union prime minister, unlike the early years of the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Jeevan|last=Reddy|date=May 11, 2001|title=The Institution of Governor Under the Constitution|url=https://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20Institution%20of%20Governor%20under%20the%20Constitution.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123123638/http://legalaffairs.gov.in:80/sites/default/files/The%20Institution%20of%20Governor%20under%20the%20Constitution.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 }}</ref> For example, governors have used stalling tactics to delay giving their assent to legislation that the Union Government disapproves of.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterji|first=Rakhahari|date=6 June 2020|title=Recurring Controversy About Governor's Role in State Politics|url=https://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20Institution%20of%20Governor%20under%20the%20Constitution.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123123638/http://legalaffairs.gov.in:80/sites/default/files/The%20Institution%20of%20Governor%20under%20the%20Constitution.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In general the influence of the Union on state politics via the governor is limited, however, by the fact that the governor must listen to the advice of the chief minister of the state who needs to command a majority in the state legislature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part VI, Article 163|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_163_{Council_of_Ministers_to_aid_and_advise_Governor}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> There are key areas where the governor does not need to heed the advice of the chief minister. For example, the governor can send a bill to president for consideration instead of signing it into law.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part VI|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_200_{Assent_to_Bills}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Creation of states ====<br />
{{Main|Proposed states and union territories of India}}<br />
Perhaps the most direct power over the states is the Union's ability to unilaterally create new states out of territories or existing states and to modify and diminish the boundaries of existing states.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part I, Article 2|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I#Article_2_{Admission_or_establishment_of_new_States}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> To do so, Parliament must pass a simple law with no supermajority requirements. The states involved do not have a say on the outcome but the state legislature must be asked to comment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part I, Article 3|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I#Article_3_{Formation_of_new_States_and_alteration_of_areas,_boundaries_or_names_of_existing_States}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_I |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> The most recent state to be created was [[Telangana]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf|title=New State Formation|access-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327091502/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> More recently, [[Ladakh]] was created as a new Union Territory after being split off from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 2019, and [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] were combined into a [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|single Union Territory]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction {{!}} The Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh {{!}} India|url=https://ladakh.nic.in/about-department/introduction/|access-date=2022-01-11|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118154821/https://ladakh.nic.in/about-department/introduction/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About UT Administration {{!}} UT of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu {{!}} India|url=https://ddd.gov.in/introduction/|access-date=2022-01-11|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111043025/https://ddd.gov.in/introduction/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Federalism and the courts ===<br />
{{Main|Judiciary of India}}<br />
While the states have separate legislative and executive branches, they share the judiciary with the Union government. This is different from other federal court systems, such as the United States, where state courts mainly apply state law and federal courts mainly apply federal law.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal|last=Dam|first=Sukumar|date=1964|title=Judiciary in India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854040|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=25|issue=3/4|pages=276–281|jstor=41854040|issn=0019-5510|access-date=11 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111050953/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854040|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the Indian constitution, the High Courts of the States are directly constituted by the national constitution. The constitution also allows states to set up lower courts under and controlled by the state's High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part VI, Article 214|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Chapter_V_{The_High_Courts_in_the_States}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Part VI, Article 235|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI#Article_235_{Control_over_subordinate_courts}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_VI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> Cases heard at or appealed to the High Courts can be furter appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] in some cases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 133-134|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_132_{Appellate_jurisdiction_of_Supreme_Court_in_appeals_from_High_Court_in_certain_cases}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> All cases, whether dealing with federal or state laws, move up the same judicial hierarchy, creating a system sometimes termed integrated federalism.<ref name=":82" /><br />
<br />
== International law ==<br />
The Constitution includes treaty making as part of the executive power given to the president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part V, Article 73|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_73_{Extent_of_executive_power_of_the_Union}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> Because the president must act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers, the prime minister is the chief party responsible for making international treaties in the Constitution. Because the legislative power rests with Parliament, the president's signature on an international agreement does not bring it into effect domestically or enable courts to enforce its provisions. Article 253 of the Constitution bestows this power on Parliament, enabling it to make laws necessary for implementing international agreements and treaties.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part XI, Article 253|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI#Article_253_{Legislation_for_giving_effect_to_international_agreements}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://en.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XI |archive-date=13 September 2006 }}</ref> These provisions indicate that the Constitution of India is [[Dualism (law)|dualist]], that is, treaty law only takes effect when a domestic law passed using the normal processes incorporates it into domestic law.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Chandra|first=Aparna|date=2017-06-01|title=India and international law: formal dualism, functional monism|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40901-017-0069-0|journal=Indian Journal of International Law|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|pages=25–45|doi=10.1007/s40901-017-0069-0|s2cid=148598173|issn=2199-7411|access-date=11 January 2022|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112527/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40901-017-0069-0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
Recent Supreme Court decisions have begun to change this convention, incorporating aspects of international law without enabling legislation from parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-31|title=Are the Indian Courts Still Following the Constitutional Principle of Dualism? Not Quite So|url=https://rmlnlulawreview.com/2020/04/01/are-the-indian-courts-still-following-the-constitutional-principle-of-dualism-not-quite-so/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The RMLNLU Law Review Blog|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021045247/https://rmlnlulawreview.com/2020/04/01/are-the-indian-courts-still-following-the-constitutional-principle-of-dualism-not-quite-so/|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, in ''Gramophone Company of India Ltd. v Birendra Bahadur Pandey'', the Court held that "the rules of international law are incorporated into national law and considered to be part of the national law, unless they are in conflict with an Act of Parliament."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gramophone Company of India Ltd. v Birendra Bahadur Pandey|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/383397/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318014638/http://indiankanoon.org:80/doc/383397/ |archive-date=18 March 2009 }}</ref> In essence, this implies that international law applies domestically ''unless'' parliament says it does not.<ref name=":32" /> This decision moves the Indian Constitution to a more hybrid regime, but not to a fully [[Monism and dualism in international law|monist]] one.<br />
[[File:Indian constitution in Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum.jpg|thumb|The Constitution on display in [[Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum]]]]<br />
<br />
== Flexibility ==<br />
According to American historian [[Granville Austin]], "The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."{{efn|name="Cornerstone"|These lines by [[Granville Austin]] from his book ''The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation'' at p. 50, have been authoritatively quoted many times}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Raghavan|first1=Vikram|year=2010|title=The biographer of the Indian constitution|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2010/615/615_comment.htm|website=Seminar|access-date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919234837/http://www.india-seminar.com/2010/615/615_comment.htm|archive-date=19 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dharmadhikari|first1=D. M.|title=Principle of Constitutional Interpretation: Some Reflections|url=http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/2004v4a1.htm|journal=(2004) 4 SCC (Jour) 1|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128014312/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/2004v4a1.htm|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Marshall]], the fourth [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice of the United States]], said that a constitution's "great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves."<ref>{{Cite court|litigants=[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]|court=[[U.S. Supreme Court]]|pinpoint=17 U.S. (4 Wheaton) 316, 407|date=1819|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/17/316/}}</ref> A document "intended to endure for ages to come",<ref>{{Cite court|litigants=[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]|court=[[U.S. Supreme Court]]|pinpoint=17 U.S. (4 Wheaton) 316, 415|date=1819|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/17/316/}}</ref> it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context.<br />
<br />
The "[[Right to Life and Personal Liberty|right to life]]" guaranteed under [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|Article 21]]{{Efn|name="Art21"|Art. 21{{snd}}"No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law"}} has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including:<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
* the right to a speedy trial;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gaur|first1=K. D.|title=Article – Law and the Poor: Some Recent Developments in India (Book{{snd}}Criminal Law and Criminology)|date=2002|publisher=Deep & Deep|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7629-410-1|page=564|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LL4dMTWMpC4C&pg=PA564|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917112524/https://books.google.com/books?id=LL4dMTWMpC4C&pg=PA564|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* the right to water;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Narain|first1=Vrinda|title=Water as a Fundamental Right: A Perspective from India|journal=Vermont Law Review|volume=34|issue=917|page=920}}</ref><br />
* the right to earn a livelihood,<br />
* the [[right to health]], and<br />
* the right to education.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khosla|first1=Madhav|year=2011|title=Making social rights conditional: Lessons from India|journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law|volume=8|issue=4|page=761|doi=10.1093/icon/mor005|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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At the conclusion of his book, ''Making of India's Constitution'', retired Supreme Court Justice [[Hans Raj Khanna]] wrote:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|text=If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Making of India's constitution|last=Khanna|first=Hans Raj|publisher=Eastern Book Co|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7012-108-4|edition=2nd|location=[[Lucknow]]|publication-date=1 January 2008|oclc=294942170|author-link=Hans Raj Khanna}}</ref>|sign=|source=|title=}}Whereas scholars such as Arghya Sengupta have written about the colonial legacy and transformative potential of the Indian Constitution, most recently in his book ''The Colonial Constitution'' (Juggernaut, 2023).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sahgal |first=Kanav Narayan |date=September 2024 |title=The Colonial Constitution By Arghya Sengupta, Juggernaut, 2023. 296 pp. ISBN 978-9353451929 £10.64, (paperback) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1744552324000065/type/journal_article |journal=International Journal of Law in Context |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=419–422 |doi=10.1017/S1744552324000065 |issn=1744-5523|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Review {{!}} Why Not to Call the Constitution Colonial |url=https://www.nls.ac.in/blog/why-not-to-call-the-constitution-colonial/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=National Law School of India University |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-27 |title=Incomplete History and the Triggering Title {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/book-reviews/incomplete-history-and-triggering-title.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.epw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97-J5cuAz00 |title=The Colonial Constitution {{!}} Arghya Sengupta, Justice Gautam Patel, Faisal Devji & Rajdeep Sardesai |date=2024-01-20 |last=Jnanapravaha Mumbai |access-date=2025-09-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Translations into Indian languages {{anchor|Translations|Translation}} ==<br />
The Constitution of India is translated into only a few of the [[Languages with legal status in India|22 scheduled languages of the Indian Republic]].<br />
<br />
=== Hindi translation {{anchor|In Hindi language|In Hindi}} ===<br />
The [[Hindi]] translation of the Indian Constitution is notably the first translation among Indian languages. This task was undertaken by [[Raghu Vira]], a distinguished linguist, scholar, politician, and member of the Constituent Assembly.<br />
<br />
In 1948, nearly two years after the formation of the Constituent Assembly, Rajendra Prasad entrusted Raghu Vira and his team to translate the English text of the Constitution into Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Constituent Assembly Discussions on July 30, 1949|url=https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1511157/?formInput=Hindi%20constitution%20%20%20fromdate%3A%201-1-1949%20todate%3A%2031-12-1949|website=indiankanoon.org|language=en}}</ref> Raghu Vira, using Sanskrit as a common base akin to the role of Latin in European languages, applied the rules of ''[[sandhi]]'' (joining), ''[[Sanskrit compound|samasa]]'' (compounding), ''[[upasarga]]'' (prefix), and ''pratyaya'' (suffix) to develop several new terms for scientific and parliamentary use. The terminology was subsequently approved by an All India Committee of Linguistic Experts, representing thirteen languages: Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Odia (then spelled as Oriya), Assamese, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi, Kashmiri, and Urdu. The vocabulary developed for Hindi later served as a base for translating the constitution into several other Indic languages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Tragedy That Struck Sanskrit, Hindi, Hinduism, And Cultural Legacy of India|url=http://swargvibha.freevar.com/aalekh/all_aalekh/Dr.%20Raghuvira.htm|website=swargvibha.freevar.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bengali translation {{anchor|In Bengali language|In Bengali}} ===<br />
The Constitution of India was first translated from English into [[Bengali language]] and published in 1983, as {{Script|Beng|ভারতের সংবিধান}} (romanised: ''"Bharoter Songbidhan"'') in [[Kolkata]], through the collective efforts of the [[Government of West Bengal]] and the [[Union Government of India]]. Its second edition was published in 1987, and third in 2022. It contains up to the One hundred and fifth Amendment of the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of India in Bengali version |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/Constitution%20of%20India%20in%20Bengali%2C%20Version%202022.pdf |website=legislative.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Meitei translation {{anchor|Manipuri translation|In Meitei language|In Manipuri language|In Meitei|In Manipuri}} ===<br />
{{Distinguish|Manipur State Constitution Act 1947|Constitution in Meitei civilization}}<br />
The Constitution of India was first translated from English into [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]) and published on 3 January 2019, as {{lang|mni|{{Script|Beng|ভারতকী সংবিধান}}}}, in [[Imphal]], through the collective efforts of the [[Government of Manipur]] and the [[Union Government of India]]. It was written in [[Bengali script]]. It contains up to the Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of India in Manipuri |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20Constitution%20of%20India%20in%20Manipuri_0.pdf |website=legislative.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |language=mni}}</ref> The translation project was started in 2016 by the Directorate of Printing & Stationery of the [[Government of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-07-20 |title=Manipur Govt to Publish Indian Constitution in Manipuri |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/manipur-govt-to-publish-indian-constitution-in-manipuri/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19 November 2023, [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the then [[Chief Minister of Manipur|chief minister of Manipur]] declared that it will be transliterated into {{langnf|mni|[[Meetei Mayek]]|[[Meitei script]]}} in digital edition.<ref>—{{Cite web |title='Indian Constitution in Meetei Mayek' |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/indian-constitution-in-meetei-mayek |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite news |date=2023-11-18 |title=Constitution to be published in Meetei Mayek script: Manipur CM Biren Singh |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/constitution-to-be-published-in-meetei-mayek-script-manipur-cm-biren-singh/articleshow/105318035.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-8257}}<br />—{{Cite web |title=Digital Edition Of Constitution In Meetei Mayek Script Soon: Manipur Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/digital-edition-of-constitution-in-meetei-mayek-script-soon-manipur-chief-minister-4585973 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=NDTV.com}}<br />—{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=Manipur: Constitution of India will be published in Meetei Mayek script, announces CM N Biren Singh |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-constitution-of-india-will-be-published-in-meetei-mayek-script-announces-cm-n-biren-singh-713161-2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=Constitution Will Be Published In Meetei Mayek Script, Announces Manipur CM Biren Singh |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/constitution-will-be-published-in-meetei-mayek-script-announces-manipur-cm-biren-singh-article-105318526 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}<br />—{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-19 |title=Manipur: Constitution to be soon published in Meetei-Mayek script |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/manipur/manipur-constitution-to-be-soon-published-in-meetei-mayek-script/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 November 2023, [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the then [[Chief Minister of Manipur|chief minister]] of the [[Government of Manipur]], officially released the [[Diglot|diglot edition]] of the Constitution of India, in the {{langnf|mni|[[Meetei Mayek]]|Meitei writing system}} in [[Manipuri language]] and English,<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |title=Manipur Chief Minister releases diglot edition of Constitution in Meetei Mayek |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-chief-minister-biren-singh-releases-diglot-edition-of-constitution-in-meetei-mayek-script-2467751-2023-11-26 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=India Today |date=26 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Biren Singh Launches Digital Edition Of Constitution In Manipuri Language |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/biren-singh-launches-digital-edition-of-constitution-in-manipuri-language-741514 |access-date=2023-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=Manipur CM N Biren Singh Launches Diglot Edition of Constitution in Meitei Mayek Script |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/india/news/manipur-cm-n-biren-singh-launches-diglot-edition-of-constitution-in-meitei-mayek-scrip-watch-videos-5587180.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website= |language=en}}</ref> at the Cabinet hall of the CM Secretariat in [[Imphal]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=Manipur: Indian Constitution published in Meetei-Mayek script, CM N Biren Singh releases Diglot edition |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/video/manipur-indian-constitution-published-in-meetei-mayek-script-cm-n-biren-singh-releases-diglot-edition-716783-2023-11-26 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref> as part of the [[Constitution Day (India)|Constitution Day celebrations (National Law Day)]] of the [[Republic of India]],<ref name=manipur>{{Cite web |title=Constitution Day 2023: Manipur CM Biren Singh Launches Diglot Edition of Indian Constitution In Regional Language |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/constitution-day-2023-manipur-cm-biren-singh-launches-diglot-edition-of-indian-constitution-in-regional-language-6536020/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> containing up to the [[One Hundred and Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|105th Amendment of the Constitution]],<ref name="english.jagran.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=Manipur CM Biren Releases Indian Constitution In Manipuri Language In Imphal |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/manipur-cm-biren-releases-indian-constitution-in-manipuri-language-in-imphal-watch-10116392 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.in"/> for the first time in its history.<ref name="english.jagran.com"/> It was made to be available in all educational institutions, government offices, and public libraries across the [[Manipur state]].<ref name=manipur/><br />
<br />
=== Odia translation {{anchor|In Odia language|In Odia}} ===<br />
The Constitution of India was first translated from English into [[Odia language]] and published on 1 April 1981, as {{Script|Orya|ଭାରତର ସମ୍ବିଧାନ}} (romanised: ''"Bharatara Sambidhana"'') in [[Bhubaneswar]], through the collective efforts of the [[Government of Odisha]] and the [[Union Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of India in Oriya version |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20Constitution%20of%20Indian.pdf |website=legislative.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |language=or}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sanskrit translation {{anchor|In Sanskrit language|In Sanskrit}} ===<br />
The Constitution of India was first translated from English into [[Sanskrit language]] and published on 1 April 1985, as {{Script|Deva|भारतस्य संविधानम्}} (romanised: ''"Bhartasya Samvidhanam"'') in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of India in Sanskrit |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20Constitution%20of%20India%20in%20Sanskrit.pdf |website=legislative.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |language=sa}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Tamil translation {{anchor|In Tamil language|In Tamil}} ===<br />
The 4th edition of Constitution of India in [[Tamil language]] was published in 2021, as {{Script|Taml|இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு}} (romanised: ''"Intiya araciyalamaippu"'') in [[Chennai]], through the collective efforts of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Union Government of India]]. It contains up to the One hundred and fifth Amendment of the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of India in Tamil {{!}} Legislative Department {{!}} India |url=https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india-in-tamil/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maithili translation {{anchor|In Maithili language|In Maithili}} ===<br />
In the year 2010, Maithili Sahitya Sansthan secretary Bhairava Lal Das published a Maithili version of the Indian Constitution by his own self.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-10 |title=Time to sustain Maithili's growth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/time-to-sustain-maithilis-growth/articleshow/105865909.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Similarly on 26 November 2024 during the occasion of the Constitution Day, the president of India officially launched the [[Maithili version of Indian Constitution|Maithili version of the Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-11-26 |title=Indian Constitution live, progressive document: Prez Murmu addresses Parliament on Samvidhan Divas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/26/indian-constitution-live-progressive-document-prez-murmu-addresses-parliament-on-samvidhan-divas |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
=== Kashmiri translation {{anchor|In Kashmiri language|In Kashmiri}} ===<br />
<br />
In November 2025, the [[Constitution of India]] was translated into the [[Kashmiri language]]. The official translation was prepared by a team from the [[University of Kashmir]] under the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]], and carried out through the [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] (CIIL), Mysore.<ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Constitution of India translated into Kashmiri for first time<br />
|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/11/27/des78-jk-university-constitution.html<br />
|work=The Week<br />
|publisher=The Week<br />
|date=27 November 2025<br />
|access-date=10 January 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
The project began in September 2023 and was completed in March 2025. It was coordinated by Professor Aejaz Mohammad Sheikh, who served as the lead translator and linguist. The Kashmiri translation was formally released on [[Constitution Day (India)|Constitution Day]] (27 November 2025) by [[Droupadi Murmu]] in [[New Delhi]], along with translations in other Indian languages, including [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Constitution of India translated into Kashmiri for first time<br />
|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/11/27/des78-jk-university-constitution.html<br />
|work=The Week<br />
|publisher=The Week<br />
|date=27 November 2025<br />
|access-date=10 January 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
According to official sources, the Kashmiri version aims to improve access to constitutional texts for Kashmiri-speaking citizens and is available through the Legislative Department of the Government of India.<ref name="TOIKashmiriConst">{{cite news<br />
|title=In a historic first, Constitution of India translated into Kashmiri<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-a-historic-first-constitution-of-india-translated-in-kashmiri/articleshow/126258698.cms<br />
|work=The Times of India<br />
|publisher=Times Group<br />
|date=27 November 2025<br />
|access-date=10 January 2026<br />
}}</ref><ref name="LegDeptConstitution">{{cite web<br />
|title=Constitution of India – Authoritative Texts in Indian Languages<br />
|url=https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india/<br />
|website=Legislative Department, Government of India<br />
|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice<br />
|access-date=10 January 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Constitution Day (India)]]<br />
* [[Constitutional economics]]<br />
* [[Constitutionalism]]<br />
* [[Democracy in India]]<br />
* [[List of national constitutions]]<br />
* [[Loiyumpa Silyel]]<br />
* [[Magna Carta]]<br />
* [[Rule according to higher law]]<br />
* [[Uniform Civil Code]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
===Explanatory notes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Austin | first = Granville | author-link = Granville Austin | title = The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition = 2nd | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-01-9564-959-8 }}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Austin|first=Granville|author-mask=2|author-link=Granville Austin|title=Working a Democratic Constitution: A History of the Indian Experience|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=2nd|year=2003|isbn=978-01-9565-610-7}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Baruah| first = Aparajita | title = Preamble of the Constitution of India: An Insight & Comparison | publisher=Eastern Book Co | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-81-7629-996-1 }}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Basu | first = Durga Das | title = Commentary on the constitution of India : (being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India) | publisher=S. C. Sarkar & Sons (Private) Ltd | year = 1965 |volume=1–2}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Durga Das|title=Shorter Constitution of India|publisher=Prentice-Hall of India|year=1981|isbn=978-0-87692-200-2|author-mask=2}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Basu | first = Durga Das | title = Introduction to the Constitution of India | publisher=South Asia Books | edition = 10th| year = 1984 | isbn = 0-8364-1097-1 |author-mask=2}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Das|first=Hari Hara|title=Political System of India|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=2002|isbn=81-7488-690-7|author-mask=2}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Dash | first = Shreeram Chandra | title = The Constitution of India; a Comparative Study| publisher=Chaitanya Pub. House | year = 1968}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Dhamija | first= Dr. Ashok | title = Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features | publisher = Wadhwa and Company | year = 2007 | isbn=9788180382536}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Ghosh | first = Pratap Kumar | title = The Constitution of India: How it Has Been Framed | publisher=World Press | year = 1966}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Jayapalan | first = N. | title = Constitutional History of India| publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors | year = 1998| isbn = 81-7156-761-4}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Khanna | first = Hans Raj | author-link = Hans Raj Khanna| title = Making of India's Constitution| publisher=Eastern Book Co | year = 1981| isbn = 978-81-7012-108-4}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Khanna | first = Justice H. R. | author-link = Hans Raj Khanna | title = Making of India's Constitution | publisher= Eastern Book Company | edition = 2nd |orig-year=2008 | year = 2015 |type=reprint | isbn = 978-81-7012-188-6}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last =Rahulrai | first = Durga Das | title = Introduction to the Constitution of India | publisher=South Asia Books | edition = 10th| year = 1984 | isbn = 0-8364-1097-1 }}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Pylee | first = M.V. | title = India's Constitution | publisher=S. Chand & Co. | year = 1997 | isbn = 81-219-0403-X }}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Pylee|first=M.V.|title=Constitutional Government in India|publisher=S. Chand & Co.|year=2004|isbn=81-219-2203-8|author-mask=2}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Sen | first = Sarbani | title = The Constitution of India: Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations | publisher=Oxford University Press | year = 2007| isbn= 978-0-19-568649-4}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last = Sharma | first = Dinesh |author2=Singh, Jaya |author3=Maganathan, R. | title = Indian Constitution at Work | publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] | year = 2002| series=Political Science, Class XI|display-authors=etal}}<br />
* {{cite web<br />
|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/debates.htm<br />
|title=The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings): 9 December 1946 to 24 January 1950<br />
|publisher=The Parliament of India Archive<br />
|access-date=22 February 2008<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102902/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/debates.htm<br />
|archive-date=29 September 2007<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|Constitution of India}}<br />
* [https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india The Constitution of India]<br />
* [https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1949/E-2358-1949-0000-109779.pdf Original as published in the Gazette of India]<br />
* [https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/ Original Unamended version of the Constitution of India]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008]<br />
* [https://www.india-seminar.com/1999/484/484%20chiriyankandath.htm Constitutional predilections]<br />
* {{cite web |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/const/2004/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022080607/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/const/2004/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-10-22 |title=Constitution of India |work=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute}}{{snd}}online copy<br />
<br />
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<br />
[[Category:Constitution of India| ]]<br />
[[Category:1949 in Indian law]]<br />
[[Category:B. R. Ambedkar]]<br />
[[Category:Constitutions by country|India]]<br />
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian documents]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akbar&diff=475326Akbar2026-03-04T07:15:54Z<p>MichaelWhite3: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Mughal emperor from 1556 to 1605}}<br />
{{about|the third Mughal emperor}}<br />
{{redirect|Akbar Shah|the diamond|Akbar Shah (diamond)|the Singaporean footballer|Akbar Shah (footballer)}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| image = Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Akbar with a lion and a calf, by [[Govardhan (Mughal painter)|Govardhan]], {{Circa|1630}}<br />
| name = Akbar <br/> منِ بزرگتر<br />
| title = [[Padishah]]<br />[[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lal|1999|p=67|ps=: "It may be recalled that as an adolescent, Akbar had earned the title of Ghazi by beheading the defenseless infidel Himu. Under Akbar and Jahangir 'five or six hundred thousand human beings were killed,' says emperor Jahangir"}}</ref> <br /> [[Shahenshah-e-Hind]]<br />(King of Kings of India)<br />
| succession = [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]]<br />
| reign = 11 February 1556&nbsp;– 27 October 1605<ref name="Eraly2000p117">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=114, 117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Akbar (Mughal emperor) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11421/Akbar |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127124428/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11421/Akbar |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| coronation = 14 February 1556<ref name="Eraly2000p117" /><br>Takht-i-Akbari, [[Kalanaur, Gurdaspur|Kalanaur]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Humayun]]<br />[[Hemu]] (as ruler of Delhi)<br />
| successor = [[Jahangir]]<br />
| regent = [[Bairam Khan]] (1556–1560)<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2005|p=95}}</ref><br />
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|<br />
{{Marriage|[[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]]|1556}}<ref name="Thackston1999p437">{{harvnb|Jahangir|1999|p=437|ps=: "Ruqayya-Sultan Begam, the daughter of Mirza Hindal and wife of His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani [Akbar], had passed away in Akbarabad. She was His Majesty's chief wife. Since she did not have children, when Shahjahan was born His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani entrusted that 'unique pearl of the caliphate' to the begam's care, and she undertook to raise the prince. She departed this life at the age of eighty-four."}}</ref><br />
|{{Marriage|[[Salima Sultan Begum]]|1561}}<br />
|{{Marriage|[[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]|1562}}<ref name="farishta">{{harvnb|Hindu Shah|1595–1612|p=223|ps=: "Akbur, after this conquest, made pilgrimage to Khwaja Moyin-ood-Deen Chishty at Ajmere and returned to Agra; from whence he proceeded to visit the venerable Sheikh Sulim Chishty, in the village of Seekry. As all the king's children had hitherto died, he solicited the Sheikh's prayers, who consoled him, by assuring him he would soon have a son, who would live to a good old age. Shortly after, the favourite sooltana, being then pregnant, on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee-ool-Awul, in the year 997 was delivered of a son, who was called Sulim."}}</ref><ref name="jlmehta">{{harvnb|Mehta|1984|p=222|ps=: "Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August, 1569."}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ahloowalia|2009|p=130}}</ref> }}<br />
| spouse-type = Consorts<br />
| spouses-type = Wives<br />
| spouses = {{unbulleted list|<br />
|{{Marriage|Raj Kunwari|1570}}<br />
|{{Marriage|Nathi Bai|1570}}<br />
|{{Marriage|Bhakkari Begum|1572}}<br />
|{{Marriage|Qasima Banu Begum|1575}}<br />
|Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum<br />
|Bibi Daulat Shad<br />
|Rukmavati<br />
|''[[#Consorts and concubines|several others]]''}}<br />
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|<br />
|[[Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth of twins|Hassan Mirza]]<br />
|[[Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth of twins|Hussain Mirza]]<br />
|[[Jahangir]]<br />
|[[Shahzada Khanum]]<br />
|[[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)|Murad Mirza]]<br />
|[[Shakr-un-Nissa Begum]]<br />
|[[Daniyal Mirza]]<br />
|[[Aram Banu Begum]]}}<br />
| issue-link = #Issue<br />
| full name = Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar<ref name="Britannica" /><br />
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]<br />
| posthumous name = Arsh-Ashyani ({{lit|One who nests on the divine throne}})<br />
| house = [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]]<br />
| father = [[Humayun]]<br />
| mother = [[Hamida Banu Begum]]<br />
| signature = Official seal of Mughal emperor Akbar, from Or 14982-1, dating to 978 A.H. (1570–71 C.E.).jpg<br />
| birth_name = Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar<br />
| birth_date = 15 October 1542{{efn|name=birth}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Umarkot Fort|Amarkot]], [[Sodha dynasty of Amarkot|Amarkot Kingdom]], [[Rajputana]] <br />(modern-day [[Umerkot]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan)<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1605|10|27|1542|10|25|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] <br /> (modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)<br />
| burial_date = November 1605<br />
| burial_place = [[Akbar's tomb|Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra]], [[Agra]], India<br />
| signature_type = Seal<br />
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{harvnb|Black|2011|p=245}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|p=189}}</ref> <br /> [[Din-i-Ilahi]]<br />
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes<br />
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| branch = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|border=}} [[Mughal Army]]<br />
| commands = <br />
| battles_label =<br />
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}<br />
<br />
* [[Second Battle of Panipat|Panipat (1556)]]<br />
* [[Siege of Mankot (1557)|Mankot (1557)]]<br />
* [[Battle of Thanesar (1567)|Thanesar (1567)]]<br />
* [[Mughal–Rajput Wars]]<br />
** Merta (1562)<br />
** Mughal invasion of Marwar (1562–1583)<br />
** [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Chittorgarh (1567–1568)]]<br />
** [[Siege of Ranthambore (1568)|Ranthambore (1568)]]<br />
* [[Mughal conquest of Gujarat|Gujarat (1572–73)]]<br />
* [[Mughal conquest of Bengal|Bengal (1572–76)]]<br />
** [[Battle of Tukaroi|Tukaroi (1575)]]<br />
** [[Battle of Rajmahal|Rajmahal (1576)]]<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akbar'''{{efn|{{IPA|fa|ak.baɾ}}<ref name=time />}} (Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar,<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |last=Ballhatchet |first=Kenneth A. |date=31 March 2023 |title=Akbar |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525120830/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar |archive-date=25 May 2023 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> {{Birth date|1542|10|15|df=y}}{{efn|name=birth}} – {{Death date|1605|10|27|df=y}}),<ref>{{blist|{{Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=online|title=Akbar I|year=2014|last=Lehmann|first=F.|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/akbar-i-mughal-india|access-date=29 May 2023|ref=none}}|{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume I|1907|pp=139–140|ref=none}}|{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Akbar I |encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-209 |access-date=29 May 2023 |orig-date=2004 |edition=online |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-954609-1 |oclc=150655825 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030109/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-209 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}}}</ref> also known as '''Akbar the Great''',<ref>{{harvnb|Syed|2011|p=404}}</ref> was the third [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]], who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, [[Humayun]], under a regent, [[Bairam Khan]], who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He is generally considered one of the greatest emperors in Indian history and led a successful campaign to unify the various kingdoms of ''[[Hindūstān]]'' or [[Names for India#Historical definitions of a Greater India|India proper]].<ref name="Britanica">{{Citation |last=Britanica |first=Encyclopaedia |title=Akbar |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar |page=2 |year=2024 |publisher=Encyclopaedia of britanica |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |access-date=9 August 2017 }} Quote: "Akbar, The greatest Mughal emperor of India."</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/TheMughalThrone/page/n41/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Akbar |title=The Saga of the Great Mughals |isbn=9781932705546 |access-date=19 May 2024 |last1=Early |first1=Abraham |date=2000|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. }}</ref><br />
<br />
Akbar gradually enlarged the [[Mughal Empire]] to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the [[Jizya|sectarian tax]] and appointing them to high civil and military posts.<br />
<br />
Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an [[Indo-Persian culture]]. Akbar's courts at [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], and [[Fatehpur Sikri]] attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and became known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning. [[Timurid Renaissance|Timurid]] and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements into a distinct style of Mughal arts, including [[Mughal painting|painting]] and [[Mughal architecture|architecture]]. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated [[Din-i Ilahi]], a [[Religious syncretism|syncretic creed]] derived mainly from [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]] as well as elements of [[Zoroastrianism]] and [[Christianity]].<br />
<br />
Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son, Prince Salim, later known as [[Jahangir]].<br />
<br />
== Early years ==<br />
[[File:Akbar_and_Humayun_portrait_in_Kabul_(1550-56).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Contemporary portrait of Akbar as a boy, offering a painting to his father [[Humayun]] while in [[Kabul]]. Painted in 1550–56]]<br />
After Mughal Emperor [[Humayun]] was defeated at [[Battle of Chausa|Chausa]] (1539) and [[Battle of Kannauj|Kannauj]] (1540) by the forces of [[Sher Shah Suri]], Humayun fled westward to modern-day [[Sindh]].<ref name="Multiple5">{{harvnb|Banerji|1938|pp=253–254}}</ref> There, he met and married the 14-year-old [[Hamida Banu Begum]], daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a [[Persians|Persian]] teacher of Humayun's younger brother [[Hindal Mirza]]. Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar was born to them the next year on 15 October 1542{{efn|name=birth|Official sources, such as contemporary biographer [[Abu'l-Fazl]], record Akbar's birth name and date as Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar and 15 October 1542. However, based on recollections of Humayun's personal attendant Jauhar, historian [[Vincent Arthur Smith]] holds that Akbar was born on 23 November 1542 (the fourteenth day of [[Sha'aban]], which had a full moon) and was originally named Badr ud-din ("The full moon of religion"). According to Smith, the recorded date of birth was changed at the time of Akbar's circumcision ceremony in March 1546 to throw off astrologers and sorcerers, and his name was accordingly changed to Jalal ud-din ("Splendour of Religion")<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1917|pp=18–19}}</ref>}} (the fifth day of [[Rajab]], 949 [[Hijri year|AH]])<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Akbar I |encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-209 |access-date=29 May 2023 |orig-date=2004 |edition=online |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-954609-1 |oclc=150655825 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030109/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-209 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> at the [[Umarkot Fort|Rajput Fortress]] of [[Amarkot]] in [[Rajputana]] (in modern-day Sindh), where his parents had been given refuge by the local Hindu ruler Rana Prasad.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1917|pp=12–19}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the extended period of Humayun's exile, Akbar was brought up in [[Kabul]] by his paternal uncles, [[Kamran Mirza]] and [[Askari Mirza]], and aunts, in particular, Kamran Mirza's wife. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run, and fight, and although he never learned to read or write, when he retired in the evening, he would have someone read to him.<ref name="AknamaVolI">{{harvnb|Abul Fazl 'Allami|1873|p=}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1917|p=22}}</ref> On 20 November 1551, Humayun's youngest brother, Hindal Mirza, died in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief.<ref name="Erskine">{{harvnb|Erskine|1854|pp=403, 404}}</ref><br />
<br />
About the time of nine-year-old Akbar's first appointment as governor of [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]], he married Hindal's daughter, [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]], his first wife.<ref name="Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd">{{harvnb|Mehta|1984|p=189}}</ref> Humayun gave Akbar command of Hindal's troops and conferred on the imperial couple all of Hindal's wealth.<ref name="Ferishta1909">{{harvnb|Ferishta|1909|p=169}}</ref> Akbar's marriage to Ruqaiya was solemnised in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, when they were both 14 years old.<ref name="Eraly 2000 123, 272">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=123, 272}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following chaos over the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son [[Islam Shah]], Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555,<ref>{{harvnb|Nature|1942|pp=600–601}}</ref> leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally [[Tahmasp I]]. A few months later, Humayun died. Akbar's guardian, [[Bairam Khan]], concealed his death to prepare for Akbar's succession. Akbar succeeded Humayun on 14 February 1556,<ref name="India Today">{{Cite news |date=27 October 2016 |title=Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/akbar-the-great-348793-2016-10-27 |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606174809/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/akbar-the-great-348793-2016-10-27 |archive-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> while in the midst of a war against [[Sikandar Shah Suri|Sikandar Shah]] to reclaim the Mughal throne. In [[Kalanaur, Punjab]], the 14-year-old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly constructed platform (which still stands<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurdas |url=http://punjabgovt.nic.in/government/gurdas1.GIF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527210721/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/government/gurdas1.GIF |archive-date=27 May 2008 |access-date=30 May 2008 |publisher=[[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About District |url=https://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/profile.htm#history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050802074716/http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/profile.htm#history |archive-date=2 August 2005 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=Gurdaspur District}}</ref>) and was proclaimed ''Shahanshah'' ([[Persian language|Persian]] for "King of Kings").<ref name="India Today" /> Bairam Khan ruled on his behalf until he came of age.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=337}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ancestry ==<br />
{{ahnentafel|1. '''Akbar I'''|2. [[Humayun]]|3. [[Hamida Banu Begum]]|4. [[Babur]]|5. [[Maham Begum]]|6.Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami|7. Mah Afroz Begum<ref name="Thackeray">{{harvnb|Thackeray|Findling|2012|p=254}}</ref>|8. [[Umar Shaikh Mirza II]]|9. [[Qutlugh Nigar Khanum]]|collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;}}<br />
<br />
== Military campaigns ==<br />
[[File:Mughal Empire, 1605.png|thumb|[[Mughal Empire]] under Akbar, 1605. Areas that were only partially integrated are indicated by lighter shading and dotted lines.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwatzberg |first=Joseph E. |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/ |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1992 |pages=Plate VI.A (p.44–46) and XIV.4 (p.148)}}</ref>|270x270px]]<br />
<br />
=== Military innovations ===<br />
Akbar's military campaigns consolidated Mughal rule in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="India Today" /><ref name="Lal">{{harvnb|Lal|2005|p=140}}</ref> Akbar introduced organisational changes to the ''[[mansabdar]]i'' system, establishing a hierarchical scale of military and civil ranks.<ref name="Kulke">{{harvnb|Kulke|2004|p=205}}</ref><br />
<br />
Organisational reforms were accompanied by innovations in [[cannons]], [[fortifications]], and the [[War elephant|use of elephants]].<ref name="Lal" /> Akbar also took an interest in [[matchlock]]s and effectively employed them during various conflicts. He sought the help of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], as well as Europeans, especially the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and Italians, in procuring advanced firearms and artillery.<ref name="Schimmel">{{harvnb|Schimmel|2004|p=88}}</ref><ref name="Richards1">{{harvnb|Richards|1996|p=288}}</ref> Akbar's [[vizier]] [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]] once declared that "with the exception of Turkey, there is perhaps no country in which its guns has more means of securing the Government than [India]."<ref name="Elgood">{{harvnb|Elgood|1995|p=135}}</ref> Scholars and historians have used the term "[[Gunpowder empires|gunpowder empire]]" to analyse the success of the Mughals in India.<ref name="Gommans">{{harvnb|Gommans|2002|p=134}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== North India ===<br />
[[File:Nach_der_Belagerung_von_Mankot_1557.jpg|250px|thumb|Afghan troops of the [[Sur Empire]] surrendering to the Mughal forces of Akbar at the [[Siege of Mankot (1557)]]. ''Akbarnama'' (1590–95)]]<br />
Akbar's father Humayun had regained control of the [[Punjab]], [[Delhi]], and [[Agra]] with [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] support, but Mughal rule was still precarious when Akbar took the throne. When the Surs reconquered Agra and Delhi following the death of Humayun, Akbar's young age and the lack of military assistance from the Mughal stronghold of [[Kabul]]{{Emdash}}which was in the midst of an invasion by the ruler of [[Badakhshan]], Prince Mirza Suleiman{{Emdash}}aggravated the situation.<ref name="Eraly1">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=118–124}}</ref> When his regent, [[Bairam Khan]], called a council of war to marshall the Mughal forces, none of Akbar's chieftains approved. Bairam Khan was ultimately able to prevail over the nobles and it was decided that the Mughals would march against the strongest of the Sur rulers, [[Sikandar Shah Suri]], in Punjab. Delhi was left under the regency of [[Tardi Baig Khan]].<ref name="Eraly1" /> Sikandar Shah Suri, his army weakened by earlier lost battles, withdrew to avoid combat as the Mughal army approached.<ref>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|p=104|ps=: "But the arch-enemy was neither Sikandar, who had become a spent force after Māchīwārā and Sirhind"}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Muzaffar|Kumar|Usmani|Gupta|2022|p=119}}</ref><br />
<br />
Akbar also faced [[Hemu]], a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]s.<ref name="Eraly1" /> Urged by Bairam Khan, who re-marshalled the Mughal army before Hemu could consolidate his position, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chandra|2007|pp=226–227}}</ref> His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the Sur army on 5 November 1556 at the [[Second Battle of Panipat]], {{convert|50|mi|km}} north of Delhi.<ref name="Panipat">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=227}}</ref> Soon after the battle, Mughal forces occupied Delhi and then Agra. Akbar made a triumphant entry into Delhi, where he stayed for a month. Then, he and Bairam Khan returned to Punjab to deal with Sikandar Shah Suri, who had become active again.<ref name="Richards2">{{harvnb|Richards|1996|pp=9–13}}</ref> In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander, who fled east to [[Bengal]]. Akbar and his forces occupied [[Lahore]] and then seized [[Multan]] in the Punjab. In 1558, Akbar took possession of [[Ajmer]], the aperture to [[Rajputana]], after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler.<ref name="Richards2" /> The Mughals also besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of [[Gwalior Fort]], a stronghold north of the [[Narmada]] river.<ref name="Richards2" /><br />
<br />
Royal begums (ladies), along with the families of Mughal amirs, were brought from Kabul to India at the time, "so that men might become settled and be restrained in some measure from departing to a country to which they were accustomed", according to Fazl.<ref name="Eraly1" /> Akbar made clear that he would stay in India, reintroducing the historical legacy of the [[Timurid Renaissance]], in contrast to his grandfather and father, who reigned as transient rulers.<ref name="Eraly1" /><ref name="Richards2" /><ref>{{New Cambridge History of Islam|volume=3}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Central India ===<br />
{{See also|Mughal conquest of Malwa}}<br />
[[File:Prince Akbar and Noblemen Hawking, Probably Accompanied by His Guardian Bairam Khan.jpg|thumb|upright|Akbar [[Falconry|hawking]] with Mughal chieftains and nobleman, accompanied by his guardian Bairam Khan.]]<br />
<br />
By 1559, the Mughals had launched a drive to the south into Rajputana and [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]].<ref name="Richards3">{{harvnb|Richards|1996|pp=14–15}}</ref> However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion.<ref name="Richards3" /> The young emperor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to take a more active part in managing the Empire's affairs. Urged on by his foster mother, [[Maham Anga]], and other relatives, Akbar dismissed Bairam Khan following a dispute at court in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on [[Hajj]] to [[Mecca]].<ref name="expansion">{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=339}}</ref> Bairam Khan was prepared to comply, but people who resented him and hoped for his downfall goaded him into rebellion against Akbar.<ref name="Panipat" /> Bairam Khan was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and forced to submit. Akbar forgave him and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam Khan chose the latter.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=228}}</ref> Bairam Khan was assassinated on his way to Mecca, by a group of Afghans led by Mubarak Khan Lohani, whose father had been killed while fighting with the Mughals at the [[Battle of Machhiwara]] in 1555.<ref name="Richards3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Collier |first1=Dirk |title=The Great Mughals and their India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Hay House |isbn=9789384544980 |page=149}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1560, Akbar resumed military operations.<ref name="Richards3" /> A Mughal army under the command of his foster brother, [[Adham Khan]], and a Mughal commander, Pir Muhammad Khan, began the Mughal conquest of Malwa. The Afghan ruler, [[Baz Bahadur]], was defeated at the Battle of Sarangpur and fled to [[Sultanate of Khandesh|Khandesh]] for refuge, leaving behind his harem, treasure, and war elephants.<ref name="Richards3" /> Despite initial success, Akbar was ultimately displeased with the aftermath of the campaign; his foster brother retained all of the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison, their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were descendants of [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Richards3" /> Akbar personally rode to Malwa to confront Adham Khan and relieve him of command. Pir Muhammad Khan was then sent in pursuit of Baz Bahadur, but was beaten back by the alliance of the rulers of Khandesh and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]].<ref name="Richards3" /> Baz Bahadur temporarily regained control of Malwa until, in the next year, Akbar sent another Mughal army to invade and annexe the kingdom.<ref name="Richards3" /> Malwa became a province of the nascent imperial administration of Akbar's regime. Baz Bahadur survived as a refugee at various courts until, eight years later in 1570, he took service under Akbar.<ref name="Richards3" /> When Adham Khan confronted Akbar following another dispute in late 1561, the emperor threw him from a terrace into the palace courtyard at Agra. Still alive, Adham Khan was dragged up and thrown to the courtyard once again by Akbar to ensure his death.<ref name="Richards3" /><br />
<br />
[[File:Young Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana being received by Akbar, Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Young [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]], son of Bairam Khan, being received by Akbar.]]<br />
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After Adham Khan's death, Akbar distributed authority among specialised ministerial posts relating to different aspects of imperial governance to prevent any one noble from becoming too powerful.<ref name="Richards3" /> When a powerful clan of Uzbek chiefs broke out in rebellion in 1564, Akbar routed them in Malwa and then [[Bihar]].<ref name="Eraly2">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=140–141}}</ref> He pardoned the rebellious leaders, hoping to conciliate them, but they rebelled again; Akbar quelled their second uprising. Following a third revolt, during which they proclaimed [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]]{{emdash}}Akbar's brother and the Mughal ruler of Kabul{{emdash}} to be their king, several Uzbek chieftains were slain.<ref name="Eraly2" /> Simultaneously, the Mirzas, a group of Akbar's distant cousins who held important fiefs near Agra, rebelled and were defeated by Akbar. Several rebel leaders were trampled to death under elephants.<ref name="Eraly2" /> In 1566, Akbar moved to meet the forces of his brother, Muhammad Hakim, who had marched into the Punjab with the intention of seizing the imperial throne. Following a brief confrontation, Muhammad Hakim accepted Akbar's supremacy and retreated back to Kabul.<ref name="Eraly2" /><br />
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In 1564, Mughal forces began the [[Mughal conquest of Garha|conquest of Garha]], a thinly populated, hilly area in central India that was of interest to the Mughals because of its herd of wild elephants.<ref name="Richards4">{{harvnb|Richards|1996|pp=17–21}}</ref> The territory was ruled over by Raja Vir Narayan, a minor, and his mother, [[Rani Durgavati|Durgavati]], a [[Rajput]] warrior queen of the Gonds.<ref name="Eraly2" /> Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara.<ref name="Eraly2" /><ref name="Chandra">{{harvnb|Chandra|2005|pp=105–106}}</ref> Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was slain at the Fall of Chauragarh, the mountain fortress of the Gonds.<ref name="Chandra" /> The Mughals seized immense wealth, including an uncalculated amount of gold and silver, jewels, and 1,000 elephants. Kamala Devi, a younger sister of Durgavati, was sent to the Mughal harem.<ref name="Chandra" /> The brother of Durgavati's deceased husband was installed as the Mughal administrator of the region.<ref name="Chandra" /><br />
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As with Malwa, Akbar entered into a dispute with his vassals over the conquest of Gondwana.<ref name="Chandra" /> Asaf Khan was accused of keeping most of the treasures and sending back only 200 elephants to Akbar. When summoned to give accounts, he fled Gondwana. He went first to the Uzbeks, then returned to Gondwana where he was pursued by Mughal forces. Finally, he submitted and Akbar restored him to his previous position.<ref name="Chandra" /><br />
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==== Assassination attempt ====<br />
In January 1564, an assassin shot an arrow at Akbar, which pierced his right shoulder, as he was returning from a visit to the Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin near Delhi. The Emperor ordered the apprehended assassin, a slave of Mirza Sharfuddin—a noble in Akbar's court whose recent rebellion had been suppressed—to be beheaded.<ref>{{harvnb|Sharma|2023|pp=99–100}}</ref><br />
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=== Rajputana ===<br />
[[File:Akbar shoots Jaimal at the siege of Chitor.jpg|thumb|upright|Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568.]]<br />
[[File:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during the attack on Ranthambhor Fort.jpg|thumb|upright|Bullocks dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568.]]<br />
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Having established Mughal rule over northern India, Akbar turned his attention to the conquest of [[Rajputana]], which was strategically important as it was a rival centre of power that flanked the Indo-Gangetic plains.<ref name="Chandra" /> The Mughals had already established domination over parts of northern Rajputana in [[Mewar|Mewat]], [[Ajmer]], and Nagor.<ref name="Richards2" /><ref name="Eraly2" /> Akbar sought to conquer Rajputana's heartlands, which had rarely previously submitted to the Muslim rulers of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Beginning in 1561, the Mughals actively engaged the Rajputs in warfare and diplomacy.<ref name="Richards4" /> Most Rajput states accepted Akbar's suzerainty; however, the rulers of Mewar and Marwar—[[Udai Singh II]] and [[Chandrasen Rathore]]—remained outside the imperial fold.<ref name="Eraly2" /><br />
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Udai Singh was descended from the Sisodia ruler, [[Rana Sanga]], who had fought Babur at the [[Battle of Khanwa]] in 1527.<ref name="Eraly2" /> As the head of the [[Sisodia clan]], he possessed the highest ritual status of all the Rajput kings and chieftains in India.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} The Mughals viewed defeating Udai Singh as essential to asserting their imperial authority among the Rajputs.<ref name="Eraly2" /> During this period of his reign, Akbar was still devoted to Islam and sought to impress the superiority of his faith over what were regarded by contemporaries as the most prestigious warriors in Hinduism.<ref name="Eraly2" /><br />
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In 1567, Akbar attacked the [[Chittor Fort]] in Mewar. The fortress-capital of Mewar was of strategic importance as it lay on the shortest route from Agra to [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and was also considered a key to holding the interior parts of Rajputana. Udai Singh retreated to the hills of Mewar, leaving two Rajput warriors, [[Jaimal Rathore|Jaimal]] and [[Patta Sisodia|Patta]], in charge of the defence of his capital.<ref name="earlyconquest">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=231}}</ref> Chittorgarh fell in February 1568 after a [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|siege of four months]]. The fall of Chittor was proclaimed by Akbar as "the victory of Islam over infidels [''i.e.'', non-Muslims]."<ref name="Khan 1968">{{harvnb|Khan|1968|p=32}}</ref> In his Fathnama (dispatches announcing victory) issued on 9 March 1575 conveying his news of victory, Akbar wrote: "With the help of our blood-thirsty sword we have erased the signs of infidelity in their minds and destroyed the temples in those places and all over Hindustan."<ref name="Khan 1968" /><br />
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Akbar had the surviving defenders and 30,000 non-combatants massacred and their heads displayed upon towers erected throughout the region to demonstrate his authority.<ref name="chittor">{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=342}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2001|p=107}}</ref> Thereafter, Udai Singh never ventured out of his mountain refuge in Mewar.<ref name="Eraly4">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=143–147}}</ref><br />
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A legend, oft repeated by historians, has grown up that Akbar set up statues of Jaimal and Patta mounted on elephants at a gate of his fort in Agra to commemorate his victory. There are records from his time of two statues of elephants with their riders outside the eastern gate of his fort in Agra, but these may have had nothing to do with the Rajputs of Chittor, they may have been purely decorative. Indologist [[Eugenia Vanina]] found no account that connects the statues to Jaimal and Patta until a 1629 chronicle by Dutch merchants. She believes that the narrative that the statues were monuments grew up to "provide ideological, social and psychological substantiation" of the alliance between the Mughals and the Rajputs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vanina |first1=Eugenia |author-link=Eugenia Vanina |title=Monuments to Enemies? 'Rajput' Statues in Mughal Capitals |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=October 2019 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=683–704 |doi=10.1017/S1356186319000415}}</ref><br />
