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Rakshana (2024 film)

2026-05-07T22:43:28Z

MerryK8896455: Made initial details from scratch - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakshana
| image = Rakshana (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Prandeep Thakore
| writer = Prandeep Thakore
Thayanidhy Sivakumar
| story = Prandeep Thakore
| based_on =
| producer = Prandeep Thakore
| starring = [[Payal Rajput]] Maanas Nagulapalli [[Rajeev Kanakala]] [[Chakrapani Ananda]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anil Bandari
| editing = [[Garry BH]]
| music = [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
| studio = Hari Priya Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|6|7}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Rakshana''''' ({{translation|Protector}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Thriller film|crime thriller]] film directed by Pradeep Thakore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=22 May 2024 |title=Payal Rajput strikes as a cop in 'Rakshana' teaser |url=https://telanganatoday.com/payal-rajput-strikes-as-a-cop-in-rakshana-teaser |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Rakshana'' is a tale of courage and dedication centered around the life of newly appointed lady IPS officer who is also investigating a friend's suicide whom she failed to protect. Her gut tells her it was murder. Her major roadblock is the fact that the department does not believe her. To make it worse, she is framed for allegedly abetting a suicide. Who protects the Protector? Nevertheless, she is not deterred. This is the story of a female police officer who battles gender discrimination, misogyny, and even insanity attribution through path-breaking investigating journey as a protector. .

== Cast ==
* [[Payal Rajput]] as [[Hyderabad City Police|ACP]] Kiran
* Maanas Nagulapalli as Arun
* [[Roshan Basheer]] as Ram
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as [[Hyderabad City Police|DCP]]
* Vinod Bala [[Sub-inspector#India|Sub-inspector]] Prabhakar
* Sridhar Reddy as [[Telangana Police|CI]]
* [[Chakrapani Ananda]] as Kiran's father
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Ram's father
* Kinnera as Ram's mother
* Devi as Priya

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rakshana Title Track
| length1 = 3:40
| lyrics1 = [[Vanamali]]
| music1 = Naresh Kumaran
| extra1 = Sai Charan
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Rakshana'' was released on 7 June 2024. Post-theatrical streaming rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and premiered on 1 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakshana OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Payal Rajput's Action-Packed Crime Thriller Online |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/rakshana-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-payal-rajput-action-packed-crime-thriller-online-10177485 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=English Jagran |date=August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' cited the film as "a decent outing", with particular praise for Payal Rajput's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=7 June 2024 |title=Payal Rajput's Rakshana Review, Rating |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/rakshana-payal-rajput-shines-as-fierce-cop-897816 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32423978}}

[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mahati Swara Sagar]]

Tigers in India

2026-05-06T19:23:30Z

MerryK8896455: created a article

{{Short description|none}}[[File:Sultan- largest amongst all the tigers at PTR.png|thumb|right |S3 also known as Kulhadi Ram or "Axe"- a dominant male tiger in [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]]]
'''[[Tigers]] in [[India]]''' constituted more than 75% of the global tiger population as of 2025.<ref name="count25" /><ref name="PIBtadoba">{{cite news |author1=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |title=Tadoba Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra plays host for National Global Tiger Day Celebrations 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1846065 |access-date=22 August 2022 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=29 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Jhala2019">{{cite report |author=Jhala, Y.V. |author-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |author2=Qureshi, Q. |author3=Nayak, A.K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2020 |title=Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2018 |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, Wildlife Institute of India |location=New Delhi, Dehradun |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Tiger-Status-Report-2018_For-Web_compressed_compressed.pdf}}</ref> India operates 58 [[List of national parks of India|tiger reserves]]. Tigers are the [[List of national animals|national animal]] there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=11|title=National Animal -National Symbols - Know India: National Portal of India|publisher=National Portal of India|access-date=23 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122081716/http://www.knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=11|archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Anupriya Narsaria ([[Jamnabai Narsee School]], Mumbai) |title=Why Is Tiger The National Animal Of India? |url=https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/tiger-national-animal-india.html |website=Science ABC |access-date=8 September 2022 |date=16 Jan 2022}}</ref>

India is one of the founding members of the intergovernmental platform of Tiger Range Countries – Global Tiger Forum.{{r|StripesJAN-MAR22|p=4}}{{r|StripesJUL-SEP21|p=5}} With a global share of 17% of the [[human population]] and 18% of the [[livestock]] population inhabiting 2.4% of the world's land, India has conserved the world's largest population of free range wild tigers, combatting a century of decline.{{r|StripesJAN-MAR22|p=2}} Initiatives in the form of amendments to the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]] created the "[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]", delineated Core Areas in Tiger Reserves and incentivised voluntary relocation programs, among many that are critical in protecting tiger populations, biodiversity, and ecosystem services of their inhabitat.<ref name="Corridor Report">{{cite book |author=Q. Qureshi |author2=S. Saini |author3=P. Basu |author4=R. Gopal |author5=R. Raza |author6=Y. Jhala |title=Connecting Tiger Populations for Long-term Conservation. |date=Feb 2014 |publisher=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] & [[Wildlife Institute of India]] |location=Dehradun}}</ref>

The [[Project Tiger]] Division under [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] is dedicated to conservation efforts.<ref name="pib10nov22">{{cite news |title=Rebuttal to the news item published in Rajasthan Patrika dated 09.11.2022 titled as "Bharat Baghon ki taskari ka gadh" This news item on Tiger mortality is based on incorrect and misleading information |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1875006 |access-date=2 December 2022 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Nov 2022 |location=Delhi}}</ref> In 2022, the 54th tiger reserve in India was declared in [[Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary]], in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], the state's fourth tiger reserve.<ref name="Tiger">{{Cite news|url=https://newsonair.com/2022/10/01/uttar-pradesh-gears-up-for-its-fourth-tiger-reserve-in-chitrakoot/|title=Uttar Pradesh gears up for its fourth tiger reserve in Chitrakoot|publisher=newsonair.com |date= 2022}}</ref>

Tigers are present in multiple Indian landscapes. Some have a rich and viable population with adequate habitat. Others are prone to human interference, but retain the potential to support their tiger population. Still other habitats with a once thriving tiger population later disappeared.<ref name="PIB09042022">{{cite news |title=First ever NTCA meeting outside National Capital held at Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=235097 |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. |date=9 April 2022}}</ref> As of 2020, it waas estimated that nearly 30% of the tiger population lives outside the Tiger Reserves.<ref name="PIB28072020">{{cite news |title=Union Environment Minister releases detailed report of Tiger Census on the eve of Global Tiger Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1641759 |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |date=28 July 2020 |location=Delhi}}</ref> India achieved its target of doubling its population (TX2) ahead of its committed time-frame.<ref name="TSR-2018">{{cite book |editor1-last=Jhala |editor1-first=Y. V. |editor1-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |editor2-last=Qureshi |editor2-first=Q. |editor3-last=Nayak |editor3-first=A. K. |title=Status of tigers, copredators and prey in India, 2018. |date=July 2020 |publisher=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]], [[Government of India]], New Delhi, and [[Wildlife Institute of India]], Dehradun |isbn=978-8185496504 |edition=First}}</ref> Tiger habitat increased by 30% between 2006 and 2018 to about {{cvt|138200|km2}}, mainly by controlling poaching, extending protected areas, fostering coexistence in multi-use areas, and offering economic incentives to local people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jhala |first1=Y. V. |last2=Mungi |first2=N. A. |last3=Gopal |first3=R. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Q. |date=2025 |title=Tiger recovery amid people and poverty |journal=Science |volume=387 |issue=6733 |pages=505–510 |doi=10.1126/science.adk4827 |doi-access=free|pmid=39883754 |bibcode=2025Sci...387..505J }}</ref>

{{Toclimit}}

== Common names ==
In India, tigers are known by various names in different languages:<ref name="IUCN-RL-2022" /><ref name="SJF">{{cite journal |author1=Sir Joseph Fayrer |author1-link=Joseph Fayrer |title=The Royal Tiger of Bengal His Life and Death |journal=Nature |date=30 September 1875 |volume=12 |issue=309 |page=474 |publisher=J. & A. Churchill |location=London |doi=10.1038/012474a0 |s2cid=176888863 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ''Baagh'' (বাঘ)
*[[Hindi]]: ''Baagh'' (बाघ)
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: ''Vāgha'' (વાઘ)
*[[Kannada]], ''Huli'' (ಹುಲಿ)
*[[Malayalam]], ''Kaṭuva'' (കടുവ)
*[[Meitei language|Manipuri]], ''Kei'' (কৈ)
*[[Odia language|Odia]], ''Bagha'' (ବାଘ)
*[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], ''Śēra'' (ਸ਼ੇਰ)
*[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], ''Vyāghra Śārdūla'' (व्याघ्र शार्दूल)
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ''Puli'' (புலி)
*[[Tulu language|Tulu]], ''Pili'' (ಪಿಲಿ)
*[[Urdu]], ''Sher'' (شیر)

== Bengal Tigers ==
[[File:Rocket, A Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) on the pakki patri area at Pilibhit tiger reserve.jpg|thumb|S2 also known as Bhagoda, a [[Bengal tiger]] on the pakki patri area at [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]]|alt=A big orange and white stripped tiger walking across a path of leaves. ]]The [[Bengal tiger|Bengal Tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris'')<ref name="GS22">{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gigascience/giac112 |pmid=36576130 |pmc=9795480|title=Near-chromosomal de novo assembly of Bengal tiger genome reveals genetic hallmarks of apex predation |year=2022 |last1=Shukla |first1=Harsh |last2=Suryamohan |first2=Kushal |last3=Khan |first3=Anubhab |last4=Mohan |first4=Krishna |last5=Perumal |first5=Rajadurai C. |last6=Mathew |first6=Oommen K. |last7=Menon |first7=Ramesh |last8=Dixon |first8=Mandumpala Davis |last9=Muraleedharan |first9=Megha |last10=Kuriakose |first10=Boney |last11=Michael |first11=Saju |last12=Krishnankutty |first12=Sajesh P. |last13=Zachariah |first13=Arun |last14=Seshagiri |first14=Somasekar |last15=Ramakrishnan |first15=Uma |journal=GigaScience |volume=12 |article-number=giac112 }}</ref> is the species found across most of the country except in [[Thar Desert]], [[Ladakh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab]] and [[Rann of Kutch|Kutch regions]]).<ref name="RMRS">{{cite journal |author1=Shibi Chandy |author2=David L. Euler |title=Can Community Forestry Conserve Tigers in India |journal=Proceedings RMRS |date=July 2000 |volume=II |pages=155–161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYJLAAAAYAAJ |access-date=25 November 2022 |series=Personal Societal and Ecological Values of Wilderness: Sixth World Wilderness Congress Proceedings on Research, Management and Allocation - October 1998, Bengaluru, India |publisher=[[Rocky Mountain Research Station]] |location=Fort Collins, CO}}</ref> They have the largest bodies among the [[Felidae]] [[Family (biology)|family]],{{r|SJF|p=29}} and are also called Royal Bengal Tigers. [[Hide (skin)|Hide]]s measuring up to 4 meters are recorded.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPZ05qy5YTEC | title=Research Reviews | year=1957 | publisher=Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy }}</ref> From nose to tip of the tail, they can measure up to 3 meters and weigh up to 280 kilograms, with males heavier than females. Their [[life expectancy]] is about 15 years.<ref name="WWFI">{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions - Tiger |url=https://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/priority_species/bengal_tiger/faq/ |website=WWF India |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> However, they can survive for up to 20 years in the wild.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/tiger |website=WWF}}</ref> They are solitary and territorial.

Tigers in India usually hunt [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[sambar deer|sambar]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[barasingha]] (''Cervus duvacelii''), [[wild water buffalo|wild buffalo]] (''Bubalis arnee'') [[nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'') and [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus'') and other animals such as the [[Wild boar|wild pig]] (''Sus scrofa'') and even other [[Predation|predators]] such as [[leopard]]s and [[bear]]s.<ref name="WWFI" /> [[Elephant]] calves (''Elephas maximus'') may be prey.<ref name="TRNH">{{cite book |author1=Philip Lutley Sclater |editor1-last=Lydekker |editor1-first=Richard |title=The Royal Natural History |date=1893–1894 |publisher=Frederick Warne & Co. |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Et9RAQAAMAAJ |access-date=25 November 2022 |volume=1}}</ref>

The tiger is estimated to have been present in India since the [[Late Pleistocene]], 12,000 to 16,500 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Dugmore |first2=A. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=Biogeographical change in the tiger, ''Panthera tigris'' |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=113–124 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00236.x |bibcode=2000AnCon...3..113K |s2cid=86096562 }}</ref><ref name="Luo2004">{{Cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=S. J. |last2=Kim |first2=J. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=van der Walt |first4=J. |last5=Martenson |first5=J. |last6=Yuhki |first6=N. |last7=Miquelle |first7=D. G. |last8=Uphyrkina |first8=O. |last9=Goodrich |first9=J. M. |last10=Quigley |first10=H. B. |last11=Tilson |first11=R. |last12=Brady |first12=G. |last13=Martelli |first13=P. |last14=Subramaniam |first14=V. |last15=McDougal |first15=C. |last16=Hean |first16=S. |last17=Huang |first17=S. |last18=Pan |first18=W. |last19=Karanth |first19=U. |last20=Sunquist |first20=M. |last21=Smith |first21=J. L. D. |last22=O'Brien |first22=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e442 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=D. M. |last2=Dugmore |first2=A. J. |last3=Gittings |first3=B. M. |last4=Scharf |first4=A. K. |last5=Wilting |first5=A. |last6=Kitchener |first6=A. C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |title=Predicted Pleistocene–Holocene rangeshifts of the tiger (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=Diversity and Distributions |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1111/ddi.12484 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016DivDi..22.1199C }}</ref> Tigers are found in 20 Indian states<ref name="ntca - monitoring">{{cite web |title=Counting tigers in India |url=https://ntca.gov.in/monitoring/#monitoring |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority, India |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> occupying habitats including [[grassland]]s, [[Mangrove|mangrove swamps]], [[Tropical forest|tropical]] and sub-tropical forests,<ref name="WWFI" /> as well as [[shola]] forest systems and from plains to mountains over 6000 feet.<ref name="TSR-2018" />

Tigers are found across 12 regional tiger conservation landscapes (TCLs). India is home to 6 global priority TCLs, harboring more than 60% of the global [[genetic variation]] in tigers.{{r|TSR-2018|page=6}}

The tiger is classified as [[Endangered species|Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List|IUCN's Red List]] of [[Threatened species|Threatened Species]].<ref name="WP">{{cite news |author1=Grandoni, D. |title=In much of Asia, tiger populations are rebounding |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2022/07/29/tiger-population-asia-nepal/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=9 August 2022 |date=2022}}</ref>

=== Description ===
The tiger is a large, heavy cat. Its coat is predominantly reddish-orange (pale yellow ochre to burnt sienna) with black stripes arranged irregularly and smooth, short hair. The ventral parts including chin, throat, breast and belly are generally white with black stripes. In some tigers, brows and cheeks are white. Males have longer whiskers. Tigers in the plains tend to grow bigger than those in hilly areas. Tigers measuring up to 12 feet were frequently recorded in the early 20th century.{{r|TRNH|p=375}}

Contemporaneous accounts mention 12 foot-long tigers in 1861 with a hide allegedly 13 feet 5 inches long.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sterndale |first=Robert Armitage |author-link=Robert Armitage Sterndale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NYnAAAAMAAJ |title=Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon |date=1884 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=162–168 |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> Many tigers over 10 feet were killed during [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name="jf-n">{{cite journal |author1=Fayrer |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Fayrer |date=7 Nov 1878 |title=The Size of the Tiger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8sKAAAAYAAJ |journal=Nature |location=London & New York |publisher=Macmillan Journals Limited |volume=19 |issue=471 |pages=9–12 |bibcode=1878Natur..19....9F |doi=10.1038/019009a0}}</ref> Reduction of the gene-pool due to excessive hunting is a likely cause of the smaller size of 21st century tigers.{{Cn|date=March 2026}}

Tigers are good swimmers. They can endure thirst. [[George P. Sanderson|Sanderson]] recorded two wounded tigers caught in a net during hot weather who survived without water for 10 days.{{r|TRNH|p=379}} Tigers cannot climb but claw markings on tree bark reach up to 10 feet.{{r|TRNH|p=380}} Tigers are [[cannibals]] and [[scavengers]].{{r|TRNH|p=381}} Enthusiastic 19th-century tiger-hunter Alexander Angus Airlie Kinloch observed:<blockquote> Unless provoked, the tiger will rarely attack a man, but does his best to get away quickly.<ref name="aaak">{{cite book |author1=Alexander Angus Airlie Kinloch |title=Large Game Shooting in Thibet, the Himalayas, and Northern India |date=1885 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu4nAAAAYAAJ |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> </blockquote>

==Culture==
The fifth p''arva'' of the [[epic poem]] [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]], [[Udyoga Parva]], includes one ''[[shloka]]'' that reads: <blockquote> निर्वनो वध्यते व्याघ्रो निर्व्याघ्रं छिद्यते वनम् । तस्माद्व्याघ्रो वनं रक्षेद्वनं व्याघ्रं च पालयेत् ॥ ''nirvanō vadhyatē vyāghrō nirvyāghraṁ chidyatē vanam tasmādvyāghrō vanaṁ rakṣēdvanaṁ vyāghraṁ ca pālayēt.''<ref name="Wikiquote">{{cite web |title=Mahabharata |url=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mahabharata |website=Wikiquote |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref></blockquote>
which can be translated as
<blockquote> Do not cut down that forest with its tigers! Let not the tigers be driven from that forest! There can be no forest without tigers, and no tigers without a forest. The forest shelters the tigers and tigers guard the forest!<ref>{{cite web |title=SECTION XXXVII |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05037.htm |website=sacred-texts.com |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref></blockquote>

The tiger is admired and feared in [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]]. Goddess [[Shakti]] ([[Durga]]) rides on the tiger. Deities such as Dingu-Aneni (in [[Northeast India|North-East India]]),<ref name="SAOI">{{cite book |author1=Nanditha Krishna |title=Sacred Animals Of India |date=11 January 2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-8184751826 |url=https://penguin.co.in/book/sacred-animals-of-india/ |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> [[Bonbibi]] (in West Bengal), [[Ayyappan|Sabarimala Ayyappan]] (in Kerala), Huliraya (in Karnataka), Vaghdeo or Vaghoba (in Maharashtra)<ref name="BriefHistory" /> and Chandraghanta{{r|TRH|p=128}} are associated and venerated with tiger. ''[[Puranas]]'' and [[Folklore of India|folklore]] often mention tiger as ''vahana''.<ref name="TRH">{{cite book |author1=Shiv Kumar Tiwari |title=Tribal Roots of Hinduism |date=2002 |publisher=Sarup And Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=8176252999 |edition=First |url=https://archive.org/details/tribalrootsofhinduismtiwaris.k.sarupandsons_569_t |access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref> The [[Matsya Purana]], while narrating [[Shiva]]'s marriage with [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], describes some of the ''Ganas'', Shiva's attendants, who resemble a tiger.{{r|TRH|p=102}} [[Harivamsa Purana]] often uses tiger qualities as adjectives. {{r|TRH|p=139}}

One Buddhist mythical tale suggested that [[Gautama Buddha]] in a past incarnation presented himself to a tigress as food as she was about to cannibalize her own cubs. This highlights [[compassion]], the greatest virtue in [[Buddhist philosophy]].<ref name="HT19">{{cite web |author1=Susie Green |title=Tiger Tiger |url=https://www.historytoday.com/miscellanies/tiger-tiger |website=History Today |access-date=23 August 2022 |location=London |date=16 May 2019}}</ref> [[Taoism]] depicts tiger as a prominent temple element.<ref name="HT19" />

Tiger images can be seen in [[mesolithic era|mesolithic]] [[Cave paintings in India|cave paintings]] found in [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]].{{r|TRH|p=75}} Tiger featured on seals discovered in [[Mohenjodaro]] and [[Kalibangan]] shows its significance in [[Indus civilization]] and culture.{{r|TRH|p=70}} The earliest known pictorial depiction of [[Shiva]] wearing tiger hide are from [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] Period.{{r|TRH|p=167}} Tigers hold cultural significance for many [[adivasi|''adivasis'']] in India. [[Kharia people|Kharia]], Bhaina, Savar (or Saur), Parja, and Kusro in [[Madhya Pradesh]] have [[totem]]s of tiger.{{r|TRH|p=24}} [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]s consider tigers as their brother. [[Gondi people|Gonds]] are known for propitiating the tiger,{{r|TRH|p=26}} which they see as a protector.{{r|TRH|p=262}} [[Korku people|Korku]] worships Baghdeo (tiger god).{{r|TRH|p=128}} For the Murias, Chitan Deo (tiger god) is the god of good hunting. Bhagashwar (tiger god) is worshiped by the [[Bharia people|Bharia]]s who believe that they will not be killed by a tiger. Koyas people consider Konarzu to be their tiger god.{{r|TRH|p=288}} Tribal people who share their lands with tigers consider them to be sacred.{{r|TRH|p=262}}

Tiger hunting by [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic Invaders]] can be traced to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] cultural links with [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] and [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] ancestry which practiced cat hunting ([[lions]], in their region) as a ritual "to formalise any kind of authority" and considered killing them as a good omen. Conversely, if the hunt was unsuccessful and the animal escaped, it would invite trouble.<ref name="LHI" />

Naturalists observed that tigers were regarded by locals with awe that prevented killing them by locals, even when they had power.{{r|TRNH|p=386}} European religious magazines and publications played a crucial role in introducing tigers to their audiences.<ref name="RelMag">{{cite journal |author1=Joseph Foulkes Winks |title=A man killed by a tiger |journal=THE BAPTIST YOUth's MAGAZINE AND MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCER with Which the Baptist Children's Magazine is Now Incorporated. |date=1859 |volume=35 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVcEAAAAQAAJ |access-date=24 November 2022 |series=Volume 1 of New Series |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall and Co. |location=London}}</ref> English missionaries passing through jungles might encounter what they called the "most savage and destructive of animals". Many were killed by tigers.{{r|RelMag|p=18}} Then would ask their readers: <blockquote> What do you think it was? Why, it was the body of the poor man who had been killed. ... It was, indeed, a horrid and painful sight, and one which I shall never forget. On looking at it my blood seems to curdle in my veins. ... Youthful reader, did you ever feel thankful that you were born in a country where you are not in danger of being killed and eaten by those cruel and blood thirsty beasts?{{r|RelMag|p=19}} </blockquote>
Missionaries also noted: <blockquote> In many places, the inhabitants appear to have resigned the dominion to the tigers, and take few precautions against them; regarding them as sacred''.''{{r|RelMag|p=77}} </blockquote>

The popular myth that tigers are known to suck the blood of prey was disproved in the early 20th century.{{r|TRNH|p=382}}

Traditionally, India has had a culture of conserving forests and wildlife.<ref name="PIB28072020" />

==History==

''[[Arthashastra]]'', a political treatise authored by [[Chanakya|Kautilya]] more than two thousand years ago, mentions ''vyaala vana'' (wildlife and tiger reserve), a [[protected area]] in the kingdom by Royal Command. [[King Ashoka]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] rejected hunting as a royal hobby.<ref name="BriefHistory" />

Humans and tigers have co-existed for millenia.<ref name="KP">{{cite web |author1=Pradhan |first=Kalpana |date=2 April 2019 |title=The people who live with tigers |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190329-the-people-who-live-with-tigers |access-date=3 August 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> Tigers are elusive and avoid humans under normal circumstances, but may charge when wounded or to protect cubs.{{r|JB|p=13}} Tigers have attacked humans and cattle, leading some villages to be abandoned.{{r|JB|p=12}} Killing was not seen as a solution. Instead, tigers were revered in many places.<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Seidensticker |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Jackson |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=Christie |editor3-first=Sarah |editor4-last=Burge |editor4-first=Richard |title=Riding the tiger: tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes |journal=Animal Conservation |date=1999 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=183–184 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-64057-1 |doi=10.1017/S1367943000290884 |doi-broken-date=8 January 2026 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-conservation-forum/article/abs/seidensticker-j-christie-s-jackson-p-eds-1999-riding-the-tiger-tiger-conservation-in-humandominated-landscapes-cambridge-university-press-cambridge-383-pp-isbn-0521640571-hard-cover-0521648351-soft-cover/6FD285FBB27FFDCAD2800074C7E316D2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The British and some native rulers viewed capturing/hunting tigers as a symbol of masculinity.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joseph Sramek |title="Face Him like a Briton": Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculinity in Colonial India, 1800-1875 |journal=Victorian Studies |date=Summer 2006 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=659–680 |doi=10.2979/VIC.2006.48.4.659 |jstor=4618910 |s2cid=145632352 }}</ref> Tigers were seen as a "merciless blood sucking beast"<ref name="TDP">{{cite web |author1=Varda Mehrotra, Executive Director of Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations |title=The tiger's tragedy |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/columnists/the-tiger---s-tragedy.html |website=dailypioneer.com |access-date=24 August 2022 |date=28 November 2018}}</ref> justifying kingship and empire. Hunting was a "Royal Privilege" for Mughals through which they demonstrate their authority over the natural world. This sport portrayed rulers as heroes capable of slaying the fiercest of beasts.<ref name="LHI">{{cite web |author1=Samyukta Ninan |title=Mughal Emperors and the Imperial Hunt |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/people/mughal-hunt |website=livehistoryindia.com |access-date=24 August 2022 |date=28 May 2021}}</ref> The weapons employed by the [[British Raj]] and the popularity of hunting reduced the tiger population. Hunting events were chronicled in personal diaries, memoirs, official gazetteers and photographs.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |author1=Raghav Chandra |author2=Shruti Chandra |title=Reparation for destruction of wildlife: That'll be 15 bn Pounds, your highness |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/reparation-for-destruction-of-wildlife-thatll-be-15-bn-pounds-your-highness/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |date=12 October 2015}}</ref> The British enacted the Forest Act of 1878 which treated forest as hunting ground<ref name="ET" /> for tigers that they labelled [[vermin]].<ref name="TDP" /> Hunting was dangerous, and was considered a manly feat. Photos of British royalty beside tiger carcasses during the late 19th and early 20th centuries symbolized British dominance.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sramek|first1=Joseph|title="Face Him like a Briton": Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculinity in Colonial India, 1800-1875|journal=Victorian Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=659–680|date=Summer 2006|jstor=4618910|doi=10.2979/VIC.2006.48.4.659|s2cid=145632352}}</ref>

In the early 19th century, [[Reginald Heber|Bishop Heber]] wrote a poem that mentioned tigers: <blockquote> ''Our task is done! On Ganga's Breast The sun is sinking down to rest; And moor'd beneath the tamarind bough, Our bark has found its harbour now. With furled sail and painted side, Behold the tiny frigate ride. Upon her deck, mid-charcoal gleams, The Muslim's savoury supper steams, While all apart, beneath the wood, The Hindu cooks his simpler food. Come walk with me the jungle through; If yonder hunter told us true, Far off, in the desert dank and rude, The Tiger holds his solitude; Nor taught by secret charm to shun The thunders of the english gun; A dreadful guest but rarely seen, Returns to scare the village green.''{{r|RelMag|p=220-221}} </blockquote>

A manager at [[Isaac A. Van Amburgh]]'s [[menagerie]] mentioned tigers: <blockquote> ... ''Glutting himself with the blood of his victims, he is a fit emblem of cruelty. ... though gutted with slaughter, (tiger) is not satisfied - but continues the carnage and seems to have its courage only inflamed by not finding resistance. He is the only animal whose spirit seems untamable: neither force nor constraint, violence or flattery can prevail in the least on his stubborn nature. The caresses of the keeper have no influence on his heart of iron; and time, instead of mollifying its disposition only serves to increase its fierceness and malignity. The tiger snaps at the hand that feeds it, as well as that by which it is chastised - every object seems considered only as its proper prey, which it devours with a look, although confined by bars and chains, still makes fruitless efforts as if to show its malignity when incapable of exerting its force. ... In short the beast may be said to be possessed of a devil, and no human power can instill into him the attributes of love and kindness.''<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hyatt Frost |title=Illustrated and Descriptive History of the Animals Contained in Van Amburgh & Co.'s New Great Golden Menagerie Combination |date=1872 |publisher=S. Booth |location=New York |page=29 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0s8xAQAAMAAJ |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Deforestation during the British empire provided timber for railways.{{r|TRNH|p=376}} British rulers established postal services. To speed delivery, postmen crossed jungles then undisturbed by humans. These actions affected the natural world as well. Postmen were occasionally attacked by tigers who were labeled Man-Eaters and hunted.{{r|FTB|p=238-239}}

British rulers often came up with a book narrating their killing of tigers.<ref name="HIKT">{{cite book |author1=Lieutenant Colonel Frank Sheffield |title=How I Killed the Tiger |date=1902 |publisher=Smiths' Printing and Pub. Agency |location=London |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDotmrx5RxgC |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> These books shaped the perception of Europeans who believed that killing tigers was a favor to the native population. Lieutenant Colonel Frank Sheffield in his book ''How I Killed the Tiger'' wrote, <blockquote> ''I had the satisfaction of knowing that I had rid the community of dangerous pest. The tiger in India is looked upon as a common enemy. All classes are in mortal dread of him.{{r|HIKT|p=10}} ... There is, therefore, great rejoicing over the death of a tiger''{{r|HIKT|p=11}} </blockquote> The British press highlighted these incidents. Opinions appeared in ''[[Daily Chronicle]]'', ''United Service Gazette'', [[The Field (magazine)|''The Field'']], [[The Daily News (UK)|''Daily News'']], ''[[The Graphic]]'', ''[[Land and Water]]'', [[The Examiner (1808–1886)|''Examiner'']], [[Evening Standard|''Standard'']], [[Ham & High|''Hampstead & Highgate Express'']], ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' and ''[[The Navy and Army Illustrated]]'' among others.{{r|HIKT|p=108-114}} When an adult tiger was killed, cubs were caught and sailed to Britain. Tigers were kept as pets by a few Englishmen.<ref name="FTB">{{cite journal |author1=Francis Trevelyan Buckland |author1-link=Francis Trevelyan Buckland |title=Tigers |journal=Curiosities of Natural History |date=1866 |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD4DAAAAQAAJ |access-date=24 November 2022 |series=Third Series |publisher=[[Richard Bentley]] |location=London}}</ref>{{r|FTB|p=228}}{{r|TRNH|p=381}}

In October 1857 a tigress escaped from [[Charles Jamrach]]. A 9-year-old boy playing on the street was attacked and rescued. This tigress escaped to kill a lion in Edmond's menagerie.{{r|FTB|p=231-234}}

Tiger fights were held in [[Lucknow]] during the reign of king [[Wajid Ali Shah]] of [[Awadh]] and a dozen tigers were sold for ten rupees each.{{r|SJF|p=18}}

In 1986, a study reported that tigers were declining rapidly.<ref name="Nichols">Nichols, Michael, and Geoffrey C. Ward. (1998). "The Year of the Tiger." National Geographic Society. Print.</ref>

[[Chennai]] was once known as ''Puliyur'' (Tiger Town). [[Mumbai]] recorded tigers until 1929. Major cities along the river [[Yamuna]] such as [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]] once had tigers roaming in neighboring jungles.<ref name="BriefHistory" />

After Indian Independence, [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) had a population of tigers in the Sundarban Districts of [[East Bengal]]. The administration advertised its natural heritage as "a sportsman's paradise". It invited people to "take part in this exciting sport".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Pakistan - A Sportsman Paradise |journal=Pakistan Affairs |date=29 Feb 1952 |volume=5 |issue=14 |pages=4–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElY8AQAAIAAJ&dq=royal+bengal+tiger&pg=RA12-PA4 |access-date=25 November 2022 |publisher=Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan.}}</ref>

Since 2012, records with standardized data of tiger deaths have been maintained by the National Tiger Conservation Authority. From 2017 to 2021, 547 tiger deaths were documented. 393 were due to natural causes, while 25 died due to poisoning, 9 were killed from snaring, 7 were eliminated by shooting, 22 were electrocuted and 33 were poached. 55 dead tigers were seized.<ref name="pib10nov22" />

===Killing===
Many tigers were killed in medieval and colonial India.<ref name="TDP" /> Shooting tigers was a "jolly-good sport".<ref name="TMG" /> Post-independence, India attracted global hobby-hunters who killed many tigers before the Indian government banned the practice in 1972.<ref name="TDP" /> The trophy-hunting industry in India at the time of the ban was worth $4 million per year (equivalent of $433 million as of 2022).<ref name="PEMM">{{cite web |author1=Por Eva María Martín |title=A Concise History of Tiger Hunting in India |url=https://www.hiedracenters.com/clubdeingles/a-concise-history-of-tiger-hunting-in-india/ |publisher=Club de Inglés de Hiedra Centers |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>

====Shikar====
The [[Mughal Empire]] saw a rise in tiger hunting as sport. A Mughal Emperor would invite Mongol, Rajput, Turk and Afghan nobles for Shikar.<ref name="TDP" /> Indians worshiped and feared them, so they were killed as a mark of supremacy. [[Akbar]] preferred hunting tigers with [[bow and arrow]] while riding a horse or elephant, while [[Jahangir]], known to have killed 86 tigers, hunted on foot. [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|Jahangirnama]] claimed Shikar of a total 28,532 animals and 13,964 birds by Jahangir beginning at age 12.<ref name="LHI" /> Mughals were known to maintain records of their Shikar. Contests such as tiger vs horned buffaloes and tiger vs tiger were common during the era.<ref name="HT19" />

Shikar employed Qamargah, a Mongol hunting tactic, in which men served as "beaters" encircling a huge area to flush and trap a tiger in a corral where the ruler would kill the tiger.<ref name="LHI" /> The hunter typically kept part of a tiger as a trophy or souvenir.<ref name="TDP" />

Once Akbar took 4000 soldiers with him for Shikar. His courtiers, noblemen and his harem accompanied him. Infrastructure similar to the royal palace was created in the jungle. Sometimes, Shikar continued for months. Many paintings hailed the ruler. Cock-fights and duelling of [[pigeons]] and rams were practiced whenever the king felt bored. [[Falcon]]s and [[Cheetah]]s were reared as pets to help make Shikar a success.<ref name="LHI" />

The [[Hyderabad State|princely state of Hyderabad]] had many tigers. Dignitaries visiting the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] went on Shikar. At the jubilee celebration of Nizam, the prince gifted one guest 35 tiger pelts.<ref>{{cite book |title=Life |date=27 September 1948 |publisher=Time Inc |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UgEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=14 February 2023 |language=en |chapter=Palaces and Tigers abound in Hyderabad}}</ref>

====Big-Game Hunting====
[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]] wrote, "Tiger is so intimately associated with the characteristic of India that it will always - and rightly - be regarded as the special emblem of that country."{{r|TRNH|p=376}}

British saw the killing of tigers as an act of imperial dominance.<ref name="HT19" /> For colonial rulers and British officers, March, April and May made up tiger-hunting season as the grass dried out during summer, leaving tigers easier to spot.{{r|SJF|p=27}} Big-game hunts typically killed around 9 tigers on an average day.<ref name="HT19" /> They employed Shikaris (chief native trackers), beaters, with elephants and ''mahouts'' (elephant handlers).{{r|JB|p=4}} The beaters were paid by the day, with a gratuity if a tiger is killed. An ordinary beater received three to four ''paise/''day, with double that amount when there was a kill. They generally numbered fifty or sixty. Their leaders received double the above sums.{{r|JB|p=12}}

The roots of tiger hunting may be understood via an incident in 1812 - when a party of British officers dining in a jungle near Madras was attacked by a tiger - one officer was killed. This created fear among the British. In another instance, in 1792, the son of [[Hector Munro, 8th Laird of Novar|Sir Hector Munro]] was killed by a tiger while he was hunting deer. Sir Hector sought revenge by officially authorizing the mass killing of tigers. Many officers were badly wounded or killed in the process. This led other officers to target the tiger.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter Parley, William Martin |title=Our Oriental Kingdom, Or, Tales about India |date=1857 |publisher=Darton and Company |location=London |pages=127–128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QW8BAAAAQAAJ |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

British rulers directed locals to clear forests for timber and agriculture. This increased the chances of man-tiger encounters, which was otherwise rare. Only forest dwellers came in contact with typically shy and solitary{{r|TRNH|p=378}} tigers, with few attacks. Loss of habitat and reduced prey often pushed tigers into human settlements.

British Army Lieutenant William Rice in his journal published in 1857 mentions his "bag" consisted of 156 heads of "large game" including 98 tigers, one of which measured 11 feet 11 inches. He described them as "fearful ravages", "rapacious pests", "India infested with wild beasts" while equating their existence to "notorious evils" requiring "remedy" and aiming to "exterminate such brutes". Rice described tiger-shooting as the most exciting and glorious sport this world affords and wrote:<ref name="WR1857">{{cite book |author1=William Rice |title=Tiger-shooting in India Being an Account of Hunting Experiences on Foot in Rajpootana, During the Hot Seasons, from 1850 to 1854 |date=1857 |publisher=Smith, Elder and Company |location=London |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AroS9-4HUwAC |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>
<blockquote>
''I enjoyed splendid opportunities of observing the habits of these animals and ascertaining how they may best be killed.''<ref name="WR1857" />
</blockquote>

====Poaching====
[[File:State-wise Tiger Poaching Instances 2022.png|thumb|State-wise Tiger Poaching Instances 2022]]
Poachers kill tigers for body parts<ref name="IUCN-2021" /> including hide, teeth, and claws, which are used in [[Traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese traditional medicine]] and to display. A tigress scent-marks her vicinity with pungent fluid to announce her fertility to nearby males who compete for her. This leaves her vulnerable to poaching. Some brothels in these countries sell a sweet liquor steeped in tiger penis.<ref name="HT19" /> Poachers take advantage of man-tiger conflicts with the help of troubled locals.<ref name="TDP" />

The earliest available records report high demand for tiger parts among the English. In 1886, tiger parts were traded in European markets with hides sold for nearly £6 (equivalent to 600 [[pound sterling]] in 2022) while a claw fetched about 5 [[shilling]]s (equivalent to £25 in 2022). Tigers exceeding 11 feet were of higher value.<ref name="hp">{{cite book |author1=Henry Poland |title=Fur-bearing Animals in Nature and in Commerce |date=1892 |publisher=Gurney & Jackson |location=London |page=21 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxVDAAAAIAAJ |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

In the 1950s, a tiger [[pelt]] was sold for $50 in India. Exports and fashion trends and demands led tiger hide rugs and coats to be sold for $10,000 in the U.S. and Europe during the 1960s.<ref name="PEMM" /> Around 1,000 kg (2,200 pounds) of bones (estimated to be from 80 tigers) were seized in August 1993 in Delhi. The shipment was to be smuggled into China.<ref name="PEMM" />

By June 2004, none of the tigers in [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] survived. However, government records claimed the presence of 18 tigers. This exposed corruption and neglect in the Rajasthan Forest Department. Funds meant for conservation were redirected by the state government. Arrest of poachers revealed that killing tigers in Sariska was easy as the guards' [[Walkie-talkie|walkie-talkies]] were non-functional and the posts at wildlife areas normally manned by some 300 guards had been abandoned during [[monsoon]] season, providing access to the tiger reserve. Security personnel with bamboo sticks or obsolete British era [[Lee-Enfield rifles]] often encountered poachers carrying [[assault rifle]]s and [[AK-47]]s.<ref name="PEMM" />

Tiger hide was most sought after for ceremonial clothing in China-controlled Tibet. However, this practice ended when the [[Dalai Lama]] denounced ceremonial clothing made of tiger and leopard hide.<ref name="TTN">{{cite news |author1=Gavin Ravinowitz |title=Environmentalists say tigers are near extinction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8syAAAAIBAJ&dq=Environmentalists+say+tigers+are+near+extinction&pg=PA3&article_id=6456,4915227 |access-date=11 September 2022 |publisher=The Tuscaloosa News |date=28 September 2006 |location=Northport, West Alabama |page=5A}}</ref> In 2006, reports emerged showing [[Chinese police]] officers laughing and posing with people wearing tiger hide clothing. These were sold in China in violation of the UN trade ban. It was reported that China was considering lifting the ban on bones of farmed tigers, problematic since the bones could not be distinguished from those of wild tigers. The report showed Chinese businessmen purchasing tiger hide for home decor.<ref name="TTN" />

Certain communities in India are known for making fake tiger claws using the bones of livestock due to their high demand and value.<ref name="pib10nov22" /> A 2018 survey showed significant poaching at Amdarbad, Dampa, Dudhwa, Kanha, Melghat, Nagarhole, Palamau, Pench, Rajaji, Srisailam (NSTR) and Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserves.<ref name="TSR-2018" />

On 1 April 1973,<ref name="AboutUs">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tigernet.nic.in/aboutntca.html |publisher=Project Tiger |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> Accordingly, the Government of India launched Project Tiger.<ref>{{cite web |title=APO Sanctions |url=https://ntca.gov.in/documents/#apo_test |website=NTCA |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> Project implementation highlighted the need for institutional mechanisms with administrative powers and legal backing. The [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] (NTCA) was created on 4 September 2006.<ref name="AboutUs" />

====Avni====
On 2 November 2018, a tigress named Avni (officially known as T1, aged 6) with two 10-month-old cubs was killed near Borati village in the Yavatmal forests after more than a month-long search operation by Ashgar Ali Khan, son of India's most famous hunter, Nawab Shafath Ali Khan. She was accused of the death of 13 locals since June 2016.<ref name="AvniTOI">{{cite web |title=Who Was Avni and Why Was She Killed? All You Need to Know About T1 the 'Man-eater' Tigress |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/tigress-avni-t1-killing-man-eater-supreme-court-maharashtra-3419375.html |website=news18.com |access-date=24 August 2022 |date=11 February 2021}}</ref> This forest had no records of tigers and is a 170 km2 part of greater Vidarbha tiger landscape near the Tipeshwar wildlife sanctuary. [[Forensic investigation]] and [[DNA analysis]] linked Avni to 5 of the 13 people who died in an animal attack. All efforts to find the tigress with [[sniffer dogs]], t[[thermal Imaging]] drones, elephant patrols and lures using cologne were unsuccessful due to the heavy growth of [[Lantana camara]], which made it easy for her to hide.<ref name="T1ndtv">{{cite web |author1=Swati Thiyagarajan |author1-link=Swati Thiyagarajan |title=As Hunt For Avni The Tigress Grows, Her Future Is Already Over |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/avni-t1-yavatmal-maharashtra-the-massive-hunt-for-avni-the-tigress-and-the-conflict-it-creates-1932640 |website=NDTV |access-date=24 August 2022 |date=16 October 2018}}</ref> Apparently, citizens appealed to [[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] to protect the tigress campaigning on #''LetAvniLive''.<ref name="TDP" /> [[Post-mortem]] reports suggested she was killed by single bullet<ref name="AvniTOI" /> and no attempts were made to tranquilize or capture her.<ref name="TDP" /> Forest department personnel were trained with tranquilising guns to capture her alive.<ref name="TDP" />

Many standard protocols were violated:<blockquote>The orders were issued in the name of the father but his son shot the tigress. (2) Such operations begin with sunrise and end at sunset. Tigress was killed in the Night. (3) At time of killing, wildlife veterinarian or any senior forest department official were not present with the hunting team. (4) In a statement, the team mentioned attempt to tranquilize the tigress failed and when she attacked, the person shot the tigress in self defense. How the "scheduled drug" used to sedate the tigress was handled in absence of a trained vet or wildlife expert raises doubts. (5) Spot panchanama suggests the possibility of manual piercing of dart into the hide. (6) Tigress body had no signs of resistance.<ref name="TOIvio">{{cite web |author1=Vijay Pinjarkar |title=T1 finally shot dead, but several protocols violated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/t1-finally-shot-dead-but-several-protocols-violated/articleshow/66494539.cms |publisher=Times of India |access-date=24 August 2022 |date=4 November 2018}}</ref></blockquote>In 2022 India signed conservation bilateral agreements with China, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Russia.{{r|StripesJAN-MAR22|p=4}}<ref name="PIBtadoba" />

Areas with reduced/no tiger density in 2022 led NTCA to release ''Tiger Reintroduction and Supplementation in Wild Protocol'' to guide recovery efforts.<ref name="PIB09042022" />

== Habitat and ecology ==
Tigers inhabit only 13 countries - [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Indonesia]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]], [[Malaysia]], [[Russia]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="iucnTHAI">{{cite web |title=The future of Panthera tigris in Thailand and globally |url=https://www.iucn.org/story/202208/future-panthera-tigris-thailand-and-globally |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=2 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="IUCN-2021">{{cite web |title=NEW REPORT: IUCN's Tiger Programme finds there has been an average increase of the tiger population within project sites by 40% between 2015 and 2021 |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/species/202107/new-report-iucns-tiger-programme-finds-there-has-been-average-increase-tiger-population-within-project-sites-40-between-2015-and-2021 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=28 July 2021}}</ref>Only 8 of them have tigers who breed in the wild.<ref name="IUCN-RL-2022">{{cite journal |author=Goodrich, J. |author2=Wibisono, H. |author3=Miquelle, D. |author4=Lynam, A.J. |author5=Sanderson, E. |author6=Chapman, S. |author7=Gray, T.N.E. |author8=Chanchani, P. |author9=Harihar, A. |title=Panthera tigris |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=2022 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15955/214862019 |access-date=10 August 2022 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |issn=2307-8235}}</ref> India, Nepal, and Russia are the only countries that have increased their tiger population through conservation.<ref name="iucnTHAI" /> As of 2022, tigers were likely extinct in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Vietnam.<ref name="tp">{{cite web |title=A turning point for tigers? |url=https://updates.panda.org/a-turning-point-for-tigers |publisher=World Wide Fund For Nature |access-date=22 August 2022 |date=29 July 2022}}</ref>

Tigers can survive in high mountains, mangroves swamps, tall grasslands, deciduous and evergreen forests. Their coats provide [[camouflage]].<ref name="NS86">{{cite journal |author1=Brian Bertram |title=A brighter future for the Tiger? |journal=New Scientist |date=7 Aug 1986 |volume=111 |page=30 |publisher=IPC Magazines |issn=0028-6664}}</ref> Tigers require a large territory, determined by the availability of prey. It marks territory by urine, feces, rakes, scrapes, and vocalizing.<ref name="WWFtiger" /> Tigers compete for space with humans. They use landscape features such as dirt roads, trails, foot paths, riverbeds and nullahs which often lead to public sightings.{{r|PTFG2004|p=9}}

===Landscapes===
India has five tiger-occupied complexes with unique geographical features.

====Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains====
With an average width of 60 km and stretching nearly 900 km from [[Yamuna]] and [[Sharda River|Sharda]] in the west to [[Valmiki Tiger Reserve]] in the east,{{r|TSR-2018|page=44}} [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]] and the [[Gangetic Plains]] landscapes consist of three parallel geological zones - the Shivaliks, the ''[[bhabar]]'' tract and the ''[[terai]]'' plains ranging from [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] to [[Bihar]].{{r|TSR-2018|page=10}} Shivaliks are mountains with elevation up to 1500 m situated between the [[Himalayas]] and Indus-Gangetic-Brahmaputra-Irrawaddy plains. Streams from Shivalik enter underground in the ''bhabhar'' region and re-emerge in the ''terai'' zone, marked by annual flooding, high water table, shifting floodplains, swampy areas, and abundant tall grass species.{{r|TSR-2018|page=42}} India and [[Nepal]] share the forests in the ''terai'' region. [[Bhutan]] is a significant part of this zone. This requires trans-national co-operation.

The density of tiger population (up to 15 tigers per 100 km2.){{r|TSR-2018|page=50}} there is attributed to the more than 15,000 km2 forested area with ample prey, such as:{{r|TSR-2018|page=45}}
*'''[[Cervids]]''' - [[Kaakad (Deer)|Kaakad]] (''Muntiacus muntjak''), [[Chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[Indian hog deer|Hog Deer]] (''Axis porcinus''), [[Sambar deer|Sambar]] (''Rusa unicolor'') and the [[Barasingha]] (''Rucervus duvaucelii'')
*'''[[Bovids]]''' - [[Blackbuck]] (''Antilope cervicapra''), [[Chousingha]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), [[Gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[Goral]] (''Naemorhedus goral''), [[Serow]] (''Capricornis thar'') and [[Nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'')
*'''Other [[Mammals]]''' - [[One-horned Rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') and [[Wild Boar]] (''Sus scrofa'')

====Central India and Eastern Ghats====
The [[Central India]]n and [[Eastern Ghats]] landscape includes all the area from semi-arid zone of [[Rajasthan]], central Indian plateau of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Maharashtra]] (along with part of [[Sahyadris]]), and [[Odisha]] to parts of the Eastern Ghats in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], and Odisha.{{r|TSR-2018|p=10}} A step-like geological formation can be seen at [[Chhota Nagpur Plateau]] (consisting of Hazaribagh, Ranchi and Koderma plateaus) along with the hills of [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]], [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] and those in Eastern Ghats which range from 200 m to 1300 m. This terrain with patches of shallow, infertile soils is a natural deterrent for extensive cultivation, leaving many areas in this landscape forested. However, the traditional connection between ancient forests in Eastern Ghats with primitive forests of Central India along the Chhota Nagpur plateau is near extinction.{{r|TSR-2018|p=68}}

A network of Protected Areas with nearly half of the total Tiger Reserves of India occupies this landscape. Peninsular forests transition into [[Thar desert]] through a semi-arid region located between northwestern Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Rajasthan. This habitat supports high [[biodiversity]] and tiger abundance. The landscape is undergoing massive degradation due to [[Mining in India|mining]], infrastructure development and [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|insurgency]].{{r|TSR-2018|p=70}}

Wildlife habitats there are the most fragmented in India. With four tiger populations of more than 100 members each ([[Kanha Tiger Reserve|Kanha]]-[[Pench Tiger Reserve|Pench]] Block hosts more than 300) this landscape is home to [[endemic]] species such as [[Indian Wild Buffalo]] (''Bubalus arnee'') and Hard Ground ''[[Barasingha]]'' (''Rucervus duvacelli branderi''). Other common prey animals there are [[Blackbuck]] (''Antilope cervicapra''), [[Barking deer]] (''Muntiacus muntjak''), [[Chinkara]] (''Gazella benetti''), [[Chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[Chowsingha]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), [[Gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[Mouse Deer]] (''Moschiola indica''), [[Nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus''), [[Sambar deer|Sambar]] (''Rusa unicolor''), Wild Pig (''[[Wild boar|Sus scrofa]]'').{{r|TSR-2018|p=71}}

====The Western Ghats====
Stretching from the [[River Tapi]] in North, running parallel to the [[Arabian Sea]] coast across over 1600 km to [[Kanyakumari]] in South, the [[Western Ghats]] landscape ranges from [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] to [[Tamil Nadu]].{{r|TSR-2018|page=10}} Total forest cover is about 1,01,467 km2. This landscape had 11 official tiger reserves as of 2018. The highest peak at Anaimudi is 2,695 m from sea level. It is a [[biodiversity hotspot]] with vegetation ranging from [[grasslands]], [[Montane ecosystems|montane]] stunted evergreen forests (''[[shola]]''), tropical wet evergreen forests, moist deciduous to dry deciduous forests and dry thorn forests, is home to about 5,800 species of flowering plants, 500 species of birds and 120 species of mammals with a large number of them being endemic to this region. Illegal [[quarrying]], [[mining]], [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]] projects, [[deforestation]] for [[timber]] and [[agricultural]] output with rampant [[monoculture]], hunting and encroachment have resulted in irreversible habitat loss, and disruption of habitat corridors, thereby interrupting the [[gene flow]] in tiger populations. It was estimated (2018) that in Karnataka, hosting India's second highest tiger population of 524 (SE 475 - 573), about 12% of forests have been destroyed since 2000.{{r|TSR-2018|p=100-103}}

====North Eastern Hills and Brahmaputra Flood Plains====
North Bengal Dooars, [[Brahmaputra floods|Brahmaputra Flood]] Plains and [[Northeast India|North Eastern]] Hill ranges together constitutes North Eastern Hills and Brahmaputra Flood Plains landscape which includes parts of Northern [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Nagaland]].{{r|TSR-2018|page=11}} The fertile plains of Bengal Dooars are in the foothills of eastern Himalayas and have tropical moist forests that extend into the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] covering 750 km by 80 km, surrounded by hilly terrain. This region has numerous protected areas, reserved forests and wetlands along the [[Brahmaputra River]]. The northeastern hill region consists of eastern Himalayas extending from the Koshi Valley in Central Nepal to northwest [[Yunnan|Yunan]] in China and include northeast India along with the hill districts of West Bengal. [[Garo Hills|Garo]], [[Khasi Hills|Khasi]] and [[Jaintia Hills|Jaintia]] hills form the [[Meghalaya]] plateau, while in the southeast, Mizoram includes part of [[Lushai Hills|Lushai hills]] while Tripura has a small chunk. The India-Myanmar border is along the [[Naga hills]], while Assam is home for the [[Barail Range]], Karbi-Anglong hills and Cachar hills.{{r|TSR-2018|page=126}}

With fertile land, many [[river]]s and [[tributaries]], the mountains, valleys and plains range from 300 m to 6000 m in altitude. [[Tropical climate]] is predominant in valleys and deforestation for agriculture threatens the survival of many [[endemic species]] there. Apart from common tiger prey, tigers hunt [[Himalayan goral|Himalayan Goral]] (''Naemorhedus goral''), [[Himalayan serow|Himalayan Serow]] (''Capricornis thar''), [[Red goral|Red Goral]] (''Naemorhedus baileyi''), [[Bharal]] (''Pseudois nayaur''), [[Brow antlered Deer|Brow-Antlered Deer]] (''Cervus eldi eldi''), [[Leaf deer|Leaf Deer]] (''Muntiacus putaoensis''), [[Pygmy hog|Pygmy Hog]] (''Porcula salvania''), [[Ibex]] (''Capra ibex''), [[Great Tibetan Sheep]] (''Ovis ammon hodgsoni'') and [[Tibetan Wild Ass]] (''Equus hemionus kiang''). Tigers also hunt [[Badger]]s (''Arctonyx collaris''), [[Otter]]s (''Lutrogale perspicillata'') and sometimes baby [[Asian elephant|Elephants]] (''Elephas maximus'') and one-horned Rhinoceros (''[[Rhinoceros unicornis]]'').{{r|TSR-2018|page=129-130}}

Including two Tiger Conservation Units (TCUs), nine tiger reserves there are part of the forest area of around 1,70,541 km2. The Tibet Autonomous region of China, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar share borders with this landscape, requiring international cooperation.{{r|TSR-2018|page=128}}

====Sundarban====
[[Sundarban]] consists of [[mangrove forest]]s in the southern part of West Bengal and extends into Bangladesh.{{r|TSR-2018|page=11}} This wetland is a global priority Tiger Conservation Landscape Unit covering more than 10,000 km2. It was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1987. Designated Sundarban Biosphere Reserve with 4,266 km2 area on the Indian side (34%) is under the highest protection for wildlife in comparison with Sundarban in Bangladesh (66%), where a majority of the area allows harvesting [[Forest product|forest produce]].{{r|TSR-2018|page=138}}

Aquatic systems of the mangrove habitat are productive, hosting 3.6 tigers per 100 km2,{{r|TSR-2018|page=141}}. They have adapted to a more saline and [[pneumatophore]]-filled existence.{{r|TSR-2018|page=139}} This region has many man-eaters. Chital (''[[Axis axis]]''), Wild Pig, [[Rhesus macaque]] (''Macaca mulatta'') and [[Lesser adjutant stork]] (''Leptoptilos javanicus'') are the major prey. Fauna such as [[Water monitor]] (''Varanus salvator''), young [[Saltwater crocodile]]s (''Crocodylus porosus'') and possibly [[fish]] are other prey.{{r|TSR-2018|page=138}} With rivers serving as natural barriers, tigers swimming across the water channels up to 400 m wide have been recorded. An isolated habitat restricts the gene flow for tigers.{{r|TSR-2018|page=143}}

==Population==
[[File:Fresh tiger pugmarks.jpg|thumb|Tiger pugmarks on a dirt road]]
[[File:Sub-adult Tiger marking territory.jpg|thumb|Tiger scent marking its territory]]

Tiger populations can expand rapidly. Tigers can produce litters of typically 2-3 but up to 6 or 7 cubs after 3.5 months gestation.<ref name="NS86" />{{r|TRNH|p=378}} If the litter is lost, another litter may arrive within five months.<ref name="WWFtiger">{{cite web |title=Tiger Species |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/tiger |website=WWF |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=21 August 2022 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Juvenile mortality is high; 50%+ of cubs do not reach reproductive age. Cubs remain with their mothers until age two. Male tigers become sexually active at age four. Tigers live up to 20 years.<ref name="WWFtiger" />

At the beginning of the 20th century, 80,000<ref name="SumRep96">{{cite book |title=Rhinoceros & Tiger Conservation Act Summary Report 1996-1998 |date=February 1999 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, International Affairs |location=Washington |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po7wAAAAMAAJ |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>-100,000 Bengal Tigers were believed to live in India.<ref name="ET" /><ref name="PEMM" /> [[Taxidermy|Taxidermists]] [[Van Ingen & Van Ingen]] of Mysore recorded stuffing more than 25,000 tigers in their first 50 years.<ref name="ET" /> More than 50,000 tigers were estimated in 1930.<ref name="TMG">{{cite news |author1=Ramesh C. Pande |title=Indian tiger come back from near extinction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1AxAAAAIBAJ&dq=Indian+Tigers+Come+Back+From+Near+Extinction+By+Ramesh+C.+Pande&pg=PA70&article_id=2732,1917171 |access-date=11 September 2022 |publisher=The Montreal Gazette |date=24 April 1976 |location=Quebec, Canada |page=31}}</ref> Thereafter, estimates fluctuated: 40,000 (1947), initial tiger census: 1,827 (1972), Project Tiger: 3,500 (1990s), 2,967 (2018–19),<ref name="BriefHistory">{{cite web |author1=Nanditha Krishna |title=A brief history of the tiger in India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/jul/18/a-brief-history-of-the-tiger-in-india-2171281.html |website=newindianexpress.com |access-date=23 August 2022 |date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718153642/https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/jul/18/a-brief-history-of-the-tiger-in-india-2171281.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 3,682 (2025). The latter figure was some 75% of the world population.