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The fall of Chittorgarh was followed up by a Mughal attack on the [[Ranthambore Fort]] in 1568. Ranthambore was held by the [[Hada (clan)|Hada]] Rajputs and reputed to be the most powerful fortress in India.<ref name="Eraly4" /> However, it fell only after a couple of months.<ref name="Eraly4" /> At that point, most of the Rajput kings had submitted to the Mughals; only the clans of Mewar continued to resist.<ref name="Eraly4" /> Udai Singh's son and successor, [[Maharana Pratap]], was later defeated by the Mughals at the [[Battle of Haldighati]] in 1576.<ref name="Eraly4" /> Akbar would celebrate his conquest of Rajputana by laying the foundation of a new capital, {{convert|23|mi|km}} west-southwest of Agra, in 1569. It was called [[Fatehpur Sikri]], or the "City of Victory".<ref>{{harvnb|Crooke|1912|p=796}}</ref> Pratap Singh continued to attack the Mughals and was able to retain most of his kingdom during Akbar's reign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rana Pratap Singh &#124; Indian ruler |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rana-Pratap-Singh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616003537/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rana-Pratap-Singh |archive-date=16 June 2018 |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><br />
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=== Western and Eastern India ===<br />
{{See also|Mughal conquest of Gujarat}}<br />
[[File:Court of Akbar from Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|upright|The court of young Akbar, aged 13, showing his first imperial act: the arrest of an unruly courtier, who was once a favourite of Akbar's father. Illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama.|left]]<br />
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Akbar's next military objectives were the conquest of Gujarat and Bengal, which connected India with the trading centres of Asia, Africa, and Europe through the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Eraly4" /> Gujarat had also been a haven for rebellious Mughal nobles. In Bengal, the Afghans still held considerable influence under their ruler, [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]]. Akbar first moved against Gujarat, which lay in the crook of the Mughal provinces of Rajputana and Malwa.<ref name="Eraly4" /> Gujarat possessed areas of rich agricultural production in its central plain, an impressive output of textiles and other industrial goods, and the busiest seaports of India.<ref name="Eraly4" /><ref name="Gujarat1">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=232}}</ref> Akbar intended to link the maritime state with the massive resources of the Indo-Gangetic plains.<ref name="Richards5">{{harvnb|Richards|1996|p=32}}</ref><br />
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Akbar's ostensible ''[[casus belli]]'' for warring with Gujarat was that the rebel Mirzas, who had previously been driven out of India, were now operating out of a base in southern Gujarat. Moreover, Akbar had received invitations from cliques in Gujarat to oust the reigning king, which further served as justification for his military expedition.<ref name="Eraly4" /> In 1572, Akbar moved to occupy [[Ahmedabad]], the capital, and other northern cities, and was proclaimed the lawful sovereign of Gujarat. By 1573, he had driven out the Mirzas who, after offering token resistance, fled for refuge in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. [[Surat]], the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals.<ref name="Eraly4" /> The king, [[Muzaffar Shah III]], was caught hiding in a corn field; he was pensioned off by Akbar with a small allowance.<ref name="Eraly4" /><br />
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Akbar then returned to Fatehpur Sikiri, where he built the [[Buland Darwaza]] to commemorate his victories.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} But, a rebellion by Afghan nobles supported by the Rajput ruler of [[Idar State|Idar]], as well a resurgence of the Mirzas (who retook Cambay, Broach, and Surat), forced his return to Gujarat.<ref name="Richards5" /> Akbar crossed Rajputana and reached Ahmedabad in 11 days—a journey that normally took six weeks. The outnumbered Mughal army won a decisive victory on 2 September 1573. Akbar slew the rebel leaders and erected a tower out of their severed heads.<ref name="Eraly4" /> The conquest and subjugation of Gujarat proved highly profitable for the Mughals; after expenses, the territory yielded a revenue of more than five million rupees annually to Akbar's treasury.<ref name="Eraly4" /><br />
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After conquering Gujarat, the remaining centre of Afghan power was Bengal. In 1572, Sulaiman Khan's son, [[Daud Khan Karrani|Daud Khan]], succeeded him. Daud Khan defined Mughal rule, assuming the insignia of royalty and ordering that the [[khutbah]] be proclaimed in his name, rather than Akbar's. [[Munim Khan]], the Mughal governor of Bihar, was ordered to chastise Daud Khan. Eventually, Akbar himself set out to Bengal, and in 1574, the Mughals seized [[Patna]] from Daud Khan, who fled to Bengal.<ref name="Eraly5">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=148–154}}</ref><ref name="Pletcher">{{harvnb|Pletcher|2010|p=170}}</ref> Akbar then returned to Fatehpur Sikri and left his generals to finish the campaign. The Mughal army was subsequently victorious at the [[Battle of Tukaroi]] in 1575, which led to the annexation of Bengal and parts of Bihar that had been under the dominion of Daud Khan. Only [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] was left in the hands of the [[Karrani dynasty]], albeit as a fief of the Mughal Empire. A year later, however, Daud Khan rebelled and attempted to regain Bengal. He was defeated by the Mughal general [[Khan Jahan I|Khan Jahan Quli]] and fled into exile. Daud Khan was later captured and executed by Mughal forces. His severed head was sent to Akbar, while his limbs were gibbeted at Tandah, the Mughal capital in Bengal.<ref name="Eraly5" /><br />
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=== Afghanistan and Central Asia ===<br />
[[File:Akbar's amrour.jpg|thumb|Plate and helmet of the personal armour of Akbar]]<br />
Following his conquests of Gujarat and Bengal, Akbar was preoccupied with domestic concerns.{{Clarify|date=May 2023}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} He did not leave Fatehpur Sikri on a military campaign until 1581, when Punjab was again invaded by his brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Akbar expelled his brother to Kabul and waged a campaign to remove him from power. At the same time, Akbar's nobles were resisting leaving India to administer the Empire's holdings in Afghanistan; they were, according to Abul Fazl "afraid of the cold of Afghanistan".{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Likewise, Hindu officers in the Mughal army were inhibited by the traditional [[Kala pani (taboo)|taboo against crossing the Indus]]. To encourage them, Akbar provided them with pay eight months in advance.<br />
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In August 1581, Akbar seized Kabul and took up residence at [[Bala Hissar, Kabul|Babur's old citadel]]. He stayed there for three weeks and his brother fled into the mountains. Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister, [[Bakht-un-Nissa Begum]], and returned to India. He then pardoned his brother, who took up de facto control of the Mughal administration in Kabul; Bakht-un-Nissa continued to be the official governor. In 1585, after Muhammad Hakim died, Kabul passed into the hands of Akbar and was officially incorporated as a province of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Eraly5" /><br />
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The Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of the empire.<ref name="The Age of Akbar">{{harvnb|Ikram|1964|p=145}}</ref> For thirteen years, beginning in 1585, Akbar remained in the north, shifting his capital to Lahore while he dealt with challenges from [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] tribes, which had driven his grandfather, Babur, out of Central Asia.<ref name="Eraly5" /><ref name="The Age of Akbar" /> The Uzbeks were organised under [[Abdullah Khan II|Abdullah Khan Shaybanid]], a military chieftain who had seized Badakhshan and Balkh from Akbar's distant Timurid relatives, and whose troops challenged the northwestern frontiers of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Eraly5" /><ref name="Shah2003">{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Mir Hussain |editor1-last=Adle |editor1-first=Chahryar |editor2-last=Habib |editor2-first=Irfan |editor3-last=Baipakov |editor3-first=Karl M. |chapter=Afghanistan |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000130205?posInSet=4&queryId=a6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9 |year=2003 |volume=V |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |pages=276–277}}</ref> The Uzbeks also subsidised Afghan tribes on the border that were hostile to the Mughals. The tribes felt challenged by the [[Yusufzai]] of [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]] and [[Swat District|Swat]] and were motivated by a new religious leader, Bayazid, the founder of the [[Roshaniyya]] sect.<ref name="The Age of Akbar" /><ref name="Richards6">{{harvnb|Richards|1996|pp=49–51}}</ref><br />
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In 1586, Akbar negotiated a pact with Abdullah Khan in which the Mughals agreed to remain neutral during the Uzbek invasion of Safavid-held [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. In return, Abdullah Khan agreed to refrain from supporting, subsidising, or offering refuge to the Afghan tribes hostile to the Mughals. Akbar, in turn, began a series of campaigns to [[Pacification (military action)|pacify]] the Yusufzais and other rebels. Akbar ordered Zain Khan to lead an expedition against the Afghan tribes. [[Raja Birbal]], a renowned minister in Akbar's court, was also given military command. The expedition failed, and on their retreat from the mountains, Birbal and his entourage were ambushed and killed by Afghans at the Malandarai Pass in February 1586. Akbar immediately fielded new armies to reinvade the Yusufzai lands under the command of [[Raja Todar Mal]]. Over the next six years, the Mughals contained the Yusufzai in the mountain valleys, forcing the submission of many chiefs in Swat and Bajaur. Dozens of forts were built and occupied to secure the region.<ref name="Richards6" /><br />
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Despite his pact with the Uzbeks, Akbar nurtured a secret hope of reconquering Central Asia, but Badakshan and Balkh remained firmly part of the Uzbek dominion.<ref name="Markovitz">{{Cite book |last=Markovitz |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA93 |title=A History of Modern India: 1480–1950 |publisher=Anthem |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4 |page=93}}</ref> Abdullah Khan died in 1598 and the last of the rebellious Afghan tribes were subdued by 1600. The Roshaniyya movement was suppressed, its leaders were captured or driven into exile, and the [[Afridi]] and [[Orakzai]] tribes which had risen up under them were subjugated. Jalaluddin, the son of the Roshaniyya movement's founder, Bayazid, was killed in 1601 in a fight with Mughal troops near [[Ghazni]].<ref name="Shah2003" /><ref name="Richards6" /><br />
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=== Indus Valley ===<br />
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Kashmir}}<br />
While Akbar was in Lahore dealing with the Uzbeks, he sought to subjugate the [[Indus valley]] to secure the frontier provinces.<ref name="Richards6" /> In 1585, he sent an army to conquer [[Kashmir Sultanate|Kashmir]] in the upper Indus basin after [[Yousuf Shah Chak|Yousuf Shah]], the reigning king of the Shia [[Chak dynasty]], refused to send his son as a hostage to the Mughal court. Yousuf Shah surrendered immediately to the Mughals, but another of his sons, [[Yakub Shah Chak|Yaqub Shah]], crowned himself as king, leading a resistance against the Mughal armies. In June 1589, Akbar travelled from Lahore to Srinagar to receive the surrender of Yaqub and his rebel forces.<ref name="Richards6" /> [[Baltistan]] and [[Ladakh]], which were Tibetan provinces adjacent to Kashmir, pledged their allegiance to Akbar.<ref name="Eraly6">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=156–157}}</ref> The Mughals also moved to conquer [[Sindh]] in the lower Indus valley.<br />
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Since 1574, the northern fortress of [[Bhakkar]] had remained under imperial control. In 1586, the Mughal governor of Multan tried and failed to secure the capitulation of [[Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan|Mirza Jani Beg]], the independent ruler of [[Thatta]] in southern Sindh.<ref name="Richards6" /> Akbar responded by sending a Mughal army to besiege [[Sehwan]], the river capital of the region. Jani Beg mustered a large army to meet the Mughals.<ref name="Richards6" /> The outnumbered Mughal forces defeated the Sindhi forces at the Battle of Sehwan. After suffering further defeats, Jani Beg surrendered to the Mughals in 1591, and in 1593, paid homage to Akbar in Lahore.<ref name="Eraly6" /><br />
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=== Baluchistan ===<br />
As early as 1586, about half a dozen [[Baluch people|Baluchi]] chiefs, under nominal Pani Afghan rule, had been persuaded to subordinate themselves to Akbar. In preparation for taking [[Kandahar]] from the Safavids, Akbar ordered the Mughal forces to conquer the rest of the Afghan-held parts of [[Baluchistan]] in 1595.<ref name="Eraly6" /><ref name="Mehta">{{harvnb|Mehta|1984|p=258}}</ref> The Mughal general [[Masum Shah|Mir Masum]] led an attack on the stronghold of Sibi, which was northeast of [[Quetta]], and defeated a coalition of local chieftains in battle.<ref name="Mehta" /> They were required to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and attend Akbar's court. As a result, the modern-day Pakistani and Afghan parts of Baluchistan, including the [[Makran]] coast, became a part of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Mehta" /><br />
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=== Safavids and Kandahar ===<br />
Kandahar (also known as the ancient Indian kingdom of [[Gandhara]])<ref name="Houtsma">{{harvnb|Houtsma|1993|p=711}}</ref> had connections with the Mughals from the time of the Empire's ancestor, [[Timur]], the warlord who had conquered much of Western, Central, and parts of South Asia in the 14th century. However, the Safavids considered it to be an appanage of the Persian-ruled territory of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], and declared its association with the Mughal emperors to be a usurpation. In 1558, while Akbar was consolidating his rule over northern India, Safavid Shah [[Tahmasp I]] seized Kandahar and expelled its Mughal governor. The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar, but after his military activity in the northern frontiers, he moved to restore Mughal control. At the time, the region was also under threat from the Uzbeks, but the Emperor of Persia, himself beleaguered by the Ottoman Turks, was unable to send reinforcements.<ref name="Eraly6" /><br />
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In 1593, Akbar received the exiled Safavid prince, Rostam Mirza.<ref name="Floor">{{Cite book |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2S_DxLGKw6IC&pg=PA136 |isbn=978-1-85043-930-1 |last=Floor |first=Willem |author2=Edmund Herzig |title=Iran and the World in the Safavid Age |year=2012}}</ref> Rostam Mirza pledged allegiance to the Mughals; he was granted a rank (mansab) of command over 5,000 men and received Multan as a [[jagir]].<ref name="Floor" /> The Safavid prince and governor of Kandahar, Mozaffar Hosayn, also agreed to defect to the Mughals. Hosayn, who was in an adversary relationship with his overlord, [[Abbas the Great|Shah Abbas]], was granted a rank of 5,000 men, and his daughter [[Kandahari Begum]] was married to Akbar's grandson, the Mughal prince [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]].<ref name="Eraly6" /><ref name="Floor" /> Kandahar was secured in 1595 with the arrival of a garrison headed by the Mughal general, Shah Bayg Khan.<ref name="Floor" /> The reconquest of Kandahar did not overtly disturb Mughal-Persian relations.<ref name="Eraly6" /> Akbar and the Persian Shah continued to exchange ambassadors and presents. However, the power equation between the two had now changed in favour of the Mughals.<ref name="Eraly6" /><br />
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=== Deccan Sultans ===<br />
[[File:Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar. AH 963-1014 AD 1556-1605. AV Mohur Falcon type. Asir mint. Dated Khurdad Ilahi year 45 (20 February – 20 March AD 1600).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Falcon [[Mohur]] of Akbar, minted in Asir, issued in the name of Akbar to commemorate the capture of Asirgarh Fort of the on 17 January 1601. Legend: ''"Allah is great, [[Khordad]] Ilahi 45, struck at Asir."''<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1917|p=274}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gibbs|1883|pp=4–5}}</ref>]]<br />
{{Main|Deccan sultanates}}<br />
In 1593, Akbar began military operations against the Deccan Sultans, who had not submitted to his authority. He besieged [[Ahmednagar Fort]] in 1595, forcing [[Chand Bibi]] to cede [[Berar Subah|Berar]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} A subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take the fort in August 1600. Akbar occupied [[Burhanpur]] and besieged [[Asirgarh Fort]] in 1599, and took it on 17 January 1601, when Miran Bahadur Shah of the [[Farooqui dynasty|Khandesh Sultanate]] refused to relinquish [[Khandesh]]. Akbar then established the [[Subah]]s of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh under Prince Daniyal. "By the time of his death in 1605, Akbar controlled a broad sweep of territory from the Bay of Bengal to Kandahar and Badakshan. He touched the western sea in Sind and at [[Surat]] and was well astride central India."<ref name="sen2">{{harvnb|Sen|2013|pp=164, 188}}</ref><br />
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== Administration ==<br />
=== Political structure ===<br />
Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Akbar reorganised the sections with a detailed set of regulations. The revenue department was headed by a ''wazir'', responsible for finances and management of ''jagir'' and ''inam'' land. The head of the military was called the ''[[mir bakshi]]'', appointed from among the leading nobles of the court. The ''mir bakshi'' was in charge of intelligence gathering, and made recommendations to the emperor for military appointments and promotion. The ''mir saman'' was in charge of the imperial household, including the harems, and supervised the functioning of the court and royal bodyguard. The judiciary was a separate organisation headed by a chief ''[[Qadi|qazi]]'', who was also responsible for religious beliefs and practices.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/qadi |title=Qadi &#124; Definition, Islam, & Facts &#124; Britannica |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref><br />
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=== Taxation ===<br />
Akbar reformed the administration land revenues by adopting a system that had been used by [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moosvi|2008|pp=164–165}}</ref> Cultivated areas were measured and taxed through fixed rates—on the basis of prices prevailing the imperial court—based on the type of crop and productivity. This system burdened the peasantry because prices at the imperial court were often higher than those in the countryside.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=233}}</ref> Akbar also introduced a decentralised system of annual assessment, which resulted in corruption among local officials. The system was abandoned in 1580 and replaced with the ''{{transliteration|bn|dahsala}}'' (also known as ''{{transliteration|bn|zabti}}''), under which revenue was calculated as one-third of the average produce of the previous ten years, to be paid to the state in cash.<ref name="dahsala">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=234}}</ref> This system was later refined, taking into account local prices and grouping areas with similar productivity into assessment circles. Remission was given to peasants when the harvest failed during times of flood or drought.<ref name="dahsala" /> The ''{{transliteration|bn|dahsala}}'' system was set out by [[Raja Todar Mal]], who also served as a revenue officer under Sher Shah Suri, in a detailed memorandum submitted to the emperor in 1582–1583.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moosvi|2008|p=160}}</ref><ref name="Chandra 2007 236">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=236}}</ref> Other local methods of assessment continued in some areas. Lands which were fallow or uncultivated were assessed at concessional rates.<ref name="localassessment">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=235}}</ref><br />
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Akbar also encouraged the improvement and extension of agriculture. [[Zamindar]]s were required to provide loans and agricultural implements in times of need, and to encourage farmers to plough as much land as possible and sow high-quality seeds. In turn, the zamindars were given a hereditary right to collect a share of the produce. Peasants had a hereditary right to cultivate the land as long as they paid the land revenue.<ref name="localassessment" /> Revenue officials were guaranteed only three-quarters of their salary, with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moosvi|2008|p=165}}</ref><br />
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=== Military organisation ===<br />
{{Main|Mansabdari}}<br />
Akbar organised his army and the nobility by means of a system called the ''mansabdari''. Under this system, each officer in the army was assigned a rank (a ''mansabdar'') and assigned a number of [[cavalry]], which he was required to supply to the imperial army.<ref name="Chandra 2007 236" /> The ''mansabdars'' were divided into 33 classes. The top three commanding ranks, ranging from 7,000 to 10,000 troops, were normally reserved for princes. Ranks between 10 and 5,000 were assigned to other members of the nobility. The empire's permanent [[standing army]] was small and the imperial forces mostly consisted of contingents maintained by the ''mansabdars''.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=359}}</ref> Persons were normally appointed to a low ''mansab'' and then promoted based on merit and the favour of the emperor.<ref name="mansabdari">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=238}}</ref> Each ''mansabdar'' was required to maintain a certain number of cavalrymen and twice that number of horses. The number of horses was greater because they had to be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war. Akbar employed strict measures to ensure that the quality of the armed forces was maintained at a high level; horses were regularly inspected and usually only [[Arabian horse]]s were employed.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=237}}</ref> The ''mansabdars'' were the highest paid military service in the world at the time.<ref name="mansabdari" /><br />
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=== Capitals ===<br />
[[File:Audienzhalle.jpg|thumb|''Diwan-i-Khas'' (Hall of Private Audience) in Fatehpur Sikri]]<br />
<br />
Akbar was a follower of [[Salim Chishti]], a [[Asceticism|holy man]] who lived in the region of Sikri near Agra. Believing the area to be lucky, Akbar had a mosque constructed there for the use of the priest. Subsequently, he celebrated the victories over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundations of a new walled capital, {{convert|23|mi|km}} west of Agra in 1569, which was named Fatehpur ("Town of Victory") after the conquest of Gujarat in 1573, and subsequently came to be known as [[Fatehpur Sikri]] to distinguish it from other similarly named towns.<ref name="earlyconquest" /> The city was soon abandoned and the capital was moved to [[Lahore]] in 1585. Historians have advanced several reasons for the move, including an insufficient or poor quality water supply at Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar's campaigns in the northwest areas of the Empire or loss of interest.<ref>{{harvnb|Petersen|1996|pp=82–83}}</ref> In 1599, Akbar moved his capital back to Agra, where he ruled until his death.<ref>{{harvnb|Muzaffar|Kumar|Usmani|Gupta|2022|p=126}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ahloowalia|2009|p=129}}</ref><br />
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=== Culture ===<br />
Akbar was a patron of the arts and culture. He had [[Sanskrit literature]] translated and participated in native festivals.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Akbar established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women,<ref>{{harvnb|Wiegand|Davis|1994|p=273}}</ref> and he decreed the establishment of schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus throughout the realm. He also encouraged [[bookbinding]] to become a high art.<ref name="Murray, Stuart 2009">{{harvnb|Murray|2009|p=104}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Richards|1996|p=35}}</ref><br />
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== Economy ==<br />
=== Trade ===<br />
Akbar's government prioritised commercial expansion,<ref name="Economy">{{harvnb|Ikram|1964|p=223}}</ref> encouraging traders, providing protection and security for transactions, and levying a low custom duty to stimulate foreign trade.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} It also required that local administrators provide restitution to traders for goods stolen while in their territories. To minimise such incidents, bands of highway police called ''{{transliteration|bn|rahdars}}'' were enlisted to patrol roads and ensure the safety of traders.<ref>{{harvnb|Levi|2002|p=44}}</ref> Other active measures taken included the construction and protection of routes of commerce and communications.<ref name="Levi">{{harvnb|Levi|2002|p=39}}</ref> Akbar made concerted efforts to improve roads to facilitate the use of wheeled vehicles through the Khyber Pass, the most popular route frequented by traders and travellers journeying from [[Kabul]] into Mughal India.<ref name="Levi" /> He also strategically occupied the northwestern cities of Multan and Lahore in Punjab and constructed forts, such as the one at [[Attock Fort|Attock]] near the crossing of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] and the [[Indus river]]. He also constructed a network of smaller forts called ''thanas'' throughout the frontier to secure the overland trade route with Persia and Central Asia.<ref>{{harvnb|Levi|2002|p=40}}</ref> He also established an international trading business for his chief consort, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], who ran an extensive trade of indigo, spices, and cotton to Gulf nations through merchant's vessels.<ref name=DirkCollier>{{harvnb|Collier|2011|p=326}}</ref><br />
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=== Coins ===<br />
[[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|An ornamental silver Rupee of Akbar with inscriptions of the [[shahada|Islamic declaration of faith]]; the declaration reads: ''There is no god except Allah, and [[Muhammad]] is the messenger of Allah.'']]<br />
[[File:Silver Rupee struck in the name of Mughal emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, minted in Ahmadabad, Ilahi Type coin with having the Regnal Year 47, photographed from a personal collection, by Yogabrata Chakraborty.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Silver Rupee struck in the name of Mughal emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, minted in Ahmadabad, Ilahi type coin with having the regnal year 47.]]<br />
<br />
Akbar introduced coins with decorative features, including floral motifs, dotted borders, and [[quatrefoil]]. The coins were issued in both round and square shapes, including a unique 'mehrab' (lozenge) shaped coin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/blog/coins-of-akbar/ |title=Coins of Akbar &#124; Mintage World |date=29 July 2016 |access-date=20 July 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805072722/https://www.mintageworld.com/blog/coins-of-akbar/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Akbar's portrait type gold coin (Mohur) is generally attributed to his son, Prince Salim (later Emperor Jahangir), who had rebelled and then sought reconciliation by minting and presenting his father with gold Mohurs bearing Akbar's portrait.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} During the latter part of Akbar's reign, coins portrayed the concept of Akbar's newly promoted religion, with the Ilahi type and Jalla Jalal-Hu types.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br />
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== Diplomacy ==<br />
=== Matrimonial alliances ===<br />
Prior to Akbar's reign, marriages between Hindu princesses and Muslim kings failed to produce stable relations between the families involved; the women were lost to their families and did not return after marriage.<ref name="Eraly">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|p=136}}</ref><ref name="Chandra 243" /><ref name="Sarkar 37">{{harvnb|Sarkar|1984|p=37}}</ref> Akbar departed from that practice, providing that the Hindu Rajputs who married their daughters or sisters to him would be treated equally to his Muslim fathers- and brothers-in-law, except that they would not be allowed to dine or pray with him or take Muslim wives. Akbar also made those Rajputs members of his court. Some Rajputs considered marriage to Akbar a sign of humiliation.<ref name="Sarkar 37" /><br />
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[[File:Birth of jahangir.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani]], commonly known as Jodha Bai, giving birth to Prince Salim, the future emperor Jahangir.]]<br />
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The [[Kacchwaha]] Rajput, Raja [[Bharmal]], of the small kingdom of [[Amer, India|Amer]], and an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by giving his daughter, Mariam-uz-Zamani{{emdash}}who would go on to be Akbar's favorite wife{{emdash}}in marriage to Akbar. Bharmal was made a noble of high rank in the imperial court, and subsequently, his son [[Bhagwant Das]] and grandson [[Man Singh]] also rose to high ranks in the nobility.<ref name="Chandra 243">{{Harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=243}}</ref><br />
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Other Rajput kingdoms also established matrimonial alliances with Akbar, but Akbar did not insist upon matrimony as a precondition for forming alliances. When Akbar met with the Hada leader, Surjan Hada, to effect an alliance, Surjan accepted on the condition that Akbar could not marry any of his daughters. Consequently, no matrimonial alliance was entered into, but Surjan was made a noble and placed in charge of Garh-Katanga.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> Two major Rajput clans remained aloof{{emdash}}the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodiya]]s of [[Mewar]] and [[Hada (clan)|Hadas]] of Ranthambore.{{clarify|date=May 2023|reason=Not clear what this means.}}<br />
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The political effect of these alliances was significant. While some Rajput women who entered Akbar's harem converted to Islam, they were generally provided full religious freedom; their relatives, who continued to remain Hindu, formed a significant part of the nobility and served to articulate the opinions of the majority of commoners in the imperial court.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> The interaction between Hindu and Muslim nobles in the imperial court resulted in an exchange of thoughts and a blending of the two cultures. Newer generations of the Mughal line also represented a merger of Mughal and Rajput blood, thereby strengthening ties between the two. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns, including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1984|pp=38–40}}</ref> Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit, irrespective of creed, strengthening his imperial rule.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1984|p=38}}</ref><br />
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Akbar's daughter Meherunnissa was rumoured to be enamored of [[Tansen]] and might have played a role in his coming to Akbar's court.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news |author=Kherulla |first=Maryam Juzer |date=12 October 2002 |title=Profile: Tansen – the mesmerizing maestro |url=http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121000709/http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm |archive-date=21 November 2007 |access-date=2 October 2007 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> Tansen converted to [[Islam]] from [[Hinduism]], apparently on the eve of his marriage with Akbar's daughter.<ref>{{harvnb|Prasad|2017|p=80}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Keay|1920|p=36}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Foreign relations ==<br />
=== Relations with the Portuguese ===<br />
{{quote box<br />
| width = 29%<br />
| quote = A monarch should be ever intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbours rise in arms against him.<br />
| source = &nbsp;– Akbar, quoted in Abu'l Fazl (c. 1590). ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]''. Translated by Jarrett.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Royle |first1=Trevor |title=A Dictionary of Military Quotations |year=2021 |orig-year=First published 1990 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-037061-4}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of Akbar's ascension in 1556, the Portuguese had established several fortresses and factories on the western coast of the subcontinent, and largely controlled navigation and sea trade in that region. As a consequence, all other trading entities were subject to the terms and conditions of the Portuguese, which was resented by rulers and traders, including [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|p=256}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Death of Sultan Bahadur in front of Diu against the Portuguese 1537 Akbar Nama end of 16th century.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at [[Diu Island|Diu]], in front of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in 1537<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=Henry H. |date=1929 |title=The Cambridge history of the British Empire |volume=IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14 |location=Cambridge |publisher=The University Press |page=14 |oclc=1473561 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817154536/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
In 1572, the [[Mughal Empire]] annexed [[Gujarat]] and acquired its first access to the sea, but local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. Akbar obtained a ''[[cartaz]]'' (permit) from the Portuguese to sail in the [[Persian Gulf]] region.<ref>{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|pp=256–257}}</ref> At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the [[Siege of Surat]] in 1572, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to adopt diplomacy instead of war. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|p=259}}</ref><br />
<br />
Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually asserted their authority and power in the Indian Ocean; Akbar expressed concern when he was required to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire could depart for the [[Hajj]] to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ikram|1964|p=274}}</ref> In 1573, Akbar issued a ''[[firman]]'' directing Mughal administrative officials in Gujarat not to provoke the Portuguese in the territory they held in [[Daman District, India|Daman]]. The Portuguese, in turn, issued passes for members of Akbar's family to go on Hajj to Mecca. The Portuguese made mention of the extraordinary status of the vessel and the special status to be accorded to its occupants.<ref>{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|p=260}}</ref><br />
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Akbar was unsuccessful in purchasing compact [[artillery]] pieces from the Portuguese, hindering his efforts to establish a Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast.<ref>{{harvnb|Ikram|1964|p=218}}</ref><br />
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In September 1579, [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] from [[Goa]] were invited to visit the court of Akbar.<ref>Akbar's letter of invitation in John Correia-Afonso, ''Letters from the Mughal Court'', Bombay, 1980.</ref> The emperor had his scribes translate the [[New Testament]] and granted the Jesuits freedom to preach the Gospel.<ref name=org>{{harvnb|Gómez|2013|p=58}}</ref> One of his sons, [[Sultan Murad Mirza]], was entrusted to [[Antoni de Montserrat]] for his education.<ref>{{harvnb|Jarric|1926}}</ref><ref name="Durant2011">{{harvnb|Durant |2011|p=738}}</ref> While debating at court, the Jesuits denigrated Islam and Muhammad. Their comments enraged the [[Imam]]s and [[Ulama]], who objected to the remarks, but Akbar ordered their comments to be recorded. This event was followed by a rebellion of Muslim clerics in 1581 led by Mullah Muhammad Yazdi and Muiz-ul-Mulk, the chief [[Qadi]] of [[Bengal]]; the rebels sought to overthrow Akbar and put his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim on the Mughal throne. Akbar successfully defeated the rebels, but he became more cautious about inviting guests to his court, seeking advice from his counselors.<ref>{{harvnb|Ikram|1964|p=160}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Relations with the Ottoman Empire ===<br />
[[File:Seydi Ali-Ambush.png|thumb|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] ambush against the galleys of Seydi Ali Reis (Akbar's allies) in the Indian Ocean]]<br />
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In 1555, while Akbar was still a child, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Admiral [[Seydi Ali Reis]] visited the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]]. In 1569, during the early years of Akbar's rule, Ottoman Admiral [[Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis]] visited the Empire. These Ottoman admirals sought to end the growing threats of the Portuguese Empire during their [[Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean campaigns]]. During his reign, Akbar six documents addressing the Ottoman [[Sultan]] [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqi|1996|pp=32–48}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Subrahmanyam|1994|p=249}}</ref><br />
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In 1576, Akbar sent a contingent of pilgrims on Hajj, led by Khwaja Sultan Naqshbandi, with 600,000 rupees and 12,000 ''[[khalat]]s'' (honorific robes) for the needy of Mecca and Medina.<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqi|1989|p=114}}</ref> In October 1576, Akbar sent a delegation, which included his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships, including an Ottoman vessel, from [[Surat]], which reached the port of [[Jeddah]] in 1577 and then proceeded to Mecca and Medina.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moosvi|2008|p=246}}</ref> Four more caravans were sent from 1577 to 1580, with gifts for the authorities of Mecca and Medina.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1999|p=217}}</ref><br />
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During this period, Akbar financed the pilgrimages of many poor [[Muslim]]s from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the [[Qadiriyya]] [[Sufi]] Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz.<ref name="Faroqhi2006">{{Harvnb|Faroqhi|2006|p=88}}</ref> Akbar's attempts to build Mughal presence in Mecca and Medina reassured the local Sharifs of the Mughal Empire's ability to provide financial support, lessening their dependency upon Ottoman bounties.<ref name="Faroqhi2006" /> Mughal-Ottoman trade also flourished during this period; merchants loyal to Akbar are known to have reached [[Aleppo]] after journeying upriver through the port of [[Basra]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Faroqhi|2006|p=138}}</ref><br />
<br />
The imperial Mughal entourage stayed in Mecca and Medina for nearly four years and attended the Hajj four times.<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqi|2017|pp=192–229}}</ref> In 1582, the Ottoman authorities forced them to return to India. Historian Naimur Rahman Farooqi has suggested that their expulsion may explain why Akbar broke relations with the Hijaz and stopped sending Hajj caravans after 1581.<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqi|1989|pp=118–119}}</ref><br />
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According to some accounts, Akbar expressed a desire to form an alliance with the Portuguese against the Ottomans, but nothing came of the idea.<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqi|1989|pp=20–21}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|p=158}}</ref><br />
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=== Relations with the Safavid dynasty ===<br />
[[File:AkbariMosqueOverlookingGanges-Sita-Ram1804.jpg|thumb|The Akbari Mosque, overlooking the [[Ganges]]]]<br />
<br />
Before Akbar's rule, the [[Safavid Empire|Safavids]] and the Mughals had a long history of diplomatic relations. The Safavid ruler Tahmasp I provided refuge to Humayun when he was forced to flee the Indian subcontinent following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri. However, the Safavids differed from the Sunni Mughals and Ottomans in following the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] branch of Islam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ali|2006|p=94}}</ref><br />
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One of the longest-standing disputes between the Safavids and the Mughals pertained to control of the city of [[Kandahar]] in the [[Hindu Kush]] region, which formed the border between the two empires.<ref name="Majumdar 153">{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|p=153}}</ref> Military strategists of the time considered the region to be militarily significant due to its geography.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ali|2006|pp=327–328}}</ref> The city, which was administered by Bairam Khan at the time of Akbar's accession, was invaded and captured by the Persian ruler [[Soltan Hosayn Mirza Safavi|Soltan Hosayn Mirza]], a [[Ismail I#Issue|cousin of Tahmasp I]], in 1558.<ref name="Majumdar 153" /> Shortly afterwards, Akbar's army completed its annexation of Kabul, and to further secure the north-western boundaries of his empire, it proceeded to Kandahar. The city capitulated without resistance on 18 April 1595, and the ruler [[Mozaffar-Hosayn Mirza]] joined Akbar's court.<ref>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|pp=153–154}}</ref> Subsequent to this, Bairam Khan sent an envoy to the court of Tahmasp I in an effort to maintain peaceful relations with the Safavids. This gesture was reciprocated and a cordial relationship prevailed between the two empires during the remainder of the first two decades of Akbar's reign.<ref>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|p=154}}</ref> The death of Tahmasp I in 1576 resulted in civil war and instability in the Safavid empire, and diplomatic relations between the two empires ceased for more than a decade. They were restored only in 1587 following the accession of [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas]] to the Safavid throne.<ref>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|pp=154–155}}</ref> Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign.<ref>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|p=155}}</ref> Kandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindu Kush was the empire's western frontier for several decades until [[Shah Jahan]]'s expedition into [[Badakhshan]] in 1646.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ali|2006|p=327}}</ref><br />
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=== Relations with other contemporary kingdoms ===<br />
[[Vincent Arthur Smith]] has observed that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in 1600 to bear a letter from [[Queen Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth]] to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1917|p=292}}</ref><br />
<br />
Akbar was also visited by the French explorer [[Pierre Malherbe]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lach|Van Kley|1965|p=393}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Religious policy ==<br />
[[File:Portrait of Emperor Akbar Praying.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a [[Dua]] prayer]]<br />
<br />
Akbar and other members of his family, are believed to have been [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] Muslims.<ref>{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=80}}</ref> except his mother who was a [[Persian Empire|Persian]] [[Shia]] His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and [[fundamentalism|religious narrow-mindedness]] was frowned upon.<ref name="religion1">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=253}}</ref> From the 15th century, a number of rulers in various parts of the country adopted a more liberal policy of [[Religious toleration|religious tolerance]], attempting to foster [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal harmony]] between Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="religion2">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=252}}</ref> These sentiments were earlier encouraged by the teachings of popular saints like [[Guru Nanak]], [[Kabir]], and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]],<ref name="religion1" /> and the verses of the Persian poet [[Hafez]], which advocated human sympathy and a liberal outlook.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hasan|2007|p=72}}</ref> The Timurid ethos of religious tolerance persisted from the times of [[Timur]] to [[Humayun]], and influenced Akbar's policy of tolerance in matters of religion.<ref name="religion3">{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=81}}</ref> Akbar's childhood tutors, including two Irani Shias, were largely above [[sectarianism|sectarian]] prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance.<ref name="religion3" /><br />
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Akbar sponsored religious debates between different Muslim groups ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]], and [[Sufism|Sufis]]), [[Parsis]], [[Hindus]] ([[Shaivite]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]]), [[Sikhs]], [[Jainism|Jains]], Jews, [[Jesuits]], and [[Materialism|Materialists]]. He was also partial to Sufism; he proclaimed that "the wisdom of Vedanta is the wisdom of Sufism".<ref>{{Cite book |title=On Hinduism |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |isbn=978-0-19-936007-9 |location=Oxford |oclc=858660095 |date=March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><br />
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=== Association with the Muslim aristocracy ===<br />
[[File:1573-Akbar receiving his sons at Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mughal Emperor]] Akbar welcomes his son [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]] at Fatehpur Sikri ([[Akbarnameh]]).]]<br />
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During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as [[heresy|heretical]].<ref name="religion4">{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=85}}</ref> In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi – a [[Shia]] buried in Delhi – because of the grave's proximity to that of [[Amir Khusrau]], arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a [[Sunni]] saint. This reflected a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early 1570s.<ref name="religion5">{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=86}}</ref> He suppressed [[Mahdavia|Mahdavism]] in 1573 during his campaign in Gujarat, in the course of which the Mahdavi leader Bandagi Miyan Sheik Mustafa was arrested and brought in chains to the court for debate and released after eighteen months.<ref name="religion5" /> Akbar was reportedly angered by acts of embezzlement by many high level Muslim clerics.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=348}}</ref> As Akbar increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, his outlook shifted from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, to a new concept of Islam that transcended the limits of Islam.<ref name="religion5" /> Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict.<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|2006|pp=165–166}}</ref> In 1579, the Mughal Emperor Akbar referred to himself as:<ref>{{harvnb|Eaton|2019|p=235}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|Emperor of Islam, Emir of the Faithful, Shadow of God on earth, Abul Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi (whose empire Allah perpetuate), is a most just, most wise, and a most God-fearing ruler.}}<br />
<br />
In 1580, a rebellion broke out in the eastern part of Akbar's empire, and a number of ''[[fatwa]]s'', declaring Akbar to be a heretic, were issued by [[Qadi|Qazis]]. Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis. To further strengthen his position in dealing with the Qazis, Akbar issued a ''[[mazhar]]'', or declaration, that was signed by all major ''[[ulema]]s'' in 1579.<ref name="religion6">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=254}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ali|2006|p=159}}</ref> The ''mahzar'' asserted that Akbar was the ''[[Caliph|Khalifa]]'' of the age, a higher rank than that of a ''[[Mujtahid]]''; in case of a difference of opinion among the Mujtahids, Akbar could select any one opinion and could also issue decrees that did not go against the ''[[Nass (Islam)|nass]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Hasan|2007|p=79}}</ref> Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time, it is believed that the ''Mazhar'' helped stabilise the religious situation in the empire.<ref name="religion6" /> It also helped him eliminate the religious and political influence of the Ottoman ''Khalifa'' over his subjects, thus ensuring their loyalty to him.<ref>{{harvnb|Hasan|2007|pp=82–83}}</ref><br />
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Throughout his reign, Akbar was a patron of influential Muslim scholars such as [[Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi]] and [[Tahir Muhammad Thattvi]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}<br />
<br />
=== Din-i Ilahi ===<br />
{{Main|Din-i Ilahi}}<br />
[[File:Jesuits at Akbar's court.jpg|thumb|upright|Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the [[Ibadat Khana]] in Fatehpur Sikri.]]<br />
<br />
Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by the [[Sufi]] mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time. He moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several people with liberal religious philosophies, including Abul Fazl, [[Faizi]], and [[Birbal]]. In 1575, he built a hall called the [[Ibadat Khana]] (''"House of Worship"'') at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics, and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements to discuss matters of [[spirituality]] with them.<ref name="religion1" /> These discussions, initially restricted to Muslims, were acrimonious and resulted in the participants shouting at and abusing each other. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening, even extending into areas such as the validity of the [[Quran]] and the nature of God. This shocked orthodox theologians, who sought to discredit Akbar by circulating rumours of his desire to forsake Islam.<ref name="religion6" /><br />
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Akbar's effort to evolve a meeting point among the representatives of various religions was not successful, as each of them attempted to assert the superiority of their respective religions by denouncing other religions. The debates at the Ibadat Khana grew more acrimonious and, contrary to their purpose of leading to a better understanding among religions, instead led to greater bitterness among them, resulting in the discontinuance of the debates by Akbar in 1582.<ref name="Chandra 2007 255">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=255}}</ref><br />
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Akbar's interaction with various religious theologians had convinced him that despite their differences, all religions had several good practices, which he sought to combine into a new religious movement known as [[Din-i-Ilahi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=256}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030480/Din-i-Ilahi |title=Din-i Ilahi&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=18 July 2009 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514090902/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030480/Din-i-Ilahi |url-status=live}}</ref> Virtues in Din-i-Ilahi included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp/page/n340/mode/1up |title=The Din-i-Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1941 |page=279 |oclc=3312929}}</ref> Celibacy was respected, chastity enforced, the slaughter of animals was discouraged, and there were no sacred scriptures or a priestly hierarchy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|p=138}}</ref> A leading noble of Akbar's court, Aziz Koka, wrote a letter to him from Mecca in 1594 arguing that the discipleship promoted by Akbar amounted to nothing more than a desire on Akbar's part to portray his superiority regarding religious matters.<ref>{{cite book |author=Koka, Aziz |title=King's College Collection, MS 194 |publisher=This letter is preserved in Cambridge University Library |year=1594 |page=ff.5b–8b}}</ref> To commemorate Din-e-Ilahi, Akbar changed the name of [[Allahabad|Prayag]] to [[Allahabad]] (pronounced as ''ilahabad'') in 1583.<ref>{{harvnb|Conder|1828|p=282}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Deefholts|Deefholts|Acharya|2006|p=87}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Silver rupee coin of Akbar, from Lahore mint.jpg|thumb|left|Silver square rupee of Akbar, Lahore mint, struck in Aban month of Ilahi]]<br />
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Some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion, instead introducing what [[Oscar R. Gómez]] has called a transtheistic outlook, derived from tantric [[Tibetan Buddhism]],<ref>{{harvnb|Gómez|2013|p=51}}</ref> and that Akbar did not use the word ''Din-i-Ilahi''.<ref>{{harvnb|Sharma|1988|p=42}}</ref><br />
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Scholars have also argued that the theory that Din-i-Ilahi was a new religion is a misconception that arose because of erroneous translations of Abul Fazl's work by later British historians.<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|2006|pp=163–164}}</ref> It has been accepted{{According to whom|date=May 2023}} that the policy of ''sulh-e-kul'', which formed the essence of Din-i-Ilahi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes, but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious tolerance.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ali|2006|p=164}}</ref> At the time of Akbar's death in 1605, there were no signs of discontent among his Muslim subjects, and even theologians like Abdu'l Haq accepted that close ties remained.<ref name="Habib 1997 96">{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=96}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=May 2023}}<br />
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=== Relation with Hindus ===<br />
[[File:The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|The great Mogul discoursing with a Humble Fakir]]<br />
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Akbar decreed that Hindus who had been forced to convert to Islam could reconvert to Hinduism without facing the death penalty.<ref>{{harvnb|Chua|2007|p=187}}</ref> Akbar was well-liked by Hindus, who sang religious hymns to him and his eulogies.<ref>{{harvnb|Chua|2007|p=126}}</ref><br />
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Akbar practised several Hindu customs. He celebrated [[Diwali]] and allowed Brahman priests to tie jewelled strings around his wrists by way of blessing. Following his lead, many nobles took to wearing ''rakhi'' (protection charms).<ref name="Collingham2006p30">{{harvnb|Collingham|2006|p=30}}</ref> He renounced beef and forbade the sale of all meats on certain days.<ref name="Collingham2006p30" /><br />
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His son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water.<ref name="Collingham2006p31">{{harvnb|Collingham|2006|p=31}}</ref> When Akbar was in Punjab, 200 miles away from the Ganges, water was sealed in large jars and transported to him. He referred to the Ganges water as the "water of immortality".<ref name="Collingham2006p31" /><br />
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=== Relation with Jains ===<br />
[[File:Farrukh Beg. Akbar's Triumphal Entry into Surat. Akbarnama, 1590-95, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Akbar enters [[Surat]] triumphantly.]]<br />
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Akbar regularly held discussions with [[Jain]] scholars and was impacted by their teachings. His first encounter with Jain rituals was when he saw a procession of a Jain [[Śrāvaka|Shravaka]] named Champa after a six-month-long fast. Impressed by her power and devotion, he invited her [[guru]], [[Hiravijaya]], to Fatehpur Sikri. Hiravijaya accepted the invitation and travelled to the Mughal capital from [[Gujarat]].<ref name=Sanghmitra>{{harvnb|Sanghmitra}}</ref><br />
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Akbar was impressed with his scholarly approach. He held several inter-faith dialogues among philosophers of different religions. The arguments of Jains against eating meat persuaded him to become a vegetarian.<ref>{{harvnb|Sen|2005|pp=288–289|ps=: "Akbar arranged for discussions&nbsp;... involving not only mainstream Hindu and Muslim philosophers [but Jains and others]&nbsp;... Arguing with Jains, Akbar would remain sceptical of their rituals, and yet become convinced by their argument for vegetarianism and end up deploring the eating of all flesh"}}</ref> Akbar also issued many imperial orders that were favourable for Jain interests, such as banning animal slaughter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |title=Jains and the Mughals |date=29 October 2020 |url=http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/places/jainism-and-islam/jains-and-the-mughals.html |publisher=JAINpedia |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308013841/http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/places/jainism-and-islam/jains-and-the-mughals.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Jain authors also wrote about their experience at the Mughal court in Sanskrit texts that are still largely unknown to Mughal historians.<ref>{{harvnb|Truschke|2012|p=373}}</ref><br />
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In 1584, 1592, and 1598, Akbar declared "Amari Ghosana", which prohibited animal slaughter during [[Paryushan]] and [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak|Mahavira Janma Kalyanak]]. He removed the jizya tax from Jain pilgrim places like [[Palitana]].<ref name=toi>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ahmedabad-turned-Akbar-veggie/articleshow/5259184.cms |title=Ahmedabad turned Akbar veggie |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=23 November 2009 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920170016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ahmedabad-turned-Akbar-veggie/articleshow/5259184.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Santichandra, disciple of Suri, was sent to the Emperor, who in turn left his disciples Bhanuchandra and Siddhichandra in the court. Akbar invited Hiravijaya Suri's successor Vijayasena Suri to his court who visited him between 1593 and 1595.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Akbar's religious tolerance was not followed by his son [[Jahangir]], who later threatened Bhanuchandra.<ref>{{harvnb|Busch|2011|p=137}}</ref><br />
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== Historical accounts ==<br />
=== Personality ===<br />
[[File:AkbarHunt.jpg|thumb|upright|Akbar hunting with [[Asiatic Cheetah|cheetahs]], {{Circa|1602}}]]<br />
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Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]] in the books ''[[Akbarnama]]'' and ''Ain-i-akbari''. Other contemporary sources of Akbar's reign include the works of Badayuni, Shaikhzada Rashidi, and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br />
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Akbar was a warrior, emperor, general, [[animal trainer]] (reputedly keeping thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and training many himself), and theologian.<ref name=Habib>{{harvnb|Habib|1992|pp=3–15}}</ref> Believed to be [[dyslexic]], he was read to every day and had a remarkable memory.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} He created a library of over 24,000 volumes<ref name="Murray, Stuart 2009" /> written in [[Sanskrit]], [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Latin language|Latin]], Arabic, and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]; the library was staffed by many scholars, translators, artists, [[calligraphers]], scribes, bookbinders, and readers,{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} and he did much of the cataloguing himself.<ref name="Murray, Stuart 2009" /><br />
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Akbar was said to have been a wise emperor and a sound judge of character. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues.<ref name=Jahangir>{{harvnb|Jahangir|1999|p=}}</ref> According to Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black, and his complexion rather dark than fair".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSjGDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22of+the+hue+of+wheat%3B+his+eyes+and+eyebrows+were+black,+and+his+complexion+rather+dark+than+fair%22&pg=PA82 | title=Medieval India from Contemporary Sources: Extracts from Arabic and Persian annals and European travels | date=January 1901 | publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company }}</ref> Antoni de Montserrat, the [[Catalan people|Catalan]] [[Jesuit]] who visited his court, described him as follows:<ref name="Portraits of Akbar">{{harvnb|Codrington|1943|pp=64–67}}</ref><br />
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{{Blockquote|text=One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. He has broad shoulders, somewhat bandy legs well-suited for horsemanship, and a light brown complexion. He carries his head bent towards the right shoulder. His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. His eyelashes are very long. His eyebrows are not strongly marked. His nose is straight and small though not insignificant. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. Between the left nostril and the upper lip there is a mole. He shaves his beard but wears a moustache. He limps in his left leg though he has never received an injury there.}}<br />
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Akbar was not tall, but powerfully built and very agile. He was also noted for various acts of courage. One such incident occurred on his way back from Malwa to Agra when Akbar was 19 years old. Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who, along with her cubs, came out from the shrubbery across his path. When the tigress charged the emperor, he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal.<ref name="chicago">{{harvnb|von Garbe|1909|p=8}}</ref><br />
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Abul Fazl, as well as Akbar's critic Badayuni, described him as having a commanding personality. He was notable for his command in battle, and, "like [[Alexander III of Macedon|Alexander of Macedon]], was always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences".{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} He often plunged on his horse into flooded rivers during the rainy seasons and safely crossed them. He rarely indulged in cruelty and is said to have been affectionate towards his relatives. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who had rebelled. On rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan, who was twice [[Defenestration|defenestrated]] for drawing Akbar's wrath.<ref>{{harvnb|Richards|1996|p=15}}</ref><br />
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To defend his stance that speech arose from hearing, he carried out a [[Language deprivation experiments|language deprivation experiment]], and had children raised in isolation, not allowed to be spoken to, and pointed out that as they grew older, they remained mute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/1200-1750.html |title=1200–1750 |publisher=[[University of Hamburg]] |access-date=30 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222020147/http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/1200-1750.html |archive-date=22 February 2008}}</ref><br />
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=== Hagiography ===<br />
During Akbar's reign, the ongoing process of inter-religious discourse and [[syncretism]] resulted in a series of religious attributions to him in terms of positions of assimilation, doubt, or uncertainty, which he either assisted himself or left unchallenged.<ref name="hagiography">{{harvnb|Sangari|2007|p=497}}</ref> Such [[hagiographical]] accounts of Akbar traversed a wide range of denominational and sectarian spaces, including several accounts by [[Parsi]]s, [[Jain]]s, and Jesuit missionaries, apart from contemporary accounts by Brahminical and Muslim orthodoxy.<ref>{{harvnb|Sangari|2007|p=475}}</ref> Existing sects and denominations, as well as various religious figures who represented popular worship felt they had a claim to him. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity.<ref name="hagiography" /><br />
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=== Akbarnāma, the ''Book of Akbar'' ===<br />
{{Main|Akbarnama }}<br />
[[File:AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] presenting ''[[Akbarnama]]'' to Akbar, Mughal miniature]]<br />
The {{IAST|Akbarnāma}} ({{langx|fa|اکبر نامہ}}), which literally means ''Book of Akbar'', is an official biographical account of Akbar written in Persian. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times.<ref name=art>{{cite web |url=http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml |title=Art Access: Indian, Himalayan, and Southeast Asian |website=artic.edu |publisher=The Art Institute of Chicago |access-date=20 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919035749/http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]], one of the ''Nine Jewels'' ([[Hindi]]: [[Navaratnas]]) of Akbar's royal court. The book reportedly took seven years to complete and the original manuscripts contained a number of paintings supporting the texts. The paintings are in the [[Mughal painting|Mughal school of painting]], and included works of masters of the imperial workshop, including [[Basawan]], whose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in [[Indian art]].<ref name="art" /><br />
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== Consorts and concubines ==<br />
Akbar's first wife and one of the chief consorts was his cousin, Princess [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]],<ref name="Sang-E-Meel Pub">{{harvnb|Schimmel|2004|p=149}}</ref><ref name="Thackston1999p437" /> the only daughter of his paternal uncle, Prince [[Hindal Mirza]],<ref>{{harvnb|Jahangir|1999|p=40}}</ref> and his wife Sultanam Begum. In 1551, Hindal Mirza died fighting in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief.<ref name="Erskine" /> Hindal's daughter Ruqaiya married Akbar about the time of his first appointment, at age nine, as governor of [[Ghazni Province]].<ref name="Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd" /> Akbar was also given the command of his uncle's army.<ref name="Ferishta1909" /> Akbar's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnised near [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, when both of them were 14 years old.<ref name="Eraly 2000 123, 272" /> She was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar. She died childless in January 1626 and was buried next to her father's grave.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ruggles|first=Fairchild |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles|title=Islamic Gardens and Landscapes|year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0728-6|pages=194}}</ref><br />
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His second wife was the daughter of Abdullah Khan Mughal.<ref name="Burke1989p143" /> The marriage took place in 1557 during the [[Siege of Mankot (1557)|Siege of Mankot]]. [[Bairam Khan]] did not approve of this marriage because Abdullah's sister was married to Akbar's uncle, Prince [[Kamran Mirza]], and so he regarded Abdullah as a partisan of Kamran. Bairam Khan opposed the match until Nasir-al-Mulk persuaded him that he could not oppose it. Nasir-al-Mulk organised a joyful gathering and a grand feast.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume II|1907|p=88}}</ref><br />
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His third wife and one of his three chief consorts was his cousin, [[Salima Sultan Begum]],<ref name="Burke1989p143">{{harvnb|Burke|1989|p=143}}</ref> the daughter of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Mirza and his wife Gulrukh Begum, also known as Gulrang, the daughter of Emperor [[Babur]]. She was at first betrothed to Bairam Khan by Humayun. After Bairam Khan died in 1561, Akbar married her in the same year. She was the foster mother of Akbar's second son, [[Murad Mirza]]. She was a poet and actively played a role in the politics of the Mughal court during Akbar's and Jahangir's reigns. She is regarded as the senior-most wife of Akbar. She died childless on 2 January 1613.<ref>{{harvnb|Jahangir|1999|p=140}}</ref><br />
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Akbar's fourth and favourite wife, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]],<ref name="farishta" /><ref>{{harvnb|Chaudhary|2011|p=77|ps=: "The mother of Jahangir was a pious Hindu princess, the most favourite queen of Akbar"}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lal|1980|p=322}}</ref><ref name="Safdar2021">{{harvnb|Safdar|Khan|2021|p=186|ps=: "The most influential queen of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542–1605), and mother of Emperor Jahangir, was the beautiful Empress Mariam-uz- Zamani, commonly known as Jodha Bai ... Akbar allowed his favourite and most loved wife to build ships for trade and Haj pilgrims at the Khizri Darwaza on the River Ravi."}}</ref> commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, was the daughter of the ruler of Amer, [[Raja Bharmal]], and by birth, was of [[Rajput clans|Rajput caste]]. They got married on 6 February 1562 at the imperial military camp in [[Sambhar, Rajasthan]], near [[Amber, India|Amer]], and became one of Akbar's chief consorts.<ref name="jlmehta" /> She gradually became one of his influential wives<ref name="Safdar2021" /> and was said to possess uncommon beauty.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tarikh-i-Salim Shahi|date=1829|editor-first=Mahor David|editor-last=Price}}</ref> Shortly after marriage, Akbar named her 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessings/Gift of God). Their marriage took place when Akbar was on his way back from [[Ajmer]] after offering prayers to the tomb of [[Moinuddin Chishti]]. Raja Bharmal had conveyed to Akbar that he was being harassed by his brother-in-law Sharif-ud-din Mirza (the Mughal ''[[hakim (title)|hakim]]'' of [[Mewat]]). Akbar insisted that the Raja should submit to him personally; it was also suggested that his daughter should be married to him as a sign of complete submission.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume II|1907|pp=240–243}}</ref> Her marriage is considered one of the most important events in the history of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Prasad1930">{{harvnb|Prasad|1930|p=2}}</ref> She became his first wife to have given birth to Akbar's sons. In 1564, she delivered twins named Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain and in 1569, she was honoured with the title of 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' after giving birth to their third and first surviving son, Prince Salim (the future emperor [[Jahangir]]), the heir to the throne. She was also the foster mother of Akbar's favourite son, [[Daniyal Mirza]].<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume II|1907|p=543|ps=: "An order was issued that when this celestial star should be a month old, his cradle should be conveyed to the town of Amber and the care of him committed to the Rani, the wife of Rajah Bara Mal ... The making over Daniel to this Rani would seem to imply that the mother of Daniel was related to her; it might also strengthen the tradition that the Rani's daughter was Jahangir's mother."}}</ref><br />
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[[File:AkbarMariamuzZamani.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Mariam Zamani Begum]], commonly known as [[Mariam-uz-Zamani#The misnomer of Jodha Bai|Jodha Bai]]]]<br />
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She commanded a high rank in the imperial harem and was a recipient of many privileges.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume III|1907|p=49|ps=: "When the world-conquering armies had been deputed, the Shāhinshāh proceeded stage by stage. On the day that he reached Sirohī, Mādhū* Singh and a number of men were sent to fetch that nursling of fortune's garden, Shahzāda Sultān Daniel, who had been conveyed from Ajmīr to Amber, so that he might be brought back to Ajmīr, and might come under the shadow of the Presence. In order to do honour to Rajah Bhagwān Das, his auspicious sister, who held high rank in the imperial harem, was sent off in order so that she might be present at the mourning for her brother Bhūpat, who had fallen in the battle of Sarnāl."}}</ref> She was an intellectual woman<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume II|1907|p=242|ps=:"The Rajah from right thinking and elevated fortune considered that he should bring himself of the ruck of landholders and make himself one of the distinguished ones of the Court. In order to effect this purpose he thought of a special alliance, to wit that he should by means of those who had the right of entree introduce his eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect, among the attendants on the glorious pavilion."}}</ref> who held a considerable influence in Akbar's court and is known as the prime driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and religious neutrality.<ref name=lal9>{{harvnb|Lal|1980|p=222}}</ref> She was also a great female patron of the architecture of her time.<ref>{{harvnb|Koch|1990|p=90}}</ref> She died on 19 May 1623 in Agra and was buried in a grave close to her husband, Akbar, in Sikandra, Agra.<ref>{{harvnb|Jahangir|1999|p=397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Findly|first=Ellison B.|title=Nur Jahan|date=1993|pages=177–178|quote=About this time, Jahangir's own immediate family experienced some changes. His mother, the charismatic and adventurous Hindu widow of Akbar, Maryamuzzamani, died early in the summer of 1623 in Agra and was buried in a tomb in Sikandra near her husband, Akbar. Maryamuzzamani had played an important social role in Jahangir's life by hosting most of his family celebrations at her own home, and she had, in the larger arena, helped chart the role of Mughal women in the newly expanding business of foreign trade. Though Jahangir must have grieved immensely at her death, his notice of it in his memoirs was very short, saying only that “I trust that Almighty God will envelop her in the ocean of His mercy.” She was the last in the illustrious series of parents to die in this period, and her death came, strangely, only four years before Jahangir's own.}}</ref><br />
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In 1562, Akbar married the former wife of Abdul Wasi, the son of Shaikh Bada, lord of Agra. Akbar was enamored with her beauty and ordered Abdul Wasi to divorce her.<ref>{{harvnb|Badayuni|1884|pp=59–60}}</ref> Another of his wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtiyar and the sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakhtiyar. Their dynasty was called Din Laqab they lived in Chandwar and Jalesar near Agra.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rahim |first=Maulavi Abdur |title=Ma'asir al-Umara by Nawab Shams-ud-Daulah Shahnawaz Khan – Volume II (Persian) |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta, India |pages=564, 566}}</ref> He married the daughter of Jagmal Rathore, son of Rao Viramde of [[Merta City|Merta]] in 1562.<ref>{{harvnb|Saran|Ziegler|2001b|pp=366–367}}</ref><br />
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His next marriage took place in 1564 to the daughter of Miran Mubarak Shah, the ruler of [[Khandesh]]. In 1564, he sent presents to the court with a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. Miran's request acceded and an order was issued. Itimad Khan was sent with Miran's ambassadors. Miran welcomed Itimad with honour and despatched his daughter with him. A large number of nobles accompanied her. The marriage took place in September 1564 when she reached Akbar's court.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume II|1907|p=352}}</ref> As a dowry, Mubarak Shah ceded Bijagarh and Handia to his imperial son-in-law.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mohd. Ilyas|last=Quddusi|title=Khandesh under the Mughals, 1601–1724 A.D.: mainly based on Persian sources|publisher=Islamic Wonders Bureau|year=2002|pages=4}}</ref><br />
<br />
He married another Rajput princess in 1570, Raj Kunwari, daughter of Kanha, the brother of Rai Kalyan Mal, the ruler of [[Bikaner State|Bikanir]].<ref name="Waseem-2003">{{harvnb|Waseem|2003|pp=78–79}}</ref> The marriage took place in 1570 when Akbar came to this part of the country. Kalyan made a homage to Akbar and requested that his brother's daughter be married to him. Akbar accepted his proposal, and the marriage was arranged.<ref name="BeveridgeIIp518">{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume II|1907|p=518}}</ref> He also married Bhanmati, daughter of Bhim Raj, another brother of Rai Kalyan Mal.<ref name="Waseem-2003" /> He also married Nathi Bai, daughter of Rawal Har Rai, the ruler of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]] in 1570.<ref name="BeveridgeIIp518" /><ref>{{harvnb|Manchanda|2001|p=24}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Somani|1990|p=55}}</ref> Rawal had sent a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. The proposal was accepted by Akbar. Raja Bhagwan Das was despatched on this service. The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar's return from [[Nagor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume II|1907|pp=518–519}}</ref> She was the mother of Princess Mahi Begum, who died on 8 April 1577.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume II|1907|p=283}}</ref> In 1570, Narhardas, a grandson of Rao Viramde of [[Merta City|Merta]], married his sister, Puram Bai, to Akbar in return for Akbar's support of Keshodas's claims on Merta.<ref>{{harvnb|Saran|Ziegler|2001a|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Saran|Ziegler|2001b|p=362}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another of his wives was Bhakkari Begum, the daughter of Sultan Mahmud of Bhakkar.<ref>{{harvnb|Hasan Siddiqi|1972|p=166}}</ref> On 2 July 1572, Akbar's envoy Itimad Khan reached Mahmud's court to escort his daughter to Akbar. Itimad Khan brought a dress, a bejewelled scimitar belt, a horse with a saddle and reins, and four elephants. Mahmud celebrated the occasion by holding extravagant feasts for fifteen days. On the day of the wedding, the ulema, saints, and nobles were honoured with rewards. Mahmud offered 30,000 rupees in cash and kind to Itimad Khan and sent his daughter with a grand dowry and an entourage.<ref>{{harvnb|Ahsan|2005|p=}}</ref> She came to Ajmer and waited upon Akbar. The gifts of Sultan Mahmud, carried by the delegation, were presented to the ladies of the imperial harem.<ref>{{harvnb|Akhtar|1983|pp=78, 79, 81}}</ref><br />
<br />
His eleventh wife was Qasima Banu Begum,<ref name="Burke1989p144">{{harvnb|Burke|1989|p=144}}</ref> the daughter of Arab Shah. The marriage took place in 1575. A fest was held, at which the high officers and other pillars of the state were present.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume III|1907|pp=167–168}}</ref> In 1577, the Rawal Askaran of [[Dungarpur State]] requested that his daughter be married to Akbar. Akbar granted his request.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume III|1907|p=278}}</ref> Rai Loukaran and Rajah Birbar, servants of the Rajah, were sent from Dihalpur to do the honour of conveying his daughter. The two delivered her to Akbar's court where the marriage took place on 12 July 1577.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume III|1907|p=295}}</ref><br />
<br />
His twelfth wife was Bibi Daulat Shad.<ref name="Burke1989p144" /> She was the mother of Princess Shakr-un-Nissa Begum, and Princess [[Aram Banu Begum]]<ref>{{harvnb|Jahangir|1999|p=39}}</ref> born on 22 December 1584.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume III|1907|p=661|ps=: "One of the occurrences was the birth of Ārām Bānū Begam.* On 12 Dai, 22 December 1584, divine month, and the 19th degree of Sagittarius, and according to the calculation of the Indians, one degree and 54 minutes, that night-gleaming jewel of fortune appeared and glorified the harem of the Shāhinshāh."}}</ref> His next wife was the daughter of Shams Chak, a Kashmiri. The marriage took place on 3 November 1592.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume III|1907|p=958}}</ref> In 1593, he married the daughter of Qazi Isa and the cousin of Najib Khan. Najib told Akbar that his uncle had made his daughter a present for him. Akbar accepted his representation and on 3 July 1593, he visited Najib Khan's house and married Qazi Isa's daughter.<ref>{{harvnb|Beveridge Volume III|1907|p=985}}</ref><br />
<br />
At some point, Akbar took into his harem Rukmavati, a daughter [[Maldeo Rathore]], Rao of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]], by his mistress, Tipu Gudi. This was a ''dolo'' union as opposed to a formal marriage, representing the bride's lower status in her father's household, and serving as an expression of vassalage to an overlord. The dating of this event is not recorded.<ref name="Sreenivasan2006">{{harvnb|Sreenivasan|2006|pp=152, 159}}</ref><ref name="Chandra1993">{{harvnb|Chandra|1993|pp=17–18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
[[File:Gate of the Tomb of Akbar at Sikandra, Agra, India, 1795.jpg|thumb|Gate of [[Akbar's tomb|Akbar's mausoleum]] at Sikandra, Agra, 1795]]<br />
<br />
On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill from an attack of [[dysentery]],<ref name="India Today" /> from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on 26 October 1605. He was buried at [[Akbar's tomb|his mausoleum]] in Sikandra, Agra,<ref>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|pp=168–169}}</ref> which lies a kilometer next to the [[tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani]], his favourite consort.<ref name="farishta" /><ref name="jlmehta" /><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Akbar firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal Empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign,<ref>{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|p=79}}</ref> establishing its military and diplomatic superiority.<ref>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1974|p=170}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Folklore|Folk tales]] revolving around him and [[Birbal]], one of his ''navaratnas'', are popular in India. He and his Hindu wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani are widely popular, as the latter is believed to have been the prime inspiration and driving force for Akbar's promotion of secularism and universal benevolence.<ref name=lal9 /><br />
<br />
Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate "fiefdoms" of India into the [[Mughal Empire]], as well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India", [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] included him in its list of top 25 world leaders.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=4 February 2011 |title=Top 25 Political Icons: Akbar the Great |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2046303,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207230652/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2046303,00.html |archive-date=7 February 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
Akbar's legacy is largely negative in [[Pakistan]]. Historian [[Mubarak Ali]], in a study of the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, has observed that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation",<ref name="Ali1992" /> as opposed to the omnipresence of [[emperor Aurangzeb]]. He quotes historian [[Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi]], who said that, due to his religious tolerance, "Akbar had so weakened Islam through his policies that it could not be restored to its dominant position in the affairs".<ref name="Ali1992" /> A common thread among Pakistani historians is criticism of Akbar's [[Rajput]] policy. Ali has stated that "Akbar is criticized for bringing Muslims and Hindus together as one nation and putting the separate identity of the Muslims in danger. This policy of Akbar contradicts the [[Two-nation theory|theory of Two-Nation]] and therefore makes him an unpopular figure in Pakistan."<ref name="Ali1992">{{harvnb|Ali|1992|pp=73–76}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Issue ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Birth<br />
! Death<br />
! Notes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4 | ''By [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] ({{circa|1542}} – 19 May 1623''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Fatima Banu Begum<br />
| {{Circa|1562}}<br />
| infancy<br />
| died in infancy<ref name="Prasad1930" /><ref>{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|p=171|ps=: "His first child was a daughter, Fatima Banu Begum, but she died in infancy, and so did the first sons born to him, twins named Hasan and Husain, born in 1564; they lived only a month."}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth of twins|Hassan Mirza]]<br />
| 19 October 1564<br />
| 5 November 1564<br />
| twin with Hussain Mirza; died shortly after birth<ref name="Lal1980p133">{{harvnb|Lal|1980|p=133}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth of twins|Hussain Mirza]]<br />
| 19 October 1564<br />
| 29 October 1564<br />
| twin with Hassan Mirza; died shortly after birth<ref name="Lal1980p133" /><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jahangir]]<br />
| 31 August 1569<br />
| 28 October 1627<br />
| Born Salim Mirza; succeeded Akbar to the throne<ref name="Lal1980p133" /><br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4 | ''By concubines (various)''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)|Murad Mirza]]<br />
| 15 June 1570<br />
| 12 May 1599<br />
| Entrusted to [[Salima Sultan Begum]] for early years; returned to mother’s care before 1575<ref name="Lal1980p133" /><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Daniyal Mirza]]<br />
| 11 September 1572<br />
| 19 March 1605<br />
| Fostered by Mariam-uz-Zamani<ref name="Lal1980p133" /><br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4 | ''By Bibi Salima''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shahzadi Khanum]]<br />
| 21 November 1569<br />
| unknown<br />
| Fostered by [[Mariam Makani]]; married Muzaffar Hussain Mirza, [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid Prince]]<ref>{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|p=171}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4 | ''By Nathi Bai''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Mahi Begum<br />
| unknown<br />
| 7 April 1577<br />
| <ref>{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|p=171}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4 | ''By Bibi Daulat Shad''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shakr-un-Nissa Begum]]<br />
| unknown<br />
| 1 January 1653<br />
| Married Shahrukh Mirza<ref>{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|p=171}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aram Banu Begum]]<br />
| 22 December 1584<br />
| 17 June 1624<br />
| <ref>{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|p=171}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4 | ''Adopted children''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Kishnavati Bai<br />
| unknown<br />
| August 1609<br />
| Adopted; daughter of Sekhavat Kachvahi Durjan Sal; married Sawai Raja [[Sur Singh]] of [[Marwar]]; mother of [[Gaj Singh of Marwar]] and Manbhavati Bai<ref>{{harvnb|Saran|Ziegler|2001b|p=51}}</ref><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
=== Films and television ===<br />
* ''[[Shahenshah Akbar]]'' is a 1943 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film about the emperor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/642/mode/2up?q=%22Shahenshah+Akbar%22 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |first=Ashish |last=Rajadhyaksha |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=London : British Film Institute |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><br />
* Akbar was portrayed in the award-winning 1960 [[Bollywood|Hindi movie]] ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (The Great Mughal), in which his character was played by [[Prithviraj Kapoor]].<ref name="cell">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar, Rajiv |date=6 August 2010 |title=Celluloid Monument |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/celluloid-monument/656505/0 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703045336/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/celluloid-monument/656505/0 |archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref><br />
* In the 1958 Urdu film ''[[Anarkali (1958 film)|Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by Himalyawala.<ref name="TNI">{{Cite news |author=Gul |first=Aijaz |date=8 May 2016 |title='Anarkali' screened at Mandwa |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/118242-Anarkali-screened-at-Mandwa |access-date=11 June 2022 |newspaper=The News International (newspaper)}}</ref><br />
* The [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division of India|Films Division]] produced ''Akbar'', a documentary film about the emperor, in 1967, directed by Shanti S. Varma. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film]].<br />
* [[Om Shivpuri]] played Akbar in the 1978 movie ''[[Bhakti Mein Shakti]]''.<br />
* [[Akbar Salim Anarkali|Akbar Saleem Anarkali]] is a 1979 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film about the [[Anarkali]] legend directed by [[N. T. Rama Rao]], with Rao also portraying the role of Akbar.<br />
* Akbar was portrayed by [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] in the 1979 movie ''[[Meera]]''.<br />
* Akbar was portrayed by [[Hrithik Roshan]] in the 2008 Bollywood film ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''.<br />
* Akbar and Birbal were portrayed in the Hindi series ''Akbar-Birbal'' aired on [[Zee TV]] in the late 1990s where Akbar's role was played by [[Vikram Gokhale]].<br />
* A television series, called ''Akbar the Great'', directed by [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] was aired on [[DD National]] in the 1990s.<br />
* In 2013–2015, a television series, called ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'' aired on Zee TV, in which the role of Akbar was played by actor [[Rajat Tokas]].<br />
* In the Motu Patlu episode "Motu Akbar The Great", John fools Motu into believing that he is playing Akbar in a Hit Film.<br />
* Akbar was portrayed by [[Uday Tikekar]] in [[EPIC (TV channel)|EPIC]] channel's critically acclaimed historical drama ''[[Siyaasat]]'' (based on the novel ''The Twentieth Wife'').<br />
* In [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s historical drama ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', Akbar was at first portrayed by [[Krip Suri]] and later by [[Avinesh Rekhi]].<br />
* Akbar is portrayed by [[Kiku Sharda]] in [[BIG Magic]]'s sitcom ''[[Akbar Birbal]]''.<br />
* [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]] played the role of Akbar in ABP News' documentary series, [[Bharatvarsh (TV series)|Bharatvarsh]].<br />
* ''Akbar Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar'' is a 2017 Indian drama television series tracing Akbar's journey to the Mughal throne.<br />
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] played the role of Akbar in the Colors television show [[Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali]].<br />
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] portrayed the emperor in the 2020 Indian comedy television series, ''[[Akbar Ka Bal Birbal]]''.<br />
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] portrayed him in [[ZEE5]]'s web series [[Taj: Divided by Blood]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Taj – Divided By Blood: Naseeruddin Shah All Set To Play Emperor Akbar In New Web Series! |date=14 February 2023 |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/taj-divided-by-blood-naseeruddin-shah-all-set-to-play-emperor-akbar-in-new-web-series/ |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fiction ===<br />
* Akbar is a principal character in [[Indu Sundaresan]]'s award-winning novel ''The Twentieth Wife'' (2002) as well as in its sequel ''The Feast of Roses'' (2003).<ref>{{cite book |last=Sundaresan |first=Indu |title=The Twentieth Wife |date=2003 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0743428188}}</ref><br />
* A fictionalised Akbar plays an important supporting role in [[Kim Stanley Robinson]]'s 2002 novel, ''[[The Years of Rice and Salt]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Kim Stanley |title=The Years of Rice and Salt |date=2002 |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=0-553-10920-0}}</ref><br />
* Akbar is also a major character in [[Salman Rushdie]]'s 2008 novel ''[[The Enchantress of Florence]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rushdie |first=Salman |title=The Enchantress of Florence |date=2008 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780099421924}}</ref><br />
* In [[Kunal Basu]]'s ''[[The Miniaturist (Kunal Basu novel)|The Miniaturist]]'', the story revolves around a young painter during Akbar's time who paints his own version of the ''Akbarnamu''.<br />
* Akbar is mentioned as 'Raja Baadshah' in the [[Chhattisgarhi]] [[Folklore|folktale]] of "[[Mohna de gori kayina]]".<br />
* Akbar is the main character in ''[[Empire of the Moghul]]: Ruler of the World'' by [[Alex Rutherford]], the third book in a sextet based on the six great Mughal Emperors of the Mughal Dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rutherford |first=Alex |title=Ruler of the World (Empire of the Moghul, #3) |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |isbn=978-0-312-59702-3}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Video games ===<br />
* Akbar is featured in the video game [[Sid Meier]]'s ''[[Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword]]'' as a "great general" available in the game.<br />
* Akbar is the AI Personality of India in ''[[Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties]]''.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Akbar II]]<br />
* [[Ashoka]]<br />
* [[List of people known as the Great]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|23em}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Abul Fazl 'Allami |author-link=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last1=Blochmann |translator-first1=Heinrich |translator-link1=Heinrich Blochmann |year=1873 |title=The Ain i Akbari |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbari00jarrgoog/page/55/mode/1up |volume=I |location=Calcutta, India |publisher=[[The Asiatic Society]] of Bengal}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Abul Fazl 'Allami |author-link=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=Henry |translator-link=Henry Beveridge (orientalist) |year=1907 |title=The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl |volume=I |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189288 |edition=2000 reproduction |location=Calcutta, India |publisher=The Asiatic Society |ref={{harvid|Beveridge Volume I|1907}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Abul Fazl 'Allami |author-link=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=Henry |translator-link=Henry Beveridge (orientalist) |year=1907 |title=The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl |volume=II |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649/page/n3/mode/2up |location=Calcutta, India |publisher=Asiatic Society |ref={{harvid|Beveridge Volume II|1907}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Abul Fazl 'Allami |author-link=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=Henry |translator-link=Henry Beveridge (orientalist) |year=1907 |title=The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl |volume=III |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55650/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta, India |publisher=Asiatic Society |ref={{harvid|Beveridge Volume III|1907}}}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ahloowalia |first=B. S. |year=2009 |title=Invasion of the Genes: Genetic Heritage of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_q_MjupOIC&dq=Akbar+1599+agra+capital&pg=PA129 |publisher=Strategic Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-60860-691-7 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408134733/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_q_MjupOIC&dq=Akbar+1599+agra+capital&pg=PA129 |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Ahsan |first1=Aitzaz |year=2005 |title=The Indus Saga |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-9-351-94073-9}}<br />
* {{cite thesis |last=Akhtar |first=Muhammad Saleem |date=February 1983 |title=Sind under the Mughals: An Introduction to, translation of and commentary on the Mazhar-i Shahjahani of Yusuf Mirak (1044/1634) |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11279/1/Akhtar_M.S._1983.pdf |type=PhD |publisher=Australian National university |pages=78, 79, 81 |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031031903/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11279/1/Akhtar_M.S._1983.pdf |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=M. Athar |author-link=M. Athar Ali |year=2006 |title=Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-569661-5}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Ali |first=Mubarak |author-link=Mubarak Ali |date=September–October 1992 |title=Akbar in Pakistani Textbooks |journal=Social Scientist |volume=20 |issue=9/10 |pages=73–76 |jstor=3517719 |doi=10.2307/3517719 |issn=0970-0293}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Badayuni |first1=Abdul Qadir |author-link=Abdul Qadir Badayuni |translator-last=Lowe |translator-first=W. H. |year=1884 |title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.196147 |volume=II |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta, India}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Banerji |first1=S. K. |year=1938 |title=Humāyun Bādshāh |url=https://archive.org/details/humayunbadshah035068mbp/mode/2up |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Calcutta, India |oclc=952877148}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Beveridge |first=H. |author-link=Henry Beveridge (orientalist) |title=The Garden of Climes |journal=The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialandasia00unkngoog |date=January–April 1900 |volume=IX |issue=17–18 |pages=145–162}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Antony |year=2011 |title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ&q=akbar+sunni+muslim |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922030104/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ&q=akbar+sunni+muslim |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=S. M. |year=1989 |title=Akbar: The Greatest Mogul |url=https://archive.org/details/akbargreatestmog0000smbu/page/143/mode/1up |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Busch |first1=Allison |year=2011 |title=Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-976592-8}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2007 |title=History of Medieval India |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |year=2001 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals |volume=I |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0522-1}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2005 |orig-year=First published 1999 |title=Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA105 |edition=Revised |volume=II |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9}}<br />
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* {{cite journal |last1=Syed |first1=Jawad |title=Akbar's multiculturalism: lessons for diversity management in the 21st century |journal=Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences |volume=28 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/CJAS.185 |year=2011 |pages=402–412}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Thackeray |first1=Frank W. |last2=Findling |first2=John E. |year=2012 |title=Events That Formed the Modern World |volume=1 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-902-8}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |year=2012 |title=Setting the Record Wrong: A Sanskrit Vision of Mughal Conquests |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=373–396 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2012.693710 |s2cid=145619920 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1239832 |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307012751/https://www.academia.edu/1239832 |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Waseem |first1=Shah Mohammad |year=2003 |title=A Persian historiography in India |publisher=Kanishka Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+ |isbn=978-81-7391-537-6 |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+ |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=India |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Library History |editor-first1=Wayne A. |editor-last1=Wiegand |editor-link1=Wayne A. Wiegand |editor-first2=Donald G. |editor-last2=Davis |publisher=Garland Publishing, Incorporated |year=1994 |isbn=0-8240-5787-2}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] ''Akbar-namah'' Edited with commentary by Muhammad [[Sadiq Ali]] (Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881–83 Three Vols. ([[Persian Language|Persian]])<br />
* Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak ''Akbarnamah'' Edited by Maulavi [[Abd Al-Rahim]]. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877–1887 Three Vols. ([[Persian Language|Persian]])<br />
* Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari ''Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari)'' edited & Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi & Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi ([[Rampur Raza Library]]) 1962 ([[Persian Language|Persian]])<br />
* Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. "Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature", ''Word, Image, Text: Studies in Literary and Visual Culture'', ed. Shormistha Panja et al., Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2009. {{ISBN|978-81-250-3735-4}}<br />
* Satyananda Giri, ''Akbar'', Trafford Publishing, 2009, {{ISBN|978-1-4269-1561-1}}<br />
* John Correia-Afonso, ''Letters from the Mughal court'', Bombay, 1980.<br />
* {{cite book |last=Augustus |first=Frederick |location=Calcutta, India |translator=Annette Susannah Beveridge |title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1) |url=https://archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00buchgoog#page/n8/mode/1up |year=1890 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Company}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Augustus |first=Frederick |location=Calcutta, India |translator=Annette Susannah Beveridge |editor=Gustav von Buchwald |title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 2) |url=https://archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00augugoog#page/n4/mode/1up |year=1890 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Company}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Malleson |first=Colonel G. B. |title=Akbar and the Rise of the Mughal Empire |series=[[Rulers of India series]] |url=https://archive.org/stream/rulersofindiaakb009177mbp#page/n7/mode/2up |year=1899 |publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press}}<br />
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18307 ''The Adventures of Akbar'' by Flora Annie Steel, 1847–1929 (ebook)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902044145/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18307 |date=2 September 2020 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Havell |first=Ernest Binfield |author-link=Ernest Binfield Havell |title=The History of Aryan Rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofaryanru00have#page/n9/mode/2up |year=1918 |location=New York |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Moreland |first=W. H. |title=India at the death of Akbar: An economic study |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022895001#page/n5/mode/2up |year=1920 |location=London, England |publisher=Macmillan & Company}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Monserrate |first=Father Antonio |title=The commentary of Father Monserrate, S. J., on his journey to the court of Akbar |url=https://archive.org/stream/commentaryoffath00monsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up |year=1922 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Shrivastava |first=A. L. |title=A short history of Akbar the Great. |year=1957 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131063}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
{{EB1911 poster|Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed}}<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
* [https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666203/ ''The Drama of Akbar''] by [[Muhammad Husain Azad]] from 1922<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]]||14 October 1542||27 October 1605}}<br />
{{s-reg|}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Humayun]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mughal Emperor]]|years=1556–1605}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Jahangir]]}}<br />
{{end}}<br />
{{Mughal Empire}}<br />
{{Agra district}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Akbar| ]]<br />
[[Category:1542 births]]<br />
[[Category:1605 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Child monarchs from Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from dysentery]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of religions]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Indian warriors]]<br />
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:People from Agra]]<br />
[[Category:People from Umerkot]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackie_(2010_film)&diff=505007Jackie (2010 film)2026-03-03T21:25:34Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Started a pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Jackie<br />
| image = Jackie_banner1.JPG<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Duniya Soori]]<br />
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110305150601/http://www.cinefundas.com/2011/03/04/action-packed-%E2%80%98jackie%E2%80%99-now-in-telugu Action packed ‘Jackie’ now in Telugu]}}. cinefundas.com. 4 March 2011</ref><br />
| writer = Duniya Soori<br />
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Puneeth Rajkumar]]|[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]|[[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]|[[Harshika Poonacha]]|[[Rangayana Raghu]]}}<br />
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Satya Hegde]]<br />
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar<br />
| studio = Poornima Enterprises<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2010|10|14|df=yes|ref1=<ref name="telugu1">{{cite news | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/66317.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503081951/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/66317.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 May 2011 | title=Puneet's 'Jackie' release on May 6 | date=2 May 2011 | work=IndiaGlitz | access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
| runtime = 155 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = {{INR}}30 crore <ref name=":30">{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ahead-of-puneeth-rajkumars-birth-anniversary-his-film-jackie-re-releases-in-theaters-8816807.html| title=Ahead Of Puneeth Rajkumar's Birth Anniversary, His Film Jackie Re-releases In Theaters|date=15 March 2024 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''''Jackie''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Masala film]] written and directed by [[Duniya Soori]] and produced by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]].<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_sandalwoods-super-run_1510427 Sandalwood’s super run – Jackie]. Dnaindia.com (20 February 2011). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> The film stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] in the lead roles, while [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], [[Harshika Poonacha]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], Petrol Prasanna, [[Vikas (actor)|Vikas]] and [[Ravi Kale]] appear in supporting roles.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091010020208/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/50561.html ‘Jackie’ after ‘Prithvi’ – Puneeth]. Indiaglitz.com (6 October 2009). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref><br />
<br />
''Jackie'' was released on 14 October 2010 to critical acclaim from critics. The film is noted for its technical prowess, witty dialogues and lyrics, combined with an art that has become a trademark of Soori's rustic feel cinema.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2010/puneet-jackie-reviews-critics-161010.html Puneet’s Jackie gets rave reviews from critics]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105194656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/chennai/29732898_1_lifetime-achievement-award-telugu-film-director-award The glitter, the gloss, the razzmatazz – South Filmfare Awards]. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (3 July 2011). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref><br />
<br />
''Jackie'' was also considered one of the trendsetting films of the [[Kannada cinema]] and one of the landmark movies in Puneeth Rajkumar's career. It was especially noted for its music by [[V. Harikrishna]]. [[Yograj Bhat]] was the lyricist for all the songs of the film. The album, which celebrated its [[platinum disc]], is also available as a [[5.1 Music Disc|5.1 audio DVD]] disc.<ref name="Jackie Platinum Disc Celebration">[http://www.chitraloka.com/news/139-films-latest-news/3143-puneet-rajkumar-movie.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=dcdfa34276e0210c780a87aea48f531f Jackie Platinum Disc Celebration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105024626/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/139-films-latest-news/3143-puneet-rajkumar-movie.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=dcdfa34276e0210c780a87aea48f531f |date=5 November 2013 }}. Chitraloka.com. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100711041721/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/12112.html Jackie – Puneeth is Peerless ‘Jackie’ is Excellent]. Indiaglitz.com (14 October 2010). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> After successful screening in [[Australia]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[Germany]], the film was released in [[United States|US]] and [[Singapore]] in February 2011.<ref name="Jackie in California - Showtimes">[http://www.nowrunning.com/-in-california/usa/ca/7678/movie-showtimes.htm Jackie in California – Showtimes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009112737/http://www.nowrunning.com/-in-california/usa/ca/7678/movie-showtimes.htm |date=9 October 2012 }}. Nowrunning.com (15 October 2010). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref><br />
<br />
A portion of the song ''Kannalle Eno'' from [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s 1980 movie ''[[Vasantha Geetha]]'' was re-used in the title track of the film.<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwxHaoGj8EA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819032512/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwxHaoGj8EA |archive-date=2017-08-19 |url-status=dead|title=Kannada Hit Songs - Kannalli Eno From Beladingalagi Baa |publisher=YouTube |date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvjV86EifZQ |title=Jackie &#124; Full Songs JukeBox &#124; Puneeth Rajkumar, Bhavana &#124; V.Harikrishna &#124; Puneeth Rajkumar Hit Songs |publisher=YouTube |date=2014-03-13 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in Telugu on 6 May 2011.<ref name="telugu1"/><ref name="Jackie in Telugu, Malayalam">Shivkamal, Aravind G. (25 January 2011) [http://southscope.in/kannada/news/jackie-telugu-malayalam Jackie in Telugu, Malayalam] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225042410/http://southscope.in/kannada/news/jackie-telugu-malayalam |date=25 February 2011 }}. Southscope.in. Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/144-films-news/3408-puneeth-rajkumar-movie.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=914cdbac62ce51ea4d3249e1daa846a1 |title=Jackie Telugu From April 8th|website=Chitraloka.com|access-date=3 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528081020/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/144-films-news/3408-puneeth-rajkumar-movie.html|archive-date=28 May 2011}}</ref> The film was adjudged the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Kannada|Best Film of 2010]] at the [[Filmfare Awards South|South Filmfare Awards]]. The film was declared the highest grosser of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When it rained films... |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/124106/when-rained-films.html |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was re- released grandly with upgraded technical features on 15 March 2024 to commemorate [[Puneeth Rajkumar|Puneeth's]] birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-27 |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's blockbuster film 'Jackie' set for re-release |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/puneeth-rajkumars-blockbuster-film-jackie-set-for-re-release/article67891832.ece |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-02-28 |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's cult classic Jackie set for a grand re-release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Feb/28/puneeth-rajkumars-cult-classic-jackie-set-for-a-grand-re-release |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Janakirama aka ''Jackie'' is a talkative [[school dropout]] who is living with his mother Jayamma and operates a [[flour mill]] in a village with his mother. Jackie dreams of making it big without hard work and is also an expert [[gambler|card player]] and thinks he can repay all his debts with earnings from it. Jackie does every job and hopes that he would make it big as a [[real estate]] dealer. In his locality, Jackie's friend Yashodha, who is a priest's daughter, reveals that she is in love with a [[photo studio]] owner ''Parangi'' Seena and asks Jackie to help her get married. Jackie initially tries to help, but when the priest questions him regarding his responsibilities of a brother, Jackie decides to cop out of the issue, respecting the aged father's feelings.<br />
<br />
Losing all hope, Yashodha elopes with Seena, along with a blind girl Puttavva. Unknown to Yashoda, Seena is actually a conduit for a [[Human trafficking|human trafficker]] named ''Mithai'' Rama. The priest is under the impression that Jackie is the mediator in this case. Jackie takes responsibility to trace Yashodha and bring her back. Meanwhile, Jackie is followed by a [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID officer]] and his team as he has sheltered his friend Tulasi, who has escaped from prison. The CID officer tracks them down and kills Tulasi, but Jackie escapes from the police and reaches a dense forest.<br />
<br />
Jackie also averts a ritual of [[human sacrifice]] where Lakshmi is the intended victim. The trouble shoots up for Jackie as even the CID officer and his team are after him. After landing in [[Bengaluru]], Jackie finds that Puttavva, who went with Yashodha is dead. Jackie gets a clue about Prasanna alias ''Jooli'' after being friendly to constable "Meese" Bheemanna which leads him to suspicious activities of a gang transporting girls abroad in [[oil tanker]]s headed by Mithai. When the CID officer catches him, Jackie explains the situation by tracking them with the help of Lakshmi. Not trusting the CID officers, Jackie escapes and saves Mithai, and they reach the hideout.<br />
<br />
Having guessed that Jackie is with the cops, Mithai confronts him where he divulges the truth and is taken to see Yashoda. A fight erupts where Jackie is knocked out and is partially buried with Yashoda. Mithai and Seena leave with the girls in oil tankers. However, Jackie awakes from the site along with Yashoda, he tracks down Mithai and Seena and thrashes them. The girls are saved and the CID officer realizes the situation; he congratulates Jackie for solving the case and kills Seena and Rama in an [[Police encounter|encounter]]. Jackie tells Yashoda to call her father and Lakshmi, who has fallen for Jackie, proposes to him in a comical fashion by holding him at [[point-blank]]. Jackie takes his mother to see Yashoda and also introduces Lakshmi.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Janakirama "Jackie"<br />
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Jayamma, Jackie's mother<br />
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Lakshmi<br />
* [[Harshika Poonacha]] as Yashodha<br />
* [[Vikas (actor)|Vikas]] as Parangi Seena<br />
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as "Meese" Bheemanna<br />
* [[Bullet Prakash]] as Malgere Sanna<br />
* [[M. S. Umesh]]<br />
* [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]] as shopkeeper<br />
* [[Raju Thalikote]] as a matrimonial agent<br />
* [[Sampath Raj]] as [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] officer<br />
* [[Shobharaj]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]]<br />
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Mithai Rama<br />
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]] as Kemmraja<br />
* Petrol Prasanna as Prasanna "Jooli"<br />
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]] as a chicken seller<br />
* Siddaramu as Siddarama<br />
<br />
=== Cameo appearance ===<br />
* [[Duniya Soori]] in the song "Jackie Jackie"<br />
* [[Yogaraj Bhat]] in the song "Jackie Jackie"<br />
* [[V. Harikrishna]] in the song "Jackie Jackie" <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711132833/http://www.jackiethemovie.com/team_onscreen.htm Jackie Team: On-Screen]. jackiethemovie.com</ref><br />
* [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]] as CID officer (uncredited)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The production of the film started on 3 March at [[Kantheerava Studio]] and took place for 95 days in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Mysore]], [[Italy]] and [[Namibia]].<ref>[http://thebollywoodactress.com/puneet-raj-kumar-and-bhavana-starrer-jackie-team-has-now-gone-to-south-africa-to-shoot-the-songs/ Jackie team has now gone to South Africa to shoot the songs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011024856/http://thebollywoodactress.com/puneet-raj-kumar-and-bhavana-starrer-jackie-team-has-now-gone-to-south-africa-to-shoot-the-songs/ |date=11 October 2010 }}. Thebollywoodactress.com. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref> The film is made in the home production of [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s family under the banner of Poornima Enterprises. Jackie is Puneet's 15th film and his first with Duniya Soori. The film marks the debut of Malayalam actress [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] in Kannada language films.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120713204845/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/bhavana-excited-jackie-230810.html Bhavana all excited about the film Jackie]. Entertainment.oneindia.in (23 August 2010). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref><br />
<br />
Duniya Soori, who is known for maintaining his script and characters as a secret, had earlier revealed that the film is about how life takes a turn for Jackie and the way he faces the challenges and added that the film would be different from Puneet's earlier films. Soori was initially "scared" to be directing a Puneeth Rajkumar flick just because of the enormous expectations from the audience.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120707170541/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2009/suri-scared-puneet-301109.html Duniya Suri scared to direct Puneet Rajkumar]. Entertainment.oneindia.in (30 November 2009). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> [[SnorriCam]] has been used extensively in the film's song and stunt sequences, giving it a point-of-view feel. The director-actor went on to collaborate with films like ''[[Anna Bond]]'' and ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''.<br />
<br />
The remake rights were purchased by NS Rajkumar, who dubbed the film into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] languages for a 2011 release.<ref name="Jackie in Telugu, Malayalam"/><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
===Kannada soundtrack===<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Jackie<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|11}}<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = <br />
| label = [[Anand Audio]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|BvjV86EifZQ|Official Audio Jukebox}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''Jackie'' Kannada soundtrack was released in the month of August 2010. In a first of its kind, audio was simultaneously released over [[Bluetooth]] by a [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]-based company called TELiBrahma.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100822022949/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/7917/sandalwood/Jackie-Songs-and-Clips-via-Mobile-News-Details 'Jackie' Songs and Clips via Mobile]}}. Supergoodmovies.com (21 August 2010). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref><ref>[http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/07/slide-show-1-south-kannada-snippets.htm Going gaga over Puneet!]. Movies.rediff.com (7 September 2010). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> TELiBrahma developed an exclusive mobile application for the film and distributed it across about 100 of its proprietary technology called ''BluFi'' locations in Bengaluru. Considered a success, this campaign resulted in nearly 55,000 downloads in 16 days.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100921024736/http://www.telibrahma.com/newsletter/sep2010/JackieAudioRelease_Newsletter.pdf TELiBrahma Newsletter – Jackie Movie Audio Launches on Mobile via BluFi]. telibrahma.com. September 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
Overall, the commercial reception of the album was successful, with 20,000 audio CDs being sold on the first day.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100904043653/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/139-films-latest-news/2723-puneeth-rajkumar-movie.html Jackie Audio sales]. Chitraloka.com. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref> The music album was released again on a [[5.1 Music Disc|5.1 Audio DVD]] during [[Music recording sales certification|platinum disc]] celebration on 27 December 2010.<ref name="Jackie Platinum Disc Celebration"/><br />
<br />
The music was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] and lyrics were penned by [[Yogaraj Bhat]].<br />
<br />
A portion of the song ''Kannalle Eno'' from [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s 1980 movie ''[[Vasantha Geetha]]'' was re-used in the title track of this movie.<ref name="youtube.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]<br />
| title1 = Shiva Antha Hogutidde<br />
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br />
| length1 = 4:07<br />
<br />
| title2 = Eradu Jadeyannu<br />
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] <br />
| length2 = 4:46<br />
<br />
| title3 =Ekka Raja Rani<br />
| extra3 =[[Kailash Kher]]<br />
| length3 = 4:13<br />
<br />
| title4 = Edavatt Aytu <br />
| extra4 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Priya Himesh]]<br />
| length4 = 3:57<br />
<br />
| title5 = Jackie Jackie<br />
| extra5 = Naveen Madhav<br />
| length5 = 4:04<br />
}}<br />
'''Leaked Song'''<br />The soundtrack of the film created quite a stir before the audio release when the song "Ekka Raja Rani" was leaked on [[YouTube]].<ref>Hooli, Shekhar. (9 August 2010) [https://archive.today/20120712062322/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/jackie-song-leaked-youtube-090810.html Song from Jackie leaked on YouTube?]. Entertainment.oneindia.in. Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> This song, though unfinished, became quite popular with listeners.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100820065044/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/59504.html ‘Jackie’ set for new records!]. Indiaglitz.com (19 August 2010). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"<br />
! Track # !! Song !! Singer !! Lyricist<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Ekka Raja Rani || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || [[Yogaraj Bhat]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Telugu soundtrack===<br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Jackie<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|2}}<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = Aditya Music<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|eB2Sdnx47rs|Official Audio Jukebox}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
}}<br />
Telugu version audio release was held on 26 February 2011 at Hotel Daspalla in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] with Telugu film personalities [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Allu Arjun]] as chief guests.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110301071212/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/13399/tollywood/Jackie-Audio-Release-Events-Details Jackie Telugu Audio Release]}}. Supergoodmovies.com (26 February 2011). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> [[Bhuvana Chandra]], Vennelakanti and Vanamali have composed the Telugu lyrics.<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/album/A0002720.html Jackie Telugu]. Raaga.com. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Telugu tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Sivaletti Pothunnanu<br />
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br />
| lyrics1 = Bhuvana Chandra<br />
<br />
| title2 = Jadalo Virajajey <br />
| extra2 = Rakhi, Harini<br />
| lyrics2 = Vennelakanti<br />
| length2 =<br />
<br />
| title3 = Aasu Raju Rani <br />
| extra3 = Murali <br />
| lyrics3 = Vennelakanti<br />
<br />
| title4 = Kissu Missu<br />
| extra4 = Tippu, Veena Ghantasala <br />
| lyrics4= Vennelakanti<br />
<br />
| title5 = Poleramma Jatarlona <br />
| extra5 = Tippu <br />
| length5 =<br />
| lyrics5 = Vanamali<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
<br />
===Kannada===<br />
Jackie received an opening unprecedented in [[Kannada cinema]] after it was purchased by distributors at astronomical prices many days before the film's release. ''Jackie'' was released all over [[Karnataka]] apart from 4 in [[Tamil Nadu]] and a 3 [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. The film, which was initially slated for a 23 September 2010, was later postponed to 14 October 2010 owing to pending work on [[digital grading]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Oct/12/jackie-on-october-14-194733.html|title='Jackie' on October 14|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=12 October 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/104225/Jackie-epidemic-hits-state-Enthiran-fever.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027171232/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/104225/Jackie-epidemic-hits-state-Enthiran-fever.html|date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100904043653/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/139-films-latest-news/2723-puneeth-rajkumar-movie.html Jackie Release In October]. Chitraloka.com. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.filmyfriday.com/regional-cinema/jackie-to-be-released-on-23rd-september | title=Jackie To Be Released On 23rd September | date=3 August 2010 | access-date=1 November 2013 | publisher=Film My Friday | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012133902/http://www.filmyfriday.com/regional-cinema/jackie-to-be-released-on-23rd-september | archive-date=12 October 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
====International releases====<br />
''Jackie'' was released overseas by Bevin Exports in the countries of [[Australia]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Singapore]], [[Germany]], [[US]], [[Dubai]] and [[New Zealand]] among others.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120713034626/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/jackie-release-overseas-rajyotsava-201010.html Jackie to release overseas on Karnataka Rajyotsava]. Entertainment.oneindia.in (20 October 2010). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> The same firm had earlier released other Kannada blockbusters like ''[[Mungaaru Male]]'' and ''[[Aramane]]'' worldwide. The global distribution will be on a 50:50 sharing between Poornima Enterprises and Bevin Exports.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101030232320/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/9729/sandalwood/Jackie-World-Wide-Release-News-Details 'Jackie' World Wide Release]}}. Supergoodmovies.com (28 October 2010). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> It was screened in [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]], [[Adelaide]] and [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] on 7 November, where it was well received by the audience, which also consisted of non-[[Kannadiga]]s. A similar reception was reported in Germany, where the screening took place in mid-December.<ref>[http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Kannada-News_and_Gossips-5,72584.php 'Jackie' goes to Germany]. Bharatstudent.com (24 December 2010). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> In the UK, it was screened in the months of November and December in association with Gandhadagudi Movies Team.<ref>[http://www.videogirmit.com/articles/read-kannada-rajyotsava-special-superhit-movie-jackie-screening-in-london_37.html Jackie Screeing in UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223072606/http://www.videogirmit.com/articles/read-kannada-rajyotsava-special-superhit-movie-jackie-screening-in-london_37.html |date=23 December 2010 }}. Videogirmit.com. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref> The film was part of the Indian Melbourne Film Festival on 29 Dec.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110103191641/http://www.imff.com.au/programschedule.html Indian Melbourne Film Festival Program Schedule]. imff.com.au</ref> In United States, ''Jackie'' was released in a phase-wise manner from the 2nd week of Jan 2011. In its first phase, screening was held in [[San Francisco]] and [[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]].<ref name="Jackie in California - Showtimes"/> In the next phase, the film was screened in [[Los Angeles]], [[Edison, New Jersey|New Jersey]], [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]] and [[Houston, Texas|Houston]]. In [[Singapore]], the film was screened on 6 March 2011.<ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/kannada-chitraloka-latest-news/140-latest-news/3326-puneeth-rajkumar-movie.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=ddf773e2a89032ae46ae4bd1041f832a Jackie In Singapore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708145425/http://www.chitraloka.com/kannada-chitraloka-latest-news/140-latest-news/3326-puneeth-rajkumar-movie.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=ddf773e2a89032ae46ae4bd1041f832a |date=8 July 2011 }}. Chitraloka.com. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
===Telugu===<br />
The Telugu dubbed version was produced by Nadella Sujatha through Suraj Films Studio and was released in [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 6 May 2011.<ref name="telugu1"/><br />
<br />
===Re-Release===<br />
The movie re-released on 15 March 2024 in 175 centres and earned ₹1crore on the first day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jackie re-release: Puneeth Rajkumar-led film gets Rs 1 crore opening |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jackie-re-release-puneeth-rajkumar-led-film-gets-rs-1-crore-opening/ee5042fe70498 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "An action-packed thriller with Puneet Rajkumar at his best."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jackie/movie-review/6754471.cms?from=mdr|title=JACKIE MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "'Jackie' is an enjoyable fast paced entertainer. The audiences will be pleased to watch this film, which is high on entertainment quotient, strong on visuals and packed with breathtaking action."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/Oct/17/jackie-195946.html|title=Jackie|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=17 October 2010}}</ref> Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' described the film as a one-time watch and wrote "Jackie caters both to the class and the mass. It has a fair share of both sentiments and action and even comes with a message on human trafficking."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-jackie/20101015.htm|title=Jackie is an out and out Puneet film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=15 October 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
<br />
* Best Film of 2010 – Suvarna Awards 2011<ref name="Suvarna">[http://www.cinecurry.com/news/events-news/kannada/jackie-wins-big-suvarna-awards-2011 Jackie wins big at Suvarna Awards 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704224053/http://www.cinecurry.com/news/events-news/kannada/jackie-wins-big-suvarna-awards-2011 |date=4 July 2011 }}. Cinecurry.com (30 June 2011). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref><br />
* Best Actor - [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] – Suvarna Awards 2011<ref name="Suvarna"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.jackiethemovie.com}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|1757772|Jackie}}<br />
<br />
{{Duniya Soori}}<br />
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackie}}<br />
[[Category:2010 films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Namibia]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 masala films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Duniya Soori]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Comedian&diff=459925Kerala State Film Award for Best Comedian2026-03-03T11:40:00Z<p>MichaelWhite3: basic added intro per sources and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{one source|date=March 2026}}<br />
The '''Kerala State Film Award for Best Comedy Artist''' was an award given annually in the [[Kerala State Film Awards]], starting in 1972. The award was discontinued in 2013.<br />
<br />
==Winners==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Actor<br />
! Film<br />
! Director<br />
|- <br />
|1969<br />
|[[Adoor Bhasi]]<br />
|[[Adimakal]], Virunnukari<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|1970<br />
|[[Bahadoor]]<br />
|[[Thurakkatha Vathil]], [[Aranazhika Neram]], [[Vazhve Mayam]]<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|1971<br />
|[[Adoor Bhasi]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|1972<br />
|[[Bahadoor]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|[[Mamukoya]]<br />
|[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]<br />
|[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|[[Suraj Venjaramood]]<br />
|[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]<br />
|[[Saji Surendran]]<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|[[Suraj Venjaramood]]<br />
|[[Oru Naal Varum]]<br />
|[[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<br />
|[[Swapna Sanchari]]<br />
|[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|[[Salim Kumar]]<br />
|[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]<br />
|[[Lal Jose]]<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|[[Suraj Venjaramood]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-mohanlal039s-039drishyam039-fahadh-lal-and-suraj-bag-awards-complete-list-of-winners-548764 |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Mohanlal's 'Drishyam', Fahadh, Lal and Suraj Bag Awards [Complete List of Winners] |date=20 April 2014 |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=International Business Times |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925125919/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-mohanlal039s-039drishyam039-fahadh-lal-and-suraj-bag-awards-complete-list-of-winners-548764 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]], [[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]<br />
|Marthandan, [[Lal Jose]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.keralafilm.com/ Official website]<br />
* [http://keralaculture.org/ Department of Cultural Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005171436/http://www.keralaculture.org/ |date=5 October 2017 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm Department of Information and Public Relations: Awardees list]<br />