Madhya Pradesh (785), Karnataka (563), Uttarakhand (560), Maharashtra (444), and Tamil Nadu (306) have the highest tiger populations. [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve]], with 115 tigers in the 625 km2 reserve, has the densest tiger population.<ref name="count25">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Akanksha |date=2025-09-16 |title=Are Indian tigers getting aggressive? Answer lies in the numbers |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/indian-tigers-getting-aggressive/2744279/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

From 2011–21 tiger deaths increased, from 88 in 2012 to 127 in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacob |first1=Nidhi |title=World Tiger Day: 44% Rise in Tiger Deaths in Past Decade |url=https://www.factchecker.in/data-dive/world-tiger-day-44-rise-in-tiger-deaths-in-past-decade-828427 |access-date=2022-09-07 |work=Factchecker |date=2022-07-29}}</ref>

===Sign===
Tiger presence can be confirmed using seven signs:{{r|PTFG2004|p=9}}
*[[Pugmark]] Trails
*[[Feces#Feces of animals|Scats]] (''Old'': dry with hair and bones visible, ''Fresh'': dry but intact with shiny surface, ''Fresh'': soft, moist, and smelly)
*Scrapes
*[[Territory (animal)#Scent marking|Scent marks]] (spray, rolling)
*Rake marks on trunks
*Actual sighting
*Roaring

===Census===
[[File:CAMERA TRAP.jpg|thumb|Camera Trap used in estimating the Tiger Population]]

After the Sariska incident in 2004–05, in which all the tigers were poached, while official records showed tiger presence based on pugmarks, a Tiger Task Force (TTF) was constituted that recommended changes in the population assessment method.<ref name="TSR-2018" /> Multiple methodologies were used with a lack of uniform data collection that interfered with comparisons. The forest department uses [[Camera trap|camera traps]], GPS, [[pedometer]]s and other equipment.<ref name="PTFG2004">{{cite book |author1=Yadvendradev Jhala |author1-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |author2=Qamar Qureshi |title=Monitoring Tiger Status and Habitat, Part – I, A Field Guide |date=2004 |publisher=A TECHNICAL PUBLICATION OF PROJECT TIGER DIRECTORATE |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The 2018–19 assessment (fourth cycle) done in 20 states covered 381,400 km2 divided into 317,958 habitat plots. It is considered the largest wildlife survey ever undertaken.{{r|TSR-2018|p=28}} 65% of the population (1,923) was found inside reserves.{{r|TSR-2018|p=39}} Tiger census repeats every four years.<ref name="PIBtadoba" /> The fifth cycle, during 2022, initiated the digital M-STrIPES application.{{r|StripesJAN-MAR22|p=2}}

Population estimates in India since implementation of the new assessment methodologies:<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] |title=Roar of the Indian Tiger (Factsheet) |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/aug/doc20228682101.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of India]]. |access-date=8 September 2022 |location=New Delhi |date=6 August 2022}}</ref>
{{columns-list |colwidth=|
*2006 - 1,411
*2010 - 1,706
*2014 - 2,226
*2018 - 2,967
*2022 - 3682
}}

===Variants===
Sometimes a tiger with fur colour other than classical orange appears in India: [[Tiger#Colour_variations|black tiger]], [[golden tiger]] or [[white tiger]] variants. This polymorphism is genetic. A 2018 survey found camera-trap pictures of a golden tiger in Kaziranga Tiger Reserve and a black phenotype in Similipal Tiger Reserve.{{r|TSR-2018|page=622}}

==Conservation==

As an apex predator, flourishing tigers are indicators of a healthy ecosystem, including herbivores and other carnivores.<ref name="IUCN-2021" /> Survival in the wild is dependent on conservation and management efforts.<ref name="PIB09042022" />

=== Stressors ===
Organized poaching due to demand for tiger parts and products is the major threat.<ref name="ntca - monitoring" /> However, other stressors also limit their numbers.

==== Habitat Loss ====
When habitat is lost, tigers have less territory to spread across, and their population declines accordingly.

[[Deforestation]] is one cause of habitat loss.{{r|TRNH|p=376}}

Prey reductions increase human-tiger conflicts when tigers enter human populated areas to prey on cattle.<ref name="TSR-2018" /> Tigers face [[zoonosis]] through interaction with domestic animals.<ref name="IUCN-2021" />

Free ranging dogs near Protected Areas threaten both [[ungulates]] (which they hunt) and tigers, as a carrier for infectious diseases such as [[rabies]], [[parvovirus]], and [[Canine distemper|distemper]].<ref name="TSR-2018" />

Since 1925, tigers have lost almost 93% of their habitat.<ref name="IUCN-2021" /> Increased agriculture threatens habitats, triggering tiger-human conflict, resulting in human fatalities and retaliatory killing of tigers.<ref name="pilbhit">{{cite web |title=Pilibhit Tiger Reserve in India wins the inaugural TX2 Award after doubling its tiger population |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/202012/pilibhit-tiger-reserve-india-wins-inaugural-tx2-award-after-doubling-its-tiger-population |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=3 December 2020}}</ref>

Sunderban hosts abundant tigers and prey. The world's largest mangrove forest area is threatened by clearing to meet charcoal demand and for prawn fishing. Floating hotels and casinos are proposed, which would further disturb habitat .<ref name="HT19" />A 2018 survey reported pressure at Achanakamar, Buxa, Dudhwa, Mukundara, Panna, Rajaji, Sanjay-Dubri, Sariska, and Udanti-Sitanadi due to livestock [[overgrazing]].<ref name="TSR-2018" />

=== Protected areas ===
[[File:PERIYAR TIGER RESERVE ENTRANCE.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance to the [[tiger reserve]]]]
Protected Areas (PA) were set up to serve as refuge for animals threatened by habitat loss. In 1973, nine reserves were designated protected with cumulative area of approximately 18,278 km2. By 2018, fifty tiger reserves had been designated, encompassing nearly 72,749 km2, about 2.2% of the country.<ref name="TSR-2018" /> As of July 2022, the number had grown to 52.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=29 July 2022 |title=From nine tiger reserves in 1973 to 52 in 2022 shows commitment, says Bhupender Yadav |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/from-nine-tiger-reserves-in-1973-to-52-in-2022-shows-commitment-to-conversation-bhupender-yadav/article65697862.ece |access-date=2022-08-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> These reserves play important roles in the success of Project Tiger.<ref name="ITD19">{{cite web |title=International Tiger Day: Celebrating an integrated approach for tiger conservation |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/species/201907/international-tiger-day-celebrating-integrated-approach-tiger-conservation |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=29 July 2019}}</ref>

A 2018 survey reported that tiger reserve occupancy had remained stable across the country since 2014 (88,558 km2).{{r|TSR-2018|p=33}}

====Tiger Reserves====
Reserve sizes vary between 344 km2. to 3,150 km2.<ref name="Corridor Report" />

The 2018 assessment reported that [[Corbett Tiger Reserve]] carried the largest population, about 231. [[Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve|Bandhavgarh]], [[Bandipur Tiger Reserve|Bandipur]], [[Nagarhole Tiger Reserve|Nagarhole]], [[Mudumalai Tiger Reserve|Mudumalai]] and [[Kaziranga Tiger Reserve|Kaziranga]] each had over 100 while [[Dudhwa Tiger Reserve|Dudhwa]], [[Kanha Tiger Reserve|Kanha]], [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve|Tadoba]], [[Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve|Sathyamangalam]] and [[Sunderbans Tiger Reserve|Sundarbans]] Tiger Reserves had over 80. [[Buxa Tiger Reserve|Buxa]] and [[Dampa Tiger Reserve|Dampa]] Tiger Reserves reported no specimens, although both have historically poor tiger status. Deficiencies were noted at [[Indravati Tiger Reserve|Indravati]], [[Udanti & Sitanadi Tiger Reserve|Udanti-Sitanadi]] and [[Achanakmar Tiger Reserve|Achanakmar]] owing to poor enforcement. Tiger numbers at Amrabad, [[Anshi Dandeli Tiger Reserve|Anshi Dandeli]], Buxa, Dampa, [[Kawal Tiger Reserve|Kawal]], [[Manas Tiger Reserve|Manas]], [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve|Nagarjunsagar Sri Sailam]], [[Nameri Tiger Reserve|Nameri]], [[Pakke Tiger Reserve|Pakke]], [[Palamau Tiger Reserve|Palamau]], [[Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve|Sanjay-Dubri]] and [[Simlipal Tiger Reserve|Similipal]] are below their estimated potential.{{r|TSR-2018|p=39}}

===== Core, Buffer and Corridor =====
Tiger conservation follows the principle of "core-buffer-corridor". Core area is protected while buffer zones surround the core. The buffer is multiple use with community participation for supporting tiger conservation.{{r|StripesJAN-MAR22|p=2}} [[Wildlife corridor|Corridors]] are areas between larger reserves that enable wildlife to move through the landscape. However, many of these corridors are not designated as protected areas and are prone to degradation.{{r|TSR-2018|page=6}} NTCA prioritized the protection, conservation and development of corridors.<ref name="ITD19" /> These corridors support genetic exchange through dispersal. They would also mitigate extinction risks.<ref name="Corridor Report" /> [[Nature Conservation Foundation]] under is working on protecting corridors in Cauvery-MM Hills-BR Hills.<ref name="ITD19" />

Funds from Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) promote voluntary village resettlement from core areas.{{r|StripesJAN-MAR22|p=3}}

====Conservation Assured Tiger Standards (CA|TS)====
In 2020, the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority|NTCA]] and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of India have announced Conservation Assured Tiger Standards (CA|TS) covering over 7000 km2 which sets minimum standards to manage tiger species, and encourages assessments to benchmark progress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global Tiger Day 2020: India adopts CATS standards across all 50 tiger reserves |newspaper=IUCN |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/202007/global-tiger-day-2020-india-adopts-cats-standards-across-all-50-tiger-reserves |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=31 July 2020}}</ref> As of July 2021, 14 Tiger Reserves in India - Manas, Kaziranga, Orang, Satpura, Pench, Kanha, Panna, Valmiki, Dudhwa, Parambikulam, Mudumalai, Bandipur, Anamalai and Sundarbans<ref name="StripesJUL-SEP21">{{cite journal |author1=S P Yadav |editor1-last=Mallick |editor1-first=Amit |editor2-last=Garawad |editor2-first=Rajendra G |editor3-last=Sultan |editor3-first=Sajid |editor4-last=Singh |editor4-first=Hemant |title=Attainment of Global Conservation Assured Tiger Standards (CATS) accreditation standards by 14 Tiger Reserves in India |journal=STRIPES (Quarterly Journal) |date=Jul 2021 |volume=12 |issue=2 |publisher=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]], Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. |location=New Delhi}}</ref> - had been awarded international CA|TS accreditation.{{r|StripesJAN-MAR22|p=3}}

=== M-STrIPES ===
Monitoring System for Tigers: Intensive Protection and Ecological Status (M-STrIPES) is a digital platform that facilitates patrolling, assesses ecological status and aids in mitigating human-wildlife conflict. The M-STrIPES program uses GPS, [[General Packet Radio Service]] and remote sensing, to collect information and creates a database. The collected data is used to analyze the information using GIS and statistical tools to allow tiger reserve managers to improve their wildlife protocols.<ref name="StripesOCT-DEC21">{{cite journal |author1=S P Yadav |editor1-last=Mallick |editor1-first=Amit |editor2-last=Garawad |editor2-first=Rajendra G |editor3-last=Sultan |editor3-first=Sajid |editor4-last=Singh |editor4-first=Hemant |title=Synchronized Pan India Protection Patrol in Tiger Reserves |journal=Stripes |date=Oct 2021 |volume=12 |issue=3 |publisher=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]], Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change, Government of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/stripes/Vol12_issue3_2021.pdf }}</ref>

====Camera Traps====
Camera traps are photographic devices equipped with motion sensors which captures the image or video when any animal passes nearby. The [[Guinness World Records]] recognized the country's efforts as the world's largest camera trap survey of wildlife in 2018–19.<ref name="PIBtadoba" /> Across 141 different sites and in 26,838 locations, these camera traps were set up to survey an area of 121,337 square kilometers capturing 34,858,623 photographs of wildlife in which 76,651 were tigers. These images were then fed to a stripe-pattern-recognition software which identified 2,461 individual tigers (excluding cubs).<ref name="GWR">{{cite web |title=Largest camera-trap wildlife survey |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/601784-largest-camera-trap-wildlife-survey |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |access-date=22 August 2022 |location=London |date=2019}}</ref>

===TX2===
[[File:White tiger at Nandankanan Odisha, India.jpg|thumb|White tiger at [[Nandankanan Zoological Park]]|alt=A large white and black colored tiger laying down on the grass. The tiger has a black spotted pattern on the face, starting from the ears to the eyes. ]]
TX2 (Tiger times 2) goal is the global commitment driven by [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] and undertaken by 13 range governments at the St Petersburg Tiger Summit (2010) to double the global wild tiger population by 2022.<ref name="AbTX2">{{cite web |title=About TX2 |url=https://tigers.panda.org/our_work/about_tx2_public/ |website=WWF |publisher=World Wide Fund For Nature |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref> India achieved this goal in 2018, four years ahead of the target.<ref name="StripesJAN-MAR22">{{cite journal |author1=S P Yadav |editor1-last=Mallick |editor1-first=Amit |editor2-last=Garawad |editor2-first=Rajendra G |editor3-last=Sultan |editor3-first=Sajid |editor4-last=Singh |editor4-first=Hemant |title=From Member Secretary's Desk |journal=STRIPES (Quarterly Journal) |date=Jan 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |publisher=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]], Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. |location=New Delhi}}</ref> In order to bring the countries together, Global Tiger Day was announced at the summit.<ref name="PIBtadoba" />[[File:Wildlife Conservation Trust - Save Our Tigers.jpg|thumb|Wildlife Conservation Trust - Save Our Tigers]]
===Reducing tiger-human conflict===

Increases in the tiger population pushes some tigers out of protected areas in an attempt to establish a new territory. The lack of prey in inhabited areas leads these individuals to food in human settlements, leading to conflict. [[Wildlife Institute of India]] and others are working to bring down the number of such events.<ref name="ITD19" /> Tiger attacks by state from 2020-24:<ref name="count25" />

* 200-Maharashtra
* 61-Uttar Pradesh
* 32-Madhya Pradesh
* 17-Bihar
* 2-Karnataka
Number of people killed by year in tiger attacks in India:<ref name="count25" />
* 51 in 2020
* 59 in 2021
* 110 in 2022
* 85 in 2023
* 73 in 2024

===Sustainable livelihood development===
Maharashtra Forest Department reduced tiger-human conflict with the help of NGOs and grassroots organisations bt providing alternate sources of energy and livelihood for residents, thereby reducing their dependence on forest resources and ensuring maintenance of forest cover.<ref name="ITD19" />

===Awareness===
Civil society organisations and NGOs work with local population to motivate them to support conservation. Local youth join forest staff in patrolling and monitoring.<ref name="IndBhu">{{cite web |title=Beyond borders: How Bhutan and India are saving the tiger |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/202012/beyond-borders-how-bhutan-and-india-are-saving-tiger |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=3 December 2020}}</ref>

[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF), [[Wildlife Protection Society of India]] (WPSI) and [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] (WCS) are some of the organizations working actively in the Indian tiger conservation forefront.

==See also==
*[[Project Tiger]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |title=India tiger census shows rapid population growth |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49148174 |work=BBC News |date=29 July 2019 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Vaidyanathan |first1=Gayathri |title=India's tigers seem to be a massive success story — many scientists aren't sure |journal=Nature |date=30 October 2019 |volume=574 |issue=7780 |pages=612–616 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-03267-z |pmid=31664220 |bibcode=2019Natur.574..612V |s2cid=204942122 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Chidanand S. |last2=Yosef |first2=Reuven |title=Living on the Edge: Attitudes of Rural Communities toward Bengal Tigers ( Panthera tigris ) in Central India |journal=Anthrozoös |date=3 May 2016 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=311–322 |doi=10.1080/08927936.2016.1152763 |s2cid=148015666 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=Michael |title=Indian Science for Indian Tigers?: Conservation Biology and the Question of Cultural Values |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |date=2005 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=185–207 |doi=10.1007/s10739-004-1486-8 |jstor=4331942 |s2cid=84709932 }}

[[Category:Hunting in India]]
[[Category:Tigers in India]]

Priyadharshini Selladurai

2026-05-06T05:25:32Z

MerryK8896455:

{{Short description|Indian football player}}
{{Tamil name|Selladurai|Priyadharshini}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Priyadharshini Selladurai
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Priyadharshini Selladurai
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|2|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| clubnumber = 30
| years1 =
| clubs1 = FC Thamizhatchi
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2023–2024
| clubs3 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2024–2025
| clubs4 = [[Kemp FC|Kemp]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2025
| clubs5 = Liberty Ladies FC
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2025–
| clubs6 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps6 = 8
| goals6 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2025–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalgoals1 = 3
| club-update = 3 May 2026
| nationalteam-update = 15 April 2026
}}
'''Priyadharshini Selladurai''' (born 26 February 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF - Priyadharshini S. |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/72328?type=club |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] from [[Tamil Nadu]] who plays as a midfielder for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] and the [[India women's national football team|India national football team]].

== Early life and career ==
Priyadharshini is from Tamil Nadu. She is selected by Indian chief coach Crispin Chettri for the National camp at Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, in preparation for the Pink Ladies Cup, to be held at Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, from 20 to 26 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crispin Chettri names 23-member squad for Pink Ladies Cup in UAE |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/crispin-chettri-names-23-member-squad-for-pink-ladies-cup-in-uae |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our aim is to qualify for the Women's Asian Cup on merit, says Crispin Chettri |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/our-aim-is-to-qualify-for-the-womens-asian-cup-on-merit-says-crispin-chettri |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> Before joining Kemp, she played for [[Gokulam Kerala FC]], [[Sethu FC|Sethu Madurai]], FC Thamizhatchi, [[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu State Team]], TNFA Junior Women's Team 2018. She played a crucial role in Tamil Nadu winning the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] for the second time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=S. Prasanna |date=28 June 2023 |title=Football {{!}} Tamil Nadu roars back to beat Haryana and claim the senior women's National title |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/football-tamil-nadu-roars-back-to-beat-haryana-and-claim-the-senior-womens-national-title/article67020759.ece |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She scored a goal and assisting in another, in the 2-1 victory in the final against Haryana at the Gurunanak Stadium in Amritsar on 28 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2023 |title=Tamil Nadu win Senior Women's National Football Championship for second time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/tamil-nadu-win-senior-womens-national-football-championship-for-second-time/articleshow/101346509.cms |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu clinches second Senior Women's National Football Championship title |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/tamil-nadu-clinches-second-senior-womens-national-football-championship-title20230628223630/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Senior Women's National Football C'ship: TN reigns supreme |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/senior-womens-national-football-cship-tn-reigns-supreme-721012 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>

She plays for Kemp FC in the 2024–2025 [[Karnataka Women's League|KSFA women's league]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KSFA Women's League 2024-25 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/35720 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> In the match against Maatru Pratishtana FC on 4 August 2024, she scored a hat-trick.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2024 |title=In-form DYES 'A' emerge triumphant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/112255084.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Senior India debut ===
She made her Senior India debut in the first of the two FIFA Women’s International Friendlies against Uzbekistan played on 30 May 2025 at the Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence stadium, Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debutants Manisha Naik, Malavika, Priyadharshini dream of more Blue Tigresses caps |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/debutants-manisha-naik-malavika-priyadharshini-dream-of-more-blue-tigresses-caps |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2025 |title=India women’s football team suffers narrow defeat against Uzbekistan |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-defeat-against-uzbekistan-match-report-fifa-international-friendly/article69638846.ece |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2025 |title=Debutants Manisha Naik, Malavika, Priyadharshini dream of more Blue Tigresses caps |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/debutants-manisha-naik-malavika-priyadharshini-dream-of-more-blue-tigresses-caps20250601185221/ |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=ANI}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|11 April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=2|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2025
|5
|2
|-
|2026
|2
|1
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!7
!3
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Priyadharshini Selladurai
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || rowspan=2| 23 June 2025 || rowspan=2| [[700th Anniversary Stadium]], [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] || rowspan=2| {{fbw|MNG}} || align=center| 11–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 13–0 || rowspan=2| [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| 2. || align=center| 13–0
|-
| 3. || 15 April 2026 || [[Nyayo National Stadium]], [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] || {{fbw|MWI}} || align=center| 3–2 || align=center | 3–2 || [[2026 FIFA Series (women's matches)|2026 FIFA Series]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/72328?type=club Priyadharshini S.] at [[All India Football Federation]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selladurai., Priyadharsini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Sethu FC players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Sukhdev Singh Dasuwal

2026-05-04T18:18:18Z

MerryK8896455:

{{short description|Indian Sikh militant (1955-1992)}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukhdev Singh Babbar
| image = Sukhdev_singh_babbar.jpg
| alt = Sukhdev Singh Babbar
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = Sukhdev Singh Dasuwal
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1955|8|9}}
| birth_place = [[Patti, Punjab|Dassuwal]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1992|08|09|1955|08|09}}
| death_place = [[Patiala]], Punjab, India
| office1 = [[Babbar Khalsa|Co-Chief of Babbar Khalsa]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = ''Uncertain''
| parents =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| years_active =
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| known_for =
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| criminal_penalty =
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| term_start1 = 1978
| term_end1 = 1992
}}
'''Sukhdev Singh Dasuwal''' (9 August 1955 − 9 August 1992), known as '''Sukhdev Singh Babbar''', was an Indian militant, Sikh separatist, and co-leader of [[Babbar Khalsa International]] (BKI),<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123086.htm|publisher=US State Department|access-date=6 October 2017|title=Terrorist Exclusion List}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2|publisher=UK Government|access-date=6 October 2017|title=Terrorism Act 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085241/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2|archive-date=21 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/bo|publisher=Government of India|access-date=6 October 2017|title=Banned Organisations | cmsmha.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009215122/http://www.mha.nic.in/BO|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a Sikh militant organisation involved in the pursuit of creating a Sikh nation named as "[[Khalistan movement|Khalistan]]"<ref name="nevada_court_sentence">{{cite web |title=Reno Man Pleads Guilty To Conspiracy To Provide Material Support To Terrorists |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-nv/pr/reno-man-pleads-guilty-conspiracy-provide-material-support-terrorists |website=The United States Attorney's Office District of Nevada |access-date=19 July 2018 |language=en |date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113739/https://www.justice.gov/usao-nv/pr/reno-man-pleads-guilty-conspiracy-provide-material-support-terrorists |archive-date=19 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="PublicSecurityCanadaCurrentlyListedEntities">{{cite web|url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx|title=Currently listed entities|publisher=Public Safety Canada|access-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702154136/http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx|archive-date=2 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Babbar Khalsa International (BKI) |date=21 December 2018 |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx#17}}</ref>. BKI was founded by [[Talwinder Singh Parmar]], himself, and Amarjit Kaur. He commanded BKI continuously for 14 years until he was killed in 1992.<ref name="Hazarika">{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4DA163CF932A0575BC0A964958260 | work=The New York Times | title=Punjab Violence Eases as Police Claim Successes | first=Sanjoy | last=Hazarika | date=31 August 1992}}</ref> Sukhdev was wanted in multiple cases of murder, extortion, kidnapping, and sexual assault.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=1000 से अधिक हत्याओं में वांछित बब्बर खालसा ईन्टरनैशनल का चीफ सुखदेव सिंह बब्बर|date=9 August 1992|pages=3, 10|work=[[Punjab Kesari]]}}</ref> He served as a key planner of militant attacks and the biggest supplier of weapons and bombs to militants from Pakistan.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life==

Sukhdev Singh Dasuwal was born on 9 August 1955 to Jind Singh and Harnam Kaur in a [[Sandhu]] [[Jat Sikh|Jatt Sikh]] family of the village Dassuwal, [[Patti, Punjab|Patti]], [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. He studied up to the middle school level.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010309/main7.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192129/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010309/main7.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He had three brothers. His elder brother, Mehal Singh "Babbar" is also an active leader of the [[Babbar Khalsa International]] (BKI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020103/ldh1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Ludhiana Stories|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212148/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020103/ldh1.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The older brother of all three, Angrej Singh, is blind. His family owned {{convert|18|acre|m2}} of land in the village of Dassuwal. The wives of Sukhdev and Mehal are sisters who belonged to the adjoining village of Ghariala.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> He took Amrit and became a [[Khalsa]] in 1977.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |url=http://archive.org/details/fightingforfaith0000mahm |title=Fighting for faith and nation : dialogues with Sikh militants |date=1997 |publisher=Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8122-3361-2 |pages=84}}</ref>

==Militancy==

=== Beginning ===
As per ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'',<ref>{{cite news |first1=Varinder |last1=Walia |author2=Gurbaxpuri |title=The Kin of slain Babbar Khalsa chief shift abroad |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |agency=Tribune News Service |date=2001-03-09 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010309/main7.htm |access-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192129/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010309/main7.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> the day of the [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clashes|Sikh–Nirankari clashes]] (13 April 1978) was also the day when his marriage was fixed. On this day, he took a pledge to take revenge on the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]], a sub-sect of the [[Nirankari]] [[Sects of Sikhism|sect]] of [[Sikhism]].<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> He founded BKI<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> along with [[Talwinder Singh Parmar]] with the objective to secede from India and form the state of [[Khalistan]] for Sikhs. BKI's first goals were to kill the Nirankari head and the Nirankari seven stars who were the Sant Nirankari version of the [[Panj Pyare]].<ref name="2nd2">{{cite book |last1=Chima |first1=Jugdep S |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publication |isbn=9788132105381 |location=New Delhi |pages=41–44}}</ref> Sukhdev was the president of BKI. It was considered as the best armed and funded among the Khalistani militant groups.<ref name="NYTDeath">{{cite news |last=and |first=Sanjoy Hazarika |date=31 August 1992 |title=Punjab Violence Eases as Police Claim Successes |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4DA163CF932A0575BC0A964958260}}</ref><ref name="Hazarika" /><ref name="tribuneindia.com" />

=== Attacks on Nirankaris ===
In the period following the Nirankari clash and until [[Operation Blue Star]] Sukhdev led BKI in committing a targeted killing program against Nirankaris and anyone suspected of supporting the Nirankaris.<ref name="Gill 1997">{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Kanwar Pal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tn1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Punjab, the Knights of Falsehood |date=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0569-6 |language=en}}</ref> In 1984 Sukhdev publicly claimed responsibility for killing 35 Nirankaris<ref name="Chima 2010 86">{{Cite book |last=Chima |first=Jugdep |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/book/mono/the-sikh-separatist-insurgency-in-india/toc |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-321-0302-8 |location=B-42, Panchsheel Enclave, New Delhi 110 017 India |pages=86 |doi=10.4135/9788132105381}}</ref> and later in the same year 78 Nirankaris.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXNDAAAAYAAJ |title=Link |date=1984 |publisher=United India Periodicals |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1981 BKI split between members in foreign nations under Tawlinder Singh and members in India under Sukhdev who was made overall head. Sukhdev said no unlawful activity will be done outside of India.<ref name=":432">{{Cite book |last=Jerryson |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfjtDwAAQBAJ&dq=babbar+khalsa+nirankari&pg=PA643 |title=Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World [2 volumes] |date=15 July 2020 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-5991-5 |language=en}}</ref> The first unit of BKI was founded in Canada in 1981. This organisation has a presence in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[UK]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Belgium]], [[Norway]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="satp.org2">{{cite web |title=Babbar Khalsa International |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/BKI.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401183144/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/BKI.htm |archive-date=1 April 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> BKI became a major participant in Khalistan movement under his guidance and participated in hundreds of operations against Indian security forces and remained active in several Indian states.<ref name="satp.org2" />

One of BKI's earliest activities was the killing of Nirankari Shaadi Lal by Sukhdev and Kulwant Singh Nagoke.<ref name=":432" /> He was the President of Anandpur Sahib Municipality and one of the Nirankari seven stars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalia |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9EtAAAAMAAJ |title=Sant Harchand Singh Longowal, 1932-1985: A Martyr for Peace |date=1985 |publisher=New-Age Publishers & Distributors |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 October 1981, Sukhdev and fellow BKI militants attacked Niranjan Singh who was a Nirankari and [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer. He was the [[Deputy commissioner|Deputy Commissioner]] of [[Gurdaspur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Gurdarshan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIKWDwAAQBAJ&dq=niranjan+singh+nirankari&pg=PT260 |title=Truth About Punjab: SGPC White Paper |date=1996 |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar |language=en}}</ref> He was a key accused in the 1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Gurdarshan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIKWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Niranjan+Singh+nirankari+attack&pg=PT269 |title=Truth About Punjab: SGPC White Paper |date=1996 |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar |language=en}}</ref> Niranjan managed to survive the attack in an injured state, but his brother was killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ram Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JAMAQAAMAAJ |title=Terror in Punjab: Narratives, Knowledge, and Truth |date=2008 |publisher=Shipra Publications |isbn=978-81-7541-398-6 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatnagar |first=Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Challenges to India's Integrity: Terrorism, Casteism, Communalism |date=1998 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-442-2 |pages=195 |language=en}}</ref> On 16 November 1981, 2 BKI militants on motorcycles under Sukhdev killed Parhal Chand the Nirankari head of [[Kapurthala district|Kapurathala district]]. He was one of also the seven Nirankari stars. In the killing, Chand's father was killed and his brother was injured.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haqqi |first=Anwarul Haque |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKiLAAAAMAAJ |title=Democracy, Pluralism, and Nation-building |date=1984 |publisher=N.B.O. Publishers' Distributors |isbn=978-81-85135-00-7 |pages=322 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Democracy: Recent Trends & Issues |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil |date=1985 |publisher=Anmol Publications |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDVuAAAAMAAJ |title=White Paper on the Punjab Agitation |date=1984 |publisher=Government of India Press, Minto Road |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref> On 22 May 1982, BKI militants opened fire directed at Nirankari's in [[Amritsar|Patti]] killing 4 and injuring many more.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDVuAAAAMAAJ |title=White Paper on the Punjab Agitation |date=1984 |publisher=Government of India Press, Minto Road |pages=113–115 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Padinjarethalakal Cherian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4B1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Through the Corridors of Power: An Insider's Story |date=2004 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=978-81-7223-550-5 |language=en}}</ref>

On 10 September 1983, Sukhdev killed Kulwant Singh the Nirankari head of [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fifty injured in police-mourners clash |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/12/Fifty-injured-in-police-mourners-clash/4673432187200/ |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mirza |first1=Sarfaraz Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjpuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sikh Question: From Constitutional Demands to Armed Conflict |last2=Hasnat |first2=Syed Farooq |last3=Mahmood |first3=Sohail |date=1985 |publisher=Centre for South Asian Studies |pages=230 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmar |first=Moonis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIvaAAAAMAAJ |title=Violence and Terrorism in South Asia: Chronology and Profiles, 1971-2004 |date=2005 |publisher=Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Split from Jaranil Singh Bhindranwale and aftermath ===
Sukhdev had initially aligned himself with [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale|Jaranil Singh Bhindranwale]], but formed a closer alliance with [[Harchand Singh Longowal]] and the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] who had a falling out the Bhindranwale in 1983. Sukhdev led the BKI to confronting and occupying the Guru Nanak Niwas from Bhindranwale who reloacted to the [[Akal Takht]].<ref name="Gill 1997"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Babbar Khalsa leader claims credit for killing of 35 Nirankaris |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840115-babbar-khalsa-leader-claims-credit-for-killing-of-35-nirankaris-802698-1984-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131092230/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840115-babbar-khalsa-leader-claims-credit-for-killing-of-35-nirankaris-802698-1984-01-14 |archive-date=2023-01-31 |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chima 2010 86"/> Sukhdev served as Longowal's personal guard and arm against Bhindranwale until [[Operation Blue Star]]. The BKI force, numbering around 150, took posts against the Indian Army during the operation while Sukhdev himself escaped.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URFWAAAAYAAJ |title=Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle |last2=Jacob |first2=Satish |date=1986 |publisher=Pan Books |isbn=978-0-330-29434-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Various assassinations and attacks ===
In February 1986 BKI militants killed [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Harpal Singh. He was killed along with his father.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Amandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KimgEAAAQBAJ&dq=dsp+harpal+singh&pg=PT456 |title=Panjab: Journeys Through Fault Lines |date=5 December 2022 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-859-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVw8AAAAMAAJ |title=IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean |date=1987 |publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |pages=994 |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 January 1987, BKI militants under Sukhdev killed [[Joginder Pal Pandey]] in [[Ludhiana]]. He was the general secretary of the [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee|Indian National Congress Party in Punjab]] and a member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. In the attack Pandey's security guard Sohan Lal was killed. Three BKI militants in a vehicle had opened fire when Pandey's car was stopped at a gas station. This incident led to a curfew in Ludhiana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh Extremists Kill Eight in New Attacks, Police Say |url=https://apnews.com/article/f39c4a3fbc333cd824f695c830dedd5c |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=20 January 1987 |title=The World : Sikhs Kill Party Leader |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-01-20-mn-5969-story.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

BKI launched an attack in September 1987 with [[Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala]] of [[Khalistan Commando Force]] (KCF). The target was [[Station House Officer]] (SHO) [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] Mith Singh. Mith Singh had been hand-picked by then chief of Punjab Police [[Julio Ribeiro (police officer)|Julio F. Riberio]]. He was picked to deal with Budhsinghwala. Mith Singh had been accused of police brutality and targeting Budhsinghwala's family.<ref name=":44">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harjinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJdcCAAAQBAJ&dq=sho+mith+singh&pg=PA225 |title=Game of Love |date=2008 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |isbn=978-0-9554587-1-2 |pages=225 |language=en}}</ref> Budhsinghwala began plotting to kill Mith Singh with Husan Singh and BKI militants. The attack was carried out by Budshinghwala and fellow Sikh militants on 15 September 1987 at around 9am. Mith Singh was shot while he was walking along with his guard, a police [[constable]]. Both of their guns were taken by Budhsinghwala. In the crossfire a schoolboy was also killed and five others were injured. The killing is said to have greatly alarmed Punjab Chief of Police Riberio. Mith Singh was one of his best and most loyal officers.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Police: Three Dead, Five Injured In Sikh Terrorist Attack |url=https://apnews.com/article/c817733f5156c7c0695da3dcfd69d7fa |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Baja 2016 74">{{Cite book |last=Baja |first=Maninder Singh |title=ਅਮਰ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਭਾਈ ਗੁਰਜੰਟ ਸਿੰਘ ਬੁੱਧਸਿੰਘਵਾਲਾ |publisher=[[Damdami Taksal]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-93-85397-02-8 |edition=1st |pages=74 |language=Punjabi}}</ref>

Commandant Gobind Ram was killed on 10 January 1990. Gobind Ram was killed in a bomb blast at the headquarters of the 75th battalion of the Punjab Armed Police in [[Jalandhar]]. He was commandant of the 75th battalion. The planning of the killing was done by [[Toofan Singh]] and BKI militants. The bomb was planted in the cooler of his office. In the blast, three others, including [[Sub-inspector|Sub Inspector]] Prem Kumar, were killed and at least four were critically wounded. The blast also caused major damage to the building. All the windows of the second floor were broken and a fire broke out on the first floor. Multiple vehicles parked were also damaged. He had been on the hit list of Sikhs over his alleged role in 38 [[Encounter killing|fake encounters]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bomb kills Punjab police commander, three others |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/01/10/Bomb-kills-Punjab-police-commander-three-others/3355631947600/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=B. |title=Who will mourn our martyrs? |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/may/28raman.htm |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Security forces continue to transgress law in Punjab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890930-security-forces-continue-to-transgress-law-in-punjab-816588-1989-09-29 |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=India Today |date=30 September 1989 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatnagar |first=Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Challenges to India's Integrity: Terrorism, Casteism, Communalism |date=1998 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-442-2 |pages=214–215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC&dq=gobind+ram&pg=PA46 |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=3 August 2010 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0017-1 |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 February 1990, KCF, [[Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan]] [[Sukhwinder Singh Sangha|Sangha]] (BTKF (S)), BKI, and [[All-India Sikh Students' Federation|Sikh Students Federation]] (SSF) collectively claimed responsibility for an explosion in [[Phillaur]] that killed Inspector Harcharan Singh Soori and [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant Sub-Inspector]] Ram Moorti on the 11th. The bomb also wounded 2 Sergeants. The explosion happened in an armoured and guarded police training facility. Both were put in a special armoured room for extra safety, but were killed at 9 pm from an explosion within their room. Both officers had been accused of torturing Sikhs. Inspector Soori had survived a previous assassination attempt in 1988.<ref>World Sikh News (Punjabi) 16 February 1990 Page 2, 5</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WSN |title=2 more senior cops die in blast |url=https://sikhheritageeducation.com/2-more-senior-cops-die-in-blast/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION |date=4 January 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 25 February 1990, BKI killed a police informant involved in the killing of their militants.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Des Pardes Weekly March 9–16 |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=10381&page=4&CategoryID=2&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=2 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.panjabdigilib.org |pages=4–5}}</ref>

On 26 February 1990, BKI attack a [[Central Reserve Police Force]] patrol near Ajab Vali killing 5 soldiers and injuring 6.<ref name=":02"/>

On 2 March 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for killing 1 [[Sergeant]] and 1 Constable of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] in Nagoke for alleged "misdeeds".<ref name=":9"/>

On 2 March 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for a bomb attack in [[Phillaur|Philaur]] that killed 1 police constable and 2 others. They stated that they were killed because they had put fake cases on locals.<ref name=":9">World Sikh News (Punjabi) 2 March 1990 Page 2</ref>

On 16 March 1990, BKI militants killed 3 serial rapists near [[Batala]] who were wanted in over 40 cases of rape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Des Pardes Weekly March 9–16 |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=10381&page=4&CategoryID=2&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=2 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.panjabdigilib.org |page=4}}</ref>

On 16 March 1990, BKI claimed responsibility for killing multiple [[Border Security Force]] men in [[Zafarwal|Zaffarwal]].<ref name=":02"/>

On 16 March 1990, KLF, SSF, BKI, and KCF claimed responsibility for killing a police informant named Bhagwant Singh who was involved in over 50 killings. He was also a key associate of Gobind Ram.<ref name=":622">{{Cite web |title=Des Pardes Weekly March 9–16 |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=10381&page=4&CategoryID=2&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=2 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.panjabdigilib.org |page=45}}</ref>

On 6 April 1990, BKI claimed responsibility for killing 1 Assistant Sub-Inspector and 6 Constables.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Des Pardes Weekly March 31 - April 6 |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=10376&page=7&CategoryID=2&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=2 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.panjabdigilib.org |page=7}}</ref>

On 14 May 1990, Gurcharan Singh Tohra, president of SGPC, was attacked in his car. A jeep with about six militants drove beside Tohra's vehicle and opened fire. An escort car attempted to chase them but they escaped. Tohra managed to survive but was injured. Tohra's bodyguard was also injured. Tohra's driver was killed and so was former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] H. S. Rajla who was accompanying Tohra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh leader wounded, two killed in militant ambush |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/05/14/Sikh-leader-wounded-two-killed-in-militant-ambush/4418642657600/ |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> Budhsinghwala and Paramjit Singh Panjwar of KCF, Sukhdev of BKI, and Daljit Singh of SSF collectively claimed responsibility. They said he was attacked for his involvement in Operation Blue Star.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYplAAAAIBAJ&dq=budhsinghwala&pg=PA9&article_id=264,2129956 |title=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 23 July 1990, KLF, KCF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for killing the Chief Engineer of the [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal]] (SYL), ML Sekhri, and Superintending Engineer of the SYL, Avtar Singh. They were killed while attending a meeting with fellow engineers in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2022 |title=Militant who killed two SYL engineers gets place in Central Sikh Museum |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/amritsar/militant-who-killed-two-syl-engineers-gets-place-in-central-sikh-museum-8211122/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WSN |title=2 SYL officials shot dead |url=https://sikhheritageeducation.com/2-syl-officials-shot-dead/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION |date=10 January 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=Can I get my father back? Asks slain SYL engineer's daughter |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/can-i-get-my-father-back-asks-slain-syl-engineer-s-daughter/story-m3eMgSl5RmmIxnZiuqBPBK.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 21 September 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF claimed responsibility for an attack on a [[Special police|SPO]] base which killed 2 officers.<ref name=":102">World Sikh News (Punjabi) 21 September 1990 Page 2</ref>

On 21 September 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF claimed responsibility for killing a [[Nirankari]] in [[Patiala]].<ref name=":102" />

On 28 September 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF claimed responsibility for killing Inspector Rajinderpal Singh.<ref>World Sikh News (Punjabi) 28 September 1990 Page 2</ref>

On 23 November 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, BTFK, and SSF claimed responsibility for killing Indian National Congress president of [[Jalandhar district]], Gurdarshan Singh. They claimed he was a police informant involved in the killing of militants.<ref>World Sikh News (Punjabi) 23 November 1990 Page 5</ref>

On 24 November 1990, at 9 am Sukhdev along with other militant groups part of the Sohan Singh Committee killed Superintendent of Police (Operations) Harjit Singh in a bomb blast at [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]. Sikh militants had been studying Harjit's travel routes for some time. A remote-controlled bomb had been placed on a road Harjit usually drove by to go to the doctor. When Harjit's lead security vehicles drove by and it was just his vehicle over the bomb it was detonated. In the explosion three of his security guards were killed and his vehicle was destroyed. A permanent curfew was put on the town after. Twenty-two days prior to his death Harjit had killed the chief of BTFK (S) [[Sukhwinder Singh Sangha]] along with four other militants. [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] (KLF), KCF, BKI, SSF, and BTFK (S) members held a meeting afterward pledging to kill Harjit. Major Singh of KCF was given the lead role in the killing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikhs kill police superintendent, eight civilians - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/11/24/Sikhs-kill-police-superintendent-eight-civilians/6320659422800/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fU-6AAAAIAAJ |title=JPRS Report: Near East & South Asia |date=1991 |publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6VKAQAAIAAJ |title=Frontline |date=1994 |publisher=S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Police - Martyrs-Gallery |url=https://punjabpolice.org/martyr/index.html |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=punjabpolice.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marwah |first=Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4UiAQAAMAAJ |title=Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India |date=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-81-7223-251-1 |pages=400 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRYtAQAAMAAJ |title=The Indian Factories Journal |date=1997 |publisher=Company Law Institute of India Limited |pages=22–24 |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 October 1991, R. N. Goyal, Chief Health Officers Ludhiana, Bachitar Singh Director Health Services Punjab, and 5 others were killed by KCF, KLF, BTFK, BKI, and SSF. They claimed that the doctors had forged autopsy’s, improperly treated Sikhs, and aided in police killings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WSN |title=Killings owned |url=https://sikhheritageeducation.com/killings-owned/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION |date=23 April 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Ramesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJ1s6vX4m-4C |title=Global Terrorism: Foreign Policy in the New Millennium |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-240-4 |pages=261 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==

He died on 9 August 1992, in a gunfight when heavily armed policemen stormed a villa in the city of [[Patiala]] in early August and captured him. At the time, he was India's most wanted Khalistani extremist.<ref name="CrenshawM397">{{cite book |last1=Crenshaw |first1=Martha |title=Terrorism in Context |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Penn State Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC |access-date=8 July 2018 |page=397 |isbn=9780271044422 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708162242/https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is reported that India used the CAT system, to trap Sukhdev. He was captured with the help of a former BKI militant member turned police-cat, who informed on him in exchange for a reward of ₹ 10,00,000. This former member helped trap Sukhdev by arranging a meeting of top BKI militants, ostensibly to work out future strategy. For helping neutralise the chief of the most powerful group of militants in the state, the turned member also received a third of the reward on Singh.<ref name="satp_cat"/>

== Aftermath ==
After the death of Sukhdev, his followers killed policemen in retaliation.<ref name=NYTDeath/><ref name="satp_cat">{{cite web |last1=Mahadevan |first1=Prem |title=Counter Terrorism in the Indian Punjab: Assessing the 'Cat' System The Final Offensive (1992-1993) Money: The Asymmetric Advantage |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume18/Article2.htm# |website=satp.org |publisher=Faultlines: Volume 18, January 2007 |access-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919094923/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume18/Article2.htm |archive-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After his death, Punjab Police DGP [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]] accused Sukhdev of living a "''king-like''" lifestyle. In his book, "Punjab: The Knights of Falsehoods", he accused Sukhdev of living a lavish lifestyle contradictory to the ideals of his organisation, and claimed that he owned multiple lavish bungalows. He further accused Sukhdev of living with Jawahar Kaur, a member of a popular singing group "Nabhe Wallian Bibian Da Jatha", and fathering an illegitimate child.<ref name="satp prophet">{{cite web|title=Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood -- Psalms of Terror|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014135815/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm|archive-date=14 October 2017|access-date=29 October 2017|website=Satp.org}}</ref>

After his death his family members left their home and moved abroad. A major portion of his ancestral house of the Sukhdev now stands demolished and the remaining dilapidated two-room set is locked.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babbar, Sukhdev Singh}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement people]]
[[Category:People from Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Air India Flight 182]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]
[[Category:People charged with murder]]
[[Category:People charged with racketeering]]
[[Category:People charged with kidnapping]]
[[Category:People charged with sex crimes]]

Kerala Students' Union

2026-05-04T14:57:00Z

MerryK8896455: started info

{{Short description|Indian student organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = KSU
| logo =
| image =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1957||}}
| abbreviation = KSU
| founding_location = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Aloshious Xavier

|
| leader_title2 = Vice Presidents
| leader_name2 = MJ Yadhukrishnan Arun Rajendran Muhammad Shammas Ann Sebastian
| type = Students political organisation
| purpose = Political students organisation of INC
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| language = [[Malayalam]] [[English language|English]]
| parent_organization = [[National Students Union of India]] (NSUI)
| affiliations = {{Bulleted_list|[[Indian National Congress]]|[[National Students Union of India]]|[[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]}}
| num_volunteers =
| website = https://ksu.org.in/
}}

The '''Kerala Students Union''' (abbreviated '''KSU''') is one of the largest students organisation in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It functions as the student wing of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The KSU has strong ideology of Indian National Congress.

KSU was founded in 1957 at [[Alappuzha]], with M. A. John<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/feb/23/ma-john-passes-away-230011.html|title=MA John passes away|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/congress-leader-m-a-john-found-dead/712714|title=Congress Leader M A John Found Dead|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref> as its main organiser and [[Vayalar Ravi]] founding general secretary.<ref name="FrankelFrankel2005">{{cite book|author1=Francine R. Frankel|title=India's Political Economy, 1947-2004: The Gradual Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNfsAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565839-2|page=448}}</ref><ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Education World: The Human Development Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNycAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=D. Thakore|page=40}}</ref><ref>''Outlook''. ''[https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/vayalar-ravis-rise-due-to-organizational-skill/660269 Vayalar Ravi's Rise Due to Organizational Skill]''</ref><ref>Niyama Sabha. ''[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m581.htm Vayalar Ravi]''</ref> The original group consisted of M. A. John, Vayalar Ravi, George Tharakan and A. A. Samad. It functioned as the student wing of the Pradesh Congress Committee.<ref name="FrankelFrankel2005"/> While Ravi was the President, KSU took a leading role in the opposition campaign against the communist state government.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kerala Journal of Social Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BedvvmW3m94C|year=2000|publisher=Department of Political Science, University of Kerala.|page=154}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bxMAQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Frank Cass|page=178}}</ref> KSU sought to challenge the near-monopoly of the communist-led [[All India Students Federation|AISF]] over campus politics at the time.<ref>{{cite book|title=International Congress on Kerala Studies, 27-29 August 1994, Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zVuAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=The Centre|page=9}}</ref> KSU entered the centre stage of student politics in Kerala with the "Orana Samaram", a strike for travel concessions for students in buses and boats owned by the state. KSU also played a key role in the movement that toppled the communist state government. Under the Presidency of K.M. Abhijith, KSU raised a strong protest against the PSC examination scandal involving SFI leaders from [[University College]], and initiated the re-establishment of KSU Unit under the leadership of Amal Chandra after a gap of almost 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ksu-opens-unit-under-police-escort/article28662145.ece|title=Kerala Students Union opens unit in University College|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="FrankelFrankel2005"/> On March 11, 2025, KSU organised a "Campus Jagaran Yatra" from Kasaragod to Thiruvananthapuram, emphasising the urgent need to eliminate drug mafias from campuses.<ref>[https://www.manoramanews.com/kerala/latest/2025/03/10/ksu-campus-jagarana-yatra-anti-drug-awareness-kerala.html</ref>

{|class ="wikitable"
|-
!
! President
|-
| 1
| George Tharakan
|-
| 2
| A. C. Jose
|-
|-
| 3
| [[Vayalar Ravi]]
|-
| 4
| [[A. K. Antony]]
|-
| 5
| [[Oommen Chandy]]
|-
| 6
| [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
|-
| 7
| [[V. M. Sudheeran]]
|-
| 8
| [[M. M. Hassan]]
|-
| 9
| [[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| 10
| P. M. Suresh Babu
|-
| 11
| [[G. Karthikeyan]]
|-
| 12
| [[Benny Behanan]]
|-
| 13
| [[Cherian Philip]]
|-
| 14
| M Murali
|-
| 15
| [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|-
| 16
| [[P. T. Thomas]]
|-
| 17
| [[Joseph Vazhackan]]
|-
| 18
| T. Sharatchandra Prasad
|-
| 19
| Punalur Madhu
|-
| 20
| [[K. C. Venugopal]]
|-
| 21
| J. Joseph
|-
| 22
| Jaison Joseph
|-
| 23
| [[Satheeshan Pacheni]]
|-
| 24
| [[P. C. Vishnunadh]]
|-
| 25
| [[Hibi Eden]]
|-
| 26
| [[Shafi Parambil]]
|-
| 27
| V. S. Joy
|-
| 28
| K. M. Abhijith
|-
|29
| Aloshious Xavier Adimali
|}

==NSUI ==
KSU emerged as the largest political force at high schools and colleges in the state by the early 1960s.<ref name="FrankelFrankel2005"/> KSU became the main force in establishing the [[National Students Union of India]], the new students wing of the Indian National Congress.<ref name=a/><ref>{{cite book|title=Socialist India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1xYef1mk7EC|year=1974|publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee.|page=14}}</ref>

[[National Students Union of India]] (NSUI), the student wing of the Indian National Congress (INC or Congress), was established on 9 April 1971. The organisation was founded by [[Indira Gandhi]] after merging the Kerala Students Union and the [[West Bengal State Chhatra Parishad]] to form a national students' organisation.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
* [[UDSF|The United Democratic Students' Front (UDSF)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:National Students' Union of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress of Kerala]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ksu-opens-unit-under-police-escort/article28662145.ece|title=Kerala Students Union opens unit in University College|website=The Hindu}}

Alair Assembly constituency

2026-04-29T21:10:18Z

MerryK8896455: Created A Entry - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alair
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (97-Alair highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Alair Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Beerla Ilaiah]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,02,985
| incumbent_image = Beerla Ilaiah.jpg
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 97
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
}}

'''Alair Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 12 constituencies in [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]. It is part of [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Beerla Ilaiah]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is currently representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Alair]]
|-
| [[Rajapet]]
|-
| [[Yadagirigutta, Telangana|Yadagirigutta]]
|-
| [[Turkapally]]
|-
| [[Gundala, Nalgonda|Gundala]]
|-
| [[Atmakur, Nalgonda|Atmakur (M)]]
|-
| [[Bommala Ramaram]]
|-
| [[Motakondur]]
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="3" | [[Arutla Kamala Devi]] || {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | Anreddy Punna Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Salluri Pochaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="5" | [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | Dr. Kududula Nagesh || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2008 elections in India#Andhra Pradesh|2008 By-election]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Budida Bikshamaiah Goud]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="2" | [[Gongidi Suntiha]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Beerla Ilaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref name="Telangana Assembly Elections Results 2023 - Alair">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Elections Results 2023 - Alair |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2997.htm |access-date=22 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222061337/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2997.htm |archive-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Beerla Ilaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 122,140 |percentage = 57.41% |change = {{increase}}24.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gongidi Suntiha]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 72,504 |percentage = 34.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padala Srinivas |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,659 |percentage = 4.54% |change = {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dheeravath Gopi Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,591 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 659 |percentage = 0.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,636 |percentage = 23.33% |change = {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 212,777 |percentage = 91.18% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 212,761}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,366 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}7.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gongidi Suntiha]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 94,870 |percentage = 49.93% |change = {{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Budida Bikshamaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,784 |percentage = 32.52% |change = {{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalluri Ramchandra Reddy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,923 |percentage = 6.27% |change = {{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] |party = Bahujana Left Party |votes = 10,473 |percentage = 5.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Donthiri Sridhar Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,967 |percentage = 2.61% |change = {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,464 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kandadi Manipal Reddy |party = Telugu Congress Party |votes = 1,230 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saritha Janne |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,200 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,086 |percentage = 17.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 191,534 |percentage = 91.49% |change = {{increase}}5.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,016}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,345 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gongidi Suntiha]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 91,737 |percentage = 52.94% |change = {{increase}}20.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Budida Bikshamaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,260 |percentage = 34.77% |change = {{decrease}}4.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotha Kishtaiah |party = Ambedkar National Congress |votes = 7,086 |percentage = 4.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kasam Venkateshwarlu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,530 |percentage = 3.77% |change = {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopi Jonah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,625 |percentage = 0.94% |change = {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavala Rama Swamy |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,382 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 778 |percentage = 0.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,477 |percentage = 18.16% |change = {{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,160 |percentage = 86.27% |change = {{increase}}11.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,293}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,038 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}9.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Budida Bikshamaiah Goud]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,905 |percentage = 39.62% |change = {{increase}}20.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallem Yadagiri Reddy |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 54,003 |percentage = 31.98% |change = {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bandru Shobha Rani |party = Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 16,659 |percentage = 9.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kududula Nagesh |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,870 |percentage = 3.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kasam Venkateshwarlu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,664 |percentage = 3.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chelmala Chandra Reddy |party = Indian Justice Party |votes = 3,769 |percentage = 2.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rachakonda Sitha |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,389 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subburu Ramesh |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 2,099 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Reddy Gujjula |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,011 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Prathap Singh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,956 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,902 |percentage = 7.64% |change = {{increase}}4.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,882 |percentage = 74.94% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,882}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,352 |ref = |change = {{increase}}38.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 elections in India#Andhra Pradesh|2008 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/07to08/bye07_08.htm |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections 2007- 2008 |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kududula Nagesh |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 45,867 |percentage = 39.27% |change = {{decrease}}16.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 41,943 |percentage = 35.91% |change = {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaga Lazarus |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,357 |percentage = 19.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yonte Paka Swaroopa Rani |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,991 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paladugu Gouramma Alias Mary Kumari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,562 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotha Kishtaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 971 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Potta Venkataiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 809 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,924 |percentage = 3.36% |change = {{decrease}}17.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,810 |percentage = 71.58% |change = {{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,797}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,195 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}16.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 4 Mar 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113812/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kududula Nagesh |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 66,010 |percentage = 55.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 41,185 |percentage = 34.83% |change = {{decrease}}7.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Etikala Purushotham |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,719 |percentage = 2.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thuti Sanjeeva |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,026 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashapaka Chandraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,014 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Golluri Anjaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,602 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Battu Ramchandraiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,523 |percentage = 1.29% |change = {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunchu Jannaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,316 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,825 |percentage = 21.00% |change = {{increase}}14.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,266 |percentage = 74.72% |change = {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,241}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 25 |percentage = 0.02% |change = {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,280 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,384 |percentage = 49.47% |change = {{increase}}20.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kududula Nagesh |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 47,767 |percentage = 42.67% |change = {{decrease}}23.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Challoori Poshaiah |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,012 |percentage = 6.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,617 |percentage = 6.80% |change = {{decrease}}30.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,983 |percentage = 76.43% |change = {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,958}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,025 |percentage = 2.63% |change = {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,435 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}16.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 69,172 |percentage = 65.68% |change = {{increase}}31.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kududula Nagesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,197 |percentage = 28.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurram Janardhan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,072 |percentage = 2.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalepu Adivaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,750 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,975 |percentage = 37.00% |change = {{increase}}23.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,218 |percentage = 72.32% |change = {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,324}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,894 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}4.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,245 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}17.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 44,953 |percentage = 48.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yadagi Basani Sunnam |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 32,472 |percentage = 34.67% |change = {{decrease}}33.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yata Vemkata Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,769 |percentage = 13.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukka Narahari |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,387 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Budidi Mallaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,380 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,481 |percentage = 13.33% |change = {{decrease}}37.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,990 |percentage = 71.10% |change = {{increase}}7.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,649}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,341 |percentage = 6.34% |change = {{increase}}4.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,629 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}20.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 49,068 |percentage = 68.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chettupalli Kennedy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,922 |percentage = 18.05% |change = {{decrease}}9.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salluri Pochaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,788 |percentage = 9.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neredu Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,293 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhuwanagiri Bichapathi |party = Independent politician |votes = 583 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Konapuram Chandraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 539 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,146 |percentage = 50.48% |change = {{increase}}39.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,109 |percentage = 63.85% |change = {{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,604}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,505 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,507 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}29.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,589 |percentage = 39.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sallooru Poshiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,914 |percentage = 27.93% |change = {{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchander. B |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 15,951 |percentage = 23.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kandula Buchaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,868 |percentage = 4.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tatikayala Mallaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,426 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Dhakoori |party = Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes = 791 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mailarapu Yadagiri |party = Independent politician |votes = 561 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,675 |percentage = 11.33% |change = {{decrease}}15.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,193 |percentage = 67.67% |change = {{decrease}}6.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,713}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,480 |percentage = 2.14% |change = {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,256 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}13.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Salluri Pochaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,989 |percentage = 52.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patti Venkatramulu |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,852 |percentage = 25.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukka Rajamallaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,381 |percentage = 18.98% |change = {{decrease}}22.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yata Vemkata Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,279 |percentage = 3.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,137 |percentage = 27.14% |change = {{increase}}14.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,657 |percentage = 74.08% |change = {{increase}}4.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,501}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,156 |percentage = 2.97% |change = {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,077 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Anreddy Punna Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,028 |percentage = 41.00% |change = {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Yakubu Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,653 |percentage = 28.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pareddy Chenna Reddy |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 15,100 |percentage = 25.77% |change = {{increase}}3.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deeravathu Namayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,819 |percentage = 4.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,375 |percentage = 12.59% |change = {{decrease}}7.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,377 |percentage = 69.33% |change = {{decrease}}2.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,600}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,085 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Anreddy Punna Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,404 |percentage = 42.18% |change = {{decrease}}5.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. C. Reddy |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 11,801 |percentage = 22.22% |change = {{decrease}}30.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. N. Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,770 |percentage = 20.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Narsimha |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 7,255 |percentage = 13.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Venkataiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 890 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,603 |percentage = 19.96% |change = {{increase}}15.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,702 |percentage = 71.82% |change = {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,120}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,558 |ref = |change = {{increase}}36.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}10.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arutla Kamala Devi]] |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 18,763 |percentage = 52.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anreddy Punna Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,094 |percentage = 47.67% |change = {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,669 |percentage = 4.65% |change = {{decrease}}8.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,346 |percentage = 65.64% |change = {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,857}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,891 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |swing = {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alair <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arutla Kamala Devi]] |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 16,581 |percentage = 51.85% |change = {{decrease}}14.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anreddy Punna Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,454 |percentage = 38.95% |change = {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Yadgiri |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,943 |percentage = 9.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,127 |percentage = 12.91% |change = {{decrease}}19.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,978 |percentage = 62.20% |change = {{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,978}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,411 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |swing = {{decrease}}14.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Aler <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arutla Kamala Devi]] |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 18,834 |percentage = 66.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kancherla Rama Krishna Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,602 |percentage = 33.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,232 |percentage = 32.47% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,436 |percentage = 56.45% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,436}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,372 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Alair]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.64|79.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Lalla Rookh

2026-04-29T07:16:33Z

MerryK8896455: starting

{{short description|1817 poem by Thomas Moore}}
{{about|a poem by Thomas Moore}}
{{Italic title}}
{{use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox book
| image =
Lalla Rookh - Upper cover and spine (c188b37).jpg
| caption = The 1861 edition
| author = [[Thomas Moore]]
| pub_date = 1817
}}

'''''Lalla Rookh''''' is a romantic work by Irish poet [[Thomas Moore]], first published in 1817. The title refers to the fictional heroine of the [[frame tale]], depicted as the daughter of the 17th-century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. It consists of four [[Narrative poetry|narrative poems]] with a connecting tale in prose. The work was a resounding success, and its popularity gave rise to many ships being named "Lalla Rookh" during the 19th century. It also played an instrumental role in making [[Kashmir]] (called ''Cashmere'' in the poem) a household name in the [[English-speaking world]].<ref>{{cite book | title=The Arts and South Asia | via=Issuu|publisher=Harvard South Asia Institute|date=12 May 2017 |page=45|chapter=At the threshold of paradise: Kashmir in Mughal Persian poetry|first=Sunil|last=Sharma| url=https://issuu.com/harvardsai/docs/sai_arts_final | access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> The poem remains one of the great works of [[Orientalism|orientalist]] poetry and has been regularly adapted into films, musicals, operas, and other media.

==Name and background==
[[File:Hofstaat zu Delhi am Geburtstag des Großmoguls01.jpg|thumb|Diorama of the Mughal imperial palace at Delhi (1701–1708), made by [[Johann Melchior Dinglinger]]<ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|author1=Schimmel, A.|author2=Waghmar, B. K.|date=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781861891853|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/17 17]|access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref>]]
The name Lalla Rookh or Lala-Rukh ({{langx|fa|لاله رخ}} ''laleh rox'' or ''rukh'') means "tulip-cheeked" and is an endearment frequently used in Persian poetry.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Balfour | first = Edward | title = The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia | publisher = Bernard Quaritch | year = 1885 | volume = II | location = London | page = 661 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3U0OAAAAQAAJe
}}</ref> Lalla Rookh has also been translated as "rosy-cheeked";<ref>{{cite web | last=Murphy | first=Janet | title=Lalla Rookh- Marking the Indian Arrival in Suriname | website=NewsGram | date=30 April 2016 | url=https://www.newsgram.com/lalla-rookh-marking-the-indian-arrival-in-suriname/ | access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> however, the first word derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word for tulip, ''laleh'', and a different word, ''laal'', means rosy, or [[ruby]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Moor | first=Edward | title=Oriental Fragments. By the Author of the Hindu Pantheon | publisher=Smith | year=1834 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx1nAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA128 | access-date=30 January 2021 | page=128}}</ref> Tulips were first cultivated in Persia, probably in the 10th century,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J.M.|first2=Rafaël |last2=Govaerts|first3=John C. |last3=David |first4=Tony |last4=Hall |first5=Katherine |last5=Borland |first6=Penelope S. |last6=Roberts |first7=Anne |last7=Tuomisto |first8=Sven |last8=Buerki |first9=Mark W. |last9=Chase |first10=Michael F. |last10=Fay|display-authors=2|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Rafael Govaerts|author-link9=Mark W Chase|author-link10=Michael F Fay |title=Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae)|year=2013|issue=3 |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=172|pages=280–328 |doi=10.1111/boj.12061|doi-access=free }}</ref> and remain a powerful symbol in Iranian culture,<ref>{{cite web | title=Politics and Art of Iran's Revolutionary Tulips | website=The Iran Primer | date=23 April 2013 | url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2013/apr/23/politics-and-art-iran%E2%80%99s-revolutionary-tulips | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427074457/http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2013/apr/23/politics-and-art-iran%E2%80%99s-revolutionary-tulips | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 April 2013 | access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> and the name Laleh is a popular girl's name.<ref>{{cite web | title=Beauty unbound: Flowers in Iranian culture | website=Tehran Times | date=15 January 2012 | url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/395819/Beauty-unbound-Flowers-in-Iranian-culture | access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> ''Rukh'' also translates as "face".<ref>{{cite web | title=Word histories and Urdu | website=DAWN.COM | date=14 March 2011 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/612909/word-histories-and-urdu | access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

Moore is believed to have drawn inspiration from ''[[The Garden of Knowledge]]'' by [[Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh|Inayatullah Kamboh]] (1608–1671).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irwin |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Irwin (writer) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDjAzgEACAAJ |title=The Arabian Nights: A Companion |date=2010 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|Tauris Parke Paperbacks]] |isbn=978-1-86064-983-7 |edition=2nd |series= |location=London |page=191}}</ref> He set his poem in a sumptuous [[oriental]] setting on the advice of [[Lord Byron]].<ref name=eb>{{cite web | title=Thomas Moore | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=24 May 2020 | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Moore | access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>
The work was completed in 1817 while Moore was living in a house in the countryside of [[Hornsey]], Middlesex, and the house was renamed, possibly by Moore himself, after the poem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/lalla-rookh-house|title = Lalla Rookh - house}}</ref> Lalla Rookh is a fictional daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb; he had no daughter of this name.<ref name=iqbal>{{cite web | last=Iqbal | first=Amjad | title=Tomb of a fabled princess | website=DAWN.COM | date=3 May 2015 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1179690 | access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
The plot is framed by a romantic narrative featuring the princess's journey and encounters. The aged King of [[Khanate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] abdicated in favour of his son, which caused an Indian ruler to arrange a marriage between his daughter Lalla Rookh and the new ruler. Lalla Rookh travels to meet her betrothed, but falls in love with Feramorz, a poet posing as a humble singer in her entourage. Feramorz charms the princess with his ability to compose poetry. The bulk of the work consists of four interpolated tales sung by the poet: "The Veiled Prophet of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorassan]]" (loosely based upon the story of [[Al-Muqanna]]), "Paradise and the Peri", "The Fire-Worshippers", and "The Light of the Harem". When Lalla Rookh enters the palace of her bridegroom, she swoons away, expecting to do her duty in marrying a man she has never met. She awakens with rapture to find that the poet she loves is there. The king had disguised himself as a slave to test whether his bride-to-be loved him for who he truly was.<ref>{{Cite Nuttall|title=Lalla-Rookh}}</ref>

==Allegorical meaning==

Scholars have stated Moore, a friend of the executed Irish rebel [[Robert Emmet]], depicts in the poem "disguised versions of the French Revolution and the Irish Rebellion of 1798, [and] condemns the former but justifies the latter".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ron/1900-v1-n1-ron1039/012459ar/|doi = 10.7202/012459ar|title = "The Standard of Revolt": Revolution and National Independence in Moore's Lalla Rookh|year = 2006|last1 = Vail|first1 = Jeffery W.|journal = Romanticism on the Net|issue = 40|url-access = subscription}}</ref>

==Adaptations==

''Lalla Rookh'' inspired several musical settings, including a [[cantata]] by [[Frederic Clay]] & [[W. G. Wills]] (1877) featuring the famous song "I'll Sing Thee Songs of Araby".<ref>Michael Kilgariff (1998) ''Sing Us One of the Old Songs: A Guide to Popular Song 1860–1920''</ref>

''The Fire-Worshippers'' is an 1892 "dramatic cantata" by [[Granville Bantock]] based on one of the tales,<ref>{{cite web | title=Granville Bantock's The Fire Worshippers |first= Josh |last=Liu | website=Thomas Moore in Europe (QUB Blog) |publisher= [[Queen's University Belfast]] | date=30 June 2017 | url=https://blogs.qub.ac.uk/erin/2017/06/30/granville-bantocks-the-fire-worshippers/ | access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref> and Bantock also wrote a 6-part adaptation of the whole poem for piano solo in 1919.

It is also the basis of the [[operas]] ''Lalla-Rûkh'', festival pageant (1821) by [[Gaspare Spontini]], partly reworked into ''Nurmahal oder das Rosenfest von Caschmir'' (1822), ''[[Lalla-Roukh]]'' by [[Félicien David]] (1862), ''[[Feramors]]'' by [[Anton Rubinstein]] (1863), and ''[[The Veiled Prophet (opera)|The Veiled Prophet]]'' by [[Charles Villiers Stanford]] (1879). One of the interpolated tales, ''[[Paradise and the Peri]]'', was set as a choral-orchestral work by [[Robert Schumann]] (1843). Lines from the poem form the lyrics of the song "Bendemeer Stream".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Interlude |date=2015-05-24 |title=What work did Schumann consider to be his greatest? |url=https://interlude.hk/robert-schumann-paradise-peri-op-50/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The poem was translated into German in 1846 as ''Laleh-Rukh. Eine romantische Dichtung aus dem Morgenlande'', by [[A. E. Wollheim da Fonseca|Anton Edmund Wollheim da Fonseca]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Laleh-Rukh. Eine romantische Dichtung aus dem Morgenlande...| website=Google Books| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MBYAAAAcAAJ&q=Laleh-Rukh.+Eine+romantische+Dichtung+aus+dem+Morgenlande | access-date=30 January 2021| last1=Moore| first1=Thomas| date=1846}}</ref> was possibly the most translated poem of its time.<ref name=eb/>

''[[Lala Rookh]]'', a 1958 Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic-drama film by Akhtar Siraj, was based on Moore's poem.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Madhulika Liddle |author1-link=Madhulika Liddle |title=Lala Rookh (1958) |url=https://madhulikaliddle.com/2013/02/02/lala-rookh-1958/ |website=Dustedoff |language=en |date=2 February 2013}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The poem, which earned the highest price ever thus far for a poem (£3,000), enhanced Moore's reputation considerably at the time.<ref name=eb/>

The popularity of the poem and its subsequent adaptations gave rise to many ships being named ''[[List of ships named Lalla Rookh|Lalla Rookh]]'' during the 19th century.

[[Alfred Joseph Woolmer]] painted "Lalla Rookh" in 1861, depicting Hinda, daughter of the [[Emir]] of Arabia, in a tower overlooking the [[Persian Gulf]], based on the story called "The Fire-Worshippers" in the poem. It is now housed in the [[Leicester Museum & Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Lalla Rookh(from the poem by Thomas Moore)| website=Art UK | url=https://www.artuk.org/discover/artworks/lalla-rookh-80915# | access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>

It is also credited with having made [[Kashmir]] (spelt ''Cashmere'' in the poem) "a household term in [[Anglophone]] societies", conveying the idea that it was a kind of [[paradise]] (an old idea going back to [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] texts in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book | title=The Arts and South Asia | via=Issuu|publisher=Harvard South Asia Institute|date=12 May 2017 |page=45|chapter=At the threshold of paradise: Kashmir in Mughal Persian poetry|first=Sunil|last=Sharma| url=https://issuu.com/harvardsai/docs/sai_arts_final | access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

The [[Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm]] (founded 1889), often known as "the Grotto", a [[Side Degrees|social group]] with membership restricted to [[Freemasonry|Master Masons]], and its female auxiliary, the Daughters of Mokanna (founded 1919), also take their names from Thomas Moore's poem.<ref>{{Citation | title = The Grotto | publisher = MasonicDictionary.com | year = 2007 | url = http://www.masonicdictionary.com/grotto.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702112058/http://www.masonicdictionary.com/grotto.html | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 2 July 2007 | access-date = 15 Dec 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Lalla Rookh Caldron, Daughters of Mokanna |publisher=Lalla Rookh Grotto |url=http://lallarookhgrotto.com/id18.html |access-date=2009-12-15
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031071334/http://lallarookhgrotto.com/id18.html |archive-date=31 Oct 2009}}</ref>

The [[Veiled Prophet Parade and Ball|Veiled Prophet Organization]] of [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], founded in 1878 by [[Charles E. Slayback|Charles]] and [[Alonzo W. Slayback|Alonzo Slayback]] created a mythology for a secret society and borrowed the name "The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan".

A tomb in [[Hassanabdal]], Pakistan, dating from the [[Mughal Empire]], is known as the tomb of Princess Lalarukh. Some historians and others say that there is a woman called Lalarukh from the household of Emperor [[Humayun]] buried here after dying on a journey from Kashmir, while others claim that she was the daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. The tomb was first recorded as the Tomb of Lady Lalarukh in 1905, which historians suggest was derived from Moore's popular work and named by British officers in the time of [[British India]].<ref name=iqbal/>

In [[George Eliot]]'s 1871/1872 novel ''[[Middlemarch]]'', it is said of the character Rosamond Vincy, "Her favourite poem was 'Lalla Rookh'" (Chapter 16).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Lalla Rookh}}
{{Commonscat}}
*{{cite web | title=Introducing Project ERIN: Thomas Moore in Europe| website=Thomas Moore in Europe (QUB Blog) |publisher= [[Queen's University Belfast]] | date=16 June 2017|url=https://blogs.qub.ac.uk/erin/ |quote=ERIN documents two of Thomas Moore’s song series – the Irish Melodies (1808-1834) and National Airs (1818-1827) – as well as music inspired by his ‘oriental romance’ Lalla Rookh (1817).}}
* {{cite web | title=Lalla Rookh : The Oriental Road Trip'pin Romance | website=The Heritage Lab | date=24 September 2017 | url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/lalla-rookh-oriental/}} – Summarises the four narratives.
* Text of "[http://www.bartleby.com/library/poem/3665.html Paradise and the Peri]"
* [https://franpritchett.com/00generallinks/lallarookh/ ''Lalla Rookh''] prepared for the web by Fran Pritchett.
* {{cite book |title=Lalla Rookh: An Oriental Romance |author=Thomas Moore |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell & Company |year=1817|url=https://archive.org/stream/lallarookhorien00mooriala/lallarookhorien00mooriala_djvu.txt }}
* [[gutenberg:8187|The Complete Poems of Sir Thomas More]], including ''Lalla Rookh''

{{Thomas Moore|state=expanded}}
{{Irish poetry}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Poetry by Thomas Moore]]
[[Category:Works set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Irish poems]]
[[Category:Narrative poems]]
[[Category:1817 poems]]
[[Category:Poems adapted into films]]

Mahabali Shera

2026-04-28T08:46:12Z

MerryK8896455: stub

{{short description|Indian professional wrestler (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name = Mahabali Shera
|image = Mahabali Shera.jpg
|caption = Shera in September 2017
|birth_name = Amanpreet Singh Randhawa
|names = Amanpreet Singh Khoya '''Mahabali Shera''' Mahabali Veera '''Shera'''
|height = {{convert|6|ft|4|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name="impact wrestling">{{cite web|url=http://impactwrestling.com/talent-roster/mahabali-shera/|title=Mahabali Shera|publisher=ImpactWrestling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312065620/http://impactwrestling.com/talent-roster/mahabali-shera/|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|weight = {{convert|242|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="impact wrestling" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=11788&name=Mahabali+Veera|title=Mahabali Veera/Shera profile|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211413/http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=11788&name=Mahabali%20Veera|url-status=live}}</ref>
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|05|02}}
|birth_place = [[Firozpur|Firozpur, Punjab]], India
|death_date =
|billed = [[Punjab, India]]
|debut = 2011
|retired =
}}
'''Amanpreet Singh Randhawa''' (born 2 May 1990) is an Indian [[professional wrestler]], He is signed to [[Ohio Valley Wrestling]] (OVW), where he performs under the ring name '''Mahabali Shera''' or simply '''Shera'''. He also had a brief stint under contract with [[WWE]] in 2018. He is best known for his time with [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] (TNA).

== Professional wrestling career ==
{{See also|Professional wrestling in India}}

=== Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling (2011-2017) ===

==== Ring Ka King (2011–2012) ====
In December 2011, under the [[ring name]] Mahabali Veera, he took part in the India project [[Ring Ka King]], backed by [[Impact Wrestling|Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] (TNA). He competed in the RKK World Heavyweight Championship tournament to crown the inaugural champion, and he defeated [[Eugene (wrestler)|Dr. Nicholas Dinsmore]] in the quarterfinals of the tournament before being defeated by [[Scott Steiner]] in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=74712|title=Ring Ka King #1 results|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090948/http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=74712|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=75124|title=Ring Ka King #4 results|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118043657/http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=75124|url-status=live}}</ref> During the final week of tapings, on 21 April 2012, Veera defeated [[Nick Aldis|Sir Brutus Magnus]] to become the final [[Ring Ka King#RKK World Heavyweight Championship|RKK World Heavyweight Champion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=78500|title=Ring Ka King #25 results|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084629/http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=78500|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== The Revolution (2014–2015) ====
{{Main|The Revolution (TNA)|l1=The Revolution}}
On 22 September 2014, it was announced that he would debut in the following weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.impactwrestling.com/news/item/6084-TNA-and-SONY-SIX-Announces-the-Signing-of-their-first-Indian-Wrestler-Mahabali-Shera|title=TNA Announces the Signing of First Indian Wrestler: Mahabali Shera|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208180815/http://www.impactwrestling.com/news/item/6084-TNA-and-SONY-SIX-Announces-the-Signing-of-their-first-Indian-Wrestler-Mahabali-Shera|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 12 November episode of ''[[Impact! (TV series)|Impact Wrestling]]'', [[T. J. Perkins|Manik]] attempted to introduce him to the leader of [[The Revolution (TNA)|The Revolution]] stable, [[James Storm]], before Storm demanded Manik to send Shera away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_81779.shtml|title=TNA IMPACT RESULTS 11/12: The Wolves "defend" TNA Tag Titles, Samoa Joe announces X future, Aries vs. Lashley, more|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185243/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/tnaimpact/article_81779.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 January 2015, his ring name changed to '''Khoya''', officially joining The Revolution. On 23 January episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Khoya made his in-ring debut, defeating [[Tigre Uno]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2015/0123/588786/spoilers-tna-impact-results/|title=TNA Impact Wrestling Results For 1/23|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130531/http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2015/0123/588786/spoilers-tna-impact-results/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 April, Khoya defeated Manik and [[Abyss (wrestler)|Abyss]] in a 3-Way match to join James Storm in a qualifier match to participate in the 4-Way [[Ultimate X match|Tag Team Ultimate X Match]] for the vacant [[Impact World Tag Team Championship|TNA World Tag Team Championship]] in a losing effort.

On 26 June episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Khoya turned [[Face (professional wrestling)|face]] after being beaten and repeatedly insulted by James Storm, and subsequently entered into a feud with Storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/94696/626-tna-impact-spoilers.html?p=1|title=Impact Wrestling results|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182310/https://www.pwinsider.com/article/94696/626-tna-impact-spoilers.html?p=1|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 August episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', he stood up to Storm, hit him with a ''[[Professional wrestling throws|sitout spinebuster]],'' and officially changed his name to '''Mahabali Shera'''.<ref>[http://www.pwinsider.com/article/95551/main-event-set-for-bound-for-glory-730-tna-taping-spoilers-from-orlando-fl.html?p=1 MAIN EVENT SET FOR BOUND FOR GLORY – 7/30 TNA TAPING SPOILERS FROM ORLANDO, FL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182309/https://www.pwinsider.com/article/95551/main-event-set-for-bound-for-glory-730-tna-taping-spoilers-from-orlando-fl.html?p=1 |date=13 January 2019 }}. PWInsider.com (31 July 2015). Retrieved on 2015-12-05.</ref> On the 30 September episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Shera defeated Storm in a no disqualification match, ending their feud.

==== Various feuds (2015–2017) ====
On 4 October, at [[Bound for Glory (2015)|Bound For Glory]], Shera competed in a 12-man Bound for Gold gauntlet match but was eliminated by [[Tyrus (wrestler)|Tyrus]] who went on to win the match. He then entered in the [[TNA World Title Series]] as a member in the Group Wild Card along with [[Crazzy Steve]], [[Kenny King (wrestler)|Kenny King]], and [[Aiden O'Shea]] for the vacated [[Impact World Heavyweight Championship|TNA World Heavyweight Championship]]. He ended first of his block when he became victorious in receiving nine points, thus advancing to the round of 16 where he defeated [[Eli Drake]] in the first round match. On the 9 December episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Shera lost to [[Bobby Lashley|Lashley]] in the quarterfinals, failing to advance the round of four and being eliminated.

On 16 February 2016 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Shera formed a new tag team [[Grado (wrestler)|Grado]]. On 29 March episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', he was taken out by [[Al Snow]] who attacked Grado and broke his arm. On 12 April episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Shera and Snow had a harsh conversation in which Snow apologized to Shera and shook his hand. However, after Shera was getting out of the ring, Snow assaulted Shera from behind, leaving him lying near the steel steps. A week later, Shera lost to Snow after receiving a knuckle to the head. In his rematch against Snow on 10 May episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Grado came back and distracted Snow, allowing Shera to win.

In May 2017, Shera became involved in a storyline between [[Braxton Sutter]] and [[Kongo Kong]]. He saved Sutter and [[Allie (wrestler)|Allie]] from Kong, [[Kevin Matthews (wrestler)|KM]], [[Sienna (wrestler)|Sienna]], and [[Laurel Van Ness]] on the 18 May episode of ''Impact Wrestling''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagesideseats.com/2017/5/19/15661410/tna-impact-wrestling-results-review-video-may-18-2017-ec3-james-storm-ultimate-x-pritchard|title=Impact Wrestling Results, Review, & Video: Genital Reflection|date=19 May 2017|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212092401/https://www.cagesideseats.com/2017/5/19/15661410/tna-impact-wrestling-results-review-video-may-18-2017-ec3-james-storm-ultimate-x-pritchard|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 June episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Shera won a gauntlet match for the inaugural Sony SIX Invitational Trophy, last eliminating KM. At [[Slammiversary XV|Slammiversary]] on 2 July, Shera teamed with Sutter and Allie to defeat KM, Kong and Van Ness in a six-person tag team match. His last match was on 11 November episode of ''[[Impact! Xplosion|Xplosion]]'', where he defeated [[Caleb Konley]]. On 13 November 2017, his profile was officially removed from Impact Wrestling's website, confirming his departure from the company.

=== WWE (2018) ===
On 14 February 2018, Randhawa signed a contract with [[WWE]], and subsequently reported to the [[WWE Performance Center]]. At a [[NXT (WWE brand)|NXT]] [[House show|live event]] on 1 March in [[Ocala, Florida]], he made his debut with a win over Dan Matha. In September 2018, he was released from his WWE contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sescoops.com/wwe-releases-mahabali-shera/|title=WWE Releases Mahabali Shera|date=19 September 2018|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423005452/https://www.sescoops.com/wwe-releases-mahabali-shera/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Return to Impact Wrestling/Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2019–2024) ===
On 21 April 2019, it was announced that Randhawa had re-signed with [[Impact Wrestling]] following his release from [[WWE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2019/04/mahabali-shera-rejoins-impact-wrestling-roster-653336/|title=Mahabali Shera Rejoins Impact Wrestling Roster|date=21 April 2019|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423004748/https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2019/04/mahabali-shera-rejoins-impact-wrestling-roster-653336/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shera would make his return during the Impact tapings in Mexico at the end of a match between Desi Hit Squad members Rohit Raju and Raj Singh and Big Mami and Nino Hamburguesa, destroying the Deaners and affirming his loyalty to [[Gama Singh]] and the Desi Hit Squad, turning heel.<ref name="SheraReturn">{{cite web |title=Mahabali Shera Makes a Violent Return |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SDsppE6yl1U |website=YouTube |publisher=Impact Wrestling |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=5 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305131632/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SDsppE6yl1U |url-status=live }}</ref> Desi Hit Squad quietly disbanded after their 8 February loss to [[The Rascalz]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

After a lengthy hiatus, Shera returned to Impact television when he aided former Desi Hit Squad stablemate [[Rohit Raju]] in a beatdown on Raju's rival and [[Impact X Division Championship|Impact X Division Champion]] [[T. J. Perkins|TJP]]. On 17 July 2021, Shera teamed with [[Madman Fulton]] at [[Slammiversary (2021)|Slammiversary]] in a losing effort against [[FinJuice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wrestlingheadlines.com/impact-slammiversary-2021-results/|title=IMPACT Slammiversary 2021 Results|date=17 July 2021|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004142929/https://wrestlingheadlines.com/impact-slammiversary-2021-results/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 September 2021, it was reported that Mahabali Shera was going to be out of action after reportedly dealing with an unknown injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/09/impact-star-mahabali-shera-reportedly-injured/|title=Impact Star Reportedly Injured|date=23 September 2021|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004143421/https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/09/impact-star-mahabali-shera-reportedly-injured/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 24, 2022, Shera returned to TNA on Before The Impact where he defeated [[Crazzy Steve]]. on the April 21 episode of Impact, Shera defeated Gabriel Rodriguez. on the [[Under Siege (2022)|Under Siege]] preshow, Shera and [[Raj Singh (wrestler)|Raj Singh]] lost to [[Heath and Rhino]]. on the May 12 episode of Impact, Shera competed in the [[Gauntlet for the Gold#Variations|Gauntlet match]] which was won by [[Eric Young (wrestler)|Eric Young]]. on the May 26 episode of Impact, Shera and Raj Singh lost to [[Bhupinder Gujjar]] and [[W. Morrissey]]. On July 5 Impact Digital Media Match, Shera and Raj Singh lost to [[Johnny Swinger]] and Zicky Dice. on the July 28 episode of Impact, Shera lost to [[Josh Alexander]]. on the November 17 episode of Impact, Shera and Raj Singh lost a fatal four way tag team match to [[Bullet Club]] ([[Ace Austin]] and [[Chris Bey]]). On November 22 for an Impact Digital Media Match, Shera lost to Joe Hendry. on the November 24 Before The Impact, Shera and Raj Singh defeated Delirious and Yuya Uemura. on the December 15 Before The Impact, Shera defeated Jack Price.

On the January 12, 2023 Before The Impact, Shera and Raj Singh defeated Johnny Swinger and Zicky Dice. On January 24 Impact Digital Media Match, Shera and Raj Singh defeated Aiden Prince and [[Andrew Everett]]. on the February 9 episode of Impact, Shera lost to [[Pierre Carl Ouellet|PCO]]. afterwards Shera and Champagne Singh lost back to back tag team matches against the teams of Heath and Rhino and the team of Frankie Kazarian and Rich Swann. On the [[Rebellion (2023)|Rebellion]] preshow, Shera and [[Champagne Singh]] defeated Heath and Rhino. on the May 4 episode of Impact, Shera, Champagne Singh and [[Steve Maclin]] lost to Heath, PCO and Rhino. on the June 8 episode of Impact, Shera lost to [[Heath Slater|Heath]]. on June 15 Before The Impact, Shera and Champagne Singh defeated Jack Price and [[Laredo Kid]]. on the July 6 episode of Impact, Shera and Champagne Singh lost to Rich Swann and Sami Callihan. on the September 7 episode of Impact, Shera and Champagne Singh lost to Joe Hendry and Yuya Uemura.

On the January 26, 2024 episode of Xplosion, Shera lost to Rhino. on the February 9 episode of Xplosion, Shera lost to [[Jake Something]]. on the February 16 episode of Xplosion, Shera lost to [[Trent Seven]]. On the [[Emergence (2024)|Emergence]] preshow, Shera lost to [[PCO (wrestler)|PCO]] in a [[TNA Digital Media Championship]] match failing to win the title.

=== Ohio Valley Wrestling (2019–present) ===
On 22 October 2019, Shera made his [[Ohio Valley Wrestling]] debut, where he was defeated by Drew Hernandez in a dark match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=245031|title=OVW TV #1054 – Cagematch.net|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112020913/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=245031|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 December 2019, at ''OVW Christmas Choas'' Shera teamed with [[Jax Dane]], Dimes and Corey Storm in an eight-man steel cage tag team match against The Legacy Of Brutality (Big Zo, Cash Flo, Hy-Zaya and [[Jay Bradley]]) in a losing effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=249606|title=OVW TV #1061 - Christmas Chaos 2019|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=1 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401023306/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 January 2020, on the first episode of ''OVW Overdrive'', Shera faced [[Jay Bradley]] in a losing effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=298063|title=OVW Overdrive #1 – Cagematch.net|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=1 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401023306/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 January 2021, Shera returned competing in the 2021 [[List of Ohio Valley Wrestling tournaments#Nightmare Rumble|Nightmare Rumble]] for the [[OVW Heavyweight Championship]] which was won by Omar Amir.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wrestling-news.net/ovw-nightmare-rumble-2021-results/160195/ |title=OVW Results: Nightmare Rumble 2021 |first=Wayne |last=Daly |website=Wrestling-News.net |date=9 January 2021 |accessdate=10 January 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110041924/https://www.wrestling-news.net/ovw-nightmare-rumble-2021-results/160195/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 January 2022, Shera made his return from injury to compete in the [[Ohio Valley Wrestling tournaments#Nightmare Rumble|Nightmare Rumble]] for a chance to earn an OVW Heavyweight Championship match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=334394|title=Nightmare Rumble 2022 Results|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182338/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=334394|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 March, Shera defeated [[Jessie Godderz]] at ''OVW March Mayhem'' to become the new [[OVW National Heavyweight Championship|OVW National Heavyweight Champion]].<ref name="pwinsider.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/156506/scaffold-match-mahabali-shera-wins-gold-more-35-ovw-march-madness-report.html|title=Scaffold Match, Mahabali Shera Wins Gold & More: 3/5 OVW March Madness Report|access-date=6 May 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105202656/https://www.pwinsider.com/article/156506/scaffold-match-mahabali-shera-wins-gold-more-35-ovw-march-madness-report.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 July, Shera lost the championship to [[James Storm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/160773/james-storm-vs-shera-impact-champions-appear-more-77-ovw-tv-taping-live-report-from-louisville-ky.html?p=1 |title=JAMES STORM VS. SHERA, IMPACT CHAMPIONS APPEAR & MORE: 7/7 OVW TV TAPING LIVE REPORT FROM LOUISVILLE, KY |last=Cannon |first=Brian |date=8 July 2022 |website=PWInsider.com |publisher= |access-date=20 October 2022 |quote= |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020183617/https://www.pwinsider.com/article/160773/james-storm-vs-shera-impact-champions-appear-more-77-ovw-tv-taping-live-report-from-louisville-ky.html?p=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 November, Shera defeated Ca$h Flo to become the [[OVW Heavyweight Championship]]. On 13 December, Shera regained the National Heavyweight Championship against Ca$h Flo. On 22 June episode of ''OVW'', Shera lost the OVW Heavyweight Championship to Ca$h Flo, ending his reign at 210 days.{{fact|date=February 2024}}

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable" summary="List of Television appearances and roles"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Himself
|Episode 1160
|-
|2023
|[[Wrestlers (TV series)|Wrestlers]]
|Himself
|Episode 1 & 4
|}

== Personal life ==
Randhawa is a big fan of [[Bollywood]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] is his favorite actor from the industry. He belongs to the [[Sikh]] community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thefangarage.com/articles/10927-tfginterview-mahabali-shera-is-ready-to-bring-the-impact-world-championship-to-india|title=Interview of Mahabali Shera by Renjith Ravindran for The Fan Garage|website=The Fan Garage|date=30 May 2017|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111223045/https://thefangarage.com/articles/10927-tfginterview-mahabali-shera-is-ready-to-bring-the-impact-world-championship-to-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Championships and accomplishments ==
*'''[[Ohio Valley Wrestling]]'''
**[[OVW Heavyweight Championship]] ([[OVW Heavyweight Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net//?id=5&nr=128|title=OVW Heavyweight Championship History|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref>
**[[OVW National Heavyweight Championship]] ([[OVW National Heavyweight Championship#Title history|2 times]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net//?id=5&nr=4745|title=OVW National Heavyweight Championship History|access-date=7 March 2022|archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307170033/https://www.cagematch.net//?id=5&nr=4745|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[OVW Tag Team Championship]] (1 time) - with Cash Flo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwmania.com/ovw-christmas-chaos-results-december-16-2023|title=OVW Christmas Chaos Results – December 16, 2023|work=PWMania|first=Ethan|last=Black|date=December 12, 2023|access-date=December 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225203748/https://www.pwmania.com/ovw-christmas-chaos-results-december-16-2023|archive-date=December 25, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[Nightmare Cup]] (2023) - with Cash Flo
*'''Pro Wrestling All-Stars of Detroit'''
**PWASD Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=3453|title=PSWASD Heavyweight Championship History|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=11 January 2021|archive-date=1 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401023245/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''
**PWI ranked him #'''138''' of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the [[PWI 500]] in 2012<ref>[http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=11788&page=12 Awards « Mahabali Shera « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH – The Internet Wrestling Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095431/http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=11788&page=12 |date=4 March 2016 }}. Cagematch.net. Retrieved on 5 December 2015.</ref>
*'''[[Ring Ka King]]'''
**[[Ring Ka King#RKK World Heavyweight Championship|RKK World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[Ring Ka King|1 time, final]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=1704|title=RKK World Heavyweight Championship history|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130080427/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=1704|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Slam Wrestling'''
**Slam Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BR07I64AC9D/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BR07I64AC9D |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|title=Instagram post by Mahabali Shera • Mar 19, 2017 at 4:47pm UTC|website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*'''[[Impact Wrestling|Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling]]'''
**[[TNA One Night Only (2015)#Global Impact – USA vs. The World|Global Impact Tournament (2015)]] – with Team International {{small|([[Sonjay Dutt]], [[Bram (wrestler)|Bram]], [[Drew McIntyre|Drew Galloway]], [[Keiji Mutoh|The Great Muta]], [[Seiya Sanada|The Great Sanada]], [[Nick Aldis|Magnus]], [[Rockstar Spud]], [[Tigre Uno]], and [[Angelina Love]])}}
**Sony SIX Invitational Trophy (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://impactwrestling.com/mahabali-shera-earns-sony-six-invitational-trophy-impacticymi/ |title=Mahabali Shera Earns the Sony SIX Invitational Trophy | #IMPACTICYMI - Impact Wrestling |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019093021/http://impactwrestling.com/mahabali-shera-earns-sony-six-invitational-trophy-impacticymi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{Twitter|id=MahabaliShera}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8244704/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 IMDb Profile]

{{Navboxes|
|list1=
{{OVW Heavyweight Championship}}
{{OVW Tag Team Championship}}
{{OVW National Heavyweight Championship}}
{{Ring Ka King Champions}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shera, Mahabali}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:21st-century male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Indian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Expatriate professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:OVW Heavyweight Champions]]
[[Category:OVW National Heavyweight Champions]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:OVW Tag Team Champions]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Hindi cinema recognised content

2026-04-26T20:30:34Z

MerryK8896455:

{{Navbox
| name =
| title = [[Hindi cinema]] recognised content
| listclass = hlist
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}

| group1 = Good articles {{Icon|GA}}
| list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup
| group1 = Films
| list1 =
# ''[[:7 Khoon Maaf]]''
# ''[[:Aashiqui 2]]''
# ''[[:Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
# ''[[:AK vs AK]]''
# ''[[:Alam Ara]]''
# ''[[:Andaaz]]''
# ''[[:Andhadhun]]''
# ''[[:Anjaana Anjaani]]''
# ''[[:Armaan (2003 film)|Armaan]]''
# ''[[:Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
# ''[[:Bajirao Mastani]]''
# ''[[:Barfi!]]''
# ''[[:Bhopal: A Prayer for Rain]]''
# ''[[:Black (2005 film)|Black]]''
# ''[[:Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]''
# ''[[:Chak De! India]]''
# ''[[:Chennai Express]]''
# ''[[:Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''
# ''[[:Company (2002 film)|Company]]''
# ''[[:Dabangg]]''
# ''[[:Dear Zindagi]]''
# ''[[:Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
# ''[[:Dhoom 2]]''
# ''[[:Dil Chahta Hai]]''
# ''[[:Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
# ''[[:Dor (film)|Dor]]''
# ''[[:Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''
# ''[[:Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''
# ''[[:Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''
# ''[[:Gangaajal]]''
# ''[[:Gunday]]''
# ''[[:Happy Bhag Jayegi]]''
# ''[[:Hichki]]''
# ''[[:Hindi Medium]]''
# ''[[:Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
# ''[[:Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
# ''[[:Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
# ''[[:Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
# ''[[Kaminey]]''
# ''[[:Khosla Ka Ghosla]]''
# ''[[:Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
# ''[[:Krrish]]''
# ''[[:Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
# ''[[:Lagaan]]''
# ''[[:Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]''
# ''[[:Madhumati]]''
# ''[[:Maine Pyar Kiya]]''
# ''[[:Mary Kom (film)|Mary Kom]]''
# ''[[:Mohabbatein]]''
# ''[[:Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''
# ''[[:Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]''
# ''[[:Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
# ''[[:Mukkabaaz]]''
# ''[[:Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]''
# ''[[:My Friend Pinto]]''
# ''[[:Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]''
# ''[[:Neerja]]''
# ''[[:NH10 (film)|NH10]]''
# ''[[:No One Killed Jessica]]''
# ''[[:Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]''
# ''[[:Pakeezah]]''
# ''[[:Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]''
# ''[[:Raman Raghav 2.0]]''
# ''[[:Ra.One]]''
# ''[[:Rang De Basanti]]''
# ''[[:Rudaali]]''
# ''[[:Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]''
# ''[[:Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
# ''[[:Shahid (film)|Shahid]]''
# ''[[Soni (film)|Soni]]''
# ''[[:Sooryavanshi|Sooryavanshi]]''
# ''[[:Talvar (film)|Talvar]]''
# ''[[Teri Meri Kahaani (film)|:Teri Meri Kahaani]]''
# ''[[:The Dirty Picture]]''
# ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]''
# ''[[:The Sky Is Pink]]''
# ''[[:Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]''
# ''[[:Tumbbad]]''
# ''[[:Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]''
# ''[[:Ugly (film)|Ugly]]''
# ''[[:U Me Aur Hum]]''
# ''[[:Vivah]]''
# ''[[:What's Your Raashee?]]''
# ''[[:Wazir (film)|Wazir]]''
# ''[[:Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''

| group2= Personalities
| list2=
# [[:Aishwarya Rai]]
# [[:Anurag Kashyap]]
# [[:Anushka Sharma]]
# [[:Devika Rani]]
# [[:Deepak Tijori]]
# [[:Divya Bharti]]
# [[:Farhan Akhtar]]
# [[:Genelia D'Souza]]
# [[:Huma Qureshi]]
# [[:Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]]
# [[:Jacqueline Fernandez]]
# [[:Kajol]]
# [[:Kartik Aaryan]]
# [[:Mani Ratnam]]
# [[:Manoj Bajpayee]]
# [[:Parineeti Chopra]]
# [[:R. Madhavan]]
# [[:Rajinikanth]]
# [[:Rajkummar Rao]]
# [[:Ranbir Kapoor]]
# [[:Randeep Hooda]]
# [[:Ranveer Singh]]
# [[:Rashmika Mandanna]]
# [[:Riya Sen]]
# [[:Saif Ali Khan]]
# [[:Shahid Kapoor]]
# [[:Shreya Ghoshal]]
# [[:Shriya Saran]]
# [[:Sunidhi Chauhan]]
# [[:Taapsee Pannu]]
# [[:Taruni Sachdev]]
# [[:Vicky Kaushal]]
# [[:Vishal Bhardwaj]]

| group3 = Books
| list3=
# ''[[:A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm]]''
# ''[[:A. R. Rahman: The Spirit of Music]]''
# ''[[:Conversations with Waheeda Rehman]]''
# ''[[:Eurekha!]]''
# ''[[:Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story]]''
# ''[[:Hema Malini: Beyond the Dream Girl]]''
# ''[[:In the Company of a Poet]]''
# ''[[:Jiya Jale: The Stories of Songs]]''
# ''[[:King of Bollywood (book)|King of Bollywood]]''
# ''[[:Meena Kumari (book)|Meena Kumari]]''
# ''[[:Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar]]''
# ''[[:Rekha: The Untold Story]]''
# ''[[:Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy]]''
# ''[[Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess]]''
# ''[[Ten Years with Guru Dutt]]''
# ''[[:Yash Chopra (book)|Yash Chopra]]''

| group4 = Miscellaneous
| list4=
# [[:Devdas (soundtrack)|''Devdas'' (soundtrack)]]
# "[[:Didi Tera Devar Deewana]]"
# [[:Grazing Goat Pictures]]
# "[[:Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]"
# [[Production of Pakeezah|Production of ''Pakeezah'']]
# "[[:Tum Hi Aana]]"
}}

| group2 = Featured articles {{Icon|FA}}
| list2 = {{Navbox|subgroup
| group1 = Films
| list1 = # ''[[:Aitraaz]]''
# ''[[:Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]''
# ''[[:Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''
# ''[[:Kahaani]]''
# ''[[:Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
# ''[[:Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''
# ''[[:The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]''
# ''[[:Loev]]''
# ''[[:Margarita with a Straw]]''
# ''[[:Mother India]]''
# ''[[:Mughal-e-Azam]]''
# ''[[:Nil Battey Sannata]]''
# ''[[:Parinda]]''
# ''[[:Sholay]]''
# ''[[:Taare Zameen Par]]''
# ''[[:Waiting (2015 film)|Waiting]]''

| group2= Personalities
| list2= # [[:Alia Bhatt]]
# [[:Deepika Padukone]]
# [[:Dimple Kapadia]]
# [[:Hrithik Roshan]]
# [[:Kalki Koechlin]]
# [[:Kangana Ranaut]]
# [[:Kareena Kapoor]]
# [[:Katrina Kaif]]
# [[:Preity Zinta]]
# [[:Priyanka Chopra]]
# [[:Rani Mukerji]]
# [[:Shah Rukh Khan]]
# [[:Sonam Kapoor]]
# [[:Vidya Balan]]
}}

| group3 = Featured lists {{Icon|FL}}
| list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup
| group1 = Awards
| list1 = # [[:Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
# [[:List of accolades received by Bajirao Mastani|''Bajirao Mastani'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Barfi!|''Barfi!'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Black (2005 film)|''Black'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|''Devdas'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Dil Chahta Hai|''Dil Chahta Hai'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Dil Dhadakne Do|''Dil Dhadakne Do'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by The Dirty Picture|''The Dirty Picture'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Fashion (2008 film)|''Fashion'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Haider (film)|''Haider'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Kahaani|''Kahaani'']]
# [[:List of awards and nominations received by Kajol|Kajol]]
# [[:List of accolades received by Kal Ho Naa Ho|''Kal Ho Naa Ho'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Kaminey|''Kaminey'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Koi... Mil Gaya|''Koi... Mil Gaya'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Lagaan|''Lagaan'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Mary Kom (film)|''Mary Kom'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Mohabbatein|''Mohabbatein'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by My Name Is Khan|''My Name Is Khan'']]
# [[:National Film Award for Best Direction]]
# [[:National Film Award for Best Actor]]
# [[:National Film Award for Best Actress]]
# [[:National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
# [[:National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
# [[:List of accolades received by Neerja|''Neerja'']]
# [[:List of accolades received by Padmaavat|''Padmaavat'']]
# [[:List of awards and nominations received by Parineeti Chopra|Parineeti Chopra]]
# [[:List of accolades received by Piku|''Piku'']]
# [[:List of awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta|Preity Zinta]]
# [[:List of awards and nominations received by Priyanka Chopra|Priyanka Chopra]]
# [[:List of accolades received by Queen (film)|''Queen'']]
# [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan|Shah Rukh Khan]]
# [[:List of accolades received by Veer-Zaara|''Veer-Zaara'']]
# [[:List of awards and nominations received by Vidya Balan|Vidya Balan]]
# [[:List of accolades received by Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara|''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara'']]

| group2= Filmographies
| list2= # [[:Aamir Khan filmography|Aamir Khan]]
# [[:Abhishek Bachchan filmography|Abhishek Bachchan]]
# [[:Aishwarya Rai filmography|Aishwarya Rai]]
# [[:Ajay Devgn filmography|Ajay Devgn]]
# [[:Akshay Kumar filmography|Akshay Kumar]]
# [[:Alia Bhatt filmography|Alia Bhatt]]
# [[:Amitabh Bachchan filmography|Amitabh Bachchan]]
# [[:Anurag Kashyap filmography|Anurag Kashyap]]
# [[:Asin filmography|Asin]]
# [[:Ayushmann Khuranna filmography|Ayushmann Khurrana]]
# [[:Bipasha Basu filmography|Bipasha Basu]]
# [[:Deepika Padukone filmography|Deepika Padukone]]
# [[:Dimple Kapadia filmography|Dimple Kapadia]]
# [[:Hrithik Roshan filmography|Hrithik Roshan]]
# [[:Kajol filmography|Kajol]]
# [[:Kangana Ranaut filmography|Kangana Ranaut]]
# [[:Kareena Kapoor filmography|Kareena Kapoor]]
# [[:Karisma Kapoor filmography|Karisma Kapoor]]
# [[:Katrina Kaif filmography|Katrina Kaif]]
# [[:Madhuri Dixit filmography|Madhuri Dixit]]
# [[:Manisha Koirala filmography|Manisha Koirala]]
# [[:Mani Ratnam filmography|Mani Ratnam]]
# [[:Preity Zinta filmography|Preity Zinta]]
# [[:List of Priyanka Chopra performances|Priyanka Chopra]]
# [[:Rajinikanth filmography|Rajinikanth]]
# [[:Rani Mukerji filmography|Rani Mukerji]]
# [[:Ranbir Kapoor filmography|Ranbir Kapoor]]
# [[:Raveena Tandon filmography|Raveena Tandon]]
# [[:Saif Ali Khan filmography|Saif Ali Khan]]
# [[:Salman Khan filmography|Salman Khan]]
# [[:Shah Rukh Khan filmography|Shah Rukh Khan]]
# [[:Shahid Kapoor filmography|Shahid Kapoor]]
# [[:Shilpa Shetty filmography|Shilpa Shetty]]
# [[:Shriya Saran filmography|Shriya Saran]]
# [[:Shruti Haasan filmography|Shruti Haasan]]
# [[:Sushmita Sen filmography|Sushmita Sen]]
# [[:Tabu filmography|Tabu]]
# [[:Urmila Matondkar filmography|Urmila Matondkar]]
# [[:Vidya Balan filmography|Vidya Balan]]
# [[:Yash Chopra filmography|Yash Chopra]]

| group3= Miscellaneous
| list3= # [[:List of Dharma Productions films|Dharma Productions films]]
# [[:List of films released by Yash Raj Films]]
# [[:List of roles and awards of Arshad Warsi]]
# [[:List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]
# [[:List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards]]
}}

| group4 = Featured topics {{Icon|FT}}
| list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup
| group1 = Personalities
| list1 = # [[:Wikipedia:Featured topics/Preity Zinta|Preity Zinta]]
# [[:Wikipedia:Featured topics/Vidya Balan|Vidya Balan]]
}}

}}

[[Category:Indian cinema task force]]

Parvathaneni Harish

2026-04-23T04:35:57Z

MerryK8896455: Made basic stub from scratch

{{Short description|Permanent Representative of India to UN in New York}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| order = 24th
| office = Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Ruchira Kamboj]]
| term_start = 1 September 2024
| office2 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Ambassador of India to Germany]]
| term_start2 = 2021
| term_end2 = 2024
| predecessor2 = Mukta Dutta Tomar
| successor2 = [[Ajit Gupte]]
| office3 = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to Vietnam]]
| term_start3 = 2016
| term_end3 = 2019
| predecessor3 = [[Preeti Saran]]
| successor3 = [[Pranay Kumar Verma]]
| office4 = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to Palestine]]
| term_start4 = 1998
| term_end4 = 2000
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|04|07|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |title= Civil List of IFS officers|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/596303206/Civi-List-27-7-12#content=query:Harish,pageNum:23,indexOnPage:0,bestMatch:false |access-date= 3 December 2025|website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]] ([[M.Tech]]) [[IIM Calcutta]]
| occupation = [[diplomat]]
| name = Harish Parvathaneni
| children = 2
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| birth_place = [[India]]
| image = Parvathaneni Harish portrait.jpg
| caption =
}}
'''Harish Parvathaneni''' is an [[Indian People|Indian]] [[diplomat]] from the 1990 batch of [[Indian Foreign Service]] who is serving as [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|Permanent Representative of India to United Nations in New York]] since 1 September 2024. He previously served as a [[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Ambassador of India to Germany]] from 2021 until 2024 and [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to Vietnam]] from 2016 to 2019.

== Education ==
Harish graduated as a gold medalist in mechanical engineering at [[University College of Engineering, Osmania University|Osmania University College of Engineering]] in Hyderabad and previously studied at the [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|Indian Institute of Management]] in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Aveek |date=2024-08-14 |title=Parvathaneni Harish appointed as India's Permanent Representative to UN at New York: Who is he? |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/parvathaneni-harish-appointed-as-india-s-permanent-representative-to-un-at-new-york-germany-diplomatic-career-updates-2024-08-14-946914 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=India TV |language=en}}</ref> He also studied [[Arabic]] at the [[American University in Cairo|American University of Cairo]] and passed the exam with distinction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Seasoned Diplomat Parvathaneni Harish Appointed as India's Next Envoy to UN in New York |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!international/seasoned-diplomat-p-harish-appointed-as-indias-next-envoy-to-un-in-new-york-enn24081407878 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early career ==
Harish joined the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) in 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-14 |title=P Harish appointed as India's Permanent Representative to United Nations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/p-harish-appointed-as-indias-permanent-representative-to-united-nations/articleshow/112527735.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He worked in Indian Embassy in [[Cairo]] (Egypt) and [[Riyadh]] (Saudi Arabia), and was India’s representative to the Palestinian Authority. He also worked for the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]'s East Asia and External Publicity divisions.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2024-08-14 |title=Parvathaneni Harish to be India's next ambassador to the United Nations in New York; Who is he? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/p-harish-to-be-indias-next-envoy-to-un-in-new-york-12796961.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Moneycontrol}}</ref>

Harish served as joint secretary and officer on special duty to India's Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] for a period of five years, beginning in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harish P |url=https://www.isb.edu/en/deccan-dialogue-2019/harish-p.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=ISB |language=en}}</ref> He served as India's Consul General in [[Houston]] from July 2012 till March 2016. Thereafter, Harish was India's ambassador to Vietnam (2016-2019) and during his tenure the bilateral relationship was upgraded to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Most recently, Harish served as India’s ambassador to Germany. During his tenure, both countries initiated a Green and Sustainable Development Partnership covering the government, business and industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-14 |title=Parvathaneni Harish appointed as India's Permanent Representative to U.N. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/parvathaneni-harish-appointed-as-indias-permanent-representative-to-un/article68524732.ece |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harish, Parvathaneni}}
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Vietnam]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Germany]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Palestine]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Prem Chauhan

2026-04-20T08:43:21Z

MerryK8896455: Made the pg more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prem Chauhan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| office = Councillor, South Delhi Municipal Corporation
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = Deoli, Delhi
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Prem Chauhan''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP). He is serving as a Member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly from Deoli Assembly constituency since 8 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Deoli, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: AAP's Prem Chauhan defeats LJPRV's Deepak Tanwar with 36680 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/deoli-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676415-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Election Results 2025: Top 5 highest and lowest victory margins in BJP vs AAP contest">{{cite news|title=Delhi Election Results 2025: Top 5 highest and lowest victory margins in BJP vs AAP contest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-election-results-2025-top-5-highest-and-lowest-victory-margins-in-bjp-vs-aap-contest/articleshow/118068915.cms|accessdate=20 March 2025|work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320074649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-election-results-2025-top-5-highest-and-lowest-victory-margins-in-bjp-vs-aap-contest/articleshow/118068915.cms|archivedate=20 March 2025}}</ref> He has served as a councillor in the [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]] and has been actively involved in local governance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP declares candidates for Delhi Assembly Elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aap-announces-candidates-for-delhi-assembly-elections/article30623556.ece |website=The Hindu |date=20 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Prem Chauhan has been associated with the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and has served as a councillor in the [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]]. As a local representative, he has focused on civic issues, public services, and urban development in his area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi MCD elections results 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mcd-election-results-2022-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-counting-of-votes/articleshow/95977675.cms |website=Times of India |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

In 2025, Chauhan was contesting the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Legislative Assembly elections]] from the [[Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Deoli]] constituency as an AAP candidate, aiming to represent the residents of the area in the Delhi Assembly and won.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Elections 2025: AAP gears up for contest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-assembly-elections-2025-aap-candidate-list-and-election-strategy-4829371 |website=NDTV |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aam Aadmi Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Prem}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]

Chandrapur City Municipal Corporation

2026-04-20T06:29:44Z

MerryK8896455: Put Up Basic Location First Draft!

{{Short description|Local civic body in Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Chandrapur City Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 400px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Chandrapur
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Sangeeta Khandekar
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Prashant Danav
| party2 = [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS(UBT)]]
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Vipin Paliwal <ref>{{cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nagpur/rajesh-mohite-replaces-deputy-commissioner/articleshow/74613442.cms|title=मनपा उपायुक्त राजेश मोहितेंची बदली राज|publisher=Maharashtra Times|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cmcchandrapur.com/pages/home.php#|title=Main Page of CCMC|publisher=official website of CCMC|access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>
| members = 66
| structure1 = India Maharashtra Chandrapur City Municipal Corporation Election 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (32)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (23)
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|6}}<ref>https://theprint.in/india/bjp-trumps-congress-to-win-chandrapur-mayors-post-with-sena-ubt-support/2850855/</ref>
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (1)
:*{{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}
'''Opposition (34)'''
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|27}}
:*{{Party legend|Peasants and Workers Party of India|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|2|shortname=VBA}}<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/we-stood-by-alliance-dharma-sena-ubt-betrayed-us-congress/articleshow/128319466.cms</ref>
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Bahujan Samaj Party|1}}
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = {{url|http://cmcchandrapur.com/}}
}}

The '''Chandrapur City Municipal Corporation''' also known as the '''Municipal Corporation of Chandrapur City''' ('''MCCC''') is the governing body of the city of [[Chandrapur]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]] was established on 25 October 2011.
The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure, public services. Members from the state's leading political parties hold elected offices in the corporation.
Recently the Municipal Corporation has created three nos of Zone offices. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Chandrapur Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ch11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ch12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ch13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== List of Mayor ==

List of mayor's of Chandrapur Municipal Corporation (CMC).
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
!#
!Name
!colspan="3"|Term
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1
|Sangita Amrutkar
|30 April 2012
|30 October 2014
|{{ayd|30 April 2012|30 October 2014}}
|rowspan="2|2012
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|2
|Rakhi Kancharlawar
|30 October 2014
|30 April 2017
|{{ayd|30 October 2014|30 April 2017}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|3
|Anjali Ghotekar
|30 April 2017
|22 November 2019
|{{ayd|30 April 2017|22 November 2019}}
|rowspan="2|2017
|-
|(2)
|Rakhi Kancharlawar
|22 November 2019
|30 April 2022
|{{ayd|22 November 2019|30 April 2022}}
|-
|4
|Sangeeta Khandekar
|10 February 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|10 February 2026}}
|2026
|}

==List of Deputy Mayor==

{{Empty section|date=February 2026}}

==List of Chairman, Standing Committee==
* Ramu Tiwari
* Rahul Pawde
{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== Election results ==

=== 2026 results ===

The Municipal corporation elections were held on 15 January 2026 and the result was declared on 16 January 2026.
The results of Election 2026 are as follows.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chandrapur-mayor-election-setback-for-congress-as-bjp-wins-backed-by-shiv-sena-ubt-1826376 |title=Setback For Congress As BJP Wins Chandrapur Mayor Post Backed By Shiv Sena (UBT) |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>https://theprint.in/india/bjp-trumps-congress-to-win-chandrapur-mayors-post-with-sena-ubt-support/2850855/</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 27
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 23
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
| 6
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 1
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 1
|-
|
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|1
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]
| 3
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Other Regd. Parties
| 2
|-
| Independents (Ind)
| 2
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 66
|}

=== 2017 results ===

The Municipal corporation elections were held on 19 April 2017 and the result was declared on 21 April 2017.
The results of Election 2017 are as follows.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)'''
| '''39'''
| {{increase}} '''21'''
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 14
| {{decrease}} 12
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 6
| {{increase}} 5
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 2
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 2
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 1
| {{steady}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Other Regd. Parties
| 1
| {{steady}}
|-
| Independents (Ind)
| 1
| {{decrease}} 9
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 66
|}

=== 2012 results ===
The results of Election 2012 are as follows.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 26
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 18
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 5
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 4
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 1
|-
| style="background-color : {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 1
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background-color : {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Other Regd Parties
| 1
|-
| Independents (Ind)
| 10
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 66
|}

== Administration ==

* Commissioner - Sanjay Kakade

* Additional Commissioner - Bhalchandra Behere

Deputy Commissioner 1 - Gajanan Bokade (In-charge)

Deputy Commissioner 2- Manoj Goswami (In-charge)

City Engineer - Mahesh Barai

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Chandrapur]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Talikoti Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:29Z

MerryK8896455: created biography!

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Talikoti
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]
| division = [[Belagavi division|Belagavi]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1967
| map_image =
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Talikoti Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]]. It was part of [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Kumargouda Adiveppagouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Gadigeppagouda Ningangouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Talikot <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = Gadigeppagouda Ningangouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,825 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Talikot <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kumargouda Adiveppagouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,200 |percentage = 54.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vastrad Sharnayya Basalingayya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,804 |percentage = 45.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,396 |percentage = 8.56% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,004 |percentage = 60.60% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,004}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,213 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.476214|76.310990|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Mayankbhai Nayak

2026-04-11T00:05:35Z

MerryK8896455: done

{{Short description|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| succeeding =
| constituency =
| education = [[Diploma in Engineering|Diploma in mechanical engineer]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician, businessman
| predecessor = [[Amee Yajnik]]
}}

'''Mayankbhai Nayak''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] from Gujarat who is serving as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of Rajya Sabha]] from Gujarat, representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], since 2024.