<br />
{{Kerala State film Award}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otta_(film)&diff=523218Otta (film)2026-03-03T09:39:13Z<p>MichaelWhite3: made post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film by Resul Pookutty}}<br />
{{No plot|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Otta poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Resul Pookutty]]<br />
| writer = Kiron Prabhakaran<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|''Runaway Children''|Hariharan S.}}<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Resul Pookutty<br />
* Hariharan S.<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]<br />
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]<br />
* [[Arjun Ashokan]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Arun Varma<br />
| editing = Zian Sreekanth<br />
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]<br />
| studio = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Children Reunited LLP<br />
* Resul Pookutty Productions<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = Century Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|10|27|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2023 |title=Asif Ali and Resul Pookutty's 'Otta' get a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-and-resul-pookuttys-otta-get-a-release-date/articleshow/103350260.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028191033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-and-resul-pookuttys-otta-get-a-release-date/articleshow/103350260.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />
| runtime = 147 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Otta |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/otta-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3mzix |access-date= |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103175128/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/otta-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3mzix |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Otta''''' (also known as '''''Otta: The Loner''''') is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2023|2023]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)#Drama thriller|drama thriller]] film directed by [[Resul Pookutty]] in his directorial debut, based on S. Hariharan's book, ''Runaway Children''. The film stars [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], and [[Arjun Ashokan]] in the lead roles, alongside an [[Ensemble cast|ensemble supporting cast]]. The story follows two friends, Hari and Ben, who abandon their homes due to family problems.<br />
<br />
The film was officially announced in April 2022 in [[Kochi]], and [[principal photography]] began in the same month. The music was composed by [[M. Jayachandran]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Arun Varma and Zian Sreekanth, respectively.<br />
<br />
''Otta'' was released in theatres on 27 October 2023. The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Hari alias Hariharan<br />
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Raju<br />
* [[Arjun Ashokan]] as Ben<br />
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Iyer, Hari's father<br />
* [[Adil Hussain]]<br />
* [[Indrans]]<br />
* [[Renji Panicker]]<br />
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]<br />
* [[Jayakrishnan]]<br />
* Baiju Pookutty<br />
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Umabba, Hari's mother<br />
* [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] as Dr. Mary Thomas, Ben's mother<br />
* Devi Nair<br />
* [[Divya Dutta]]<br />
* [[Mamta Mohandas]]<br />
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]<br />
* [[Shyamaprasad]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
''Otta'' marks the directorial debut of [[Resul Pookutty]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Otta first look teaser: Resul Pookutty promises an emotional roller-coaster about runaway children |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/otta-first-look-teaser-resul-pookutty-promises-an-emotional-roller-coaster-about-runaway-children-8915038/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016225114/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/otta-first-look-teaser-resul-pookutty-promises-an-emotional-roller-coaster-about-runaway-children-8915038/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Film Companion]]'', Resul said that he planned to make his directorial debut with a [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] with [[Rajinikanth]], however, his debut film eventually became ''Otta'', which he wanted to initially produce, but later decided to direct by himself.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=Resul Pookutty wants to make Hindi film with Rajinikanth; reveals he 'almost died' during Otta shoot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/resul-pookutty-wants-to-make-hindi-film-with-rajinikanth-reveals-he-almost-died-during-otta-shoot-9000687/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027092238/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/resul-pookutty-wants-to-make-hindi-film-with-rajinikanth-reveals-he-almost-died-during-otta-shoot-9000687/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's script is written by Kiron Prabhakar,<ref name=":3" /> based on a book titled ''Runaway Children'' by S. Hariharan, a social worker.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Otta trailer: Resul Pookutty's debut directorial looks promising |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/otta-trailer-resul-pookutty-debut-directorial-looks-promising-8992718/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027140524/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/otta-trailer-resul-pookutty-debut-directorial-looks-promising-8992718/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film, along with Resul Pookutty's production company, Resul Pookutty Productions, was officially announced on 13 April 2022 at the [[Crowne Plaza]] hotel in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=റസൂൽ പൂക്കുട്ടി സംവിധായകനാവുന്നു, നായകന്മാരായി ആസിഫ് അലിയും അർജുൻ അശോകനും സത്യരാജും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/resul-pookutty-to-direct-movie-starring-asif-ali-arjun-ashokan-and-sathyaraj-1.7433863 |access-date= |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326131451/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/resul-pookutty-to-direct-movie-starring-asif-ali-arjun-ashokan-and-sathyaraj-1.7433863 |url-status=live }}</ref> S. Hariharan's Children Reunited LLP co-produced the film with Resul Pookutty Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2023 |title='Otta' trailer: Asif Ali, Arjun Ashokan star in Resul Pookutty's intense directorial debut |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/otta-trailer-asif-ali-arjun-ashokan-star-in-resul-pookuttys-intense-directorial-debut/article67448761.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028041927/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/otta-trailer-asif-ali-arjun-ashokan-star-in-resul-pookuttys-intense-directorial-debut/article67448761.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=Asif Ali to star in Resul Pookutty's directorial debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/apr/15/asif-ali-to-star-in-resul-pookuttys-directorial-debut-2442074.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426130750/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/apr/15/asif-ali-to-star-in-resul-pookuttys-directorial-debut-2442074.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Arun Varma and Zian Sreekanth were recruited as the cinematographer and editor, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=Teaser of Resul Pookutty, Asif Ali's Otta, to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/27/teaser-of-resul-pookutty-asif-alis-otta-to-be-out-on-this-date-47024.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903065752/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/27/teaser-of-resul-pookutty-asif-alis-otta-to-be-out-on-this-date-47024.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
In an interview with an online media in April 2022, Resul Pookutty said that his film will have [[Shobana]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Indrans]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Shyamaprasad]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Adil Hussain]], and [[Divya Dutta]] appearing in prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2022 |title=Resul Pookutty to cast Shobana, Asif Ali, Indrans, and Arjun Ashokan in his directorial debut 'Otta' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/resul-pookutty-to-cast-shobana-asif-ali-indrans-and-arjun-ashokan-in-his-directorial-debut-otta/articleshow/91126135.cms?frmapp=yes |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028191030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/resul-pookutty-to-cast-shobana-asif-ali-indrans-and-arjun-ashokan-in-his-directorial-debut-otta/articleshow/91126135.cms?frmapp=yes |url-status=live }}</ref> Shobana, who was taking a break after her previous film, ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' (2020), was approached to play a role, which she agreed to after hearing the story.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title='Otta' based on real-life incident, says film's director Resul Pookutty |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/04/26/otta-film-director-rasul-pookutty-interview.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052558/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/04/26/otta-film-director-rasul-pookutty-interview.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Adil Hussain was chosen to play the role of a policeman.<ref name=":5" /> Resul Pookutty approached Divya Dutta to play the role of a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2023 |title=Divya Dutta had a fangirl moment shooting with Kattappa of Baahubali, Sathyaraj |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/divya-dutta-had-a-fanboy-moment-shooting-with-kattappa-of-baahubali-sathyaraj/articleshow/98900670.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327101712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/divya-dutta-had-a-fanboy-moment-shooting-with-kattappa-of-baahubali-sathyaraj/articleshow/98900670.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film also marks her debut in a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2023 |title=Divya Dutta remembers shooting for her first south film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/divya-dutta-remembers-shooting-for-her-first-south-film/articleshow/101485834.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713081131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/divya-dutta-remembers-shooting-for-her-first-south-film/articleshow/101485834.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Devi Nair, daughter of actress [[Jalaja]], was cast to play an important role.<ref name=":0" /> Resul Pookutty's brother, Baiju Pookutty, was also included in the cast.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
The crew began [[principal photography]] on 25 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=Resul Pookutty {{!}} റസൂൽ പൂക്കുട്ടി സംവിധായകനാവുന്നു; 'ഒറ്റ' ഏപ്രിലിൽ ചിത്രീകരണമാരംഭിക്കും |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-resul-pookutty-turns-director-with-otta-mm-526437.html |access-date= |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519055333/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-resul-pookutty-turns-director-with-otta-mm-526437.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2022 |title=Resul Pookutty launches the first look of his directorial debut 'Otta' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/resul-pookutty-launches-the-first-look-of-his-directorial-debut-otta/articleshow/90838458.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210110904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/resul-pookutty-launches-the-first-look-of-his-directorial-debut-otta/articleshow/90838458.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Initial filming took place at a [[Nālukettu]] in Kannankulangara, near [[North Paravur]].<ref name=":0" /> On the fourth day of the shoot, Resul Pookutty was admitted to the hospital for 45 days after suffering from [[Dengue fever|dengue]].<ref name=":2" /> In [[Chennai]], a kilometer-long stretch was used to build a [[Set (film and TV scenery)|set]] to recreate the looks of the 1990s and the period scenes were shot with cameras from the era.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=5 November 2023 |title=Resul Pookutty's directorial debut Malayalam film 'Otta': Sound of mettle |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/nov/05/resul-pookuttys-directorial-debutmalayalam-film-ottasound-of-mettle-2629462.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110172329/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/nov/05/resul-pookuttys-directorial-debutmalayalam-film-ottasound-of-mettle-2629462.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming was also done with still cameras and [[iPhone]]s.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Otta<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[M. Jayachandran]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|2023}}<br />
| venue = [[Kochi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]]<br />
| studio = * My Studio<br />
* Aaravind Audio Garage<br />
* [[Yash Raj Films|Yashraj Studios]]<br />
* [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|AM Studios]]<br />
* Sound Town<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=21|s=39}}<br />
| language = Malayalam, Tamil<br />
| label = Children Reunited LLP<br />
| prev_title = Njanum Pinnoru Njanum<br />
| prev_year = 2023<br />
| year = 2023<br />
}}<br />
The film's soundtrack album consists of five songs composed by [[M. Jayachandran]], while the lyrics are written by [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] and [[Vairamuthu]].<ref name=":4" /> The vocals are given by [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Jassie Gift]], [[Alphons Joseph]] and [[Benny Dayal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2023 |title=ആസിഫ് അലി നായകനാകുന്ന റസൂൽ പൂക്കുട്ടി ചിത്രം; "ഒറ്റ" റിലീസ് തീയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/asif-ali-movie-otta-release-date-announced-1.8870324 |access-date= |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923073250/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/asif-ali-movie-otta-release-date-announced-1.8870324 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 October 2023, the first song "Peyneer Poley" was released.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title='Peyneer Poley' song from 'Otta' out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/peyneer-poley-song-from-otta-out/articleshow/104702759.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026074627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/peyneer-poley-song-from-otta-out/articleshow/104702759.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Otta (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>{{Citation |title=Otta (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs: Otta (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) MP3 Malayalam Songs by Vairamuthu Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/otta-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |access-date=28 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028191032/https://gaana.com/album/otta-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = En Kaadal Nadiye<br />
| note1 = Tamil<br />
| length1 = 3:51<br />
| lyrics1 = Vairamuthu<br />
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Sreeraj Sahajan<br />
| title2 = Parakkum Parava Poley<br />
| length2 = 3:49<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Jassie Gift]], [[Alphons Joseph]], Yazin Nizar Malathy, [[Swetha Ashok]]<br />
| title3 = Peyneer Poley<br />
| length3 = 3:49<br />
| lyrics3 = Rafeeq Ahamed<br />
| extra3 = Shreya Ghoshal, [[Benny Dayal]]<br />
| title4 = Peyneer Poley<br />
| note4 = Male vocals<br />
| length4 = 3:49<br />
| lyrics4 = Rafeeq Ahamed<br />
| extra4 = [[P. Jayachandran]], Benny Dayal<br />
| title5 = Paral<br />
| length5 = 3:34<br />
| lyrics5 = Rafeeq Ahamed<br />
| extra5 = Benny Dayal, Unni Elayaraja, M. Jayachandran<br />
| title6 = Ottaykkoru Mutham<br />
| length6 = 2:47<br />
| lyrics6 = Rafeeq Ahamed<br />
| extra6 = Lekshmi Jayan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
The film was initially scheduled to release on 15 September 2023 and later postponed due to unfinished [[post-production]] work.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Otta: Resul Pookutty's directorial debut is releasing worldwide on September 15 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/otta-resul-pookuttys-directorial-debut-is-releasing-worldwide-on-september-15/01977fa28e922 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810155652/https://www.ottplay.com/news/otta-resul-pookuttys-directorial-debut-is-releasing-worldwide-on-september-15/01977fa28e922 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=Resul Pookutty's Otta trailer: Asif Ali, Arjun Ashokan starrer hints at an intense social drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/resul-pookuttys-otta-trailer-asif-ali-arjun-ashokan-starrer-hints-at-an-intense-social-drama/d3b3f438ac295 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028191033/https://www.ottplay.com/news/resul-pookuttys-otta-trailer-asif-ali-arjun-ashokan-starrer-hints-at-an-intense-social-drama/d3b3f438ac295 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released in theatres on 27 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=3 September 2023 |title=Otta, Resul Pookutty's directorial debut, to release in October |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/otta-resul-pookutty-s-directorial-debut-release-october-181863 |access-date= |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928010330/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/otta-resul-pookutty-s-directorial-debut-release-october-181863 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was distributed in [[Kerala]] by Century Films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=പെയ്നീർ പോലെ; റസൂൽ പൂക്കുട്ടി ചിത്രം 'ഒറ്റ' യിലെ ആദ്യ ഗാനം പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/peyneer-poley-otta-movie-song-have-been-released-1.9017377 |access-date= |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028113357/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/peyneer-poley-otta-movie-song-have-been-released-1.9017377 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
The film grossed {{currency|2489|USD}} in the [[United Kingdom]] and {{USD|6929}} in the [[United Arab Emirates]], bringing its total international earnings to {{Usd|9418}}.<ref>{{Cite The Numbers|id=Otta-(2023-India)|title=Otta|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Box Office Mojo|id=20851184|title=Otta|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
<br />
S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Despite an ensemble cast, only some of them get characters having enough to do to even register in our minds in Asif Ali and Arjun Ashokan's '''Otta''<nowiki/>'."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=27 October 2023 |title='Otta' movie review: Resul Pookutty's directorial debut fails to make a mark, despite its lofty intentions |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/otta-movie-review-resul-pookuttys-directorial-debut-fails-to-make-a-mark-despite-its-lofty-intentions/article67465683.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028093154/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/otta-movie-review-resul-pookuttys-directorial-debut-fails-to-make-a-mark-despite-its-lofty-intentions/article67465683.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Otta'' demonstrates that even with a team of brilliant technicians and actors, a film is destined to collapse without a strong foundation comprising a well-developed story and script."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=27 October 2023 |title=Otta movie review: Resul Pookutty's Asif Ali, Indrajith-starrer is an overstretched semi-biographical infomercial |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/otta-movie-review-resul-pookutty-asif-ali-indrajith-starrer-overstretched-semi-biographical-infomercial-9001436/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028034535/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/otta-movie-review-resul-pookutty-asif-ali-indrajith-starrer-overstretched-semi-biographical-infomercial-9001436/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "It is not that ''Otta'' is not relatable. Resul has tried to give a faithful account of Hariharan's story, depicted the realities that a runaway can end up in, and kept the flow. Only, the superficial treatment has weakened the effort."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=27 October 2023 |title=Otta review: Resul Pookutty's film has a touching theme but pretentious script |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/otta-review-resul-pookuttys-film-has-a-touching-theme-but-pretentious-script |access-date= |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028191054/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/otta-review-resul-pookuttys-film-has-a-touching-theme-but-pretentious-script |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Subhash K. Jha of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "This is not the place for sidelining the fringe people in our society. ''Otta'' celebrates the have-nots without patronizing them. It is a superbly paced drama that deals a resounding blow in our guts. Arun Verma's enriching cinematography, Zian Sreekanth's seamless editing, and Cyril Kurivila's invisible art direction make this the film of the year and one you won't forget for a very long time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=27 October 2023 |title=Otta Movie Review: Resul Pookutty's Directorial Debut Is A Monumental Achievement |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/otta-movie-review-resul-pookutty-directorial-debut-is-a-monumentalachievement-imdb-rating-review-104744280 |access-date= |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027120641/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/otta-movie-review-resul-pookutty-directorial-debut-is-a-monumentalachievement-imdb-rating-review-104744280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Otta'' may not make you feel good, but in this age when we have to make appointments to meet our loved ones, perhaps a film like this is needed to give one the necessary jolt."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=27 October 2023 |title=Otta Movie Review: Resul Pookutty's immensely hard-hitting directorial debut |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/oct/27/otta-movie-review-resul-pookuttys-immensely-hard-hitting-directorial-debut-49015.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028191045/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/oct/27/otta-movie-review-resul-pookuttys-immensely-hard-hitting-directorial-debut-49015.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Swathi P. Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "'''Otta''<nowiki/>' is undeniably a fantastic movie, aside from the occasional slow moments. It's guaranteed to take the audience on an emotional rollercoaster, with many scenes that are truly heart-wrenching."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. Ajith |first=Swathi |date=27 October 2023 |title=Resul Pookutty's Asif Ali starrer 'Otta' portrays the heartbreaking journey of three men {{!}} Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/10/27/resul-pookutty-otta-movie-review-asif-ali-arjun-ashokan-indrajith.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028191053/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/10/27/resul-pookutty-otta-movie-review-asif-ali-arjun-ashokan-indrajith.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Ernakulam]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Mohan_Alva&diff=513928M. Mohan Alva2026-02-26T13:25:17Z<p>MichaelWhite3: adding a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{BLP primary sources|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=December 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = M. Mohan Alva<br />
| image = File:Dr. M Mohan Alva.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 31 May 1952<br />
| birth_place = Mijar, [[Moodabidri|Moodbidri]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], Karnataka, India<br />
| occupation = Educationist, Philanthropist, Cultural Patron<br />
| known_for = Founder of Alva's Education Foundation<ref>{{cite web |title=About – Alva's Education Foundation |url=https://alvasschools.com/about/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=The Hindu |title=UGC accords autonomous status to Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology, says Mohan Alva |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/ugc-accords-autonomous-status-to-alvas-institute-of-engineering-and-technology-says-mohan-alva/article68374907.ece |work=The Hindu |date=6 July 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''M. Mohan Alva''' (born 31 May 1952) is an Indian educationist, philanthropist and cultural organizer from [[Moodabidri|Moodbidri]], Karnataka. He is the founder of the Alva's Education Foundation (AEF), a group of educational, health and cultural institutions in coastal Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Ranked Best PU College, Moodbidri,Mangalore,Karnataka |url=https://alvaspucollege.org/news-events/757/ |date=7 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=The Hindu |title=Two-day free job fair at Alva’s College in Moodbidri from August 1 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/two-day-free-job-fair-at-alvas-college-in-moodbidri-from-august-1/article69728440.ece#google_vignette |work=The Hindu |date=23 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=Man develops forest of medicinal plants in memory of his late wife in Karnataka |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/karnataka/man-develops-forest-of-medicinal-plants-in-memory-of-his-late-wife-in-karnataka/na20231106165804029029476 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Mohan Alva was born in a rural family in Mijar near Moodbidri, Karnataka. He completed primary schooling locally and later obtained a degree in Ayurveda from S D M College of Ayurveḑa, Udupi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=KnowYourStar.com |first1=Team |title=Dr. Mohan Alva |url=https://www.knowyourstar.com/mohan-alva-biography/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
After graduation in Ayurveda, Alva began practicing Ayurveda and later established a pharmacy and small hospital. In 1995, he founded the Alva's Education Foundation with the aim of providing value-based education. And foundation manages schools, pre-university colleges, degree colleges, professional institutions and cultural centres.<br />
<br />
== Institutions ==<br />
The foundation runs several academic and cultural units, including:<br />
* Alva’s Pre-University College<br />
* Alva’s College of Arts, Commerce and Science<br />
* Alva’s Nursing, Ayurveda and Paramedical institutions<br />
* [[Alva's Institute of Engineering and Technology|Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology (AIET)]]<br />
<br />
== Cultural initiatives ==<br />
Alva is the organizer of major cultural events in Karnataka such as:<br />
* Alva’s Virasat<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Ranked PU College for Science , Commerce , Arts with Hostel |url=https://alvaspucollege.org/programmes/alvas-virasat/ |date=16 May 2021}}</ref><br />
* Alva’s Nudisiri<ref>{{cite news |title=Alva's Nudisiri-Virasat postponed |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/alvas-nudisiri-virasat-postponed-757706.html |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=The Hindu |title=Alva’s Nudisiri to witness serious literary discussions on Kannada from this year: Mohan Alva |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/alvas-nudisiri-to-witness-serious-literary-discussions-on-kannada-from-this-year-mohan-alva/article67994329.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 March 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
These programmes promote classical arts, literature, heritage, and intercultural dialogue. Thousands of artists and scholars from India and abroad participate annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Alva's Education Foundation {{!}} Alva's Education Trust |url=https://alvas.org/aef/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
Mohan Alva has received several honours for contributions to education, cultural promotion and community service, including:<br />
*Dr Kota Shivarama Karantha Huttuura Prashasthi<ref>{{cite news |title=Karanth award for Mohan Alva |url=https://www.coastaldigest.com/news/57458-karanth-award-for-mohan-alva |work=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India |language=en}}</ref> <br />
* Nominated as C.C.I.M. Member for 5 years (2007–2011) by Central Council for Indian Medicine, New Delhi<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Mohan Alva - Mangalorean Star - Mangalorean.com |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/dr-mohan-alva-mangalorean-star/ |work=Mangalorean.com |date=1 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621114551/http://www.mangalorean.com/dr-mohan-alva-mangalorean-star/ |archive-date=2019-06-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Alva's Institute of Engineering and Technology|Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alva, M. Mohan}}<br />
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]<br />
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Youth_Congress&diff=453189Tibetan Youth Congress2026-02-20T10:52:22Z<p>MichaelWhite3: brief correct references after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Non-governmental organization}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Tibetan Youth Congress<br />
| logo = Tibetan Youth Congress emblem.svg<br />
| type = [[Non-profit organization|Non-profit]]<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1970|10|07}}<br />
| location = McLeod Ganj, [[Dharamshala]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] - 176 219, India<br />
| purpose = Political Advocacy For [[Tibet]]<br />
| key_people = <br />
| fields = <br />
| homepage = {{url|http://www.tibetanyouthcongress.org|tibetanyouthcongress.org}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Tibetan Youth Congress''' ('''TYC''') is an international [[non-governmental organization]] that advocates the independence of Tibet from China.<ref>{{Cite news |title=At Exile meeting, Tibetans Debate Independence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/22/world/asia/22tibet.html |access-date=23 April 2009 |date=22 November 2008 | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Edward | last=Wong}}</ref> With around 30,000 members in the Tibetan [[diaspora]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exiled Tibetans weigh freedom struggle|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/22/AR2008112202199_pf.html|newspaper=Washington Post|first=Emily|last=Wax|date=23 November 2008 |access-date=23 April 2009 }}</ref> it is the largest of the pro-independence organizations of Tibetan exiles with 87 branches in 10 countries listed on the organisation's website.<ref>[http://tibetanyouthcongress.org/about-tyc/chapters/ Tibetan Youth Congress About/Chapters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101222920/http://tibetanyouthcongress.org/about-tyc/chapters/ |date=2012-11-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The restless children of the Dalai Lama |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/18/magazine/18tibet.html?pagewanted=4 |work=New York Times |date=December 18, 2005 |access-date=23 April 2009 | first=Pankaj | last=Mishra}}</ref> The current president of the Tibetan Youth Congress is Gonpo Dhundup.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tibetan Youth Congress {{!}} Current Centrex 2019 – 2022|url=https://www.tibetanyouthcongress.org/current-centrex-2016-2019/|website=Tibetan Youth Congress|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Grassroot Tibetan independence body elects new executive committee {{!}} Tibetan Review|url=https://www.tibetanreview.net/grassroot-tibetan-independence-body-elects-new-executive-committee/|website=Tibetan Review|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
The organization claims no particular religious or party political affiliation.<br />
<br />
==Origin==<br />
The TYC was founded on October 7, 1970, in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], India, with the [[14th Dalai Lama]] delivering the inaugural address. The organization was founded by young Tibetans from the first generation to graduate from contemporary schools and colleges. The founding members were [[Tenzin Geyche Tethong]] (the Congress's first President), Lodi G. Gyari, Sonam Topgyal and Tenzin N. Tethong.<br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
The TYC advocates for the independence from China of Tibet, including the three provinces of [[Ü-Tsang|U-Tsang]], Do-toe, and Do-med. The group organises cultural exhibitions and festivals to promote global awareness of [[Tibetan culture]]. Its members also undertake social welfare activities, according to the maxim "Service to the people", with the aim of alleviating social, cultural, and educational problems in the exile community. The group's activities include [[adult education]], [[health education]], and infrastructure activities from building public facilities like toilets to planting trees.<br />
<br />
It also serves as an international [[pressure group]], working to bring international attention to Tibet. The organization publishes a quarterly journal, ''Rangzen'', for its members and sponsors. It uses mailing lists to circulate news from time to time.<br />
<br />
===Membership===<br />
[[File:Tibetan Youth Congress flag.svg|thumb|Flag of the Tibetan Youth Congress]]<br />
Membership in the TYC is open to any Tibetan who subscribes to the organization's aims and objectives and agrees to abide by its rules, including working within the framework of the democratic [[Constitution of Tibet]]. Despite the name, membership is not limited to young people, though most members and the leadership are young.<br />
<br />
==T.Y.C Activities==<br />
The Congress has held protests at Chinese embassies and in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/despatches/85348.stm |publisher=BBC News |date= April 29, 1998 |accessdate=23 April 2009 |title= Tibetan Protester dead}}</ref><br />
The TYC observes several annual events, including the anniversary of its founding, [[Human Rights Day]], the anniversaries of what they consider to be key events in Tibetan political history, and a number of Buddhist and traditional Tibetan holidays. In 2008, members of the group protested at the [[2008 Summer Olympics torch relay]] through India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tibetans in India Facing Tight Security for Torch |first=Rama |last=Lakshmi |newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/15/AR2008041501514_pf.html |accessdate=23 April 2009 |date=16 April 2008}}</ref> In January 2017 at [[Bodh Gaya]], [[India]], a variety of social services were provided 250 TYC volunteers at the 34th [[Kalachakra]] Initiation given by the [[14th Dalai Lama]] and organized by the [[Central Tibetan Administration]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tibet.net/2017/01/34th-kalachakra-brimming-with-spirit-of-social-service/|title=34th Kalachakra Brimming with Spirit of Social Service|date=2017-01-05|work=Central Tibetan Administration|access-date=2017-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106160004/http://tibet.net/2017/01/34th-kalachakra-brimming-with-spirit-of-social-service/|archive-date=6 January 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Impact==<br />
The BBC news described the Congress as "radical but influential".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fathoming Tibet's political future |date=25 April 2006 |accessdate=23 April 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ifs_news/hi/newsid_4942000/4942412.stm?(none |publisher=BBC News |author=Tim Luard }}</ref> The Chinese state [[Xinhua]] news agency reported the view shared by several Chinese tibetologists that the group was a [[List of terrorist organisations|terrorist organization]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/04/content_8104388.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174627/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/04/content_8104388.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |publisher=Xinhua |date=4 May 2008 |title=Tibetologists consider "Tibetan Youth Congress" a terrorist pro-independence spearhead }}</ref> The TYC in 2008 denied Chinese accusations that it would resort to [[Suicide attack|suicide bombing]] to achieve [[International Tibet Independence Movement|Tibetan independence]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tibetan exile group in India denies Chinese accusations |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-04-24-india-tibet_N.htm |date=24 April 2008 |accessdate=23 April 2009 |publisher=USA Today }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Autonomous areas of China#Legal basis|Legal basis for autonomy within China]]<br />
* [[List of organizations of Tibetans in exile]]<br />
* [[Tibetan independence movement]]<br />
* [[Tibetan sovereignty debate]]<br />
* [[Tsewang Rigzin]] (President TYC 2008–2013)<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tibetan independence movement]]<br />
[[Category:Youth organizations established in 1970]]<br />
[[Category:Diaspora organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]<br />
[[Category:Dharamshala]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1970s establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangster_(disambiguation)&diff=549375Gangster (disambiguation)2026-02-20T03:56:23Z<p>MichaelWhite3: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{wiktionary|Gangster|gangster|mobster}}<br />
A '''[[gangster]]''' is a member of a gang (often an organized crime syndicate).<br />
<br />
'''Gangster''' or '''gangsters''' may also refer to:<br />
{{tocright}}<br />
==Arts, entertainment, and media==<br />
===Films and television===<br />
*[[Miracles (1989 film)|''Miracles'' (1989 film)]], a Hong Kong film released in the Philippines as ''Gangster''<br />
*[[Gangster (1994 film)|''Gangster'' (1994 film)]], a Hindi-language Indian film<br />
*''[[Gangster: A Love Story]]'', a 2006 Hindi-language Indian film<br />
*''Gangster'', also known as ''[[The Wee Man]]'', a 2013 Scottish film<br />
*[[Gangster (2014 film)|''Gangster'' (2014 film)]], a Malayalam-language Indian film<br />
*[[Gangster (2016 film)|''Gangster'' (2016 film)]], a Bengali-language Indian film<br />
*[[Gangsters (1992 film)|''Gangsters'' (1992 film)]], a 1992 Italian film<br />
*[[The Gangster (1947 film)|''The Gangster'' (1947 film)]], a film noir starring Barry Sullivan<br />
*[[The Gangster (1965 film)|''The Gangster'' (1965 film)]], a Mexican film<br />
*[[The Gangster (2012 film)|''The Gangster'' (2012 film)]], a Thai drama action film<br />
*''[[The Gangsters]]'', a 1913 film starring Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle<br />
*[[Gangster (franchise)|''Gangster'' (film series)]], a 1998 Bollywood crime thriller film series<br />
*[[Gangsters (TV series)|''Gangsters'' (TV series)]], a 1970s BBC show<br />
*[[Gangster (Not Going Out)|"Gangster" (''Not Going Out'')]], a 2007 television episode<br />
*''[[Mumbhaii - The Gangster]]'', a 2015 Hindi-language Indian film<br />
<br />
===Games===<br />
*''[[Gangster!]]'', 1979 role-playing game published by Fantasy Games Unlimited<br />
*''[[Gangsters: Organized Crime]]'', computer game by Eidos Interactive<br />
<br />
===Literature===<br />
*[[Gangster (novel)|''Gangster'' (novel)]], a 2001 novel by Lorenzo Carcaterra<br />
*[[Gangsters (novel)|''Gangsters'' (novel)]], a 2005 novel by Klas Östergren<br />
*[[The Gangster (novel)|''The Gangster'' (novel)]], a 2016 novel by Clive Cussler<br />
<br />
===Music===<br />
*[[Gangsters (song)|"Gangsters" (song)]], 1979 UK top ten-single by The Specials<br />
*"Gangsters", a song by rapper Wiley from ''[[Playtime Is Over (Wiley album)|Playtime Is Over]]''<br />
*"Gangster", a 2008 song by [[Ima Robot]]<br />
<br />
==Other uses==<br />
*El Gangster, nickname of Puerto Rican celebrity [[Antonio Sánchez (Puerto Rican host)|Antonio Sánchez]]<br />
*Gin Gangster, a South Korean paraglider by [[Gin Gliders]]<br />
<br />
==See also== <br />
*[[Gang (disambiguation)]]<br />
*[[Gangsta (disambiguation)]]<br />
<br />
{{disambiguation}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_India&diff=477075Force India2026-02-16T00:16:07Z<p>MichaelWhite3: started some data w/ sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Former Indian Formula One racing team}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{coord|52|04|33|N|1|01|46|W|display=title}}<br />
{{about|the original Force India Formula One team|the Formula One team that completed the 2018 season as Force India|Racing Point Force India}}<br />
{{Former F1 team<br />
| name = Force India<br />
| logo = Force India.svg<br />
| Long_name = Force India<br>Formula One Team<br>(2008–2011)<br>Sahara Force India<br>Formula One Team<br>(2012–2018)<br />
| Previous name = [[Spyker F1|Spyker F1 Team]]<br />
| Next name = [[Racing Point Force India]]<br />
| base = [[Silverstone]],<br>[[United Kingdom]]<br />
| founders = [[Vijay Mallya]] & [[Michiel Mol]]<br />
| staff = Steve Curnow<br>[[Bob Fernley]]<br>[[Mike Gascoyne]]<br>[[Andrew Green (Formula One)|Andrew Green]]<br>[[James Key (Formula One)|James Key]]<br>[[Colin Kolles]]<br>[[Subrata Roy]]<br>[[Otmar Szafnauer]]<br />
| drivers = {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]]<br>{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Esteban Ocon]]<br>{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Giancarlo Fisichella]]<br>{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]<br>{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]]<br>{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Paul di Resta]]<br>{{flagicon|GER}} [[Adrian Sutil]]<br />
| engines = [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]], [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]<br />
| debut = [[2008 Australian Grand Prix]]<br />
| races = 203<br />
| wins = 0 <small>(best finish: 2nd, [[2009 Belgian Grand Prix]])</small>|<br />
| podiums = 6<br />
| cons_champ = 0 <small>(best finish: 4th, [[2016 Formula One season|2016]] and [[2017 Formula One season|2017]])</small>|<br />
| drivers_champ = 0<br />
| points = 987<br />
| poles = 1<br />
| fastest_laps = 5<br />
| last_race = [[2018 Hungarian Grand Prix]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Force India Formula One Team Limited''', commonly known as '''Force India''' and later '''Sahara Force India''', was a [[Formula One]] racing team and constructor based in [[Silverstone]], United Kingdom, with an [[List of Formula One constructors#Team's nationality|Indian licence]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Force India|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/force-india.aspx|publisher=StatsF1|accessdate=4 April 2022|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129192727/https://www.statsf1.com/en/force-india.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The team was formed in October 2007 when a consortium led by Indian businessman [[Vijay Mallya]] and Dutch businessman [[Michiel Mol]] bought the [[Spyker F1]] team for €88&nbsp;million.<ref name="Spyker Brought" /><br />
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[[File:Force India VJM07 in Jerez (cropped).jpg|thumb|Force India VJM07 at pre-season test in Jerez]]<br />
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After going through 29 races without scoring points, Force India won their first Formula One world championship points and podium place when [[Giancarlo Fisichella]] finished second in the [[2009 Belgian Grand Prix]].<ref name="Belgian Grand Prix results">{{cite news| title =Spa-Francorchamps results| publisher =BBC Sport| url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/results/7921166.stm| date =30 August 2009| access-date =30 August 2009| archive-date =30 May 2020| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200530004159/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/results/7921166.stm| url-status =live}}</ref> Force India scored points again in the following race when [[Adrian Sutil]] finished fourth, and set the team's first fastest lap, at the [[2009 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]]. The team's other podium finishes are five third-places, in the [[2014 Bahrain Grand Prix]], [[2015 Russian Grand Prix]], [[2016 Monaco Grand Prix]], [[2016 European Grand Prix]] and the [[2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix]], all achieved by [[Sergio Pérez]].<br />
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In October 2011, Indian company [[Sahara India Pariwar]], purchased 42.5% of Force India F1's shares at US$100&nbsp;million.<ref name="Sahara TTOI">{{cite news|title=Sahara buys 42% stake in Mallya's Force India F1 team|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Sahara-buys-42-stake-in-Mallyas-Force-India-F1-team/articleshow/10329046.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=12 October 2011|access-date=12 October 2011|archive-date=15 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015000425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Sahara-buys-42-stake-in-Mallyas-Force-India-F1-team/articleshow/10329046.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2018, Vijay Mallya, accused of fraud and defaulting on loans, could not afford to continue to run Force India. By July 2018, ahead of the [[2018 Hungarian Grand Prix|Hungarian Grand Prix]], the team announced that they had been put into [[Administration in United Kingdom law|administration]] by the [[High Court in London]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hungarian Grand Prix: Force India put into administration by High Court|author=Andrew Benson|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/44984140|work=[[BBC]]|date=28 July 2018|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517161849/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/44984140|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
The team's assets were bought by a consortium of investors, named [[Racing Point UK]], led by [[Lawrence Stroll]], the father of then Williams driver [[Lance Stroll]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/formula1/force-india-takeover-lance-stroll-father-lawrence-administration-f1-formula-one-a8482126.html|title=Lance Stroll's father agrees Force India takeover deal to save all 405 jobs|date=8 August 2018|website=The Independent|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126193406/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/formula1/force-india-takeover-lance-stroll-father-lawrence-administration-f1-formula-one-a8482126.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The consortium used the assets to create a new entry into the sport named [[Racing Point Force India]]. The constructor that had been founded in 2008 ceased to exist prior to the 2019 Australian Grand Prix when the new team changed their constructor entry to "[[Racing Point]]".<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
{{main|Jordan Grand Prix|Midland F1 Racing|Spyker F1}}<br />
The team's origins stemmed from the [[Jordan Grand Prix]] team, which entered Formula One racing in {{F1|1991}} based at the [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] circuit. Jordan enjoyed many years in Formula One, winning four races and achieving third place in the {{f1|1999}} Constructors' Championship. However, like many of the smaller teams in the 2000s, financial problems meant the team's performance dried up, and team owner [[Eddie Jordan]] sold the team to the [[Midland Group]] in early 2005.<br />
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The Midland owned team renamed [[Midland F1 Racing]] in 2006 spent two seasons at the back of grid, before owner [[Alex Shnaider]] sold the team to [[Spyker Cars]] midway through the {{f1|2006}} season.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns17434.html|title=Midland sells MF1 Racing to Spyker|date=9 September 2006|work=grandprix.com|publisher=Inside F1, Inc.|access-date=9 August 2010|archive-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206144650/http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns17434.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[Spyker F1]] scored a point in 2007 and briefly led the {{f1 gp|2007|European}}; despite this, the team once again hit financing issues,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/61529|title=Spyker considers selling F1 team|date=14 August 2007|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|access-date=9 August 2010|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605095814/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/61529|url-status=live}}</ref> and was sold on to Indian businessman Vijay Mallya, then chairman of the [[United Breweries Group]] and [[Michiel Mol]], Spyker's Formula One Director.<ref name="Spyker Brought">{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/9/6697.html|title=Mallya and Mol set for Spyker takeover|date=3 September 2007|work=formula1.com|publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration Ltd.]]|access-date=9 July 2010|archive-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414120901/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/9/6697.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
The team, bought for €88&nbsp;million,<ref name="BBCchangesname">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7060350.stm|title=Spyker change name to Force India|date=24 October 2007|access-date=24 October 2007|publisher=BBC Sport|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028003827/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7060350.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> was renamed as the Force India Formula One Team for the 2008 season, and retained team principal [[Colin Kolles]], Chief Technology Officer [[Mike Gascoyne]], and drivers were Adrian Sutil and Giancarlo Fisichella.<br />
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===2008 season===<br />
[[File:Adrian Sutil 2008 Malaysia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adrian Sutil]] driving for Force India at the [[2008 Malaysian Grand Prix]].]]<br />
After retaining Adrian Sutil for the team's first season, Force India conducted winter tests for the second driver and testing roles. Ex-Renault driver [[Giancarlo Fisichella]] was chosen for the race seat, and Vitantonio Liuzzi secured the reserve role;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2008/1/7248.html |title=Fisichella, Sutil, Liuzzi confirmed at Force India |date=10 January 2008 |work=formula1.com |publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration Ltd.]] |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111155055/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2008/1/7248.html |archive-date=11 January 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> they were to drive an updated version of the [[Spyker F8-VIIB]] chassis with [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] engines, christened the [[Force India VJM01]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/02/11/force-india-blings-out-the-vjm01/|title=Force India blings out the VJM01|first=Noah|last=Joseph|date=11 February 2008|work=[[Autoblog.com|Autoblog]]|publisher=[[Weblogs, Inc.]]|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518200530/https://www.autoblog.com/2008/02/11/force-india-blings-out-the-vjm01/|url-status=live}}</ref> Testing of the car begun in February, after the gold, tungsten and white liveried car was launched at the [[Gateway of India]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2008/2/7338.html|title=Force India usher in a new era at Mumbai launch|date=7 February 2008|work=formula1.com|publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration Ltd.]]|access-date=10 August 2010|archive-date=10 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210113821/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2008/2/7338.html|url-status=live}}</ref> With an increased budget and wind tunnels from defence company [[EADS]],<ref name="First Target" /> the team set itself the target of beating [[Super Aguri]], a squad which spent the previous seasons contesting at the back with Force India's predecessors.<ref name="First Target">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Force-Indias-first-target-will-be-to-beat-Aguri/articleshow/2768252.cms|title=Force India's first target will to beat Aguri|first=Ruhi|last=Batra|date=9 February 2008|work=The Times of India|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|access-date=12 July 2010|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519082458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Force-Indias-first-target-will-be-to-beat-Aguri/articleshow/2768252.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Force India Canada 2008.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Giancarlo Fisichella]] leads [[Adrian Sutil]] at the [[2008 Canadian Grand Prix]].]]<br />
[[Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit|Melbourne]] was the scene of Force India's first race, and although the {{f1 gp|2008|Australian}} gave the team a poor start with both drivers retiring in the first few laps,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/3/7500.html|title=Australia race analysis&nbsp;– an afternoon of surprises|first=David|last=Tremayne|date=17 March 2008|work=formula1.com|publisher=Formula One Administration Ltd.|access-date=12 August 2010|archive-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226164254/http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/3/7500.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the following race in [[2008 Malaysian Grand Prix|Malaysia]] saw Fisichella's twelfth place earn the team's first finish. After disappointing results in the opening races, Sutil gave the team the chance to score its first points in the wet {{f1 gp|2008|Monaco}}, but towards the end of the race [[Kimi Räikkönen]]'s [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] lost control and hit Sutil's car causing immediate retirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/race/r791racereport.html|title=Monaco GP&nbsp;– Sunday&nbsp;– Race Report: In the wheeltracks of giants|work=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1, Inc|date=25 May 2008|access-date=10 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129093243/http://www.grandprix.com/race/r791racereport.html|archive-date=29 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although a furious Gascoyne called for Räikkönen to be penalised,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv-f1.com/news_article.aspx?id=42780 |title=Gascoyne: Kimi should be penalised |work=ITV-F1.com |publisher=[[ITV plc]] |date=25 May 2008 |access-date=10 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708052745/http://www.itv-f1.com/news_article.aspx?id=42780 |archive-date=8 July 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> overtakes under yellow flag conditions would have meant Sutil receiving a time penalty post-race, dropping him out of points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/67745 |title=Sutil reprimanded for passing under yellow |author=Simon Strang |work=Autosport.com |publisher=Haymarket Publications |date=25 May 2008 |access-date=10 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008043530/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/67745 |archive-date=8 October 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> Continuous updates to improve reliability and performance allowed the team to close the gap to the fastest teams during the mid-season, despite Super Aguri's withdrawal meaning the two cars started from the rear of the grid for the majority of races. A seamless-shift transmission introduced at [[2008 European Grand Prix|Valencia]] marked the end of development for the car;<ref name="Focus on 09">{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2008/8/8219.html|title=Seamless shift Force India's last major '08 development|date=11 August 2008|work=Formula1.com|publisher=Formula One Administration Ltd.|access-date=12 September 2010|archive-date=13 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713025541/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2008/8/8219.html|url-status=live}}</ref> team owner Mallya had realised underinvestment and continued changes of ownership had led the team to fall behind.<ref name="Focus on 09" /> Force India had been focusing on {{f1|2009}} since Mallya brought the team, believing that the new regulations would yield better results.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/69161|title=Force India set to switch focus to 2009|first=Jonathan|last=Noble|date=15 July 2008|work=Autosport.com|publisher=Haymarket Publications|access-date=16 August 2008|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001718/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/69161|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/3/7456.html|title=The 2008 newcomers&nbsp;– Force India|date=10 March 2008|work=Formula1.com|publisher=Formula One Administration Ltd.|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=3 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103204319/http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/3/7456.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite halting work on the VJM01, Fisichella put his car to a season-best 12th on the grid at the {{f1 gp|2008|Italian}} during an extremely wet qualifying session; he was however to crash out during the race.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/70617|title=Italy Sunday quotes: Force India|date=14 September 2008|work=Autosport.com|publisher=Haymarket Publications|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192738/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/70617|url-status=live}}</ref> Fisichella continued his good form by reaching second during the [[2008 Singapore Grand Prix|Singapore]] round and fifth at the season-ending {{f1 gp|2008|Brazilian}}; a safety car before his pit stop prevented points in Singapore, while [[Formula One car#Transmission|transmission]] issues in Brazil left him 18th and two laps down.<ref name="2008 Review">{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/11/8734.html|title=2008 Team Review&nbsp;– Force India|date=24 November 2008|work=Formula1.com|publisher=Formula One Administration Ltd.|access-date=14 August 2010|archive-date=6 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606011046/http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2008/11/8734.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Force India finished the season tenth place in the Constructors' Championship, and Fisichella achieved the best finish of tenth at the {{f1 gp|2008|Spanish}}.<ref name="2008 Review" /><br />
<br />
===2009 season===<br />
[[File:Vitantonio Liuzzi 2009 Japan 3rd Free Practice 1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Vitantonio Liuzzi]] driving for Force India at the [[2009 Japanese Grand Prix]].]]<br />
<br />
Force India retained the same drivers for the 2009 season.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7676066.stm| title=Force India keep drivers for 2009| publisher=BBC Sport| date=17 October 2008| access-date=20 October 2008| archive-date=17 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217234256/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7676066.stm| url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Force India VJM02|VJM02]] was powered by [[Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines|Mercedes-Benz]] engines, after the team signed a five-year deal on 10 November 2008. The deal also included a supply of McLaren-Mercedes gearboxes, hydraulic systems and the [[Regenerative brake#Kinetic energy recovery systems|KERS]] feature. The car was revealed on 1 March 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiangrandprix.net/main/2009/02/24/new-force-india-formula-one-car-vjm-02-to-be-revealed-on-sunday/|title=VJM 02 to be revealed on Sunday|date=24 February 2009|work=IndianGrandPrix.net|publisher=[[WordPress]]|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028124405/http://indiangrandprix.net/main/2009/02/24/new-force-india-formula-one-car-vjm-02-to-be-revealed-on-sunday/|archive-date=28 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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At the wet {{F1 GP|2009|Chinese}}, Sutil almost secured Force India's first points, holding sixth place in front of [[Lewis Hamilton]] and [[Timo Glock]] with six laps remaining when [[aquaplaning]] led to the Force India car skidding off the road and crashing out of the race.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/158534-2009-chinese-gp-live-race-report|title=Vettel Wins 2009 Chinese GP and Webber Takes P2 to Mark a Red Bull Surge|work=Bleacher Report|access-date=30 April 2023|last=Messinger|first=Ross|date=19 April 2009|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430064739/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/158534-2009-chinese-gp-live-race-report|url-status=live}}</ref> At the {{F1 GP|2009|German}}, Sutil qualified in seventh place and battled for the points, reaching second at one point, before colliding with [[Kimi Räikkönen]] after exiting the pit lane and being forced to pit again to change a broken front wing. He finished 15th.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 July 2009|access-date=30 April 2023|work=Bleacher Report|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/222693-2009-german-gp-mark-webber-powers-to-1st-victory-at-nurburgring|title=2009 German GP: Mark Webber Powers To First Victory at Nurburgring|last=Singh|first=Talvir|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430064741/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/222693-2009-german-gp-mark-webber-powers-to-1st-victory-at-nurburgring|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Force India gained their first pole position in Formula One at the {{F1 GP|2009|Belgian}} in [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|Spa-Francorchamps]], when Fisichella qualified fastest.<ref name="Belgian Grand Prix qualifying">{{cite news| title =Spa-Francorchamps results: qualifying| publisher =BBC Sport| url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/results/8225297.stm| date =29 August 2009| access-date =29 August 2009| archive-date =30 May 2020| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200530004118/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/results/8225297.stm| url-status =live}}</ref> He finished the race in second position, less than a second behind Kimi Räikkönen earning Force India's first ever points and podium position. Missing the win was partially blamed on the car's lack of [[Regenerative brake#Kinetic energy recovery systems|KERS]], a system present on the [[Ferrari F60|Ferrari]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.racefans.net/2009/08/30/belgian-grand-prix-review/|title=Kimi Raikkonen edges Giancarlo Fisichella for win (Belgian Grand Prix review)|work=RaceFans|date=30 August 2009|access-date=30 April 2023|last=Collantine|first=Keith|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430070243/https://www.racefans.net/2009/08/30/belgian-grand-prix-review/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On 3 September 2009, Force India announced that they were releasing Fisichella from his contract to allow him to race for [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] for the remainder of the season. It was announced four days later that test driver [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]] would replace Fisichella for the remaining races.<ref name="Liuzzi replaces Fisichella">{{cite news| title=Liuzzi replaces Fisichella at Force India| publisher=Reuters India| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-42274320090907| date=7 September 2009| access-date=7 September 2009| archive-date=12 September 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912012753/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-42274320090907| url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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In qualifying for the {{F1 GP|2009|Italian}} at Monza, Sutil qualified second and Liuzzi, on his race debut for the team, qualified seventh. On race day, Sutil finished fourth and clocked the fastest lap of the race. While running fourth in the race, Liuzzi had to retire due to a transmission failure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/253622-2009-italian-gp-review-brawn-dominates-monza-and-shuts-out-bulls|title=2009 Italian GP Review: Brawn Dominates Monza and Shuts Out Bulls!|work=Bleacher Report|date=13 September 2009|access-date=30 April 2023|last=Rajagopal|first=Ravikumar|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430064741/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/253622-2009-italian-gp-review-brawn-dominates-monza-and-shuts-out-bulls|url-status=live}}</ref> Force India finished the season ninth in front of [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]] with 13 points, however, this did not reflect the vast improvement Force India had made from the start of the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2009/team.html|title=2009 Constructor Standings|work=Formula 1|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430064741/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2009/team.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===2010 season===<br />
[[File:Liuzzi Bahrain 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Vitantonio Liuzzi]] driving for Force India at the [[2010 Bahrain Grand Prix]].]]<br />
The team announced on 27 November 2009, that it was to keep Adrian Sutil and Vitantonio Liuzzi for the [[2010 Formula One World Championship|2010 season]].<ref name="en.f1-live.com">{{cite web |url=http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/headlines/news/detail/091127131551.shtml |title=ESPN F1 &#124; Formula 1 news and live F1 coverage |publisher=En.f1-live.com |access-date=15 March 2010 |archive-date=30 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130203432/http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/headlines/news/detail/091127131551.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The team tested [[Paul di Resta]] and [[J. R. Hildebrand]] at Jerez, with di Resta setting a much faster time.<ref name="f1technical_jerez_09">{{cite web |url=http://www.f1technical.net/news/13849 |title=Ricciardo tops final day of testing |date=3 December 2009 |publisher=F1technical.net |access-date=17 January 2012 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117113010/http://www.f1technical.net/news/13849 |url-status=live }}</ref> Di Resta was confirmed as the team's test driver on 2 February 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last=Elizalde|first=Pablo|title=Force India signs di Resta as reserve|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|work=autosport.com|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81209|date=2 February 2010|access-date=2 February 2010|archive-date=11 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611123839/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/81209|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 February 2010, Force India unveiled their new car, the [[Force India VJM03|VJM03]], which was to be used in the 2010 season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eurosport.com/formula-1/force-india-launch-vjm03_sto2216006/story.shtml|via=Eurosport|agency=Reuters|date=9 February 2010|access-date=30 April 2023|title=Force India Launch VJM03}}</ref><br />
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The 2010 season began with points in [[2010 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain]], with Liuzzi finishing in ninth position. Sutil had qualified in tenth, but was involved in a first-lap incident with the [[Renault F1|Renault]] of [[Robert Kubica]]. He ultimately recovered to finish in twelfth position. In [[2010 Australian Grand Prix|Australia]], Sutil again qualified in the top ten, with Liuzzi qualifying thirteenth. Liuzzi finished the race in seventh, while Sutil retired with an engine problem.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/369908-201-australian-gp-review-jenson-button-wins-a-thrilling-race|title=2010 Australian GP Review: Jenson Button Wins a Thrilling Race|date=28 March 2010|access-date=30 April 2023|work=Bleacher Report|last=Rajagopal|first=Ravikumar|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430071506/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/369908-201-australian-gp-review-jenson-button-wins-a-thrilling-race|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2010 Malaysian Grand Prix|Malaysia]] Sutil scored ten points with fifth and Liuzzi retired early due to a throttle problem, his first retirement of the season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2010/04/04/2010-malaysian-grand-prix-if-at-first-you-dont-succeed-spo/|work=AutoBlog|date=4 April 2010|access-date=30 April 2023|last=Joseph|first=Noah|title=2010 Malaysian Grand Prix: If at first you don't succeed...|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430071506/https://www.autoblog.com/2010/04/04/2010-malaysian-grand-prix-if-at-first-you-dont-succeed-spo/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the next few races, apart from a retirement from Liuzzi, the Force Indias had quiet races in the midfield, staying mainly out of the action in front of and behind them, with Sutil scoring points in [[2010 Spanish Grand Prix|Spain]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/390095-2010-spanish-gp-review-bulls-on-rampage-with-a-webber-win|date=10 May 2010|access-date=30 April 2023|work=Bleacher Report|last=Rajagopal|first=Ravikumar|title=2010 Spanish GP Review: Bulls on Rampage with a Webber Win|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430071508/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/390095-2010-spanish-gp-review-bulls-on-rampage-with-a-webber-win|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[2010 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]] both cars finished the race in eighth and ninth, avoiding the numerous incidents, giving the team their first double points finish.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/may/16/mark-webber-monaco-grand-prix|title=Mark Webber leads Red Bull one-two in Monaco grand prix|date=16 May 2010|access-date=30 April 2023|work=Daily Mail|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430071506/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/may/16/mark-webber-monaco-grand-prix|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2010 Turkish Grand Prix|Turkey]], Sutil finished 9th scoring two points, while Liuzzi finished 13th.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/398801-hamilton-wins-a-loopy-turkish-grand-prix|last=Allen|first=Tim|work=Bleacher Report|date=30 May 2010|access-date=30 April 2023|title=Lewis Hamilton Wins a Loopy Turkish Grand Prix|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430071506/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/398801-hamilton-wins-a-loopy-turkish-grand-prix|url-status=live}}</ref> At the following race in [[2010 Canadian Grand Prix|Montreal]], both cars finished in the points, with Liuzzi finishing 9th and Sutil in 10th.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/406198-2010-canadian-grand-prix-complete-success|title=2010 Canadian Grand Prix: Complete Success!|first=Francois|last=Gendron|work=Bleacher Report|date=15 June 2010|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430071506/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/406198-2010-canadian-grand-prix-complete-success|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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A number of senior personnel left the team during the season, with technical director [[James Key (Formula One)|James Key]] being the highest-profile member, leaving to join [[Sauber]] in a similar role. Chief designer Lewis Butler, senior aerodynamicist Marianne Hinson, and commercial director Ian Phillips also left the outfit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/06/02/mark-smith-leaves-force-india-for-lotus/|title=Mark Smith leaves Force India for Lotus|date=2 June 2010|access-date=18 October 2010|first=Keith|last=Collantine|publisher=Keith Collantine|work=F1 Fanatic|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010214/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/06/02/mark-smith-leaves-force-india-for-lotus/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Force India finished the season in seventh place with 68 points, ahead of [[Sauber]], but a point behind [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2010/team.html|title=2010 Constructor Standings|work=Formula 1|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430071507/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2010/team.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2011 season===<br />
[[File:Adrian Sutil 2011 Malaysia FP2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adrian Sutil]] driving for Force India at the [[2011 Malaysian Grand Prix]].]]<br />
On 26 January 2011, the team announced that reserve driver [[Paul di Resta]] would be promoted to a race seat for the {{F1|2011}} season, to partner [[Adrian Sutil]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/9371985.stm|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=26 January 2011|access-date=13 August 2011|title=Scot Paul di Resta gets F1 drive with Force India}}</ref> The team launched their new car, the [[Force India VJM04|VJM04]] on 8 February 2011 via an online launch. The VJM04 is the first car created under new technical director Andrew Green and developed using the resources from partners McLaren Applied Technologies and [[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/racing/Force-India-launches-new-car-VJM-04/articleshow/7454733.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/racing/28545222_1_paul-di-resta-force-india-chairman-and-team|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Force India launches new car VJM-04|date=9 February 2011|access-date=9 February 2011|first=Leslie|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Xavier}}</ref> In the first race of the year in Australia, Sutil and di Resta finished the race in eleventh and twelfth places respectively but were later promoted to ninth and tenth after both [[Sauber]] cars were disqualified for a technical infringement relating to the rear wing of both their cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/3/11874.html |title=Saubers disqualified over technical infringement&nbsp;– updated |publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration]] |date=27 March 2011 |access-date=6 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407195430/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/3/11874.html |archive-date=7 April 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><br />
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Di Resta scored more points in [[2011 Malaysian Grand Prix|Malaysia]] but he had to retire in [[2011 Turkish Grand Prix|Turkey]]. Sutil finished seventh in [[2011 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]], and ninth in [[2011 European Grand Prix|Valencia]]. Di Resta was bound for points in Britain before a collision with Buemi, while Sutil finished sixth in [[2011 German Grand Prix|Germany]] ahead of the Mercedes cars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/777528-lewis-hamilton-takes-a-well-earnt-victory-at-the-2011-german-gp|date=24 July 2011|access-date=30 April 2023|work=Bleacher Report|last=Allen|first=Patrick|title=Lewis Hamilton Takes a Well-Earned Victory at the 2011 German GP|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430095920/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/777528-lewis-hamilton-takes-a-well-earnt-victory-at-the-2011-german-gp|url-status=live}}</ref> Di Resta finished seventh in [[2011 Hungarian Grand Prix|Hungary]], eighth in [[2011 Italian Grand Prix|Italy]] and took his best race result of sixth in [[2011 Singapore Grand Prix|Singapore]], while Sutil added a seventh-place finish in [[2011 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgium]] and an eighth in Singapore. Di Resta scored another point in [[2011 Korean Grand Prix|Korea]], while at the [[2011 Indian Grand Prix|Airtel Indian Grand Prix]], Sutil scored two points with ninth place.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/vettel-clinches-first-ever-indian-gp-sutil-earns-2-points/880665.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027134708/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/vettel-clinches-first-ever-indian-gp-sutil-earns-2-points/880665.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2013|title=Vettel clinches first ever Indian GP, Sutil earns 2 points|first=Amanpreet|last=Singh|date=30 October 2011|access-date=31 October 2011|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|publisher=[[Turner International India]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> At the final race in [[2011 Brazilian Grand Prix|Brazil]], Sutil matched his best finish of the season with sixth place, while di Resta finished eighth, to help the team finish sixth in the Constructors' Championship, four points in arrears of fifth-placed [[Renault F1|Renault]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/11/12850.html|date=27 November 2011|access-date=28 November 2011|work=Formula1.com|publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration]]|title=Webber posts first win of 2011 at final round|archive-date=28 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128191808/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/11/12850.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2012 season===<br />
[[File:Paul di Resta 2012 Malaysia FP1.jpg|thumb|[[Paul di Resta]] driving for Force India at the [[2012 Malaysian Grand Prix]].]]<br />
For their 2012 line-up, the team retained [[Paul di Resta]] and replaced [[Adrian Sutil]] with their 2011 reserve driver, [[Nico Hülkenberg]].<ref name="FI2012">{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/12/12903.html |title=Hulkenberg joins Di Resta in Force India's 2012 line-up |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=16 December 2011 |work=Formula1.com |publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105144908/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/12/12903.html |archive-date=5 January 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Jules Bianchi]] was later named as the team's reserve driver, and will also take part in Friday practice for the team during the season.<ref name="Bianchi">{{cite news|url=http://www.forceindiaf1.com/article.html?ID=567 |title=Jules Bianchi joins Sahara Force India as reserve driver for 2012 |date=27 January 2012 |access-date=27 January 2012 |work=ForceIndiaF1.com |publisher=Force India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205194543/http://www.forceindiaf1.com/article.html?ID=567 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> The team's car, the [[Force India VJM05|VJM05]], was launched at [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] on 3 February.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sahara Force India unveil VJM05 for 2012 season|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Sahara-Force-India-unveil-VJM05-for-2012-season/articleshow/11742988.cms|date=3 February 2012|access-date=16 February 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-date=8 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208071124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Sahara-Force-India-unveil-VJM05-for-2012-season/articleshow/11742988.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The Force India crew tried to pull out of the [[2012 Bahrain Grand Prix]] due to [[2011–2012 Bahraini uprising|a revolution against the regime]] and the death of a protester.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/20125025/F1-teams-rattled-by-Bahrain-pe.html|title= F1 teams rattled by Bahrain petrol bombs|author= Alan Baldwin|date= 20 April 2012|access-date= 21 May 2012|archive-date= 19 May 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220519164459/https://www.livemint.com/2012/04/20125025/f1-teams-rattled-by-bahrain-pe.html|url-status= live}}</ref> However, after the team's refusal to take to the circuit, there was a confrontation between F1 chief [[Bernie Ecclestone]] and the Force India team.<ref>{{cite news|first=Byron|last=Young|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/formula-1/bahrain-grand-prix-force-india-802136|title=Bahrain Grand Prix: Force India come close to withdrawing|date=21 April 2012|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519164245/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/formula-1/bahrain-grand-prix-force-india-802136|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In the last race of the season, the [[2012 Brazilian Grand Prix]], Hülkenberg qualified 7th but was promoted to 6th after [[Pastor Maldonado]] received a 10 place grid penalty. By lap three he had moved forward two places and on lap five he passed Fernando Alonso for third place. He moved into second position when McLaren's [[Lewis Hamilton]] pitted on lap 11. Hülkenberg then passed [[Jenson Button]] at the start of lap 19 to take the lead. He and Button built up a 45-second lead before the safety car was deployed because of debris on the track. He still led until he was passed by Hamilton, after sliding at the entry of Turn 8 on lap 49. On lap 55 he collided with Hamilton when the rear of Hülkenberg's car slid out while trying to pass him at Turn 1. After being given a drive-through penalty as a result of the incident, Hülkenberg finished fifth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/brazil-2012-the-race-that-could-have-changed-an-f1-nearly-mans-career-4983000/4983000/|title=Brazil 2012: The race that could have changed an F1 nearly-man's career|date=25 April 2020|access-date=30 April 2023|work=Autosport|last=Smith|first=Luke|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430094844/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/brazil-2012-the-race-that-could-have-changed-an-f1-nearly-mans-career-4983000/4983000/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Force India finished their [[2012 Formula One World Championship|2012 campaign]] in seventh place with 109 points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2012/team.html|title=2012 Constructor Standings|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430094844/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2012/team.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2013 season===<br />
[[File:Jules Bianchi 2013 Catalonia test (19-22 Feb) Day 4.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jules Bianchi]] driving for Force India at the pre-season test.]]<br />
The 2013 line-up featured [[Paul di Resta]] for the third successive year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forceindiaf1.com/paul-di-resta |title=Paul di Resta |publisher=Force India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210123621/http://www.forceindiaf1.com/paul-di-resta |archive-date=10 December 2013 |access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> The season also witnessed [[Adrian Sutil]] returning to the team line-up, replacing [[Nico Hülkenberg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forceindiaf1.com/adrian-sutil |title=Adrian Sutil |publisher=Force India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103091754/http://www.forceindiaf1.com/adrian-sutil |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> as the team's Second Driver. The team's new car, the [[Force India VJM06|VJM06]] was launched on 1 February 2013 at the team's base near the Silverstone Circuit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/105362|title=Force India VJM06 launch: New car a total rethink|last=Anderson|first=Ben|author2=Tremayne, Sam|date=1 February 2013|work=Autosport.com|publisher=Haymarket Media Group|access-date=2 February 2013|archive-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806191750/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/105362|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the season-opening {{F1 GP|2013|Australian}}, Sutil finished seventh, while di Resta finished eighth, giving the team their best ever start to a season.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/force-india-off-to-best-ever-start-at-melbourne/379382-5-24.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320035523/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/force-india-off-to-best-ever-start-at-melbourne/379382-5-24.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2013|title=Force India off to best ever start at Melbourne|date=17 March 2013|access-date=17 March 2013|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|publisher=[[Turner International India]]|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> At the fourth round of the season in [[2013 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain]], di Resta finished fourth, while Sutil finished thirteenth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1612160-bahrain-grand-prix-2013-results-reaction-leaders-and-post-race-analysis|work=Bleacher Report|date=21 April 2013|access-date=30 April 2023|title=Bahrain Grand Prix 2013 Results: Reaction, Leaders and Post-Race Analysis|last=Wood|first=Donald|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430095921/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1612160-bahrain-grand-prix-2013-results-reaction-leaders-and-post-race-analysis|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Force India finished their [[2013 Formula One World Championship|2013 season]] in sixth place with 77 points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2013/team.html|title=2013 Constructor Standings|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430095414/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2013/team.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2014 season===<br />
[[File:Sergio Pérez Bahrain 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Sergio Pérez]] driving for Force India at the [[2014 Bahrain Grand Prix]].]]<br />
[[Nico Hülkenberg]] returned to the team for 2014, while [[Paul di Resta]] was replaced by [[Sergio Pérez]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/nico-hulkenberg-rejoins-force-india-for-f1-2014-campaign-4469867/4469867/|title=Nico Hulkenberg rejoins Force India for F1 2014 campaign|date=3 December 2013|access-date=30 April 2023|work=Autosport|last=Elizalde|first=Pablo|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430101007/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/nico-hulkenberg-rejoins-force-india-for-f1-2014-campaign-4469867/4469867/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/sergio-perez-joins-sahara-force-india-with-multi-year-deal/444066/|work=Motorsport.com|date=13 December 2013|access-date=30 April 2023|title=Sergio Perez joins Sahara Force India with multi-year deal|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430101007/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/sergio-perez-joins-sahara-force-india-with-multi-year-deal/444066/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Adrian Sutil]] moved to [[Sauber]] and was replaced by Nico Hülkenberg from Sauber.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/25370813|title=F1: Adrian Sutil signs for the Swiss Sauber team in 2014|date=13 December 2013|work=BBC|last=Benson|first=Andrew|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430101007/https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/25370813|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Daniel Juncadella]] was signed by the team as a reserve driver.<ref name="Juncadella">{{cite web |url=http://www.forceindiaf1.com/news/detail/general/daniel-juncadella-joins-sahara-force-india-as-a-reserve-driver |title=Daniel Juncadella joins Sahara Force India as a reserve driver |date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Sahara Force India |access-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126215100/http://www.forceindiaf1.com/news/detail/general/daniel-juncadella-joins-sahara-force-india-as-a-reserve-driver |archive-date=26 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
The season opener in [[2014 Australian Grand Prix|Australia]] saw Hülkenberg finish sixth while Pérez finished tenth after the disqualification of [[Daniel Ricciardo]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1994519-australian-f1-grand-prix-2014-results-winner-standings-stats-and-reaction|title=Australian F1 Grand Prix 2014 Results: Winner, Standings, Stats and Reaction|date=16 March 2014|access-date=30 April 2023|work=Bleacher Report|last=Jones|first=Matt|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430101008/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1994519-australian-f1-grand-prix-2014-results-winner-standings-stats-and-reaction|url-status=live}}</ref> This was also the first time Hülkenberg completed a lap at the Albert Park circuit. At the [[2014 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain Grand Prix]], Pérez put Force India on the podium with a third-place finish, its first time on the podium since [[2009 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgium in 2009]].<ref name="F1 Bahrain">{{cite web |url=http://www.autocarindia.com/auto-news/f1-bahrain-hamilton-wins-force-india-on-podium-381935.aspx |title=F1 Bahrain: Hamilton wins, Force India on podium |date=6 April 2014 |publisher=Autocar India |access-date=6 April 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190101/http://www.autocarindia.com/auto-news/f1-bahrain-hamilton-wins-force-india-on-podium-381935.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[2014 Austrian Grand Prix|Austria]], Pérez achieved the third fastest lap in Force India's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.racefans.net/2014/06/22/2014-austrian-grand-prix-lap-times-fastest-laps/|title=2014 Austrian Grand Prix lap times and fastest laps|work=RaceFans|last=Collantine|first=Keith|date=22 June 2014|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430101007/https://www.racefans.net/2014/06/22/2014-austrian-grand-prix-lap-times-fastest-laps/|url-status=live}}</ref> Force India were good after the major regulation change of hybrid engines and turbocharged powertrains, as they finished in sixth place with 155 points; 125 points ahead of seventh-placed [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2014/team.html|title=2014 Constructor Standings|work=Formula 1|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131084809/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2014/team.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2015 season===<br />
On 19 October 2014, the team stated Hülkenberg had secured his seat for 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/20/nico-hulkenberg-force-india-2015-f1|title=Nico Hülkenberg retained by Force India for 2015 F1 season|work=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Press Association]]|date=21 October 2014|access-date=26 December 2014|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607165147/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/20/nico-hulkenberg-force-india-2015-f1|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 November 2014, before the {{F1 GP|2014|Brazilian}}, Force India announced that Pérez would remain with the team for the {{F1|2015}} season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/formula1/29964035|title=Sergio Perez: Force India driver to stay with Formula 1 team in 2015|date=7 November 2014|access-date=26 December 2014|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924230852/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/formula1/29964035|url-status=live}}</ref> Pérez stated that contract negotiations were "ongoing", in regards to a further contract extension. The deal was officially confirmed two weeks later at the {{F1 GP|2014|Abu Dhabi}}, with Pérez signing a two-year contract, until the end of the {{F1|2016}} season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/30165050|title=Sergio Perez: Force India driver signs up for 2016 season|date=22 November 2014|access-date=26 December 2014|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022184127/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/formula1/30165050|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Hülkenberg Japan 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nico Hülkenberg]] driving for Force India at the [[2015 Japanese Grand Prix]].]]<br />
Force India missed the first pre-season test in [[Circuito de Jerez|Jerez]], due to an unexplained setback in the development of the [[Force India VJM08]]. It was later revealed that Force India was, according to insider Ralf Bach, "facing financial collapse," and was "currently [[insolvency|insolvent]]." He also suggested that the delays in the VJM08 were due to the fact that "important parts suppliers have not been paid".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/force-india-facing-uncertain-future-report|title=Force India facing uncertain future – report|date=28 January 2015|work=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport.com, Inc.|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702010604/http://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/force-india-facing-uncertain-future-report/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Robert Fernley]], deputy Team Principal, later admitted that the team was likely to miss all three pre-season tests, though he said that they might use the 2014 car to do some "driver and tyre work."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprixtimes.com/news/display/09840|title=Force India might now miss all three pre-season tests|access-date=13 February 2015|date=7 February 2015|work=GrandPrixTimes.com|publisher=Grand Prix Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209222411/http://www.grandprixtimes.com/news/display/09840|archive-date=9 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, Force India's 2015 car finally broke cover when Hülkenberg hit the track on day two of the third and final test at Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/117839|title=Force India's VJM08 2015 Formula 1 car makes track debut in test|first=Lawrence|last=Barretto|work=autosport.com|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061442/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/117839|url-status=live}}</ref> The car was an updated version of last year's challenger and was immediately reliable. They had a good start to the season with Hülkenberg finishing in a strong seventh place in the [[2015 Australian Grand Prix|Australian Grand Prix]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2015/races/917/australia/race-result.html|title=2015 Formula 1 Rolex Australian Grand Prix - Race Result|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511073916/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2015/races/917/australia/race-result.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However they struggled thereafter and did not score points until the [[2015 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain Grand Prix]] courtesy of an eighth-place finish by Pérez.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2435700-bahrain-f1-grand-prix-2015-results-winner-standings-highlights-and-reaction|last=Marsden|first=Rory|date=20 April 2015|access-date=11 May 2023|work=Bleacher Report|title=Bahrain F1 Grand Prix 2015 Results: Winner, Standings, Highlights and Reaction|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511073909/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2435700-bahrain-f1-grand-prix-2015-results-winner-standings-highlights-and-reaction|url-status=live}}</ref> Both drivers delivered strong results in [[2015 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]] and [[2015 Austrian Grand Prix|Austria]]. The team later introduced a highly modified B-spec car at the [[2015 British Grand Prix]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/9880313/force-india-to-introduce-new-b-spec-car-at-the-british-gp |title=Force India to introduce new B-spec car at the British GP |date=10 June 2015 |last=Gill |first=Pete |publisher=Sky Sports |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329113118/http://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/9880313/force-india-to-introduce-new-b-spec-car-at-the-british-gp |url-status=live }}</ref> featuring two distinctive vents in the nose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/latest/technical/2015/7/force-india-vjm08---nosecone-nostrils.html|title=Force India VJM08 – nosecone 'nostrils'|work=formula1.com|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411143258/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/latest/technical/2015/7/force-india-vjm08---nosecone-nostrils.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The car was a significant step forward from its predecessor, particularly in high-speed corners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crash.net/f1/news/220726/1/hulkenberg-hails-new-force-india-step-forward.html|title=Hulkenberg hails new Force India 'step forward' – F1 News|first=Crash Media Group|last=Ltd.|work=crash.net|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126123159/http://www.crash.net/f1/news/220726/1/hulkenberg-hails-new-force-india-step-forward.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[2015 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgium]], Pérez almost took the lead of the race on lap one and ultimately finished in a strong fifth place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/plucky-perez-delivers-season-best-finish-for-force-india/articleshow/48643345.cms|title=Plucky Perez delivers season best finish for Force India|date=23 August 2015|access-date=11 May 2023|work=The Times of India|location=Spa|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511073916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/plucky-perez-delivers-season-best-finish-for-force-india/articleshow/48643345.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He followed up this drive with a sixth-place finish in [[2015 Italian Grand Prix|Monza]] and seventh in [[2015 Singapore Grand Prix|Singapore]]. In September Sahara Force India lodged a formal complaint to the European Union against Formula One for breaching competition laws.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Force India and Sauber lodge complaint against F1 with European Union|url = http://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/10010656/force-india-and-sauber-lodge-complaint-against-f1-with-european-union|access-date = 29 September 2015|archive-date = 21 May 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220521164956/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/10010656/force-india-and-sauber-lodge-complaint-against-f1-with-european-union|url-status = live}}</ref> At the [[2015 Russian Grand Prix|Russian Grand Prix]], Pérez put Force India on the podium with a third-place finish, its first podium since the [[2014 Bahrain Grand Prix]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = 2015 Constructor Standings|url = http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/results/2015-constructor-standings.html|website = Formula1.com|access-date = 11 October 2015|archive-date = 21 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150421015558/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/results/2015-constructor-standings.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Hülkenberg and Pérez finished seventh and eighth in Pérez' home race in [[2015 Mexican Grand Prix|Mexico City]]. This upturn in form helped Force India achieve their best placing of 5th place with 136 points in the Constructors' Championship, although scoring 19 fewer points than its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2584974-mexico-grand-prix-2015-winners-and-losers-from-mexico-city-race|date=2 November 2015|access-date=11 May 2023|work=Bleacher Report|last=Harden|first=Oliver|title=Mexican Grand Prix 2015: Winners and Losers from Mexico City Race|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511073909/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2584974-mexico-grand-prix-2015-winners-and-losers-from-mexico-city-race|url-status=live}}</ref> This is a remarkable achievement considering the team's financial plight and their late preparations of the season by delaying the B spec version of their car. The Force India VJM08 for 2015 was suitable for the aerodynamic changes from the 2014 season.<br />
<br />
===2016 season===<br />
[[File:Pérez Hülkenberg Bahrain 2016.jpg|thumb|right|Pérez leads Hülkenberg in the [[2016 Bahrain Grand Prix]]]]<br />
Force India retained Hülkenberg and Pérez for a third successive season in {{F1|2016}}. It proved to be the most successful season in the team's history to that point, after finishing fourth in the Constructors' Championship with 173 points.<br />
<br />
Pérez scored his first of two podium finishes at the {{F1 GP|2016|Monaco}}, finishing third, which was also the first time that the team had scored a podium at Monaco in any of its guises – [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]], [[Midland F1 Racing|Midland]], [[Spyker F1|Spyker]] or Force India. Pérez finished third again two races later at the {{F1 GP|2016|European}} in [[Baku City Circuit|Baku]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bradley|first1=Charles|title=European GP: Rosberg wins as Hamilton toils to fifth|url=http://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/european-gp-rosberg-wins-as-hamilton-toils-to-fifth-789908/|website=motorsport.com|access-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623132140/http://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/european-gp-rosberg-wins-as-hamilton-toils-to-fifth-789908/|archive-date=23 June 2016|date=19 June 2016}}</ref> At the {{F1 GP|2016|Belgian}} the team managed to get their first double-finish within the top-five since the [[2014 Bahrain Grand Prix]] with Hülkenberg finishing fourth and Pérez finishing in fifth. As a result, the team took fourth place in the Constructors' Championship from [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]], their highest ever finishing position in the team's history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spa love affair continues with double Top Five finish|url=http://www.forceindiaf1.com/spa-love-affair-continues-double-top-five-finish|publisher=Sahara Force India F1 Team|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902115749/http://www.forceindiaf1.com/spa-love-affair-continues-double-top-five-finish|date=28 August 2016|archive-date=2 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2017 season===<br />
[[File:2017 British Grand Prix (35895456816).jpg|thumb|[[Esteban Ocon]] driving for Force India at the [[2017 British Grand Prix]].]]<br />
In {{F1|2017}}, Hülkenberg left Force India to join [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]]. [[Esteban Ocon]] was signed to replace him in his first full season in Formula One, having driven for [[Manor Racing|Manor]] during the second half of the 2016 season. Pérez remained at Force India for a fourth season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/force-india-signs-ocon-on-multi-year-deal-847808/847808/|title=Force India signs Ocon on multi-year deal|work=Motorsport.com|date=10 November 2016|access-date=11 May 2023|last=Khorounzhiy|first=Valentin|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827102926/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/force-india-signs-ocon-on-multi-year-deal-847808/847808/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Force India VJM10|VJM10]] brought a change to a pink livery, following a new sponsorship deal with [[BWT AG|BWT]].<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.bwt-id.com/news-blog/2017/3/19/formula-1-2017-bwt-signs-partnership-agreement-with-sahara-force-india|title=BWT SIGNS PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT WITH SAHARA FORCE INDIA|work=BWT|date=20 March 2017|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511074452/http://www.bwt-id.com/news-blog/2017/3/19/formula-1-2017-bwt-signs-partnership-agreement-with-sahara-force-india|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ocon and Pérez finished the first five races of the season in the points, notably at the {{F1 GP|2017|Spanish}} with Pérez finishing fourth and Ocon a career-best fifth. This run of points finished ended at the {{F1 GP|2017|Monaco}} with both cars finishing outside the points. The two have been involved in a number of collisions in subsequent races. At the {{F1 GP|2017|Azerbaijan}}, both drivers collided with each other with Pérez damaging his front left suspension and losing his front wing, before eventually retiring from the race. Ocon recovered from a puncture to finish sixth. At the {{F1 GP|2017|Belgian}}, the two collided again whilst battling for position with Ocon damaging his front wing and Pérez getting a puncture. Ocon finished ninth but Pérez retired from the damage caused by the puncture late in the race.<br />
<br />
The team secured fourth place in the Constructors' Championship for a second successive season at the {{F1 GP|2017|Mexican}}. The points total at the end of this season was 187, the team's best points tally ever.<br />
<br />
=== 2018 season ===<br />
[[File:Mazepin Force India VJM11 Testing Barcelona.jpg|thumb|[[Nikita Mazepin]] testing the last Force India car the [[Force India VJM11]] during pre-season testing in Barcelona.]]<br />
For the [[2018 FIA Formula One World Championship|2018 season]] the team retained the [[2017 FIA Formula One World Championship|2017]] line up of [[Sergio Pérez]] and [[Esteban Ocon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/teams/Force-India.html|title=Force India|website=Formula1.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-02|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901025132/https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/teams/Force-India.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the opening race in [[2018 Australian Grand Prix|Australia]], [[Sergio Pérez]] and [[Esteban Ocon]] finished 11th and 12th respectively. <br />
<br />
The team was put into [[Administration (law)|administration]] during the [[2018 Hungarian Grand Prix|Hungarian Grand Prix]]. The legal action was instigated by a group of creditors, including Sergio Pérez, as a means of allowing the team to continue to operate while a new owner was sought. Pérez justified the action as a response to a winding-up petition filed by HMRC and supported by Formtech, a supplier, which would have resulted in an unmanaged insolvency of the company and almost certain collapse of the team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://speedcafe.com/perez-explains-force-indias-financial-position/|title=Perez explains Force India's financial position|date=29 July 2018|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081416/https://www.speedcafe.com/2018/07/29/perez-explains-force-indias-financial-position/|url-status=live}}</ref> A consortium led by [[Lawrence Stroll]] ended up acquiring the team's assets.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2018/8/force-india-set-to-exit-administration-.html |title=Force India set to exit administration |date=2018-08-07 |work=Formula1.com |access-date=2018-08-07 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807223449/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2018/8/force-india-set-to-exit-administration-.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Approaching the [[2018 Belgian Grand Prix]], the situation regarding the team's ability to compete remained unsure, as in order to buy the shares in the team, the consortium needed agreement with the creditors of the parent company - including 13 banks which held a freezing order over the assets of the parent. Agreement could not be reached in time, so the consortium was unable to buy the shares, and was limited to purchasing only the assets of the team. The team then had to participate in the F1 Championship under a new name, thus the adding of "Racing Point" to the team's name. The [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] excluded the former Force India entry from the championship "due to its inability to complete the season", and welcomed the new legal entity, [[Racing Point Force India|Racing Point Force India F1 Team]], that was allowed to race, but not to keep any points of the old team. This signaled the end of the constructor that had been founded for the 2008 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/138223/rivals-allow-force-india-to-keep-prize-money |title=Rival Formula 1 teams allow Force India to keep prize money |first=Adam |last=Cooper |date=24 August 2018 |publisher=Autosport.com |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009174958/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/138223/rivals-allow-force-india-to-keep-prize-money |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:Ilham Aliyev watched the opening ceremony of the 2018 Formula-1 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and final race 32.jpg|thumb|The last podium of the Indian team at the [[2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix]]: [[Lewis Hamilton]], [[Kimi Räikkönen]] and [[Sergio Pérez]].]]<br />
<br />
==Sponsorship and partners==<br />
[[Kingfisher Airlines|Kingfisher]], a brand owned by Vijay Mallya, was the primary sponsor. Other sponsors for 2008 included [[ICICI Bank]], [[Medion]], Kanyan Capital, [[Reebok]] and [[Reliance Industries|Reliance Industries Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forceindiaf1.com/index/page_id/171|title=Sponsors|work=forceindiaf1.com|publisher=Force India|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015081044/http://www.forceindiaf1.com/index/page_id/171|archive-date=15 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The above sponsors, except ICICI Bank and Kanyan Capital, continued to sponsor the team in 2009. New sponsors include [[AVG Technologies|AVG]], [[Airbus]] and [[Whyte & Mackay]].<br />
<br />
In December 2009, [[Computational Research Laboratories]] (CRL), a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Tata Sons]], and Force India Formula One Team announced an exclusive three-year multimillion-dollar partnership deal to offer a fully automated [[Computational Fluid Dynamics]] (CFD) solution to aid the design of the team's next generation race cars as well improve aerodynamic efficiency in the current racing models.<ref>{{cite news| title =CRL partners with Force India to help design the next generation of Formula 1 cars| publisher =forceindiaf1.com| url =http://www.forceindiaf1.com/index/page_id/356/news_id/289| date =16 December 2009| access-date =1 February 2010| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100116224133/http://www.forceindiaf1.com/index/page_id/356/news_id/289| archive-date =16 January 2010| url-status =dead}}</ref><br />
Force India F1 has tied up with [[Airbus]] and [[EADS]] for technological support, and has a technical partnership with [[McLaren]].<ref>{{cite news| title =Force India's first target will be to beat Aguri| work =India Times| url =http://racing.indiatimes.com/Force_Indias_first_target_will_be_to_beat_Aguri/articleshow/2768252.cms| date =8 February 2008| access-date =9 February 2007| archive-date =29 July 2012| archive-url =https://archive.today/20120729022019/http://racing.indiatimes.com/Force_Indias_first_target_will_be_to_beat_Aguri/articleshow/2768252.cms| url-status =dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2011, Indian company [[Sahara India Pariwar]] purchased 42.5% of the team's shares for $100&nbsp;million.<ref name="Sahara TTOI"/> Mallya retained 42.5%, and the remaining 15% belonged to the Mol family. The team was renamed Sahara Force India as a result.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beer|first=Matt|title=Sahara Group becomes Force India co-owner|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|work=autosport.com|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95295|date=12 October 2011|access-date=12 October 2011|archive-date=14 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014184439/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95295|url-status=live}}</ref> The shares sold were newly issued; Mallya and Mol did not sell any of their existing shares.<ref>{{cite news|title=Force India's 42.5% stake bought for $100&nbsp;million by Sahara India; F1 team to be called Sahara Force India|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|work=economictimes.indiatimes.com|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/force-indias-42-5-stake-bought-for-100-million-by-sahara-india-f1-team-to-be-called-sahara-force-india/articleshow/10334834.cms|date=13 October 2011|access-date=13 October 2011|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113030100/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/force-indias-42-5-stake-bought-for-100-million-by-sahara-india-f1-team-to-be-called-sahara-force-india/articleshow/10334834.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Brazilian auto parts manufacturer [[AETHRA Componentes Automotivos|Aethra]] joined the team as an official partner in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bianchi's sponsor signs up with Force India|work=Inautonews|url=http://www.inautonews.com/bianchis-sponsor-signs-up-with-force-india|date=16 February 2012|access-date=16 February 2012|publisher=S.C. Pixelmedia SRL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328223238/http://www.inautonews.com/bianchis-sponsor-signs-up-with-force-india|archive-date=28 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other sponsors include [[Kingfisher Airlines]] (former), [[Whyte and Mackay]], [[United Breweries Group]], [[Vladivar Vodka]], [[AVG Technologies]], [[Alpinestars]], [[Reebok]], Schroth Racing, Muc-Off, Hackett, Chatham-Marine, UPS Direct, [[KION Group|STILL]] and STL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.forceindiaf1.com/sponsors.asp|title=Sponsors|work=ForceIndiaF1.com|publisher=Force India|access-date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526082259/http://media.forceindiaf1.com/sponsors.asp|archive-date=26 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Smirnoff]] announced a partnership with the team in May 2014.<br />
[[Univa]] announced a partnership with the team in June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forceindiaf1.com/news/detail/canadian-gp/univa-becomes-technical-partner-sahara-force-india-formula-one-team|title=Univa becomes technical partner of Sahara Force India Formula One Team|date=4 June 2014|access-date=15 June 2014|work=Force India|publisher=Force India Formula One Team Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224220/http://www.forceindiaf1.com/news/detail/canadian-gp/univa-becomes-technical-partner-sahara-force-india-formula-one-team|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
Force India announced a partnership with the Japanese company NEC Corporation (Mexican Division) for the 2015 season.<br />
Force India supported Hilmer Motorsport in GP2 and GP3 in 2014. In 2015 Force India announced a partnership with Adaptavist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.adaptavist.com/w/sahara-force-india-partners-with-adaptavist/|title=Sahara Force India partners with Adaptavist|date=6 March 2015|access-date=9 March 2015|work=Adaptavist|publisher=Adaptavist.com Ltd.|archive-date=27 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327084224/http://www.adaptavist.com/w/sahara-force-india-partners-with-adaptavist/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2011, Force India have also provided backing to teenager [[Jehan Daruvala]] following his win of the team's 'One in a Billion' competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pr24x7.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/sahara-force-india-announces-the-winners-of-the-one-from-a-billion-hunt/|title=Sahara Force India Announces The Winners Of The One From A Billion Hunt|date=31 October 2011|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121045816/https://pr24x7.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/sahara-force-india-announces-the-winners-of-the-one-from-a-billion-hunt/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Hype Energy|Hype Energy Drinks]] has been a Force India sponsor since the 2015 season, with their CEO, former Formula 1 driver [[Bertrand Gachot]], having driven for predecessor team [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]] during the 1991 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forceindiaf1.com/news/hype-keep-sahara-force-india-energised-2017|title=Hype to keep Sahara Force India energised in 2017 – Force India F1|website=www.forceindiaf1.com|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021722/http://www.forceindiaf1.com/news/hype-keep-sahara-force-india-energised-2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Force India have featured Hype Energy branding on the rear wing and side pods of the car for races where alcohol advertising is prohibited.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hype.com/news/extra-hype-energy-branding-featured-at-the-2017-bahrain-gp/|title=Extra Hype Energy branding featured at the 2017 Bahrain GP|website=hype.com|date=18 April 2017|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010847/https://www.hype.com/news/extra-hype-energy-branding-featured-at-the-2017-bahrain-gp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hype Energy also supply the drivers with personal drinks bottles for races.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ForceIndiaF1/status/839022938775044096|title=Driver Hydration by @hypeenergy 9am Ready to go! #F1Testingpic.twitter.com/red1njowKa|website=twitter.com|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530004117/https://twitter.com/RacingPointF1/status/839022938775044096|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 14 March 2017, Force India announced a new sponsorship with [[BWT AG]], which saw the VJM10 gain a striking pink livery, leading to the 'Pink Panther' nickname used for the cars by fans, commentators and the team themselves on [[Social media marketing|social media]].<ref name="BWT">{{cite web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2017/3/force-india-unveil-startling-new-pink-livery-for-2017.html |title=Force India unveil startling new pink livery for 2017 |work=Formula1.com |publisher=Formula One World Championship Ltd |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522133322/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2017/3/force-india-unveil-startling-new-pink-livery-for-2017.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/forceindiaf1/photos/a.10151859081897936.1073741926.292141847935/10155501399422936/|title=Sahara Force India Formula One Team|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-04|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530004200/https://www.facebook.com/forceindiaf1/photos/a.10151859081897936.1073741926.292141847935/10155501399422936/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BYi2Qg6n978/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/astonmartinf1/1595075847409098492 |archive-date=2021-12-23 |url-access=subscription|title=Instagram post by Sahara Force India F1 • Sep 2, 2017 at 3:58&nbsp;pm UTC|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=2017-09-04}}{{cbignore}} </ref> Another new sponsor for 2017 was whisky brand [[Johnnie Walker]], with whom Force India struck a multi-year deal.<br />
<br />
== Racing record ==<br />
{{Main|Force India Grand Prix results}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
! Car<br />
! Engine<br />
! Tyres <br />
! {{tooltip|No.|Car number}}<br />
! Drivers<br />
! Points<br />
! {{tooltip|WCC|World Constructors' Championship}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2008}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Force India Formula One Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Spyker F8-VII|VJM01]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 056 2.4 V8<br />
| {{Bridgestone}}<br />
| 20<br>21<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Adrian Sutil]]<br>{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Giancarlo Fisichella]]<br />
| 0<br />
| 10th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2009}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Force India Formula One Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM02|VJM02]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] FO 108W 2.4 V8<br />
| {{Bridgestone}}<br />
| 20<br>21<br>21<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Adrian Sutil]]<br>{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Giancarlo Fisichella]]<br>{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]]<br />
| 13<br />
| 9th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2010}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Force India Formula One Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM03|VJM03]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] FO 108X 2.4 V8<br />
| {{Bridgestone}}<br />
| 14<br>15<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Adrian Sutil]]<br>{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]]<br />
| 68<br />
| 7th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2011}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Force India Formula One Team (1–15)<br>{{flagicon|IND}} Sahara Force India Formula One Team (16–19)<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM04|VJM04]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] FO 108Y 2.4 V8<br />
| {{Pirelli}}<br />
| 14<br>15<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Adrian Sutil]]<br>{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Paul di Resta]]<br />
| 69<br />
| 6th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2012}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sahara Force India F1 Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM05|VJM05]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] FO 108Z 2.4 V8<br />
| {{Pirelli}}<br />
| 11<br>12<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Paul di Resta]]<br>{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]<br />
| 109<br />
| 7th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2013}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sahara Force India F1 Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM06|VJM06]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] FO 108F 2.4 V8<br />
| {{Pirelli}}<br />
| 14<br>15<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Paul di Resta]]<br>{{flagicon|GER}} [[Adrian Sutil]]<br />
| 77<br />
| 6th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2014}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sahara Force India F1 Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM07|VJM07]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] PU106A Hybrid 1.6 V6t<br />
| {{Pirelli}}<br />
| 11<br>27<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]]<br>{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]<br />
| 155<br />
| 6th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2015}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sahara Force India F1 Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM08|VJM08]]<br>[[Force India VJM08|VJM08B]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] PU106B Hybrid 1.6 V6t<br />
| {{Pirelli}}<br />
| 11<br>27<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]]<br>{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]<br />
| 136<br />
| 5th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2016}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sahara Force India F1 Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM09|VJM09]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] PU106C Hybrid 1.6 V6t<br />
| {{Pirelli}}<br />
| 11<br>27<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]]<br>{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]<br />
| 173<br />
| 4th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2017}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sahara Force India F1 Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM10|VJM10]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] M08 EQ Power+ 1.6 V6t<br />
| {{Pirelli}}<br />
| 11<br>31<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]]<br>{{flagicon|FRA|variant=1974}} [[Esteban Ocon]]<br />
| 187<br />
| 4th<br />
|-<br />
! {{F1|2018}}<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sahara Force India F1 Team<br />
|align="left"| [[Force India VJM11|VJM11]]<br />
|align="left"| [[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] M09 EQ Power+ 1.6 V6t<br />
| {{Pirelli}}<br />
| 11<br>31<br />
|align="left"| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]]<br>{{flagicon|FRA|variant=1974}} [[Esteban Ocon]]<br />
|0{{efn|Sahara Force India F1 Team drivers scored 59 points prior to when the constructor points were voided}}<br />
|{{Abbr|Ex|Excluded}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Driver development programme ==<br />
During Force India's time in F1, the team supported multiple drivers on the [[FIA Global Pathway]] and gave them the opportunity to participate in Formula One test sessions. These drivers include:<br />
<br />
=== Former drivers ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
!Driver<br />
!{{Tooltip|Years|Years in the team}}<br />
!Current series<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jehan Daruvala]]<br />
|2012–2018<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Steven Goldstein (racing driver)|Steven Goldstein]]<ref>{{cite news|date=25 March 2015|title=El colombiano Steven Goldstein llega al mundo de la F1|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/deportes/otros-deportes/steven-goldstein-llega-al-mundo-de-la-f1/15458995|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204937/http://www.eltiempo.com/deportes/otros-deportes/steven-goldstein-llega-al-mundo-de-la-f1/15458995|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|2015<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Alfonso Celis Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web|date=19 November 2015|title=Force India sign Alfonso Celis as development driver|url=https://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/latest/headlines/2015/11/force-india-sign-alfonso-celis-as-development-driver.html|website=formula1.com|publisher=Formula One World Championship Limited|accessdate=31 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331173030/https://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/latest/headlines/2015/11/force-india-sign-alfonso-celis-as-development-driver.html|archivedate=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Celis Jr slots into Force India's test line-up|date=22 February 2017|url=http://www.planetf1.com/news/celis-jr-slots-into-force-indias-test-line-up/|publisher=Planet F1|accessdate=2 March 2017|archive-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302193905/http://www.planetf1.com/news/celis-jr-slots-into-force-indias-test-line-up/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|2015–2017<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nikita Mazepin]]<ref>{{cite web|date=26 April 2016|title=Force India ropes in Russia's Nikita Mazepin as development driver|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/f1/force-india-ropes-in-russias-nikita-mazepin-as-development-driver-391478|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Cricket Country|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317211248/https://www.cricketcountry.com/f1/force-india-ropes-in-russias-nikita-mazepin-as-development-driver-391478|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 June 2018|title=FORCE INDIA HANDS FURTHER TEST RUNS TO NICHOLAS LATIFI, NIKITA MAZEPIN|url=https://drivetribe.com/p/force-india-hands-further-test-LiDFbsYnRfetcAa0TgyNnQ?iid=Fzh2jSrIRWy28H4OzHdLyg|access-date=25 March 2021|website=DRIVETRIBE|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413090732/https://drivetribe.com/p/force-india-hands-further-test-LiDFbsYnRfetcAa0TgyNnQ?iid=Fzh2jSrIRWy28H4OzHdLyg|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|2016–2018<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lucas Auer]]<ref name="Auer/Masepin">{{cite web|title=Offiziell: Lucas Auer testet in Ungarn für Force India|periodical=|publisher=Motorsport-Total.com|url=http://www.motorsport-total.com/f1/news/2017/07/offiziell-lucas-auer-testet-in-ungarn-fuer-force-india-17071806.html|format=|access-date=|last=Christian Nimmervoll|date=2017-07-18|language=|pages=|quote=|archive-date=28 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128021630/http://www.motorsport-total.com/f1/news/2017/07/offiziell-lucas-auer-testet-in-ungarn-fuer-force-india-17071806.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|2017<br />
|[[2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Nicholas Latifi]]<ref>{{cite web|date=5 January 2018|title=Nicholas joins Sahara Force India as reserve and test driver|url=https://www.nicholaslatifi.com/nicholas-joins-sahara-force-india-reserve-test-driver/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115213506/https://www.nicholaslatifi.com/nicholas-joins-sahara-force-india-reserve-test-driver/|archive-date=15 January 2020|access-date=6 January 2020|website=nicholaslatifi.com}}</ref><br />
|2018<br />
|None<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons}}<br />
{{Portal|Formula One}}<br />
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809063724/http://www.forceindiaf1.com |title=Official website |date=dmy}}<br />
* [https://www.imdb.com/it/name/nm17093674/?ref_=ttfc_fcr_3_75 Sahara Force India] - At [[IMDb]]<br />
<br />
{{Force India F1}}<br />
{{Formula One constructors}}<br />
{{United Spirits}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Force India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 2007]]<br />
[[Category:Formula One entrants]]<br />
[[Category:Indian auto racing teams]]<br />
[[Category:Sahara India Pariwar]]<br />
[[Category:Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Auto racing teams established in 2007]]<br />
[[Category:Auto racing teams disestablished in 2018]]<br />
[[Category:United Breweries Group]]<br />
[[Category:Indian racecar constructors]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surat_Singh_Khalsa&diff=472513Surat Singh Khalsa2026-02-12T03:04:33Z<p>MichaelWhite3: improved article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian civil rights and political activist (1933–2025)}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name=Bapu Surat Singh Khalsa<br />
| image = Surat_Singh_Khalsa.jpg<br />
| caption = Khalsa in 2015<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|3|07|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Hassanpur, [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|01|14|1933|3|07|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Civil rights and political activist<br />
| known_for = Hunger strike against detention of [[political prisoners]] <br />
| parents = Sardar Santokh Singh (father)<br />Bibi Prem Kaur(mother)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Surat Singh Khalsa''' (7 March 1933 – 14 January 2025), also known as '''Bapu Surat Singh Khalsa''', was a civil rights and political activist from the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Surat Singh Khalsa was involved with various political struggles related to [[Sikhs]] in [[Punjab]], however, he was in the mid-2010s in the limelight for a hunger strike<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-03-13 |title=Surat Singh Khalsa's message to Sikh Nation |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2015/03/13/day-57-bapu-surat-singh-khalsas-message-to-khalsa-panth-panthik-leaders-hold-meeting |work=Sikh24}}</ref> as a form of peaceful protest against illegal and prolonged detention of [[political prisoners]].<br />
<br />
==Hunger strike==<br />
On 16 January 2015, Khalsa began a [[hunger strike]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-05-05 |title=Hunger Strike of Bapu Surat Singh Khalsa Concludes 110th Day |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2015/05/05/hunger-strike-of-bapu-surat-singh-khalsa-concludes-110th-day/#.VVE05PnF-So |work=Sikh24}}</ref> He refused food and water to seek the release of Sikh political prisoners who have completed their court sentences. He also called for the unconditional release of prisoners of all religions who have completed their terms.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=2015-02-12 |title=Bapu Surat Singh Khalsa Writes Open Letter to Indian Prime Minister Modi |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2015/02/12/bapu-surat-singh-khalsa-writes-open-letter-to-indian-prime-minister-modi/ |work=Sikh24}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 11 February 2015, Surat Singh Khalsa wrote an open letter to Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] explaining the motive of his hunger strike.<ref name=":0" /> In his letter, Surat Singh Khalsa summed up his demands in two points:<br />
# Treat all Sikh prisoners – under trials and those sentenced in cases relating to the Sikh struggle – as [[political prisoners]].<br />
# Release all prisoners who have completed their full jail terms and are legitimately due for release, exactly in the same manner, as other prisoners are released in various other parts of the country.<br />
<br />
A number of Sikh political prisoners are languishing in jails despite having completed their sentences. Many of these prisoners are released on parole on a yearly basis. These prisoners can be granted permanent parole or be released on bail as there are no pending charges against them. In addition, Surat Singh Khalsa was seeking the release of senior citizens based on humanitarian grounds. There are at least 8 such prisoners who have been sentenced under the [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] for their involvement in a bank robbery case that took place in [[Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2014-11-24 |title=Convicted under TADA, aged Sikhs prisoners languishing in Indian jails |url=http://sikhsiyasat.net/2014/11/24/convicted-under-tada-aged-sikhs-prisoners-languishing-in-indian-jails/ |work=sikhsiyasat.net}}</ref> This law has already lapsed. It has been deemed as controversial by human rights organizations, as well as the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TADA: Report by Human Rights Watch & Ensaaf|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/other/HRW-PunjabinCrisis.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 5 December 2015, a viral video began circulating showing a man purported to be Khalsa eating in a hospital setting. Khalsa rejected this report, claiming it was ploy to distract from his strike, and gave up drinking water in further protest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-06 |title=Surat Singh Khalsa gives up water after his 'feasting' video goes viral |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sikh-activist-surat-singh-khalsa-gives-up-water-after-his-feasting-video-goes-viral/story-s5ssu2CO6wAInwS3YNZcgJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124064851/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sikh-activist-surat-singh-khalsa-gives-up-water-after-his-feasting-video-goes-viral/story-s5ssu2CO6wAInwS3YNZcgJ.html |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-06 |title=Fasting Sikh activist, Surat Singh Khalsa, seen 'feasting' in viral video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/fasting-sikh-activist-urat-singh-khalsa-seen-feasting-in-viral-video/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, during an interview given to the [[Indian Express]], his son accepted that he did consume that food, although due to the drugs the doctors had given him.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Formal detentions==<br />
On 26 February 2015, Surat Singh Khalsa and his son, Ravinder Jeet Singh, a US citizen, were arrested in Ludhiana, Punjab (India) under "preventive charges".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-27 |title=On hunger strike, Khalsa taken into preventive custody |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/on-hunger-strike-khalsa-taken-into-preventive-custody/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> At time of his arrest, Surat Singh Khalsa was peacefully protesting for release of Sikh political prisoners who have completed their terms. His son, Ravinder Jeet was merely accompanying his father at a hospital in Ludhiana (Punjab, India) when they were both arrested. In addition, [[Surinder Singh (journalist)|Surinder Singh]] of [[Talking Punjab]] and others were also detained for brief periods.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2015/02/26/breaking-police-tries-to-force-feed-bapu-surat-singh-family-members-and-surinder-singh-arrested/|title=Police Arrests American Citizens Peacefully Protesting For Human Rights in India|date=26 February 2015|website=www.sikh24.com/}}</ref> After intervention of the President of India<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-04-24 |title=Sikh Delegation Meets India President Regarding Bapu Surat Singh Khalsa's Struggle |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2015/04/24/sikh-delegation-meets-india-president-regarding-bapu-surat-singh-khalsas-struggle/ |work=Sikh24}}</ref> and alleged pressure by various US Congressmen,<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-04-15 |title=Illegal Detention and Abuse of U.S. Citizen in Punjab |url=http://www.ensaaf.org/news/press/pr2015-04-15.php |work=Ensaaf}}</ref> Surat Singh Khalsa and Ravinder Jeet Singh were released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minoritiesofindia.org/after-two-months-indefinite-detention-in-india-u-s-citizen-released-without-charges//|title=After Two Months Indefinite Detention in India, U.S. Citizen Released Without Charges|date=27 April 2015|website=www.ofmi.org/}}</ref><br />
<br />
Before his formal detention, Surat Singh Khalsa was picked up from his residence in Hassanpur on 8 February 2015, where he had commenced his hunger strike. His arrest was informal, without any charges.<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-02-09 |title=Bapu Surat Singh Khalsa Taken to Hospital Forcibly |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2015/02/09/bapu-surat-singh-khalsa-taken-to-hospital-forcibly/ |work=Sikh24}}</ref> He was taken to the Civil Hospital in Ludhiana. Until 26 February 2015, family members and supporters continued to visit him, however later the police turned the informal detention to a virtual arrest, turning the hospital into a police station.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
After being released on 23 April 2015, he was once again picked up on 1 June and detained at the Ludhiana's [[DMC Hero Heart Hospital]] for 18 days. On 18 June, he was transferred to Chandigarh's [[PGI Hospital]] and kept there until 22 June when he was released and allowed to return to his Hassanpur residence.<br />
<br />
Again, on 20 July, he was taken into custody at Ludhiana's Civil Hospital on 20 July, and kept there for 3 days to be later transferred to the DMC Hero Heart Hospital once again on 22 July until 15 August, for 12 days.<br />
<br />
==Political activism==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}<br />