==Education==
Nayak holds a [[Diploma in Engineering#India|diploma in mechanical engineer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=A mechanical engineer, Mayank Nayak has accompanied every BJP yatra since 2002 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/a-mechanical-engineer-mayank-nayak-has-accompanied-every-bjp-yatra-since-2002-9162319/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheenu |last2=India TV |date=2024-02-20 |title=Gujarat: Four BJP candidates, including JP Nadda, elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/gujarat-four-bjp-candidates-jp-nadda-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-govind-dholakia-mayank-nayak-rs-polls-2024-latest-updates-2024-02-20-917786 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Nayak started his political career in 1992. He has been elected as member of [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]] Taluka Panchayat in Lakhvad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-15 |title=J P Nadda to represent Gujarat in Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/j-p-nadda-govind-dholakia-jashvantsinh-parmar-and-mayank-nayak-nominated-as-bjp-candidates-for-rajya-sabha-election-in-gujarat/articleshow/107705097.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાતના રાજકારણમાં અચાનક ચર્ચામાં આવેલા આ નામથી લોકો પૂછી રહ્યાં છે : કોણ છે મયંક નાયક? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/who-is-mayank-nayak-whose-name-declare-for-rajyasabha-election-candidate-324600 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

In addition to leading the state [[Bharatiya Janata Party|party OBC Morcha]], Nayak currently oversees the [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar Lok Sabha]] seat, which is held by Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]]. He had previously served as the party's representative for the [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan Lok Sabha seat]] and district.<ref name=":0" />

He served as member of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and became a trustee of [[Shamlaji|Shamlaji Vishnu Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2024-02-14 |title=BJP declares names of four Rajya Sabha candidates in Gujarat |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/02/14/bjp-declares-names-of-four-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-gujarat/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Mayankbhai}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sri Kshetra Adichunchanagiri

2026-04-03T22:36:08Z

MerryK8896455: created new info

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Sri Kshetra Adi Chunchanagiri.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]
| writer = Gotoori (dialogues)
| screenplay = Om Sai Prakash
| story = Srigala Amruthavani Adichunchanagiri Mata
| based_on = 
| producer = B V Narasimhayya
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ambareesh]]
*[[Sriimurali]]
*[[Ramkumar]]
*Shivakumar
*[[Harish Raj]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sundarnath Suvarna
| editing = M S Raj
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|7|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sri Kshetra Adichunchanagiri''''' is a 2012 Indian Kannada-language devotional film directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]] starring [[Ambareesh]], [[Sriimurali]], [[Ramkumar]], Shivakumar and [[Harish Raj]].

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ambareesh]] as a king<ref name="P">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/article/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF|title=ಬೆಳ್ಳಿತೆರೆಗೆ ಚುಂಚನಗಿರಿ|work=[[Prajavani]]|date=17 June 2011|first=E. S. Sudhindra|last=Prasad|language=kn|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Sriimurali]] as [[Balagangadharanatha Swamiji]]
*[[Ramkumar]]
*Shivakumar
*[[Harish Raj]] as [[Narada|Narada Muni]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/jumping-roles-with-ease/articleshow/21395782.cms|title=Jumping roles with ease|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=18 April 2012|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312103058/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/jumping-roles-with-ease/articleshow/21395782.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Ravi Chethan as [[Bhairava|Kalabhairaveshwara]]<ref name="P"/>
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
*[[Anu Prabhakar]]
*[[Padma Vasanthi]]
*[[C. P. Yogeshwara]]
*[[B. C. Patil]]
*Cheluvarayaswamy
*H. Vishwanath
*K. Abhayachandra Jain
* H. C. Balakrishna
*C. S. Puttarajau
*M. Putte Gowda
*K. B. Chandrasheka
*Suresh Gowda
*Ramaswamy Gowda
* Ramesh Bandisidde Gowda
*M. Srinivas
*L. R. Shivarame Gowda
*H. M. Revanna
* H. T. Krishnappa
*[[Doddarangegowda]]
* B. Ramakrishna
*Ashwathanarayana
*[[Ashok Kheny]]
*[[T. S. Nagabharana]]
*[[Om Sai Prakash]]
*[[Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar]]
*Mohan Juneja
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Karibasavaiah]]
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*[[Balagangadharanatha Swamiji]] as himself
}}

== Production ==
Director [[Om Sai Prakash]] decided to make a devotional and mythological film and consulted [[Balagangadharanatha Swamiji]] before working on the film.<ref name="P"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newskarnataka.com/special/features/my-100th-film-will-be-mahabharatha-om-prakash/05102016|title=My 100th film will be Mahabharata: Om Prakash|work=NewsKarnataka|date=5 October 2016|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312103027/https://newskarnataka.com/special/features/my-100th-film-will-be-mahabharatha-om-prakash/05102016|url-status=live}}</ref> Murali, whose career was at a low at the time, decided to accept the role of [[Balagangadharanatha Swamiji]] as Om Sai Prakash delivered several successful films.<ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/directors-cheated-me-murali/articleshow/11094036.cms|title=Directors cheated me: Murali|date=14 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312102854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/directors-cheated-me-murali/articleshow/11094036.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> To prepare for the role of Balagangadharanatha Swamiji, [[Sriimurali|Murali]] shaved his head.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-ugramm-has-given-me-some-satisfaction-south/20140410.htm|title=Ugramm has given me some satisfaction'|last=Srinivasa|first=Srikanth|date=10 April 2014|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312103355/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-ugramm-has-given-me-some-satisfaction-south/20140410.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> For months, he ate only vegetarian food, did not drink alcohol and called people as "my child".<ref name="M"/> Forty political leaders play roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/gowdas-not-in-film-on-vokkaligas-only-mutt/articleshow/21420847.cms|title=Gowdas not in film on Vokkaligas' only mutt|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=25 February 2012|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311121031/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/gowdas-not-in-film-on-vokkaligas-only-mutt/articleshow/21420847.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sundarnath Suvarna of ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' (2001) fame was brought in as the cinematographer after Om Sai Prakash was impressed by his work.<ref name="P"/> A procession for Balagangadharanatha Swamiji from [[Freedom Park, Bangalore|Freedom Park]] to Palace Grounds was recorded and used for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/254272/cultural-pageantry.html|title=Cultural pageantry|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=3 June 2012|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311234941/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/254272/cultural-pageantry.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Gurukiran]].<ref name="f">{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/sri-kshetra-adichunchanagiri-saiprakash-movie-release-066317.html|title=ಸಾಯಿಪ್ರಕಾಶ್ 'ಶ್ರೀಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ಆದಿಚುಂಚನಗಿರಿ' ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ|date=2 July 2012|last=Sriram|work=[[Oneindia|filmibeat]]|language=kn|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311234824/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/sri-kshetra-adichunchanagiri-saiprakash-movie-release-066317.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An audio release function was held on 29 January 2012 coinciding with the birthday of [[Nirmalananda Swamiji| Sri Adhichunchanagiri Maha Samsthana Mutt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coastaldigest.com/news/35670-adichunchanagiri-seers-68th-birth-anniversary-celebrated?page=5|title=Adichunchanagiri seer's 68th birth anniversary celebrated|date=29 January 2012|work=coastaldigest|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312103256/https://www.coastaldigest.com/news/35670-adichunchanagiri-seers-68th-birth-anniversary-celebrated?page=5|url-status=live}}</ref>

All lyrics were composed by [[Doddarangegowda]] except where noted.<ref name="P"/>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1Rio0NweqnOaG9VHgha7r4|title=Sri Kshetra Adichunchanagiri (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Spotify]]|date=2011|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>
| total_length=24:09
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Anna Akshara Arogya
| lyrics1 = Goturi
| extra1 = [[Chetan Sosca]]
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Banu Bhuvi Meerida
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 4:45
| title3 = Chinmaya Roopada
| extra3 = [[Gurukiran]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length3 = 2:22
| title4 = Chunchanagiri Siri
| extra4 = Gurukiran
| length4 = 4:08
| title5 = Nimagaagiye
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 3:43
| title6 = Shatha Shathamanada
| extra6 = Gurukiran, Anuradha Bhat
| length6 = 4:08
| title7 = Shloka
| extra7 = Gurukiran
| length7 = 1:07
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 6 July 2012,<ref name="f"/> and it was screened in theatres until August of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/268892/movie-guide.html|title=Movie guide|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=2 August 2012|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904162959/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/268892/movie-guide.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Prajavani]]'' criticised the film's narration while praising the performance of the actors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/article/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80-%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF|title=ಕಲಸುಮೇಲೋಗರ (ಚಿತ್ರ: ಶ್ರೀ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ಆದಿಚುಂಚನಗಿರಿ)|language=kn|date=8 July 2012|work=[[Prajavani]]|first=Amit|last=M. S.|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312114531/https://www.prajavani.net/article/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80-%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sai Prakash}}

[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Sai Prakash]]

Pomegranate

2026-03-30T03:11:27Z

MerryK8896455: further corrected section to improve readability and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Fruit-bearing deciduous shrub}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pomegranate Juice (2019).jpg
| image_caption = Fruit of ''Punica granatum'' split open to reveal clusters of seeds with sarcotesta on the inside, and a glass of juice
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN RedList">{{cite iucn |author = ((Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11-13 July 2006))) |title = ''Punica granatum'' |article-number = e.T63531A173543609 |year = 2020 |access-date = 16 November 2020}}</ref>
| genus = Punica
| species = granatum
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms =
{{Species list
| Granatum punicum | [[Jean Baptiste Saint-Lager|St.-Lag.]]
| Punica florida | [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]
| Punica grandiflora | [[hort.]] ex [[Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel|Steud.]]
| Punica nana | L.
| Punica spinosa | [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-26700001 |title=''Punica granatum'' L., The Plant List, Version 1 |date=2010 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811181028/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-26700001 |archive-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Rhoea punica | St.-Lag.
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000468843#synonyms |title=''Punica granatum'' L. |date=2022 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=The World Flora Online Consortium |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

The '''pomegranate''' ('''''Punica granatum''''') is a [[fruit]]-bearing, [[deciduous]] shrub in the family [[Lythraceae]], subfamily [[Punica|Punicoideae]], that grows to between {{convert|1.5|–|5|m|ft|0}} tall. Rich in symbolic and mythological associations in many cultures, it originated in the region spanning the [[Caucasus]] and [[Iranian plateau]] — including modern-day [[Iran]],[[Turkmenistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]]. Pomegranate was first domesticated by ancient Iranians in the [[Iranian plateau|Persian plateau]] and nearby regions about 5,000 years ago. It is extensively cultivated for its fruit.

Pomegranate was exported from the Iranian plateau to other parts of Asia including [[Iraq]], [[Turkey]], [[India]], Africa, and Europe.<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |date=2020-05-29 |title=''Punica granatum'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554129-1 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Plants of the World Online}}</ref><ref name="FoP">{{cite web |title=''Punica granatum'' in Flora of Pakistan |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200014674 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=eFloras.org Home}}</ref> It was also introduced into [[Spanish America]] in the late 16th century and into California by [[New Spain|Spanish settlers]] in 1769.<ref name="Morton-1987">{{cite web |author=Morton, J. F. |year=1987 |title=Pomegranate, ''Punica granatum'' L |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621045126/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html |archive-date=21 June 2012 |access-date=14 June 2012 |website=Fruits of Warm Climates |publisher=Purdue New Crops Profile |pages=352–5}}</ref>

Although the pomegranate is indigenous to [[Iran]] and its nearby regions, it is also nowadays cultivated across [[West Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Central Asia]], [[North Africa|north]] and tropical Africa, the drier parts of [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Mediterranean Basin]], [[United States]] and [[Chile]].<ref name="Morton-1987"/> The fruit is typically in season in the Northern Hemisphere from September to February, and in the Southern Hemisphere from March to May.<ref name="Sinha-2012">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qwuBXeczzgC&pg=PT1696 |title=Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing |date=20 June 2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-35263-2 |editor1=Nirmal K. Sinha |edition=2 |pages= |oclc=1100459240 |editor2=Jiwan Sidhu |editor3=Jozsef Barta |editor4=James Wu |editor5=M.Pilar Cano}}</ref><ref name="Joshi-2017">{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=V.K. |last2=Panesar |first2=P.S. |last3=Rana |first3=V.S. |last4=Kaur |first4=S. |title=Science and Technology of Fruit Wine Production |chapter=Science and Technology of Fruit Wines |date=2017 |pages=1–72 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800850-8.00001-6 |isbn=978-0-12-800850-8 }}</ref>

[[Pomegranate molasses]] is a key ingredient in traditional [[Iranian cuisine|Persian cuisine]], where it is used to add a rich sweet-sour flavour to dishes such as stews, sauces, and marinades, most notably in classic recipes like [[fesenjān]], [[kabab torsh]] and [[zeytoon parvardeh]]. The pomegranate and its juice are variously used in [[baking]], cooking, juice blends, [[garnish (food)|garnishes]], nonalcoholic drinks, and [[cocktail]]s.

==Etymology==

The name ''pomegranate'' derives from [[medieval Latin]] {{Lang|la|pōmum}}, apple and {{Lang|la|grānātum}}, seeded.<ref>{{OEtymD|pomegranate}}</ref> Possibly stemming from the old French word for the fruit, {{Lang|fro|pomme-grenade}}, the pomegranate was known in early English as "apple of [[Granada]]", a term that today survives only in heraldic [[blazon]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=All hail the Pomegranate, official symbol of Granada|website=The Lecrin Valley|date=15 October 2012|url=http://thelecrinvalley.wordpress.com/tag/pomegranate/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609035836/http://thelecrinvalley.wordpress.com/tag/pomegranate/|archive-date=9 June 2013|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>

[[Garnet]] derives from Old French {{Lang|fro|grenat}} by [[metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]], from Medieval Latin {{Lang|la|granatum}} as used in a different meaning "of a dark red colour". This derivation may have originated from ''pomum granatum'', describing the colour of pomegranate pulp, or from ''granum'', referring to red dye, [[cochineal]].<ref>{{OEtymD|garnet}}</ref>

The modern French term for pomegranate, {{Lang|fr|grenade}}, has given its name to the military [[grenade]].<ref>{{OEtymD|grenade}}</ref>

Pomegranates were colloquially called wineapples or wine-apples in Ireland, although this term has fallen out of use. It still persists at the [[Moore Street]] open-air market in central Dublin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Fred |title=Woman as Poet |journal=Books Ireland |date=2004 |issue=264 |pages=15–18 |doi=10.2307/20632662 |jstor=20632662 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barr |first1=Rebecca |last2=Buckley |first2=Sarah-Anne |last3=Kelly |first3=Laura |title=Engendering Ireland: New Reflections on Modern History and Literature |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8307-8 |page=66 }}</ref>

== Description ==

The pomegranate is a [[shrub]] or small tree growing {{cvt|1.5|to|5|m|abbr=off}} high, with multiple spiny branches.<ref name="FoP"/> It is long-lived, with some specimens in France surviving for 200 years.<ref name="Morton-1987"/> The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite or subopposite, glossy, narrow oblong, entire, {{cvt|1.9|–|5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long, and {{cvt|0.8|–|1.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} broad.<ref name="FoP"/>

The [[flower]]s are bright red or white, and {{cvt|3|cm|frac=4|abbr=on}} or more in diameter, with three to seven petals.<ref name="FoP"/><ref name="Morton-1987"/> Some fruitless [[cultivar]]s are grown for the flowers alone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://homeorchard.ucanr.edu/The_Big_Picture/Pollination |title=Pollination |website=The California Backyard Orchard |publisher=University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources |access-date=25 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>
The flower's anthers close around the stigma until maturity, and the ovaries are divided internally into compartments or locules of many suspended [[ovule]]s covered by a septum.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wetzstein |first1=Hazel Y. |last2=Zhang |first2=Zibin |last3=Ravid |first3=Nadav |last4=Wetzstein |first4=Michael E. |title=Characterization of Attributes Related to Fruit Size in Pomegranate |journal=HortScience |date=June 2011 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=908–912 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.46.6.908 |url=https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/hortsci/46/6/article-p908.xml|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The pomegranate fruit [[husk]] is red-purple with an outer, hard [[pericarp]], and an inner, spongy [[mesocarp]] (white "albedo"), which comprises the fruit's inner wall where seeds attach.<ref name="Stover-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Stover |first1=E. |last2=Mercure |first2=E. W. |title=The Pomegranate: A New Look at the Fruit of Paradise |journal=HortScience |date=2007 |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=1088–1092 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1088 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Membranes of the mesocarp are organised as nonsymmetric chambers that contain seeds which are embedded without attachment to the mesocarp,<ref name="Stover-2007"/> also a result of fertilisation of the divided ovary. Pomegranate seeds are characterised by having [[sarcotesta]], thick fleshy seed coats derived from the integuments or outer layers of the ovule's [[epidermal cell]]s.<ref name="Holland-2009"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf |last2=Thorne |first2=Robert F. |title=The Order Myrtales: Circumscription, Variation, and Relationships |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |date=1984 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=633–699 |doi=10.2307/2399158 |jstor=2399158 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71..633D |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/3964 }}</ref> The number of seeds in a pomegranate can vary from 200 to about 1,400.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.aquaphoenix.com/misc/pomegranate/| title=Does a larger pomegranate yield more seeds?| publisher=AquaPhoenix| access-date=21 September 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104163317/http://www.aquaphoenix.com/misc/pomegranate/| archive-date=4 November 2006}}{{self-published inline|date=September 2025}}</ref> Botanically, the [[fruit]] is a [[Berry (botany)|berry]] with edible seeds and pulp produced from the [[ovary (botany)|ovary]] of a single flower.<ref name="Holland-2009">{{cite book |last1=Holland |first1=D. |last2=Hatib |first2=K. |last3=Bar-Ya'Akov |first3=I. |title=Horticultural Reviews |chapter=Pomegranate: Botany, Horticulture, Breeding |date=2009 |pages=127–191 |doi=10.1002/9780470593776.ch2 |isbn=978-0-470-38642-2 }}</ref> The fruit is variable in size, from {{convert|2|–|8|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter in wild plants (to {{cvt|12|cm|in}} in some cultivars) with a rounded shape and thick, reddish husk.<ref name="FoP"/><ref name="Morton-1987"/> In mature fruit, the juice obtained by compressing the seeds yields a tart flavour due to low [[pH]] (4.4) and high contents of [[polyphenol]]s,<ref name="Fernandes-2015">{{cite journal|pmc=5079168|year=2015|last1=Fernandes|first1=L.|title=Physicochemical Changes and Antioxidant Activity of Juice, Skin, Pellicle and Seed of Pomegranate (cv. Mollar de Elche) at Different Stages of Ripening|journal=Food Technology and Biotechnology|volume=53|issue=4|pages=397–406|last2=Pereira|first2=J. A.|last3=López Cortés|first3=I.|last4=Salazar|first4=D. M.|last5=Ramalhosa|first5=E. C.|pmid=27904374|doi=10.17113/ftb.53.04.15.3884}}</ref> which may cause a red indelible stain on fabrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ucfoodsafety.ucdavis.edu/files/26390.pdf|title=Pomegranates|publisher=Utah State University, Department of Food Safety |author=Jorgensen, Suzanne |author2=Brennand, Charlotte|date=June 2005|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912114742/http://ucfoodsafety.ucdavis.edu/files/26390.pdf|archive-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> The [[pigment]]ation of pomegranate juice primarily results from the presence of [[anthocyanin]]s and [[Pomegranate ellagitannin|ellagitannin]]s.<ref name="Fernandes-2015"/><ref name="Gómez Caravaca-2013">{{cite journal|pmid=23656584|year=2013|last1=Gómez Caravaca|first1=A. M. |title=Determination of the major phenolic compounds in pomegranate juices by HPLC−DAD−ESI-MS|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=61|issue=22|pages=5328–37 |last2=Verardo|first2=V. |last3=Toselli|first3=M.|last4=Segura Carretero|first4=A.|last5=Fernández Gutiérrez|first5=A.|last6=Caboni|first6=M. F.|doi=10.1021/jf400684n|bibcode=2013JAFC...61.5328G }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=170 heights=170>
File:Pomegranate fruit - whole and piece with arils.jpg|Whole pomegranate and piece with arils
File:Flower of Pomegranate.jpg|Pomegranate flower
File:Pomegranate Fruit Setting.jpg|Fruit setting
File:Pom May 2022.jpg|Pomegranate being trained as a [[bonsai]]
</gallery>

== Cultivation ==

''P. granatum'' is grown for its fruit crop, and as [[ornamental tree]]s and shrubs in parks and gardens. Mature specimens can develop sculptural twisted bark, multiple trunks, and a distinctive overall form. Pomegranates are [[drought]]-tolerant, and can be grown in dry areas with either a Mediterranean winter rainfall climate or in summer rainfall climates. In wetter areas, they can be prone to root decay from [[fungus|fungal]] diseases. They can tolerate moderate [[frost]], down to about {{convert|-12|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ali Sarkhosh |author2=Jeff Williamson |date=October 2018 |orig-date=April 1994 |title=The Pomegranate |publisher=UF/IFAS Extension |url= http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/MG/MG05600.pdf |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>

Insect pests of the pomegranate can include the butterflies ''[[Virachola isocrates]]'', ''[[Iraota timoleon]]'', and ''[[Deudorix epijarbas]]'', and the leaf-footed bug ''[[Leptoglossus zonatus]]''. Fruit flies and ants are attracted to unharvested ripe fruit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ingels |first1=Chuck A. |last2=Geisel |first2=Pamela M. |last3=Maxwell |first3=Norton V. |title=The Home Orchard: Growing Your Own Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees |date=2007 |publisher=UCANR Publications |isbn=978-1-879906-72-3 |page=26 }}</ref>

=== Propagation ===

''P. granatum'' reproduces sexually in nature, but can be propagated [[Asexual reproduction|asexually]]. Propagation methods include [[layering (horticulture)|layering]], hardwood cuttings, softwood cuttings, and [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]]. Required conditions for rooting cuttings include warm temperatures within the 18–29 °C (65–85 °F) range and a semihumid environment. [[Auxin|Rooting hormone]] increases rooting success rate, but is not required.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pomegranate Enterprise |publisher=Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences |url=https://crec.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/pomegranates/pomegranate-enterprise/ |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Varieties ===

''P. granatum'' [[variety (botany)|var.]] ''nana'' is a dwarf variety of ''P. granatum'' popularly planted as an [[ornamental plant]] in gardens and larger containers, and used as a [[bonsai]] specimen tree. It could well be a wild form with a distinct origin. It has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=''Punica granatum'' var. ''nana'' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/67011/Punica-granatum-var-nana/Details |date=2024 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |date=March 2020 |page=90 |publisher= Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200503221317/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The only other species in the genus ''[[Punica]]'' is the [[Punica protopunica|Socotran pomegranate]] (''P. protopunica''), which is [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the [[Socotra]]n archipelago of four islands in the Arabian Sea. The territory is part of Yemen. It differs in having pink (not red) flowers and smaller, less sweet fruit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punica granatum - the Drops of Blood from Garden of Eden|work=Top Tropicals |url=http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/plant_wk/pomegranate.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123032753/http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/plant_wk/pomegranate.htm|archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref>

=== Cultivars ===

[[File:Black Pomegranate.JPG|thumb|upright|Black pomegranate]]

''P. granatum'' has more than 500 named [[cultivar]]s, but has considerable synonymy in which the same [[genotype]] is named differently across regions of the world.<ref name="Stover-2007"/> Several characteristics between pomegranate genotypes vary for identification, consumer preference, preferred use, and [[marketing]], the most important of which are fruit size, [[exocarp]] colour (ranging from yellow to purple, with pink and red most common), seed coat colour (ranging from white to red), the hardness of seed, maturity, juice content and its acidity, sweetness, and [[astringency]].<ref name="Stover-2007"/>

== Production and export ==

The leading producers globally are India and China, followed by Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, the US, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, and Spain.<ref name="UNECE-2022">{{cite web | url=https://unece.org/sustainable-development/press/new-unece-standard-will-boost-international-trade-pomegranate | title=New UNECE standard will boost international trade in pomegranate|publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|date=1 March 2022|access-date=5 July 2025 }}</ref> During 2019, Chile, Peru, Egypt, Israel, India, and Turkey supplied pomegranates to the [[European Union|European]] market.<ref name="FreshPlaza-2019">{{cite web |title=Overview: Global pomegranate market |url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/9143157/overview-global-pomegranate-market/ |publisher=FreshPlaza |access-date=15 March 2021 |date=13 September 2019}}</ref> Chile was the main supplier to the United States market, which has a limited supply from [[Southern California]].<ref name="FreshPlaza-2019"/> China was self-sufficient for its pomegranate supply in 2019, while other [[South Asia]] markets were supplied mainly by India.<ref name="FreshPlaza-2019"/> Pomegranate production and exports in [[South Africa]] competed with South American shipments in 2012–2018, with export destinations including Europe, the [[Middle East]], the [[United Kingdom]], and Russia.<ref name="Louw-2021">{{cite web |title=Pomegranate production in South Africa |author=Marinda Louw|url=https://southafrica.co.za/pomegranate-production-south-africa.html |publisher=South Africa Online |access-date=15 March 2021 |date=2021}}</ref> South Africa imports pomegranates mainly from Israel.<ref name="Louw-2021"/>

== History ==

The pomegranate is native to [[Iran]] and it was first domesticated by ancient Iranians in the [[Iranian plateau|Persian Plateau]] and nearby regions about 5,000 years ago.<ref name="Chandra-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Chandra |first=Ram |date=2010 |title=Origin, history and domestication of pomegranate |url=http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/2010/FVCSB_4(SI2)/FVCSB_4(SI2)1-6o.pdf |journal=Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology |volume=2 |pages=1–6}}</ref><ref name="Zeynalova-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Zeynalova |first=A. M |date=2017 |title=Origin, taxonomy and systematics of pomegranate |journal=Proceedings of the Institute of Botany |volume=37 |pages=20–25}}</ref><ref name="Shi-2024">{{cite book |last=Shi |first=Jiangli |chapter=Botany and Taxonomy of Pomegranate |date=2024-12-09 |title=The Pomegranate Genome |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1201/9781003475774-1 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-003-47577-4}}</ref><ref name="Abdollahi-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdollahi |first=Hamid |date=2021 |title=An illustrated review on manifestation of pome fruit germplasm in the historic miniatures of ancient Persia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-021-01244-y |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 68.7 |pages=2775–2791}}</ref><ref name="Mohammadi-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Mohammadi |first=Mehran |date=2023 |title=Pomegranate: A review of the heavenly healer's past, present, and future |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10598818/ |journal=Iranian journal of basic medical sciences |volume=26 |issue=11 |page=1245}}</ref><ref name="Liu-2025">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Chen |last2=Wang |first2=Nan |last3=Zhang |first3=Ying-Yuan |last4=Qu |first4=Hai-tao |last5=Liu |first5=Ling-Xiao |last6=Zhang |first6=Li-Hua |last7=Liu |first7=Yun-Guo |date=2025-05-06 |title=Pomegranate: historical origins, nutritional composition, health functions and processing development research |doi=10.1080/10408398.2025.2500676 |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |volume=65 |issue=33 |pages=8447–8469}}</ref> Archaeological and historical evidence shows that the pomegranate, especially its blossom (''golnār''), was a sacred and symbolic element in ancient Persian culture from prehistoric times through the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] period in about 500 BC, associated with fertility, abundance, royal authority, and the deities [[Mithra]] and [[Anahita]].<ref name="Rafiei Dehaghani-2025">{{Cite journal |last=Rafiei Dehaghani |first=Vahid |date=2025 |title=The Ritual Role of Golnār – The Pomegranate Flower in Iranian Art and Culture |url=https://doi.org/10.22034/jaco.2025.502537.1447 |journal=Journal of Art and Civilization of the Orient |volume=13 |issue=48 |pages=50–57 |via=}}</ref> There is a petroglyph at [[Persepolis]] showing a pomegranate flower in the hand of an Achaemenian king, highlighting its ritual and symbolic significance in imperial iconography.<ref name="Rafiei Dehaghani-2025" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sedigh-Rahimabadi |first=Massih |last2=Fani |first2=Mohammadmehdi |last3=Rostami-chijan |first3=Mahsa |last4=Zarshenas |first4=Mohammad M. |last5=Shams |first5=Mesbah |date=2016-07-08 |title=A Traditional Mouthwash (''Punica granatum'' var ''pleniflora'') for Controlling Gingivitis of Diabetic Patients |journal=Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=59–67 |doi=10.1177/2156587216633370 |doi-access=free |pmc=5871205 }}</ref>

In Pakistan, it grows wild between 1,000 and 2,000 metres altitude, mainly in the western part of the country.<ref name="POWO" /><ref name="FoP" /> Pomegranates have been cultivated throughout the Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean region for several millennia, and it is also cultivated in the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] of California and in Arizona.<ref name="Morton-1987" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Doijode, S. D. |title=Seed storage of horticultural crops |publisher=Food Products Press |location=New York |year=2001 |page=77 |isbn=978-1-56022-883-7 }}</ref><ref name="Ripley-1875">{{Cite book | title=The American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge, Volume 13 |author1=George Ripley |author2=Charles Anderson Dana | year=1875 | publisher=Appleton | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_UXAQAAIAAJ | quote=... frequent reference is made to it in the Mosaic writings, and sculptured representations of the fruit are found on the ancient monuments of Egypt and in the Assyrian ruins. It is found in a truly wild state only in northern India ...}}</ref> Pomegranates may have been domesticated as early as the fifth millennium BC, as they were one of the first fruit trees to be domesticated in the eastern Mediterranean region.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Domestication of plants in the old world: The origin and spread of domesticated plants in south-west Asia|last1=Zohary|first1=Daniel|last2=Hopf|first2=Maria|last3=Weiss|first3=Ehud|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-954906-1|edition=4th|location=Oxford|pages=114–115}}</ref>

Remains of the fruit dating to the [[Neolithic]] period have been found at [[Gezer]] in [[Israel]],<ref name="Shafer-Elliott-2022"/> and carbonised pomegranate exocarp has been recovered from [[early Bronze Age]] levels at [[Tell es-Sultan|Tell es-Sultan (Jericho)]] in the [[West Bank]].<ref name="Still-2006" /><ref name="Shafer-Elliott-2022"/> Additional remains from this period have been found at [[Tel Arad|Arad]] and Gezer in Israel. Evidence from the [[Late Bronze Age]] includes pomegranate remains at [[Hala Sultan Tekke (archaeological site)|Hala Sultan Tekke]] in [[Cyprus]] and the site of [[Tiryns]] in [[Greece]].<ref name="Still-2006">{{cite book |title=Pomegranates: ancient roots to modern medicine |last=Still |first=D. W. |editor1-last=Seeram |editor1-first=Navindra P. |editor2-last=Schulman |editor2-first=Risa N. |editor3-last=Heber |editor3-first=David |year=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-9812-4 |pages=199–2010 |chapter=Pomegranate: A botanical perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yGXy6jVFbYC&pg=PA168}}</ref><ref name="Shafer-Elliott-2022" /> A large, dry pomegranate was found in the tomb of [[Djehuty (overseer of the treasury)|Djehuty]], the butler of Queen [[Hatshepsut]] in Egypt; [[Mesopotamian]] records written in [[cuneiform]] mention pomegranates from the mid-third millennium BC onwards.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hopf, Maria |author2=Zohary, Daniel |title=Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2000 |page=171 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-19-850356-9 }}</ref>

Waterlogged pomegranate remains have been identified at the circa 14th century BC [[Uluburun shipwreck]] off the coast of Turkey.<ref name="Ward-2003">{{Cite journal |last=Ward Haldane |first=Cheryl |date=February 2003 |title=Pomegranates in eastern Mediterranean contexts during the Late Bronze Age |journal=World Archaeology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=529–541 |jstor=3560202 |doi=10.1080/0043824021000026495 }}</ref> Other goods on the ship include perfume, [[ivory]] and gold jewelry, suggesting that pomegranates at this time may have been considered a luxury good.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward Haldane |first=Cheryl |date=March 1990 |title=Shipwrecked plant remains |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=55–60 |jstor=3210160 |doi=10.2307/3210160 }}</ref> Other archaeological finds of pomegranate remains from the Late [[Bronze Age]] have been found primarily in elite residences, supporting this inference.<ref name="Ward-2003"/> During the Iron Age, the fruit was a frequent decorative motif in [[Israelites|Israelite]] material culture, appearing on ancient artifacts.<ref name="Shafer-Elliott-2022" />

It is extensively grown in southern China and Southeast Asia, whether originally spread along the [[Silk Road]] route or brought by sea traders. [[Kandahar]] is famous in Afghanistan for its high-quality pomegranates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://afghanag.ucdavis.edu/a_horticulture/fruits-trees/pomegranate|publisher=University of California at Davis, International Programs |title=Pomegranate — Afghan Agriculture |website=afghanag.ucdavis.edu |date=2013 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205174822/http://afghanag.ucdavis.edu/a_horticulture/fruits-trees/pomegranate |archive-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

The pomegranate was introduced as an exotic to England in the 17th century by [[John Tradescant the Elder]], but the disappointment that it did not set fruit there led to its repeated introduction to the American colonies, even New England. It succeeded in the South: Bartram received a barrel of pomegranates and oranges from a correspondent in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], 1764. John Bartram partook of "delitious" pomegranates with [[Noble Jones]] at [[Wormsloe Plantation]], near [[Savannah, Georgia]], in September 1765. [[Thomas Jefferson]] planted pomegranates at [[Monticello]] in 1771; he had them from [[George Wythe]] of [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leighton |first=Ann |title=American gardens in the eighteenth century: "for use or for delight" |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |location=Amherst |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-87023-531-3 |page=272}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines heights=180 widths=180>
File:Pomegranate LACMA M.81.61.5.jpg|''Pomegranate'', late Southern [[Song dynasty]] or early [[Yuan dynasty]] circa 1200–1340
File:1-albero, Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|A pomegranate tree in an illustration for the ''[[Tacuinum Sanitatis]]'', made in Lombardy, late 14th century
File:Illustration Punica granatum2.jpg|Illustration by [[Otto Wilhelm Thomé]], 1885
</gallery>

==Use==
===Culinary===

[[Pomegranate juice]] can be [[Taste#Sweetness|sweet]] or [[Sourness|sour]], but most fruit are moderate in taste, with sour notes from the acidic [[ellagitannin]]s contained in the juice.<ref name="Gómez Caravaca-2013"/> Pomegranate juice has long been a common drink in Europe and the Middle East, and is distributed worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mprnews.org/story/2007/04/20/pomegranate |title=The pomegranate hits the peak of popularity |first=Nikki |last=Tundel |publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]] |date=20 April 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129014751/http://www.mprnews.org/story/2007/04/20/pomegranate |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> [[Grenadine]] syrup, commonly used in [[cocktail]]s, originally consisted of thickened and sweetened pomegranate juice.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Favre |author-link=Joseph Favre |year=1905 |title=Dictionnaire Universel de Cuisine Pratique: Encyclopédie Illustrée D'Hygiène Alimentaire |location=Paris |publisher=L'auteur |language=fr |page=1088}}</ref>

Before tomatoes (a New World fruit) arrived in the Middle East, pomegranate juice, [[pomegranate molasses]], and [[vinegar]] were widely used in Iranian foods; this mixture is found in traditional recipes such as ''[[fesenjān]]'', a thick sauce made from pomegranate juice and ground [[walnut]]s, usually spooned over [[Duck (food)|duck]] or other [[poultry]] and rice, and in ''ash-e anar'' ([[pomegranate soup]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Andrew |title=Iran |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=15 July 2008 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEca_4iSNCUC |access-date=29 November 2010 |isbn=978-1-74104-293-1 |quote=The anar (pomegranate) is native to the region around Iran and is eaten fresh and incorporated in a range of Persian dishes most famously in ''fesenjun'', but also in ''ash-e-anar'' (pomegranate soup) and in rich red ''ab anar'' (pomegranate juice).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetserver.com/isc/cookbook/asheanar2.html |title=Ash-e Anar |website=Internetserver.com |access-date=14 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211102205/http://www.internetserver.com/isc/cookbook/asheanar2.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 }}</ref>

In Turkey, pomegranate sauce ({{langx|tr|nar ekşisi}}) is used as a salad dressing, to marinate meat, or simply to drink. Pomegranate seeds are used in salads and sometimes as garnish for desserts such as ''[[güllaç]]''.<ref>{{cite news|first=Müge |last=Akgün |title=Güllaç, a dainty and light dessert |url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=83942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523122925/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=83942 |archive-date=23 May 2008 |work=Turkish Daily News |publisher=DYH |location=Istanbul |date=22 September 2006 |access-date=26 December 2007 }}</ref> Pomegranate syrup, also called pomegranate molasses, is used in ''[[muhammara]]'', a roasted [[Capsicum|red pepper]], walnut, and [[garlic]] spread popular in [[Syria]] and Turkey.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malouf |first=Greg and Lucy |title=Saha |year=2006 |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |location=Australia |isbn=978-0-7946-0490-5 |page=46 }}</ref>

In Mexico, pomegranate seeds are used to adorn the traditional dish ''[[chiles en nogada]]'', representing the red of the [[Mexican flag]] in the dish which evokes the green (poblano pepper), white (''nogada'' sauce) and red (pomegranate seeds).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bcgusto.wordpress.com/2024/03/18/chiles-en-nogada-a-symbol-of-the-mexican-flag/|title=Chiles en nogada: A symbol of the Mexican flag |date=18 March 2024 |publisher=Gusto Journal |access-date=12 October 2025 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012014819/https://bcgusto.wordpress.com/2024/03/18/chiles-en-nogada-a-symbol-of-the-mexican-flag/ |archive-date=12 October 2025 }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:حبوب رمان.jpg|Pomegranate seeds are edible raw.
File:Pomegranate Stall in Xi An.JPG|A stall selling pomegranate juice in [[Xi'an]], China
File:Asheanar.jpg|A bowl of ''[[ash-e anar]]'', an Iranian soup made with pomegranate juice
File:Pomegranate lambchops.jpg|Turkish lamb chops with candied [[figs]] and herbed mashed [[potato]]es, garnished with pomegranate
</gallery>

===Other uses===
Pomegranate peels may be used to stain wool and silk in the carpet industry.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Textiles Dyeing with Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel Extract Using Natural Mordant
|author1=Rong Yanga |author2=Jianqin Li |author3=Gong Chenge |author4=Angkhana Intab |author5=Lixin Yang |journal= Journal of Natural Fibers
|date= 27 November 2023 |volume= 20
|issue= 2
|article-number= 2282056
|publisher= Taylor & Francis |doi= 10.1080/15440478.2023.2282056
|doi-access= free
}}</ref>

== Nutrition ==

{{nutritional value
| name=Pomegranates, raw
| water=78 g
| kJ=346
| protein=1.67 g
| fat=1.17 g
| carbs=18.7 g
| fibre=4 g
| sugars=13.67 g
| calcium_mg=10
| iron_mg=0.3
| magnesium_mg=12
| phosphorus_mg=36
| potassium_mg=236
| sodium_mg=3
| zinc_mg=0.35
| manganese_mg=0.119
| vitC_mg=10.2
| thiamin_mg=0.067
| riboflavin_mg=0.053
| niacin_mg=0.293
| pantothenic_mg=0.377
| vitB6_mg=0.075
| folate_ug=38
| choline_mg=7.6
| vitE_mg=0.6
| vitK_ug=16.4
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169134/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
The edible portion of raw pomegranate is 78% water, 19% [[carbohydrate]]s, 2% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and 1% [[fat]] (table). A {{cvt|100|g}} serving of pomegranate sarcotesta provides 11% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV) for [[vitamin C]], 14% DV for [[vitamin K]], and 10% DV for [[folate]] (table), while the seeds are a rich source of [[dietary fibre]] (20% DV).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/2038/2|title=Nutrition data for raw pomegranate per 100 grams|publisher=NutritionData.com, Conde Nast; USDA FoodData Central|date=1 April 2019|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-date=30 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235253/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/2038/2}}, NutritionData.com</ref>

== Research ==
=== Phytochemicals ===

The most abundant [[phytochemicals]] in [[pomegranate juice]] are [[polyphenol]]s, including the [[hydrolyzable tannins]] called [[ellagitannins]] formed when [[ellagic acid]] and [[gallic acid]] bind with a [[carbohydrate]] to form [[pomegranate ellagitannin]]s, also known as [[punicalagins]].<ref name="Gómez Caravaca-2013"/> The red colour of the juice is attributed to [[anthocyanin]]s,<ref name="Gómez Caravaca-2013"/> such as [[delphinidin]], [[cyanidin]], and [[glycoside]]s of [[pelargonidin]].<ref name="Hernández-1999"/> Generally, an increase in juice [[pigmentation]] occurs during fruit ripening.<ref name="Hernández-1999">{{cite journal |title=Evolution of juice anthocyanins during ripening of new selected pomegranate (''Punica granatum'') clones |vauthors=Hernández F, Melgarejo P, Tomás-Barberán FA, Artés F |journal=European Food Research and Technology |year= 1999 |volume=210 |issue=1 |pages=39–42 |doi=10.1007/s002170050529 |bibcode=1999EFRT..210...39H }}</ref> The [[phenols|phenolic]] content of pomegranate juice is degraded by processing and [[pasteurisation]] techniques.<ref name="Alper-2005">{{cite journal |last1=Alper |first1=N |last2=Bahceci |first2=KS |last3=Acar |first3=J |title=Influence of processing and pasteurization on color values and total phenolic compounds of pomegranate juice |journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation |volume=29 |issue=5–6 |year=2005 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.2005.00033.x |pages=357–368}}</ref> Pomegranate peel contains high amount of polyphenols, condensed tannins, [[catechins]], and [[prodelphinidins]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF01231077 |volume=203 |title=Quantitative determination of the polyphenolic content of pomegranate peel |year=1996 |journal=Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung |pages=374–378 |last1=Nasr |first1=C. Ben |issue=4 |pmid=9123975 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Plumb GW, De Pascual-Teresa S, Santos-Buelga C, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, Williamson G |journal=Redox Rep. |volume=7 |issue=41 |year=2002 |pmid=11981454 |doi=10.1179/135100002125000172 |title=Antioxidant properties of gallocatechin and prodelphinidins from pomegranate peel |pages=41–6 |hdl=10261/97986 }}</ref> The higher phenolic content of the peel yields [[extracts]] for use in [[dietary supplement]]s and food [[preservative]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.033 |title=Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=254–260 |year=2006 |last1=Li |first1=Y. |last2=Guo |first2=C. |last3=Yang |first3=J. |last4=Wei |first4=J. |last5=Xu |first5=J. |last6=Cheng |first6=S. }}</ref> Pomegranate [[seed oil]] contains [[punicic acid]] (65%), [[palmitic acid]] (5%), [[stearic acid]] (2%), [[oleic acid]] (6%), and [[linoleic acid]] (7%).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids |first1=Shay Yehoshua |last1=Schubert |first2=Ephraim Philip |last2=Lansky |first3=Ishak |last3=Neeman |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=66 |issue=1 |date=July 1999 |pages=11–17 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00222-0 |pmid=10432202 |bibcode=1999JEthn..66...11S }}</ref>

=== Health claims ===

Despite limited research data, manufacturers and marketers of pomegranate juice have liberally used results from preliminary research to promote products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/superfoods/Pages/is-pomegranate-a-superfood.aspx |title=Pomegranate: superfood or fad? |publisher=UK National Health Service (NHS) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328033945/http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/superfoods/Pages/is-pomegranate-a-superfood.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2016 |date=26 April 2018 }}</ref> In February 2010, the FDA issued a [[FDA Warning Letter|warning letter]] to one such manufacturer, [[POM Wonderful]], for using published literature to make illegal claims of unproven antidisease effects.<ref name="USFDA">{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm202785.htm |title=Pom Wonderful Warning Letter |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |access-date=24 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424142723/https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm202785.htm |archive-date=24 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ucm202784.htm |title=Understanding Front-of-Package Violations: Why Warning Letters Are Sent to Industry |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |access-date=24 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319133653/https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ucm202784.htm |archive-date=19 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Starling |first=S. | title=FDA says Pom Wonderful antioxidant claims not so wonderful | publisher=NutraIngredients.com | url=http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Regulation/FDA-says-Pom-Wonderful-antioxidant-claims-not-so-wonderful/?c=7InNqGv0Ajf%2BGsoljaV0RA%3D%3D | date=3 March 2010 | access-date=6 March 2010}}</ref> In May 2016, the US [[Federal Trade Commission]] declared that POM Wonderful could not make health claims in its advertising; the [[US Supreme Court]] upheld the FTC decision.<ref name="USFTC-2016">{{cite web|title=Statement of FTC Chairwoman Edith Ramirez Regarding Supreme Court's Decision Not to Review POM Wonderful Case|url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/05/statement-ftc-chairwoman-edith-ramirez-regarding-supreme-courts|publisher=Bureau of Consumer Protection, US Federal Trade Commission|access-date=18 July 2017|date=2 May 2016|quote=I am pleased that the POM Wonderful case has been brought to a successful conclusion. The outcome of this case makes clear that companies like POM making serious health claims about food and nutritional supplement products must have rigorous scientific evidence to back them up. Consumers deserve no less.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518144104/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/05/statement-ftc-chairwoman-edith-ramirez-regarding-supreme-courts|archive-date=18 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sorvino-2016">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chloesorvino/2016/05/02/the-verdict-pom-wonderful-misled-its-customers-a-blow-to-its-billionaire-owners/#53b8da454b94 |title=The Verdict: POM Wonderful Misled Its Customers, A Blow To Its Billionaire Owners |last=Sorvino |first=Chloe |magazine=Forbes |date=2 May 2016 |access-date=18 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518112114/https://www.forbes.com/sites/chloesorvino/2016/05/02/the-verdict-pom-wonderful-misled-its-customers-a-blow-to-its-billionaire-owners/#53b8da454b94 |archive-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

== Symbolism ==

{{main|Pomegranates in culture}}

[[File:Personification of Aegyptus holding pomegranate.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Roman statue of Aegyptus, personification of Egypt, holding a pomegranate]]

In ancient [[Assyria]], pomegranates were commonly depicted,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Paul |date=January 2006 |title=An Assyrian-Style Ivory Plaque from Hasanlu, Iran |journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal |volume=41 |pages=19–31 |doi=10.1086/met.41.20320658 }}</ref> indicating abundance and fruitfulness with the agricultural cycle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Openwork plaque with papyrus and pomegranates |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/324929 |access-date=2025-04-27}}</ref> In ancient Iran, the pomegranate tree was believed to be grown from places where the blood of the hero [[Siyâvash]] was spilled. The Zoroastrians of Iran serve it in their festivals of [[Mehregan]] and [[Nowruz]], and in wedding ceremonies. They used to plant a pomegranate tree in their fire temples to use its leaves in their ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.packtoiran.com/blogs/detail/84/Pomegranate---The-Persian-fruit-of-heaven |title=Pomegranate -The Persian fruit of heaven |publisher=packtoiran.com |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref> [[Ancient Egyptians]] regarded the pomegranate as a symbol of prosperity and ambition.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/botany/pomegranate.htm| title=Pomegranate| publisher=reshafim.org.il| access-date=21 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225112437/http://reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/botany/pomegranate.htm| archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> According to the [[Ebers Papyrus]], Egyptians used the pomegranate to treat [[Tapeworm infection|tapeworm]] infections.<ref name="Jayaprakasha-2006">{{cite book |title=Pomegranates: ancient roots to modern medicine |last=Jayaprakasha |first=G. K. |author2=Negi, P.S. |author3=Jena, B.S. |editor1-last=Seeram |editor1-first=Navindra P. |editor2-last=Schulman |editor2-first=Risa N. |editor3-last=Heber |editor3-first=David |year=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-9812-4 |page=168 |chapter=Antimicrobial activities of pomegranate |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yGXy6jVFbYC&pg=PA168}}</ref> In ancient Greece, a pomegranate is displayed on [[Coinage of Side|coins from Side]], a city named for the fruit.<ref name="Turkish Odyssey">Turkish Odyssey [http://www.turkishodyssey.com/places/medit/medit3.htm Perge-Aspendus-Side-Alanya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114034707/http://www.turkishodyssey.com/places/medit/medit3.htm |date=14 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="MA-Shops">{{cite web |title=Greek SIDE (Pamphylia) AE13. EF-. 1st century BC. Athena - Pomegranate. |url=https://www.ma-shops.com/an/item.php?id=2135 |website=MA-Shops |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301032802/https://www.ma-shops.com/an/item.php?id=2135 |archive-date=1 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="VCoins">{{cite web |title=PAMPHYLIA, SIDE. AR Stater, circa 460-410 BC. Pomegranate / Athena |url=https://www.vcoins.com/en/stores/musa_numismatic_art/193/product/pamphylia_side__ar_stater_circa_460410_bc__pomegranate__athena/1562290/Default.aspx |website=VCoins |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301033149/https://www.vcoins.com/en/stores/musa_numismatic_art/193/product/pamphylia_side__ar_stater_circa_460410_bc__pomegranate__athena/1562290/Default.aspx |archive-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> In [[Ancient Greek mythology]], the pomegranate was known as the "fruit of the dead", and believed to have sprung from the blood of [[Adonis]].<ref name="Jayaprakasha-2006" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Greek Myths |last=Graves |first=Robert |year=1992 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-017199-0 |page=95 }}</ref> The myth of [[Persephone]], the goddess of the [[Greek underworld|underworld]], features her consumption of pomegranate seeds, requiring her to spend a certain number of months in the underworld every year. During the months that she sits on the throne of the underworld beside her husband [[Hades]], her mother [[Demeter]] mourns and no longer gives fertility to the earth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ovid|title=Metamorphoses|volume=V |pages=385–571}}</ref>

The pomegranate is one of the [[Seven Species]] of fruit and grains listed in the [[Hebrew Bible]] as special products of the [[Land of Israel]].<ref name="Shafer-Elliott-2022">{{cite book |last=Shafer-Elliott |first=Cynthia |chapter=Fruits, Nuts, Vegetables, and Legumes |date=2022 |title=T&T Clark Handbook of Food in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel |pages=142–143 |editor-last=Fu |editor-first=Janling |url=https://www.bloomsburyfoodlibrary.com/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9780567679826&tocid=b-9780567679826-chapter8 |access-date=2025-07-27 |location=London |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-67982-6 |editor2-last=Shafer-Elliott |editor2-first=Cynthia |editor3-last=Meyers |editor3-first=Carol}}</ref> A fourth-century floor mosaic from [[Hinton St Mary]], Dorset depicts the bust of Christ and the [[chi rho]] flanked by pomegranates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephenson |first1=Paul |title=Constantine: Roman Emperor, Christian Victor |date=2010 |publisher=Abrams |isbn=978-1-4683-0300-1 |page=1 and fig. 1}}</ref> In Islam, [[Ar-Rahman|Chapter 55]] of the [[Quran]] mentions the pomegranate as a "favour" among many to be offered to those fearful to the "[[Allah|Lord]]" in "two [[Jannah|Gardens]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://quran.com/55:68?font=v1&translations=149%2C22%2C19%2C |title=Al-Rahman verse 68 |website=Quran.com |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref>

The pomegranate is a symbol in Armenia, representing fertility, abundance, and marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/805811 |title=Genealogy group propagandized pomegranate, symbol of Armenia, wealth and fertility at official opening of the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest |work=Armenpress |date=18 May 2015 |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> Every autumn, the [[Goychay Pomegranate Festival]] is held in the city of [[Goychay (city)|Goychay]] in Azerbaijan.<ref>[http://iguide.travel/Goychay/Activities/Pomegranate_Festival iguide.travel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006002220/http://iguide.travel/Goychay/Activities/Pomegranate_Festival |date=6 October 2011 }} Goychay Activities: Pomegranate Festival</ref> In Palestinian culture, the pomegranate symbolises fertility and is deeply embedded in folklore and traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pomegranate |url=https://palmuseum.org/en/support/tree-sponsorship/Pomegranate |website=The Palestinian Museum |access-date=24 March 2025 }}</ref> Introduced to China during the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC – 220 AD), the pomegranate was an emblem of fertility, and pictures of the ripe fruit with the seeds bursting forth were hung in homes.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Researches into Chinese Superstitions, Vol V. (Translated) |last1=Doré |first1=Henry |last2=Kennelly |first2=S.J. |year=1914 |publisher=Tusewei Press |place=Shanghai |page=722}}</ref> In some Hindu traditions, the pomegranate symbolises prosperity and fertility,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heyn |first=Birgit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HUIZRFFMF8C&pg=PA117 |title=Ayurveda: The Indian Art of Natural Medicine and Life Extension |date=April 1990 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-0-89281-333-9 |page=117}}</ref> and is associated with both [[Bhumidevi|Bhumi]] (the earth goddess) and [[Ganesha]] (fond of the many-seeded fruit).<ref name="Suresh-1998">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses |first=Suresh |last=Chandra |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7625-039-9 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&pg=PA39 |page=39 |quote=Bhumidevi (the earth goddess) ... Attributes: ... pomegranate ...}}</ref><ref name="Vijaya Kumar-2006">{{Cite book |title=Thousand Names of Ganesha|author=Vijaya Kumar |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-207-3007-6 |publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koNhqLCSxRgC |quote=... Beejapoori ... the pomegranate in His hand is symbolic of bounteous wealth, material as well as spiritual ...}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last=Stone |first=Damien |title=Pomegranate: A global history |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |ref=none}}

== External links ==

{{Wikispecies|Punica granatum}}
{{Cookbook|Pomegranate}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons|Punica granatum|''Punica granatum''}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151005065612/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/392.html Pomegranate - Trusted Health Information (MedlinePlus)]
* [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814753/ Pomegranate - NIH article: Accurate Botanical Nomenclature: Pomegranate and the 'Aril' Misconception]

{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q13188}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pomegranates| ]]
[[Category:Aphrodisiac foods]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Asia]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Sour fruits]]
[[Category:Flora of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Heraldic charges]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:Lythraceae]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
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[[Category:Plants in the Bible]]
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Jain temple

2026-03-26T06:26:36Z

MerryK8896455: cleanup

{{Short description|Place of worship for Jains, the followers of Jainism}}
{{redirect2|Basadi|Derasar|other uses|Basadi, Iran (disambiguation)|and|Derasar, Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
[[Image:Palitana.jpg|thumb|[[Palitana temples]] in [[Gujarat]]]]
{{Jainism}}
A '''Jain temple''', '''Derasar''' (Gujarati: દેરાસર) or '''Basadi''' (Kannada: ಬಸದಿ), is the [[place of worship]] for Jains, the followers of [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Lawrence A |last=Babb |title=Absent lord: ascetics and kings in a Jain ritual culture |url=https://archive.org/details/absentlordasceti00babb |url-access=limited |page=[https://archive.org/details/absentlordasceti00babb/page/n140 66] |publisher=Published [[University of California Press]] |year=1996|language=en}}</ref> '''Jain architecture''' is essentially restricted to temples and [[monastery|monasteries]], and Jain buildings generally reflect the prevailing style of the place and time they were built.

Jain temple architecture is generally close to [[Hindu temple architecture]], and in ancient times [[Buddhist architecture]]. Normally the same builders and [[carving|carvers]] worked for all religions, and regional and periodic styles are generally similar. For over 1,000 years, the basic layout of a Hindu or most Jain temples has consisted of a small [[garbhagriha]] or sanctuary for the main [[murti]] or idol, over which the high superstructure rises, then one or more larger [[mandapa]] halls.

[[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] or the "Solanki style", is a particular temple style from [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] (both regions with a strong Jain presence) that originated in both Hindu and Jain temples around the year 1000, but became enduringly popular with Jain patrons. It has remained in use, in somewhat modified form, to the present day, indeed also becoming popular again for some Hindu temples in the 20th century. The style is seen in the groups of pilgrimage temples at [[Dilwara Temples|Dilwara]] on [[Mount Abu]], [[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]], [[Girnar Jain temples|Girnar]], [[Kundalpur]], [[Sonagiri]], [[Muktagiri]] and [[Palitana temples|Palitana]].<ref>Hegewald</ref>

==Terms==
There are many different terms used for Jain temples. Those originating from early scriptures, like the [[Jain agama|Agamas]], were often ambiguous. In the early centuries CE, a single word might refer to cave temples, ascetics' dwellings, or religious schools, as their functions overlapped. It was only in later centuries, as buildings were constructed for specific purposes with unique designs, that a clearer and more accurate set of terms emerged. These terms helped differentiate the various structures and their distinct roles.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jain temples |url=https://jainpedia.org/themes/places/jain-temples/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Jainpedia |language=en-US}}</ref>

A temple is often referred to as ''chaitya'', with its Prakrit form being ''cheia'', which can also denote a religious idol. Another term is the Sanskrit ''balanaka'' (Prakrit ''balanaya''), which seems to refer to only a part of the temple structure. In southern India, the word ''palli'' is widely used and can refer to a temple, a nun's residence, a cave, or even a school. Similarly, the term ''vihara'', used for Jain temples, can also mean a monastery.<ref name=":2" />

In contemporary usage, Jain temples in southern India — especially in [[Karnataka]] — are called '''''basadi''''', '''''basti''''', or similar terms. The historical use of ''basadi'' in North India is preserved in the names of the [[Dilwara Temples|Vimala Vasahi]] and [[Dilwara Temples|Luna Vasahi]] temples of [[Mount Abu]]. The Sanskrit word for vasahi is ''vasati'', which implies an institution for residences of scholars attached to the shrine.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="glossary">{{cite web |title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – Glossary |url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306200130/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=24 December 2011 |publisher=}}</ref> In northern India, the names often combine [[Jina (Jainism)|jina]] with words meaning house, residence, or seat, resulting in terms like '''''jinalaya''''', '''''jina-mandir''''', '''''jina-yatan''''', '''''jinagruh''''', and '''''jina-prasad'''''. In [[Gujarat]] as well [[Rajasthan]] and in regions where [[Gujarati people]] have settled, Jain temples are typically known as '''''derasar''''' or '''''dehrasar''''', which originate from the Sanskrit ''devagruha-vasara''. '''''Deri''''' and '''''dehra''''' are its other variations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basadi |url=http://www.kamat.com/glossary/?whoID=234 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113024046/http://www.kamat.com/glossary/?whoID=234 |archive-date=13 November 2006 |access-date=24 December 2011 |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Temples may be divided into [[Shikhara|Shikhar]]-baddha Jain temples, temple buildings dedicated to the public, normally with a high superstructure, (typically a north Indian [[shikhara]] tower above the shrine) and the [[Ghar Jain temple|Griha Chaityalaya]] (Ghar derasar) , a private Jain house shrine. A Jain temple which is known as a pilgrimage centre is often termed as [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Tirtha]].

The main idol of a Jain temple is known as the ''mula nayak''.<ref>Jaina Iconography, Volume 1 of Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana, Umakant Premanand Shah, Abhinav Publications, 1987, p. 149</ref> A [[Manastambha]] (column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples. It has four 'Moortis' i.e. stone figures of the main god of that temple. One facing each direction: North, East, South and West.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pluralism.org/religion/jainism/introduction/tirthankaras |title=Essays |website=www.pluralism.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013005348/http://www.pluralism.org/religion/jainism/introduction/tirthankaras |archive-date=2013-10-13}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}
{{anchor | JA| Jain architecture | Architecture of Jain temples }}
{{see also | Architecture of India | Jain art }}
{{Major Jain temples}}
[[File:Aerial view of Bahubali, Gomateswara Jain temple, Karkala.jpg|thumb|Jain Tirtha, [[Shravanabelagola]], with the colossal [[Gommateshwara statue]].]]

Jain temples are built with various architectural designs.<ref name=":0">''Jain temples in India and around the world'', Laxmi Mall Singhvi, Tarun Chopra, Himalayan Books, 2002</ref> Some of the earliest examples of Jain architecture are of the [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] tradition, whereby structures are produced by carving material out of solid rock.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dokras |first=Uday |title=The Complete compendium of Jain Temples Part I |year=2021 |publication-date=2021 |pages=14 |language=English}}</ref> These traditions were initially shared with Buddhism, and by the end of the classical period, Hinduism. Jain temples and monasteries designed and constructed using rock-cut methods often share a site with those of the other religions, such as those at [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]], [[Bava Pyara Caves|Bava Pyara]], Ellora, [[Aihole]], [[Badami cave temples|Badami]], [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds|Kalugumalai]] and [[Pataini temple]]. The [[Ellora Caves]] are a late site, which contains temples of all three religions, as the earlier Buddhist ones give way to later Hindu excavations.<ref name=":0" />

Despite the similarity between different religions, Jainism is often known for placing large figures of one or more of the 24 [[tirthankara]]s in the open air rather than inside a shrine.<ref name=":0" /> These statues later began to increase in size, often in the form of standing nude figures in the ''[[kayotsarga]]'' meditation position (which is similar to standing [[at attention]]). The [[Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments]], the [[Siddhachal Caves]], and various single figures including the 12th-century [[Gommateshwara statue]], the modern [[Statue of Vasupujya]], and the [[Statue of Ahimsa]], standing the tallest at {{convert|108|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} in height, all exemplify this similarity.<ref name=":1" />

In recent times, the use of murti images has become controversial within Jainism, and some smaller sects reject them entirely, while others are selective in terms of which figures they allow images of. In sects which largely disapprove of images, the religious buildings are used instead.

Following the regional styles in Hindu temples, Jain temples in North India generally use the north Indian [[nagara architecture|nagara]] style, while those in South India use the dravida style, although the north Indian [[Māru-Gurjara style]] or Solanki style has made some inroads in the south over the 20th century or so. For example, the [[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] has a large [[gopuram]] tower, similar to those of local Hindu temples.
[[File:Delwada.jpg|thumb|Temple interior, [[Dilwara Temples|Dilwara]]]]

Characteristics of the original Māru-Gurjara style are "the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of mouldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and [[kīrttimukha]]s. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned." The main [[shikhara]] tower usually has many ''[[urushringa]]'' (subsidiary spirelets) on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples.<ref>Hegewald</ref>

Later, with Dilwara in the lead, surrounding the main temple with a curtain of ''devakulikā'' shrines, each with a small spire, became a distinctive feature of the Jain temples of West India, still employed in some modern temples. These are fairly plain on the outer walls, and often raised on a very high platform, so that the outside of larger temples can resemble a fortress with high walls.<ref>Harle, 228</ref> However the entrance(s), often up high, wide steps, are not designed for actual defence, even though medieval Muslim armies and others destroyed many Jain temples in the past, often permanently.

Inside the temple, the Māru-Gurjara style features extremely lavish carving, especially on columns, large and intricately carved rosettes on the ceilings of mandapas, and a characteristic form of "flying arch" between columns, which has no structural role, and is purely decorative. Most early temples in the style are in various local shades of pink, buff or brown sandstone, but the Dilwara temples are in a very pure white marble which lightens the style and has become considered very desirable.

While, before [[British India]], large Buddhist or Hindu temples (and indeed Muslim mosques) have very often been built with funds from a ruler, this was infrequently the case with Jain temples. Instead they were typically funded by wealthy Jain individuals or families. For this reason, and often the smaller numbers of Jains in the population, Jain temples tend to be at the small or middle end of the range of sizes, but at pilgrimage sites they may cluster in large groups - there are altogether several hundred at [[Palitana temples|Palitana]], tightly packed within several high-walled compounds called "tuks" or "tonks".<ref>"Temple-cities"; see also Mitchell (1990) by sites</ref> Temple charitable trusts, such as the very large [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust]], founded in the 17th century and now maintaining 1,200 temples, play a very important role in funding temple building and maintenance.

==Etiquette==
There are some guidelines to follow when one is visiting a Jain temple:<ref>CultureShock! India: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette, Gitanjali Kolanad,
Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd, 2008 p. 45</ref>
* Before entering the temple, one should bathe and wear freshly washed clothes or some special puja (worship) clothes – while wearing these one must neither have eaten anything nor visited the washroom. However, drinking of water is permitted.
* One should not take any footwear (including socks) inside the temple. Leather items like a belt, purse etc. are not allowed inside the temple premises.
* One should not be chewing any edibles (food, gum, mints, etc.), and no edibles should be stuck in the mouth.
* One should try to keep as silent as possible inside the temple.
* Mobile phones should not be used in the temple. One should keep them switched off.

Prevailing traditional customs should be followed regarding worshipping at the temple and touching an idol. They can vary depending on the region and the specific sect.

==Gallery==
=== India ===
<gallery perrow="6">
File:Ellora-Jain-cave.jpg|[[Ellora]] Jain cave basadi
File:Deogarh, UP. Jain temple complex.jpg|[[Jain temples at Deogarh|Jain Temple complex, Deogarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], before 862
File:Photo of lord adinath bhagwan at kundalpur.JPG|The "Bade Baba" idol inside Bade Baba Temple, Kundalpur
File:Sikharji jalmandir.jpg|Jal Mandir, [[Shikharji]]
File:Maladevi Temple Gyaraspur facade.jpg|[[Maladevi temple]], [[Vidisha]]
File:Tarangaji Jain temple.jpg|[[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]], [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]]
File:Jain temple at Lakkundi.jpg|[[Brahma Jinalaya]], [[Lakkundi]], 11th century
File:View of Akkana Basadi from northeastern side at Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Akkana Basadi]] (1181) with lost superstructure.
File:Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg|[[Vasai Jain Temple]], [[Kutch]], [[Gujarat]]
File:Girnar Jain temple - Neminath temple.jpg|[[Girnar Jain temples]]
File:Kailash Parvat Rachna - 2.jpg|Kailash Parvat Rachna in [[Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur|Bada Mandir, Hastinapur]]
File:Lodurva Temples.jpg|[[Lodhruva|Lodhruva Jain temple]]
File:Jain Temple Ranakpur.jpg|[[Ranakpur Jain temple]], [[Ranakpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
File:Vanki - Patri Jain Mandir.jpg|Vanki - Patri Jain temple, [[Kutch]], [[Gujarat]]
File:1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG|[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]], [[Moodbidri]], [[Karnataka]]
File:Sheth Hutheesinh Temple.jpg|[[Hutheesing Jain Temple]] (1848)
File:Pawapuri - 001 Temple marking Mahavira's Passing (9243092471).jpg|[[Jal Mandir]], [[Pawapuri]]
File:Sheetalnath Mandir full view.jpg|[[Calcutta Jain Temple]] in [[Calcutta]] (1867)
File:Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 03.jpg|[[Pakbirra Jain temples]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]], [[West Bengal]]
File:Jain temple warangal.jpg|[[Kulpakji|Kulpakji Temple]] at [[Nalgonda]], [[Telangana]], with [[Dravidian architecture|''dravida'' (southern style) tower]]
File:Tiruparuthikundram (11).jpg|[[Trilokyanatha Temple]] in [[Kanchipuram]] an example of a [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style]] [[Jain]] temple
File:Samovsaran Mandir Palitana 01.jpg|Samovsaran Mandir in [[Palitana]], [[Gujarat]]
</gallery>

=== Outside India ===
<gallery perrow="6">
File:Das Lakshana (Paryusana) celebrations, New York City Jain temple.JPG|[[Das Lakshana]] (Paryushana) celebrations at the [[Jain Center of America]], [[Queens]], [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area#Religion|New York City]], the oldest Jain temple in the [[Western Hemisphere]]<ref name=QueensOldestJainTempleWesternHemisphere>{{cite web|url=https://www.qgazette.com/articles/the-oldest-temple-in-the-hemisphere-its-in-queens/|title=The Oldest Temple in the Hemisphere? It's In Queens!|publisher=Queens Gazette|date=May 21, 2020|accessdate=August 27, 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827232048/https://www.qgazette.com/articles/the-oldest-temple-in-the-hemisphere-its-in-queens/|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Jain Temple Oshwal Centre Pottersbar Hertfordshire UK ground.jpg|Jain Temple, [[Potters Bar]], [[Hertfordshire]]
File:Gori Mandar.jpg|[[Godiji]], [[Nagarparkar Temples]], [[Pakistan]]
File:Templejaindanvers.jpg|[[Jain temple, Antwerp]], [[Belgium]]
File:Jain Temple -02 by Jain Center of Greater Phoenix (JCGP).jpg|[[Jain Center of Greater Phoenix]] (JCGP), [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category|Jain temples}}
{{Portal|Religion}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of largest Jain temples]]
* [[List of Jain temples]]
* [[Jain art]]
* [[Jain Center of America]]
* [[Jain flag]]
* [[Jain house temple]]
* [[Jain sculpture]]
* [[Jain stupa]]
* [[Manastambha]]
* [[Tirtha (Jainism)]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hegewald|first=Julia A. B.|title=The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.005?view=text;rgn=main|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=45|doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005|issn=2328-1286|year=2011|issue=20210122|doi-access=free}}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Place of worship}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples and tirthas| ]]
[[Category:Jain architecture]]

Family of Kamala Harris

2026-03-23T16:56:30Z

MerryK8896455: Adding some pg basic info - done

{{Short description|Extended family and heritage of Kamala Harris}}
{{redirect|Harris family|the entertainment family|Harris entertainment family}}
{{use mdy dates |date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Harris family
| crest =
| crestcaption =
| image = Second Gentleman on Father's Day (2024) - 01 (cropped).jpg
| imagecaption = Kamala Harris with her husband and step children in 2024
| region = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| members = {{flatlist|
*[[Kamala Harris]]
*[[Douglas Emhoff]]
*Cole Emhoff
*[[Ella Emhoff]]
}}
| connectedmembers = {{plainlist|
*[[Maya Harris]] (sister)
*[[Meena Harris]] (niece)
*[[Shyamala Gopalan]] (mother)†
*[[Donald J. Harris]] (father)
*[[P. V. Gopalan]] (grandfather)†
*Sharada Balachandran
}}
| early_forms =
| origin = {{ubl|
|[[East Bay]], California, U.S.
| [[Thulasendrapuram]], India
| [[Brown's Town]], Jamaica}}
| otherfamilies =
| distinctions =
| traditions =
| heirlooms =
| estate =
| meaning =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[Kamala Harris]] is an American politician and attorney who was the 49th [[vice president of the United States]] from 2021 to 2025. Harris was formerly the [[Seniority in the United States Senate|junior]] [[United States senator]] from [[California]], and prior to [[2016 United States Senate election in California|her election]] to the Senate, she served as the 32nd [[attorney general of California]]. Her family includes several members who are notable in politics and academia. They were the second family of the United States from 2021 to 2025 during [[Vice presidency of Kamala Harris|Harris' vice presidency]] under [[Joe Biden]].
Harris's maternal ancestry comes from [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Her paternal ancestry comes from [[Saint Ann Parish|Saint Ann]], Jamaica. She is married to American entertainment attorney and law professor [[Douglas Emhoff]].

== Immediate family ==
=== Douglas Emhoff ===
{{Main|Doug Emhoff}}
[[File:S20210824CS-1933 (51645472370).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States|Second Gentleman of the United States]] Douglas Emhoff in 2021]]

Douglas Emhoff is the husband of Kamala Harris. He was born to Jewish parents<ref>{{Cite web|last=Emmrich|first=Stuart|title=The 9 Things We Know About Kamala Harris's Husband|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/nine-things-we-know-about-kamala-harris-husband-douglas-emhoff|access-date=2020-08-19|website=Vogue|date=13 August 2020}}</ref> Michael and Barbara Emhoff in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. He lived in [[New Jersey]] from 1969 to 1981, moving with his family to California when he was 17.<ref name="app-nj">{{cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Mike|date=12 August 2020|title=Kamala Harris's husband, Douglas Emhoff, has 'NJ in his veins'|newspaper=[[Asbury Park Press]]|url=https://www.app.com/story/news/politics/2020/08/12/kamala-harris-joe-biden-douglas-emhoff-vice-president/3356770001/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="cnn-what-to-know">{{cite news|last1=Reston|first1=Maeve|date=June 3, 2019|title=What to know about Douglas Emhoff, Kamala Harris's husband, after that onstage protester moment|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/02/politics/who-is-douglas-emhoff-kamala-harris-husband/index.html|access-date=August 11, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Friedman|first=Gabe|date=August 11, 2020|title=Kamala Harris is Joe Biden's VP pick – here's what Jewish voters should know|url=https://www.jta.org/2020/08/11/politics/kamala-harris-is-joe-bidens-vp-pick-heres-what-jewish-voters-should-know|access-date=August 12, 2020|publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> Emhoff graduated from the [[California State University, Northridge]] and [[USC Gould School of Law]].<ref name="thr-first">{{cite magazine|last1=Cullins|first1=Ashley|date=March 29, 2019|title=First Gentleman? Kamala Harris's Attorney Husband Talks 'Endlessly Fascinating' Campaign Trail|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kamala-harris-attorney-husband-talks-fascinating-campaign-trail-1197098|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=August 11, 2020}}</ref> He married film producer [[Kerstin Emhoff]] (née Mackin) in 1992; they divorced in 2008 after 16 years and two children.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Harris|first=Kamala|date=May 10, 2019|title=Sen. Kamala Harris on Being 'Momala'|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a27422434/kamala-harris-stepmom-mothers-day/|magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> He married Harris on August 22, 2014, in [[Santa Barbara, California]], with Harris's sister [[Maya Harris]] officiating.<ref>{{cite news |last=Siders |first=David |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Kamala Harris married in Santa Barbara ceremony |work=[[The Sacramento Bee]] |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article2607685.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018204505/http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article2607685.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 18, 2014}}</ref>

Emhoff is an entertainment litigator and began his career at [[Pillsbury Winthrop]]'s litigation group. He later moved to Belin Rawlings & Badal, a boutique firm, in the late 1990s. He opened his own firm with Ben Whitwell in 2000. The firm was acquired by [[Venable LLP|Venable]] in 2006. Emhoff joined [[DLA Piper]] as a partner in 2017, working at its [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[California]] offices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-09 |title=Harris' husband takes on growing public role in 2020 race |url=https://apnews.com/article/1b5e33b807fe48fb9d7e7bcc79547af7 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bonos |first=Lisa |date=2020-08-20 |title=The story of Kamala and Doug, a match made in Hollywood (literally) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/relationships/doug-emhoff-kamala-harris-husband/2020/08/18/a6c64db6-e15c-11ea-8181-606e603bb1c4_story.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |newspaper=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Following the announcement that his wife would be Joe Biden's running mate in the [[2020 United States presidential election]], Emhoff took a leave of absence from the firm.<ref name=":0" /> After the Biden–Harris ticket won, the campaign announced Emhoff would permanently leave DLA Piper before [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|Inauguration Day]] to avoid [[conflict of interest]] concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=The Latest: Lincoln Project taking on GOP-linked law firms |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-politics-james-anderson-mark-esper-f342a84b930d3573ebaafd185db76021 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=AP News}}</ref>

=== Cole Emhoff ===
[[File:210120-D-WD757-1323 (50861239076) (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|Cole and [[Ella Emhoff]] at the 2021 inauguration ceremonies on [[Capitol Hill]], January 20, 2021]]

Cole MacKin Emhoff is the stepson of Kamala Harris through her marriage to Doug Emhoff.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cole MacKin Emhoff, Born 09/15/1994 in California {{!}} CaliforniaBirthIndex.org |url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/cole_mackin_emhoff_born_1994_22853037 |website=californiabirthindex.org |access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Jean-Philippe|first=McKenzie|date=2020-08-12|title=Sen. Kamala Harris's Step-Kids Call Her "Momala"|url=https://www.oprahmag.com/life/a33584791/kamala-harris-children/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=Oprah Magazine}}</ref> He was born September 15, 1994, to Kerstin Emhoff and was named after jazz musician [[John Coltrane]].<ref name = elle>{{cite news|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a27422434/kamala-harris-stepmom-mothers-day/|title=Sen. Kamala Harris On Being 'Momala'|last=Harris|first=Kamala|date=May 10, 2019|work=Elle|access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref> Emhoff graduated from [[Colorado College]] with a bachelor's degree in psychology. Emhoff was an assistant at [[William Morris Endeavor]] before becoming an [[executive assistant]] at [[Plan B Entertainment]]. Emhoff calls Harris "Momala".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pomarico|first=Nicole|date=2020-08-13|title=Who Is Cole Emhoff, Kamala Harris's Stepson?|url=https://www.yourtango.com/2020336303/who-kamala-harris-stepson-cole-emhoff|access-date=2020-08-19|website=YourTango}}</ref> He married Greenley Littlejohn on October 14, 2023, in a Los Angeles ceremony that was officiated by Harris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tauber |first=Michelle |date=November 15, 2023 |title=Kamala Harris Shares the Marriage Advice She Gave Stepson Cole Emhoff (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/kamala-harris-marriage-advice-cole-emhoff-exclusive-8401890 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=People}}</ref>

=== Ella Emhoff ===
{{Main|Ella Emhoff}}

Ella Emhoff is the stepdaughter of Kamala Harris through her marriage to Doug Emhoff. She was born May 29, 1999, to Kerstin Emhoff and was named after jazz singer [[Ella Fitzgerald]].<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, she was in the music video for [[Bo Burnham]]'s song "Repeat Stuff". In 2018, Emhoff graduated from high school in Los Angeles where she was on the swim team.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pomarico|first=Nicole|date=2020-08-13|title=Who Is Ella Emhoff, Kamala Harris's Stepdaughter?|url=https://www.yourtango.com/2020336310/who-kamala-harris-stepdaughter-ella-emhoff|access-date=2020-08-19|website=YourTango}}</ref> She is an artist [[majoring]] in apparel and textiles at [[Parsons School of Design]]. Emhoff calls Harris "Momala".<ref name=":1" /> She designed her [[inauguration day]] dress with designer [[Batsheva Hay]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Specter|first=Emma|title=How Ella Emhoff and Batsheva Hay Came Up With An Inauguration-Worthy Dress|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/ella-emhoff-inauguration-dress-2021|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Vogue|date=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Goldberg|first=Carrie|date=2021-01-20|title=Ella Emhoff Wears Miu Miu and Batsheva to the Inauguration|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a35267494/ella-emhoff-inauguration-coat-style-2021/|access-date=2021-01-20|magazine=Harper's BAZAAR}}</ref>

=== Immediate family tree ===
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | |KERSTIN|~|~|~|y|~|DOUG|P|P|P|P|KAMALA|KERSTIN=[[Kerstin Emhoff]] b. 1967|DOUG=[[Doug Emhoff]] b. 1964|KAMALA=[[Kamala Harris]] b. 1964}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| COLE | | | | ELLA |COLE=Cole Emhoff b. 1994|ELLA=[[Ella Emhoff]] b. 1999}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

== Parents ==
=== Shyamala Gopalan ===
{{Main|Shyamala Gopalan}}

Shyamala Gopalan was the mother of Kamala Harris. Shyamala{{Efn|As per the cited sources and the common [[Indian name#Tamil|naming conventions]] of her family}} (December 7, 1938 – February 11, 2009) was a [[biomedical scientist]] at the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]],<ref name=tabasko-harris>{{citation|last=Tabasko|first=Michael|journal=NIH Catalyst: A Publication About NIH Intramural Research|publisher=National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director|volume=29|issue=4|pages=1, 6|date=July–August 2021|title=A Fortuitious Connection: Vice President Kamala Harris's Mother and Her NIH Collaborations|url=https://irp.nih.gov/system/files/media/file/2022-01/v29i4-NIH-Catalyst_JULY-AUGUST-2021_3.pdf|quote=Gopalan eventually left Canada and returned to California to continue her work on the role of hormone receptors in breast-cancer development at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley, California). She was awarded several NIH grants supporting her research through 2001, and her lab published their findings in 2006 (Cancer Res 66:10391–10398, 2006; DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0321). (Photo caption: Shyamala Gopalan Harris (left) in her lab at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.)}}</ref> whose work in isolating and characterizing the [[progesterone receptor]] gene stimulated advances in breast biology and [[oncology]].

=== Donald J. Harris ===
{{Main|Donald J. Harris}}

Donald J. Harris is the father of Kamala Harris. He is a Jamaican-American economist and professor emeritus at Stanford University, originally from [[Saint Ann's Bay, Jamaica]]. Of Jamaican descent, Harris was born on August 23, 1938, to Beryl Harris (''née'' Finegan)<ref>{{cite news|last=McDermott|first=Peter|url=https://www.irishecho.com/2020/9/running-mates-share-a-family-name|title=Running mates share a family name|work=[[The Irish Echo]]|date=23 September 2020|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tt.loopnews.com/content/who-donald-harris-jamaican-dad-kamala-prominent-economist-4|title=Who is Donald Harris? Kamala's Jamaican dad is a prominent economist|work=Loop Caribbean News|date=10 November 2020|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> and Oscar Joseph Harris.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Kamala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUFkDwAAQBAJ|title=The Truths We Hold: An American Journey|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2019|isbn=978-0-525-56072-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vUFkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA320 320], [https://books.google.com/books?id=vUFkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA330 330]}}</ref> He grew up in the Orange Hill area of [[Saint Ann Parish]], near [[Brown's Town]].<ref name="reflections">{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Donald J.|date=26 Sep 2018|title=Reflections of a Jamaican Father}}, as published in {{cite web|date=13 Jan 2019|title=Kamala Harris's Jamaican Heritage|url=https://www.jamaicaglobalonline.com/kamala-harris-jamaican-heritage/|publisher=Jamaica Global Online|access-date=23 March 2021|archive-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190124103731/https://www.jamaicaglobalonline.com/kamala-harris-jamaican-heritage/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="snopes">{{cite news|title=Did U.S. Sen. Kamala Harris's Ancestor Own Slaves in Jamaica?|work=Snopes.com|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/kamala-harris-ancestor-slaves/}}</ref> Harris received a Bachelor of Arts from the [[University of the West Indies#History|University College of the West Indies]] in 1960. In 1963 he came to the United States to earn a PhD from [[University of California, Berkeley]] which he completed in 1966.<ref name="procar">{{cite web|last=Harris|first=Donald J.|title=Professional career|url=https://web.stanford.edu/~dharris/professional_career.htm|access-date=2020-08-11|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> He met his future wife Shyamala Gopalan through the civil rights movement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clarke|first=Chevaz|date=August 14, 2020|title=Get to know Kamala Harris's family|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-family-parents-husband-children/|access-date=2020-08-19|publisher=CBS News}}</ref> Harris was an assistant professor at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] from 1966 to 1967 and at [[Northwestern University]] from 1967 to 1968. He moved to the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] as an associate professor in 1968. In 1972, he joined the faculty of [[Stanford University]] as a professor of economics. He directed the Consortium Graduate School of Social Sciences at the [[University of the West Indies]] in 1986–1987. He was a [[Fulbright Scholar]] in Brazil in 1990 and 1991 and in Mexico in 1992. In 1998, he retired from Stanford becoming a [[professor emeritus]].<ref name="procar" />

== Other relatives ==
=== Maya Harris ===
{{Main|Maya Harris}}

Maya Harris is the younger sister of Kamala Harris. She was born in [[Champaign-Urbana, Illinois]] and raised in the San Francisco Bay Area and Montreal.<ref>{{cite news|date=December 2, 2010|title=PM Golding congratulates Kamala Harris – daughter of Jamaican – on appointment as California's First Woman Attorney General|publisher=Jamaica Information Service|url=https://jis.gov.jm/pm-golding-congratulates-kamala-harris-daughter-of-jamaican-on-appointment-as-californias-first-woman-attorney-general-2/|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115023007/http://www.jis.gov.jm/news/opm-news/26176-officePM-pm-golding-congratulates-kamala-harris-daughter-of-jamaican-on-appoint|archive-date=January 15, 2012}}</ref> She had her only child [[Meena Harris]] at the age of 17. Harris completed a Bachelor of Arts at [[University of California, Berkeley]] and earned a [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] degree from [[Stanford Law School]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=December 1998|title=Officially Speaking|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHI4AQAAIAAJ|journal=Student Lawyer|publisher=Law Student Division, American Bar Association|volume=27|issue=2|page=16}}</ref> She works as a lawyer, public policy advocate, and a television commentator.<ref>Equal Justice Society; Protecting Equally: Dismantling the Intent Doctrine & Healing Racial Wounds, Maya Harris</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=October 8, 2003|title=Prop. 54 soundly beaten: The tide turned when foes of the ballot measure shifted gears from bias to health care|newspaper=The Sacramento Bee|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SB&p_theme=sb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FE138315C60A2C3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|archive-date=December 24, 2020|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224175053/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SB&p_theme=sb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FE138315C60A2C3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date%3AD&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> Harris married lawyer [[Tony West (attorney)|Tony West]] in July 1998.<ref name="Stanford">{{cite news|last=Driscoll|first=Sharon|date=May 17, 2010|title=Tony and Maya: Partners in Public Service|newspaper=Stanford Lawyer|url=https://law.stanford.edu/stanford-lawyer/articles/tony-and-maya-partners-in-public-service/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Kamala and Maya Harris.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] with her sister [[Maya Harris]], January 2021]]

=== Meena Harris ===
{{Main|Meena Harris}}

Meena Harris is the niece of Kamala Harris. She was born in [[Oakland, California]] in 1984. Harris completed a bachelor's degree from [[Stanford University]] and a J.D. at [[Harvard Law School]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meena Harris '12|url=https://today.law.harvard.edu/meena-harris-12/|website=Harvard Law Today}}</ref> She is a lawyer and children's book author. She founded a campaign to raise awareness on social policy issues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to change the world, a five step guide|url=https://www.vogue.com.au/vogue-codes/news/how-to-change-the-world-a-five-step-guide/news-story/29ed8a2be4abca83ab95bb63779d5190|website=vogue.com.au|date=June 21, 2018 }}</ref> Her 2020 children's book is based on the life story of her mother and aunt.<ref name="HarperCollins">{{Cite web|title=Meena Harris|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/author/cr-134665/meena-harris/|website=harpercollins.com}}</ref> Harris and her husband Nikolas Ajagu have two daughters.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bose|first1=Debanjali|date=August 13, 2020|title=Kamala Harris, Joe Biden's VP pick, comes from a family of lawyers and Stanford graduates. Meet the family.|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-family-vp-democratic-candidate-2020-8|access-date=August 15, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

=== P. V. Gopalan ===
{{Main|P. V. Gopalan}}

P. V. Gopalan (1911 – February 1998) was the maternal grandfather of Kamala Harris.<ref name="LATimes1">{{citation|last1=Bengali|first1=Shashank|title=The progressive Indian grandfather who inspired Kamala Harris|date=25 October 2019|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-25/how-kamala-harris-indian-family-shaped-her-political-career|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=24 April 2020|last2=Mason|first2=Melanie}} Quote: In her 2019 memoir, ''[[The Truths We Hold]]'', Harris wrote that Gopalan had been part of India's independence movement, but family members said there was no record of his having been anything other than a diligent civil servant. "Had he openly advocated ending British rule, he would have been fired," Balachandran said.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|date=2020-08-16|title=How Kamala Harris's Family in India Helped Shape Her Values|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/16/world/asia/kamala-harris-india.html|access-date=2020-08-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Gopalan was a career civil servant, eventually serving as [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]] in the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour, Employment and Rehabilitation]].<ref name="LATimes1" /> He was later deputed to the Government of [[Zambia]] and lived in [[Lusaka]] as Director of Relief Measures and Refugees, to help Zambia manage an influx of refugees from Southern Rhodesia (now [[Zimbabwe]]).<ref name="LATimes1" /> Gopalan and his wife Rajam were from [[Tamil Nadu]] state and had wed in an [[arranged marriage]].<ref name="LATimes1" /> They had four children. Their eldest daughter Shyamala became a scientist in the United States and Canada. Their son Balachandran received a PhD in economics and computer science from the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] and returned to an academic career in India.<ref name="LATimes1" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Kamala Harris's Indian family reacts to her selection as Biden running mate – CNN Video|date=13 August 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/08/13/us-kamala-harris-biden-running-mate-indian-heritage-sud-pkg-intl-hnk-vpx.cnn|access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref> Their daughter Sarala is an obstetrician who practiced in the coastal city of Chennai, India. Their youngest daughter Mahalakshmi is an information scientist, who worked for the [[Government of Ontario]].<ref name="LATimes1" />

=== Gopalan Balachandran ===
Gopalan Balachandran, the uncle of Kamala Harris, studied at St. Xavier's College Calcutta, University of Calcutta and the Imperial College London. He obtained a PhD in Economics and Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin in 1978 with dissertation devoted to Financial regulation of decentralized economies. He was a consulting fellow at the Manohar Parrikar Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, Delhi.<ref>[https://www.news18.com/world/high-time-us-presidential-candidate-kamala-harriss-uncle-gopalan-balachandran-on-her-india-connect-8983658.html ‘High Time…’: US Presidential Candidate Kamala Harris’s Uncle Gopalan Balachandran On Her India Connect, Sidhant Mishra, News18.com, July 31, 2024]</ref><ref>Not to be confused with Gopalan Balachandran, a professor of International History and Politics in Switzerland.</ref> He was married to Rosamaria Orihuela Basurto in 1980.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/north-carolina-scholarship-online/book/18144/chapter-abstract/176069749?redirectedFrom=fulltext Fugitives, Smugglers, and Thieves: Piracy and Personhood in American Literature Fugitives, Smugglers, and Thieves: Piracy and Personhood in American Literature, Sharada Balachandran Orihuela, Front Matter, May 2018]</ref>

=== Sharada Balachandran ===
Sharada Balachandran Orihuela is the first cousin of Kamala Harris. She is an [[Indian Mexicans|Indian Mexican]] born in Mexico to Rosamaria Orihuela and Gopalan Balachandran. She started formal education in [[New Delhi]] and moved frequently between India, Mexico, and the United States.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Balachandran Orihuela|first=Sharada|date=January 2012|title=Doctoral student highlight|volume=3|work=La Monarca|publisher=University of California Institute for Mexico and the United States|url=https://ucmexus.ucr.edu/newsletter/La_Monarca_Vol_3.pdf|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128003628/https://ucmexus.ucr.edu/newsletter/La_Monarca_Vol_3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> After moving to [[Oakland, California]] for college in 2001, Balachandran Orihuela's aunt, Shyamala Gopalan, helped her cope with [[race relations]] in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]] and later influenced her intellectual trajectory.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Farrell|first=Liam|date=November 12, 2020|title=First Cousin|url=https://today.umd.edu/articles/first-cousin-6ce2bda3-c5cb-49bb-8aa7-ea3c24bb5e5f|access-date=2020-11-18|website=The University of Maryland Today|archive-date=November 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113161213/https://today.umd.edu/articles/first-cousin-6ce2bda3-c5cb-49bb-8aa7-ea3c24bb5e5f|url-status=dead}}</ref> Balachandran Orihuela graduated from [[Mills College]] and [[University of California, Davis]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> She is an associate professor of English and comparative literature at [[University of Maryland, College Park]].<ref name=":3" /> She authored the 2018 book, ''[[Fugitives, Smugglers, and Thieves]]''.<ref name=":3" />

=== Christine Simmons ===
Christine Simmons was a family friend who Kamala Harris has referred to as an aunt.<ref name=":4" /> She joined [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]] in 1950 while attending [[Howard University]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Char |date=2024-08-14 |title=Harris holds access to an untapped voting bloc: The Divine Nine |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/harris-alpha-kappa-alpha-member-divine-nine-greek-organizations-rcna163666 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> She was a former chapter president.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Givhan |first=Robin |date=September 16, 2019 |title=Kamala Harris grew up in a mostly white world. Then she went to a black university in a black city. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/16/kamala-harris-grew-up-mostly-white-world-then-she-went-black-university-black-city/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> Simmons died in 2015.<ref name=":5" />

== Ancestry of Kamala Harris ==
Kamala Harris is of Jamaican descent on her paternal side and of [[Indian people|Indian]] descent on her maternal side.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kamala Harris's diverse family heritage – CNN Video|date=14 August 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/08/13/kamala-harris-family-heritage-robertson-ebof-pkg-intl-vpx.cnn|access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-25|title=The progressive Indian grandfather who inspired Kamala Harris|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-25/how-kamala-harris-indian-family-shaped-her-political-career|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Donald J. Harris wrote in an account of his family ancestry that [[Harris (surname)#Origin|the Harris name]] comes from his paternal grandfather Joseph Alexander Harris, a land owner and agricultural produce exporter, and that his paternal grandmother "Miss Chrishy" (''née'' Christiana Brown) was a descendant of both enslaved Jamaicans and [[Hamilton Brown]], a plantation and slave owner.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Donald J. |title=KAMALA HARRIS'S JAMAICAN HERITAGE – UPDATED – 14.01.2019 |url=https://www.jamaicaglobalonline.com/kamala-harris-jamaican-heritage/ |website=Jamaica Global Online |publisher=Jamaica Global |access-date=23 March 2021 |date=19 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Jamaica to the world:' A small town on a small island celebrates Kamala Harris' meteoric rise |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2024/08/politics/kamala-harris-browns-town-jamaica-dg/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}</ref> However, [[Snopes]], a [[fact-checking]] website, rated this claim as unproven pending further research. In July 2019, Snopes noted that Harris made errors in some of the vital dates he provided for births and deaths of his grandparents.<ref name="snopes" /> The following year, PolitiFact stopped short of Snopes's unproven rating, and again reviewed the validity of the story, saying about the Stanford professor emeritus's claim that he is the descendant of the slave owner, "I would be inclined to believe him."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Looking into Claims That Kamala Harris Is The Descendant Of Slave Owners|url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/aug/14/looking-claims-kamala-harris-descendant-slave-owne|access-date=2024-08-22|website=PolitiFact}}</ref>

Harris' maternal [[ancestral home]] is the village of [[Thulasendrapuram]] in India, in which her grandfather [[P. V. Gopalan]] was born.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 November 2020 |title=Prayers for Kamala Harris in ancestral Indian village, for Trump in Delhi |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/03/asia/harris-trump-india-election-prayers-intl/index.html |accessdate=9 November 2020 |publisher=[[CNN]] |agency=AFP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatasubramanian |first=Saradha |title=Kamala Harris: The tiny Indian village claiming her as its own |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9037j47pyzo |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Gopalans belonged to the conservative [[Tamil Brahmin]] community, a part of India's historically [[elite]] [[Brahmin]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-25/how-kamala-harris-indian-family-shaped-her-political-career|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title=How Kamala Harris' Indian family shaped her political career|accessdate=July 10, 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Family of Joe Biden]]
*[[Family of Barack Obama]]
*[[List of African American firsts]]
*[[List of African American U.S. state firsts]]
*[[List of Asian-American firsts]]
*[[List of American women's firsts]]
*[[List of women's firsts]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Kamala Harris}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Kamala family}}
[[Category:Harris family| ]]
[[Category:Political families of the United States]]
[[Category:Kamala Harris|Family]]
[[Category:American families of Indian ancestry]]
[[Category:American families of Irish ancestry]]
[[Category:African-American families]]
[[Category:American families of Jamaican ancestry]]
[[Category:Jewish-American families]]
[[Category:Families from California]]
[[Category:Second families of the United States]]
[[Category:Families by person]]
[[Category:African-American upper class]]
[[Category:Black elite]]

Giri Babu

2026-03-22T16:43:44Z

MerryK8896455:

{{Short description|Indian actor, producer, and director}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Giri Babu
| image = Giribabu (Cropped).jpg
| caption = Giri Babu in July 2017
| birthname = Yerra Seshagiri Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|6|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ravinuthala]], [[Prakasam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| children = [[Raghu Babu]]
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | producer | director}}
}}

'''Yerra Seshagiri Rao''', popularly known as '''Giri Babu''', is an Indian actor, producer, and director who primarily works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films.<ref name="Giri Babu: Man with many hats">{{cite web|last1=Varma|first1=P. Sujatha|title=Giri Babu: Man with many hats|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Giri-Babu-Man-with-many-hats/article17195973.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=24 April 2018|language=en-IN|date=5 February 2017|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011141605/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Giri-Babu-Man-with-many-hats/article17195973.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His son, [[Raghu Babu]], is also a notable actor-director.

==Career==

Giri Babu hails from a middle-class agricultural family in [[Ravinuthala]] village of the [[Prakasam district]]. He moved to [[Madras]] to pursue a career in films. Babu started his career as a lead actor but later started portraying antagonistic and comic roles.<ref name="Giri Babu: Man with many hats"/>

==Filmography==

=== Director ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 1985 || ''Ranarangam'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Indrajith'' || starring his second son Bose Babu
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Nee Sukhame Ne Koruthunna]]'' || Also producer
|-
|}

=== Producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 1978 || ''Simha Garjana'' ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Merupu Daadi]]'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Indrajith'' ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Nee Sukhame Ne Koruthunna]]'' || Also director
|}

=== Actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! class="unsortable" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Note
|-
| 1973
| ''Jagame Maya''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1974
| ''Chandee''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dorababu]]''
| Shankar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1975
| ''[[Zamindarugari Ammayi]]''
| Sundar
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zamindaru gari Ammayi (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RGS/info |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Annadammula Anubandham]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1976
| ''Jyothi''
| Shankara
|
|-
| ''[[Maa Daivam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Vadhu Varulu''
|
|
|-
| ''Swami Drohulu''
|
|
|-
| ''Raaja''
| Jimmy
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaja (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RTZ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501193746/https://indiancine.ma/RTZ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1977
| ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]''
| [[Dushasana]]
|
|-
| ''Premalekhalu''
|
|
|-
| ''Manassakthi''
|
|
|-
| ''Indra Dhanussu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Devathalara Deevinchandi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Kalpana''
| Seshu
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1978
| ''[[Indradhanussu 1978 film|Indradhanussu]]''
| Gopal
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indradhanusu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SGU |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111085721/https://indiancine.ma/SGU |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Dongala Dopidi''
| Havaldar Adisankara Varaprasada Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Patnavasam]]''
| Vasu
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Patnavasam (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/THH |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213185348/https://indiancine.ma/THH |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Simha Garjana''
|
|
|-
| ''Mallepoovu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dudu Basavanna]]''
| Kotayya
|
|-
| ''[[Kumara Raja (1978 film)|Kumara Raja]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Karunamayudu]]''
| [[John the Apostle|Saint John]]
|
|-
| ''Shri Rama Raksha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sahasavanthudu]]''
| Mohan
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahasavantudu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TJN |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Athani Kante Ghanudu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1979
| ''Naa Illu Naa Vaalu''
|
|
|-
| ''Seete Ramudaithe''
| Giri
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seethe Ramudaithe (1979) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/seethe-ramudaithe-1979 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504045550/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/seethe-ramudaithe-1979 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kothala Raayudu]]''
| Inspector Ramu
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothala Rayudu Cast and Crew Info |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/kothala-rayudu-1979}}</ref>
|-
| ''Cheyyethi Jai Kottu''
| Ranga
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheyyethi Jai Kottu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TRV |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151822/https://indiancine.ma/TRV |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Swami Drohulu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1980
| ''Bhola Shankarudu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Anbukku Naan Adimai|Mayadari Krishnudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Kiladi Krishnudu''
| Kishore
|
|-
| ''[[Ragile Hrudayalu]]''
| Giri
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ragile Hrudayalu (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/VDA |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114181502/https://indiancine.ma/VDA |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Adrushtavanthudu''
| Ravi Babu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1981
| ''[[Erra Mallelu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ragile Jwala]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Oorukichina Maata]]''
| Forest Guard
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1982
| ''Sawaal''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nivuru Gappina Nippu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naa Desam]]''
| Kumar
|
|-
| ''Bangaru Bhoomi''
| Hari Babu
|
|-
| ''[[Jagannatha Rathachakralu]]''
| Nagaraju
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Jagannatha Ratha Chakralu Full Movie - Krishna {{!}} Jayaprada {{!}} Jaggayya {{!}} Giribabu {{!}} V9 Videos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7xYZSrAQxw |access-date=2024-01-12 |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112172619/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Q7xYZSrAQxw |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pratigna (1982 film)|Pratigna]]''
| Seshagiri
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Prathignya (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYB/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417154242/https://indiancine.ma/WYB/info |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gruha Pravesam (1982 film)|Gruha Pravesam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kalavari Samsaram]]''
| Raghu
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1983
| ''[[Shakthi (film)|Shakti]]''
| Giri
|
|-
| ''[[Mayagadu (1983 film)|Mayagadu]]''
| Nagaraju
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=8q4bXWADthk |title=Mayagadu Telugu Full Length Movie HD {{!}} Mohan babu {{!}} Kavitha {{!}} Chakravarthy @skyvideostelugu |date=2018-03-26 |last=SkyVideos Telugu |access-date=2024-10-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mundadugu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chattaniki Veyi Kallu|Chattaniki Veyyi Kallu]]''
| Gurunatham
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chattaniki Veyi Kallu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/chattaniki-veyi-kallu/cast/2030372570/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113122442/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/chattaniki-veyi-kallu/cast/2030372570/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Palleturi Pidugu]]''
| Arjun
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palleturi Pidugu 1983 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/palleturi_pidugu |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513120317/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/palleturi_pidugu |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Moogavani Paga]]''
| Pachchabotu Narasimha aka P.N. Simha
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moogavani Paga (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XUS |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010013/https://indiancine.ma/XUS |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dharma Poratam]]''
| Bhaskar
|
|-
| ''Adavi Simhalu''
|
|
|-
| ''Mugguru Monagallu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shivudu Shivudu Shivudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lanke Bindelu]]''
| Gopi's brother-in-law
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lanke Bindelu (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XSI |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627195937/https://indiancine.ma/XSI |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="15" | 1984
| ''Sardar''
| Public Prosecutor
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZDL |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413213216/https://indiancine.ma/ZDL |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanchu Kagada]]''
| Narasimhappa
|
|-
| ''[[Kode Trachu]]''
| Thatthar Bitthar
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kode Trachu (1984) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161434/https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rustum (1984 film)|Rustum]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Padmavyuham (1984 film)|Padmavyuham]]''
| Head Constable Hanumanthayya
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=d2yRjqYuKTA |title=Padmavyuham Telugu Full Movie - Mohan Babu, Prabha, Chandra Mohan, Giribabu |date=2016-11-22 |last=Manisha Arts |access-date=2024-10-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhale Ramudu 1984 film|Bhale Ramudu]]''
| Seshu
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhale Ramudu 1984 movie cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/bhale-ramudu-1984}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raraju (1984 film)|Raraju]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Aparadhi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Merupu Daadi]]''
| Gandadu
|
|-
| ''Srimathi Kaavali''
|
|
|-
| ''Griha Lakshmi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nayakulaku Saval]]''
| Nagaraju
|
|-
| ''Bangaru Kapuram''
| Giri
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Kapuram (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/YKF/info |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602195253/https://indiancine.ma/YKF/info |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Mahanagaramlo Mayagadu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Intiguttu (1984 film)|Inti Guttu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="14" | 1985
| ''Muchataga Mugguru''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Surya Chandra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maha Manishi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rechukka (1985)|Rechukka]]''
| Dada
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rechukka on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/rechukka-1985-telugu |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=Moviebuff.com |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525214306/https://www.moviebuff.com/rechukka-1985-telugu |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Jackie''
|
|
|-
| ''Mayadari Maridi''
|
|
|-
| ''Mugguru Mitrulu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Surya Chandra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Chilaka]]''
| Vikram
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Telugu News, Movies, Celebrities, Images & Videos {{!}} V CINEMA |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/bangaru-chilaka-1985 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ranarangam''
|
|
|-
| ''Garjana''
| Seshagiri
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Garjana 1985 Telugu Full Movie HD {{!}} Suman, Jayamalini, Bhanupriya |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kVTd_GBYcU |access-date=2023-05-11 |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511204302/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kVTd_GBYcU&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Intiko Rudramma]]''
| Jagannath
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=M7CS6DeiqF8 |title=Intiko Rudramma Full Movie {{!}} Bhanuchander,Sumalatha,Ranganath,Sharada,Sujatha,Giribabu {{!}} ETV Cinema |date=2024-09-09 |last=ETV Cinema |access-date=2024-09-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/intiko-rudramma-am413699/cast-crew |title=Intiko Rudramma (1985) - S.A. Chandrashekhar {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} AllMovie |language=en |access-date=2024-09-13 |via=www.allmovie.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Edadugula Bandham]]''
| Giri
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edadugula Bandham {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/edadugula_bandham |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]''
| Narasimham's third son
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1986
| ''[[Ravana Brahma]]''
| Shyam Babu
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravana Brahma (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABHJ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ide Naa Samadhanam]]''
| Viswanath
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Ide Naa Samadhanam (1986) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/ide-naa-samadhanam-1986-telugu-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421153510/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/ide-naa-samadhanam-1986-telugu-movie/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Simhasanam (1986 film)|Simhasanam]]''
| Ugra Rahu Army chief of Avanthi
|
|-
|''Challani Ramayya Chakkani Seethamma''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam]]''
| Balaji
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam Full Length Movie {{!}}{{!}} Super Star Krishna, Keerthi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIlQzaweMiE |access-date=2023-09-18 |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002122209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIlQzaweMiE |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ugra Narasimham]]''
| Giri
|
|-
| ''[[Jayam Manade (1986 film)|Jayam Manade]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khaidi Rudraiah]]''
| Venkatagiri ''Giri''
|
|-
| ''Vivaha Bandham''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vetagallu]]''
| Sripathi
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zg1MK_KjW50 |title=VETAGALLU {{!}} { EXCLUSIVE } TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} BHANUCHANDER {{!}} GIRI BABU {{!}}OORVAASI {{!}} INDIAN MOVIE CAFE |language=en |access-date=2024-04-29 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Adavi Raja''
| Nagendra
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adavi Raja (1986) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161434/https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vijrumbhana]]''
| Dr. Anand
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijrumbana (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BJLE |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429192624/https://indiancine.ma/BJLE |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="14" | 1987
| ''Dongodochadu''
| Giri
|
|-
| ''[[Veera Pratap]]''
| Vikram
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Pratap (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ANRZ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218174605/https://indiancine.ma/ANRZ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Donga Kapuram''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thene Manasulu (1987 film)|Thene Manasulu]]''
| Bhairava Murthy
|
|-
| ''[[Inti Donga]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jebu Donga (1987 film)|Jebu Donga]]''
| Venkat
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/ABVJ|title=Jebu Donga (1987)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=10 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111000406/https://indiancine.ma/ABVJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Muddayi]]''
| Jaganmohan Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Sankharavam (1987 film)|Sankharavam]]''
| Uday
|
|-
| ''[[Donga Garu Swagatham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chaitanya Ratham]]''
| Avinash
|
|-
| ''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]''
| Shanmukha Raju, Son of Ummathur Sivaganga Raju
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishwanatha Nayakudu (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACKA |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Marana Homam]]''
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/ABZD|title=Marana Homam (1987)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430005635/https://indiancine.ma/ABZD|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paga Saadhista]]''
| Kali
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paga Saadhistha (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACCJ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729123914/https://indiancine.ma/ACCJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1988
| ''[[Chuttalabbayi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nyayaniki Siksha]]''
| Chakradhar
|
|-
| ''[[August 15 Raatri]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Inspector Pratap]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Donga Pelli]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Rocky''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Collector Vijaya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raktha Tilakam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mugguru Kodukulu]]''
| Ranga Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1988 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]''
| Chinnodu Sivam
|
|-
| ''[[Agni Keratalu]]''
| Phanindra
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agni Keratalu (1988) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACLJ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629191352/https://indiancine.ma/ACLJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="14" | 1989
| ''[[Goonda Rajyam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gudachari 117]]''
| Gookarnam
|
|-
| ''[[Vicky Daada]]''
| Lawyer Giridhar Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Sahasame Naa Oopiri]]''
|
|
|-
|''Naa Mogudu Naake Sontham''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Swathi Chinukulu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Krishna Gari Abbayi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bala Gopaludu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Simha Swapnam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Paila Pachessu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Soggaadi Kaapuram|Soggadi Kapuram]]''
| Guruvulu
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://watch.plex.tv/movie/soggadi-kapuram |title=Soggadi Kapuram |language=en |access-date=2024-09-25 |via=watch.plex.tv}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ajatha Satruvu]]''
| Sivaram
|
|-
| ''[[Koduku Diddina Kapuram]]''
| Kondaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1990
| ''[[Anna Thammudu (1990 film)|Anna Thammudu]]''
| Seshagiri
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Yuddham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Alajadi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Prajala Manishi]]''
| Giri
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prajala Manishi (1990) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161434/https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Kadapa Reddemma''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1991
| ''[[Vidhata (1991 film)|Vidhata]]''
| Nagaraju
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidhata 1991 Telugu Movie Cast Crew,Actors,Director, Vidhata Producer,Banner,Music Director,Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/vidhata-9356/cast-crew |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=MovieGQ |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030170213/https://moviegq.com/movie/vidhata-9356/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nirnayam (1991 film)|Nirnayam]]''
| Police Commissioner
|
|-
| ''Naa Pellam Naa Ishtam''
|
|
|-
| ''Palleturi Pellam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Parama Sivudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Alludu Diddina Kapuram]]''
| Panthulu
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/alludu-diddina-kapuram-am314879/cast-crew |title=Alludu Diddina Kapuram (1991) - Krishna Ghattamaneni {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} AllMovie |language=en |access-date=2024-09-12 |via=www.allmovie.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1992
| ''[[Killer (1991 film)|Killer]]''
| Malavika's husband
|
|-
| ''Gangwar''
|
|
|-
| ''Pachani Samsaram''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sahasam (1992 film)|Sahasam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Golmaal Govindam''
|
|
|-
| ''Mondi Mogudu Penki Pellam''
|
|
|-
| ''Pellam Chepithe Vinali''
|
|
|-
| ''Sriman Brahmachari''
|
|
|-
| ''Pelli Neeku Shobhanam Naaku''
|
|
|-
| ''Parvathalu Panakalu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''420''
|
|
|-
| ''Chillari Mogudu Allari Koduku''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1993
| ''[[Chinna Alludu]]''
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinna Alludu |url=https://spicyonion.com/title/chinna-alludu-telugu-movie/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Spicyonion.com |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422063957/https://spicyonion.com/title/chinna-alludu-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prema Pusthakam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Asale Pellaina Vanni''
|
|
|-
|''Police Lockup''
|
|
|-
| ''Illu Pelli''
|
|
|-
|''Aarambham''
|
|
|-
| ''Pellama Majaka''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Alibaba Aradajanu Dongalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Evandi Aavida Vachindi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Parugo Parugu]]''
| Veeru
|
|-
| rowspan="15" | 1994
| ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]''
| Manga's father
|
|-
| ''[[Gandeevam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Bhale Mavayya''
|
|
|-
| ''Neram''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kishkindha Kanda (film)|Kishkindha Kanda]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jailor Gaari Abbayi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Atha Kodalu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lucky Chance]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Prema & Co.''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Presidentgari Alludu]]''
| Ramachandra Prasad
| <ref>{{Citation |title=PRESIDENT GARI ALLUDU {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} BHANU CHANDER {{!}} VANI VISWANATH {{!}} TELUGU MOVIE ZONE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZzCqsMoLsA |access-date=2023-10-30 |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030192534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZzCqsMoLsA |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Kurradhi Kurradu''
| Giri Bab
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurradi Kurradu on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/kurradi-kurradu |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Moviebuff.com |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410071513/https://www.moviebuff.com/kurradi-kurradu |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brahmachari Mogudu]]''
| Kutumba Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]''
| Uttar
|
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Kutumbam]]''
| Pushpa's brother-in-law
|
|-
| ''[[Hello Alludu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1995
| ''[[Vajram (1995 film)|Vajram]]''
| Chakri's uncle
|
|-
| ''[[Bhale Bullodu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Ooriki Monagadu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Adavi Dora]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maatho Pettukoku]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Alluda Majaka]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chilakapachcha Kaapuram|Chilakapachcha Kapuram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Ammaleni Puttillu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ghatotkachudu]]''
| [[Yudhishthira|Dharma Raju]]
|
|-
| ''[[Alluda Majaka]]''
| Lawyer Sivaramakrishna
|
|-
| ''[[Sisindri]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1996
| ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]''
| Hari
|
|-
| ''Once More''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jabilamma Pelli]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Hello Neeku Naaku Pellanta''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maavichiguru]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Little Soldiers]]''
| Seshagiri
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1997
| ''[[Ugadi (1997 film)|Ugadi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Paddukondi Chuddam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Nayanamma''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kurralla Rajyam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pelli (film)|Pelli]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1998
| ''[[Aavida Maa Aavide]]''
| Vikranth's father
|
|-
| ''[[Chandralekha (1998 film)|Chandralekha]]''
| Doctor
|
|-
| ''[[O Panaipothundi Babu]]''
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/opbabu.htm|title=O PANAIPOTHUNDI BAABU |work=Andhra Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990129031813/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/opbabu.htm|archive-date=29 January 1999|access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Suprabhatam (1998 film)|Suprabhatam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Premante Idera]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1999
| ''[[Prema Katha]]''
| Janaki Ramaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Swayamvaram (1999 film)|Swayamvaram]]''
| Sivaprasad
|
|-
| ''[[Alludugaaru Vachcharu]]''
| Shankar Rao
|
|-
| ''Vichitram''
| Haygreevam
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vichitram |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/vichitram/cast/2030372853/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162704/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/vichitram/cast/2030372853/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ravoyi Chandamama]]''
| Sujeeth's father
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2000
| ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
| Tarun's father
|
|-
| ''Bagunnaraa''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Okkadu Chalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Adavi Chukka''
| Simhachalam
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2001
| ''Apparao Ki Oka Nela Thappindi''
| Mohan Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Family Circus (film)|Family Circus]]''
| Krishna Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Simharasi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raa (film)|Raa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]''
| Jagadiswara Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu]]''
| Krishna Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Darling Darling (2001 film)|Darling Darling]]''
| P.K. Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Snehamante Idera]]''
| Aravind's uncle
|
|-
| ''[[Muthyam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2002
| ''[[Parasuram (2002 film)|Parasuram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Neetho Cheppalani]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Okato Number Kurraadu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Prema Donga''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Allari Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Idiot (2002 film)|Idiot]]''
| Inspector
|
|-
| ''[[Holi (2002 film)|Holi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nee Sneham]]''
| Madhav's father
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2003
| ''[[Pellam Oorelithe]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vijayam (film)|Vijayam]]''
| Usha's father
|
|-
| ''[[Vishnu (2003 film)|Vishnu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Golmaal (2003 film)|Golmaal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Fools (2003 film)|Fools]]''
| Adabala Raja Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Ninne Ishtapaddanu]]''
| Charan's father
|
|-
| ''[[Vasantam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sambaram]]''
| Geeta's father
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2004
| ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kushikushigaa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nenunnanu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy]]''
| Krishnamurthy's boss
|
|-
| ''[[Suryam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vidyardhi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2005
| ''[[Naa Alludu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sankranthi (film)|Sankranthi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Andarivaadu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Athadu]]''
| Poori's father
|
|-
| ''[[Nayakudu (film)|Nayakudu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2006
| ''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kithakithalu]]''
| Rajababu's father
|
|-
| ''[[Astram (film)|Astram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Game (2006 film)|Game]]''
| Rama Chandra Murthy
|
|-
| ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Boss - I Love You]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chinnodu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Neeku Naaku]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pellaina Kothalo]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2007
| ''[[Allare Allari]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]''
| Chief Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Madhumasam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Okkadunnadu]]''
| Gautami's father
|
|-
| ''[[Classmates (2007 film)|Classmates]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2008
| ''[[Okka Magaadu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vaana (film)|Vaana]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nee Sukhame Ne Koruthunna]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gamyam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009
| ''[[Mestri (film)|Mestri]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Neramu Siksha (2009 film)|Neramu Siksha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Evaraina Epudaina]]''
| Madhumita's father
|
|-
| ''[[Ganesh (2009 film)|Ganesh]]''
| Rama Chandra Murthy, Ganesh's father
|
|-
| ''[[Saleem (film)|Saleem]]''
| Singamanaidu's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Betting Bangaraju]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Subhapradam''
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Raaj (film)|Raaj]]''
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Racha (film)|''Racha'']]''
|
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Prema Oka Maikam]]''
|
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Yuddham (2014 film)|Yuddham]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Gaddam Gang]]''
| Politician
|
|-
| ''[[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongaata]]''
| Elderly Man in Senior Living Home
|
|-
| ''[[Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150620/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-krishnamma-kalipindi-iddarini-outdated-love|title=Movie review 'Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini': An outdated love story | Movie review 'Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini': An outdated love story|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=20 June 2015|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[A Aa]]''
| Mr. Banerjee
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Raa Raa (2018 film)|Raa Raa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pantham]]''
| High Court Judge
|
|-
| ''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]''
| Vasu's relative
|
|-
| ''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
| Geetha's grandfather
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
| Chief Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Sreekaram]]''
| Anantharaju
|
|-
| ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor (film)|Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
| Judge
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]''
| Watchman
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]''
| Judge
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0320880|name=Giribabu}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2062677|name=Giri Babu}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080212104632/http://www.indiafm.com/celebrities/filmography/8020/index.html Giri Babu Filmography]
*[http://www.greatandhra.com/ganews/viewnews.php?id=2691&scat=11 Article About Giri Babu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914170713/http://www.greatandhra.com/ganews/viewnews.php?id=2691&scat=11 |date=14 September 2012 }}
*[http://www.aptoday.com/movienews/open-heart-with-rk-giribabu-about-ravibabu/2784/ Giri Babu Open Heart with RK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903183515/http://www.aptoday.com/movienews/open-heart-with-rk-giribabu-about-ravibabu/2784/ |date=3 September 2014 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Giri}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Saihriem (clan)

2026-03-18T06:35:37Z

MerryK8896455: created stub

{{Short description|Tribe or Sub-tribe of the Hmar community}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Faihriem {{smaller|(Faihriam, Sairang)}}
| image = Faihriem girls in cultural dress.jpg
| image_caption = Faihriem women
| population =
| regions = [[Northeast India]] ([[Assam]]{{·}} [[Mizoram]]{{·}} [[Manipur]]{{·}} [[Meghalaya]]{{·}} [[Tripura]])
| languages = [[Saihriem language|Saihriem]]{{·}}[[Hmar language|Hmar]]{{·}}[[Mizo language|Mizo]]{{·}}[[Hindi]]{{·}}[[English language|English]]
| religions = '''Majority''': [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]] '''Minority''': [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Hmars|Hmar]] {{·}} [[Kuki people|Kuki]]{{·}} [[Mizo people|Mizo]]
}}

The '''Faihriem''', or '''Saihriem''', are one of the clans of [[Hmars|Hmar]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=R. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&dq=Faihriem+clan+of+hmar&pg=PA117 |title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes |date=1996 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-298-3 |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljd7nyIwzjYC |title=Golden Jubilee, Assam State Museum Souvenir, 1990 |date=1990 |publisher=Directorate of Museums, Assam |pages=26 |language=en |quote=This is owned by the Faihriem clan of the Hmar tribe, and it was believed by them that the object was obtained from a person named ' Tamlou's father ' during the year 1905. The object has a picture of decorated elephants, on the side ...}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* B.C.Allen, B.A., ICS, Superintendent of Census Operations in Assam. ''Census of India, 1901. Volume IV. Assam. Part I. Report.'' Printed at the Assam Secretariat Printing Office, 1902.
* 1999, Robin D. Tribhuwan, Preeti R. Tribhuwan. ''Tribal Dances of India (Encyclopaedic profile of Indian tribes, volume 1).'' Page 117.
* Gazette of India Extraordinary No.40, New Delhi. Wednesday, 6 September 1950. S.R.O. 510.