Surat Singh Khalsa was involved with human rights activism since the early 1970s.<ref name="indianexpresswho">{{cite news |last1=Jagga |first1=Raakhi |title=Who is Surat Singh Khalsa and why Quami Insaaf Morcha wants him to be at its protest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/who-is-surat-singh-khalsa-qaumi-insaaf-morcha-protest-8460765/ |access-date=3 April 2025 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 February 2023}}</ref> During the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] (a political movement launched by the Sikhs for equal rights) of 1980's, he served as an adviser.<ref>{{cite news |title=ਬੰਦੀ ਸਿੰਘਾਂ ਲਈ ਲੜਾਈ ਲੜਨ ਵਾਲੇ ਬਾਪੂ ਸੂਰਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਖਾਲਸਾ ਦਾ ਹੋਇਆ ਦਿਹਾਂਤ, 91 ਸਾਲ ਦੀ ਉਮਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਏ ਆਖਰੀ ਸਾਹ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/pa/!state/bapu-surat-singh-khalsa-passes-away-breathed-his-last-at-the-age-of-91-punjab-news-pbs25011501162 |access-date=3 April 2025 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=15 January 2025 |ref=etvbharat |language=Punjabi}}</ref><br />
<br />
He resigned his post as government teacher on 5 June 1984 in the aftermath of [[Operation Bluestar]] in June 1984. Continuing with his advocacy for human rights, he served as the secretary of the [[United Akali Dal|United Akali Dal (UAD)]], where he remained active until late 1987. During a protest rally at [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] in February 1986, his leg was allegedly hit by a bullet. He continued to remain politically active, which resulted in him being detained in various jails during the 1980s.<ref name="indianexpresswho"/><br />
<br />
In 1988, Khalsa moved to the [[United States]] to live with his children. At the time of his death, both Surat Singh Khalsa and his children were [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizens]]. After migrating to the US, Khalsa kept visiting [[Punjab]] on a regular basis.<ref name="indianexpresswho"/><br />
<br />
After [[Amb Sahib Morcha]] of November 2013 and [[Lakhnaur Sahib]] campaign in November 2014, Surat Singh Khalsa decided to stand up for those detained unconstitutionally. During the first campaign for the release of Sikh political prisoners, Surat Singh Khalsa had announced that if anything was to happen to Bhai [[Gurbaksh Singh Khalsa]], he would personally under indefinite fast-onto-death until Sikh political prisoners were released. When Bhai Gurbaksh Singh commenced his 2nd hunger strike, Surat Singh Khalsa traveled to Punjab from USA to express his support. However, after the conclusion of the second hunger strike as well by Bhai Gurbaksh Singh, Surat Singh Khalsa announced to undergo hunger strike in place of Bhai Gurbaksh Singh.<br />
<br />
==Anna Hazare's anti-corruption agitation==<br />
In the first [[Anna Hazare]] anti-corruption agitation in New Delhi, when Hazare was on hunger strike fast from 5 to 9 April 2011, Surat Singh Khalsa also remained on fast in Ludhiana in support of the anti-corruption drive. [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], labelled Surat Singh Khalsa as the "Anna Hazare of Punjab".<ref>{{cite news |date=2011-08-21 |title=If it's Anna in Delhi, it's Bapu here! |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110821/ldh1.htm#18 |work=[[Tribune India]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Bapu Surat Singh: Punjab's Irom Sharmila |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/pucl280315.htm |website=Counter Currents}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Khalsa died on 14 January 2025, at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sikh activist, advocate of Bandi Singhs Surat Singh Khalsa passes away at 91 |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/punjab-2/sikh-activist-advocate-of-bandi-singhs-surat-singh-khalsa-passes-away-at-91-4404401 |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=PTC News |date=15 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalsa, Surat Singh}}<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ludhiana]]<br />
[[Category:Activists from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian hunger strikers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_Front_of_India&diff=466588Popular Front of India2026-02-04T21:20:10Z<p>MichaelWhite3: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Banned Indian Islamist political organisation}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Overly detailed|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Lead rewrite| date=December 2016}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Popular Front of India<br />
| image = Flag of the Popular Front of India.svg<br />
| abbreviation = PFI<br />
| formation = {{start date and age|2006|11|22|df=y}}<br />
| predecessor = [[National Development Front]]<br />
| merger = [[Karnataka Forum for Dignity]], [[Manitha Neethi Pasarai]]<br />
| type = [[Islamism|Islamist activist organisation]]{{sfn|Emmerich|2019}}{{sfn|Santhosh|Paleri|2021|loc=p. 574: "Contrary to its claims of being non-religious in character, the PFI is often found to deploy radical Islamic identity for grassroot mobilization and has been accused of engaging in a series of violent incidents with specific religious motifs."}}<br />
| purpose = Muslim political mobilisation{{sfn|Santhosh|Paleri|2021|p=565}}<br/>Countering [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalism]]{{sfn|Santhosh|Paleri|2021|pp=573–574}}<br />
<br/>[[Islamic fundamentalism]]<br />
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| region_served = India<br />
| leader_title = Chairman<br />
| leader_name = OMA Abdul Salam<br />
| leader_title2 = Vice Chairman<br />
| leader_name2 = E.M Abdul Rahiman<br />
| leader_title3 = General Secretary<br />
| remarks = Banned for five years, beginning 28 September 2022<br />
| leader_name3 = Anis Ahmed<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Popular Front of India''' ('''PFI''') is an [[Islamist]] political organisation in India,{{sfn|Santhosh|Paleri|2021|p=574}}{{sfn|Emmerich|2019|p=46}} that engages in a [[Radical Islam|radical]] and [[exclusivist]] style of Muslim minority politics.{{sfn|Santhosh|Paleri|2021}} Formed to counter [[Hindutva]] groups,{{sfn|Santhosh|Paleri|2021}} it was banned by the Indian [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA) on 28 September 2022 for a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Krishna N. |date=2022-09-28 |title=India bans Islamic group PFI, accuses it of 'terrorism' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-bans-islamic-organisation-pfi-five-years-2022-09-28/ |access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 2022">{{cite web | title=Government bans Popular Front of India, affiliates for 5 years on terror links | website=The Economic Times | date=28 Sep 2022 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/govt-bans-popular-front-of-india-for-5-years-on-linkage-with-terrorist-groups/articleshow/94492795.cms | access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
PFI was founded in 2006 with the merger of the [[Karnataka Forum for Dignity]] (KFD) and the [[National Development Front]] (NDF).{{sfn|Santhosh|Paleri|2021}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Narender |title=Politics and Religion in India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-69147-4 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref> The organisation described itself as a "[[New social movements|neo-social]] movement committed to empower people to ensure justice, freedom and security".<ref>{{cite news |title=Popular Front of India denies role in terror attacks |work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Popular-Front-of-India-denies-role-in-terror-attacks/articleshow/46722015.cms |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=19 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919042118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Popular-Front-of-India-denies-role-in-terror-attacks/articleshow/46722015.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It advocates for Muslim [[Reservation in India|reservations]].<ref><br />
{{cite news |date=2010-02-03 |title=National campaign for Muslim reservation launched in Pune |newspaper=Newswala |url=http://www.newswala.com/India-National-News/National-campaign-for-Muslim-reservation-launched-in-Pune-1507.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118201939/http://www.newswala.com/India-National-News/National-campaign-for-Muslim-reservation-launched-in-Pune-1507.html |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> In 2012, the organisation conducted protests against alleged use of the UAPA law to detain innocent citizens.<ref><br />
{{cite news |date=2012-07-11 |title=Popular Front of India plans month-long campaign to highlight plight of jailed Muslims |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Popular-Front-of-India-plans-month-long-campaign-to-highlight-plight-of-jailed-Muslims/articleshow/14820592.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029214413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/india/32632277_1_pfi-public-meetings-muslims |archive-date=2013-10-29}}<br />
</ref><ref name="TOI campaign starts"><br />
{{cite news |date=2012-10-13 |title=Popular Front's campaign starts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/Popular-Fronts-campaign-starts/articleshow/16791772.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213407/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/mangalore/34430508_1_pfi-e-m-abdul-rahiman-popular-front |archive-date=2013-10-29}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
PFI has often been accused of involvement in anti-national and anti-social activities by the Indian Government. In 2012, the [[Government of Kerala]] claimed that the organization was a resurrection of the banned terrorist outfit [[Students' Islamic Movement of India|Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI), an affiliate of the [[Indian Mujahideen]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news |date=2012-07-26 |title=PFI is SIMI in another form, Kerala govt tells HC |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pfi-is-simi-in-another-form-kerala-govt-tells-hc/979440/ |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416135401/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/pfi-is-simi-in-another-form-kerala-govt-tells-hc/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite news |date=2 August 2012 |title=Ban on 'Freedom Parades' by PFI activists upheld |newspaper=Zee News |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/ban-on-freedom-parades-by-pfi-activists-upheld_791347.html |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211071929/http://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/ban-on-freedom-parades-by-pfi-activists-upheld_791347.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pfi-is-simi-in-another-form-kerala-govt-tells-hc/979440/ |title=PFI is SIMI in another form, Kerala govt tells HC - Indian Express |work=The Indian Express |date=2012-07-26 |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132844/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pfi-is-simi-in-another-form-kerala-govt-tells-hc/979440/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
PFI has often been in violent clashes with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in parts of Kerala and Karnataka.<ref>* {{Cite web |title=popular front of india: Latest News, Videos and Photos of popular front of india {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/popular-front-of-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302171453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/popular-front-of-india |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en |quote=Over the past years, Kerala and Karnataka have often witnessed violent clashes between workers of the Popular Front of India and the Sangh Parivar.}}<br />
* {{Cite web |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=Nov 25, 2021 |title=Three RSS men held for attacking Popular Front members {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/three-rss-men-held-for-attacking-popular-front-members/articleshow/87897839.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302224119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/three-rss-men-held-for-attacking-popular-front-members/articleshow/87897839.cms |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite web |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=Dec 20, 2021 |title=shan: 'Tit-for-tat' double murder of BJP, SDPI leaders rocks Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tit-for-tat-double-murder-of-bjp-sdpi-leaders-rocks-kerala/articleshow/88380074.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302222552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tit-for-tat-double-murder-of-bjp-sdpi-leaders-rocks-kerala/articleshow/88380074.cms |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Political murders are a stain on Kerala's record of progressive politics, social harmony |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/kerala-killings-sdpi-bjp-workers-communally-campaigns-7682630/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305031650/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/kerala-killings-sdpi-bjp-workers-communally-campaigns-7682630/ |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Activists have been found with lethal weapons, bombs, gunpowder, and swords by the authorities. Several allegations have been made against the organization for having links with terrorist organizations<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khurshid |first1=Salman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxzhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA316 |title=Judicial Review: Process, Powers and Problems: Process, Powers, and Problems (Essays in Honour of Upendra Baxi) |last2=Luthra |first2=Sidharth |last3=Malik |first3=Lokendra |last4=Bedi |first4=Shruti |date=2020-06-11 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-83603-6 |language=en}}</ref> such as [[Taliban]] and [[Al-Qaeda]].<ref><br />
*{{cite news |date=28 April 2013 |title=Kerala Police unmasks PFI's terror face |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Kerala-Police-unmasks-PFI's-terror-face/2013/04/28/article1564744.ece |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416135402/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2013/apr/28/kerala-police-unmasks-pfis-terror-face-472325.html |url-status=dead }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Police unearth CDs of Taliban like terror module in Kerala |newspaper=Sify News |url=http://www.sify.com/news/police-unearth-cds-of-taliban-like-terror-module-in-kerala-news-national-khkmEjhgacc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811155246/http://www.sify.com/news/police-unearth-cds-of-taliban-like-terror-module-in-kerala-news-national-khkmEjhgacc.html |archive-date=2011-08-11}}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Attack on Lecturer: PFI Men Arrested; Qaeda CD Seized |newspaper=Outlook |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=687069 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212195653/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=687069 |archive-date=12 December 2013}}<br />
*{{cite news |date=2010-07-21 |title=Assault on Professor Joseph: graphic images of two more suspects released |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/assault-on-professor-joseph-graphic-images-of-two-more-suspects-released/article525464.ece |access-date=12 April 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213095455/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/assault-on-professor-joseph-graphic-images-of-two-more-suspects-released/article525464.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The organisation has various wings to cater to different sections of society, including the [[National Women's Front]] (NWF) and the [[Campus Front of India]] (CFI).<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2012 |title=Cops manhandled women during PFI raids: NWF |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article184644.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630042812/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article184644.ece |archive-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> Including these wings, the ban by Ministry of Home Affairs extended to 8 affiliate organizations of PFI.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The PFI started in Kerala as successor to [[National Development Front]] in 2006. It went on to merge with the [[Karnataka Forum for Dignity]] of [[Karnataka]] and the [[Manitha Neethi Pasarai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and later in 2009, with [[Goa]]'s Citizen's Forum, [[Rajasthan]]'s Community Social and Educational Society, [[West Bengal]]'s Nagarik Adhikar Suraksha Samiti, [[Manipur]]'s Lilong Social Forum and [[Andhra Pradesh]]'s Association of Social Justice.<ref name="IE concern">{{citation |title=Concern in govt over PFI's growing outfits, spread |date=5 April 2011 |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/concern-in-govt-over-pfis-growing-outfits-spread/771736/0 |access-date=8 July 2011 |archive-date=20 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420013420/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/concern-in-govt-over-pfis-growing-outfits-spread/771736/0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hindu_2006-12-12"><br />
{{Cite news |title=Muslim bodies float front |date=12 December 2006 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/12/stories/2006121201960500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001061950/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/12/stories/2006121201960500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-01}}<br />
</ref><ref name="webindia123_2006-12-10">{{Cite news |title=Popular Front of India floated |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20061210/532982.html |date=2006-12-10 |work=Webindia123 |access-date=21 February 2007 |archive-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629115146/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20061210/532982.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
A common platform was formed in cooperation with the South India Council as an outcome of a regional discussion attended by Muslim social activists and intellectuals from the South Indian States at Bangalore on 25 and 26 January 2004. It has taken up the issue of reservation in government and private sector jobs and Parliament and Assemblies<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2666021.ece |title=Front seeks greater representation for Muslims |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2011-11-28 |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129012031/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2666021.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Hudson>{{Cite web |last=Siyech |first=Mohammed Sinan |title=The Popular Front of India: Looking Beyond the Sensationalism |publisher=Hudson Institute |date=2 April 2021 |url=https://www.hudson.org/research/16796-the-popular-front-of-india-looking-beyond-the-sensationalism |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055107/https://www.hudson.org/research/16796-the-popular-front-of-india-looking-beyond-the-sensationalism |url-status=live }}</ref> and in cooperation with the Confederation of Muslim Institutions in India, it organised a two-day workshop on Muslim Reservations on 26 and 27 November 2005 at Hyderabad, inaugurated by Rajya Sabha member Rahman Khan.<ref><br />
{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/25/stories/2005112516350300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905055523/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/25/stories/2005112516350300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-09-05 |title=Around the City |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2005-11-17}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/29/stories/2005112920250500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212142047/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/29/stories/2005112920250500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-02-12 |title=Declare Muslims backward for quota |date=2005-11-29 |newspaper=The Hindu}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite news |url=http://hindu.com/2005/11/27/stories/2005112708850400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318082404/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/27/stories/2005112708850400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-03-18 |work=The Hindu |title=Reservation to help overcome discrimination in society |date=2005-11-27}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Criticism and accusations ==<br />
The various allegations include connections with various Islamic terrorist groups,<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gang-war-in-mangalore-jail-leaves-2-convicts-dead/story-IyTyv0tZV6s4L5CMgxeZVL.html |title=Inside a Mangalore jail, two deaths and a communal crack |date=3 November 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201540/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gang-war-in-mangalore-jail-leaves-2-convicts-dead/story-IyTyv0tZV6s4L5CMgxeZVL.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="News.outlookindia.com"><br />
{{cite news |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=769976 |title=PFI, NDF Involved in CPI(M), RSS Cadres' Murders: Kerala |newspaper=Outlook |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211304/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=769976 |archive-date=8 April 2014}}<br />
</ref> possessing arms,<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/kerala-cops-confirm-popular-front-terror-camp-in-kannur.html |title=Kerala cops confirm Popular Front terror camp in Kannur |work=The Pioneer |location=India |date=2013-04-25 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=29 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429100909/http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/kerala-cops-confirm-popular-front-terror-camp-in-kannur.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="daily.bhaskar.com">{{cite news |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-radical-outfit-popular-front-of-india-has-terrorist-links-4245028-NOR.html |title=Radical outfit Popular Front of India has terrorist links |newspaper=Bhaskar |date=2013-04-24 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215910/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-radical-outfit-popular-front-of-india-has-terrorist-links-4245028-NOR.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Deccanherald.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/328167/country-made-bombs-seized-21.html |title=Country-made bombs seized, 21 PFI cadres arrested in Kerala |work=Deccan Herald |date=2013-04-24 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502025435/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/328167/country-made-bombs-seized-21.html |url-status=live }}</ref> kidnapping, murder,<ref name="Daijiworld Kannur">{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=148697 |title=Stabbed Kannur ABVP Leader Succumbs to Injury |newspaper=Daijiworld |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233814/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=148697 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Newindianexpress.com">{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article572127.ece |title=Vishal murder: Two PFI activists held |work=The New Indian Express |date=2012-07-20 |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-date=18 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218101201/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article572127.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> intimidation,<ref name="dnaindia.com">*{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_karnataka-forum-for-dignity-men-abducted-killed-hunsur-boys-for-ransom_1558078 |title=Karnataka Forum for Dignity men abducted, killed Hunsur boys for ransom |date=23 June 2011 |access-date=25 October 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809132841/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_karnataka-forum-for-dignity-men-abducted-killed-hunsur-boys-for-ransom_1558078 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |date=23 June 2011 |title=Mysore double murder case: Six arrested |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mysore-double-murder-case-six-arrested/161928-60-115.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627125920/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mysore-double-murder-case-six-arrested/161928-60-115.html |archive-date=27 June 2011}}<br />
*{{cite news |date=23 June 2011 |title=College mourns for murdered students |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/College-mourns-for-murdered-students/articleshow/8967809.cms |access-date=4 November 2020 }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Six-KFD-activists-held-for-Hunsur-students-murder/articleshow/8958229.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909052852/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-23/bangalore/29693825_1_kfd-karnataka-forum-murder-case |url-status=live |archive-date=9 September 2011 |work=The Times of India |title=Six KFD activists held for Hunsur students' murder |date=27 June 2011 }}</ref> hate campaigns,<ref><br />
*{{cite news |title=North-East people's exodus continues |date=18 August 2012 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/north-east-peoples-exodus-continues_794432.html |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820201616/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/north-east-peoples-exodus-continues_794432.html |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Northeast people indeed assaulted, threatened in Bangalore |date=18 August 2012 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/08/18/northeast-people-assaulted-threatened-in-bangalore-kar-1055896.html |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214084929/http://news.oneindia.in/2012/08/18/northeast-people-assaulted-threatened-in-bangalore-kar-1055896.html |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Kerala based PFI Group triggered hate SMS leading to North East Exodus |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/08/kerala-based-pfi-group-triggered-hate-sms-leading-to-north-east-exodus/ |work=Bihar Prabha |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120752/http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/08/kerala-based-pfi-group-triggered-hate-sms-leading-to-north-east-exodus/ |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-huji-pfi-lobbed-the-hate-bomb-north-east-with-ease/20120821.htm |title=How HuJI, PFI lobbed the hate bomb with ease |date=21 August 2012 |newspaper=Rediff |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619231857/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-huji-pfi-lobbed-the-hate-bomb-north-east-with-ease/20120821.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> rioting,<ref name="shimogatimes">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Violence-rips-Shimoga-Section-144-imposed/articleshow/46304418.cms |title=Violence rips Shivamogga, Section 144 imposed |newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 February 2015 |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311145937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Violence-rips-Shimoga-Section-144-imposed/articleshow/46304418.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Daijiworld Shivamogga">{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=298194 |title=Shivamogga: Frictions vitiate PFI programme, one killed, five injured |newspaper=Daijiworld |date=20 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229203548/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D298194 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Love Jihad]]<ref name="Telegraph love jihad"><br />
{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6316966/Handsome-Muslim-men-accused-of-waging-love-jihad-in-India.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016080948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6316966/Handsome-Muslim-men-accused-of-waging-love-jihad-in-India.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2009 |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Dean |last=Nelson |title=Handsome Muslim men accused of waging 'love jihad' in India |date=13 October 2009}}<br />
</ref> and various acts of religious extremism. In 2010, the [[Assault on T. J. Joseph|assault on Prof. T. J. Joseph]] who published a controversial question paper, supposedly insulting the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], was linked to the PFI.<ref><br />
*{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2010/aug/02kerala-one-more-arrested-in-lecturer-attack-case.htm |title=Kerala: One more arrested in lecturer attack case |work=Rediff.com |date=2 August 2010 |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623105411/http://www.rediff.com/news/2010/aug/02kerala-one-more-arrested-in-lecturer-attack-case.htm |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=7683075&tabId=1&programId=1080132912&channelId=-1073865030&BV_ID=@@@ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714012520/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=7683075&tabId=1&programId=1080132912&channelId=-1073865030&BV_ID=@@@ |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2012 |title=English News &#124; Top Stories |newspaper=Manorama Online }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Explosives, weapons seized near Kerala mosque |date=13 July 2010 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Explosives-weapons-seized-near-Kerala-mosque/articleshow/6160395.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811094756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-13/india/28296095_1_pfi-anti-terror-explosives |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Probe-source-of-extremist-funding-CPI/article16205489.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Probe source of extremist funding: CPI |date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725165611/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/22/stories/2010072253230700.htm |archive-date=25 July 2010 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |first=M.G. |last=Radhakrishnan |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/104821/hatreds-new-haven.html?complete=1 |title=Hatred's New Haven: STATES: India Today |work=India Today |date=10 July 2010 |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-date=30 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130120312/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/104821/hatreds-new-haven.html?complete=1 |url-status=dead }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Defending-the-front/652613 |title=Defending the front |work=The Indian Express |date=28 July 2010 |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031124454/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Defending-the-front/652613 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/police-unearth-cds-of-taliban-like-terror-module-in-kerala-news-national-khkmEjhgacc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811155246/http://www.sify.com/news/police-unearth-cds-of-taliban-like-terror-module-in-kerala-news-national-khkmEjhgacc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Police unearth CDs of Taliban like terror module in Kerala |website=[[Sify]] }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=http://www.radianceweekly.com/54/348/Prophet-Muhammad039s-Recipe-for-World-Peace/2007-04-15/Rejoinder/Story-Detail/PFI---an-Extremist-Caucus.html |title=PFI – an Extremist Caucus Prophet Muhammad's Recipe for World Peace – Latest News about Muslims, Islam |newspaper=Radiance Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420071439/http://www.radianceweekly.com/54/348/prophet-muhammad039s-recipe-for-world-peace/2007-04-15/rejoinder/story-detail/pfi---an-extremist-caucus.html |archive-date=20 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One of its founding leaders has also states that PFI's goal is to establish an Islamic State in India.<ref name=":5" /> However, the charges were denied by the organisation, which added that the accusations were fabricated to malign the organisation.<ref name="tulunadunews.com"><br />
{{cite news |url=http://tulunadunews.com/2012/11/03/why-popular-front-pfi-leader-shareef-makes-a-attempt-to-clear-misconceptions-about-pfi/ |title=Why Popular Front - PFI leader Shareef makes a attempt to clear misconceptions about PFI |newspaper=Tulunadu News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630113619/http://tulunadunews.com/2012/11/03/why-popular-front-pfi-leader-shareef-makes-a-attempt-to-clear-misconceptions-about-pfi/ |archive-date=30 June 2013}}<br />
</ref><ref name="Daijiworld empower">{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=154314 |title=Mangalore: 'PFI Aims to Empower Minorities, Expose Fascist Parties' |newspaper=Daijiworld |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222042736/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=154314 |url-status=live }}</ref> An IB officer said that PFI preaches to its cadres that killing of right-wing activists would provide them 'religious rewards in the afterlife'.<ref name="Quint why ban?">{{cite news |last=Dev |first=Arun |date=2017-11-25 |title=Explained: Why Does Govt Want Popular Front of India (PFI) Banned? |work=TheQuint |url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/explainer-why-government-wants-pfi-banned-popular-front-of-india |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718215359/https://www.thequint.com/explainers/explainer-why-government-wants-pfi-banned-popular-front-of-india |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Murder of rival organization members ===<br />
In 2012, the Kerala government informed the Kerala High Court, in an affidavit, that PFI had active involvement in 27 murder cases, mostly of cadres of [[CPI-M]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]].<ref name="ie">{{cite news |date=26 July 2012 |title=PFI is banned outfit SIMI in another form, Kerala govt tells HC |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pfi-is-simi-in-another-form-kerala-govt-tells-hc/979440/ |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416135401/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/pfi-is-simi-in-another-form-kerala-govt-tells-hc/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2012 |title=PFI, NDF Involved in CPI(M), RSS Cadres' Murders: Kerala |newspaper=Outlook |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=769976 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211304/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=769976 |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> In 2014, it again submitted before the Kerala High Court that activists of the NDF/PFI were involved in 27 communally motivated murder cases, 86 attempt to murder cases and in 106 communal cases registered in the state. The affidavit was filed in response to a petition filed by Thejas, spokesperson of PFI in the State, challenging the refusal of the government to give government advertisements to the daily.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2014 |title=PFI promotes extremism |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pfi-promotes-extremism/article5673924.ece |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014143/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pfi-promotes-extremism/article5673924.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2014 |title=NDF and PFI Involved in 106 Communal Cases, HC Told |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/NDF-and-PFI-Involved-in-106-Communal-Cases-HC-Told/2014/02/11/article2050043.ece |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419011915/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/NDF-and-PFI-Involved-in-106-Communal-Cases-HC-Told/2014/02/11/article2050043.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> A carpenter Abid Pasha was arrested for six murder cases.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-23 |title=The carpenter of Mysuru and the murders no one suspected him of |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/abid-pasha-mysuru-murders-revelations-religious-leaning-carpenter-bajrang-dal-2991215/ |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223310/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/abid-pasha-mysuru-murders-revelations-religious-leaning-carpenter-bajrang-dal-2991215/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He had links with PFI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-07 |title=Karnataka: Cops to invoke UAPA in RSS leader murder case |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rss-man-murder-karnataka-r-rudresh-3740784/ |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223408/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rss-man-murder-karnataka-r-rudresh-3740784/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 6 July 2012, N. Sachin Gopal, a student of Modern ITC, Kannur and the district leader [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], was allegedly stabbed by members of the CFI and PFI. Student leader Vishal was murdered.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ban orders in Chengannur, Mavelikkara |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article572853.ece |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062522/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article572853.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ABVP pays homage to Sachin Gopal |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/abvp-pays-homage-to-sachin-gopal/article3913520.ece |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118201939/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/abvp-pays-homage-to-sachin-gopal/article3913520.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Gopal later died of his injuries at KMC Hospital in Mangalore on 6 September 2012<ref name="Daijiworld Kannur" /> A Special Investigation Team (SIT) was formed to investigate the case.<ref>{{cite news |date=2012-09-06 |title=ABVP activist who was stabbed dies |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3864525.ece |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419011424/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3864525.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2019, at least 1 member of PFI was arrested for murdering Ramalingam, a member of [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] after an argument with some Muslims about conversion activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-07 |title=PFI man, 4 others held in connection with PMK man Ramalingam's murder in TN |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pfi-man-4-others-held-connection-pmk-man-ramalingam-s-murder-tn-96351 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> In August 2019, charges were framed against 18 members of PFI. Investigations claimed that Ramalingam was murdered as part of a conspiracy after he tried to interfere in the conversions led by the [[Dawah]] team of PFI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-03 |title=Ramalingam murder case in TN: NIA files chargesheet against 18 accused |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ramalingam-murder-case-tn-nia-files-chargesheet-against-18-accused-106623 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, the key conspirator Rahman Sadiq was arrested for the murder who was in hiding since 2 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-04 |title=NIA nabs key suspect in Ramalingam murder |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nia-nabs-key-suspect-in-ramalingam-murder/article35710999.ece |access-date=2022-05-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 May 2022, in a rally organised by PFI in [[Alappuzha|Alappuzha, Kerala]] called "Save the Republic", a child sitting on the shoulder of another person raised the slogan ''“Hindus should keep rice for their last rites and Christians should keep incense for their last rites. If you live decently, you can live in our land and if you don’t live decently, we know Azadi (freedom). Live decently, decently, decently.”''<br />
<br />
After a video of the rally went viral, [[Alappuzha|Alappuzha Police]] arrested the district president of PFI along with another activist. Police stated that the child cannot be booked due to the [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015|Juvenile Justice Act]], but his parents instigated him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-26 |title=Provocative sloganeering {{!}} Boy at the PFI rally traced to Palluruthy |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/provocative-sloganeering-boy-at-the-pfi-rally-traced-to-palluruthy/article65462977.ece |access-date=2022-05-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='What is happening in this country?' Kerala HC comes down heavily on PFI rally in Alappuzha in which boy shouts provocative slogans |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/may/27/what-is-happening-in-this-country-kerala-hc-comes-down-heavily-on-pfi-rally-in-alappuzha-in-which-boy-shouts-provocative-slogans-2458616.html |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> On the same day as the rally, [[Bajrang Dal]] had taken out a bike rally against terrorism. FIR was registered against Bajrang Dal members as well.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2022-05-23 |title=Boy's provocative sloganeering: police register case |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/police-launch-preliminary-probe-into-provocative-sloganeering/article65453820.ece |access-date=2022-05-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Links to terrorist organizations ===<br />
In 2010, the PFI was alleged to have links with the banned Islamic terrorist organisation [[Students Islamic Movement of India]].<ref name="sify.com">{{cite news |title=Police unearth CDs of Taliban like terror module in Kerala |newspaper=Sify News |url=http://www.sify.com/news/police-unearth-cds-of-taliban-like-terror-module-in-kerala-news-national-khkmEjhgacc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811155246/http://www.sify.com/news/police-unearth-cds-of-taliban-like-terror-module-in-kerala-news-national-khkmEjhgacc.html |archive-date=2011-08-11}}</ref> The PFI's national chairman, Abdul Rehman, was the former national secretary of SIMI, while the organization's state secretary, Abdul Hameed, was SIMI's former state secretary. Most former leaders of SIMI were either identified with PFI or were holding various portfolios in the organisation.<ref name="News.outlookindia.com" /> The alleged SIMI connection has been dubbed baseless by the leaders of the PFI claiming that the Front was launched in 1993, whereas the SIMI ban came much later in 2001.<ref name="tulunadunews.com" /><ref name="Daijiworld empower" /> Retired Indian army officer P. C. Katoch has claimed that the PFI maintains links with the Pakistani intelligence agency, [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]].<ref>{{cite book |title=India's Special Forces: History and Future of Special Forces |date=2013 |publisher=Vij Book India Pvt Ltd |isbn=9789382573593}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Indian Defence Review |title=retired Indian army claimed that PFI |date=Apr–Jun 2013 |volume=28 |issue=2 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012, the Government of [[Kerala]] informed the High Court of their opinion that the activities of the PFI are inimical to the safety of the country and that it is "nothing but a resurrection of the banned outfit [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI) in another form", in its argument to ban the organisation's Independence Day programme, dubbed "Freedom Parade".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=25 July 2012 |title=Popular Front has SIMI connection, informed HC |newspaper=Asianet India |url=http://asianetindia.com/popular-front-has-simi-connection-informed-hc/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613132404/http://asianetindia.com/popular-front-has-simi-connection-informed-hc/ |archive-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The High Court dismissed the Government's stand, but upheld the ban imposed by the State Government.<ref name="indianexpress.com" /><ref name="zeenews.india.com" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
In July 2010, the [[Kerala Police]] seized country-made bombs, weapons, CDs and several documents containing [[Taliban]] and [[Al-Queda|Al-Qaeda]] propaganda, from PFI activists.<ref name="sify.com" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Attack on Lecturer: PFI Men Arrested; Qaeda CD Seized |newspaper=Outlook |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=687069 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212195653/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=687069 |archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=2010-07-21 |title=Assault on Professor Joseph: graphic images of two more suspects released |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/assault-on-professor-joseph-graphic-images-of-two-more-suspects-released/article525464.ece |access-date=12 April 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213095455/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/assault-on-professor-joseph-graphic-images-of-two-more-suspects-released/article525464.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The raids conducted were subsequently termed "undemocratic" and "unconstitutional" by the organisation.<ref><br />
{{cite news |date=2010-07-14 |title=Front Page : More bombs and weapons seized |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/14/stories/2010071457930100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717131023/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/14/stories/2010071457930100.htm |archive-date=2010-07-17}}<br />
</ref> As of 6 September 2010, as informed to the state high court by the Kerala government, no evidence has been found by the police in its probe into the allegation of links to [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Lashkar-e Taiba]] (Let) or [[Al-Qaeda]].<ref><br />
{{cite news |title=Police probing PFI's alleged links with LeT, al-Qaeda & Hizbul |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kerala/Police-probing-PFI-s-alleged-links-with-LeT-al-Qaeda-amp-Hizbul/Article1-597025.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019121717/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kerala/Police-probing-PFI-s-alleged-links-with-LeT-al-Qaeda-amp-Hizbul/Article1-597025.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2012}}<br />
</ref> However, in April 2013 a series of raids by the Kerala Police on PFI centres across North Kerala found lethal weapons, foreign currency, human shooting targets, bombs, explosive raw materials, gunpowder, swords, among other things. The Kerala Police claimed that the raid revealed the "terror face" of the PFI.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=28 April 2013 |title=Kerala Police unmasks PFI's terror face |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Kerala-Police-unmasks-PFI's-terror-face/2013/04/28/article1564744.ece |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416135402/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2013/apr/28/kerala-police-unmasks-pfis-terror-face-472325.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2016, 1 member was sentenced to 7 years and 5 members were sentenced to 5 years of prison by [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-21 |title=21 jailed for running arms camp in Kerala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/21-jailed-for-running-arms-camp-in-kerala/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2017, [[Kerala Police]] identified 6 members of PFI who had joined the [[Islamic State]], possibly by moving to [[Syria]] using [[fake passport]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thiruvananthapuram |first=P. S. Gopikrishnan Unnithan |date=November 2, 2017 |title=6 PFI activists join Islamic State, claims Kerala Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/islamic-state-isis-pfi-link-exposed-kerala-police-six-men-1077159-2017-11-02 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2019, the Central Government provided Z category security to Justice S. Abdul Nazeer, one of the judges of the Supreme Court of India and part of the bench which passed the Ayodhya verdict, due to threats by the PFI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice S Abdul Nazeer, family get 'Z' category security cover in view of threat from PFI post-Ayodhya verdict |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/justice-s-abdul-nazeer-family-get-z-category-security-cover-in-view-of-threat-from-pfi-post-ayodhya-verdict20191117171303/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<ref name="e270" /><br />
<br />
=== Arms training camp in Narath ===<br />
<br />
In April 2013, Kerala Police raided a training camp in Narath, [[Kannur]] and arrested 21 activists of the PFI. Two country-made bombs, a sword, raw materials for making bombs and pamphlets in the name of PFI were seized by the police. The raid was conducted at the office building of Thanal Charitable Trust. A document with names of several leading personalities and organisations was also seized, which police suspect is a hit-list.<ref name="dailypioneer.com" /><ref name="daily.bhaskar.com" /><ref name="Deccanherald.com" /> The PFI leadership and those arrested claimed that it was a Yoga training programme organised as part of a personality development programme<ref name="dailypioneer.com" /> and asked for a judicial probe by a sitting judge to inquire into the alleged training camp. PFI's state president claimed that this police case was fabricated in a bid to tarnish the organisation's image.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/narath-pfi-seeks-judicial-probe/article4701551.ece |title=Narath: PFI seeks judicial probe |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-05-10 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=18 May 2013 |archive-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408222147/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/narath-pfi-seeks-judicial-probe/article4701551.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TwoCircles Kerala arrests">{{cite news |url=http://twocircles.net/2013apr26/pfi_smells_conspiracy_behind_kerala_arrests.html |title=PFI smells conspiracy behind Kerala arrests |newspaper=TwoCircles |date=2013-04-26 |access-date=25 May 2013 |archive-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231232/http://twocircles.net/2013apr26/pfi_smells_conspiracy_behind_kerala_arrests.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 May 2013, the NIA arrived to investigate the alleged extremist activities in Narath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/narath-case-nia-team-in-kannur/article4726572.ece |title=Narath case: NIA team in Kannur |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-05-18 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=18 May 2013 |archive-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614003759/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/narath-case-nia-team-in-kannur/article4726572.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Kidnap and murder of boys for ransom ===<br />
<br />
Two boys were kidnapped on 8 June 2011 from [[SBRR Mahajana First Grade College|SBRR Mahajana College]] premises in [[Mysore]] and murdered by members of [[Karnataka Forum for Dignity]] (KFD), who sought ransom of 5 crore rupees to raise funds for their organisation.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/><ref name="dna">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_karnataka-forum-for-dignity-men-abducted-killed-hunsur-boys-for-ransom_1558078 |title=Karnataka Forum for Dignity men abducted, killed Hunsur boys for ransom |date=23 June 2011 |access-date=25 October 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809132841/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_karnataka-forum-for-dignity-men-abducted-killed-hunsur-boys-for-ransom_1558078 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the arrest of these KFD members, Karnataka state government requested the Union government to ban Karnataka Forum for Dignity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/State-will-urge-Centre-to-ban-KFD/articleshow/9018185.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103074257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/bangalore/29709372_1_karnataka-forum-kfd-ban |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=The Times of India |title=State will urge Centre to ban KFD |date=27 June 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== SMS campaign against people of the North-East ===<br />
<br />
After the [[2012 Assam violence|Assam riots in 2012]], an [[SMS]] hate campaign was launched in the South of India threatening people from the North-East with retribution, particularly after Ramzan. Investigators traced the source of these hate messages to [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] (HuJI) and the PFI, along with its affiliate organisations [[Manita Neeti Pasarai]] and [[Karnataka Forum for Dignity]]. More than 60 million messages were sent in a single day on 13 August 2012. Some 28-30 percent of the messages were found to have been uploaded from Pakistan. The SMS campaign was designed to create a panic among the people from the North-East, forcing them to flee. This led to a mass exodus of 30,000 people from cities of [[Pune]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and national capital [[Delhi]]. Union [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] banned bulk SMS and MMS for 15 days to quell rumors and threats.<ref><br />
*{{cite news |title=North-East people's exodus continues |date=18 August 2012 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/north-east-peoples-exodus-continues_794432.html |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820201616/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/north-east-peoples-exodus-continues_794432.html |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Northeast people indeed assaulted, threatened in Bangalore |date=18 August 2012 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/08/18/northeast-people-assaulted-threatened-in-bangalore-kar-1055896.html |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214084929/http://news.oneindia.in/2012/08/18/northeast-people-assaulted-threatened-in-bangalore-kar-1055896.html |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Kerala based PFI Group triggered hate SMS leading to North East Exodus |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/08/kerala-based-pfi-group-triggered-hate-sms-leading-to-north-east-exodus/ |work=Bihar Prabha |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120752/http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/08/kerala-based-pfi-group-triggered-hate-sms-leading-to-north-east-exodus/ |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-huji-pfi-lobbed-the-hate-bomb-north-east-with-ease/20120821.htm |title=How HuJI, PFI lobbed the hate bomb with ease |date=21 August 2012 |newspaper=Rediff |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619231857/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-huji-pfi-lobbed-the-hate-bomb-north-east-with-ease/20120821.htm |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Governing India's Northeast: Essays on Insurgency, Development and the Culture of Peace |first=Samir Kumar |last=Das |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2013 |isbn=978-8132211464 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |pages=8–9 |access-date=8 September 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417082821/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The PFI has denied the accusation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ne-exodus-pfi-denies-hand-in-hate-message-campaign/20120821.htm |title=NE exodus: PFI denies hand in hate message campaign - Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date=2012-08-21 |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825233558/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ne-exodus-pfi-denies-hand-in-hate-message-campaign/20120821.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Attack on T. J. Joseph by PFI activists ===<br />
<br />
{{Main |Attack on T. J. Joseph}}<br />
In Jan 2011, Kerala Police filed a charge sheet against 27 alleged PFI activists in conjunction with an incident in which they severed the hand of a Kerala professor who had allegedly made derogatory references to the Islamic prophet Muhammad .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Hand-chopping-case--Charge-sheet-filed-against-27-accused/737464 |title=Hand chopping case: Charge sheet filed against 27 accused |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2011-01-14 |access-date=22 April 2013 |archive-date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117035714/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Hand-chopping-case--Charge-sheet-filed-against-27-accused/737464 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time of the attack, Joseph was coming back from his duties at a private Christian college in Muvattapuzha and had been accused of blasphemy.<ref><br />
{{Cite news<br />
|title = Propaganda CD suspected to be that of Al Queda seized<br />
|agency = Press Trust of India<br />
|newspaper = Hindustan Times<br />
|date = 9 July 2010<br />
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Propaganda-CD-suspected-to-be-that-of-Al-Queda-seized/Article1-569745.aspx<br />
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130125065239/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Propaganda-CD-suspected-to-be-that-of-Al-Queda-seized/Article1-569745.aspx<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-date = 25 January 2013<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news<br />
| title=Family of Indian professor 'forgives' attackers<br />
| first=Alastair<br />
| last=Lawson<br />
| newspaper=BBC News<br />
| date=2010-07-08<br />
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10557819.stm<br />
| access-date=31 July 2010<br />
| archive-date=10 July 2010<br />
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710214050/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10557819.stm<br />
| url-status=live<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is reported that the attack resulted from the ruling from one of the "Taliban-model" courts ([[Darul Khada]]) operating in the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/07/islamic-court-ordered-chopping-of-profs-palm.htm |title=Islamic court ordered chopping of prof's palm - Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date=2010-07-07 |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504065202/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/07/islamic-court-ordered-chopping-of-profs-palm.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kerala state police claimed to be "unearthing the vast network" of the PFI,<ref>{{Cite news<br />
| title= Gulf-bound persons under police scanner<br />
| newspaper= Express News<br />
| date= 2010-07-09<br />
| url= http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article180545.ece<br />
| access-date= 25 May 2013<br />
| archive-date= 8 April 2014<br />
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140408232701/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article180545.ece<br />
| url-status= dead<br />
}}</ref> and after a series of raids on the houses of PFI members, the district secretary of the PFI "threatened the officer with dire consequences if he continued raiding the houses of its activists."<ref><br />
{{Cite news<br />
|title = Kerala prof attacker now threatens cop<br />
|newspaper = Hindustan Times<br />
|date = 2010-07-07<br />
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Kerala-prof-attacker-now-threatens-cop/Article1-568506.aspx<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100710124239/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Kerala-prof-attacker-now-threatens-cop/Article1-568506.aspx<br />
|archive-date = 10 July 2010}}</ref> On 9 July 2010, it was reported that PFI installations were being raided by police, and that they had found [[propaganda]] videos from the global [[Islamic]] network [[al-Qaeda]] in the possession of one alleged PFI member, and a rifle, fake [[SIM card]]s, and fake [[identity card]]s in the possession of another member of the PFI.<ref name="IE concern" /><ref>{{Cite news<br />
|title = Propaganda CD suspected to be that of Al Queda seized<br />
|agency = Press Trust of India<br />
|newspaper = Hindustan Times<br />
|date = 2010-07-09<br />
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Propaganda-CD-suspected-to-be-that-of-Al-Queda-seized/Article1-569745.aspx<br />
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130125065239/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Propaganda-CD-suspected-to-be-that-of-Al-Queda-seized/Article1-569745.aspx<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-date = 2013-01-25<br />
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article525464.ece Assault on Professor Joseph: graphic images of two more suspects released] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722064152/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article525464.ece |date=22 July 2010 }}, KOCHI, 21 July 2010, thehindu.com</ref> As a result of the incident, the BJP has called for a ban on the PFI and an examinations of possible links between the PFI and the Taliban by the National Investigation Agency.<ref name="DNA_2010-06-12">{{Cite news<br />
| newspaper=Daily News & Analysis<br />
| title=BJP demands ban on PFI, Kochi lecturer case be probed by NIA<br />
| date=2010-06-12<br />
| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bjp-demands-ban-on-pfi-kochi-lecturer-case-be-probed-by-nia_1408771<br />
| access-date=28 August 2010<br />
| archive-date=20 July 2010<br />
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720135457/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bjp-demands-ban-on-pfi-kochi-lecturer-case-be-probed-by-nia_1408771<br />
| url-status=live<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
One of the chief accused in this case, Prof. Anas was acquitted. He had contested to win the local elections from jail. He alleged the accusation is a scheme devised by the NIA and the police to deliberately target the PFI.<ref name="nyoooz.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.nyoooz.com/kochi/96798/former-pfi-district-head-among-those-acquitted# |title=Former PFI district head among those acquitted |work=NYOOOZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504211559/http://www.nyoooz.com/kochi/96798/former-pfi-district-head-among-those-acquitted |archive-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Shimoga Violence ===<br />
<br />
In 2015, PFI staged a rally in Karnataka's [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]] during which stones were thrown on vehicles, as alleged by the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-21 |title=Prohibitory orders imposed in Shimoga after communal clash |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prohibitory-orders-imposed-in-shimoga-after-communal-clash/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303044402/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prohibitory-orders-imposed-in-shimoga-after-communal-clash/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Three people riding a bike were stabbed by PFI activists<ref>{{Cite web |author=Rajiv Kalkod |date=Feb 19, 2015 |title=Violence rips Shimoga, Section 144 imposed {{!}} Bengaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/violence-rips-shimoga-section-144-imposed/articleshow/46304418.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303050114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/violence-rips-shimoga-section-144-imposed/articleshow/46304418.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> in which 32 year old Vishwanath Shetty, succumbed to his injuries. 56 arrests were made in connection with these communal clashes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-21 |title=Communal clash in Shivamogga: 56 held, more arrests likely |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/communal-clash-in-shivamogga-56-held-more-arrests-likely-443563.html |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303044404/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/communal-clash-in-shivamogga-56-held-more-arrests-likely-443563.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Around the same time, the body of Manjunath was found and it was believed that he too died in the rally and the communal riots, but later it was proved that this killing was not related to these communal clashes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=P.m |first=Veerendra |date=2015-04-05 |title=Manjunath murder case solved |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/manjunath-murder-case-solved/article7069379.ece |access-date=2022-03-05 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305210503/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/manjunath-murder-case-solved/article7069379.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Violence rips Shimoga, Section 144 imposed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Violence-rips-Shimoga-Section-144-imposed/articleshow/46304418.cms |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311145937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Violence-rips-Shimoga-Section-144-imposed/articleshow/46304418.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Funding of Anti-CAA Protests ===<br />
<br />
On 1 January 2020 Union law minister [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] stated that PFI may have played a part in violence surrounding some protests against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship (Amendment) Act]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news |title=anti-caa-protests-trouble-mounts-for-pfi-over-source-of-funding-as-ed-deepens-prob |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anti-caa-protests-trouble-mounts-for-pfi-over-source-of-funding-as-ed-deepens-probe-1643184-2020-02-04 |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303234750/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anti-caa-protests-trouble-mounts-for-pfi-over-source-of-funding-as-ed-deepens-probe-1643184-2020-02-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ed-says-pfi-mobilised-money-to-fund-anti-caa-protests |work=Business today |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ed-says-pfi-mobilised-money-to-fund-anti-caa-protests/story/394730.html |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629184433/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ed-says-pfi-mobilised-money-to-fund-anti-caa-protests/story/394730.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=anti-caa-protest-funding-trail-leads-ed-to-pfi. |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280120/anti-caa-protest-funding-trail-leads-ed-to-pfi.html |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818044450/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280120/anti-caa-protest-funding-trail-leads-ed-to-pfi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] also informed the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and is investigating a [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Prevention of Money Laundering Act]] probe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ed-finds-financial-links-between-pfi-and-anti-caa-protests-in-up |work=The Times of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ed-finds-financial-links-between-pfi-and-anti-caa-protests-in-up-sources/articleshow/73662688.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106093704/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ed-finds-financial-links-between-pfi-and-anti-caa-protests-in-up-sources/articleshow/73662688.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: ED books Tahir Hussain, PFI for money-laundering |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/delhi-riots-ed-books-tahir-hussain-pfi-for-money-laundering-53845 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127120927/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/delhi-riots-ed-books-tahir-hussain-pfi-for-money-laundering-53845 |url-status=live }}</ref> However PFI has denied any link with any protest against the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests in Uttar Pradesh|CAA]] in the country and called it a cheap campaign against it.<ref>{{Cite news |title=pfi-popular-front-of-india-funded-anti-caa-protests-ed-to-mha- |work=ndtv.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pfi-popular-front-of-india-funded-anti-caa-protests-ed-to-mha-2183376 |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411142917/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pfi-popular-front-of-india-funded-anti-caa-protests-ed-to-mha-2183376 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=totally-baseless-pfi-rejects-charges-of-funding-anti-caa-protests-in-uttar-pradesh |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/totally-baseless-pfi-rejects-charges-of-funding-anti-caa-protests-in-uttar-pradesh-6237980/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130173206/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/totally-baseless-pfi-rejects-charges-of-funding-anti-caa-protests-in-uttar-pradesh-6237980/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=government/popular-front-of-india-caa-protests-kapil-sibal |work=thewire |url=https://thewire.in/government/popular-front-of-india-caa-protests-kapil-sibal |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602065055/https://thewire.in/government/popular-front-of-india-caa-protests-kapil-sibal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=cheap-campaign-pfi-tells-govt-to-prove-charge-that-it-funds-caa-protests |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cheap-campaign-pfi-tells-govt-to-prove-charge-that-it-funds-caa-protests/story-tAu0SP1MuRN58TNXBOklzN.html |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602000838/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cheap-campaign-pfi-tells-govt-to-prove-charge-that-it-funds-caa-protests/story-tAu0SP1MuRN58TNXBOklzN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Creation of an Islamic State in India ===<br />