{{Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Hmar]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Mizo clans]]
[[Category:Kuki tribes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:People from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Manipur]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya]]

GAIL

2026-03-15T15:59:09Z

MerryK8896455: updated details

{{Short description|Central Public Sector Undertaking}}
{{Other uses|Gail (disambiguation){{!}}Gail}}
{{Multiple issues|{{tone|date=January 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Promotional|date=January 2022}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = GAIL (India) Limited
| logo = GAIL.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| image = GAIL_Bhawan.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = [[Headquarters]] in [[New Delhi]]
| former_name = Gas Authority of India Limited (1984–2002)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532155}} {{NSE|GAIL}} {{LSE|GAID}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE129A01019}}
| industry = [[Oil and Gas]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1984}}
| location = GAIL Bhawan 16, Bhikaji Cama Place, [[Rama Krishna Puram|R.K. Puram]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| key_people = Shri Deepak Gupta (chairman & [[Managing Director|MD]])<ref>{{cite web |title=GAIL Leadership|url=https://gailonline.com/ABLeadership.html|publisher=GAIL (India) Limited |access-date=15 Mar 2026}}</ref>
| products = [[Natural gas]] [[Petrochemical]] liquid hydrocarbons [[Liquefied petroleum gas]] transmission [[Renewable Energy]] city gas distribution E&P [[Electricity generation]]
| revenue = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|141903.35|c}}<ref name=pnl>{{Cite web|title=GAIL India Consolidated Profit & Loss account, GAIL India Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/efc2af64-9462-4d52-880d-553a51e52393.pdf|website=www.bse.com|language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2025
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|12595.01|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| income_year = 2024
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|9902.81|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| net_income_year = 2024
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|124717.23|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| assets_year = 2024
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|77195.98|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| equity_year = 2024
| owner = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Government of India]] (51.8%)
| subsid = *[[Indraprastha Gas Limited]]
*[[Petronet LNG]]
*[[Mahanagar Gas|Mahanagar Gas Limited]]
| num_employees = 5,038 (excluding 13,000+ contractual workers)(as on 31st March 2024)
| footnotes =
| homepage = {{URL|https://gailonline.com/}}
}}
'''GAIL (India) Limited''' (formerly known as '''Gas Authority of India Ltd.''') is an [[Government of India|Indian]] [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|state-owned]] energy corporation with primary interests in the trade, transmission production and distribution of [[natural gas]]. GAIL also has interests in the exploration and production of [[Solar power|solar]] and [[Wind power|wind]] power, telecom and telemetry services (GAILTEL) and [[electricity generation]]. GAIL was founded as the Gas Authority of India Ltd. in August 1984 under the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] to build, operate and maintain the [[HVJ Gas Pipeline]]. On 1 February 2013, the Indian government conferred GAIL with [[Public sector undertakings#List of Maharatna CPSEs|Maharatna]] status along with 14 other Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).<ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2013 |title=Govt grants Maharatna status to BHEL, GAIL |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/govt-grants-maharatna-status-to-bhel-gail-113020100242_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104125725/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/govt-grants-maharatna-status-to-bhel-gail-113020100242_1.html |archive-date=4 November 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-09-21 |title=REC becomes 12th company to join Maharatna CPSE club |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/rec-becomes-12th-company-to-join-maharatna-cpse-club-11663776546616.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2007 |title=Maharatna PSUs |url=https://psuwatch.com/pfc-becomes-india-11th-maharatna-psu-rk-singh-says-status-reflects-govt-confidence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020232425/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/18/biz_07forbes2000_The-Global-2000-India_10Rank.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=6 August 2012 |newspaper=Forbes.com |agency=Forbes.com LLC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GAIL Annual Report (2022-23) |url=https://www.gailonline.com/pdf/InvestorsZone/AnnualReports/GAILAnnualReport202223Final.pdf}}</ref>

GAIL owns and operates a network of around {{cvt|13722|km|mi|0}} of [[natural gas]] pipelines and is building around {{cvt|6000|km|mi|0}} of pipelines of its own and about {{cvt|2000|km|mi|0}} through two joint ventures, as part of the National Gas Grid. The [[Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board]] has authorised GAIL to build the {{cvt|1755|km|mi|0}} long [[Mumbai]]-[[Nagpur]]-[[Jharsuguda]] gas pipeline. In 2023, GAIL completed the world's first ship-to-ship LNG transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CW Team |date=14 November 2023 |title=GAIL achieves first ship-to-ship LNG transfer, reduces CO2 emissions |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/energy-infrastructure/oil-and-gas/gail-achieves-first-ship-to-ship-lng-transfer--reduces-co2-emissions/46772 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Construction World |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

The Gas Authority of India Ltd. was incorporated in August 1984 as a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) of the Government of India under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) to build, operate and maintain HVJ gas pipeline. The {{cvt|1750|km|mi|0}} long pipeline was one of the largest natural gas pipeline projects in the world and was built at a cost of {{INRConvert|17|b}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=--: GAIL (India) Limited {{!}} Gail Story:-- |url=https://www.gailonline.com/ABGailstory.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.gailonline.com}}</ref> Construction began in June 1987 and was energised by July 1989.

In November 1988, GAIL received approval to build a {{INRConvert|3|b}} [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] extraction plant in [[Vijaipur]] with a capacity of 400,000 tpa. Phase I of the plant, with a capacity of 200,000 tpa, was commissioned in 1990-91, eight months ahead of schedule. Phase II was commissioned in February 1992.

GAIL entered into a joint venture agreement with [[British Gas]] on 6 December 1994 to create [[Mahanagar Gas|Mahanagar Gas Limited]] to implement the Bombay City Gas Distribution project. GAIL was awarded [[Navratna Company|Navratna]] status by the Indian government on 1 January 1997, in acknowledgement of its "excellent track record" and "potential to become a global giant" and providing it with greater autonomy. Later in 1997, GAIL began its city gas distribution pilot project in [[New Delhi]] by setting up nine [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) stations. In 1998, GAIL entered into a joint venture with the [[Bharat Petroleum]] and the [[Government of Delhi]] to create [[Indraprastha Gas]] to implement the Delhi gas distribution network.

In March 2000, GAIL commissioned a petrochemical plant with a capacity to process 300,000 tonnes of ethylene to produce 260,000 tonnes of [[High-density polyethylene|HDPE]] and [[Linear low-density polyethylene|LLDPE]] in Pata, [[Auraiya district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The plant, connected to the HVJ pipeline converts natural gas to petrochemicals. In 2016, the plant capacity was doubled to produce 400,000 tons of PE per year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2016 |title=GAIL doubles capacity of UP petrochemical complex |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/gail-doubles-capacityup-petrochemical-complex-963525.html |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=Money Control}}</ref> In 2019, In 2018-19, the plant's capacity was doubled to 810,000 tonnes per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdi |first=Bilal |date=27 August 2019 |title=GAIL to spend Rs 751 crore to add new unit at petrochemical complex in Uttar Pradesh - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/gail-to-spend-rs-751-crore-to-add-new-unit-at-petrochemical-complex-in-uttar-pradesh/70858448 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Energy World |language=en}}</ref> In April 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], lack of market demand caused GAIL to shutdown the plant.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=13 April 2020 |title=GAIL shuts Pata petrochemical plant on demand, offtake issues - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/gail-shuts-pata-petrochemical-plant-on-demand-offtake-issues/75114793 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Energy World |language=en}}</ref>

GAIL commissioned the {{cvt|1269|km|mi|0}} [[Jamnagar]]-[[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]] LPG pipeline. It was the world's longest LPG pipeline when commissioned and supplied 1.7 million TPA to Northern India.

To secure gas for its mainstream business, the Exploration and Production department was created. Today, GAIL is a partner in the Daewoo-OVL-LED consortium in two offshore blocks in Myanmar. The bulk of its blocks is located in India, in the areas of the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], the [[Assam]]-[[Arakan]] basin, the [[Mahanadi]] River Basin, the [[Krishna Godavari Basin|K-G (Krishna Godavari) basin]], and the Kaveri river basin.

GAIL has diversified into [[petrochemical]]s, [[Telecommunications|telecom]] and [[Hydrocarbon|liquid hydrocarbons]] other than gas infrastructure. The company has also extended its presence in power, [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG), [[regasification]], city gas distribution and exploration & production through participation in equity and joint ventures. Following these additional ventures, the Gas Authority of India was renamed GAIL (India) Limited on 22 November 2002.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

GAIL (India) Limited has shown organic growth in gas transmission through the years by building a large network of trunk pipelines covering a length of around {{convert|10700|km|mi}}. Leveraging this, GAIL played a key role as a gas market developer in India for decades, catering primarily to major industrial sectors like power, fertilizer production and city gas distribution. GAIL transmits more than 160 million cubic metres per of gas per day at [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard conditions]] through its dedicated pipelines and has more than 70% market share in both gas transmission and marketing.

== Infrastructure ==
GAIL owns the prominent [[HVJ Gas Pipeline|Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur cross-country pipeline]], spanning {{cvt|2300|km|mi|0}} with a capacity to handle 33.4 million cubic metres per day at standard temperatures and pressures. As of 2022, the company owns and operates more than {{cvt|11000|km|mi|0}} of inter-provincial gas pipelines, having a presence in 22 states within India. It also owns and operates more than 2,000 kilometres of LPG pipelines in the country, spanning [[Jamnagar]] in Gujarat to [[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]] in Uttar Pradesh. The company also owns and operates seven mega LPG recovery plants in the country today and has to its credit almost 20% of domestic LPG produced and supplied for domestic usage through its sister PSUs like IOCL, BPCL and HPCL. GAIL is one of the major petrochemical conglomerates in the country today with India's largest gas-based petrochemicals in operation since 1999. In petrochemicals, it has its own gas-based integrated petrochemical plant and also the ownership of 70% in dual fuel petrochemicals in Assam, [[Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited]] and one of the major equity partners in OPal.

The company supplies gas to power plants for the generation of over 4,000 MW of power to Fertilizer plants for the production of 10 million tonnes of urea and several other industries. The regional pipelines are in [[Mumbai]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]]. The company has established six liquefied petroleum gas processing plants, two at [[Vijaipur|Vijaipur, MP]], one at [[Waghodia|Waghodia, Gujarat]], one at Gandhar, Gujarat, one at [[Auraiya|Auraiya, UP]] and one each in Lakwa, Assam and Usar, Maharashtra. These plants can produce nearly 1 million [[tonne]]s per annum of LPG. GAIL has also set up several compressor stations for boosting the gas pressure to desired levels for its customers and internal users.

GAIL also possesses a vast telecommunication network that contributes significantly to the high level of system reliability of operations, online real-time communication and monitoring higher productivity. GAIL became the first Infrastructure Provider Category II Licensee and signed the country's first Service Level Agreement for leasing bandwidth in the Delhi-Vijaipur sector in 2001, through its telecom business GAILTEL.

In 2001, GAIL commissioned the world's longest and India's first cross-state LPG transmission pipeline running from Jamnagar in Gujarat to Loni in Uttar Pradesh. The total length of this LPG pipeline is {{cvt|1415|km|mi|0}}.

GAIL has started working on the [[Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project]], contracted under [[Narendra Modi]]. This was earlier planned to construct between Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh to [[Haldia]] in West Bengal for a total length of 2050 kilometres, but reconfigurations have led the pipeline to connect [[Varanasi]] to the gas grid, linking it up to the [[Dhamra]] terminal. The line, being longer than 2500 kilometres, will be constructed in three phases. Its route will connect [[Adani Group|Adani Group's]] five million tonne per annum Dhamra LNG import terminal in [[Odisha]]. In the first phase, a trunk pipeline from Phulpur (Allahabad) will be laid to [[Dobhi]] (Gaya) in [[Bihar]] with spur lines to [[Barauni]] and [[Patna]]. The {{cvt|755|km|mi|0}} Phase-1 project will cost Rs 3,200 [[crore]] and is planned to be completed in December 2018. GAIL already has a line up to Phulpur. It is raising the capacity of this pipeline by laying a {{cvt|672|km|mi|0}} parallel line from Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh to Phulpur via Auriaya in Uttar Pradesh at the cost of Rs 4,300 crore. In Phase II, a {{cvt|1200|km|mi|0}} line would be laid from [[Dobhi]] to [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]]/Ranchi in Jharkhand and [[Angul]] and Dharma in Odisha at the cost of Rs 5,565 crore. Phase III will involve laying a {{cvt|583|km|mi|0}} line to [[Haldia]] at the cost of Rs 3,425 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/gail-reconfigures-rs-12000-crore-jagdishpur-haldia-gas-pipeline/articleshow/52449153.cms|title=GAIL reconfigures Rs 12,000 crore Jagdishpur-Haldia gas pipeline|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418164123/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/gail-reconfigures-rs-12000-crore-jagdishpur-haldia-gas-pipeline/articleshow/52449153.cms|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2023, GAIL successfully conducted the world's first ship-to-ship LNG transfer.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=14 November 2023 |title=GAIL does world's first ship-to-ship LNG transfer, cuts CO2 emissions - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/gail-does-worlds-first-ship-to-ship-lng-transfer-cuts-co2-emissions/105196652 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=ET EnergyWorld |language=en}}</ref> The company did this to lower shipping costs and cut emissions.<ref name=":4" />

== Operations ==

=== Natural gas ===

==== Natural gas transmission ====
GAIL's natural gas transmission segment under its natural gas business vertical consists of its natural gas pipeline infrastructure.<ref name=":1" /> As of 31 December 2021, GAIL owns approximately {{cvt|13800|km|mi|0}} of the operational natural gas pipeline network, which represents over 67% of India's overall {{cvt|20334|km|mi|0}} of the operational natural gas pipeline network.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2022 |title=Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board, Data Bank, Natural Gas Pipeline (NGPL), Natural Gas Pipelines Network in India - As on December 31, 2021 |url=https://pngrb.gov.in/eng-web/data-bank.html |website=Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board}}</ref>

In September 2021, GAIL was reported to be exploring the monetization of its Dabhol-Bengaluru and Dahej-Uran-Panvel-Dhabhol pipelines through an Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) structure with the stated intent to utilize the resulting proceeds to expand its pipeline network.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manoj |first=P. |date=2021-09-13 |title=Plan to monetise GAIL pipelines splits key ministries |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/plan-to-monetise-gail-pipelines-splits-key-ministries/article36438886.ece |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

The following table summarizes GAIL's natural gas pipeline network as of 31 December 2021:<ref name=":3" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; mw-collapsible"
|-
! No.!! Pipeline
!Date of Authorization!! Authorized Length (km) !! Authorized Capacity ({{val|e=6|u=[[cubic metre|m3]]/[[Day|d]]}} at [[Standard temperature and pressure|~1 atm]])
!Operational Length (km)!! Geographic Footprint by State
|-
| 1. || style="text-align:left; " | Assam Regional Network
|4 November 2009|| 7.83 || 2.50
|7.83|| Assam
|-
| 2. || style="text-align:left; " | Cauvery Basin Network
|4 November 2009|| 240.29 || 4.33
|242.55|| Puducherry, Tamil Nadu
|-
| 3. || style="text-align:left; " | Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur-GREP-Dahej-Vijaipur HVJ / VDPL
|19 April 2010|| rowspan="2" | 5,502.46 || rowspan="2" | 107.00
| rowspan="2" |6,016.77|| rowspan="2" | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat
|-
|4.
|Dahej-Vijaipur (DVPL)-Vijaipur-Dadri (GREP) Upgradation DVPL 2 & VDPL
|14 February 2011
|-
| 5. || style="text-align:left; " | Dahej-Uran-Panvel-Dhabhol
|10 May 2010|| 815.00 || 19.90
|942.08|| Gujarat, Rajasthan
|-
| 6. || style="text-align:left; " | KG Basin Network
|12 May 2010||877.86 || 16.00
|874.36|| Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry
|-
|7.
|Gujarat Regional Network
|3 December 2010
|608.82
|8.31
|667.31
|Gujarat
|-
|8.
|Agartala Regional Network
|13 December 2010
|55.40
|2.00
|55.28
|Tripura
|-
|9.
|Mumbai Regional Network
|14 March 2011
|128.68
|7.04
|125.44
|Maharashtra
|-
|10.
|Dukli-Maharajganj
|9 January 2014
|5.20
|0.08
|5.20
|Agartala
|-
|11.
|Chainsa-Jhajjar-Hissar
|13 December 2010
|455.00
|35.00
|300.73
|Haryana, Rajasthan
|-
|12.
|Dadri-Bawana-Nangal
|15 February 2011
|886.00
|31.00
|864.90
|Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi
|-
|13.
|Dabhol-Bengaluru
|14 November 2011
|1,414.00
|16.00
|1,147.53
|Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa
|-
|14.
|Kochi-Koottanand-Bangalore-Mangalore
|31 May 2011
|1,104.00
|16.00
|639.21
|Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Puducherry
|-
|15.
|Vijaipur-Aurajya-Phulpur Spur Line
|26 October 2015
|666.00
| -
|489.00
|Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
|-
|16.
|Jagdishpur-Haldia-Bokaro Dhamra-Paradip-Barauni-Guwahati
|29 January 2018
|3,546.00
|23.00
|1,201.42
|Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Assam
|-
|17.
|Operational dedicated natural gas pipelines
|14 December 2012
|226.01
|2.04
|228.40
|Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan
|}

==== Gas marketing ====
Since its inception in 1984, GAIL has been the undisputed leader in the marketing, transmission and distribution of [[natural gas]] in India. As India's leading natural gas major, it has been instrumental in the development of the natural gas market in the country.

GAIL sells around 51% (excluding internal usage) of the natural gas sold in the country. Of this, 37% is sold to the power sector and 26% to the fertilizer sector. GAIL is supplying around 60 million cubic metres per day at [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard conditions]] of natural gas from domestic sources to customers across India. These customers range from the smallest of companies to mega power and fertilizer plants. GAIL has adopted a gas management system to handle multiple sources of supply and delivery of gas in a co-mingled form and provide a seamless interface between shippers, customers, transporters and suppliers. GAIL is present in 11 states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Tripura. They are further extending their coverage to the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab, Uttarakhand, West Bengal and Bihar through their upcoming pipelines.

==== LNG ====
Under its natural gas business vertical, GAIL secures [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) under long-term agreements as well as short-term arrangements in the spot market.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=--: GAIL (India) Limited {{!}} Narutal Gas:-- |url=https://gailonline.com/BVNaturalGas.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=gailonline.com}}</ref>

GAIL has entered into the following long-term LNG supply arrangements:

* In December 2011, GAIL signed a 20-year, 3.5 million tons per annum (mtpa) LNG supply agreement with Sabine Pass Liquefaction, LLC, a subsidiary of [[Cheniere Energy]] Partners LP (NYSE:CQP), for delivery of LNG commencing upon the start of operations of the fourth train of its liquefaction terminal based in Sabine Pass, [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.ogj.com/pipelines-transportation/lng/article/17265880/gail-india-signs-20year-sabine-pass-lng-deal-with-cheniere |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=www.ogj.com|date=12 December 2011 }}</ref>
* In October 2012, GAIL signed a 20-year, 2.5 mtpa LNG supply agreement with [[Gazprom]] Marketing & Trading Singapore, a wholly owned subsidiary of Gazprom Marketing & Trading, for delivery of LNG beginning in 2018–2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAIL signs gas purchase pact with Gazprom |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/energy/story/gail-signs-gas-purchase-pact-with-gazprom-36968-2012-10-01 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Business Today |date=October 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
* In April 2013, GAIL signed a 20-year, 2.3 mtpa LNG supply agreement with [[Dominion Energy|Dominion Energy Inc.]] (NYSE:D) for delivery of LNG commencing upon the start of operations of its [[Dominion Cove Point LNG]] liquefaction terminal beginning in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-03 |title=GAIL signs deal with US-based Dominion for LNG liquefaction terminal |url=https://www.vccircle.com/gail-signs-deal-us-based-dominion-lng-liquefaction-terminal |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dominion Cove Point Liquefaction Project Moving Forward, Cements Front-Runner Status |url=https://news.dominionenergy.com/2013-04-01-Dominion-Cove-Point-Liquefaction-Project-Moving-Forward-Cements-Front-Runner-Status |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Dominion Energy MediaRoom |language=en}}</ref>

Additionally, GAIL has entered into the following short- to medium-term LNG supply agreements:

* In October 2010, GAIL signed a 3-year, 0.5 mtpa LNG supply agreement with [[Marubeni]] for delivery of LNG commencing in January 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-30 |title=India's GAIL in 3yr LNG deal with Marubeni - source |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-52566420101030 |access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref>
* In August 2012, GAIL signed a 0.8 million ton LNG supply agreement with [[Engie|GDF Suez]] for delivery of 12 LNG cargoes from 2013 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Piyush |date=August 27, 2012 |title=GAIL India signs LNG deal with GDF Suez |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gail-india-signs-lng-deal-with-gdf-suez/articleshow/15833963.cms |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* In August 2012, GAIL signed a 0.725 million ton LNG supply agreement with [[Naturgy|Gas Natural Fenosa]] for delivery of LNG for 3 years commencing in January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=GAIL signs LNG supply pact with Spain's Gas Natural Fenosa |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/gail-signs-lng-supply-pact-with-spains-gas-natural-fenosa/articleshow/16080625.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref>

Through its wholly owned subsidiary GAIL Global Singapore Pte Ltd (GGSPL), GAIL engages in the trading of LNG; GGSPL has master sale and purchase agreements (MSPAs) with more than 35 third parties.<ref name=":1" />

In addition, GAIL is a 12.50% equity owner of Petronet LNG Limited (PLL),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petronet LNG Limited : About Us |url=https://petronetlng.in/Company.php |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=petronetlng.in}}</ref> which has entered into the following LNG supply agreements:

* In 1999, PLL signed a 7.5 mtpa sales and purchase agreement with Ras Laffan Liquefied Natural Gas Co. Limited (II) ([[Qatargas]]); the delivery of the first 5.0 mtpa (phase 1) began in January 2004.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=RasGas II Implements Sales of Remaining LNG to Petronet |url=https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/34901/rasgas_ii_implements_sales_of_remaining_lng_to_petronet/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=www.rigzone.com |language=en}}</ref> Following the execution of a sider letter agreement in August 2006, the delivery of the remaining 2.5 mtpa began in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petronet LNG Limited : Petronet LNG signs contract with RasGas |url=https://www.petronetlng.in/NewsContent.php?newsid=29 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=www.petronetlng.in}}</ref>
* In August 2009, PLL signed a 20-year, 1.5 mtpa LNG supply agreement with a subsidiary of [[ExxonMobil]] for delivery of LNG from the [[Gorgon gas project|Gorgon LNG]] project in Western [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.offshore-mag.com/business-briefs/company-news/article/16787203/exxonmobil-subsidiary-petronet-sign-for-gorgon-lng-sales |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=www.offshore-mag.com|date=11 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Petronet LNG Limited : ExxonMobil and Petronet Sign Gorgon LNG Supply Agreement |url=https://petronetlng.in/NewsContent.php?newsid=310 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=petronetlng.in}}</ref>
* In January 2016, PLL signed another 1.0 mtpa sales and purchase agreement with Qatargas, bringing its total contracted capacity to 8.5 mtpa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2016 |title=Gulftimes : RasGas, Petronet sign LNG supply deal for India |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/473418/RasGas-Petronet-sign-LNG-supply-deal-for-India |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=www.gulf-times.com}}</ref>

=== Liquid hydrocarbons ===
GAIL has marketing gas processing unit (GPUs) products, namely [[liquefied petroleum gas]], [[propane]], [[pentane]], naphtha and by-products of polymer plant, namely MFO, propylene and hydrogenated C4 mix. LPG is being sold exclusively to PSU oil marketing companies (OMCs) while other products are sold directly to customers in the retail segment.

GAIL is India's major producer of propane, popularly known as GAIL Propane. It is an eco-friendly fuel and provides an effective way of reducing pollution and increasing productivity.

GAIL produces and markets pentane. It is primarily being used for reprocessing into iso, normal and commercial pentane used in EPS, PU, and LAB industries.

Acetone and phenol are produced from propylene by blending with benzene, which is mainly used in the pharmaceutical industry.

MFO is mainly used as fuel for heating, paint spraying, and furniture polishing. [[Naphtha]] is primarily used by power, [[Fertilizer]], steel and [[Petrochemical]] units. In power, steel units, it is used as a fuel, whereas in petrochemical, chemical, and fertilizer units,s it is used as a feedstock.

GAIL is operating seven gas processing units (GPU) located at Vijaipur (two units), Auraiya, Vaghodia, Usar, Lakwa and Gandhar plants for the production of LPG and GCU at Pata plant for the production of polymer. In the process of production of main products, such as LPG and polymer through GPU/GCU except for the Usar, the following by-products- liquid hydrocarbons (LHC) are produced:

=== LPG production and transmission ===
[[Liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) is the most widely used domestic and commercial fuel in India. Over the past four years, GAIL has emerged as one of the major LPG producers in the country. Around 90 per cent of the LPG is consumed in India as fuel by the household sector, while the balance is sold to industrial and commercial customers. GAIL has seven LPG Plants, two at Vijaipur and one at Waghodia, and one each in Lakwa (Assam), Auraiya (UP), Gandhar (Gujarat) and Usar (Maharashtra), producing over 1 million TPA LPG and other liquid hydrocarbons.

GAIL is the first company in India to own and operate pipelines for LPG transmission. It has a {{cvt|2038|km|mi|0}} LPG pipeline network. {{cvt|1415|km|mi|0}} of which connects the western and northern parts of India and {{cvt|623|km|mi|0}} of the network is in the southern part of the country connecting to the Eastern Coast. The LPG transmission system can transport 3.8 million tonnes per year of LPG. LPG transmission through pipelines was 3145 TMT in the year 2013–14.

GAIL has a share of about 10% of the Indian LPG market in LPG production and 7% in LPG sales.

GAIL produces LPG through fractionation in gas processing units, known as straight-run LPG. GAIL's LPG is an eco-friendly fuel and provides a cheaper and more effective means of reducing pollution and increasing productivity.

GAIL LPG is being supplied to PSU Oil Marketing Companies namely IOCL, BPCL and HPCL ex-GPUs at Import Parity Price.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gailonline.com/final_site/BV-LPGTransmission.html|website=www.gailonline.com|access-date=2017-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101530/http://www.gailonline.com/final_site/BV-LPGTransmission.html|archive-date=19 April 2017|url-status=dead|title = GAIL (India) Limited {{!}} LPG Transmissio}}</ref>

=== Petrochemicals ===
GAIL diversified from gas marketing and transmission into the polymer business by setting up North India's first gas-based Petrochemicals complex. Even without having any prior experience in petrochemicals, GAIL commissioned the plant successfully in the year 1999. The petrochemical business is one of the core focus areas of GAIL.

GAIL owns and operates a gas-based Petrochemical Complex at PATA, District [[Auraiya]], near [[Kanpur]] in UP (around {{cvt|380|km|mi|0}} from Delhi). GAIL has a world-class "Sclairtech" solution polymerization process licensed from M/s [[Nova Chemicals]], Canada to produce LLDPE and HDPE, with a nameplate capacity of 210,000 million [[tonne]]s per year and has two slurry-based polymerization processes licensed from M/s Mitsui Chemicals, Japan to produce HDPE, each with a nameplate capacity of 100,000 million tonnes per year. A new world-class gas phase Unipol PE Process of M/s Univation Technology, USA, with a nameplate capacity of 400,000 million tonnes per year, has been commissioned at PATA to produce HDPE/LLDPE.

GAIL Pata is the only HDPE/LLDPE plant operating in Northern India and has a dominant market share in North India. The primary thrust markets for the polymers had been Western India, but, with the entry of GAIL in the HDPE & LLDPE market Verticals, today North India has also witnessed rapid and significant growth in the polymer downstream processing Verticals. In a successful span of about decades of establishing and marketing its grades under the brand names G-Lex and G-Lene, GAIL has augmented its nameplate capacity of HDPE and LLDPE to {{formatnum:410000}} MTPA by adding another dedicated HDPE downstream polymerisation unit of {{formatnum:100000}} MTPA.

GAIL has 70% equity in joint venture company Brahmaputra Cracker & Polymer Limited (BCPL) in Dibrugarh, Assam with a nameplate capacity of 220 KTA of HDPE & LLDPE and 60 KTA of PP. GAIL has acquired equity in OPaL's Greenfield petrochemical project at Dahej to produce 1060 KTA of HDPE & LLDPE and 340 KTA of PP.
GAIL is a co-promoter with a 17% equity stake in ONGC Petro-additions Limited (OPaL) which is implementing a green field petrochemical complex of 1.1 million tonnes per year ethylene capacity at Dahej in the state of Gujarat.<ref name=":0" />

The current per capita consumption of plastics in India is about 1.8 kg compared with the world average of 17 kg. Demand and supply projections indicate a progressively increasing domestic offtake. Being the only plant outside western India, it offers easy access to polymer consumers in Northern India and parts of Central India.

=== City gas distribution ===
GAIL is the pioneer of city gas distribution in India. GAIL took many initiatives to introduce PNG for households and CNG for the transport sector to address the rising pollution levels. Pilot projects were launched in the early 1990s in two metros Delhi and Mumbai through joint venture companies [[Indraprastha Gas|Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL)]] and [[Mahanagar Gas|Mahanagar Gas Limited (MGL)]] leading to the start of commercial operation of city gas projects. The results of these ventures are quite visible through the improvement in air quality in these cities.

Based on the success of IGL and MGL, GAIL has further set up six more JVCs viz Bhagyanagar Gas Limited in Andhra Pradesh; Avantika Gas Limited in Madhya Pradesh; Central U P Gas Limited & Green Gas Limited in Uttar Pradesh; Maharashtra Natural Gas Limited in Pune, Maharashtra and Tripura Natural Gas Company Limited in Tripura; Bengal Gas Company Limited in West Bengal<ref>{{Cite web |title=BGCL |url=https://bgcl.co.in |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=bgcl.co.in}}</ref> for CGD projects in various cities.

However, the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas established the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) with effect from 01.10.2007, under the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act 2006, to regulate the refining, processing, storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas excluding production of crude oil and natural gas. The Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act-2006 provides the legal framework for the development of natural gas pipelines and city or local gas distribution networks. With the arrival of the PNGRB, the implementation of PNG in various cities is being taken up in a phased manner as and when the bids are called for by the regulator.

=== Exploration and production ===
GAIL is participating in 10 exploration blocks, in Basins such as Mahanadi, Mumbai, Cambay, Assam-Arakan, Tripura Fold Belt, Gujarat Kutch, Krishna Godavari, Cauvery and Cauvery Palar. GAIL has a partnership in these blocks with various companies such as ONGC, OIL, GSPC, Hardy Exploration & Production, Petrogas, JOGPL, Eni and Daewoo as Operators. Out of these 10 E&P blocks, 2 blocks are overseas (A-1 and A-3 blocks in Myanmar).

The blocks are in various stages of exploration, appraisal, and development. Hydrocarbon discoveries are in place in 7 E&P blocks in blocks where GAIL is participating. The blocks with hydrocarbon discoveries are MN-OSN-2000/2, CB-ONN-2000/1, Block A-1 and A-3 Myanmar, CY-OS/2, AA-ONN-2002/1, and CB-ONN-2003/2.

Production of crude oil is in progress from Cambay Onland block (CB-ONN-2000/1) @ 1250 barrels per day. Development activities are in progress in 2 blocks in Burma (A-1 and A-3) and production of gas is expected in May 2013. Declaration of Commerciality has been approved by the Government in Mahanadi Offshore (MN-OSN-2000/2) block. In other blocks where hydrocarbon discoveries have been made, the appraisal is in progress.

GAIL is an active member of the multi-organisation team (MOT) set up for the assessment of shale gas potential in Indian basins. The other representative in MOT is from DGH (Directorate General of Hydrocarbons), ONGC and Oil India Limited (OIL).

GAIL is also a member of the National Gas Hydrate Programme being coordinated by DGH and is actively involved in activities related to gas hydrate exploration.

=== Subsidiaries ===

==== GAIL Gas Limited ====
GAIL Gas is a wholly owned subsidiary of GAIL. GAIL Gas has been selected for implementation of City Gas Distribution (CGD) projects in four cities, namely, [[Kota, Bilaspur|Kota]], [[Dewas]], [[Sonipat]], and [[Meerut]] in the first round of bidding by the Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB). GAIL Gas supplies CNG & PNG (industrial, commercial and household customers) in the city of Dewas, Meerut, Sonepat, Varanasi and Kota. GAIL GAS is providing natural gas to approximately 350 industrial consumers in TTZ (Taj Trapezium Zone) area (Agra and Firozabad) in Uttar Pradesh India. GAIL GAS has also started the CGD work in Bengaluru Karnataka recently.

==== Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited (BCPL) ====
GAIL has 70% equity share in BCPL, a Joint Venture, with Oil India Limited (OIL), Numaligarh Refinery Limited (NRL), Govt. of Assam, each having 10% equity share. Feedstock Supply Agreements have been signed between BCPL and all the three suppliers, viz., Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Oil India Limited and Numaligarh Refinery Limited. Technology license agreements have been signed for cracker, polyethylene and polypropylene units.

BCPL was dedicated to the nation by Hon'ble Prime Minister of India [[Shri Narendra Modi]] on 5 February 2016. BCPL is set up to produce {{formatnum:280000}} TPA polymer plant at an investment of {{INRConvert|99.65|b}}. The financial commitment to the extent of {{INRConvert|54|b}} has been made. The plant is presently in O&M phase with capacity utilization of more 100%. In the financial year 2019–20, the plant operated at 108% capacity utilization.

==== GAIL Global (Singapore) Pte Limited ====
GAIL has a wholly owned subsidiary, namely, GAIL Global (Singapore) Pte Ltd., to manage investments abroad. GAIL is looking for further business opportunities through this subsidiary company. The official website for GAIL Global Singapore Pte Ltd. is http://www.ggspl.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922161211/http://www.ggspl.com/ |date=22 September 2013 }}. To know more about this subsidiary [http://ggspl.com/GGSPL_factsheet.pdf download] the fact sheet.

==== GAIL Global (USA) Inc.====

====GAIL Global (USA) LNG LLC====

=== Joint ventures ===

====Aavantika Gas Limited (AGL)====
AGL is in operation in Indore and Ujjain and is supplying CNG to the transport sector in these cities. AGL is supplying CNG to almost 9,000 vehicles in both cities. AGL has plans to set up five and two CNG stations in Gwalior and Ujjain respectively, and domestic supplies to households. Six daughter stations are mechanically ready for CNG dispensing, awaiting CCOE final approval. MoPNG has authorised AGL for CGD in Indore, Gwalior and Ujjain. GAIL has a 22.5% stake in the Company along with HPCL as an equal partner.

====Bengal Gas Company====

====Bhagyanagar Gas Limited (BGL)====
BGL is operating six CNG stations in [[Vijayawada]] and 4 CNG stations in Hyderabad and one CNG station in Rajamahendravaram. BGL is supplying CNG in these three cities to almost 6,000 vehicles. BGL is also operating two Auto LPG stations in Hyderabad and one Auto LPG station in Tirupati. BGL has received authorisation from MoPNG for City Gas Distribution (CGD) in Hyderabad and Vijayawada. GAIL has a 22.5% stake in the company along with HPCL as an equal partner.

====Central U.P. Gas Limited (CUGL)====
CUGL is operating 15 CNG stations in Kanpur, Unnao and two CNG stations in Bareily. CUGL is supplying CNG to almost 45,000 vehicles in the two cities. CUGL commenced its domestic supply of PNG with connexions to 15000 households in Kanpur and Bareilly. CUGL has received authorisation from MoPNG for CGD in Kanpur, Unnao, Bareilly & Jhansi. GAIL has a 25% stake in the Company along with BPCL as an equal partner. CUGL has connected 200 commercial and industrial units in both cities.

====Green Gas Limited (GGL)====
GGL is operating six CNG stations in Lucknow and three CNG stations in Agra. GGL is supplying CNG in the two cities. GGL has tied up for the commencement of the domestic supply of PNG with connexons to households, commercial and industrial establishments. MoPNG has authorized GGL for CGD in Lucknow and Agra. GAIL has a 22.5% stake in the company along with IOCL as an equal partner.

====Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL)====
IGL is the largest CGD entity in terms of CNG sales and the number of vehicles supplied by CNG in India. IGL has received authorisation from MoPNG for CGD in Delhi and its suburbs viz. NOIDA (Gautam Budh Nagar), Greater NOIDA, Faridabad and Ghaziabad and part of Gurugram from State Govt. of Haryana. IGL is supplying piped gas to around 900,000 domestic, 3500 Commercial, 1600 small industrial consumers and CNG to over 10,00,000 vehicles through around 425 CNG stations in NCR. GAIL has a 22.5% stake in the company along with BPCL as an equal partner.

====Mahanagar Gas Limited (MGL)====
MGL is a joint venture of GAIL and British Gas. MGL has set up 140 CNG stations catering to over 200,000 vehicles spread over Mumbai, Thane, Mira-Bhayandar and Navi-Mumbai areas besides supplying PNG to over 450,000 domestic customers, and more than 1,000 small industrial and commercial consumers. It has received authorization from MoPNG for CGD in Mumbai, District Thane including Navi Mumbai and Mira Bhayander. GAIL has a 49.75% stake in the company along with British Gas as an equal partner.

====Maharashtra Natural Gas Limited (MNGL)====
MNGL is a joint venture of GAIL and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) for the implementation of City Gas Projects in and around Pune city. MNGL is authorized by Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) to Lay, Build, Operate & Expand City Gas Distribution Project in the Geographical Areas of Pune & Pimpri-Chinchwad city including adjoining areas of Hinjewadi, Chakan & Talegaon, Valsad (except area already authorized), Dhule, Nashik District, Sindhudurg District & Buldana, Nanded and Parbhani Districts in Maharashtra and Ramanagara District in Karnataka and Nizamabad, Adilabad, Nirmal, Mancherial Kumuram Bheem Asifabad & Kamareddy Districts in Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Maharashtra Natural Gas Ltd! |url=https://mngl.in/banner-detail |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=mngl.in}}</ref>

It has started 87<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Maharashtra Natural Gas Ltd! |url=https://mngl.in/cng/cylinders-filling-stations |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=mngl.in}}</ref> stations supplying CNG to nearly 5,000 vehicles. GAIL has a 22.5% stake in the company along with BPCL as an equal partner.

====ONGC Petro-additions Limited (OPaL)====
GAIL is in the process of acquiring the equity stake in ONGC Petro- additions Limited (OPaL), which is a joint venture of GAIL with Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. and Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd., for setting up the Petrochemical Project at Dahej in Gujarat. OPaL is setting up a green field petrochemical complex of 1.1 million tonnes per year ethylene capacity (dual feed cracker) in Dahej, Gujarat.

Four main players dominate the petrochemical sector, namely, Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL), Indian Oil (IOCL), Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL), and Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. A New Chapter to this Industry has been added by the evolution of ONGC Petro additions Ltd. (OPaL) on 15 November 2006 which is a joint venture company of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (GSPCL) and GAIL India Ltd. is a grass root Mega Petrochemical complex of Global scale based on dual feed i.e., C2/C3/C4 & Naphtha at Dahej Special Economic Zone (SEZ), Gujarat. The complex consists of Dual Feed Ethylene cracker (with C2/ C3/ C4 and Naphtha feed ) of 1100KTPA capacity to produce Ethylene and Propylene as Petrochemical Feedstock to downstream units of Polyethylene (LLDPE, HDPE) and Polypropylene(PP) and associated unit i.e., PyGas Hydrotreating, Benzene and Butadiene extraction plants to produce other products (Pygas, 1,3- Butadiene and Benzene). Utility and offsite facilities to cater to the complex requirement are built within the Complex which includes ECTS and CPP. The grass root complex is located at a distance of about {{cvt|10|km|mi|0}} from the ONGC's C2+ Extraction Plant within the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) at Dahej, Gulf of Khambhat.

Feed system: C2, C3 & C4 feed is sourced from the existing C2+ recovery plant of ONGC in Dahej (at a distance of {{cvt|10|km|mi|0}}) through the pipeline. Mixed Naphtha (LAN & ARN) in definite proportionate from Hazira is sourced to the Petrochemical complex through a separate pipeline.

Saleable products: The products are dispatched through various modes, like bagging, truck, rail, tanker loading and through pipelines.

==== Petronet LNG Limited (PLL)====
PLL has been formed for setting up LNG import and regasification facilities. PLL has a long-term LNG supply contract with [[QatarEnergy LNG]], Qatar, for the import of 7.5 million tonnes per year of LNG. PLL Dahej terminal in Gujarat has been expanded to 10 million tonnes per year capacity. PLL has successfully implemented a pilot project for supplying LNG through cryogenic road tankers. PLL is also coming up with an LNG terminal at Kochi, Kerala, with an initial capacity of 2.5 million tonnes per year, expandable up to 5 million tonnes per year and it was scheduled to be operational by end of 2011. GAIL has a 12.5% equity stake in PLL, along with BPCL, ONGC and IOCL as equal partners.

====Konkan LNG Limited (KLL)====
KLL is a joint venture company between GAIL and MSEB. Konkan LNG Limited (KLL) is a Subsidiary Company of GAIL(India) Limited and a CPSE w.e.f. 27.03.2020. It was demerged from RGPPL in 2018. Shareholders GAIL & MSEB. Main business activity of KLL is unloading, storage & regasification of LNGr.

====Tripura Natural Gas Company Limited (TNGCL)====
TNGCL is supplying gas to around 7,500 domestic, 170 commercial and industrial consumers and has set up one CNG station in Agartala, which is catering to more than 1,400 vehicles. TNGCL has received authorisation from MoPNG for CGD in Agartala. GAIL a has 29% stake in the company.

====GAIL China Gas Global Energy Holdings Limited====
The joint venture company has been formed to pursue gas sector opportunities, mainly in China. GAIL has a 50% equity interest in the company along with China Gas as the equal partner. The joint venture company is in the process of identifying projects in gas and other related areas in China.

==== Andhra Pradesh Gas Distribution Corporation ====
The joint venture company has been formed to reduce the gap between gas demand and supply, mainly in Andhra Pradesh. GAIL Gas Limited has a 50% equity interest in the company along with APGIC (Andhra Pradesh Gas Infrastructure Corporation) as the equal partner.

== Global presence ==
As a strategy of going global and further expanding its global footprint, GAIL has formed a wholly owned subsidiary company, GAIL Global (Singapore) Pte Ltd. in Singapore for pursuing overseas business opportunities including LNG & petrochemical trading.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=GAIL Global (Singapore) Pte Limited|url=https://www.gailonline.com/ABAlliances.html|website=gailonline}}</ref> GAIL has also established a wholly owned subsidiary, GAIL Global (USA) Inc. in Texas, US.<ref name=":5" /> The US subsidiary has acquired a 20% working interest in an unincorporated joint venture with Carrizo Oil & Gas Inc in the Eagle Ford shale acreage in the state of Texas. In addition to having two wholly owned subsidiaries in Singapore and the US, GAIL has a representative office in Cairo, Egypt to pursue business opportunities in Africa and the Middle East.

GAIL is also an equity partner in two retail gas companies in Egypt, namely Fayum Gas Company (FGC) and National Gas Company (Natgas). Besides, GAIL is an equity partner in a retail gas company involved in city gas and CNG business in China – China Gas Holdings Limited (China Gas). Further, GAIL and China Gas have formed an equally owned joint venture company – GAIL China Gas Global Energy Holdings Limited for pursuing gas sector opportunities primarily in China.

GAIL is a part of the consortium in two offshore E&P blocks in Myanmar and also holds participating interest in the joint venture company – South East Asia Gas Pipeline Company Limited incorporated for the transportation of gas to be produced from two blocks in Burma (Myanmar) to China.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

== Corporate social responsibility ==
In terms of the guidelines issued by the Department of Public Enterprises, GAIL has allocated an annual budget of 2% of the previous year's profit after tax for CSR activities, which is effectively used for carefully chosen programmes. Socially useful programmes have been undertaken in GAIL since its inception in and around the areas adjoining its major work center's under the SCP/TSP Plan. But over the years, the scope of the CSR activities, the nature of programmes undertaken and the systems adopted for the implementation of these programmes have been streamlined and strengthened and the work under SCP/TSP came under the wider scope of CSR. Today, CSR & sustainability development is accorded high priority in the organisational ethos and attempted to be interwoven in all the business activities and the projects that are being undertaken by the company. During the year 2010–11, the company has taken up programmes of a value of approximately {{INRConvert|575|m}} for implementation under the seven thrust areas, which include Community Development, Infrastructure, Healthcare/Medical, Skill Development/Empowerment, Educational Aids, Environment Protection, Drinking Water/Sanitation.

For the year 2010–11 under the thrust area Community Development, programmes worth {{INRConvert|157|m}} are endorsed and the implementation of these projects is in progress.

GAIL (India) Ltd. extended its support for the reconstruction and renovation of numerous public utilities/buildings which improved living standards not only for a person or family but for the whole of the villages where this project was implemented. For the sustainable development of the whole community, GAIL is also supporting integrated livelihood programmes in villages, especially for small and marginal farmers. This would be considered a drop in the vast ocean but GAIL along with other Oil PSUs is contributing towards the provision of LPG connections to BPL families under the Rajiv Gandhi Gramin LPG Vitrak Yojana. This collaborative combined effort of the Oil PSUs would be able to generate a huge wave in the ocean in the UP region. GAIL believes that for providing better tomorrow for the community where it has its working the focus should be on the future of the community i.e. children and students. So given his belief GAIL is providing vehicles for the distribution of a mid-day meal for underprivileged children of government schools to encourage young girls and boys to educate themselves for their better and more secure lives. GAIL in the minuscule of its efforts has tried to touch every aspect of life by providing Night shelters and blankets to villagers, adopting destitute tribal children of the orphanage in the tribal area, generating AIDS awareness and a behavior change communication programme for truckers of national highways and providing school bus for physically challenged students. In just two years, more than 314,000 families have benefited from the programmes under Community Development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gailonline.com/final_site/BV-Petrochemicals.html|title=GAIL (India) Limited {{!}} Petrochemicals|website=www.gailonline.com|access-date=2017-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101527/http://www.gailonline.com/final_site/BV-Petrochemicals.html|archive-date=19 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Sponsorship==
Currently a sponsor of [[Durand Cup]].

==See also==
* [[List of public sector undertakings in India]]
{{Portal bar|Companies|Energy}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Energy companies and organisations in India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Oil and gas companies of India]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipeline companies]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Petrochemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned energy companies]]
[[Category:Natural gas companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned oil and natural gas companies of India|India]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:GAIL]]

Islam in West Bengal

2026-03-15T09:32:19Z

MerryK8896455: expanded lead per standard format

{{Short description|none}} 
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Muslims in West Bengal
| image = Nakhoda Masjid Courtyard Top View.jpg
| caption = [[Nakhoda Mosque|Nakhoda Masjid, Kolkata]]
| total =
| regions = '''Majority''' {{plainlist| [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] (66.3%) • [[Maldah district|Maldah]] (51.3%) • [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]] (50%)}}
'''Significant minority''' {{plainlist|[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] (37.1%) • [[South 24 Parganas]] (35.6%) • [[Nadia District|Nadia]] (26.76%) • [[Howrah District|Howrah]] (26.20%) • [[North 24 Parganas]] (25.82%) }}
| langs = Majority [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Minority [[Urdu]], [[Surjapuri]], and others
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| religions = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px|link=]] [[Sunni Islam]]
| related_groups =
| rawimage =
|population=24,654,825 (2011 census) (27% of the state population){{increase}}<ref name="indiaonlinepages-population">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/west-bengal-population.html|title = Population of West Bengal - West Bengal Population 2021}}</ref><ref name="india-census">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiacensus.net/states/west-bengal | title=West Bengal Population 2022 }}</ref><ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx Census of India - Religious Composition]</ref>}}
{{Islam}}
[[File:Motijheel Masjid 1.jpg|thumb|Motijheel Mosque, the oldest mosque of West Bengal, located in [[Murshidabad district]]]]

According to the 2011 census, [[West Bengal]] has over 24.6 million [[Muslims]], making up 27% of the state's population. The vast majority of Muslims in West Bengal are ethnic [[Bengali Muslims]], numbering around over 22 million and comprising 24.1% of the state population (mostly they reside in Rural areas). There also exists an [[Urdu-speaking people|Urdu]]-speaking Muslim community numbering 1.66 million, constituting 2.9% of the state population and mostly resides in Urban areas of the state.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/]</ref>

Muslims form the majority of the population in three districts: [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], [[Malda district|Malda]] and [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]].<ref name="Saibal">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title=Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate |author=Saibal Sen |date=26 August 2015}}</ref> Among these, Uttar Dinajpur is notable as ethnic Bengali Muslims comprise 28% of the district's population, with the remaining 22% being Urdu and [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]] speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=hajarduar|date=2013-10-22|title=The curious case of the Surjapuri people|url=https://alalodulal.org/2013/10/22/the-curious-case-of-the-surjapuri-people/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=আলাল ও দুলাল {{!}} ALAL O DULAL|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Bengal Sultanate}}{{See also|Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad}}
[[File:Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque And Dargah at Tribeni in West Bengal.jpg|thumb|The Gazi Dargah (গাজী দরগা) of Tribeni (ত্রিবেনী) in West Bengal. This is one of the oldest Islamic heritage structures of Bengal]]
[[File:Bengal Sultanate.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Bengal Sultanate]], 16th century covering whole Western part of Bengal]]

[[Islam]] first arrived in Bengal in the year 1204.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |edition=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato |url-access=registration}}</ref> The establishment of the first Muslim state in Bengal, the [[Bengal Sultanate]], in 1352 by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] is credited to giving rise to a Bengali socio-linguistic identity.<ref name="Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iliyas Shah|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref> The Sultanate's influence was expansive, with the Hindu-born sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] funding the construction of Islamic institutions as far as [[Makkah]] Al Mukarramah and [[Madinah]] Al Munawwarah, which came to be known as [[Banjaliyah Madrasah|al-Madaris al-Banjaliyyah]] (''Bengali madrasas''). [[Sufism|Sufis]] also became prominent in this period, such as [[Usman Serajuddin]], also known as ''Akhi Siraj Bengali'', who was a native of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] in western Bengal and became the Sultanate's court scholar during [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah|Ilyas Shah]]'s reign.<ref>{{cite book |author=[['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi]] |title=Akhbarul Akhyar}}</ref><ref name="bpedia">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Shaikh Akhi Sirajuddin Usman (R)|author=Abdul Karim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hanif, N |title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia |publisher=Prabhat Kumar Sharma, for Sarup & Sons |year=2000 |page=35}}</ref> Alongside Persian and Arabic, the Sultanate also used the [[Bengali language]] to gain patronage and support, contrary to previous states which exclusively favored [[liturgical language]]s such as [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]].<ref name="banglalang">"What is more significant, a contemporary Chinese traveler reported that although Persian was understood by some in the court, the language in universal use there was Bengali. This points to the waning, although certainly not yet the disappearance, of the sort of [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] mentality that the Muslim ruling class in Bengal had exhibited since its arrival over two centuries earlier. It also points to the survival and eventual dominance of [[Parochialism|parochial]] Bengali culture at the highest level of official society." {{harvcol|Eaton|1993|p=60}}</ref><ref name="jol">{{cite journal |last=Rabbani |first=AKM Golam |date=7 November 2017 |title=Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal |url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344 |url-status=live |journal=Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=151–166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123110/https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017 |via=www.banglajol.info}}</ref> [[Islam]] became especially widespread when the region was under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule from 1576 to 1765 and was commonly known as [[Bengal Subah]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} The [[Mughal Emperor]]s considered Bengal their most prized province. The [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Emperor Akbar|Akbar]] is credited with developing the modern [[Bengali calendar]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Shoaib Daniyal |url=http://scroll.in/article/720351/bengali-new-year-how-akbar-invented-the-modern-bengali-calendar |title=Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar |website=Scroll.in |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

== Population ==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Muslim Population in West Bengal
|type =
|footnote =
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = <ref name="BPSR_2019">{{cite news |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2342/1/U615290.pdf |title=The Population Trajectories of Bangladesh and West Bengal During the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study |author=Nahid Kamal}}</ref>
|1901 | 3,954,776
|1911 | 2,955,098
|1921 | 4,101,516
|1931 | 4,521,313
|1941 | 5,506,442
|1951 | 4,402,330
|1961 | 5,515,348
|1971 | 7,983,963
|1981 | 9,743,209
|1991 | 12,050,000
|2001 | 18,240,543
|2011 | 24,654,825
}}

As per as Indian Census figures, The Muslim population in West Bengal has increased from 19.85 per cent in 1951 to 27 per cent in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=12 May 2023 |title=The Politics of Demography in Assam and West Bengal |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/politicising-demography-magazine-284973 |website=Outlook}}</ref>

===Partition and immigration===
{{See also|Partition of Bengal (1947)}}
The Muslim population in West Bengal before 1947 partition was around 33%.<ref name="core.ac.uk">{{cite news |title=Muslims of West Bengal |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144521229.pdf |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=core.ac.uk}}</ref> After [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, some Muslims from [[West Bengal]] left for [[East Pakistan]], (Present-Day-[[Bangladesh]]). Estimates show that 1,634,718 Muslim refugees from West Bengal settling permanently in East Pakistan during 1947–1951.<ref name="Chatterji-2007">{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |date=2007 |title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46830-5}}</ref>

=== Population by district (2011) ===

[[File:Percentage of Muslim population in West Bengal.svg|thumb|Percentage share of Muslims in the districts of West Bengal, 2011 Census]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Muslims in West Bengal by district (2011)<ref name="census_2011">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS Population by religious community: West Bengal]. 2011 Census of India.</ref>
! # || District || Total population || Muslim population || %
|-
| 1 || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] || 7,103,807 || 4,707,573 || 66.27%
|-
| 2 || [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]] || 8,161,961 || 2,903,075 || 35.57%
|-
| 3 || [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] || 10,009,781 || 2,584,684 || 25.82%
|-
| 4 || [[Malda district|Malda]] || 3,988,845 || 2,045,151 || 51.27%
|-
| 5 || [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] || 7,717,563 || 1,599,764 || 20.73%
|-
| 6 || [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]] || 3,007,134 || 1,501,170 ||49.92%
|-
| 7 || [[Nadia district|Nadia]] || 5,167,600 || 1,382,682 || 26.76%
|-
| 8 || [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] || 3,502,404 || 1,298,054 || 37.06%
|-
| 9 || [[Howrah district|Howrah]] || 4,850,029 || 1,270,641 || 26.20%
|-
| 10 || [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]] || 4,496,694 || 926,414 || 20.60%
|-
| 11 || [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] || 5,519,145 || 870,204 || 15.77%
|-
| 12 || [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] || 5,095,875 || 743,436 || 14.59%
|-
| 13 || [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]] || 2,819,086 || 720,033 || 25.54%
|-
| 14 || [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] || 5,913,457 || 620,554 ||10.49%
|-
| 15 || [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] || 3,872,846 || 445,817 || 11.51%
|-
| 16 || [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]] || 1,676,276 || 412,788 || 24.63%
|-
| 17 || [[Bankura district|Bankura]] || 3,596,674 || 290,450 || 8.08%
|-
| 18 || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || 2,930,115 || 227,249 || 7.76%
|-
| 19 || [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] || 1,846,823 || 105,086 || 5.69%
|}

=== Linguistic groups ===
According to the census, there were around 24.6 million [[Bengali Muslims|Muslims]] living in [[West Bengal]], comprising 27% of the state's population. Nearly most of them, about 22 million are native [[Bengali Muslims]], constituting around 90% of the total Muslim population in the state, and are mostly concentrated in rural and Semi Urban areas. The [[Urdu-speaking]] [[Muslims]] from [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] constitute rest, numbering around 2.6 million and are mainly concentrated in [[Kolkata]], [[Asansol]], [[Islampur subdivision]] of West Bengal.[https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/]

==Notable Muslims from West Bengal==
*[[Murshid Quli Khan]], the first [[Nawab of Bengal]], Murshidaabad.
*[[Siraj ud-Daulah]], last independent [[nawab of Bengal]], Murshidaabad.
*[[Alivardi Khan]], [[Nawab of Bengal]], Murshidaabad.
*[[Titumir]], Indian Bengali Revolutionary, Barasat, North 24 Parganas
*[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], Bengali poet and music lyricist composer, writer known as Bidrohi Kobi, Aasansol.
*[[Begum Rokeya]], Bengali feminist thinker, writer, Philanthropist in Pre Independent India, Belgharia.
*[[Alimuddin Ahmad]], Bengali Freedom Fighter in Pre Independent India, Kolkata
*[[Syed Badrudduja]], [[List of mayors of Kolkata|Mayor of Kolkata]]
*[[Syed Mustafa Siraj]], Indian Bengali Writer, Murshidaabad
*[[Masudur Rahman Baidya]], First physically disabled Asian swimmer to cross the English Channel.
*[[Mohammed Ali Qamar]] is a first Bengali Indian to win a gold medal in [[Commonwealth Games]], Kolkata.
*[[Abu Sayeed Ayyub]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner Writer, literary critic, Educator in Kolkata.
*[[Abul Bashar]], [[Banga Bhushan]] winner Novelist, Poet
*[[Farha Khatun]] is a National Awarded [[documentary film]]maker, Kolkata
*[[Muhammad Mohsin]], Philanthropist and Educator.

===Kolkata===
* [[Wajid Ali Shah]], last king of calcutta from Lucknow.
* [[Abu Sayeed Ayyub]], Indian philosopher, teacher, literary critic and writer.
* [[Altamas Kabir]], Indian former [[Chief Justice of India]]
* [[Alimuddin Ahmad]], Indian Freedom Fighter
* [[Abdul Masood]], Indian Former cricketer.
* [[Gauri Ayyub]], Indian Teacher and Social activists
* [[Hashim Abdul Halim]], Indian Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Mohammed Ali Qamar]], [[Boxer (boxing)|boxer]], medalist in [[Commonwealth Games]].
* [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], former [[Vice President of India]]
* [[Mohammed Salim (footballer)]], Indian footballer
* [[Mohammed Salim (politician)]], The Minister for Technical Education and Training, Youth Welfare
* [[Muzaffar Ahmad]], Indian journalist, essaist, and a co-founder of the Communist Party of India.
* [[Nusrat Jahan]], Indian Bengali Actress.
* [[Firhad Hakim]], [[Mayors of Kolkata|Mayor]] of [[Kolkata]], MIC Urban Development and Municipal Affairs
* [[Begum Rokeya]], Bengali feminist thinker, writer, Philanthropist
* [[Farha Khatun]], [[67th National Film Awards]] Winner [[Documentary film|Documentary Filmmaker]]
* [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed (politician)]], Indian politician and former Union Minister of State Tourism.
* [[Noor Alam Chowdhury]], Former Minister of Animal Resources Development.
* [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)]], Indian footballer
* [[Sahil Khan]], Indian gymnast and model of India
* [[Nafisa Ali]], Indian actress, politician and social activist
* [[Pinky Lilani]], Indian author, motivational speaker, food expert and women's advocate
* [[Rupam Islam]], Founder of Bengali rock music band [[Fossils (band)|Fossils]]
* [[Kabir Suman]], Indian Musician, lyricist, Former Journalists & Actor
* [[Kazi Masum Akhtar]], Educator and writer and [[Padma Shri]] winner.
* [[Shehla Pervin]], Indian Scientist

===Malda===
* [[Shahzada Barbak]], the [[Sultan of Bengal]]
* [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah]], the [[Sultan of Bengal]]
* [[Alaul Haq]], Bengali Islamic scholar
* [[Ghulam Husain Salim]], Historian
* [[Usman Serajuddin]], Bengali Islamic scholar
* [[A B A Ghani Khan Choudhury]], former [[Railways Minister (India)]]
* [[Mausam Noor]] former [[Member of Indian Parliament|M.P]] of [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
* [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]] [[Member of Indian Parliament|M.P]] of [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]] and Ex-State Health Minister
* [[Isha Khan Choudhury]] current [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|M.L.A]] of [[Sujapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Abu Nasar Khan Choudhury]] Ex-[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|M.L.A]] of [[Sujapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] and Ex-Minister of Science and Technology
* [[Sabina Yeasmin]] current [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|M.L.A]] of [[Mothabari]] and Minister of North Bengal Development, Irrigation Department
* [[Rubi Noor]] former three times [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|M.L.A]] of [[Sujapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

===Murshidabad===
*[[Murshid Quli Khan]], the first [[Nawab of Bengal]]
*[[Alivardi Khan]], [[Nawab of Bengal]]
*[[Amina Begum]], Princess of Bengal.
*[[Siraj ud-Daulah]], last independent [[nawab of Bengal]]
*[[Abul Hayat]], actor
*[[Atiul Islam]], Indian Filmmaker
*[[Mir Afsar Ali]], radio jockey, actor
*[[Abdul Alim]], folk singer, songwriter
*[[Rabiul Alam]], actor
*[[Baby Islam]], cinematographer and director
*[[Syed Mustafa Siraj]], Bengali writer
*[[Mujibar Rahaman]], Bengali Documentary Filmmaker
*[[Moinul Hassan]], writer, member of [[Parliament of India]]
*[[Mabinul Haq]], Bengali writer
*[[Moniruddin Khan]], Bengali poet and writer
*[[Abul Bashar]], Bengali writer
*[[Syed Badrudduja]], Former [[mayor of Kolkata]]
*[[Jahanara Imam]], writer and political activist
*[[Zainal Abedin]], politician and four time former MP of Jangipur
*[[Niamot Sheikh]], M.L.A of Hariharpara, [[Hariharpara]]
*[[Babar Ali (teacher)]], "youngest headmaster in the world" by BBC

===Hooghly===
* [[Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique]], was a Bengali Islamic scholar and the inaugural Pir of [[Furfura Sharif]], West Bengal
* [[Abdul Mannan (West Bengal politician)|Abdul Mannan]], politician
* [[Muhammad Mohsin]], Bengali social reformer, Islamic scholar, philanthropist
* [[Syed Rahim Nabi]], retired professional Indian international footballer who primarily played as a midfielder though he could play as a striker and defender.
* [[Abbas Siddiqui]], founder of [[Indian Secular Front]]
* [[Nawsad Siddique]], politician

===Bardhaman===
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], Bengali poet and music lyricist composer, writer known as Bidrohi Kobi.
*[[Abul Hashim]], Islamic thinker and Freedom Fighter.
*[[Abdullah el Baqui]], Bengali Islamic scholar, writer, Freedom Fighter.
*[[Nawab Abdul Jabbar]], Indian bureaucrat, Social worker.
*[[Sheikh Saidul Haque]], The first and incumbent M.P. from Bardhaman-Durgapur constituency.
*[[Abu Ayesh Mondal]], Former chairman of West Bengal Minority Development & Finance Corporation.
* [[Siddiqullah Chowdhury]], politician, minister and president Of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]].

===Birbhum===
*[[Rezaul Karim (lawyer)|Rezaul Karim]], Nationalist.
*[[Ekram Ali]], Bengali poet
*[[Mosarraf Hossain]], Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly
*[[Manirul Islam (Indian politician)]],

===North 24 Parganas===
* [[Titumir]] One of the First Bengali Freedom Fighter
* [[Azizul Haque (educator)]], Educationist, Education minister for Bengal .
* [[Mohammad Akram Khan]], Bengali journalist,
* [[Masudur Rahman Baidya]], Bengali swimmer.
* [[Sheikh Sahil]], Footballer
* [[Rafikul Islam Mondal]] Indian politician, MLA from the [[Basirhat Uttar]].
* [[Haji Nurul Islam]] Indian politician, MLA from the [[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]].
* [[Abdur Rahim Quazi]] Indian politician, MLA from the [[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]].
* [[ATM Abdullah]] Indian politician.

===South 24 Parganas===
* [[Abul Hasnat (Magrahat Paschim politician)|Abul Hasnat]], Bengali physician .
* [[Abdur Razzak Molla]], Former Minister for Land and Land Reforms
* [[Firdousi Begum]], First Lady MLA of [[Sonarpur Uttar]]

===Howrah===
*[[Azangachhi Shaheb]], Indian Sufi saint.
*[[Afsar Amed]], Writer
*[[Hannan Mollah]], social worker and MLA

===Uttar Dinajpur===
*[[Abdul Karim Chowdhury]], Bengali Former Politician, Ex Minister for Mass Education Extension and Library Services.

===Midanapur===
*[[Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy]], Bengali Educationist.
*[[Khujista Akhtar Banu]], writer, social reformer.
*[[Begum Badar un nissa Akhtar]], Indian social reformer.
*[[Zahid Suhrawardy]], jurist and lawyer.
*[[Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy]], Translator, art critic, Diplomat.
*[[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Prime minister of Bengal]].

===Cooch Behar===
*[[Abbasuddin Ahmed]], Folk singer and Composer.
*[[Ferdausi Rahman]], Folk singer
*[[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]], military officer and politician who served as President of Bangladesh.

=== Jalpaiguri===
*[[Khaleda Zia]], politician who served as Prime Minister of Bangladesh.

===Nadia===
* [[Mohammad Mozammel Huq]], Poet, novelist
* [[I'tisam-ud-Din]], linguistic, Munshi in Mughal period.
* [[Azizunnessa Khatun]], a Bengali poet, writer, and philanthropist.
* [[Nurun Nahar Faizannesa]], Feminist.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Islam}}
* [[Islam in Bangladesh]]
* [[Bengali Muslims]]
* [[Islam in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

{{Islam in India by region}}

[[Category:Islam in West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Islam in India by state or union territory|West Bengal]]

Badrinath (film)

2026-03-12T00:22:55Z

MerryK8896455: adjust layout based on references and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|2011 film V. V. Vinayak}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Badrinath
| image = Badrinath poster.jpg
| alt = An angry man holding a sword.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. V. Vinayak]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]
| writer = Chinni Krishna
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Allu Arjun]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Prakash Raj]]
* [[Kelly Dorji]]
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]}}
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Geetha Arts]]
| distributor = Geetha Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|6|10}}
| runtime = 140 minutes<ref name="IMDA">{{Cite web |title=BADRENATH (NC16) |url=https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/Search/Film/SearchDetail.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAADF8AAB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028002031/https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/Search/Film/SearchDetail.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAADF8AAB |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=[[Infocomm Media Development Authority]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}35–42 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2011 |title=Badrinath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Jun/14/badrinath-262670.html |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood actor Allu Arjun's film Badrinath costs Rs 42 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20110620-actor-allu-arjun-film-badrinath-most-expensive-tollywood-film-746467-2011-06-10 |access-date=17 June 2011 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Badrinath''''' (alternatively spelled as '''''Badrenath''''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badrenath (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/badrenath-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/925480747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412135047/https://music.apple.com/us/album/badrenath-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/925480747 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[action film]] directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]] and produced by [[Allu Aravind]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badrinath temple is a backdrop of the film |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-shooting-badrinath-in-the-himalayas/20110607.htm#1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610005106/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-shooting-badrinath-in-the-himalayas/20110607.htm#1 |archive-date=10 June 2011 |access-date=7 June 2011 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |quote=It's an action-oriented love story and the Badrinath temple is a backdrop.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiru, Ram Charan, Allu Arjun at Badrinath audio launch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/chiru-ram-charan-allu-arjun-at-badrinath-audio-launch-10407#photo-128374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623134636/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/chiru-ram-charan-allu-arjun-at-badrinath-audio-launch-10407#photo-128374 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=8 May 2011 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |quote=Badrinath is an action love story which has generated quite a hype among Allu Arjun's fans.}}</ref> It stars [[Allu Arjun]] as the titular [[samurai]], along with [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Kelly Dorji]], [[Ashwini Kalsekar]], Rakesh Varre, [[Rao Ramesh]] and [[Pragathi]]. The film centers on Badri, an [[Samurai|Indian samurai]] trained by the religious Guru Bheeshma Narayan. As the protector of the [[Badrinath Temple]], Badri strives to restore the faith of Alakananda, an [[Atheism|atheist]] woman who falls for him. He clashes with her cruel uncle, Sarkar, while his Guru suspects him of breaking the rule against falling in love, jeopardizing his succession.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2011 |title=Allu Arjun romances Tamannaah in Italy |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/allu-arjun-romances-tamannaah-italy-070231101.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729065241/https://www.yahoo.com/news/allu-arjun-romances-tamannaah-italy-070231101.html |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=22 May 2011 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Allu Arjun's Badrinath audio released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/allu-arjuns-badrinath-audio-released/articleshow/8194756.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606112326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/allu-arjuns-badrinath-audio-released/articleshow/8194756.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=8 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The film, directed by VV Vinayak is an action-packed, romantic entertainer.}}</ref>

''Badrinath'' was released on 10 June 2011 in 1,400 screens worldwide. While it received mixed to positive reviews from critics, it achieved moderate success at the box office.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |date=3 August 2011 |title=Badrinath completes 50days in 187 theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Badrinath-completes-50days-in-187-theatres/articleshow/9466159.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203060804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-03/news-interviews/29846171_1_badrinath-allu-arjun-theatres |archive-date=3 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Prem Rakshith]] won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South]] for the film's song "Nath Nath".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dookudu sweeps Filmfare awards for year 2011 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/filmfaresouthawards2011.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710003812/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/filmfaresouthawards2011.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
Bheeshma Narayan is a religious guru and martial arts expert, who selects Badri, a shepherd's son, and trains him into becoming an efficient [[samurai]] and the protector of [[Badrinath Temple]]. He soon meets Alakananda, an atheist woman whom he throws into the [[Alaknanda River|namesake river]] as a punishment for blowing a lamp at the temple, especially after he cured her ill grandfather. He rescues her after Bheeshma, convinced by her grandfather, orders him. Alakananda is ordered to light 1 lakh lamps as punishment, which Badri convinces her to do with devotion.

Alakananda's grandfather reveals that she became an atheist after watching her parents die in a temple fire. And Alakananda grew up to become the object of hatred from her aunt, as she wants to get Alakananda forcibly married to her son Nani as a form of revenge. Badri takes up the challenge to revive her faith in God. She falls for him after he performs [[Pinda (riceball)|Pind Daan]] for her parents. Later, Badri is summoned by Bheeshma to protect the [[Amarnath Temple]] whose protector has been killed. After killing a group of terrorists with his sword, Badri is introduced publicly by Bheeshma. Alakananda, whose faith in God has also been revived, meets Badri's parents who agree to their marriage, but are caught in a dilemma when Bheeshma tells them that Badri has to remain [[Celibacy|celibate]] in order to succeed him.

Alakananda is heartbroken, but Badri promises to unite her with her lover, not knowing it is him, by helping her offer a Brahma lotus, to retrieve which they travel into the mountains. On the other hand, Alakananda's cruel uncle Sarkar learns about Badri from the Amarnath incident footage and sends Nani to retrieve Alakananda after Badri dies. The gang attacks Badri and Alakananda as they race against time to reach the temple, but Badri guards her from them and allows her to enter the temple and make her wish. Alakananda demands Badri as her lover while Bheeshma demands him as his successor. While Badri is distracted, Nani throws a statue into the river, which Badri retrieves after jumping into it and killing the henchmen, but is stabbed by Nani upon reinstating the statue and is accused of being in love with Alakananda.

Bheeshma gets shocked and his suspicion further grows as he watches Akakananda being taken away and Badri gaining consciousness to call out her name. The temple is closed temporarily for six months, during which Badri recuperates and Alakananda is engaged to Nani after Sarkar kills her grandfather. Alakananda writes a letter to Badri for help, which Bheeshma receives and tears apart, but is found by Badri and replies with the same mountain soil he used to cure her grandfather. Sarkar and his family learn from a guru that the wedding is not destined to happen. Alakananda tries to escape along with her friend Razia, but is captured and only the latter escapes, convincing Badri to secretly go to Bellary and extract Alakananda.

In Badri's and Bheeshma's absence, Sarkar leads his henchmen to Badrinath and destroys the ashram, while Badri himself massacres the henchmen at Bellary railway station and impales Nani before rescuing Alakananda. Seeing the ashram in ruins and realizing Badri took along his sword meant only for religious protection, an enraged Bheeshma orders Badri to vacate Badrinath after the latter arrives with Alakananda. She thanks God for freeing Badri from Bheeshma's clutches, but Sarkar, his wife and henchmen arrive at Badrinath to kidnap Alakananda, Badri hands her over and reveals he only wanted to keep his promise and never had feelings for her, but dedicated his life to his mentor instead.

Bheeshma asks for Badri's apology and allows him to pray, before Alakananda reveals she loves none other than Badri, who is unfazed as she is being taken away. However, Bheeshma is moved by Alakananda's love for Badri and orders him to live for her. Badri kills the henchmen and defeats Sarkar after a [[Duel|knife duel]], sparing him on the condition to never pursue Alakananda in the future. Badri and Alakananda are blessed by everyone at the temple, and before departing are asked by Bheeshma to hand over their future child for training.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Bhadri
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Alakananda, Bhadri's love interest
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Guru Bheeshma Narayana, Bhadri's Guru
* [[Kelly Dorji]] as Sarkar, Alakananda's uncle
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Alakananda's aunt and Sarkar's wife
* Rakesh Varre as Nani, Sarkar's son
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Batting Baba
* [[Pragathi]] as Razia, Alakananda's maid
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Bhadri's father
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Bhadri's mother
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Alakananda's father (cameo appernce)
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Chupke
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Bheeshma Narayana's Assistant
* [[Master Bharath]]
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Alakananda's mother (cameo appearance)
* [[Geetha Singh]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Krishna Bhagavaan]]
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Alakananda's caretaker
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was in the scripting stage in 2004 with Chinni Krishna set to direct the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview-alluarjun.html|title=Interview with Allu Arjun|last=Jeevi|date=5 May 2004|work=Idlebrain.com|access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref> [[Allu Arjun]] played a modern-day Indian samurai in the film, for which he underwent intensive martial arts and sword fighting training in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Look: Allu Arjun's Badrinath |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-first-look-badrinath/20110426.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074622/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-first-look-badrinath/20110426.htm |archive-date=3 August 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2010 |title=Allu Arjun learns practicing martial arts for Badrinath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-learns-practicing-martial-arts-for-Badrinath/articleshow/6175823.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830122158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-learns-practicing-martial-arts-for-Badrinath/articleshow/6175823.cms |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Cinematographer [[Ravi Varman]] revealed that the film was shot using a [[Panavision]] lens at a set in Kulaba on the way to the [[Rohtang Pass]], as well as at locations in [[Hyderabad]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], and [[Austria]], including the Badrinath temple set.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shooting Badrinath in the Himalayas |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-shooting-badrinath-in-the-himalayas/20110607.htm#5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074315/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-shooting-badrinath-in-the-himalayas/20110607.htm#5 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> Initially, there were plans for a dubbed Tamil version of the film featuring additional comedy scenes with actor [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]. However, this plan was abandoned due to the commercial failure of the Tamil dubbed versions of the Telugu films ''[[Sakthi (2011 film)|Sakthi]]'' and ''[[Magadheera]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stylish star makes debut in Tamil |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-11-01/allu-arjun-tammanah-06-05-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074320/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-11-01/allu-arjun-tammanah-06-05-11.html |archive-date=3 August 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074352/http://www.sify.com/movies/badrinath-s-k-wood-plans-go-awry-imagegallery-0-tollywood-lgirV7fiidcsi.html Badrinath`s K`wood plans go awry]</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Badrinath
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 7 May 2011
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:49
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = M. M. Keeravani
| prev_title = [[Once Upon a Warrior]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Rajanna]]
| next_year = 2011
}}

The grand audio launching event of ''Badrinath'' was held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] on 7 May 2011. [[Allu Arjun]], Sneha Reddy, [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[V. V. Vinayak]], [[Allu Aravind]], his wife Nirmala, [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]], [[K. S. Rama Rao]], [[Chiranjeevi]], his wife Mrs. Surekha, Srija, [[Sukumar]], [[S. S. Rajamouli]], Rama Rajamouli, [[Boyapati Srinu]], [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]], [[B. Gopal]], [[Srinu Vaitla]], [[Anand Sai]], [[S. Gopal Reddy]], Tagore Madhu, K. Atchi Reddy, [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], Chinni Krishna, Chaitanya Prasad, Pokuri Babu Rao, etc., were prominent figures in the audio function.

K. Raghavendra Rao and Chiranjeevi released the audio CDs and presented the first copy to S. S. Rajamouli and V. V. Vinayak. Allu Aravind released the trailers.<ref>[http://www.ragalahari.com/functions/4360/badrinath-audio-release-function.aspx "Badrinath Audio Release"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902131942/http://www.ragalahari.com/functions/4360/badrinath-audio-release-function.aspx |date=2 September 2011 }}. ragalahari.com.</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:49
| title1 = Omkareshwari
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| length1 = 4:58
| title2 = Ambadari
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = [[L. V. Revanth]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length2 = 4:05
| title3 = In the Night
| lyrics3 = Sravana Bhargavi
| extra3 = [[Baba Sehgal]], Sravana Bhargavi
| length3 = 2:58
| title4 = Nachchavura
| lyrics4 = M. M. Keeravani, [[Anantha Sriram]]
| extra4 = [[Sreerama Chandra]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length4 = 3:57
| title5 = Nath Nath
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra5 = [[Jassie Gift]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length5 = 4:09
| title6 = Chiranjeeva
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| extra6 = [[L. V. Revanth]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length6 = 4:39
| title7 = Ambadari (Remix)
| lyrics7 = Chandrabose, Achu
| extra7 = [[Anuj Gurwara]], Geetha Madhuri, Kala Bhairava
| length7 = 3:45
| title8 = Vasudhara
| lyrics8 = Chandrabose, [[S. Ballesh]] ([[Shehnai]])
| extra8 = M. M. Keeravani, [[Shweta Pandit]]
| length8 = 5:00
| title9 = Badrinath Theme
| lyrics9 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra9 = Twin Cities Choir (Programmed by Dinesh)
| length9 = 2:14
}}

A reviewer from ''123Telugu'' gave the soundtrack a positive review, praising Keeravani's attempt to create something different from ''[[Magadheera]]'' and describing the album as "unique, simple and entertaining".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audio Review : Badrinath - Simply Entertaining & Melodius |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/audio_reviews/B/Badrinath/Badrinath_Audio_Review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512140534/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/audio_reviews/B/Badrinath/Badrinath_Audio_Review.html |archive-date=12 May 2011 |access-date=9 May 2011 |website=123Telugu.com}}</ref>

==Release==
Certified A (adults only) by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on the account of graphic action violence,<ref>{{Cite web |title='Badrinath' releases with an 'A' certificate |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/%E2%80%98badrinath%E2%80%99-releases-with-an-a-certificate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815160157/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/%E2%80%98badrinath%E2%80%99-releases-with-an-a-certificate/ |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> the film released theatrically along with its Malayalam dubbed version on 10 June 2011.

===Home Video===
[[Aditya Music]] released the film on DVD and Blu-ray formats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badrinath~ DVD |url=http://adityamusic.com/dvd/badrinath-dvd/p-5101232-36861013699-cat.html#variant_id=5101232-36861013699 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606131732/http://adityamusic.com/dvd/badrinath-dvd/p-5101232-36861013699-cat.html#variant_id=5101232-36861013699 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=[[Aditya Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Badrinath~ BLURAY |url=http://adityamusic.com/bluray/badrinath-bluray/p-5101232-88390994006-cat.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606131731/http://adityamusic.com/bluray/badrinath-bluray/p-5101232-88390994006-cat.html |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=[[Aditya Music]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Box office ===
On its release day, ''Badrinath'' grossed ₹7.25 crore, and by the third day, it had grossed ₹16.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badrinath collects 7.52 crore gross on day 1 |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/badrinathonedaygross.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828163537/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/badrinathonedaygross.html |archive-date=28 August 2011 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Telugu cinema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2011 |title=Badrinath collects 16.5 crores gross in 3 days |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-badrinath1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107172809/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-badrinath1.html |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Telugu cinema}}</ref> The film's successful 50-day run in 187 theaters indicates a moderate level of success at the box office.<ref name="toi" />

=== Critical response ===
''Badrinath'' received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Noting it as a love story from a girl's point of view, ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5, praising Arjun, the music, cinematography, locations, art direction and production values. However, he felt the director failed to get a good script, action and emotional aspects right, further noting the film's unfolding and narration were "not gripping".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Movie review – Badrinath |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-badrinath.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611124000/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-badrinath.html |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=10 June 2011 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> ''123Telugu.com'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, singling several sequences between Badri and Alakananda, performances, visuals, a comedy track and some of the action sequences for praise. However, the reviewer felt disappointed with the story, screenplay, entire second half, criticizing the villain, a comedy scene involving conversation about [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Chiranjeevi]], the random placement of songs and the climax. The reviewer also felt the railway station fight should have been banned due to excessively graphic violence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badrinath - Vinayak's formula movie misses its mark |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/B/Badrinath/Badrinath_Review2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606130949/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/B/Badrinath/Badrinath_Review2.html |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=123Telugu.com}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5, calling it a "disappointing ride". The reviewer found the love story against the temple backdrop unconvincing, action scenes, Tammannah's unnecessary belly show, music average and went on to state there was "not even a single interesting scene in the film". The reviewer, however, praised the art director [[Anand Sai]] for his work on recreating the Badrinath temple and other sets.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Badrinath Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/badrinath/movie-review/8815564.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606145502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/badrinath/movie-review/8815564.cms |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' responded more negatively with a 1.5/5 star rating, calling the plot unoriginal and feeling the romance was overshadowed by the action, cinematography and other aspects. More criticism was aimed at the script, randomly inserted songs and humor, while praise came towards the action sequences, technical aspects, art direction, production values and performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Badrinath doesn't impress |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-badrinath/20110610.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612232743/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-badrinath/20110610.htm |archive-date=12 June 2011 |access-date=10 June 2011 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Accolades==
===[[59th Filmfare Awards South]]===
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South]] – [[Prem Rakshith]] – "Nath Nath"<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2012 |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704164503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news-interviews/32588512_1_aadukalam-video-pranayam |archive-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer]] – K. Devi Krishna

===TSR-TV9 Awards-2011===
*Best Hero – [[Allu Arjun]]

===[[CineMAA Awards]]===
*Nominated – Best Actor – [[Allu Arjun]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1625856|Badrinath}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|badrinath}}
{{V. V. Vinayak}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badrinath (Film)}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2011 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. V. Vinayak]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Religious action films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Films about God]]
[[Category:Films about wish fulfillment]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Uttarakhand Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Veneto]]
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]

Alamuru mandal

2026-03-11T05:46:15Z

MerryK8896455:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alamuru Mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Alamuru Mandal''' is one of the 22 mandals in [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4925-alamuru-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages & Towns in Alamuru Mandal of Konaseema, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> there are 16 villages.

== Demographics ==
Alamuru Mandal has total population of 74,025 as per the Census 2011 out of which 36,955 are males while 37,070 are females and the Average Sex Ratio of Alamuru Mandal is 1,003. The total literacy rate of Alamuru Mandal is 65.77%. The male literacy rate is 60.29% and the female literacy rate is 57.89%.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/alamuru-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4925|title=Alamuru Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Villages ===

#[[Alamuru]]
#Baduguvanilanka
#Chintaluru
#Choppela
#Gummileru
#Jonnada
#Kalavacherla
#Madiki
#Modukuru
#Narsipudi
#Navabpeta
#Pedapalle
#Penikeru
#Pinapalla
#Sandhipudi
#Mulastanam

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

Priyuraalu

2026-03-06T06:36:32Z

MerryK8896455: Made the article first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Priyuraalu
| image = Priyuraalu 2017 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[G. V. Rama Raju]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Sri Sowmya
| based_on = 
| producer = Ramaraju Ajay Karlapudi
| starring = Prithvi Medavaram Kalapala Mounika
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mahi P. Reddy
| editing = Sai Revanth
| music = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|9|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Priyuraalu''''' is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[G. V. Rama Raju]] and starring Prudhvi Medavaram and Mounika. The film streamed on [[SonyLIV]] on 17 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sonyliv-to-premiere-director-rama-rajus-priyuraalu-on-september-17/7bdf7e12c364|title=SonyLIV to premiere director Rama Raju's Priyuraalu on September 17|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Prudhvi Medavaram as Madhav
*Mounika as Divya
*Kaushik Reddy as Watchman<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-priyuraalu-actor-kaushik-mekala-opens-up-about-his-next-kill-me-a-crime-thriller/6af0e8fe2094|title=Exclusive! Priyuraalu actor Kaushik Mekala opens up about his next, Kill Me, a crime thriller|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
*[[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Sarita
*Jogi Naidu
*Varsha
*Krishnam Raju

== Production ==
The film was mostly shot from January to February of 2020 but was delayed because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-director-rama-raju-on-priyuraalu-i-do-films-for-money-not-for-my-art-to-get-appreciated/04c9403544295|title=Exclusive! Director Rama Raju on Priyuraalu: I do films for money, not for my art to get appreciated|work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]|date=15 September 2021|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125134040/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-director-rama-raju-on-priyuraalu-i-do-films-for-money-not-for-my-art-to-get-appreciated/04c9403544295|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' wrote that "The film presents a realistic take on extramarital relationships and explores the thin line between love and desire".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/priyuraalu-movie-review-a-raw-hardhitting-relationship-drama-uplifted-by-splendid-music-visuals/0fd0967a6f102|title=Priyuraalu Movie Review: A raw, hard-hitting relationship drama uplifted by splendid music, visuals|work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]|date=17 September 2021|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017195530/https://www.ottplay.com/review/priyuraalu-movie-review-a-raw-hardhitting-relationship-drama-uplifted-by-splendid-music-visuals/0fd0967a6f102|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Nandhini (film)

2026-03-03T04:47:45Z

MerryK8896455: typo fix

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{More plot|date=August 2025}}
{{More categories|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nandhini (film).jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Manobala]]
| writer = [[M. S. Madhu]] (dialogue)
| story = [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]
| producer = [[Pyramid Natarajan|V. Natarajan]]
| starring = [[Prakash Raj]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[Keerthi Reddy]] [[Vineeth]]
| cinematography = M. Prasad
| editing = Siva-Krishnamoorthy
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| released = {{film date|1997|07|11|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nandhini''''' (stylised as '''''Na•n•dhi•ni''''') is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Manobala. The film stars [[Prakash Raj]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Keerthi Reddy]] and [[Vineeth]], with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Manivannan]] and [[Vadivukkarasi]] in supporting roles. It was released on 11 July 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandhini (1997) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/nandhini |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231023071355/https://screen4screen.com/movies/nandhini |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=nandhini ( 1997 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=nandhini |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029125954/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=nandhini |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raji, a college going girl, is in love with Suresh but strange stories of her mother Nandhini being linked with Rangaswamy, their paying guest, deeply affect her. Raji questions Rangaswamy but he is deeply anguished by her behaviour and suffers a heart attack that ultimately ends the Good Samaritan's life. Raji is emotionally disturbed and refuses any association with Suresh, and seeks solace with Nandhini. However Nandhini's strange behaviour devastates her and she wishes to resume her relationship with Suresh. Finally, Suresh learns about Prakash and Nandhini's love and reunites with Raji in the end, and escorts her from [[Chennai]] to [[Mumbai]]. Kannadi Vijay then promises to care for Nandhini.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Prakash
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Nandhini
* [[Keerthi Reddy]] as Raji
* [[Vineeth]] as Suresh
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Rangaswamy
* [[Manivannan]] as Karupatti Kandhasamy
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Prakash's mother
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Kannadi Vijay
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Rangabashyam
* Thadi Balaji as driver
* [[Manobala]] as Kumbakonam
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]]
*[[P. Pandu|Pandu]] as peon
*[[Vichu Vishwanath]] as office staff
*Chitti as Suresh's father
*[[Uma Padmanabhan]] as Nandhini's friend (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film's title ''Nandhini'' is stylised with intermittent dots. Manobala said they represent different people in the title character's life. Suhasini agreed to play Nandhini after much persuasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Z Continued... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193804/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=Indolink}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sirpy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NANDINI / PONGALO PONGAL / PISTHA - Sirpy & Deva & S.A. Rajkumar Pyramid Audio Cd |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/nandini-pongalo-pongal-pistha-sirpy-deva-s-a-rajkumar-pyramid-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807012824/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/nandini-pongalo-pongal-pistha-sirpy-deva-s-a-rajkumar-pyramid-audio-cd/ |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=Audio CDs World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandhini (1997) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/nandhini-songs-T0004918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231023065955/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/nandhini-songs-T0004918 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
|"ABCD Pola Naam"||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]] ||5:39
|-
|"Hey Ennai Paar" || Mano||4:14
|-
| "Laila Laila" ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|K.S. Chithra]]||5:03
|-
| "Maanoothu Odaiyila" ||[[Manivannan]]||3:46
|-
| "Patta Sarakku"|| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam||4:49
|}

== Critical reception ==
K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "It is a pity that despite a good cast, the director fails to sustain interest. This is one of those movies which you expect to enjoy but instead you are terribly let down".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=31 July 1997 |title=A letdown despite Suhasini |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pGcWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ShUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3322%2C3809352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611060721/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pGcWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ShUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3322%2C3809352 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Manobala}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manobala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mattuthavani (film)

2026-03-03T03:25:16Z

MerryK8896455: new.

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Pavithran}}
{{No plot|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]
| producer =
| writer = Pavithran
| starring = Ramkiran Meenakshi
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = S. Sriganesan
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = ARS International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2012|04|20|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mattuthavani''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]. The film stars Ramkiran and Meenakshi, whilst [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] appeared in a supporting role, with music composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]. The film was released on 20 April 2012. Notably, this film also marked the comeback for actress, [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka Suresh]] in Tamil cinemas after 26 years.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Ramkiran as Panneer
* Meenakshi as Maheshwari
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Samudrakani
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Panneer's friend
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Panneer's friend
* Sathish
* Meetha
* [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
* [[Singamuthu]]
* [[Bonda Mani]] as Tea seller
* [[Nellai Siva]]
* [[T. P. Gajendran]]
* [[Appukutty]]
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] in an item number
}}

==Production==
The film was launched in May 2007 with director [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]] announcing a comeback to films but it developed slowly as a result of a series of legal problems. In November 2009, director Pavithran held an event to showcase the film to the media, revealing that the film would feature an all-new cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavithran is back with Mattudhavani |url=http://beta.sify.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14920890 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070149/http://beta.sify.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14920890 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=14 February 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Deva.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mattuthavani (2009) |url=https://mio.to/album/Mattuthavani+%282009%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022124610/http://mio.to/album/Mattuthavani+%282009%29 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |website=MusicIndiaOnline |access-date=27 September 2019 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| Annanmaare || [[M. K. Muthu]] || rowspan=5|Mani Muthu
|-
| Kadhalikka Poravare I || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
| Kadhalikka Poravare II || Mani Muthu
|-
| Maana Madhuraikku || Kariyapatti Lakshmi, Pandi
|-
| Urunda Mala || [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
|}

==Release and reception==
The delay of the film meant that planned release dates were regularly evaded, with the earliest such date being August 2007. The film stepped up promotions to have an April 2009 release though such plans were also unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-01 |title=April release schedule |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/april-release-schedule-news-tamil-kkfsknbeaig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407124949/http://www.sify.com/movies/april-release-schedule-news-tamil-kkfsknbeaig.html |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2014-03-08 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-14 |title=No new releases on April 14! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14880603&cid=2363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407124954/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14880603&cid=2363 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2014-03-08 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film eventually released on 20 April 2012 and fared poorly at the box office. A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "It is difficult to believe that the movie is directed by the same Pavithran who had earlier given us movies like “Suriyan” and “I love India”".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maattuthavani Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maattuthavani/movie-review/12784821.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225205805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maattuthavani/movie-review/12784821.cms |archive-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 December 2022 }}</ref> ''Thinnai'' wrote {{Clarify|date=November 2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2012 |title=பவித்திரனின் " மாட்டுத்தாவணி " |url=https://puthu.thinnai.com/2012/04/22/%e0%ae%aa%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%a9%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%9f%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%9f%e0%af%81%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215082625/https://puthu.thinnai.com/2012/04/22/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4/ |archive-date=15 February 2024 |website=Thinnai |language=ta |access-date=15 February 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Pavithran}}

[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 action drama films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pavithran (Tamil film director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Salt March

2026-02-28T22:30:05Z

MerryK8896455: correct layout per standard format to improve readability

{{Short description|1930 Indian protest led by Mahatma Gandhi}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Salt March
| image = Marche sel.jpg
| caption = Gandhi leading his followers on the Salt March to abolish the British salt laws
| date = 12 March 1930 – 6 April 1930
| venue =
| location = [[Sabarmati (area)|Sabarmati]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as = Dandi Salt March, Dandi Salt Satyagraha
| participants = [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and 78 others
}}
The '''Salt March''', also known as the '''Salt Satyagraha''', '''Dandi March''', and the '''Dandi Satyagraha''', was an act of [[nonviolent]] [[civil disobedience]] in [[British Raj|colonial India]], led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. The 24-day march ([[padayatra]]) lasted from 12 March 1930 to 6 April 1930 as a [[direct action]] campaign of [[tax resistance]] and [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent protest]] against the [[History of the salt tax in British India|British salt monopoly]]. Another reason for this march was that the Civil Disobedience Movement needed a strong inauguration that would inspire more people to follow Gandhi's example. Gandhi started this march with 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march spanned {{convert|387|km|mi}}, from [[Sabarmati Ashram]] to [[Dandi, Navsari|Dandi]], which was called [[Navsari]] at that time (now in the state of Gujarat).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/viewbydoi/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.013.1384 |title=Salt March |encyclopedia=Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World |date=2008 |access-date=4 January 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517632-2 }}</ref> Growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the British Raj [[history of the salt tax in British India|salt laws]] at 8:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large-scale acts of civil disobedience against the salt laws by millions of Indians.<ref>"Mass civil disobedience throughout India followed as millions broke the salt laws", from Dalton's introduction to Gandhi's ''Civil Disobedience'', [[#GandhiDalton|Gandhi and Dalton]], p. 72.</ref>

After making the salt by evaporation at Dandi, Gandhi continued southward along the coast, making salt and addressing meetings on the way. The Congress Party planned to stage a [[satyagraha]] at the Dharasana Salt Works, {{cvt|40|km|}} south of Dandi. However, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4–5 May 1930, just days before the planned action at Dharasana. The Dandi March and the ensuing [[Dharasana Satyagraha]] drew worldwide attention to the [[Indian independence movement]] through extensive newspaper and newsreel coverage. The satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with Gandhi's release from jail and negotiations with [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]] at the Second [[Round Table Conference]].<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 92.</ref> Although over 60,000 Indians were jailed as a result of the Salt Satyagraha,<ref>[[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 234.</ref> the British did not make immediate major concessions.<ref>[[#Ackerman|Ackerman]], p. 106.</ref>

The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi's principles of non-violent protest called ''satyagraha'', which he loosely translated as "truth-force".<ref>"Its root meaning is holding onto truth, hence truth-force. I have also called it Love-force or Soul-force." Gandhi (2001), p. 6.</ref> Literally, it is formed from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''satya'', "truth", and ''agraha'', "insistence". In early 1920 the Indian National Congress chose satyagraha as their main tactic for winning Indian sovereignty and self-rule from British rule and appointed Gandhi to organise the campaign. Gandhi chose the 1882 British Salt Act as the first target of satyagraha. The Salt March to Dandi, and the beating by the [[Indian Imperial Police|colonial police]] of hundreds of nonviolent protesters in Dharasana, which received worldwide news coverage, demonstrated the effective use of civil disobedience as a technique for fighting against social and political injustice.<ref>[[#CITEREFMartin2006|Martin]], p. 35.</ref> The satyagraha teachings of Gandhi and the March to Dandi had a significant influence on American activists [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[James Bevel]], and others during the [[Civil Rights Movement]] for civil rights for African Americans and other minority groups in the 1960s.<ref name="King, p. 23"/> The march was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] of 1920–22, and directly followed the [[Purna Swaraj]] declaration of sovereignty and self-rule by the [[Indian National Congress]] on 26 January 1930 by celebrating Independence Day.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eyewitness Gandhi|date=2014|publisher=Dorling Kindersaley Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0241185667|page=44|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hY3WAwAAQBAJ&q=dharasana+navsari&pg=PA45|access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> It gained worldwide attention which gave impetus to the [[Indian independence movement]] and started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement which continued until 1934 in Gujarat.

== Civil disobedience movement ==
[[File:Mahatma & Sarojini Naidu 1930.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Mithuben Petit]], and [[Sarojini Naidu]] during the March]]
At midnight on 31 December 1929, the INC (Indian National Congress) raised the triple color [[flag of India]] on the banks of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] at [[Lahore]]. The Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], publicly issued the Declaration of Sovereignty and Self-rule, or [[Purna Swaraj]] (''purna'', "complete"; ''swa'', "self"; ''raj'', "rule": meaning therefore "complete self-rule"), on 26 January 1930.<ref name=Wolpert2001>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp/page/141|title=Gandhi's passion : the life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|date=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=019513060X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp/page/141 141]|oclc=252581969|url-access=registration}}</ref> The declaration included the readiness to withhold taxes, and the statement:

<blockquote>We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities for growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain ''Purna Swaraj'' or complete sovereignty and self-rule.<ref name=Wolpert1999/></blockquote>

The [[Congress Working Committee]] gave Gandhi the responsibility for organising the first act of [[civil disobedience]], with Congress itself ready to take charge after Gandhi's expected arrest.<ref name="A & DuVall, p. 83">[[#Ackerman|Ackerman]], p. 83.</ref> Gandhi's plan was to begin civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the [[History of the salt tax in British India|British salt tax]]. The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt, limiting its handling to government salt depots and levying a salt tax.<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 91.</ref> Violation of the Salt Act was a criminal offence. Even though salt was freely available to those living on the coast (by evaporation of sea water), Indians were forced to buy it from the colonial government.

==Choice of salt as protest focus==
Initially, Gandhi's choice of the salt tax was met with incredulity by the Working Committee of the Congress:<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 100.</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Divyalochan Sahu were ambivalent; [[Sardar Patel]] suggested a land revenue boycott instead.<ref>"Nehru, who had been skeptical about salt as the primary focus of the campaign, realized how wrong he was ..." [[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 32.</ref><ref name="gopalgandhi">Gandhi, Gopalkrishna. [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article388858.ece "The Great Dandi March – eighty years after"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 5 April 1930</ref> ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', a prominent newspaper, wrote about the choice: "It is difficult not to laugh, and we imagine that will be the mood of most thinking Indians."<ref name="gopalgandhi" />

The British colonial administration too was not disturbed by these plans of resistance against the salt tax. The [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] himself, [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], did not take the threat of a salt protest seriously, writing to London, "At present, the prospect of a salt campaign does not keep me awake at night."<ref>Letter to London on 20 February 1930. [[#Ackerman|Ackerman]], p. 84.</ref>

However, Gandhi had sound reasons for his decision. An item of daily use could resonate more with all classes of citizens than an abstract demand for greater political rights.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gross|first=David M.|year=2014|title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns|publisher=Picket Line Press|isbn=978-1490572741|page=64}}</ref> The salt tax represented 8.2% of the British Raj tax revenue, and hurt the poorest Indians the most significantly.<ref name="Gandhi & Dalton, 1996, p. 72">[[#GandhiDalton|Gandhi and Dalton]], p. 72.</ref>
Explaining his choice, Gandhi said, "Next to air and water, salt is perhaps the greatest necessity of life." In contrast to the other leaders, the prominent Congress statesman and future [[Governor-General of India]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], understood Gandhi's viewpoint. In a public meeting at [[Tuticorin]], he said:

<blockquote>Suppose, a people rise in revolt. They cannot attack the abstract constitution or lead an army against proclamations and statutes ... Civil disobedience has to be directed against the salt tax or the land tax or some other particular point – not that; that is our final end, but for the time being it is our aim, and we must shoot straight.<ref name="gopalgandhi" /></blockquote>

Gandhi felt that this protest would dramatise [[Purna Swaraj]] in a way that was meaningful to every Indian. He also reasoned that it would build unity between Hindus and Muslims by fighting a wrong that touched them equally.<ref name="A & DuVall, p. 83" />

After the protest gathered steam, the leaders realised the power of salt as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response, "it seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released."<ref name="gopalgandhi" />

==Satyagraha==
{{main|Satyagraha}}
Gandhi had a long-standing commitment to nonviolent civil disobedience, which he termed ''satyagraha'', as the basis for achieving Indian sovereignty and self-rule.<ref>"Gandhi's ideas about satyagraha and swaraj, moreover, galvanised the thinking of Congress cadres, most of whom by 1930 were committed to pursuing sovereignty and self-rule by nonviolent means." [[#Ackerman|Ackerman]], p. 108.</ref><ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], pp. 9–10.</ref> Referring to the relationship between ''Satyagraha'' and ''Purna Swaraj'', Gandhi saw "an inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree".<ref>''Hind Swaraj'', [[#GandhiDalton|Gandhi and Dalton]], p. 15.</ref> He wrote, "If the means employed are impure, the change will not be in the direction of progress but very likely in the opposite. Only a change brought about in our political condition by pure means can lead to real progress."<ref>Forward to the volume of Gokhale's speeches, ''"Gopal Krishna Gokahalenan Vyakhyanao"'' from [[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 118.</ref>

Satyagraha is a synthesis of the Sanskrit words ''Satya'' (truth) and ''Agraha'' (insistence on). For Gandhi, satyagraha went far beyond mere "passive resistance" and became strength in practicing nonviolent methods. In his words:

<blockquote>Truth (satya) implies love, and firmness (agraha) engenders and therefore serves as a synonym for force. I thus began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha, that is to say, the Force which is born of Truth and Love or nonviolence, and gave up the use of the phrase "passive resistance", in connection with it, so much so that even in English writing we often avoided it and used instead the word "satyagraha" ...<ref>''Satyagraha in South Africa, 1926'' from [[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 73.</ref></blockquote>

His first significant attempt in India at leading mass satyagraha was the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] from 1920 to 1922. Even though it succeeded in raising millions of Indians in protest against the British-created [[Rowlatt Acts|Rowlatt Act]], violence broke out at [[Chauri Chaura incident|Chauri Chaura]], where a mob killed 22 unarmed policemen. Gandhi suspended the protest, against the opposition of other Congress members. He decided that Indians were not yet ready for successful nonviolent resistance.<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 48.</ref> The [[Bardoli Satyagraha]] in 1928 was much more successful. It succeeded in paralysing the British government and winning significant concessions. More importantly, due to extensive press coverage, it scored a propaganda victory out of all proportion to its size.<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 93.</ref> Gandhi later claimed that success at Bardoli confirmed his belief in satyagraha and [[Swaraj]]: "It is only gradually that we shall come to know the importance of the victory gained at Bardoli ... Bardoli has shown the way and cleared it. [[Swaraj]] lies on that route, and that alone is the cure ..."<ref>''Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi'' 41: 208–209</ref><ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 94.</ref> Gandhi recruited heavily from the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]] participants for the Dandi march, which passed through many of the same villages that took part in the Bardoli protests.<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 95.</ref> This revolt gained momentum and had support from all parts of India.

==Preparing to march==
On 5 February, newspapers reported that Gandhi would begin civil disobedience by defying the salt laws. The salt satyagraha would begin on 12 March and end in Dandi with Gandhi breaking the Salt Act on 6 April.<ref name="gandhiheritageportal.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/dandi-march-details |title=Chronology: Event Detail Page |publisher=Gandhi Heritage Portal |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> Gandhi chose 6 April to launch the mass breaking of the salt laws for a symbolic reason{{snd}}it was the first day of "National Week", begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national [[hartal]] (strike) against the [[Rowlatt Act]].<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 113.</ref>

Gandhi prepared the worldwide media for the march by issuing regular statements from the [[Sabarmati Ashram|Ashram]], at his regular prayer meetings, and through direct contact with the press. Expectations were heightened by his repeated statements anticipating arrest, and his increasingly dramatic language as the hour approached: "We are entering upon a life and death struggle, a holy war; we are performing an all-embracing sacrifice in which we wish to offer ourselves as an oblation."<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 108.</ref> Correspondents from dozens of Indian, European, and American newspapers, along with film companies, responded to the drama and began covering the event.<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 107.</ref>

For the march itself, Gandhi wanted the strictest discipline and adherence to satyagraha and ahimsa. For that reason, he recruited the marchers not from Congress Party members, but from the residents of his own [[ashram]], who were trained in Gandhi's strict standards of discipline.<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 104.</ref> The 24-day march would pass through 4 districts and 48 villages. The route of the march, along with each evening's stopping place, was planned based on recruitment potential, past contacts, and timing. Gandhi sent scouts to each village ahead of the march so he could plan his talks at each resting place, based on the needs of the local residents.<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 105.</ref> Events at each village were scheduled and publicised in Indian and foreign press.<ref>[[#Ackerman|Ackerman]], p. 85.</ref>

On 2 March 1930 Gandhi wrote to the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]], [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], offering to stop the march if Irwin met eleven demands, including reduction of land revenue assessments, cutting military spending, imposing a tariff on foreign cloth, and abolishing the salt tax.<ref name="A & DuVall, p. 83" /><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/cwmg_redirect/ZW5fX18x/NDNfX18zNg= |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |publisher=Gandhi Heritage Portal |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> His strongest appeal to Irwin regarded the salt tax:

<blockquote>If my letter makes no appeal to your heart, on the eleventh day of this month I shall proceed with such co-workers of the Ashram as I can take, to disregard the provisions of the Salt Laws. I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man's standpoint. As the sovereignty and self-rule movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil.<ref>''Gandhi's letter to Irwin'', [[#GandhiDalton|Gandhi and Dalton]], p. 78.</ref></blockquote>

As mentioned earlier, the Viceroy held any prospect of a "salt protest" in disdain. After he ignored the letter and refused to meet with Gandhi, the march was set in motion.<ref name=Majmudar/> Gandhi remarked, "On bended knees, I asked for bread and I have received stone instead."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parliamentmuseum.org/fr_dandee_vr.html |title=Parliament Museum, New Delhi, India – Official website – Dandi March VR Video |publisher=Parliamentmuseum.org |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-date=23 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523022518/http://www.parliamentmuseum.org/fr_dandee_vr.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The eve of the march brought thousands of Indians to Sabarmati to hear Gandhi speak at the regular evening prayer. American academic writing for [[The Nation]] reported that "60,000 persons gathered on the bank of the river to hear Gandhi's call to arms. This call to arms was perhaps the most remarkable call to war that has ever been made."<ref>Miller, Herbert A. (23 April 1930) "Gandhi's Campaign Begins", ''The Nation''.</ref><ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 107</ref>

==March to Dandi==
[[File:Salt March.ogv|thumb|Original footage of Gandhi and his followers marching to Dandi in the Salt Satyagraha]]
On 12 March 1930, Gandhi and 78 satyagrahis, among whom were men belonging to almost every region, caste, creed, and religion of India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inc.in/en/in-focus/dandi-march-date-history-facts-all-you-need-to-know |title=Dandi march: date, history facts. All you need to know |publisher=Website of Indian National Congress |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802020536/https://www.inc.in/en/in-focus/dandi-march-date-history-facts-all-you-need-to-know |url-status=dead }}</ref> set out on foot for the coastal village of [[Dandi, Navsari|Dandi]] in [[Navsari district]] of [[Gujarat]], 385 km from their starting point at [[Sabarmati Ashram]].<ref name="gandhiheritageportal.org"/> The Salt March was also called the '''White Flowing River''' because all the people were joining the procession wearing white [[Khadi]].

According to ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', the official government newspaper which usually played down the size of crowds at Gandhi's functions, 100,000 people crowded the road that separated Sabarmati from [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>[[#Weber|Weber]], p. 140.</ref><ref>''The Statesman'', 13 March 1930.</ref> The first day's march of 21 km ended in the village of Aslali, where Gandhi spoke to a crowd of about 4,000.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/cwmg_redirect/ZW5fX18x/NDNfX185Mw= |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |publisher=Gandhi Heritage Portal |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> At Aslali, and the other villages that the march passed through, volunteers collected donations, registered new satyagrahis, and received resignations from village officials who chose to end co-operation with British rule.<ref>[[#Weber|Weber]], pp. 143–144.</ref>

As they entered each village, crowds greeted the marchers, beating drums and cymbals. Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman, and the salt satyagraha as a "poor man's struggle". Each night they slept in the open. The only thing that was asked of the villagers was food and water to wash with. Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the struggle for sovereignty and self-rule, necessary for eventual victory.<ref name="Ackerman & DuVall, p. 86">[[#Ackerman|Ackerman]], p. 86.</ref>

Thousands of satyagrahis and leaders like [[Sarojini Naidu]] joined him. Every day, more and more people joined the march, until the procession of marchers became at least 3 km long.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Dandi.html |title=The March to Dandi |publisher=English.emory.edu |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113005650/http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Dandi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> To keep up their spirits, the marchers used to sing the Hindu [[Bhajan]] [[Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram]] while walking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/26523/mainfiles/dandi.htm |title=The Man – The Mahatma : Dandi March |publisher=Library.thinkquest.org |access-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330054049/http://library.thinkquest.org/26523/mainfiles/dandi.htm |archive-date=30 March 2012 }}</ref> At Surat, they were greeted by 30,000 people. When they reached the railhead at Dandi, more than 50,000 were gathered. Gandhi gave interviews and wrote articles along the way. Foreign journalists and three Bombay cinema companies shooting newsreel footage turned Gandhi into a household name in Europe and America (at the end of 1930, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] made him [[Time Person of the Year|"Man of the Year"]]).<ref name="Ackerman & DuVall, p. 86"/> The ''[[New York Times]]'' wrote almost daily about the Salt March, including two front-page articles on 6 and 7 April.<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], p. 221.</ref> Near the end of the march, Gandhi declared, "I want world sympathy in this battle of right against might."<ref>''Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi'' 43: 180, [[#Wolpert|Wolpert]], p. 148</ref>

Upon arriving at the seashore on 5 April, Gandhi was interviewed by an [[Associated Press]] reporter. He stated:
<blockquote>I cannot withhold my compliments from the government for the policy of complete non interference adopted by them throughout the march .... I wish I could believe this non-interference was due to any real change of heart or policy. The wanton disregard shown by them to popular feeling in the Legislative Assembly and their high-handed action leave no room for doubt that the policy of heartless exploitation of India is to be persisted in at any cost, and so the only interpretation I can put upon this non-interference is that the British Government, powerful though it is, is sensitive to world opinion which will not tolerate repression of extreme political agitation which civil disobedience undoubtedly is, so long as disobedience remains civil and therefore necessarily non-violent .... It remains to be seen whether the Government will tolerate as they have tolerated the march, the actual breach of the salt laws by countless people from tomorrow.<ref name="Gandhi & Jack, 1994, p. 238-239">[[#Jack|Jack]], pp. 238–239.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/cwmg_redirect/ZW5fX18x/NDNfX18yMTc= |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |publisher=Gandhi Heritage Portal |access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Gandhi at Dandi, 5 April 1930.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] at [[Dandi Beach]] 6 April 1930. Standing behind him is his second son Manilal Gandhi and [[Mithuben Petit]].]]