In 2017, India Today, in an undercover operation, interviewed Ahmad Shareef, a founding member of PFI and the managing editor of PFI mouthpiece [[Thejas]]. In the interview, when questioned whether the motive of PFI and Sathya Sarini is to convert India into an Islamic country, he said "All over the world. Why only India? After making India an Islamic state and then they will go to other states". He also admitted that PFI had picked up funding from the Middle East in the past and transferred it into India through ''hawala'' channels''.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine |author=Sushant Pathak Jamshed Adil Khan Calicut {{!}} Manjeri {{!}} |date=November 2, 2017 |title=Operation Conversion Mafia: Kerala's conversion factories unmasked |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/love-jihad-kerala-conversion-factory-islamic-state-1078518-2017-10-31 |access-date=2022-04-04 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404101227/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/love-jihad-kerala-conversion-factory-islamic-state-1078518-2017-10-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2022}}The PFI wanted to establish Islamic rule in India by 2047 as per the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA.]]<ref name="e270">{{cite web | last=Ramdas | first=P | title=PFI wanted to establish Islamic rule in India by 2047: NIA | website=The New Indian Express | date=26 June 2024 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jun/26/pfi-wanted-to-establish-islamic-rule-in-india-by-2047-nia-3 | access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Forced conversion===<br />
In late 2017, videos from a sting operation of Zainaba AS, president of NWF, showed that she admitted on camera that [[National Women's Front]] – the PFI's women's wing – was carrying out mass conversion to Islam at ''Sathya Sarini''. Zainaba had earlier been questioned by NIA for her role in conversion of Hadiya/Akhila which was also termed a case of Love Jihad.<ref name="Quint why ban?" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-02 |title=Religious conversion: Fresh allegations turn heat on PFI |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/640649/religious-conversion-fresh-allegations-turn.html |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305092212/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/640649/religious-conversion-fresh-allegations-turn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Zaibana retracted her recorded statement and claimed that the allegations were fake. Following the sting operation, NIA questioned her for her involvement in the mass conversion.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Operation conversion factories: NIA questions PFI worker Zainaba |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-conversion-factories-nia-questions-pfi-leader-zainaba-1131020-2018-01-09 |access-date=2022-03-05 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305092211/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-conversion-factories-nia-questions-pfi-leader-zainaba-1131020-2018-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== On accusations and counter charges ==<br />
<br />
In 2012, PFI launched a nationwide campaign "Why the Popular Front", detailing the alleged false accusations and attempts by mainstream media and other organisations to tarnish its image.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=152026 |title=Bangalore : PFI to Launch 'Why Popular Front' Campaign from Oct 10 |work=daijiworld.com |access-date=28 July 2013 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229203600/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D152026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The organisation maintains that it strives hard to restore the rights of the depressed and marginalised sections of the Indian society. <br />
Further, the organisation filed complaints with the Press Council of India against 10 newspapers—both Hindi and English—for their attempts to tarnish the image of the PFI.<ref name="muslimmirror.com">{{cite news |url=http://muslimmirror.com/eng/press-council-to-hear-pfis-complaints-against-10-dailies-on-16-july/ |title=Press Council to hear PFI's complaints against 10 dailies on 16 July |work=Muslim Mirror |date=21 June 2013 |access-date=19 June 2015 |archive-date=19 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619160355/http://muslimmirror.com/eng/press-council-to-hear-pfis-complaints-against-10-dailies-on-16-july/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
In 2013, in line with the PFI's counter charge, "Coastal Digest" reported that the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] and the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] denied that they had shared any such information, denying the claims by the media. This was in response to the 2012 complaints against 10 newspapers.<ref name="Coastal Digest terror claim"><br />
{{cite news |url=http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/58892-ib-nia-press-council-rubbish-medias-terror-claim-on-pfi |title=IB, NIA, Press Council rubbish media's terror claim on PFI |work=Coastaldigest.com |date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105024906/http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/58892-ib-nia-press-council-rubbish-medias-terror-claim-on-pfi |archive-date=2013-11-05}}<br />
</ref> In March 2015, Indian intelligence agencies reported that the role of the PFI in the [[2011 Mumbai bombings]], [[2012 Pune bombings]] and [[2013 Hyderabad blasts]] had been found;<ref>{{cite news |title=Popular Front of India's role in 2011 Mumbai, 2012 Pune, 2013 Hyd blasts found: Intel agencies |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Popular-Front-of-Indias-role-in-2011-Mumbai-2012-Pune-2013-Hyd-blasts-found-Intel-agencies/articleshow/46710055.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-date=1 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401041002/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Popular-Front-of-Indias-role-in-2011-Mumbai-2012-Pune-2013-Hyd-blasts-found-Intel-agencies/articleshow/46710055.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> claims which were subsequently denied by the PFI.<ref>{{cite news |title=Popular Front of India denies role in terror attacks |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Popular-Front-of-India-denies-role-in-terror-attacks/articleshow/46722015.cms |date=2015-03-28 |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118201939/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Popular-Front-of-India-denies-role-in-terror-attacks/articleshow/46722015.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political activities ==<br />
<br />
=== National Political Conference ===<br />
<br />
The public meeting on 17 February 2009 which marked the conclusion of National Political Conference saw the merger of social organisations in eight states into the PFI. Along with the state presidents of NDF Kerala, MNP Tamil Nadu and KFD Karnataka which had already merged with PFI, heads of social organisations in Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Manipur joined hands on the dais with the PFI chairman.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=56898 |title=Aim for Empowerment through Constant Struggle - Advisor to South African |newspaper=Daijiworld |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=1 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401010630/http://daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=56898 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=56864&n_tit=Kozhikode%3A+Grand+Start+for+Popular+Front+National+Political+Conference |title=Grand Start for Popular Front National Political Conference |newspaper=Daijiworld |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=18 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218002512/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=56864&n_tit=Kozhikode%3A+Grand+Start+for+Popular+Front+National+Political+Conference |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Freedom Parade on Indian Independence Day ===<br />
<br />
[[File:PFI 15 August Parade.png |thumb|Freedom Parade, 2010.]]<br />
The PFI and its allies conducted a freedom parade on 15 August in 2009 and 2010 in celebration of [[Indian Independence Day]].<ref name="coastaldigest-15-August-2010"><br />
{{cite news |url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11989:pfi&catid=59:top-stories&Itemid=67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820133729/http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11989:pfi&catid=59:top-stories&Itemid=67 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2010 |title=State sponsoring atrocities on minorities, accuses PFI leader |date=20 August 2010}}<br />
</ref> The parade was followed by a public meeting. In 2010, the parade was conducted in Udupi and Mettuppalayam.<ref><br />
{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/16/stories/2010081655480500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819131231/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/16/stories/2010081655480500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-08-19 |title=Freedom parade at Mettupalayam |date=2010-08-16 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}<br />
</ref> In the previous year it was conducted in [[Mangalore]] and [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=49884&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+PFI+Displays+Spectacular+Freedom+Parade+at+Mangala+Stadium |title=Freedom Parade at Mangalapuram |newspaper=Daijiworld |access-date=20 August 2010 |archive-date=20 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820002606/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=49884&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+PFI+Displays+Spectacular+Freedom+Parade+at+Mangala+Stadium |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Kerala state government banned the Freedom Parade stating it would jeopardise communal harmony. The ban was challenged in the Kerala High Court which upheld the ban.<ref name="simi1"><br />
{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Kerala-high-court-turns-down-Popular-Front-of-Indias-freedom-parade-plea/articleshow/15333340.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103173833/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/kochi/33019143_1_pfi-parade-communal-harmony |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Kerala high court turns down Popular Front of India's freedom parade plea |date=3 August 2012 |work=The Times of India }}<br />
</ref> The Intelligence wing of [[Kerala Police]] had informed the High Court that PFI is the new face of banned Islamist group [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI) and is engaged in fundamentalist and anti-national activities.<ref name="simi"><br />
{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Popular-Front-of-India-is-new-face-of-Simi-Kerala-govt/articleshow/15153730.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430083036/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/kochi/32868455_1_pfi-kerala-govt-students-islamic-movement |url-status=live |archive-date=30 April 2013 |title=Popular Front of India is new face of Simi: Kerala govt |date=26 July 2012 |work=The Times of India }}<br />
</ref><ref name="murd"><br />
{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/State-will-urge-Centre-to-ban-KFD/articleshow/9018185.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103074257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/bangalore/29709372_1_karnataka-forum-kfd-ban |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=The Times of India |title=PFI, NDF Involved in CPI(M), RSS Cadres' Murders: Kerala |date=25 July 2012 }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
=== Social Justice conference 2011 ===<br />
<br />
The Social Justice Conference was held at Ramlila Ground in [[New Delhi]] on 26 and 27 November 2011.<ref><br />
{{cite web |url=http://www.allvoices.com/news/10562006-popular-front-of-india-says-dilli-chalo |title=Popular Front of India says Dilli chalo |work=Allvoices.com |date=2011-10-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214832/http://www.allvoices.com/news/10562006-popular-front-of-india-says-dilli-chalo |archive-date=8 April 2014}}<br />
</ref> The conference was addressed by Syed Shahabuddin, a former MP and [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], the [[Samajwadi Party]] leader, and [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]] the [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] leader. The key address of the conference was to plea the UPA government to implement the findings of [[Sachar Committee Report]] and the [[National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities|Ranganath Misra Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2666021.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Front seeks greater representation for Muslims |date=2011-11-28 |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129012031/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2666021.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Protest against misuse of UAPA ===<br />
<br />
21 activists of PFI were charged with [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]] for involvement in anti-national activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Decision to slap UAPA on PFI activists right: Thiruvanchoor |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Decision-to-slap-UAPA-on-PFI-activists-right-Thiruvanchoor/2013/05/11/article1584650.ece |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=11 May 2013 |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515204947/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Decision-to-slap-UAPA-on-PFI-activists-right-Thiruvanchoor/2013/05/11/article1584650.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following which, in May 2013, the organisation conducted a statewide campaign in Kerala, it started on 8 May from Kasargod and how the UAPA is being misused, and how they believe it is terrorising citizens who resisted oppression from a ruling elite. The campaign concluded with a mass gathering at the State Capital, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 30 May.<ref><br />
{{cite news |url=http://www.samachar.com/PFI-to-organise-campaign-against-UAPA-nfjmOceidgf.html |title=PFI to organise campaign against UAPA |work=Samachar.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408232239/http://www.samachar.com/PFI-to-organise-campaign-against-UAPA-nfjmOceidgf.html |archive-date=8 April 2014}}<br />
</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/larger-plan-in-nsssndp-unity-pfi/article4768903.ece |title=Larger plan in NSS-SNDP unity: PFI |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-05-31 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=4 June 2013 |archive-date=8 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608011753/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/larger-plan-in-nsssndp-unity-pfi/article4768903.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Muslim minority reservation and employment ===<br />
<br />
KM Shareef, the National General Secretary of PFI has asserted that reservation is the most immediate need of Muslims, referencing a report submitted by the Prime Minister's High Level Committee (Justice Rajindar Sachchar Committee) in November 2006, which identified the Muslim community as more backward than any other, and claimed that insufficient discussion on this topic was taking place in assemblies and parliament.<ref>{{Cite news<br />
| title=Reservation is the right of Indian Muslims: PFI Chief<br />
| date=2010-03-12<br />
| url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3492%3Apopular-front-of-india-images&Itemid=53<br />
| newspaper=CoastalDigest<br />
| access-date=20 August 2010<br />
| archive-date=8 July 2011<br />
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708171834/http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3492:popular-front-of-india-images&Itemid=53<br />
| url-status=live<br />
}}</ref> In the context of the Central Government's decision on reservation in higher education, the South India Council organised three Regional Conventions on Reservation: in Calcutta on 4 August 2006, in Bangalore on 5 August 2006, and in Chennai on 17 August 2006. A National Convention on Reservation in Higher Education was organised by the South India Council jointly with All India Milli Council at New Delhi on 29 August 2006. Former Prime Minister V. P. Singh also addressed the convention.<ref><br />
{{cite news<br />
|url = http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=9127434<br />
|title = Former Prime Minister V. P. Singh arriving to attend the National Convention on Reservation in Education<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929072214/http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=9127434<br />
|archive-date = 29 September 2011}}</ref><br />
In 2010, the National Executive Council of the PFI demanded a ten percent reservation for Muslims across India.<ref name="Siasat reservation march">{{Cite news |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/popular-front-hold-parliament-march-muslim-reservation-mar-18 |title=Popular Front to Hold Parliament March for Muslim Reservation on March 18 |last=Bari |first=Pervez |date=2010-03-03 |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |access-date=10 August 2010 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071827/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/popular-front-hold-parliament-march-muslim-reservation-mar-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Protest related to International events ===<br />
In November 2012, it organized protests outside the Israel Embassy in New Delhi against the attacks in Gaza conducted by [[Israel]] raising slogans against USA and [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-03 |title=Tehelka - India's Independent Weekly News Magazine |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main54.asp?filename=Ws191112Kashmir.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603115411/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main54.asp?filename=Ws191112Kashmir.asp |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Similar protests were organized in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep |date=July 12, 2014 |title=Popular Front of India, Bajpe division organized a massive protest on Saturday against what it termed were brutal attacks on Palestine by Israel which killed many of life in Israel including elderly, kids, and women. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/popular-front-of-india-bajpe-division-organized-a-massive-protest-on-saturday-against-what-it-termed-were-brutal-attacks-on-palestine-by-israel-which-killed-many-of-life-in-israel-including-elderly-kids-and-women-/articleshow/38269032.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304123450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/popular-front-of-india-bajpe-division-organized-a-massive-protest-on-saturday-against-what-it-termed-were-brutal-attacks-on-palestine-by-israel-which-killed-many-of-life-in-israel-including-elderly-kids-and-women-/articleshow/38269032.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, the PFI protested against the death sentence given to a democratically elected leader and [[Islamism|Islamist]] affiliated with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]],<ref><br />
{{Cite news |date=2012-04-22 |title=New Brotherhood candidate pitched in to Egypt race |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-presidency-islamist-idUSBRE83K0AE20120421 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422063955/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/21/us-egypt-presidency-islamist-idUSBRE83K0AE20120421 |archive-date=22 April 2012}}<br />
</ref> [[Mohamed Morsi]] and his followers. The protest was in front of the Egyptian embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref><br />
{{cite news |title=Death sentence to Morsi; Protest march in front of Egyptian embassy in New Delhi |work=Muslim Mirror |url=http://muslimmirror.com/eng/death-sentence-to-morsi-protest-march-in-front-of-egyptian-embassy-in-new-delhi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526004430/http://muslimmirror.com/eng/death-sentence-to-morsi-protest-march-in-front-of-egyptian-embassy-in-new-delhi/ |archive-date=26 May 2015}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Ban by Indian government==<br />
<br />
On 22 September 2022, the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) with other probe agencies conducted a large-scale midnight operation termed "Operation Octopus" in the premises of the organization across the country, on charges of terror-funding and money laundering. The raid resulted in the detaining of at least 100 PFI leaders and activists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Devesh K. |date=2022-09-22 |title=NIA conducts 'largest-ever investigation' on PFI offices |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-conducting-largest-ever-investigation-on-those-involved-in-terror-activities-official/article65920894.ece |access-date=2022-09-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, PFI called [[hartal]]s (strikes) in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which turned violent. In Kerala, the strike resulted in property damages worth approximately ₹5 crores and arrest of thousands of protestors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PFI hartal violence: 274 more arrested in Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/09/26/pfi-hartal-violence-more-arrests-kerala.html |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
<br />
A second round of nationwide raids were carried out on 27 September 2022, resulting in further 247 activists being arrested.<br />
<br />
On 28 September 2022, the [[Government of India]] declared PFI as "unlawful association" and temporarily banned the organisation for five years under the UAPA act. The government reasoned that the organisation was "prejudicial to the integrity, sovereignty and security of the country" and citied PFIs alleged connection with terror organisations like Students Islamic Movement of India, Jamat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh and [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-declares-popular-front-of-india-unlawful-association-under-anti-terror-law-uapa-after-nationwide-raids-3383791 | title=Popular Front of India Banned for 5 Years over "Terror Links": 10 Points }}</ref><br />
<br />
PFI's 8 associate organisations Rehab India Foundation, Campus Front of India, All India Imams Council, National Confederation of Human Rights Organization, National Women's Front, Junior Front, Empower India Foundation and Rehab Foundation, Kerala were also banned.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-bans-popular-front-of-india-links-terror-funding-2005597-2022-09-28 | title=Radical outfit PFI, 8 associated fronts banned for 5 years after nationwide mega raids, arrests }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Abdelhalim |first=Julten |chapter=Being a Governed Muslim in a Non-Muslim State: Indian Muslims and Citizenship |editor1=Bidisha Chaudhuri |editor2=Lion Koenig |title=Discourses of Transculturality:Ideas, Institutions and Practices in India and China |publisher=South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University |year=2013 |chapter-url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/13356/ |pages=19–30|doi=10.11588/heidok.00013356 |s2cid=151654162 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Abdelhalim |first=Julten |title=Spaces for Jihād: Indian Muslims and Conceptions of Citizenship |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/14323/ |year=2013 |publisher=University of Heidelberg |doi=10.11588/heidok.00014323 }}<br />
* {{citation |first=Arndt-Walter |last=Emmerich |title=Islamic Movements in India: Moderation and its Discontents |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=9781000706727 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aXu9DwAAQBAJ}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Menon |first=Nandagopal R. |title=Imagined Kerala |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=34 |date= 21 August 2010 |pages=22–25 }}<br />
* {{citation |first1=R. |last1=Santhosh |first2=Dayal |last2=Paleri |title=Ethnicization of religion in practice? Recasting competing communal mobilizations in coastal Karnataka, South India |journal=Ethnicities |year=2021 |volume=21 |number=3 |pages=563–588 |doi=10.1177/1468796820974502|s2cid=230610912 |issn = 1468-7968 }}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{official website|http://www.popularfrontindia.org/ }}<br />
* {{cite news|title=Here Come the Pious|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main47.asp?filename=Ne091010Coverstory.asp|work=Tehelka|access-date=9 July 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122534/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main47.asp?filename=Ne091010Coverstory.asp|url-status=dead}}<br />
{{Terror outfits}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2006 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Political organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Islamist front organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Mujahideen]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetan_(name)&diff=493893Chetan (name)2026-01-28T19:22:45Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Put up the data initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox given name<br />
| name = Chetan<br />
| image=<br />
| image size=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronunciation= <br />
| gender = Male<br />
| meaning =<br />
| region = India<br />
| origin = Sanskrit<br />
| related names = Chaitan, Chaitanya<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Chetan''' is a common [[India]]n and [[Nepal]]ese first name for males. The Hindi word means 'Spirit Full' or 'Full of Consciousness'; the name is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word 'Chaitanya'.<br />
<br />
Chetan may refer to:<br />
*[[Chetan Anand (badminton)]], badminton player from India<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thatte|first=Mamta|date=2018-12-26|title=Chetan Anand Biography: A Humble Badminton Star who Dominated the Game for Years|url=https://www.kreedon.com/chetan-anand-biography/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Voice of Indian Sports - KreedOn|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
*[[Chetan Anand (director)]] (1921–1997), Hindi film producer, screenwriter and director<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chetan Anand|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0025608/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=IMDb}}</ref><br />
*[[Chetan Baboolall]], Mauritian politician<br />
*[[Chetan Baboor]] (born 1974), Indian international table tennis champion<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=Arunima|date=2019-06-22|title=Chetan Baboor: A versatile player on and off the arena|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/chetan-baboor-a-versatile-player-on-and-off-the-arena/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=thebridge.in|language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Chetan Bhagat]] (born 1974), Indian author, columnist, and speaker<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chetan Bhagat {{!}} Biography, Books and Facts|url=https://www.famousauthors.org/chetan-bhagat|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.famousauthors.org}}</ref><br />
*[[Chetan Chauhan]] (1947–2020), former Indian cricketer and Member of Parliament<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chetan Chauhan profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/chetan-chauhan-27619|access-date=2021-09-13|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Chetan (actor)]], Tamil television and film actor<br />
*[[Lucian Chetan]] (born 1985), Romanian football player<br />
*[[Chetan Eknath Chitnis]] (born 1961), Principal Investigator into malaria at ICGEB, New Delhi<br />
*[[Chetan Hansraj]], former model and Indian Film and television actor popular for portraying villain roles in TV serials<br />
*[[Chetan Joshi]], flautist in the Hindustani Classical Music tradition<br />
*[[Chetan Kumar]] (born 1984), Kannada film actor<br />
*[[Chetan Patel]] (born 1972), former English cricketer<br />
*[[Kris Chetan Ramlu]], New Zealand musician, <br />
*[[Chetan Sakariya]], Indian Cricketer<br />
*[[Chetan Sharma]] (born 1966), medium pace bowler who was a member of the Indian cricket team<br />
*[[Chetan Sosca]], Indian playback singer<br />
*[[Chetan Suryawanshi]] (born 1985), Indian born cricketer<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]], 1995 Malayalam comedy musical film<br />
*[[Chhota Chetan]], 1998 Hindi movie directed by Jijo Punnoose<br />
*[[Chetan Nagar]], village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India<br />
*[[Chetouane]]<br />
<br />
{{given name|Chetan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian given names]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharifpura&diff=534673Sharifpura2026-01-22T18:06:37Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Created post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sharifpura<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Neighborhood of Amritsar<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <!--India Punjab--><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = City<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amritsar]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
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| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sharifpura''' is a locality in [[Amritsar]], in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state of [[India]]. It was established by Deputy Mohammad Shariff, a prominent [[Muslims|Muslim]] figure known as the ''"Raees of Amritsar",'' and his son Engineer Fazal ur Rehman Shariff in the early 1920s.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Engineer Fazal ur Rehman Shariff earned a degree in [[civil engineering]] from [[University of Liverpool|Liverpool]], [[England]] in 1912 and returned to Amritsar. He later joined the irrigation department in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] as an SDO and worked on various projects including work on the Sulemanki Headworks. He was one of the first qualified Muslim engineers in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharifpura govt school runs from unsafe building |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/sharifpura-govt-school-runs-from-unsafe-building-462871/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sharifpura was to envisioned as a township for local Muslim. This locality became the refuge and final safe haven for the Muslims who migrated to [[Pakistan]] in 1947. Sharifpura was attacked two months after partition, driving out any remaining survivors.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Amritsar district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Amritsar district]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Punjab, India]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana_Chudasama&diff=454392Nana Chudasama2026-01-16T05:58:55Z<p>MichaelWhite3: small adjusted intro for accuracy additionally</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian jurist and mayor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=December 2018}}{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Nana Mansinh Chudasama<br />
| native_name = <br />
| office1 = [[Sheriff of Mumbai]]<br />
| predecessor1 = Jahangir K. S. Nicholson<br />
| succeeded1 = Saad Alim Bagban<br />
| image = Nana Chudasama at Shaina NC's trial show of 'Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai'.jpg<br />
| caption = Nana at trial show of '[[Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai]]'.<br />
| spouse = Munira Nana Chudasama<br />
| children = 3 (including [[Shaina NC|Shaina Chudasama]])<br />
| birth_date = 17 June 1933<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|12|23|1933|7|17|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Bombay State]], [[British India]] {{small|(now in [[Gujarat]], [[India]])}})<br />
| termstart1 = 1989<br />
| termend1 = 1990<br />
}}<br />
'''Nana Mansinh Chudasama''' (17 June 1933 – 23 December 2018) was a jurist and [[sheriff of Mumbai|Sheriff]] of [[Mumbai]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and family ==<br />
He was from a noted family [[Rajput]] of the Village Keshwala, Gondal Taluka, Rajkot, Dist., Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khullar|first=Darshan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QmqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|title=Pakistan Our Difficult Neighbour and India's Islamic Dimensions|date=30 September 2014|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82652-82-3|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Former Sheriff of Mumbai, Nana Chudasama, a Hindu Gujarati Rajput married Muraina Jasdanvala.}}</ref> His father, Mansinh Chudasama, was police commissioner. Nana was second of three brothers, his elder brother the late Mota Chudasama being a noted businessman, and his younger brother Chhota being associated with Air India for many years. Nana after graduation started his career in the early 1950s as an executive in a US petroleum company in Mumbai; he also managed an apartment at Prithviraj Chambers, on Narayan Dabholkar Road in the elite Nepean Sea Road area, next door to where he lived at the time.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In his later career, Nana became the founder of the NGO [[Giants International]] which has over 500 branches in India and branches across the world including the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[South Africa]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Ukraine]]. Giants undertakes projects which affect society, such as family welfare, disaster management, education, environment and so on.<br />
<br />
Chudasama was also the president of "[[I Love Mumbai]]" which he founded when he was Sheriff of Mumbai. The organisation focuses on the greening, beautification and cleaning of Mumbai. He was also the President of [[Forum Against Drugs and AIDS]] which he founded, chairperson of the [[National Kidney Foundation]], Founder President of Common Man's Forum, an organisation to safeguard the interests of the common man; Convener, Relief and Rehabilitation Committee, Government of Maharashtra, which assists bomb blast victims. He was also the national president of Jaycees, which had earlier awarded him the Young Man of India Award; former president of [[Indo-American Society]]. He was also a member of the Task Force of the [[Government of Maharashtra]] to prepare action plan for transforming Mumbai into a better city.<br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
He died on 23 December 2018 at the age of 85 after a brief illness. [[Shaina NC|Shaina Nana Chudasama]] Shiv Sena leader is his daughter. Nana Chudasama and Munira Chudasama also have one son, Akshay Nana Chudasama, and another daughter, Brinda Nana Chudasama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/906742/nana-chudasama-former-mumbai-mayor-who-put-up-banners-on-marine-drive-for-decades-dies-at-86|title=Nana Chudasama, former Mumbai sheriff who put up banners on Marine Drive for decades, dies at 86|last=Staff|date=23 December 2018|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/veteran-social-activist-nana-709523.html|title=Veteran social activist Nana Chudasama no more|last=Bose|first=Mrityunjay|date=23 December 2018|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|publisher=The Printers, Mysore|language=en|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref> His children were saddened by his death.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Portal|Biography|India<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chudasama, Nana}}<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:2018 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Sheriffs of Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rajkot district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterlite_Technologies&diff=460359Sterlite Technologies2026-01-14T09:15:56Z<p>MichaelWhite3: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian multinational technology company}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Sterlite Technologies Limited<br />
| logo = Sterlite Technologies Limited.png<br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = File:Sterlite_Technologies,_Waluj.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| image_caption = Sterlite Technologies' plant at [[Waluj MIDC]]<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| trade_name = STL<br />
| traded_as = {{unbulleted list|{{BSE|532374}}|{{NSE|STLTECH}}}}<br />
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE089C01029}}<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| founder = [[Anil Agarwal (industrialist)|Anil Agarwal]]<br />
| defunct = <br />
| fate = <br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Anil Agarwal (industrialist)|Anil Agarwal]]<br />
*Pravin Agarwal<br />
*Ankit Agarwal <br />{{small|([[Managing Director]])}} <ref>{{cite web|title=STL appoints Ankit Agarwal Managing Director|website = [[Bloomberg News]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks?blocklist=18227386}}</ref><br />
* Paul Atkinson<br />
* Praveen Cherian<br />
* Raman Venkatraman<br />
* Tushar Shroff <br />{{small|([[Chief Financial Officer|Group Chief Financial Officer]])}}<br />
* Manish Sinha <br />{{small|([[Chief Marketing Officer|Group Chief Marketing Officer]])}}<br />
* Anjali Byce <br />{{small|([[Chief Human Resource Officer|Group Chief Human Resource Officer]])}}<br />
* Badri Gomatham <br />{{small|([[Chief Technology Officer|Group Chief Technology Officer]])}}<br />
}}<br />
| industry = {{Unbulleted list|[[Telecommunications industry|Telecommunications]]|[[Technology company|Technology]]|[[Datacenter]]s|[[VPN|Virtualized Networks]]|[[Network equipment]]}}<br />
| genre = <br />
| products = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Optical fiber]]<br />
*[[Fiber-optic cable]]s<br />
*[[Structured cabling|Structured data cables]]<br />
*Network services<br />
*Network software}}<br />
| services = Optical fibre infrastructure, passive infrastructure, access networks, metro, FTTH, wi-fi, IBS, optics & MPLS core network, enterprise services, fixed broadband, telecom software<br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1988}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sterlitetech.com/corporate-profile.pdf |title=Corporate profile |publisher=sterlitetech.com |access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><br />
| location_city = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| location_country = India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stl.tech/contact-us.php|title=Contact Us {{!}} STL Tech |publisher=stl.tech |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><br />
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|39960|m}}<ref name="bseindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/StockReach/AdvanceStockReach.aspx?scripcode=532374 |title=BSE Plus |publisher=Bseindia.com |access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><br />
| operating_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|5662|m}}<ref name="bseindia1"/><br />
| net_income = <br />
| aum = <br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| owner = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| parent = [[Vedanta Limited]]<br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = ClearCom<br />
| rating = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[CRISIL]] AA/Watch Long-term<ref>{{cite web | date=2023-08-24 | url=https://www.crisilratings.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/SterliteTechnologiesLimited_August%2024,%202023_RR_326285.html | title=Rating Rationale Sterlite Technologies Limited Ratings continues on Watch Developing Rated amount enhanced for Bank Debt|access-date=2023-09-01 |website=[[CRISIL]] | language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[ICRA Limited|ICRA]] A1+/Reaffirmed Short-term<ref>{{cite web | date=2023-04-25 | url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=119539 | title=Sterlite Technologies Limited: Ratings reaffirmed |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=[[ICRA Limited]] | language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| caption = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sterlite Technologies Limited''' (formerly '''Sterlite Tech''')<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=STLTECH |title=Sterlite Technologies Limited |website=[[National Stock Exchange of India]]}}</ref> is an Indian optical and digital [[technology company]], headquartered in [[Pune]]. It is listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India]]. It has 636<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.justia.com/assignee/sterlite-technologies-limited|title = Patents Assigned to Sterlite Technologies Limited – Justia Patents Search}}</ref> patents and is active in over 150 countries. The company is specialized in [[optical networking]] which consists of [[optical fiber]] and cables, hyper-scale network design, and deployment and network software.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The company was founded as Sterlite Telecom Systems in March 2000, primarily engaged in the production of telecommunication cables. By August 2000, the company's name was changed to Sterlite Optical Technologies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Latest Sterlite Technologies Ltd News, Photos, Latest News Headlines about Sterlite Technologies Ltd-The Hindu BusinessLine |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/stocks/sterlite-technologies-ltd/about |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the fiscal year 2005-2006, the company raised its installed capacity for Fiber Optic Cables from 1.4 million FKM to 2.4 million FKM. Additionally, in the same year, the company initiated a new project to manufacture Broadband Access Networks.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Between 2006 and 2007, the company expanded its installed capacity for Copper Telecom Cables by 2 million CKM to reach a total of 9.5 million CKM. Similarly, the capacity for Fiber Optic Cables was raised by 822,528 FKM to reach 3,222,528 FKM, and the capacity for Broadband Access Networks was increased by 120,000 to reach 720,000.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In 2007, the name of the company again changed to Sterlite Technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sterlite Technologie: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Sterlite Technologie - NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operations ==<br />
As of 2023, the company operates manufacturing facilities in 6 different locations, including [[Aurangabad]] and [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[Silvassa]] in [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra & Nagar Haveli]], and [[Haridwar]] in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":0" /> It has the first optical fiber cable plant in India to receive [[zero waste]] to [[landfill]] certification<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-04 |title=Sterlite Tech is 1st OFC plant in India to receive Zero Waste to Landfill certification |url=https://www.asianage.com/technology/in-other-news/040319/sterlite-tech-is-1st-ofc-plant-in-india-to-receive-zero-waste-to-landfill-certification.html |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Aurangabad plants, located in [[Waluj MIDC]] and [[Shendra MIDC]], primarily specialize in the production of single mode optical fibers that transmit signals at 1490&nbsp;nm wavelength in compliance with internet communication standards.<ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |last=Sardet |first=Maëlle J. |date=February 2023 |title=A Data-Driven Approach to Improve Optical Fiber Manufacturing: Focus on Core Deposition |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/150220 |website=DSpace@MIT |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |page=25|hdl=1721.1/150220 }}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2020, STL invested in 5G assembling ecosystem as a part of [[Make in India]] initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-23 |title=Sterlite Tech says investing in 5G to develop Make in India ecosystem – ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/stl-says-investing-in-5g-to-develop-make-in-india-ecosystem/77128059 |website=telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Geographical presence ===<br />
Along with these manufacturing sites, STL has 2 development centres and 20+ sales and marketing offices across the world as of March 31, 2018, with major presence in Australia, Brazil, China, Europe (Italy), the Middle East and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transmission Network Provider enabling Bharatnet - STL |url=https://www.stl.tech/about_us |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=stl.tech}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Research and development ==<br />
STL researches, conceptualizes, and manufactures telecommunications and specialized optical fibers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aulakh |first=Gulveen |date=2022-06-14 |title=Sterlite Technologies in talks with telcos for open-RAN 5G |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/telecom/sterlite-technologies-in-talks-with-telcos-for-open-ran-5g-11655229280385.html |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> As per the [[Cellular Operators Association of India]], it is the sole domestic firm that has cable production standards on par with the global level through substantial investments in research and development, as well as intellectual property advancements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hsueh |first=Roselyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKZ3EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sterlite+Technologies&pg=PA200 |title=Micro-institutional Foundations of Capitalism |date=2022-06-30 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-63549-3 |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, the company partnered with the Department of Electrical Engineering, [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] by signing a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to support a 5G network research professorship. Since 2020, the professor in this position has been teaching and researching on 5G technology by combining IIT-M's research and domain knowledge with STL's industry expertise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-10 |title=IIT-Madras partners with Sterlite Technologies for 5G research and development |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/iit-madras-partners-with-sterlite-technologies-for-5g-research-and-development/articleshow/72455349.cms |access-date=2023-06-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-10 |title=Sterlite Technologies, IIT Madras sign pact for advancement of 5G |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/sterlite-technologies-iit-madras-sign-pact-for-advancement-of-5g/article30269096.ece |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
During 2020, STL initiated a partnership with the Device Realization Laboratory at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] to delve into the core manufacturing process. Subsequently, in May 2022, the research focused on identifying the underlying factors contributing to fiber breaks.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Publications ===<br />
<br />
==== Case studies ====<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Abhishek |last2=Ramdas |first2=Rajani |last3=Pradeep |first3=K.V. |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218927522500055 |title=Sterlite Technologies Ltd.: To Buy or Not to Buy is the Question |journal=Asian Case Research Journal |date=2022 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=127–144 |publisher=[[Asian Case Research Journal]], [[World Scientific]]|doi=10.1142/S0218927522500055 |location=[[Singapore]] |author-link=|url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Sahay |first1=Arvind |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/cases/sterlite-technologies-limited-stl-from-cables-to-solution-selling |title=Sterlite Technologies Limited (STL): From Cables to Solution Selling |last2=Tiwari |first2=Tara |date=2023 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|Sage Knowledge]]|isbn=9781529620108 |location=[[London]] |page= |author-link=}}<br />
<br />
== Environmental, social, and governance ==<br />
<br />
=== Carbon footprint ===<br />
In March 2023, STL declared its adoption of the [[Science Based Targets initiative]] (SBTi) to enhance the transparency and specificity of its carbon monitoring, control, and disclosure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=STL announces adoption of science-based target initiatives to be net-zero by 2030 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/stl-sterlite-tech-science-based-target-initiatives-net-zero-ambition-by-2030-16103381.htm |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Lalatendu |date=2023-05-20 |title=Achieved 100% Zero Waste-to-Landfill stamp for production units, says Sterlite Technologies |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/achieved-100-zero-waste-to-landfill-stamp-for-production-units-says-sterlite-technologies/article66874858.ece |access-date=2023-05-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Regarding its carbon footprint, the company reported a total of 237,035 tCO2 emissions in the fiscal year 2022, encompassing Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Wastewater management ===<br />
In 2022, STL implemented the [[zero liquid discharge]] framework at its six manufacturing plants in Aurangabad and Silvassa, Maharashtra. The company recycled over 145,000 cubic meters of wastewater in the same fiscal year as part of this initiative. The process includes [[sewage treatment]], [[industrial wastewater treatment]], and multi-effective evaporator (MEE) plants. These operations are digitally monitored through [[SCADA]] dashboards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Sterlite Technologies bags 'zero liquid discharge' certification |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sterlite-technologies-bags-zero-liquid-discharge-certification/article66029920.ece |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Mergers and acquisitions ==<br />
<br />
* On 24 September 2015, Sterlite Technologies Limited acquired Elitecore Technologies in an all cash deal worth {{INR}}180 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/sterlite-technologies-buys-elitecore-for-rs-180-crore/article7681525.ece|title=Sterlite Technologies buys Elitecore for Rs 180 crore|website=@businessline|date=23 September 2015|language=en|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref><br />
* On 20 July 2018, Sterlite Technologies Limited subsidiary Sterlite Global Venture acquired Metallurgica Bresciana in an all cash deal worth €47 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/sterlite-tech-arm-completes-acquisition-of-metallurgica-bresciana/articleshow/65100540.cms|title=Sterlite Tech arm completes acquisition of Metallurgica Bresciana|date=2018-07-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref><br />
* On 26 September 2019, Sterlite Technologies Limited subsidiary Sterlite Global Venture acquired Impact Data Solutions (IDS) Group for an enterprise value of $15 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sterlite-technologies-acquires-uk-based-ids-group/1717703/|title=Sterlite Technologies acquires UK-based IDS Group|date=2019-09-26|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref><br />
* On 9 January 2020, Sterlite Technologies Limited acquired 12.8% stake in Israel-based [[ASOCS]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/sterlite-technologies-shares-rise-350-on-stake-buy-in-israel-based-asocs/article30531186.ece|title=Sterlite Technologies shares rise 3.50% on stake buy in Israel-based ASOCS|website=@businessline|date=10 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref><br />
* On 2 November 2020, Sterlite Technologies Limited acquired 100% stake in Optotec S.p.A, a leading optical interconnect company at an enterprise value of €29 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-02 |title=Sterlite Technologies to acquire Italy-based Optotec |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sterlite-technologies-to-acquire-italy-based-optotec/articleshow/79002881.cms |access-date=2023-03-23 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
* In June 2021, STL acquired a UK-based network integration company, Clearcomm for £15.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kar |first=Ayushi |date=2021-07-22 |title=Sterlite Tech to acquire UK's Clearcomm for £15.5 million |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/sterlite-tech-to-acquire-uks-clearcomm-for-155-million/article35470266.ece |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Philanthropy ==<br />
<br />
=== Jeewan Jyoti Women Empowerment Programme (JJWEP) ===<br />
In 2014, STL established the Jeewan Jyoti Women Empowerment Programme (JJWEP), to bring about gender equality, create decent work opportunities, economic growth, and thus, alleviation of poverty in several villages<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xiaomi.dailyhunt.in/news/india/hindi/voice+and+data-epaper-voicdata/creating+value+in+everyday+life+stl+s+csr+journey-newsid-133640670?pgs=N&pgn=0&mode=wap&|title=Creating Value in Everyday Life STL's CSR Journey - VOICE and DATA {{!}} DailyHunt Lite|website=Dailyhunt|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Medical Mobile Unit (MMU) ===<br />
STL initiated MMU programme in partnership with Indian red cross society across 24 remote villages<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stl.tech/blog/sterlite-tech-magic-medical-van/|title=Sterlite Tech's Magic Medical Van|last=Admin|date=2019-02-21|website=STL Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== STL Garv ===<br />
In 2020, STL Garv launched [[BharatNet]]-based platform to deliver telemedicine, e-tutoring, government-to-citizen, and assisted e-commerce services in rural India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expanding Internet Adoption in Rural India |url=https://mitsloan.mit.edu/action-learning/expanding-internet-adoption-rural-india |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=MIT Sloan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETTelecom.com |title=Sterlite launches an industry-first digital inclusion solution 'STL Garv' - ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sterlite-launches-an-industry-first-digital-inclusion-solution-stl-garv/79205186 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognitions ==<br />
<br />
* In 2019, STL is awarded at [[The Economic Times]] CIO annual conclave<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/winners-of-etcio-annual-conclave-2019/68351574|title=Winners of ETCIO Annual Conclave 2019 - ET CIO|last=www.ETCIO.com|website=ETCIO.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><br />
* 2022, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Telecom Skill Excellence Awards at [[Department of Telecommunications]]' International Quantum Communication Conclave.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETTelecom.com |title=DoT-backed Quantum Communication Conclave concludes - ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/dot-backed-quantum-communication-conclave-concludes/99116381 |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
<br />
In 2002, Sterlite Technologies Limited was the subject of a major lawsuit,<ref>[http://www.ofsoptics.com/press_room/view_press_release.php?txtID=136 www.ofsoptics.com press release]</ref> by Fitel USA, a subsidiary of [[Furukawa Electric]] charging Sterlite Technologies Limited with infringement of a number of optical fiber patents including those related to manufacturing fiber with low polarization mode dispersion. This lawsuit was settled in Jan 2010.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ofs-and-sterlite-settle-lawsuit-81345622.html|title=OFS and Sterlite Settle Lawsuit|last=OFS|agency=PR Newswire|language=en|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, a district court of [[Columbia, South Carolina]] ruled that Sterlite Technologies unjustly benefited from acquiring [[Prysmian Group]]'s trade secrets and awarded $96.5 million in damages against the company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2024 |title=US court asks Vedanta-backed Sterlite Tech to pay $96.5 mn to Prysmian |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/us-court-asks-vedanta-backed-sterlite-tech-to-pay-96-5-mn-to-prysmian-124081600831_1.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2024 |title=US court orders Vedanta Group-owned Sterlite Tech to pay ₹810 crore to Prysmian for violating trade secrets: Report |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/us-court-orders-vedanta-group-owned-sterlite-te |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links ==<br />
*[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1370431/000114554906001634/u92827bfv1za.htm#105 Amended F-1 registration statement] for Sterlite Industries (India) Limited filed with the U.S. [[Securities and Exchange Commission]]<br />
<br />
{{Vedanta Resources}}<br />
{{Glass makers and brands}}<br />
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Glassmaking companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Gurgaon]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
[[Category:1988 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1988]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajambal_(1935_film)&diff=462820Rajambal (1935 film)2026-01-10T00:43:00Z<p>MichaelWhite3: refined information for accuracy for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Rajambal<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = A. Narayanan<br />
| producer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = K. V. Santhanakrishna Naidu<br />
| story = J. R. Rangaraju<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''Rajambal'' novel and stage play|J. R. Rangaraju}}<br />
| starring = P. S. Srinivasa Rao<br />K. N. Rajalakshmi<br />Krishna Iyengar<br />Rajam<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1935|ref1=<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1935-cinedetails29.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20161028053930/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1935-cinedetails29.asp|archivedate=28 October 2016|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}<br />
| runtime = 177 mins. (16000 ft.)<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
{{Blacklisted-links|1=<br />
*https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf<br />
*:''Triggered by <code>\bfiles\.wordpress\.com\b</code> on the global blacklist''|bot=Cyberbot II|invisible=false}}<br />
'''''Rajambal''''' is a 1935 Indian, [[Tamil language]] film directed by A. Narayanan.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=634 |url=https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf}}</ref> The film stars P. S. Srinivasa Rao and K. N. Rajalakshmi.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story is of a judicial officer who used his official powers to meet his own ends.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
List adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].<ref name=anandan /><br />
{{Col-begin|width=65%}}<br />
{{Col-2}}<br />
;Male cast<br />
*P. S. Srinivasa Rao<br />
*Krishna Iyengar<br />
*M. N. Srinivasan<br />
{{Col-2}}<br />
;Female cast<br />
*K. N. Rajalakshmi<br />
*Rajam<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The story was first published as a novel authored by J. G. Rangaraju and then was staged as a drama.<br />
<br />
This is the first edition of the film produced by Coimbatore Talkies and directed by A. Narayanan. K. V. Santhanakrishna Naidu wrote the dialogues.<ref name=anandan /> A second edition, [[Rajambal (1951 film)|Rajambal]] was produced and released in 1951.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |authorlink=Randor Guy |date=3 January 2009 |title=Rajambal 1951 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Rajambal-1951/article15934288.ece |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170618013456/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Rajambal-1951/article15934288.ece |archivedate=18 June 2017 |accessdate=18 June 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
K. V. Santhanakrishna Naidu wrote the lyrics too. At that time there were no playback singing and no separate music directors. The lyricists wrote the lyrics and set the tune. Artistes sang with their own voice. Background music score was done by the studio orchestras.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0247650}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1935 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1935 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
<br />
{{1930s-Tamil-film-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Lalruotsang&diff=485501Alfred Lalruotsang2026-01-05T22:14:01Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Starting a details - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian footballer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Alfred Lalruotsang Hmar<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|6|26|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = Hmarkhawlien, [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Assam]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| height = {{height|m=1.77}}<br />
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]<br />
| currentclub = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| clubnumber = 30<br />
| youthyears1 = <br />
| youthclubs1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br />
| youthyears2 = 2019<br />
| youthclubs2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| years1 = 2020<br />
| clubs1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| caps1 = 1<br />
| goals1 = 0<br />
| years2 = 2021–22<br />
| clubs2 = FC Areacode<br />
| caps2 = ?<br />
| goals2 = ?<br />
| years3 = 2022<br />
| clubs3 = Lenruol FC<br />
| caps3 = ?<br />
| goals3 = ?<br />
| years4 = 2022–<br />
| clubs4 = [[NorthEast United FC Reserves and Academy|NorthEast United B]]<br />
| caps4 = 2<br />
| goals4 = 4<br />
| years5 = 2022–<br />
| clubs5 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| caps5 = 1<br />
| goals5 = 0<br />
| club-update = 5 September 2022<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Alfred Lalruotsang Hmar''' (born 26 June 2003) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Congratulations 𝐃𝐢𝐩𝐮 & 𝐀𝐥𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐝 on being promoted to the first-team! ❤️🤍🖤|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/1566758225801728002?s=20&t=JM1zFghxtj6JJ2XNwaGVxg|website=@NEUtdFC|date=5 September 2022|access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> He is the youngest-ever player to play in the Indian Super League at the age of 16 years and 240 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kundu |first=Abhishek |date=20 February 2020 |title=ISL Records: NorthEast United FC's Alfred Lalruotsang becomes the youngest player in league history |language=en-us |work=Sportskeeda |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-records-northeast-united-fc-s-alfred-lalruotsang-becomes-the-youngest-player-in-league-history |access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Club career ==<br />
===NorthEast United===<br />
Lalroutsang made his debut for [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] in February 2020 after multiple injuries to the starting squad, becoming the youngest-ever player to play in the ISL at the age of 16 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kundu |first=Abhishek |date=20 February 2020 |title=ISL Records: NorthEast United FC's Alfred Lalruotsang becomes the youngest player in league history |language=en-us |work=Sportskeeda |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-records-northeast-united-fc-s-alfred-lalruotsang-becomes-the-youngest-player-in-league-history |access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alfred Lalruotsang profile |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-68809-alfred-lalruotsang-profile |access-date=2022-01-01 |publisher=Indian Super League |language=en}}</ref><br />
In [[2022 Durand Cup]], Alfred plays 4 games for [[NorthEast United FC B|NorthEast United B]] and provided one assist in the end of the tournament. Due to his impressive performance Alfred is promoted to the senior team for [[2022–23 Indian Super League]] season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congratulations 𝐃𝐢𝐩𝐮 & 𝐀𝐥𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐝 on being promoted to the first-team! ❤️🤍🖤|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/1566758225801728002?s=20&t=JM1zFghxtj6JJ2XNwaGVxg|website=@NEUtdFC|date=5 September 2022|access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career statistics==<br />
{{updated|match played 2 September 2022}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|Club<br />
!rowspan="2"|Season<br />
!colspan="3"|League<br />
!colspan="2"|Cup<br />
!colspan="2"|Continental<br />
!colspan="2"|Other<br />
!colspan="2"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
|{{nowrap|[[2019—20 NorthEast United FC season|2019–20]]}}<br />
|[[Indian Super League]]<br />
|1||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||1||0<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |[[NorthEast United FC B|NorthEast United B]]<br />
|2022<br />
|GSA C Division<br />
|2||4||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||6||4<br />
|-<br />
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
|{{nowrap|[[2022–23 NorthEast United FC season|2022–23]]}}<br />
|[[Indian Super League]]<br />
|0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||0||0<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="3"|Career total<br />
!3!!4!!4!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!7!!4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
<br />
'''NorthEast United B'''<br />
*'''GSA C Division''': 2022<ref>{{cite news|title=The NEUFC reserves are the champions of the GSA C Division Football League! ❤️🤍🖤|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/1548646141637435392?s=20&t=HCEXvANFrpzQwzmf68figA|website=@NEUtdFC|date=17 July 2022|access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Soccerway|id=alfred-lalroutsang/639276|name=Alfred Lalroutsang}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalroutsang, Alfred}}<br />
[[Category:2003 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]<br />
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]<br />
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajagopalachari_(given_name)&diff=528370Rajagopalachari (given name)2025-11-02T11:24:13Z<p>MichaelWhite3: made a article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Given name list}}{{Infobox given name<br />
| name = Rajagopalachari<br />
| image=<br />
| imagesize=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronunciation=<br />
| gender = [[Male]]<br />
| meaning =<br />
| region = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| origin = <br />
| related names =<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rajagopalachari''' is a given name used amongst the [[Iyengar]] community of [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
Notable people with the name include:<br />
<br />
* [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (1878–1972), Indian statesman, writer, lawyer, and independence activist.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2016 |title=C. Rajagopalachari: The icon India needs today |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/b7BmRSyqrO8LaTmz1yIv5L/C-Rajagopalachari-The-icon-India-needs-today.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210005432/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/b7BmRSyqrO8LaTmz1yIv5L/C-Rajagopalachari-The-icon-India-needs-today.html |archive-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><br />
* [[Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari]] (1927–2014), Indian yoga master.<ref name="sahajmarg-sundaytimes">{{Cite web |title=Sahaj Marg system of meditation |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080803/Plus/sundaytimesplus_11.html |accessdate=2016-03-27 |website=www.sundaytimes.lk}}</ref><br />
* [[Perungavur Rajagopalachari]] (1862–1927), Indian civil servant and administrator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohan |url=http://www.perungavur.tk |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.perungavur.tk}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Given name}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashmir_Sapphire&diff=508819Kashmir Sapphire2025-10-30T04:20:15Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Started a post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{orphan|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Short description|Rare variety of blue sapphire}}<br />
<br />
'''Kashmir sapphire''' is a rare and highly prized variety of [[Sapphire|blue sapphire]] known for its rich, velvety hue and exceptional transparency.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gia.edu/doc/WN19-blue-sapphire-geographic-origin-determination.pdf | title=GIA Research on Kashmir Sapphires | date=Winter 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/kashmir-sapphires-a-detailed-guide-for-collectors-and-enthusiasts | title=Kashmir Sapphires: A Detailed Guide for Collectors and Enthusiasts | date=November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ssef.ch/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2013-Krzemnicki-Kashmir-sapphire-Facette.pdf | title=SSEF Document on Kashmir Sapphires | date=November 2024 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.christies.com/en/stories/legendary-indian-mines-56df3c837ab0484dbea6235d7f4a6200 | title=Christies: Blue Velvet and Pools of Crystal Water | date=October 2021 }}</ref> Discovered in the late 19th century in Kashmir, India, the finest stones exhibit a deep cornflower blue color with a soft, glowing appearance due to fine silk inclusions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.estatediamondjewelry.com/the-complete-guide-to-buying-kashmir-sapphires/ | title=Michael Khordipour on Kashmir Sapphires | date=January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.skinnerinc.com/news/blog/do-i-have-a-kashmir-sapphire/ | title=Kaitlin Shinnick on Kashmir Sapphires | date=January 2021 }}</ref> Mined primarily from the 1880s to the early 1900s, these sapphires are now exceedingly rare and command top prices at auctions. Their unique characteristics distinguish them from sapphires of other origins, making them some of the most sought-after gems in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Sapphire Material from Kashmir |url=https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2024-gemnews-new-sapphire-material-from-kashmir |website=www.gia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Understanding Kashmir Sapphires {{!}} A Collector's Dream |url=https://www.ronaldabram.com/pages/understanding-kashmir-sapphires |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Ronald Abram |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In 1882, a group of traders from the [[Paddar Valley|Padder Valley]] in [[Zanskar Range|Zanskar]] mountain range found these stones following a landslide, these sapphires were exceptional and beautiful. When Maharaja of Kashmir came to know about the sapphires, he dispatched miners who worked for summer months and retrieved sapphires of size up to 5 inches, the royal guards protected the mines immediately after the discovery for up to 5 years until the exhaustion of mines and subsequent requests were followed by the maharaja to British India for the discovery of more mines in the valley floor.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gemstone mines]]<br />
[[Category:Gemstones]]<br />
<br />
{{mineral-stub}}<br />
{{gemology-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhyani_Dave&diff=496977Dhyani Dave2025-10-25T20:42:14Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Put up new page and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian chess player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox chess player<br />
| name = Dhyani Dave <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| full_name = <!-- if different --><br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|8|21|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], India<br />
| title = [[Woman International Master]] (2013)<br />
| rating = [https://ratings.fide.com/profile/5019834/chart 2065] (September 2018)<br />
| peakrating = 2205 (November 2010)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dhyani Dave''' (born 21 August 1991 in [[Gujarat]]) is an Indian [[chess]] player who holds the [[FIDE title]] of Woman International Master.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ratings.fide.com/title_applications.phtml?details=1&id=5019834&title=WIM&pb=29 |title=FIDE Title Applications (GM, IM, WGM, WIM, IA, FA, IO) |website=ratings.fide.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
She has won gold medals at the Under 14 [[Asian Chess Championship]] and the Under 16 [[Commonwealth Chess Championship]]. She is a silver medalist at the Under 10 Asian Championship and the Under 12 Commonwealth Championship. In August 2012, she played with 150 [[chess rating|rated]] chess players at [[Mahatma Mandir]], Gujarat and entered in [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-chess-in-gujarat-flourishing-viswanathan-anand-1733534 |title=Chess in Gujarat flourishing: Viswanathan Anand |first=dna |last=Correspondent |date=28 August 2012 |website=DNA India}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the age of nine she played Bollywood star and chess enthusiast [[Aamir Khan]] on the set of the film ''[[Lagaan]].''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/dhyani-dave-and-aamir-khan |title=When a nine-year old beat Aamir Khan at chess |date=18 January 2017 |work=Chessbase India |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018 she alleged that [[gender bias]] by the Gujarat state in denying her a government job had also impacted her chess career.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/sports/others/gujarats-first-female-international-chess-master-dhyani-dave-alleges-gender-bias-by-the-state-government/articleshow/65782267.cms |title=GUJARAT'S FIRST FEMALE INTERNATIONAL CHESS MASTER DHYANI DAVE ALLEGES GENDER BIAS BY THE STATE GOVERNMENT |date=12 September 2018 |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
She is an owner of the Dhyan Chess Academy in [[Ahmedabad]] where she teaches. In 2019 she won in the Sports category of the {{Proper name|iWoman Global Awards}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iwomanglobalawards.org/users/winner/448 |title=iWGA Winners 2019 - Dhyani Dave |work=iWGA |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{FIDE|5019834}}<br />
* {{365Chess.com player|Dhyani_Dave}}<br />
* {{Chessgames.com player|136316}}<br />
* {{ChessTempo.com player|45746}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dave, Dhyani}}<br />
[[Category:1991 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female chess players]]<br />
[[Category:Chess Woman International Masters]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati sportspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarun_Chandra_Pamegam&diff=539755Tarun Chandra Pamegam2025-10-10T16:07:10Z<p>MichaelWhite3: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}<br />
'''Tarun Chandra Pamegam''' (16 August 1924 &ndash; 30 August 1983) was an [[Assamese people|Assamese]] writer. He wrote in [[Assamese language]] and [[Mising language]]. He was the vice-president of [[Asom Sahitya Sabha]] in 1975.<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
Pamegam is known for several works. ''Xetu'' ({{langx|as|সেতু)}} is a radio play<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb1612/state06 |title=AIR Dibrugarh celebrates 43 years |date=16 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Assam Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101553/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb1612/state06 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which won national awards.<ref>[http://prithwisworld.blogspot.in/2012/08/akashvani-dibrugarh-43-glorious-years.html This site mentions this drama being played by Dibrugarh Radio Station and also mentions that it received national awards]</ref> ''Mising Xokolor Loko Git'' is a book about Mising folk music.<ref>[http://franklin.library.upenn.edu/record.html?id=FRANKLIN_1552187 Franklin]</ref><br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
Tarun Chandra Pamegam was born on 16 August 1924 in the village Borganya No 2 in the sub-division of [[Majuli]] in the [[Sivasagar district]]. He was the eldest son of Budhbor and Guneswari Pamegam. He died on 30 August 1983.<ref>[http://www.assam.org/pages/some-great-assamese-last-1000-years Some great Assamese of the last 1000 years]</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2020}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pamegam, Tarun Chandra}}<br />
[[Category:1924 births]]<br />
[[Category:1983 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Mising people]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray,_Jharkhand&diff=530068Ray, Jharkhand2025-08-24T17:07:40Z<p>MichaelWhite3: made info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ray<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India3<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6851|N|85.0535|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 5.85<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 6977<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Khelari block#Language and religion]])<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 829210<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]<br />
| area_code = 06530<br />
| registration_plate = JH 01<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 77.17%<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]<br />
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Ray''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Khelari block|Khelari]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9<br />
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division'''<br/>M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32= Ray (CT) |shape-color32=black| label-size32=13|label-color32=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365<br />
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365<br />
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365<br />
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none<br />
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none<br />
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none<br />
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none<br />
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none<br />
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none<br />
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none<br />
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Ray is located at {{coord|23.6851|N|85.0535|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16&nbsp;km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ray had a total population of 6,977, of which 3,677 (53%) were males and 3,300 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,010. The total number of literate persons in Ray was 4,605 (77.17% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi , Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 373460, page 28-29|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Ranchi'', Ray covered an area of 5.85&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Among the civic amenities, it had 15&nbsp;km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, tap water from untreated sources,, overhead tank. It had 1,216 domestic electric connections. (There is something wrong with the data provided in the handbook for medical facilities in the census town - it exceeds the facilities for the CD block of which it is a part and also surpasses that of Ranchi city). Among the educational facilities it had 6 primary schools, 5 middle schools, other school facilities at [[Churi]] 5&nbsp;km away. An important commodity it produced was coal. It had the branch office of 1 nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 675-681| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 10 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
The projects of the [[North Karanpura Area]] of [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Ltd.]] in [[North Karanpura Coalfield]] are: Churi underground, Dakra Bukbuka opencast, K.D.H. opencast, Karkatta opencast, Rohini opencast, Purnadih opencast.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 27 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya was established at [[Dakra, Ranchi|Dakra]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.uksmdakra.org/ | title = Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = UKSM | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.shiksha.com/college/uttri-karanpura-sharamik-mahavidyalay-ranchi-104859| title = Uttar Karanpur Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = Shiksha | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | title = Affiliated Colleges | publisher = Ranchi University | access-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909014606/https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Government UPG High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institute established in 1953 at Ray. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. It has a library with 455 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142402102/govt-upg-high-school-ray.html | title = Government UPG High School Ray | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
There are stations at Ray and Khelari on the [[Barkakana-Son Nagar line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/barkakana-varanasi-passenger-53361/8618/1736/334 | title =53361 Barkakana-Varanasi Passenger | work= Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{South Chotanagpur Division}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranchi district]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motijhil&diff=518517Motijhil2025-08-13T03:15:59Z<p>MichaelWhite3: adding article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Lake in Murshidabad}}<br />
{{About|a lake in Murshidabad, West Bengal in India|other uses|Motijheel (disambiguation){{!}}Motijhil}}<br />
{{distinguish|text=[[Motijheel]], an administrative division of [[Dhaka]] city, the capital of Bangladesh}}<br />
{{cleanup rewrite|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{morefootnotes|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox lake<br />
| name = Motijhil<br />
| image = Moti Jheel Palace 2.jpg<br />
| alt = A painting showing Motijhil Lake and the structures that it surrounds<br />
| caption = A painting showing the ''Sang-i-Dalan'', ''Kala Masjid'', the tombs all surrounded by the Motijhil Lake.<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Motijhil within West Bengal<br />
| image_bathymetry = <br />
| alt_bathymetry = <br />
| caption_bathymetry = <br />
| location = [[Murshidabad]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.160324|88.282002|display=inline,title}}<br />
| reference = {{cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/places-topic-places-zone-three.htm|title=Website of Motijhil}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Motijhil''' (also '''Motijheel''', [[literal translation]]: '''Pearl Lake'''), also known as '''Company's Lake''' due to its association with the [[East India Company]],<ref>[http://www.holidayiq.com/Motijheel-Murshidabad-Sightseeing-817-12726.html Company Bagh]. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610205958/http://www.holidayiq.com/Motijheel-Murshidabad-Sightseeing-817-12726.html|date=2018-06-10}}</ref> is a [[Oxbow lake|horse-shoe shaped lake]] in [[Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/motijheel-mosque-and-cemetery-are-now-protected-monument-of-national-importance/articleshow/14369941.cms | title=Motijheel Mosque and cemetery are now 'protected monument of national importance' &#124; Kolkata News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mark-the-calendar-heritage-fair-in-murshidabad-is-back/articleshow/89933269.cms | title=Mark the Calendar, Heritage Fair in Murshidabad is Back &#124; Kolkata News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It was created by Nawazish Muhammad Khan, the son-in-law of Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]]. He also constructed a precious palatial palace beside this lake which is called the ''Sang-i-Dalan'' (literal translation: Stone Palace) which is also known as the ''Motijhil Palace''. It is located at the bend of this lake. It was used as the residence of Nawazish and [[Ghaseti Begum]], Nawazish's beloved wife.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/18275/In-Search-of-Cursed-Ghaseti-- | title=In Search of Cursed Ghaseti | date=6 February 2020 }}</ref> It is said that after Nawazish died, Ghaseti Begum lived here until Nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] took over the palace and seized the residents' in 1756 AD. With this money he built a similar lake with a beautiful palace, Hirajheel, on the opposite side of the [[Hooghly River]]. The palace has a lofty gateway, a mosque known as the ''"Shahamat Jang"'' and the ''Kala Masjid'' and some other buildings which were all built by Nawazish. This palace was built in 1740. As far as etymology is concerned, the palace has been named so as it was built using black basalt pillars which were brought from the ruins of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]]. Thus, it was given the name of ''Sang-i-Dalan'' or the Stone Palace. This palace was then decorated with different varieties of flower plants and precious marbles.<br />
<br />
[[File:Motijhil.jpg|thumb|The entrance to the lake]]<br />
<br />
According to [[James Rennell]] Motijhil is a horse shoe shaped lake. Motijhil is situated about one and a half kilometers away from Murshidabad in the south and about three kilometres away from the [[Hazarduari Palace]] in the south east. It has been excavated on the former beds of the Bhagirathi River that once flowed near this lake. The river was much nearer in 1766 that now. At south there is a tank known as the ''Shanti Pukur''. The offices were built on its banks.<br />
<br />
Motijhil was also the residence of [[Warren Hastings]] from 1771 to 1773, when he became the political President at the court of the Nawab. It had also paid host to [[Robert Clive]] and [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth]].<br />
<br />
==Kala Masjid==<br />
[[File:Motijhil Mosque, Kala Masjid.jpg|thumb|left|The Masjid at Motijhil, 1801 (picture taken by C.B. Asher)]]<br />
[[File:Motijheel Mosque Murshidabad By Ansuman Bhattacharya.jpg|thumb|left|The present view of the Masjid]]<br />
''Kala Masjid'' or ''[[Jama Masjid, Motijheel]]'' is situated in the vicinity of the lake and was constructed in 1749–50 AD. The construction date is also mentioned in a Persian inscription which is embedded in the wall of the mosque.<br />
<br />
The mosque is rectangular in plan and has three domes. The mosque rests on several octagonal drums which are plain and are devoid of any decoration and the domes are crowned by lotus and ''kalasha'' (pot) finials. It also has four octagonal minarets at the four corners which taper upwards and are topped by bulbous kiosks which are supported on slender pillars. The minaret shafts are decorated. The facade is also ornamented. Three arched doorways on the east open to a prayer hall. A copy of the Quran, calligraphed by Nawazish Muhammad Khan himself is also kept preserved inside the mosque.<br />
<br />
The plinth area of the mosque is 5986 square feet.<br />
[[File:Motijheel Lake View murshidabad By Ansuman Bhattacharya.jpg|thumb|right|Motijhel Lake view]]<br />
Opposite to this masjid on the east banks of the lake used to be an ornamented mosque known as the ''Raesh Bagh''.<br />
<br />
Motijheel lake and the structures in its vicinity are protected monuments and are looked after by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<br />
<br />
==Tombs==<br />
East of the Kala Masjid are several enclosures which host the tombs of Nawazish Muhammad Khan, his adopted son Ekram-ud-Daula, Ekram's tutor, Ekram's nurse and Nawazish Khan's General, Shumsheree Ali Khan. The tombs of Ekram and Nawazish are made of marble and that of Shumsheree is made of sandstone. The grave of Ekram's tutor is made of black stone. Ekram was the younger brother of Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah.<br />
<br />
To the west of the mosque and beyond the compound wall of the Motijhil Lake, stands a ruined royal gateway, also built by Nawazish Muhammad Khan.<br />
<br />
Motijhil also hosts the grave of the son of Mr. Keating, Edward Keating. In 1774, Mr. Keating was the Superintendent of the Murshidabad Mint and later became the judge of the court of appeal. The slab embedded on the grave says that his son was born on 20 December 1779 and died on 3 March 1785 (aged 5 years, 2 months and 11 days).<br />
<br />
==New constructions==<br />
In 1758, after Siraj ud-Daulah's defeat in at the [[Battle of Plassey]], [[Mir Jafar]], who succeeded Siraj as the [[Nawab of Bengal]], constructed a palace with 12 doors here and named it Bara Duari (''the palace with twelve doors''). Robert Clive is said to have lived here. He also stayed here to negotiate with the Nawabs for the transfer of the Diwani to the East India Company. On 29 April 1766 he held the first ceremony of beginning the revenue collections here with Clive as the Dewan, when [[Najimuddin Ali Khan|Nazam-ud-Daulah]] was the Nawab.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Sutapa |year=2012 |chapter=Motijheel, Murshidabad |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Motijheel,_Murshidabad |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/places-topic-places-zone-three.htm|title=Website of Motijhil}}<br />
<br />
{{Tourist attractions in Murshidabad}}<br />
{{Mosques in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Murshidabad]]<br />
[[Category:Lakes of West Bengal]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhruba_Kumar_Sen&diff=450358Dhruba Kumar Sen2025-07-12T12:04:02Z<p>MichaelWhite3: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}'''Dhruba Kumar Sen''' is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from [[Assam]], India. He created history by being elected in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in 1991 from [[Dhubri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhubri constituency]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161026230958/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140305/jsp/northeast/story_18044673.jsp#.WBCwOeB97IU Lower Assam districts worst sufferers of blockades]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161026232610/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060406/asp/northeast/story_6062949.asp 'Tulsi' comes home to Dhubri]</ref> He was the only BJP MLA in the Brahmaputra valley at that time. He was also the past 3 times president of Dhubri District. Till now he is the only MLA from Bharatiya Janata party in '''Dhubri''' '''constituency''' and one of the veteran leaders of '''BJP Assam Pradesh.''' <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Dhruba Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1991–1996]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dhubri district]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandramoulisvarar_Temple,_Arichandrapuram&diff=493452Chandramoulisvarar Temple, Arichandrapuram2025-06-23T20:58:28Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Put up basic location basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
[[File:Arichandrapuramchandramoulisvarartemple1.jpg|thumb|Arichandrapuram Chandramoulisvarar Temple]]<br />
'''Chandramoulisvarar Temple, Arichandrapuram''',<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:அரிச்சந்திரபுரம் சந்திரமௌலீஸ்வரர் கோயில்]] </ref> also known as Arichandhiram is a [[Shiva|Siva]] temple in near Pattisvaram near [[Kumbakonam]] in [[Thanjavur]] District in [[Tamil Nadu]] (India).<br />
<br />
==Vaippu Sthalam==<br />
It is one of the shrines of the [[Vaippu Sthalam|Vaippu Sthalams]] sung by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Appar]]. <ref name="bmj"> பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009 </ref> <br />
<br />
==Presiding deity==<br />
[[File:Arichandrapuramchandramoulisvarartemple2.jpg|right|100x150px|thumb|Vimana of the presiding deity]]<br />
The presiding deity is known as Chandramoulisvarar. His consort is known as Soundaravalli. <ref name="bmj"/> In the kosta of the presiding deity [[Dakshinamurthy]] is found. Surya, Chandra and Bairava are also found in this temple. Shrines of [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]], [[Kartikeya|Subramania]] with his consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devasena|Deivanai]], and [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] are found.{{fact|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
==Kumbhabhishekham==<br />
The [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of this temple was held in 26 June 1980 and in 24 November 2017 <ref> ஸ்ரீசௌந்தரவல்லி சமேத ஸ்ரீசந்திரமௌலீஸ்வரர் கோயில் குடமுழுக்கு, தினமணி, 24 நவம்பர் 2017 </ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://shaivam.org/temples-of-lord-shiva/moovar-thevara-vaippu-thalangal Muvar Thevara Vaippu Thalangal, மூவர் தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், Arichandhiram, Sl.No.12 of 139 temples]<br />
* [http://www.shivatemples.com/vt/vtlist1.php Shiva Temples, தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், அரிச்சந்திரம், Sl.No.9 of 133 temples, page1]<br />
{{Vaippu sthalam}}<br />
{{coord missing|India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indira_Gandhi_Stadium_(Solapur)&diff=504329Indira Gandhi Stadium (Solapur)2025-05-06T16:33:07Z<p>MichaelWhite3: Started new article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Cricket ground in Solapur, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket ground<br />
| ground_name = Indira Gandhi Stadium <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| country = India<br />
| location = [[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| establishment = 1972<br />
| seating_capacity = 30,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml|title=World Stadiums - Stadiums in India|publisher=|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-date=24 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| owner = [[Solapur Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| operator = [[Solapur Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|architect = <br />
| tenants = [[Maharashtra cricket team]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Indira Gandhi Stadium''' is located in [[Solapur]], in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. The venue has a capacity of 30,000 and most of the places are standing places. The stands are not covered with a roof. It is used for several events, but mainly for [[cricket]] matches. The stadium became one of the largest sports venues by capacity in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. The venue is named after [[Indira Gandhi]], the fourth prime minister of [[India]].<br />
<br />
The stadium had witnessed 10 first class matches and five [[List A]] matches from 1952 to 1994.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1220_f.html First-class cricket]</ref><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1220_a.html List A cricket]</ref><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1220_misc.html Other matches]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1220.html cricketarchive]<br />
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58452.html ESPNcricinfo]<br />
* [http://wikimapia.org/102009/Indira-Gandhi-Stadium wikimapia]<br />
<br />
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}<br />
{{Solapur district topics}}<br />
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{{coord|17.6712|75.9018|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football venues in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Solapur]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-sports-venue-stub}}<br />
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalore_taluk&diff=447113Mangalore taluk2025-05-05T13:51:52Z<p>MichaelWhite3: rd update</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Mangaluru taluk]]<br />
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{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalna_I&diff=454043Kalna I2025-03-13T08:04:16Z<p>MichaelWhite3: small adjusted citations per sources</p>
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<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
|official_name = Kalna I<br />
|other_name =<br />
|native_name = <br />
|native_name_lang = <br />
|nickname = <br />
|settlement_type = Community development block<br />
|motto =<br />
|image_skyline =<br />
|imagesize = <br />
|image_caption = <br />
|image_flag = <br />
|flag_size =<br />
|image_seal = <br />
|seal_size =<br />
|image_map = File:Kalna-I in Purba Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg<br />
|mapsize = <br />
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal<br />
|pushpin_map = <br />
|pushpin_label_position =right<br />
|pushpin_mapsize=<br />
|pushpin_map_caption =<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]] <br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]<br />
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency<br />
|subdivision_name3 = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]<br />
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency<br />
|subdivision_name4 = [[Kalna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalna]], [[Purbasthali Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purbasthali Dakshin]]<br />
|leader_title =<br />
|leader_name =<br />
|established_title = <br />
|established_date = <br />
|area_magnitude = <br />
|unit_pref = Metric <br />
|area_footnotes =<br />
|area_total_km2 = 169.08<br />
|area_land_km2 = <br />
|population_as_of = 2011<br />
|population_footnotes =<br />
|population_note =<br />
|population_total = 206,945<br />
|population_density_km2 = auto<br />
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br />
|utc_offset = +5.30<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|23|13|00|N|88|22|00|E|display=inline}}<br />
|elevation_footnotes = <br />
|elevation_m = 12<br />
|elevation_ft = <br />
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
|postal_code = 713409 (Kalna)<br/>713405 (Dhatrigram) <br />
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code<br />
|area_code = 03454 <br />
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-37,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-38,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-41,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-42,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-44 <br />
|blank_name = Literacy Rate<br />
|blank_info = 75.81 per cent<br />
|website = http://purbabardhaman.wb.gov.in/<br />
|footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kalna I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Kalna subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:Map of purba bardhaman district.jpg|thumb|left|500px|CD blocks of Purba Bardhaman district]]<br />
===Location===<br />
Kalna is located at {{coord|23.22|N|88.37|E|format=dms|}}.<br />
<br />
Kalna I CD Block is part of the Bhagirathi basin. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] forms the eastern boundary of the CD Block. The region has many swamps and water-logged areas. The soil is fertile, as it consists mainly of silt deposits.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalna I CD Block is bounded by [[Purbasthali I]] CD Block on the north, [[Santipur (community development block)|Santipur]] CD Block, in Nadia district across the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]], on the east, [[Kalna II]] CD Block on the south and [[Memari II]] CD Block on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Tehsil Map of Barddhaman |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalna I CD Block has an area of 169.08&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 154 gram sansads (village councils), 100 [[mouza]]s and 98 inhabited villages. [[Kalna, India|Kalna]] police station serves this block.<ref name=handbook2014/> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Rangapara, Kalna|Rangapara]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Kalna I block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Atghoria-Simlon, Bagnapara, Begpur, Dhatrigram, Hat-Kalna, Kankuria, Krishnadebpur, Nandai and Sultanpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<br />
===Population===<br />
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Kalna I CD Block had a total population of 206,945, of which 186,138 were rural and 20,807 were urban. There were 105,696 (51%) males and 101,294 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 20,853. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 59,242 (28.63%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 20,962 (10.13%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per 2001 census, Kalna I block had a total population of 190,687, out of which 97,903 were males and 92,784 were females. Kalna I block registered a population growth of 21.40 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Barddhaman District | access-date = 4 February 2017 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205026/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] at 58,225 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 21,222.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm |title=TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total) |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=Census 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040022/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST%28TRU1%299.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Census Town]]s in Kalna I CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Dhatrigram]] (9,955), [[Piarinagar]] (3,678) and [[Uttar Goara]] (7,178).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Kalna I CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Nandai (8,406), Gramkalna (11,973), Briddhapara (5,525), Radhanagar (5,984), Krishnadebpur (13,665) and Hatkalna (4,196).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
Other villages in Kalna I CD Block include (2011census figures in brackets): Atgharia (2,188), Simlon (3,908), Begpur (1,354), Sultanpur (1,304), Kakuria (3,206)<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
===Literacy===<br />
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Kalna I CD Block was 141,069 (75.81% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 78,164 (82.15% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 62,905 (69.14% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.01%.<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
As per 2001 census, Kalna I block had a total literacy of 66.45 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 75.23 per cent female literacy was 57.16 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 5, Bardhaman District |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211117/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref><br />
<br />
See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br />
<br />
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bardhaman district|collapsible=y}}<br />
<br />
===Languages and religion===<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion in Kalna I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/><br />
|titlebar=#FCD116<br />
|left1=<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|68.60}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|29.00}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|1.99}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.41}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 141,970 and formed 68.60% of the population in Kalna I CD Block. Muslims numbered 60,006 and formed 29.00% of the population. Christians numbered 255 and formed 0.12% of the population. Others numbered 4,714 and formed 2.28% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Bardhaman district the percentage of Hindu population has been declining from 84.3% in 1961 to 77.9% in 2011 and the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 15.2% in 1961 to 20.7% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of Indiia 2011: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman | work= Table 9: Population by religion in Badhaman district (1961-2011), Page 50|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Kalna I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 91.07 |color1 = orchid<br />
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 8.12 |color2 = darkturquoise<br />
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.81 |color3 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 91.07% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 8.12% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rural poverty==<br />
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Kalna I CD Block was 40.99%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Table 4.2: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 94 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
<br />
===Livelihood===<br />
In Kalna I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 15.15%, agricultural labourers 47.03%, household industry workers 9.34% and other workers 28.48%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalna I CD Block is part of the area where agriculture dominates the scenario but the secondary and tertiary sectors have shown an increasing trend.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Block/ Sub-division wise Variation in Occupational Distribution of Workers, page 47 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Infrastructure===<br />
There are 98 inhabited villages in Kalna I CD block. All 98 villages (100%) have power supply. All 98 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 21 villages (21.43%) have post offices. 93 villages (94.90%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 37 villages (37.76%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 60 villages (61.22%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 32 villages (32.65%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 14 villages (14.29%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 102 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013-14. There were 77 fertiliser depots, 14 seed stores and 52 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
===Agriculture===<br />
{{Pie chart <br />
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture<br/>in Kalna I CD Block'''<br />
|value1 = 6.60<br />
|label1 = Bargadars<br />
|value2 = 14.87<br />
|label2 = Patta holders<br />
|value3 = 5.10<br />
|label3 = Small farmers<br />
|value4 = 17.65<br />
|label4 = Marginal farmers<br />
|value5 = 55.78<br />
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}<br />
<br />
Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture Kalna I could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 6.60%, patta (document) holders 14.87%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 5.10%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 17.65% and agricultural labourers 55.78%.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
In 2003-04 net cropped area in Kalna I Block was 14,068 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 11,348 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Bardhaman | work = Table 3.10, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity of different blocks of Bardhaman district 2003–04, Page 53 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013–14, Kalna I CD Block produced 36,365 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 11,875 hectares, 20,786 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 5,285 hectares, 23,084 tonnes of jute from 1,045 hectares and 23,876 tonnes of potatoes from 2,376 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
In Bardhaman district as a whole Aman paddy constituted 64.32% of the total area under paddy cultivation, while the area under Boro and Aus paddy constituted 32.87% and 2.81% respectively. The expansion of Boro paddy cultivation, with higher yield rates, was the result of expansion of irrigation system and intensive cropping.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman | work = Occupational Structure, Status and levels of Livelihood, page 55 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Kalna I CD Block was 11,050.53 hectares, out of which 6,489.00 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 2,255.81 hectares by river lift irrigation and 2,305.72 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
===Weaving===<br />
With the [[partition of India]] many skilled weavers from Dhaka settled around Santipur in Nadia district and Ambika Kalna in Bardhaman district, both with long traditions in weaving and the entire weaving belt spread across Santipur, Phulia, Samudragarh, Dhatrigram and Ambika Kalna, produces quality hndloom products in exotic designs and colours.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiaprofile.com/art-crafts/bengal-art.htm |title = A Traditional Panorama - Bengal Art|access-date = 3 March 2016 | work = Arts and Crafts in India| publisher = India Profile}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Banking===<br />
In 2013–14, Kalna I CD Block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
{{Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line|collapse=y}}<br />
Kalna I CD Block has 6 ferry services and 13 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
The [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line|Bandel-Katwa branch line]] passes through this CD Block and there are stations at Dhatrigram and Ambika Kalna.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-katwa-local-37913/14611/581/1932 |title = 37913 Howrah-Katwa local |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo| access-date = 13 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)]] running from Rajnagar (in Birbhum district) to Alampur (in Howrah district) passes through this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
In 2013–14, Kalna I CD Block had 112 primary schools with 9,703 students, 11 high schools with 10,220 students and 11 higher secondary schools with 12,310 students. Kalna I CD Block had 353 institutions for special and non-formal education with 12,046 students. Kalna (municipality), outside the CD Block area, had 2 general college with 4,866 students.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
As per the 2011 census, in Kalna I CD block, amongst the 98 inhabited villages, 5 villages did not have schools, 36 villages had two or more primary schools, 23 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 17 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Barddhaman, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1082, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
More than 6,000 schools (in erstwhile Bardhaman district) serve cooked [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meal]] to more than 900,000 students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bardhaman.nic.in/middam/mdm.htm| title = Midday Meal – Burdwan, WB| publisher = District Authorities |access-date = 12 February 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
In 2014, Kalna I CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 primary health centres with total 36 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 22 family welfare subcentres. 1,954 patients were treated indoor and 157,631 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
Atgharia Rural Hospital at [[Atgharia]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Kalna I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Baghnapara (with 10 beds), Sahajpur (with 6 beds) and Sultanpur (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalna I CD Block is one of the areas of Bardhaman district which is affected by a moderately high level of arsenic contamination of ground water.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb7.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| access-date = 9 September 2011 | work = Bardhaman | publisher = SOES }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm District map showing blocks]<br />
<br />
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Bardhaman district]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_79_(India)&diff=460405National Highway 79 (India)2025-02-28T16:10:18Z<p>MichaelWhite3: quick improved intro after review and updated info based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|National highway in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{infobox road<br />
| country =IND<br />
| type = NH<br />
| route = 79<br />
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|20}}<br />
| length_km = 134.2 <br />
| image = A national highway.JPG<br />
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=line<br />
| id=Q25203074| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 79}}<br />
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red <br />
| map_custom = yes<br />
| direction_a = West<br />
| direction_b = East<br />
| terminus_a = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| terminus_b = [[Ulundurpettai]], [[Villupuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| previous_type = NH<br />
| next_type = NH<br />
| previous_route = 44 <!-- Route start junction --><br />
| next_route = 38 <!-- Route end junction --><br />
| states = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| destinations = [[Ulundrupet]] - [[Kallakurichi]] - [[Chinnasalem]] - [[Attur]] - [[Pethanaickenpalayam]] - [[Vazhapadi]] - [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]<br />
| junction = <br />
}}<br />
'''National Highway 79''' (NH 79) is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]] entirely within the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref> It runs between [[Ulundurpettai]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] for a total of {{convert|134|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=367 | title = National Highways Starting and Terminal Stations | access-date = 2012-12-02 | publisher = Ministry of Road Transport & Highways}}</ref> It connects with [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] and [[National Highway 544|NH 544]] at Salem. NH 79 connects [[National Highway 68|NH 68]] and SH 69 at Ulundurpettai and SH 6 at kallakurichi. It was upgraded to a [[dual carriageway]] road in two phases on a [[Build-operate-transfer]] basis by [[Reliance Infrastructure]] and [[Maytas]].<ref name="satyamfiasco">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/19/stories/2009031954420500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119211020/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/19/stories/2009031954420500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-11-19|title=Satyam fiasco affects NH-79works |last=R|first=Ilangovan|date=2009-03-19|access-date=13 May 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Traffic ==<br />
NH 79 is an important connecting road for vehicles travelling from the two major cities of [[Coimbatore]] and [[Kochi]]. NH 79 directly connects [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] with [[Chennai]], and indirectly [[Coimbatore]], [[Erode]], [[Tirupur]] and the cities around these areas.<br />
<br />
== Route ==<br />
[[Ulundurpettai]] - Elavanasur kottai - [[Thiagadurgam|Thiyagadurgam]] - [[Kallakurichi]] - [[Chinnasalem]], [[Thalaivasal]] - Kattukottai - [[Attur]] - [[Pethanaickenpalayam]] - [[Vazhapadi]] - [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] India|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Junctions list== <br />
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}<br />
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} Terminal near Salem.<ref name=":0" /><br />
: {{jct|NH|179A|country=IND}} near Salem<br />
: {{jct|NH|136|country=IND}} near Attur<br />
: {{jct|NH|532|country=IND}} near Chinnasalem<br />
: {{jct|NH|38|country=IND}} Terminal near Ulundurpettai.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:A national highway.JPG|NH 79 near [[Kallakurichi]] in [[Villupuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
File:A Chinna Salem-Kallakurichi national highway.JPG|NH 79 near [[Kallakurichi]], [[Villupuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of national highways in India]]<br />
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]<br />
* [[National Highways Development Project]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3256003 NH 79 on OpenStreetMap]<br />
<br />
{{Indian Highways Network}}<br />
{{IND NH79 sr}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National highways of India]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu|79]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-NH-stub}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indian_circus&diff=502933History of Indian circus2025-02-22T18:09:11Z<p>MichaelWhite3: /* Birth of modern Indian circus */Fixed typo
Chatre to Chhatre</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Part of History of India}}<br />
Although street performances similar to circuses have existed in India since ancient times, a circus similar to the one described by [[Philip Astley]], known as the father of the modern [[circus]], as described in 1770, only existed in India in the 1880s.<br />
<br />
== Birth of modern Indian circus ==<br />
In 1879, the [[Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus|Royal Italian Circus]] by [[Signor Giuseppe Chiarini|Giuseppe Chiarini]] toured India. Before all his shows started, he would tell the audience that India did not have a proper circus and would have to wait many more years to develop one. In addition, he offered "a thousand British Indian rupees and a horse" as a gift to anyone who could repeat his daring stage effects within six months.<ref name="HT">{{cite web|date=17 November 2018|title=Mumbaiwale: How India's circus acts took to the stage|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbaiwale-how-india-s-circus-acts-took-to-the-stage/story-izsUr9buhFGKurzzPV6mEK.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Chiraini's show was going on in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Balasahib Patwardhan, the king of the [[Kurundwad]] princely state of [[Sangli district|Sangli]] (today’s [[Kolhapur]]) also came to see it. Balasahib was accompanied by [[Vishnupant Moreshwar Chhatre|Vishnupant Chhatre]], the keeper of his stable and riding master at the stables. Chhatre also had some experience with teaching horses. Accepting the challenge, Chhatre announced that he would perform the same in Kurundwad within three months. Failing that, he promised Chiarini that he would return "ten thousand British Indian rupees and the top ten horses."<ref name="HT" /> On March 20, 1880, Chhatre came to perform his circus at the Kurundwad Palace Grounds, but Chiarini, worried about not having the money to go back after his performance in [[Kolkata]], did not come to see it.<ref name="HT" /><br />
<br />
Vishnupant Chhatre bought most of the circus equipment from Chiarini.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web|title=ഗ്രേറ്റ് ഇന്ത്യന് സര്ക്കസ്, ജംബോ സര്ക്കസ്.. അറിയാം സര്ക്കസ്സിന്റെ കഥ|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kids/features/story-of-circus-1.4539200|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|access-date=2020-10-22|archive-date=2020-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024014534/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kids/features/story-of-circus-1.4539200|url-status=dead}}</ref> Within a year, he formed the first circus company in India, the '''Great Indian Circus'''.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" /> Chhatre's Great Indian Circus toured locally in India (including the same venue where the Chiarini's performance was held in Bombay) and internationally in locales such as [[Sri Lanka]], [[Singapore]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Jakarta]] and [[Japan]]. He eventually merged his circus company with his cousin's to form a new company called the Karlekar Grand Circus. The Karlekar Grand Circus lasted until 1935.<br />
<br />
== Pre-independence period ==<br />
Inspired by Chiarini's circus at [[Kolkata]], in 1887 [[Priyanath Bose]] from Bengal founded the Great Bengal Circus and toured Bengal, India and South East Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 16, 2014|first=Nandini|last=Sengupta|title=Swadeshi girls in the ring|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Swadeshi-girls-in-the-ring/articleshow/45163801.cms|access-date=2020-10-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first circus company in [[Kerala]] State, Malabar Grand Circus, was inaugurated at [[Chirakkara]] on February 2, 1904 under the leadership of Pariyali Kannan, a student of [[Keeleri Kunhikannan|Keeleri Kunjikannan]].<ref name="aum" /> The company only operated for two years.<br />
<br />
Great Royal Circus is claimed to have started in 1909.<ref name="aum" /> Its previous name was Madhuskar's Circus. Later, animal trainer Narayan Rao Walawalker took over the circus and renamed it to The Great Royal.<br />
<br />
In the year 1920, Baburao Kadam founded the Grand Bombay Circus. In 1922, Keeleri's nephew K.M.Kunhikannan started the Whiteway Circus. He later founded Hind Lion circus as well. In 1947, these three circuses were merged to form Great Bombay Circus.<ref name="aum" /><br />
<br />
In 1924, another student of Keeleri, Kallan Gopalan, started the Great Rayman Circus.<ref name="aum" /><br />
<br />
[[Vijaya Circus]] was owned by [[R. V. Mamoo]] of Akola, Maharashtra and had only a two-pole tent, two lions, one elephant, and the other essential equipment. [[Mamoo]] sold it to [[Gemini Sankaran|M. V. Shankaran]] in 1951 for Rs. 5000. [[Shankaran]] renamed this circus to [[Gemini Circus]]. (See: Champad, Sreedharan. 2013. An Album of Indian Big Tops (History of Indian Circus), Houston: Strategic Book Publishing and Rights Co., p.&nbsp;64 and 66).<ref name="foo-bar">content</ref><br />
<br />
== History of circus academy in India ==<br />
In 1888, Chatre's Great Indian Circus toured [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], Kerala. It was in Thalassery that Chatre met [[Kalaripayattu]] (a type of traditional marshal art) and gymnastic trainer [[Keeleri Kunhikannan]]. An agreement was signed between Keeleri Kunhikannan and Chatre, according to that Keeleri Kunhikannan agreed to train the trainees for the circus and Chatre agreed to employ them.<ref name="aum">{{cite web|title=:: Welcome to aum9.com ::|url=http://aum9.com/Indian_Circus.html|website=aum9.com}}</ref> For this, Keeleri started a new circus school at Chirappuram near Thalassery, Kannur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=2019-08-09|title=The life and times of a veteran circus performer and trainer E Ravindran Kodambavu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/the-life-and-times-of-a-veteran-circus-performer-and-trainer-e-ravindran-kodambavu/article28946195.ece|access-date=2020-10-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The name of his institute was ''All India Circus Training Hall''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Champad|first=Sreedharan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTwNAgAAQBAJ&q=Avuda+Bai+Parulelkar&pg=PA5|title=An Album of Indian Big Tops: (History of Indian Circus)|date=September 2013|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=978-1-62212-766-5|language=en}}</ref> In 1901, the [[Government of Kerala]] started a Circus Academy in Thalassery, Kannur. It was the first government circus academy in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-10-22|title=A fine balance|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/A-fine-balance/article15634141.ece|access-date=2020-10-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
After Kunhikannan’s death in 1939, one of his student M. K. Raman started ''Keeleri Kunhikannan Teacher Memorial Circus & Gymnastic Training Centre'' in [[Chirakkara]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Sreedharan Champad]], author of ''An Album of Indian Big Tops: (History of Indian Circus)''<br />
*[[Gemini Shankaran]],was an Indian circus owner, businessperson and one of the pioneers of the circus industry in India. Sankaran was a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Government of India]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Circuses]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marathi_films_of_1961&diff=458758List of Marathi films of 19612025-01-06T23:19:53Z<p>MichaelWhite3: basic cleaned up intro also and added references based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Marathi films}} <br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
A list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in [[Maharashtra]] in the year 1961.<br />
<br />
==1961 Releases==<br />
A list of Marathi films released in 1961.<br />
<br />
{| class ="wikitable sortable collapsible"<br />
! style="width: 05%;" |Year<br />
! style="width: 15%;" |Film<br />
! style="width: 15%;" |Director<br />
! style="width: 40%;" class="unsortable" |Cast<br />
! style="width: 10%;" |Release Date<br />
! style="width: 15%;" class="unsortable" |Notes<br />
! style="width: 15%;" class="unsortable" |Source<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=12 align="center" | 1961<br />
| ''Aadhi Kalas Mag Paaya''||[[Raja Paranjpe]]|| || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250184/|title=Aadhi Kalas Mag Paaya (1961)|work=IMDb}} {{unreliable?|date=August 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manini (1961 film)|Manini]]''||[[Anant Mane]]|| [[Jayshree Gadkar]], [[Chandrakant Gokhale]], [[Hansa Wadkar]] || ||Certificate of Merit for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi ]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0238405/|title=Manini (1961)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Manasala Pankh Astaat''||[[Madhav Shinde]]|| || ||Certificate of Merit for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|National Film Award for Third Best Feature Film in Marathi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prapanch]]''||[[Madhukar Pathak]]|| [[Sulochana Latkar]], [[Amar Shiekh]], [[Kusum Deshpande]] || ||Won the Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal) for Best Film at the [[National Film Awards]]<br>{All India Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film} ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0323690/|title=Prapancha (1961)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Vaijayanta''||[[Gajanan Jagirdar]]||[[Jayshree Gadkar]], [[Suryakant]] || || Certificate of Merit for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film in Marathi]]||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Majhi Aai''||[[Dinkar Patil]] || [[Seema Deo]], [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Dada Salvi]]|| || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0251815/|title=Majhi Aai (1961)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Ek Dhaaga Sukhacha''||[[Datta Dharmadhikari]] ||[[Raja Paranjape]], [[Seema Deo]] || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213634/|title=Ek Dhaaga Sukhacha (1961)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Kalank Shobha''||[[Datta Dharmadhikari]] ||[[Suryakant]], Vivek, [[Chitaranjan Kolhatkar]] || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213757/|title=Kalank Shobha (1961)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Rang Panchami''||[[Anant Mane]] || || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0238548/|title=Rang Panchami (1961)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Bolaki Bahuli''||[[Raja Bargir]] || || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0155560/|title=Bolaki Bahuli (1961)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Shahir Parshuram''||[[Anant Mane]] || || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0238590/|title=Shahir Parshuram (1961)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Suvashini''||[[Raja Paranjpe]] || || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250760/|title=Suvashini (1961)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{1961 films|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Films Of 1961}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of 1961 films by language]]<br />
[[Category:1961 in Indian cinema| Marathi]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|1961]]<br />
[[Category:1960s Marathi-language films| ]]</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nara_Rohit&diff=466628Nara Rohit2024-12-05T00:54:46Z<p>MichaelWhite3: formatting fix</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Nara Rohith]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>MichaelWhite3https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dayananda_Reddy&diff=451689Dayananda Reddy2024-12-04T22:05:57Z<p>MichaelWhite3: General improvements to article content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=March 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Dayananda Reddy B.T<br />
| smallimage = <br />
| office2 = Founder of [http://www.dayanandafoundation.com/ Dayananda Foundation]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]<br />
| office1 = Leader of the House for [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|09|05}}<br />
| birth_place = Anekal<br />
| profession = Social worker, politician<br />
| website = [http://www.dayanandareddy.in/ Dayananda Foundation]<br />
| honorific-suffix = [[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]<br />
| term_start = {{start date|2010|01|05||df=yes}}<br />
| term_start1 = {{start date|2010}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dayananda Reddy''' (born 1963) is an Indian politician, entrepreneur, philanthropist and a former [[Member of Legislative Council|MLC]] for [[Bangalore Urban district]] at the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/bs+yeddyurappa+english-epaper-bsykeng/b+s+yeddyurappa+former+mlc+dayananda+reddy+joins+bjp-newsid-83886882|title=B S Yeddyurappa: Former MLC Dayananda Reddy joins BJP – BS Yeddyurappa English {{!}} DailyHunt|work=DailyHunt|access-date=25 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> He is known for adopting 7500 underprivileged students and giving them free education since 2010 through his foundation funded by his own businesses.<ref>{{Citation|last=Karanataka local body Election election|title=Dayananda Reddy Foundation|date=1 December 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaSv_INZJTM|access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref> Till date, the students of the foundation have planted more than 50,000 trees across [[Bangalore]]. The students have also been trained to spread awareness for keeping the city clean and green. Reddy joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/bs+yeddyurappa+english-epaper-bsykeng/b+s+yeddyurappa+former+mlc+dayananda+reddy+former+inspector+general+of+police+bns+reddy+and+film+producer+umesh+banakar+joins+bjp-newsid-83196917|title=B S Yeddyurappa: Former MLC Dayananda Reddy, Former Inspector General of Police BNS Reddy and Film Producer Umesh Banakar joins BJP – BS Yeddyurappa English {{!}} DailyHunt|work=DailyHunt|access-date=25 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/080318/bengaluru-shot-in-arm-for-bjp-retired-police-b-n-s-reddy-joins-party.html|title=Bengaluru: Shot in arm for BJP, retired police B N S Reddy joins party|date=8 March 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Early life ==<br />
{{BLP sources section|date=April 2023}}<br />
Reddy was born to B.N. Thimma Reddy and Gowramma in 1963 at [[Anekal]], [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban District]]. His early years were spent studying in a local government school. Later on, he got a diploma in Industrial [[Training]].<br />
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== Professional career ==<br />
In 1981, Reddy began an industrial unit for manufacturing and [[welding]] [[machine tool]]s. In 1993, he set up Gold Coins Farms and Housing Developers Limited, along with the Gold Coins Club.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/HC-admits-plea-for-Rs-1-5-crore-compensation-from-state/articleshow/162519.cms|title=HC admits plea for Rs 1.5 crore compensation from state – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><br />
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He formed the Dayananda Foundation<ref>{{Citation|last=Karanataka local body Election election|title=Dayananda Reddy Foundation|date=1 December 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaSv_INZJTM|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> in 2010 (as an initiative of his Bharath Goldstar Group) to address [[youth unemployment]] in India. As of date, the foundation has adopted nearly 7500 underprivileged students in Karnataka, providing them free education and employment support.<br />
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== Political career ==<br />
Reddy was elected the president of the [[Bommasandra]] Industrial Association in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/25/stories/2004022501550500.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=KIADB launches four projects|date=2004-02-25|access-date=25 March 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 2010, he was elected as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) of Karnataka, representing the Bangalore Urban district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/9614/Alliance-University|title=Alliance University Annual Convocation 2015|website=www.mbauniverse.com|language=en|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> During 2009–2016, he also served as the [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition]] in Karnataka, representing the Indian National Congress.<br />
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In 2015, the Karnataka Congress denied Reddy a ticket for the upcoming council polls,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/518376/siddaramaiah-defends-denial-ticket-dayananda.html|title=Siddaramaiah defends denial of ticket to Dayananda Reddy|website=Deccan Herald|date=19 December 2015 |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bangalore/others/i-swear-on-god-and-my-parents-i-will-vote-for-you/articleshow/50316902.cms|title='I swear on God and my parents I will vote for you' – Bangalore Mirror -|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> following which he contested the elections as a rebel candidate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/82023-action-against-rebels-congress-likely-to-suspend-jp-hegde|title=Action against rebels: Congress likely to suspend JP Hegde|date=14 December 2015|work=Coastaldigest.com – The Trusted News Portal of India, Coastal Karnataka|access-date=25 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/519771/on-election-eve-rebel-pulls.html|title=On election eve, rebel pulls a fast one on Congress|website=Deccan Herald|date=27 December 2015 |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/NATION/polling-ends-for-legislative-council-elections-for-25-seats-in-karnataka.html|title=Polling ends for Legislative Council elections for 25 seats in Karnataka|last=Pioneer|first=The|work=The Pioneer|access-date=25 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/bangalore/council-polls-candidate-lists-trigger-dissidence|title=Council polls candidate lists trigger dissidence|last=NewsKarnataka|website=NewsKarnataka|date=7 December 2015 |language=en|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151212/nation-current-affairs/article/four-congress-rebels-may-be-axed|title=Four Congress rebels may be axed|date=12 December 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151208/nation-current-affairs/article/kolar-seat-fuels-fire-congress-cm-dr-g-rescue-mission|title=Kolar seat fuels fire in Congress, CM, Dr G on rescue mission|date=8 December 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> In March 2018, he joined the Karnataka faction of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/080318/bengaluru-shot-in-arm-for-bjp-retired-police-b-n-s-reddy-joins-party.html|title=Bengaluru: Shot in arm for BJP, retired police B N S Reddy joins party|date=8 March 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://karnataka.bjp.org/bengaluru-rakshisi-padayatre-held-on-15th-march-at-anekal/?print=pdf|title=BJP Bengaluru Padayatre PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://muralidharrao.in/senior-congress-leader-from-karnataka-ex-mlc-dayanand-reddy-joined-bjp/|title=Senior congress leader from Karnataka ex-MLC Dayanand Reddy joined BJP – P Muralidhar Rao|website=muralidharrao.in|language=en-US|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325233234/http://muralidharrao.in/senior-congress-leader-from-karnataka-ex-mlc-dayanand-reddy-joined-bjp/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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== Criminal Intent & Rowdyism ==<br />
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The ex-MLC also runs several businesses that hinder regular life in Bengaluru including a cancer-causing m-sand business at Saul Kere <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/pack-an-inhaler-if-you-plan-to-come-here/articleshow/97846652.cms|title=Power pangs: Pack an inhaler if you plan to come here |website= Bangalore Mirror|date=13 February 2023 |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref><br />
and threatening residents of Neela Apartment & denying them water. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/power-pangs-ex-mlc-holding-us-to-ransom-say-residents/articleshow/65124927.cms|title=Power pangs: Ex-MLC holding us to ransom, say residents |website=The Times of India|date=25 July 2018 |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref><br />
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== Awards and honor ==<br />
{{BLP sources section|date=April 2023}}<br />
* In 2009, the All India Intellectual Society awarded him 'The Great Son of Karnataka' prize<br />
* In 2008, he was honored by the Federation of Karnataka [[Chamber of commerce]]<br />
* In 2004, he won the 'Aryabhatta Award' for lifetime contribution to the society<br />
* He has also won the 'Thamra Human Rights Award' from The International Human Rights Association (IHRA) of [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] Nations<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Dayananda}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1963 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]</div>MichaelWhite3