The following morning, after a prayer, Gandhi raised a lump of salty mud and declared, "With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire."<ref name="Gandhi & Dalton, 1996, p. 72"/> He then boiled it in seawater, producing illegal salt. He implored his thousands of followers to likewise begin making salt along the seashore, "wherever it is convenient" and to instruct villagers in making illegal, but necessary, salt.<ref>[[#Jack|Jack]], p. 240.</ref> The others followed him and [[Sarojini Naidu]] addressing Gandhi, shouted 'Hail, law breaker.' In a letter to her daughter, Naidu remarked:<blockquote>''The little law breaker is sitting in a state of 'Maun' [silence] writing his article of triumph for Young India and I am stretched on a hard bench at the open window of a huge room that has 6 windows open to the sea breeze. As far as the eye can see there is a little Army{{snd}}thousands of pilgrims who have been pouring in since yesterday to this otherwise deserted and exceedingly primitive village of fishermen.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramchandra |title=Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World |publisher=Penguin Allen Lane |year=2018 |isbn=978-0670083886 |pages=336}}</ref></blockquote>After the Gandhi broke the salt laws, about 700 telegrams were sent out from the post office nearest to Dandi, at Jalalpur. Most of them were by the journalists, who were there to break this news.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramchandra |title=Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World |publisher=Penguin Allen Lane |year=2018 |isbn=978-0670083886 |page=337}}</ref>

==First 78 Marchers==
78 marchers accompanied Gandhi on his march. Most of them were between the ages of 20 and 30. These men hailed from almost all parts of the country. The march gathered more people as it gained momentum, but the following list of names consists of Gandhi himself and the first 78 marchers who were with Gandhi from the beginning of the Dandi March until the end. Most of them simply dispersed after the march was over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mapping-the-unknown-marcher/ |title=Mapping the unknown marcher |first1=Dipti Ramesh |last1=Sonawala |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date= 9 February 2014|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/dandi-march/the-marchers |title=Chronology: Event Detail Page |publisher=Gandhi Heritage Portal |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Name !! Age!! Province (British India) !! State (Republic of India)
|-
|1 || [[Mahatma Gandhi]] || 61 || [[Porbandar State]] || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|2 || [[Pyarelal Nayyar]] || 30 || || [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]
|-
|3 || Chhaganlal Naththubhai Joshi || 35 || Unknown || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|4 || Pandit Narayan Moreshwar Khare || 42 || [[Bombay Presidency]] || [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|5 || Ganpatrao Godse || 25 || [[Bombay Presidency]] || [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|6 || Prithviraj Laxmidas Asar || 19 || [[Western India States Agency]] || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|7 || Mahavir Giri || 20 || [[Darjeeling]] || [[Bengal Presidency]]
|-
|8 || Bal Dattatreya Kalelkar || 18 || [[Bombay Presidency]] || [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|9 || Jayanti Nathubhai Parekh || 19 || Unknown || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|10 || Rasik Desai || 19 || Unknown || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|11 || Vitthal Liladhar Thakkar || 16 || Unknown || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|12 || Harakhji Ramjibhai || 18 || Unknown || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|13 || Tansukh Pranshankar Bhatt || 20 || Unknown || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|14 || Kantilal Harilal Gandhi || 20 || Unknown || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|15 || Chhotubhai Khushalbhai Patel || 22 || Unknown || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|16 || Valjibhai Govindji Desai || 35 || Unknown || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|17 || Pannalal Balabhai Jhaveri || 20 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|18 || Abbas Varteji || 20 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|19 || Punjabhai Shah || 25 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|20 || Madhavjibhai Thakkar || 40 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|21 || Naranjibhai || 22 || [[Western India States Agency]] || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|22 || Maganbhai Vohra || 25 || [[Western India States Agency]] || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|23 || Dungarsibhai || 27 || [[Western India States Agency]] || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|24 || Somalal Pragjibhai Patel || 25 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|25 || Hasmukhram Jakabar || 25 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|26 || Daudbhai || 25 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|27 || Ramjibhai Vankar || 45 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|28 || Dinkarrai Pandya || 30 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|29 || Dwarkanath || 30 || || [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|30 || Gajanan Khare || 25 || || [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|31 || Jethalal Ruparel || 25 || [[Western India States Agency]] || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|32 || Govind Harkare || 25 |||| [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|33 || Pandurang || 22 || || [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|34 || Vinayakrao Apte || 33 || || [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|35 || Ramdhirrai || 30 || [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] ||
|-
|36 || Bhanushankar Dave || 22 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|37 || Munshilal || 25 || [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] ||
|-
|38 || Raghavan || 25 || [[Madras Presidency]] || Kerala
|-
|39 || Shivabhai Gokhalbhai Patel || 27 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|40 || Shankarbhai Bhikabhai Patel || 20 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|41 || Jashbhai Ishwarbhai Patel || 20 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|42 || Sumangal Prakash || 25 || [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] ||
|-
|43 || [[Titusji|Thevarthundiyil Titus]]|| 25 || [[Madras Presidency]] || [[Kerala]]
|-
|44 || Krishna Nair || 25 || [[Madras Presidency]] || [[Kerala]]
|-
|45 || Tapan Nair || 25 || [[Madras Presidency]] ||[[Kerala]]
|-
|46|| Haridas Varjivandas Gandhi || 25 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|47 || Chimanlal Narsilal Shah || 25 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|48 || Shankaran || 25 || [[Madras Presidency]] ||[[Kerala]]
|-
|49 || Yarneni Subrahmanyam || 25 || || [[Madras Presidency]]
|-
|50 || Ramaniklal Maganlal Modi || 38 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|51 || Madanmohan Chaturvedi || 27 || [[Rajputana Agency]] ||
|-
|52 || Harilal Mahimtura || 27 || || [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|53 || Motibas Das || 20 || || [[Bihar and Orissa Province]]
|-
|54 || Haridas Mazumdar || 25 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|55 || Anand Hingorani || 24 || [[Bombay Presidency]] ||
|-
|56 || [[Mailara Mahadevappa|Mahadev Martand]] || 18 || || [[Mysore]]
|-
|57 || Jayantiprasad || 30 || [[United Province]] ||
|-
|58 || Hariprasad || 20 || [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] ||
|-
|59 || Girivardhari Chaudhary || 20 || || [[Bihar and Orissa Province]]
|-
|60 || Keshav Chitre || 25 || || [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|61 || Ambalal Shankarbhai Patel || 30 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|62 || Vishnu Pant || 25 || || [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|63 || Premraj || 35 || || Punjab
|-
|64 || Durgesh Chandra Das || 44 || Bengal || Bengal
|-
|65 || Madhavlal Shah || 27 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|66 || Jyoti Ram Kandpal || 30 || [[United Provinces of British India| United Provinces]] ||
|-
|67 || Surajbhan || 34 || || [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]
|-
|68 || Bhairav Dutt Joshi || 25 || [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] ||
|-
|69 || Lalji Parmar || 25 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|70 || Ratnaji Boria || 18 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|71 || Chethan Lucky || 30 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|72 || Chintamani Shastri || 40 || || [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|73 || Narayan Dutt || 24 || [[Rajputana Agency]] ||
|-
|74 || [[Manilal Gandhi|Manilal Mohandas Gandhi]] || 38 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|75 || Surendra || 30 || [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] ||
|-
|76 || Hari Krishna Mohani || 42 || || [[Bombay Presidency]]
|-
|77 || Puratan Buch || 25 || || [[Gujarat]]
|-
|78 || Kharag Bahadur Singh Thapa || 25 || [[Dehradun]] || [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]
|-
|79 || Shri Jagat Narayan || 50 || || [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]
|}

A memorial has been created inside the campus of IIT Bombay honouring these Satyagrahis who participated in the famous Dandi March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/remembering-the-80-unsung-heroes-of-mahatma-gandhis-dandi-march/#dandimarchprotestors |title=Photos: Remembering the 80 unsung heroes of Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March |publisher=The Indian Express |date= 9 February 2014|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

==Mass civil disobedience==
[[File:Gandhi Satyagraha.JPG|thumb|Gandhi at a public rally during the Salt Satyagraha]]
Mass civil disobedience spread throughout India as millions broke the salt laws by making salt or buying illegal salt.<ref name="Gandhi & Dalton, 1996, p. 72"/> Salt was sold illegally all over the coast of India. A pinch of salt made by Gandhi himself sold for 1,600 [[Indian rupee#1900s|rupees]] (equivalent to $750 at the time). In reaction, the British government arrested over sixty thousand people by the end of the month.<ref name="Gandhi & Jack, 1994, p. 238-239"/>

What had begun as a Salt Satyagraha quickly grew into a mass Satyagraha.<ref>"The Salt Satyagraha in the meantime grew almost spontaneously into a mass satyagraha." [[#Habib|Habib]], p. 57.</ref> British cloth and goods were boycotted. Unpopular forest laws were defied in the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and [[Central Provinces]]. Gujarati peasants refused to pay tax, under threat of losing their crops and land. In [[Midnapore]], [[Bengalis]] took part by refusing to pay the chowkidar tax.<ref>[[#Habib|Habib]], p. 57.</ref> The British responded with more laws, including censorship of correspondence and declaring the Congress and its associate organisations illegal. None of those measures slowed the civil disobedience movement.<ref>"Correspondence came under censorship, the Congress and its associate organizations were declared illegal, and their funds made subject to seizure. These measures did not appear to have any effect on the movement..." [[#Habib|Habib]], p. 57.</ref>

There were outbreaks of violence in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now spelled Kolkata), Karachi, and Gujarat. Unlike his suspension of satyagraha after violence broke out during the Non-co-operation movement, this time Gandhi was "unmoved". Appealing for violence to end, at the same time Gandhi honoured those killed in Chittagong and congratulated their parents "for the finished sacrifices of their sons ... A warrior's death is never a matter for sorrow."<ref name="Wolpert, 2001, p. 149">[[#Wolpert|Wolpert]], p. 149.</ref>

During the first phase of the Indian civil disobedience movement from 1929 to 1931, the [[second MacDonald ministry]] headed by [[Ramsay MacDonald]] was in power in Britain. The attempted suppression of the movement was presided over by MacDonald and his cabinet (including the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate|William Wedgwood Benn]]).<ref>{{cite book|first=John |last=Newsinger|title=The Blood Never Dried: A People's History of the British Empire|publisher=Bookmarks Publications |year=2006|pages=144}}</ref> During this period, the MacDonald ministry also oversaw the suppression of the nascent trade unionist movement in India, which was described by historian [[Sumit Sarkar]] as "a massive capitalist and government counter-offensive" against workers' rights.<ref>{{cite book|first=Sumit |last=Sarkar|title=Modern India 1885–1947|publisher=Basingstoke|year=1983|pages=271}}</ref>

===Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre===
[[File:Badshah Khan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] with Mahatma Gandhi]]

{{Main|Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre}}

In [[Peshawar]], [[satyagraha]] was led by a Muslim [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] disciple of Gandhi, [[Ghaffar Khan]], who had trained 50,000 nonviolent activists called [[Khudai Khidmatgar]].<ref>[[#Habib|Habib]], p. 55.</ref> On 23 April 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested. A crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered in Peshawar's [[Qissa Khwani massacre|Qissa Kahani (Storytellers) Bazaar]]. The 2/18 battalion of the [[Garhwal Rifles|Royal Garhwal Rifles]] were ordered to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd, killing an estimated 200–250 people.<ref name="Habib, p. 56">[[#Habib|Habib]], p. 56.</ref> The Pashtun satyagrahis acted in accord with their training in nonviolence, willingly facing bullets as the troops fired on them.<ref name=Johansen/> One [[British Indian Army]] soldier, Chandra Singh Garhwali and some other troops from the renowned Royal Garhwal Rifles regiment refused to fire at the crowds. The entire platoon was arrested and many received heavy sentences, including life imprisonment.<ref name="Habib, p. 56"/>

===Vedaranyam salt march===
{{Main|Vedaranyam March}}
[[File:Vedaranyam salt march, April 1930.jpg|thumb|left|C. Rajagopalachari leading the march]]
While Gandhi marched along India's west coast, his close associate [[C. Rajagopalachari]], who would later become India's first Indian [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]], organized the [[Vedaranyam March|Vedaranyam salt march]] in parallel on the east coast. His group started from [[Tiruchirappalli]], in [[Madras Presidency]] (now part of [[Tamil Nadu]]), to the coastal village of [[Vedaranyam]]. After making illegal salt there, he too was arrested by the British.<ref name="gopalgandhi" />

===Women in civil disobedience===
The civil disobedience in 1930 marked the first time women became mass participants in the struggle for freedom. Thousands of women, from large cities to small villages, became active participants in satyagraha.<ref name=Chatterjee/> Gandhi had asked that only men take part in the salt march, but eventually women began manufacturing and selling salt throughout India. It was clear that though only men were allowed within the march, that both men and women were expected to forward work that would help dissolve the salt laws.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kishwar|first=Madhu|date=1986|title=Gandhi on Women|journal=Race & Class|volume=28|issue=41|pages=1753–1758|jstor=4374920|doi=10.1177/030639688602800103|s2cid=143460716}}</ref> [[Usha Mehta]], an early Gandhian activist, remarked that "Even our old aunts and great-aunts and grandmothers used to bring pitchers of salt water to their houses and manufacture illegal salt. And then they would shout at the top of their voices: 'We have broken the salt law!'"<ref name=Hardiman/> The growing number of women in the fight for sovereignty and self-rule was a "new and serious feature" according to Lord Irwin. A government report on the involvement of women stated "thousands of them emerged ... from the seclusion of their homes ... in order to join Congress demonstrations and assist in picketing: and their presence on these occasions made the work the police was required to perform particularly unpleasant."<ref name="Johnson, p. 33">[[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 33.</ref> Though women did become involved in the march, it was clear that Gandhi saw women as still playing a secondary role within the movement, but created the beginning of a push for women to be more involved in the future.<ref name=":0" />

"Sarojini Naidu was among the most visible leaders (male or female) of pre-independent India. As president of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the first woman governor of free India, she was a fervent advocate for India, avidly mobilizing support for the Indian independence movement. She was also the first woman to be arrested in the salt march."{{attribution needed|date=March 2019}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Restoring Women to World Studies|last=Arsenault|first=Natalie|publisher=The University of Texas at Austin|pages=60–66|year=2009|url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/hemispheres/_files/pdf/women/RestoringWomenFull.pdf|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906030117/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/hemispheres/_files/pdf/women/RestoringWomenFull.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Impact===
British documents show that the British government was shaken by Satyagraha. Nonviolent protest left the British confused about whether or not to jail Gandhi. John Court Curry, an [[Indian Imperial Police]] officer from England, wrote in his memoirs that he felt nausea every time he dealt with Congress demonstrations in 1930. Curry and others in British government, including [[William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate|Wedgwood Benn]], Secretary of State for India, preferred fighting violent rather than nonviolent opponents.<ref name="Johnson, p. 33"/>

==Dharasana Satyagraha and aftermath==
[[File:The_attack_of_the_tigress_of_India_on_Dharsana's_salt_factory.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6| [[Sarojini Naidu]] leading the Salt March to Dharasana Salt Works]]

Gandhi himself avoided further active involvement after the march, though he stayed in close contact with the developments throughout India. He created a temporary ashram near Dandi. From there, he urged women followers in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai) to picket liquor shops and foreign cloth. He said that "a bonfire should be made of foreign cloth. Schools and colleges should become empty."<ref name="Wolpert, 2001, p. 149"/>

For his next major action, Gandhi decided on a raid of the Dharasana Salt Works in [[Gujarat]], 40 km south of Dandi. He wrote to [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], again telling him of his plans. Around midnight of 4 May, as Gandhi was sleeping on a cot in a [[Grove (nature)|mango grove]], the [[District magistrate]] of [[Surat district|Surat]] drove up with two Indian officers and thirty heavily armed [[constable]]s.<ref>[[#Jack|Jack]], pp. 244–245.</ref> He was arrested under an 1827 regulation calling for the jailing of people engaged in unlawful activities, and held without trial near [[Pune|Poona]] (now Pune).<ref name=Riddick/>

{{Main|Dharasana Satyagraha}}

The Dharasana Satyagraha went ahead as planned, with [[Abbas Tyabji]], a seventy-six-year-old retired judge, leading the march with Gandhi's wife [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]] at his side. Both were arrested before reaching Dharasana and sentenced to three months in prison. After their arrests, the march continued under the leadership of [[Sarojini Naidu]], a woman poet and freedom fighter, who warned the satyagrahis, "You must not use any violence under any circumstances. You will be beaten, but you must not resist: you must not even raise a hand to ward off blows." Soldiers began clubbing the satyagrahis with steel tipped [[Fighting stick|lathis]] in an incident that attracted international attention.<ref>[[#Ackerman|Ackerman]], pp. 87–90.</ref> United Press correspondent [[Webb Miller (journalist)|Webb Miller]] reported that:

<blockquote>Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off the blows. They went down like ten-pins. From where I stood I heard the sickening whacks of the clubs on unprotected skulls. The waiting crowd of watchers groaned and sucked in their breaths in sympathetic pain at every blow. Those struck down fell sprawling, unconscious or writhing in pain with fractured skulls or broken shoulders. In two or three minutes the ground was quilted with bodies. Great patches of blood widened on their white clothes. The survivors without breaking ranks silently and doggedly marched on until struck down ... Finally the police became enraged by the non-resistance ... They commenced savagely kicking the seated men in the abdomen and testicles. The injured men writhed and squealed in agony, which seemed to inflame the fury of the police ... The police then began dragging the sitting men by the arms or feet, sometimes for a hundred yards, and throwing them into ditches.<ref>''Webb Miller's report from May 21'', [[#CITEREFMartin2006|Martin]], p. 38.</ref></blockquote>

[[Vithalbhai Patel]], former Speaker of the Assembly, watched the beatings and remarked, "All hope of reconciling India with the British Empire is lost forever."<ref>[[#Wolpert|Wolpert]], p. 155.</ref> Miller's first attempts at telegraphing the story to his publisher in England were censored by the British telegraph operators in India. Only after threatening to expose British censorship was his story allowed to pass. The story appeared in 1,350 newspapers throughout the world and was read into the official record of the United States Senate by Senator [[John J. Blaine]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mahatma is the Message: Gandhi's Life as Consummate Communicator|author=Singhal, Arvind|year=2014|volume= 2|issue=1 |journal=International Journal of Communication and Social Research|pages=4|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309286393}}</ref>

Salt Satyagraha succeeded in drawing the attention of the world. Millions saw the newsreels showing the march. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' declared Gandhi its 1930 Man of the Year, comparing Gandhi's march to the sea "to defy Britain's salt tax as some New Englanders once defied a British tea tax".<ref>{{cite magazine| magazine =[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | title =Man of the Year, 1930 | date =5 January 1931 | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930215,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224105013/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930215,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 December 2007 | access-date =17 November 2007 }}</ref> Civil disobedience continued until early 1931, when Gandhi was finally released from prison to hold talks with Irwin. It was the first time the two held talks on equal terms,<ref>[[#GandhiDalton|Gandhi and Dalton]], p. 73.</ref> and resulted in the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]]. The talks would lead to the Second [[Round Table Conference]] at the end of 1931.

==Long-term effect==
[[File:Salt March 2005 stampsheet of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|A 2005 stamp sheet of India dedicated to the Salt March]]
The Salt Satyagraha did not produce immediate progress toward dominion status or self-rule for India, did not elicit major policy concessions from the British,<ref>[[#Ackerman|Ackerman]], p. 106: "...made scant progress toward either dominion status within the empire or outright sovereignty and self-rule. Neither had they won any major concessions on the economic and mundane issues that Gandhi considered vital."</ref> or attract much Muslim support.<ref>[[#Dalton|Dalton]], pp. 119–120.</ref> Congress leaders decided to end satyagraha as official policy in 1934, and Nehru and other Congress members drifted further apart from Gandhi, who withdrew from Congress to concentrate on his Constructive Programme, which included his efforts to end [[untouchability]] in the [[Harijan]] movement.<ref>[[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 36.</ref> However, even though British authorities were again in control by the mid-1930s, Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly began to recognise the legitimacy of claims by Gandhi and the Congress Party for sovereignty and self-rule.<ref>"Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly recognized the legitimate claims of Gandhi and Congress for Indian independence." [[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 37.</ref> The Satyagraha campaign of the 1930s also forced the British to recognise that their control of India depended entirely on the consent of the Indians – Salt Satyagraha was a significant step in the British losing that consent.<ref>[[#Ackerman|Ackerman]], p. 109: "The old order, in which British control rested comfortably on Indian acquiescence, had been sundered. In the midst of civil disobedience, Sir Charles Innes, a provincial governor, circulated his analysis of events to his colleagues. "England can hold India only by consent," he conceded. "We can't rule it by the sword." The British lost that consent...."</ref>

[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] considered the Salt Satyagraha the high-water mark of his association with Gandhi,<ref name=Fisher/> and felt that its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians:

<blockquote>Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the British Government and shook the government machinery. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses ... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance ... They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole ... It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it.<ref name="Johnson, p. 37">[[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 37.</ref></blockquote>

More than thirty years later, Satyagraha and the March to Dandi exercised a strong influence on American civil rights activist [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], and his fight for civil rights for blacks in the 1960s:

<blockquote>Like most people, I had heard of Gandhi, but I had never studied him seriously. As I read I became deeply fascinated by his campaigns of nonviolent resistance. I was particularly moved by his Salt March to the Sea and his numerous fasts. The whole concept of ''Satyagraha'' (''Satya'' is truth which equals love, and ''agraha'' is force; ''Satyagraha'', therefore, means truth force or love force) was profoundly significant to me. As I delved deeper into the philosophy of Gandhi, my skepticism concerning the power of love gradually diminished, and I came to see for the first time its potency in the area of social reform.<ref name="King, p. 23"/></blockquote>

==Legacy==
===Re-enactment in 2005===

To commemorate the Great Salt March, the [[Mahatma Gandhi Foundation]] re-enacted the Salt March on its 75th anniversary, in its exact historical schedule and route followed by the Mahatma and his band of 78 marchers. The event was known as the "International Walk for Justice and Freedom". What started as a personal pilgrimage for Mahatma Gandhi's great-grandson [[Tushar Gandhi]] turned into an international event with 900 registered participants from nine nations and on a daily basis the numbers swelled to a couple of thousands. There was extensive reportage in the international media.

The participants halted at Dandi on the night of 5 April, with the commemoration ending on 7 April. At the finale in Dandi, the prime minister of India, [[Dr Manmohan Singh]], greeted the marchers and promised to build an appropriate monument at Dandi to commemorate the marchers and the historical event. The route from [[Sabarmati Ashram]] to Dandi has now been christened as the Dandi Path and has been declared a historical heritage route.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gandhi's 1930 march re-enacted | work = BBC News | date = 12 March 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4342745.stm | access-date = 27 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Diwanji | first = Amberish K | title = In the Mahatma's footsteps | publisher = Rediff | date = 15 March 2005 | url = http://specials.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/15sld1.htm | access-date = 27 December 2007 }}</ref>

India issued a series of commemorative stamps in 1980 and 2005, on the 50th and 75th anniversaries of the Dandi March.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salt_March_on_stamps Category:Salt March on stamps]. commons.wikimedia.org</ref>

===Memorial===
The [[National Salt Satyagraha Memorial]], a memorial museum, dedicated to the event was opened in Dandi on 30 January 2019.

== March Route ==
Day 1. Ahmedabad to Aslali: 12 March 1930

Day 2. Aslali to Navagam: 13 March 1930

Day 3. Navagam to Matar (Kheda): 14 March 1930

Day 4. Matar(Kheda) to Nadiad: 15 March 1930

Day 5. Nadiad to Anand: 16 March 1930

Day 6. Rest Day in Anand: 17 March 1930

Day 7. Anand to Borsad: 18 March 1930

Day 8. Borsad to Kareli (Crossing the Mahi River): 19 March 1930

Day 9. Rest Day in Kareli: 20 March 1930

Day 10. Kareli to Ankhi: 21 March 1930

Day 11. Ankhi to Amod: 22 March 1930

Day 12. Amod to Samni: 23 March 1930

Day 13. Rest Day in Samni: 24 March 1930

Day 14. Samni to Derol: 25 March 1930

Day 15. Derol to Ankleshwar (Crossing the Narmada River): 26 March 1930

Day 16. Ankleswar to Mangrol: 27 March 1930

Day 17. Mangrol to Umracchi: 28 March 1930

Day 18. Umracchi to Bhatgam: 29 March 1930

Day 19. Bhatgam to Delad: 30 March 1930

Day 20. Rest Day in Delad: 31 March 1930

Day 21. Delad to Surat (Crossing the Tapi River): 1 April 1930

Day 22. Surat to Vanz: 2 April 1930

Day 23. Vanz to Navsari: 3 April 1930

Day 24. Navsari to Matwad: 4 April 1930

Day 25. Matwad to Dandi: 5 & 6 April 1930<ref>Based on 'Map Retracing Gandhi’s Salt March' produced by [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1661897610747403/ Greg Polk, Himanshu Dube snd Linda Logan-Condon]. </ref>

== See also ==
*[[Boston Tea Party]]
*[[Selma to Montgomery marches]]
*[[Suffrage Hikes]]
*[[Gandhi Heritage Portal]]
*[[National Salt Satyagraha Memorial]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist
|refs =
<ref name=Chatterjee>{{cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Manini |title=1930: Turning Point in the Participation of Women in the Freedom Struggle |journal=Social Scientist |volume=29 |issue=7/8 |pages=39–47 [41] |date=July–August 2001 |doi=10.2307/3518124 |jstor=3518124 |quote=...first, it is from this year (1930) that women became mass participants in the struggle for freedom.... But from 1930, that is in the second non-cooperation movement better known as the Civil Disobedience Movement, thousands upon thousands of women in all parts of India, not just in big cities but also in small towns and villages, became part of the satyagraha struggle.}}</ref>
<ref name=Fisher>{{cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Margaret W. |title=India's Jawaharlal Nehru |journal=Asian Survey |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=363–373 [368] |date=June 1967 |doi=10.2307/2642611 |jstor=2642611 }}</ref>
<ref name=Hardiman>{{cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-231-13114-8|page=113}}</ref>
<ref name=Johansen>{{cite journal |last=Johansen |first=Robert C. |title =Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns |journal=Journal of Peace Research |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 [62] |year=1997 |doi =10.1177/0022343397034001005 |s2cid=145684635 }}</ref>
<ref name="King, p. 23">{{cite book |last=King Jr. |first=Martin Luther |author-link=Martin Luther King Jr. |author2=Carson, Clayborne |author-link2=Clayborne Carson | title =The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king |url-access=registration | publisher =[[Warner Books]] | year =1998 |isbn =978-0-446-67650-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king/page/23 23] }}</ref>
<ref name=Majmudar>{{cite book |last=Majmudar |first=Uma |author2=Gandhi, Rajmohan |author-link2=Rajmohan Gandhi |title=Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: From Darkness To Light |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=2005 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7914-6405-2 |page=184 }}</ref>
<ref name=Riddick>{{cite book |last=Riddick |first=John F. |title=The History of British India: A Chronology |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-32280-8 |page=108 }}</ref>
<ref name=Wolpert1999>{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=India |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-520-22172-7 |page=204 }}</ref>
}}

=== Cited sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |ref=Ackerman |last1=Ackerman |first1=Peter |author1-link=Peter Ackerman |author2=DuVall, Jack |title=A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-312-24050-9}}
*{{cite book |ref=Dalton|last=Dalton |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Dalton |title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |url=https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhinon00dalt|url-access=registration|year=1993 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0231122375}}
*{{cite book |ref=GandhiDalton |last=Gandhi |first=Mahatma |author2=Dalton, Dennis |author-link2=Dennis Dalton |title=Selected Political Writings |publisher=[[Hackett Publishing Company]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-87220-330-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhisel00maha }}
*{{cite journal |ref=Habib|last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=Civil Disobedience 1930–31 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9–10 |pages=43–66 |date=September–October 1997|doi=10.2307/3517680 |jstor=3517680}}
* {{cite book|ref=Jack|editor=Jack, Homer A.|title=The Gandhi Reader: A Source Book of His Life and Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4}}
*{{cite book |ref=Johnson |last=Johnson |first=Richard L. |title=Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-1143-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhisexperimen0000unse }}
*{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Martin (social scientist) |title=Justice Ignited |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7425-4086-6}}
* {{cite book |ref=Weber| last =Weber | first =Thomas | title =On the Salt March: The Historiography of Gandhi's March to Dandi |publisher = HarperCollins | year =1998 | location = India | isbn =978-81-7223-372-3 }}
*{{cite book |ref=Wolpert|last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-515634-8 }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Decourcy, Elisa. "Just a grain of salt?: Symbolic construction during the Indian nationalist movement," ''Melbourne Historical Journal,'' 2010, Vol. 38, pp 57–72
*{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=M. K. |title=Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha) |publisher=[[Courier Dover]] Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-486-41606-9}}
* Masselos, Jim. "Audiences, Actors and Congress Dramas: Crowd Events in Bombay City in 1930," ''South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies,'' April 1985, Vol. 8 Issue 1/2, pp 71–86
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Salt March}}
* [http://www.harappa.com/wall/1930.html Newsreel footage of Salt Satyagraha]
* [http://specials.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/15sld1.htm Salt march re-enactment slide show]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4342745.stm Gandhi's 1930 march re-enacted] ([[BBC News]])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071118013933/http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=93 Speech by Prime Minister of India] on 75th anniversary of Dandi March.
* [http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/dandi-march Dandi March] Timeline

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Gandhi|state=expanded}}
{{Tax resistance}}
{{Salt topics}}
{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Food}}

[[Category:Salt March]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Gujarat in Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience in India]]

Ravi Varma of Padinjare Kovilakam

2026-02-26T05:12:20Z

MerryK8896455: minor cleanup

{{refimprove|date=October 2011}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ravi Varma
| image =
| title =
| spouses =
| issue =
| full name =
| house = [[Padinjare Kovilakam]]
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date = c. 1745
| birth_place = [[Mankavu]], [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]
| death_date = 1793 (aged 48)
| death_place = [[Cherpulassery]], [[Palakkad]]
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
{{Keralahistory}}

'''Ravi Varma Raja''' (c. 1745–1793) was a [[Samantan]] Nair warrior prince of the [[Zamorin|Royal House of Zamorins]] from [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] who fought a two-decade long revolt against the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Sultanate]] under [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] between 1766–1768 and 1774–1791, and later the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in 1793.

== Family background ==
Born in the kingdom of Calicut in 1745, Ravi Varma belonged to the Padinjare Kovilakam (Mankavu Palace), of the [[Zamorin|Zamorins Royal Family]] (Nediyirippu Swarupam), which had been ruling the Kingdom of Calicut for the last 600 years.<ref name="Iyyer"/> The incumbent ''[[Raja]]'' of this family was popularly referred to as ''Zamorin'' or ''Samoothiri''.<ref name="Iyyer">{{harvnb|Ayyar|1938|p=14}}</ref> Unlike his contemporary and friend [[Pazhassi Raja]], the prince-regent of [[Kottayam (Malabar)|Kottayam]], very little is known about the personal lives of Ravi Varma Raja and the other princes of the Padinjare Kovilakam.<ref name="Ayyar 1938 p">{{harvnb|Ayyar|1938|p=}}</ref>

==Career==

Hyder Ali's [[Mysorean invasion of Kerala|invasion of Malabar]] in 1766 was met with stiff opposition by the local Nairs, who led by the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut, rose up in rebellion against the oppressive policies implemented by his regime. n 1767, as the Mysorean army edged closer to the outer reaches of Calicut, the Zamorin sent most of his relatives to safe haven in Ponnani and to avoid the humiliation of surrender, committed self-immolation by setting fire to his palace, the ''Mananchira Kovilakam''.<ref name="Ayyar 1938 p"/><ref>{{harvnb|Logan|1887|p=}}</ref> His nephew and successor, [[Kishen Raja]] continued the war until 1774, when he fled to [[Travancore]].

The Mysorean invasion of Malabar had forced most of the royal Nair households to flee to Travancore, where they were helped to rehabilitate themselves by ''[[Dharma Raja]]''. With most of royals in exile, the young princes of Padinjare Kovilakam took charge. Their immediate goal was to oust Mysorean garrisons from Calicut.<ref>{{harvnb|Narayanan|2006|p=}}</ref>

The rebellion in the southern Malabar was led by Ravi Varma.<ref>{{harvnb|Dale|1980|p=95}}</ref>

The abrupt end of the 600-year reign of the Zamorins created a leadership vacuum in the kingdom of Calicut, which resulted in the ''Eralppad'' (second-in-line successor to the throne) [[Krishna Varma|Raja Krishna Varma's]] assumption of the throne. Together with his nephew Ravi Varma and a small band of Nair warriors, Krishna Varma swore revenge against Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}} The ensuing insurgency struggle against the Mysorean army lasted until 1791.{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}}

Krishna Varma appointed Ravi Varma as the Commander of the armed forces of Calicut and for two decades repeatedly thwarted all efforts by Hyder and Tipu to subjugate his kingdom. Ravi Varma has the distinction of being the first Malabar prince to rise up in 1788 against the [[Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam|forced conversions and deportation of Nairs]] to [[Seringapatam]] conducted by Tipu. He was a key figure in the anti-Mysore uprising in southern Malabar. After 1792, he broke his longstanding alliance with the British, and waged war against them. He was captured by the British in the following year, and died in captivity at [[Cherpulassery]]. His nephew, also named Ravi Varma, was also arrested by the British and died in prison the same year.

== Second war with Hyder Ali (1774–1779) ==
In November 1788, the Mysorean forces under Hyder's son [[Tipu Sultan]] attacked Calicut and captured the Karanavappad of Manjeri.<ref name="Lally"/> Their assaults were met with resistance by the Nairs of Calicut and southern Malabar led by Ravi Varma and other princes of the Padinjare Kovilakam.<ref name="Lally"/> Tipu sent 6,000 troops under his French commander, M. Lally to raise the siege, but failed to defeat Ravi Varma.<ref name="Lally">{{harvnb|Menon|1962|p=155}}</ref>

== Battle of Tirurangadi ==

In 1790, a British force of 2,000 men under Colonel Hartley landed in South Malabar to deal with Mysore army of 9,000 Sepoys and 4,000 Moplays.{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}} Ravi Varma rushed to aid with 5,000 of his best Nairs and that helped to turn tide in favour of British. [Buchanan]

Colonel Hartley in his letter to [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Governor-General Charles Cornwallis]] stated that this victory was of decisive importance to British success in [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref name="Staff">{{harvnb|Staff Reporter|2011|loc=|Ref=staff}}</ref>

== War against the British ==

The British offered rewards for information about the whereabouts of Pazhassi Raja (3000 pagodas), Vira Varma Raja (1000 pagodas), and Ravi Varma Raja (1000 pagodas).<ref>{{harvnb|India. Director of Census Operations, Kerala|1981|p=10}}</ref>

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Ayyar
|first=K. V. Krishna
|year=1938
|title=The Zamorins of Calicut: (from the earliest times down to AD 1806)
|publisher=Publ. Division, Univ.
}}.
*{{Cite book
|last=Buchanan
|first=Francis
|year=1807
|title=A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xRIe323MQEC&q=A+Journey+from+Madras+through+the+Countries+of+Mysore,+Canara+and+Malabar
|publisher=T. Cadell and W. Davies
|access-date=14 November 2012}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Dale
|first=Stephen Frederic
|year=1980
|title=Islamic society on the South Asian frontier: the Mappilas of Malabar, 1498–1922
|publisher=Clarendon Press
}}.
*{{Cite book
|last=India. Director of Census Operations, Kerala
|year=1981
|title=Census of India, 1981: Special Report
|publisher=Controller of Publications
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Logan
|first=William
|year=1887
|title=Malabar manual, Volume 1
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&q=Malabar+Manual
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|isbn=978-81-206-0446-9
|access-date=14 November 2012}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Menon
|first=A. Sreedhara
|year=1962
|title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Arnakulam
|publisher=Superintendent of Govt. Presses
}}.
*{{Cite book
|last=Narayanan
|first=M.G.S.
|year=2006
|title=Calicut: the city of truth revisited
|publisher=University of Calicut
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Staff Reporter
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/07/stories/2011030761890500.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110312041250/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/07/stories/2011030761890500.htm
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= 12 March 2011
|title=Nuggets of Malabar history
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=7 March 2011
|ref=staff
|access-date=14 November 2012}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi Varma of Padinjare Kovilakam}}

[[Category:1740s births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]

[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]

Caroline Rhys Davids

2026-02-22T10:09:41Z

MerryK8896455:

{{short description|British academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Caroline Rhys Davids
| image = CAFRD.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Caroline Augusta Foley
| birth_date = {{birth date|1857|9|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Wadhurst]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1942|6|26|1857|9|27|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chipstead, Surrey|Chipstead]], England
| residence =
| citizenship =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] Studies, [[Pāli]].
| work_institutions = [[School of Oriental Studies]] (today [[School of Oriental and African Studies]]), [[Victoria University of Manchester]] (today [[University of Manchester]])
| alma_mater = [[University College London]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| prizes =
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids''' (1857–1942) was a British writer and translator. She worked first in economics before becoming widely known as an editor, translator, and interpreter of [[Buddhist]] texts in the [[Pāli]] language. She was honorary secretary of the [[Pali Text Society]] from 1907, and its president from 1923 to 1942.<ref>'DAVIDS, Caroline A. F. Rhys', ''Who Was Who'', Oxford University Press, 2014. [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U224473, accessed 28 Sept 2017]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Caroline Augusta Foley was born on 27 September 1857 in [[Wadhurst|Wadhurst, East Sussex]], England, to John Foley and Caroline Elizabeth Foley (née Windham). She was born into a family with a long ecclesiastic history: her father, John Foley, served as the vicar of Wadhurst from 1847 to 1888; her grandfather and great grandfather had served as rector of [[Holt, Worcestershire]] and vicar of [[Mordiford|Mordiford, Herefordshire]], respectively.

Two years before her birth, five of her siblings died within one month in December 1855/January 1856 from [[diphtheria]] and are commemorated in the church of St Peter and St Paul, Wadhurst.<ref>{{cite web|title=Church Guide|url=http://www.wadhurstparishchurch.org/old/a5guide.pdf|publisher=Wadhurst Parish Church|access-date=28 February 2015|page=13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Payne|first1=Russell|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8XUbnFn5M8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/i8XUbnFn5M8| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=The Foley Family. A tragedy from the past (The Secrets of Wadhurst Church)|publisher=YouTube|access-date=28 February 2015|date=21 May 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> One surviving brother, John Windham Foley (1848–1926), became a missionary in India and another, [[Charles Foley (footballer)|Charles Windham Foley]] (1856–1933), played in three [[FA Cup Final]]s for [[Old Etonians F.C.|Old Etonians]], being on the winning side in [[1882 FA Cup Final|1852]]; he later had a career as a solicitor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warsop|first1=Keith|title=The Early F.A. Cup Finals and the Southern Amateurs|publisher=Soccer Data|year=2004|isbn=1-899468-78-1|page=79}}</ref> Her sister, [[Mary Cecilia Foley]], became a geologist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/faculty-library/archive/collection-rhys-davids-family-pali-scholars#mcf|title=Collection of Rhys Davids family, Pali scholars - MC Foley|date=July 5, 2018|website=www.ames.cam.ac.uk}}</ref>

Rhys Davids was home schooled by her father and then attended [[University College, London]] studying philosophy, psychology, and economics (PPE). She completed her BA in 1886 and an MA in philosophy in 1889. During her time at University College, she won both the [[John Stuart Mill Scholarship]] and the [[Joseph Hume Scholarship]]. It was her psychology tutor [[George Croom Robertson]] who "sent her to Professor Rhys Davids",<ref>Revell, Alex. (1984). ''Brief Glory: The Life of Arthur Rhys Davids.'' William Kimber, p.14.</ref> her future husband, to further her interest in Indian philosophy. She also studied Sanskrit and Indian Philosophy with [[Reinhold Rost]]. [[Thomas Rhys Davids]] was elected a fellow of University College in 1896. Caroline Rhys Davids was awarded an honorary D.Litt. degree by the [[Victoria University of Manchester]] (today [[University of Manchester]]) in 1919.<ref>University of Manchester, Register of Graduates And Holders of Diplomas And Certificates 1851–1958 [filed under Davids]</ref>

==Career==

As a student, she was a prolific writer and a vocal campaigner in the movements for [[Poor Law|poverty relief]], [[children's rights]], and [[women's suffrage]].

Before moving into Buddhist studies, Rhys Davids wrote seventeen entries for ''Palgrave Dictionary of Political Economy'' (1894-99/1910), including "Rent of ability," "Science, Economic, as distinguished from art," "Statics, Social, and social dynamics," as well as twelve biographical entries. Her entry, "Fashion, economic influence of," was related to her 1893 ''Economic Journal'' article, "Fashion," and reflects an unusual economic interest (see Fullbrook 1998). She also translated articles for the ''Economic journal'' from German, French and Italian, including [[Carl Menger]]'s 1892 article "On the Origin of Money".<ref> {{cite journal |title= On the Origin of Money |journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|volume= 2 |year= 1892 |issue= 6 |pages= 239–255 |translator= Caroline A. Foley |translator-link = Caroline Rhys Davids|jstor= 2956146 |last= Menger |first= Karl|author-link=0|doi= 10.2307/2956146|ref=none}}</ref><ref>Robert W. Dimand (1999) "Women Economists in the 1890s: Journals, Books and the Old Palgrave." ''Journal of the History of Economic Thought'', 21 (3): 272</ref> In 1896 Rhys Davids published two sets of lecture notes by her former teacher and mentor George Croom Robertson, one on psychology<ref>Robertson, George Croom (1896a). ''Elements of Psychology.'' Ed. by Davids, C. A. F. Rhys. 1896. https://archive.org/stream/elementsofpsycho00robeuoft#page/xii/mode/2up</ref> and one on philosophy.<ref>Robertson, George Croom (1896b) ''Elements of General Philosophy.'' Ed. by Davids, C. A. F. Rhys. https://archive.org/details/elementsofconstr00robeuoft</ref> Rhys Davids was on the editorial board of the ''Economic Journal'' from 1891 to 1895.

T. W. Rhys Davids encouraged his then pupil Caroline to pursue Buddhist studies and do research about Buddhist psychology and the place of women in Buddhism. Among her first works were a translation of the [[Dhammasaṅgaṇī]], a text from the [[Theravāda]] [[Abhidhamma]] [[tripitaka|Piṭaka]], which she published under the title ''A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics: Being a translation, now made for the first time, from the original Pāli, of the first book in the Abhidhamma Piṭaka, entitled: Dhamma-sangaṇi (Compendium of States or Phenomena)'' (1900); a second early translation was that of the [[therigatha|Therīgāthā]], a canonical work of verses traditionally ascribed to early Buddhist nuns (under the title ''Psalms of the Sisters'' [1909]).

Rhys Davids held two academic positions, Lecturer in Indian Philosophy at [[Victoria University of Manchester]] (today [[University of Manchester]]) (1910–1913), and Lecturer in the History of Buddhism at the School of Oriental Studies, later renamed the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (1918–1933). While teaching, she simultaneously acted as the Honorary Secretary of the [[Pali Text Society]] which had been started by T. W. Rhys Davids to transcribe and translate [[Pāli]] Buddhist texts in 1881. She held that position from 1907 until her husband's death in 1922; the following year, she took his place as President of the Society.<ref>'DAVIDS, Caroline A. F. Rhys', ''Who Was Who'', Oxford University Press, 2014. [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U224473, accessed 28 Sept 2017]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Her translations of Pāli texts were at times idiosyncratic, but her contribution as editor, translator, and interpreter of Buddhist texts was considerable. She was one of the first scholars to translate [[Abhidhamma]] texts, known for their complexity and difficult use of technical language. She also translated large portions of the [[tripitaka|Sutta Piṭaka]], and edited and supervised the translations of other PTS scholars. Beyond this, she also wrote numerous articles and popular books on Buddhism; it is in these manuals and journal articles where her controversial ''volte-face'' towards several key points of Theravāda doctrine can first be seen.

After the death of her son in 1917 and her husband in 1922, Rhys Davids turned to [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualism]]. She became particularly involved in various forms of [[psychic]] communication with the dead, first attempting to reach her dead son through [[seances]] and then through [[automatic writing]]. She later claimed to have developed [[clairaudience]], as well as the ability to pass into the next world when dreaming. She kept extensive notebooks of automatic writing, along with notes on the afterlife and diaries detailing her experiences. These notes form part of her archive jointly held by the [[University of Cambridge]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/library/archive/rhys |title=Rhys Davids family — Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies |access-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001213026/https://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/library/archive/rhys |archive-date=1 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[University of London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/7fa1c75f-a37f-315a-b3cc-1d1f66355c86|title = Davids, Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys- - Archives Hub}}</ref>

Earlier in her career she accepted mainstream beliefs about Buddhist teachings, but later in life she rejected the concept of ''[[anatta]]'' as an "original" Buddhist teaching. She appears to have influenced several of her students in this direction, including [[A. K. Coomaraswamy]], [[F. L. Woodward]], and [[I. B. Horner]].

==Family==

[[File:Arthur Rhys Davids by William Orpen.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The fighter ace [[Arthur Rhys Davids]]. He died in action on 23 October 1917, aged just twenty.]]
Caroline Augusta Foley married [[Thomas William Rhys Davids]] in 1894. They had three children: Vivien Brynhild Caroline Foley Rhys Davids (1895–1978), [[Arthur Rhys Davids]] (1897–1917), and Nesta Enid (1900–1973).

Vivien won the Clara Evelyn Mordan Scholarship to [[St Hugh's College, Oxford]] in 1915,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/sthughscollegeoxford/docs/chronicle_1934-1935/41|title=St Hugh's College, Oxford - Chronicle 1934-1935|date=8 September 2015 }}</ref> later serving as a Surrey County Councillor, and receiving an [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/library/archive/rhys#vbcfrd |title=Rhys Davids family — Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410175339/http://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/library/archive/rhys#vbcfrd#vbcfrd |archive-date=10 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Arthur was a gifted scholar and a decorated World War I fighter ace, but was killed in action in 1917. Neither Vivien nor Nesta married or had children.

Rhys Davids died suddenly in [[Chipstead, Surrey]] on 26 June 1942. She was 84.

==Works and translations==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=41910441}}

===Books===
*''Buddhism: A Study of the Buddhist Norm'' (1912)
*''Buddhist Psychology: An Inquiry into the Analysis and Theory of Mind in Pāli Literature'' (1914)
*''Old Creeds and New Needs'' (1923)
*''The Will to Peace'' (1923)
*''Will & Willer'' (1926)
*''Gotama the Man'' (1928)
*''Sakya: or, Buddhist Origins'' (1928)
*''Stories of the Buddha : Being Selections from the Jataka'' (1929)
*''Kindred Sayings on Buddhism'' (1930)
*''The Milinda-questions : An Inquiry into its Place in the History of Buddhism with a Theory as to its Author'' (1930)
*''A Manual of Buddhism for Advanced Students'' (1932)
*''Outlines of Buddhism: A Historical Sketch'' (1934)
*''Buddhism: Its Birth and Dispersal'' (1934) - A completely rewritten work to replace ''Buddhism: A Study of the Buddhist Norm'' (1912)
*''Indian Religion and Survival: A Study'' (1934)
*''The Birth of Indian Psychology and its Development in Buddhism'' (1936)
*''To Become or not to Become (That is the Question!): Episodes in the History of an Indian Word'' (1937)
*''What is your Will'' (1937) - A rewrite of ''Will & Willer''
*''What was the original gospel in 'Buddhism'?'' (1938)
*''More about the Hereafter'' (1939)
*''Wayfarer's Words, V. I-III'' - A compilation of most of C. A. F. Rhys Davids' articles and lectures, mostly from the latter part of her career. V. I (1940), V. II (1941), V. III (1942 - posthumously)

===Translations===
* {{cite journal |title= On the Origin of Money |journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|volume= 2 |year= 1892 |issue= 6 |pages= 239–255 |translator= Caroline A. Foley |translator-link = Caroline Rhys Davids|jstor= 2956146 |last= Menger |first= Karl|author-link=0|doi= 10.2307/2956146|ref=none}}
*''A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics or Buddhist Psychology, of the Fourth Century B.C., being a translation, now made for the first time, from the Original Pāli of the First Book in the Abhidhamma-Piţaka, entitled Dhamma-Sangaṇi (Compendium of States or Phenomena)'' (1900). (''Includes an original 80-page introduction.'') Reprint currently available from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105851/http://www.kessinger.net/searchresults_orderthebook.php?Title=3517 Kessinger Publishing]. {{ISBN|0-7661-4702-9}}.
*[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/davids/psalms/psalms.html ''Psalms of the Early Buddhists: Volume I. Psalms of the Sisters'']. By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. London: Pāli Text Society, 1909, at [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/ A Celebration of Women Writers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528131015/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/ |date=28 May 2014 }}
*''Points of Controversy; or, Subjects of discourse; being a translation of the Kathā-vatthu from the Abhidhamma-piṭaka'', Co-authored with Shwe Zan Aung (1915)

===Articles===
{{external links|section|date=August 2020}}
*[http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/dav.htm On the Will in Buddhism] By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. (1898) pp. 47–59
*[http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/car.htm Notes on Early Economic Conditions in Northern India] By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. (1901) pp. 859–888
*[http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/rhy.htm The Soul-Theory in Buddhism] By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' (1903) pp. 587–591
*[http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/caf.htm Buddhism and Ethics] By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. ''The Buddhist Review'' Vol. 1 No. 1. (1909) pp. 13–23
*[http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/rht.htm Intellect and the Khandha Doctrine] By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. ''The Buddhist Review''. Vol. 2. No. 1 (1910) pp. 99–115
*[http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/mhb.htm Pāli Text Society] By Shwe Zan Aung and C. A. F. Rhys Davids. ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society''. (1917) pp. 403–406
*[http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-JRAS/patna.htm The Patna Congress and the "Man"] By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. (1929) pp. 27–36
*[http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MEL/caroline.htm Original Buddhism and Amṛta] By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. ''Melanges chinois et bouddhiques''. July 1939. pp. 371–382

==See also==
* [[Buddhism and psychology]]
* [[Indian psychology]]

==Notes==

{{reflist}}

==References==
*'DAVIDS, Caroline A. F. Rhys', in ''Who Was Who'', Oxford University Press, 2014. (online edn, April 2014) [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U224473, accessed 28 Sept 2017]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Neal, Dawn. (2014) The Life and Contributions of CAF Rhys Davids. The Sati Journal, 2: 15–31. https://www.academia.edu/11805005/The_Life_and_Contributions_of_CAF_Rhys_Davids
* {{cite journal |last1=Dimand |first1=Robert W. |title=Women Economists in the 1890s: Journals, Books and the Old Palgrave |journal=Journal of the History of Economic Thought |date=September 1999 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=269–288 |doi=10.1017/S1053837200004260 |s2cid=154662501 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Judith |title=Defining Modern Buddhism: Mr. and Mrs. Rhys Davids and the Pāli Text Society |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |date=2007 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=186–202 |doi=10.1215/1089201x-2006-052 |s2cid=144512132 |id={{Project MUSE|215908}} }}
*Wickremeratne, Ananda. ''The Genesis of an Orientalist: Thomas William Rhys Davids and Buddhism in Sri Lanka''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984. {{ISBN|0-8364-0867-5}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Stede |first1=W. |title=Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=July 1942 |volume=74 |issue=3–4 |pages=267–268 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X0009804X |s2cid=163879042 |doi-access=free }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234650/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew27114.htm Mrs. Rhys Davids' Dialogue with Psychology (1893-1924)] By Teresina Rowell Havens. ''Philosophy East & West''. V. 14 (1964) pp. 51–58
*[https://archive.today/20120701183315/http://archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArchive&search=IN=MS1082 Records of Caroline Rhys Davids at Senate House Library, University of London]
*{{cite web|title=LC Online Catalog - Caroline Rhys Davids|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=Caroline+Rhys+Davids&searchCode=GKEY%5E*&searchType=0&recCount=25&sk=en_US|website=catalog.loc.gov|access-date=13 April 2016}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070210132306/http://www.oriental.cam.ac.uk/archive/rhys.html University of Cambridge Library Archive Collection - Rhys Davids Family]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Modern Buddhist writers}}
{{Windham family tree}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhys Davids, Caroline Augusta Foley}}
[[Category:British economists]]
[[Category:British women economists]]
[[Category:English Indologists]]
[[Category:English Theosophists]]
[[Category:Buddhist translators]]
[[Category:Pali–English translators]]
[[Category:Pali]]
[[Category:People from Wadhurst]]
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:British scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]

Carmel School, Madhupur

2026-02-21T08:28:40Z

MerryK8896455: Adding initial post initial version - done

{{Short description|Private convent school in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Carmel School, Madhupur
| logo = Carmel School Madhupur Crest.png
| logo_size = 100
| image = Carmel School Madhupur 03.jpg
| caption = Front view of Carmel School, Madhupur
| location = Tilliyatand <ref name=Address>{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://www.carmelschoolmadhupur.com/contactUs.aspx|access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref>
| city = [[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| province =
| postal_code = 815353
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.2740|N|86.64|E|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| schooltype = Co-Educational Convent Private
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| established = {{start date and age|1959}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carmelschoolmadhupur.com/aboutUs.html |title=Carmel School Madhupur - About Us}}</ref>
| founder = Mother Teresa of St. Rose of Lima
| status = Active
| school_board = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]<ref name="cisce.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cisce.org/locate-search.aspx?country=2&state=17&dist=76&city=Madhupur&location=&schooltype=&cve=&isc=&icse=&schoolclassi=&school=carmel%20school&search=search |title=Locate a Council-affiliated school}}</ref>
| district = [[Deoghar]]
| authority = Carmelite Sisters of St. Teresa (CSST)
| session =
| school_code = JH027
| principal = Sr. Savina
, C.S.S.T<ref name="cisce.org"/>
| head_teacher =
| classes_offered = Nursery – 10
| language = [[English language|English]]
| schedule_type = Morning
| hours_in_day = 5–6 hrs
| campus_type = Urban
| houses = Saffron {{color box|#FF7E00}} Blue {{color box|#89CFF0}} Red {{color box|#BF4F51}} Green {{color box|#008000}}
| colors =
| song = Aiming High
| sports =
| national_ranking = In Top 1000
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]<ref name="cisce.org"/>
| website = {{URL|https://carmelschoolmadhupur.com}}
| colour =
}}
'''Carmel School Madhupur''' (also known as '''Carmel Convent School, Madhupur''') is a private [[convent]] school located in the town of [[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]] in the [[Deoghar district]] of [[Jharkhand]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jharkhand : मधुपुर के कार्मेल स्कूल का एक हिस्सा भरभरा कर गिरा|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deogarh/1258938|access-date=2021-04-03|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="cisce.org"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=Mar 8, 2019|title=School building collapses in Deoghar|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/school-building-collapses-in-deoghar/articleshow/68309708.cms|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref> It is a fully-fledged [[co-educational]], day school affiliated to [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), New Delhi and offers education to students from Grade LKG to Grade X. The medium of instruction for all classes is English.<ref>{{Cite news|date=Mar 8, 2019|title=कार्मेल स्कूल के तीन मंजिला भवन भरभराकर गिरा|language=hi|work=Dainik Jagran|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/deoghar-carmel-schools-3storey-building-overflows-19022654.html|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Carmel School Deoghar, Carmel School Address, Admission, Phone number.|url=http://www.studyguideindia.com/Schools/carmel-school-deoghar_8866.html|access-date=2021-02-13|website=www.studyguideindia.com}}</ref> The school provides a hostel for girls. The boys attend the school as [[Day pupil|day scholars]]. The students of Carmel School are referred to as ''Carmelites''.<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|title=Carmel School Madhupur|url=http://www.carmelschoolmadhupur.com/homepage.aspx|access-date=2021-02-13|website=www.carmelschoolmadhupur.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=Mar 8, 2019|title=School building collapses in Deoghar|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/school-building-collapses-in-deoghar/articleshow/68309708.cms|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref>

== History ==
The school was established on June 17, 1959 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome|url=http://www.carmelschoolmadhupur.com/aboutUs.html|access-date=2021-02-13|website=www.carmelschoolmadhupur.com}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|last=|title=Carmel School, Tilliyatand, Madhupur: Admission, Fee, Facilities, Affiliation|url=https://school.careers360.com/schools/carmel-school-tilliyatand-madhupur|access-date=2021-02-13|website=school.careers360.com|language=en}}</ref> by the Carmelite Sisters of St. Teresa (CSST) a community started by [[Teresa of St. Rose of Lima|Mother Teresa of St. Rose of Lima]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-20|title=Congregation of the Carmelite Sisters of St.Teresa(C.S.S.T) {{!}} CSST Global|url=http://cssttn.org/history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720011320/http://cssttn.org/history.html|archive-date=2013-07-20|access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref> The school opened with just 4 pupils. With the continuous efforts of Mother Xaveria, by the end of the year, there were 60 pupils and 6 classes. The school was the first school in the region to impart education in English medium to the pupils. As of July 2021, [[Nun#Distinction between a nun and a religious sister|Sr.]] Pushpa is the principal of the school.<ref name="cisce.org"/>

== Campus and Infrastructure ==
The school is located in Tilliyatand, Madhupur near national highway NH114A<ref name="auto22">{{Cite web|last=www.yayskool.com|title=Carmel School|url=https://www.yayskool.com/school?url=carmel-school-deoghar-914813172|access-date=2021-02-13|website=yayskool|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto12"/>

The school building complex consists of multiple classrooms, administrative offices, and an auditorium. The auditorium is well equipped with PA System and has a stage for plays and performances. The auditorium is also used for annual gatherings and debate competitions.

The School has well-equipped laboratories for course-related practical work. There are four laboratories within the School - Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Computer.<ref name="auto22"/> The school has two Basketball Court for the student. The library is also well equipped with reference books and caters to students of all grades.

== Nature ==
The school is owned and administered by the Carmelite Sisters of St. Teresa, Northern Province. The school is affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], (CISCE ) New Delhi. It prepares the students for the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] board examination conducted by Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) New Delhi.

== Curriculum ==

The school is affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], New Delhi, and prepares the students for the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] board examination for class X.<ref name="cisce.org"/> The classes are from Nursery to Class X. Admission for new students starts in December and the new session starts from the second half of March. It is [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] and instruction is primarily in English. There are separate campus for kindergarten, Primary, and higher secondary section in the campus.

=== Subjects ===
Below subjects are taught in the school for classes as per the ICSE curriculum.

* English
* Hindi/ Second Language - Indian Languages
* Sanskrit
* Mathematics
* Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)
* Moral Science & Catechism
* History& Civics
* Geography
* Computer Application
* SUPW

== Facilities ==
The School is well-equipped with modern amenities and has very good infrastructure. All the classrooms are spacious and equipped with smart class facilities. Among the facilities provided to the students are a computer lab, science laboratories, library, and playground. The school also has an addition spacious multipurpose hall (auditorium) for various recreational and educational activities organized by the school.<ref name="auto22"/><ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-07 |title=अध्ययन के साथ खेलकूद में सक्रिय रहने से होता है सर्वांगीण विकास |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-annual-sports-competition-held-at-carmel-school-in-madhupur-201765051480320.html |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]
[[Category:Carmelite educational institutions]]
[[Category:Co-educational schools in India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]

Sanjeev Abhyankar

2026-02-10T22:21:33Z

MerryK8896455: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Sanjeev Abhyankar 2 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200
| name = Pt. Sanjeev Abhyankar
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Sanjeev Abhyankar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|10|05}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], India
| alias =
| instrument = [[Vocal]]
| genre = [[Khayal]], [[Bhajans]]
| occupation = Indian Classical and Devotional Singer
| years_active = 1980–1983, 1989–present
| label =
| website = {{URL|http://www.sanjeevabhyankar.com}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Pandit Sanjeev Abhyankar''' (born 5 October 1969) is a [[Hindustani classical music]] [[vocalist]] of the [[Mewati Gharana]].<ref name=hindu/> Trained under [[Pandit Jasraj]], he was a child prodigy and started his singing career at age 11. Since then has recorded over 60 solo albums and performed in over 200 cities across the world.<ref name=hindu/>

He won the [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] in 1999 for his song, Suno Re Bhaila, in the Hindi film, ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''<ref name=hindu/> and also the Kumar Gandharva National Award 2008 from the Govt. of Madhya Pradesh for sustained excellence in the field of Classical Arts.<ref name=hindu/><ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjeev Abhyankar to enchant with meditative music this Friday| url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/642420/sanjeev-abhyankar-to-enchant-with-meditative-music-this-friday|date=September 22, 2019|website=Gulf Times}}</ref>

==Early life and musical training==
Abhyankar was born in [[Pune]], [[India]] to [[Shobha Abhyankar]], a musicologist and teacher of the Mewati Gharana.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/november-fest/sanjeev-abhyankar-amp-ashwini-bhide-deshpande-at-friday-review-november-fest-2014/article59859420.ece|title=Jasrangi: Sanjeev Abhyankar & Ashwini Bhide Deshpande|website=The Hindu|date= November 22, 2021}}</ref>
He started learning Hindustani classical music at the age of eight, groomed by his mother, followed by his [[guru]] Pandit Gangadharbua Pimpalkhare of the [[Gwalior Gharana]] and later from Pandit [[Jasraj]] (Mewati Gharana).<ref>[http://www.ragamala.org/events/20070429.htm Sanjeev Abhyankar Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826181506/http://www.ragamala.org/events/20070429.htm |date=26 August 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/music-is-a-gateway-to-connect-to-our-spiritual-self-vocalist-pandit-sanjeev-abhyankar/lprg3fttg|title='Music is a gateway to connect to our spiritual self': Vocalist Pandit Sanjeev Abhyankar|website=[[SBS Australia]]|date= 6 March 2024 }}</ref>

==Career==
Abhyankar rendered his first stage performance in [[Mumbai]] at the age of 11 in 1981.<ref name=hindu/><ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070308181656/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/12/08/stories/2006120802110300.htm A flight of his own]}} [[The Hindu]], 8 December 2006.</ref> Sanjeev has given vocal for [[Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life]], a dance group conceptualized by [[Dega Deva Kumar Reddy]] to spread [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]'s teachings across India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Melange of Mediums|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/aug/14/a-melange-of-mediums-647780.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The New Indian Express|date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[46th National Film Awards|1998]]: [[National Film Award]]: [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]: ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]'' ("Suno Re Bhaila") <ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/this-week-that-year-godmother-who-hit-a-sixer/articleshow/65878586.cms|title=This Week, That Year: Godmother who hit a sixer|date=September 20, 2018|website= [[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref>
* 2009: [[Kumar Gandharva Samman]]<ref name=hindu/>

==Film discography==
* Tum Gaye (with Lata Mangeshkar), Maachis [1996]
* Yeh Hai Shaan Banaras Ki, Banaras (2005)
* Lai Ja Re Badra, Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar (2000)
* Sada Sumiran Karle, Dashavatar (2008)
* Suno Re Suno Re Bhayina Ke, Godmother (1998)
* Rukhe Naina, Maqbool (2003)
* Tu Astis Tar, Coffee Ani Barach Kahi (2015)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.sanjeevabhyankar.com/ Official Website]
* {{IMDb name|0008715}}

{{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhyankar, Sanjeev}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Mewati gharana]]
[[Category:Singers from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]

Batata vada

2026-02-09T11:59:30Z

MerryK8896455:

{{short description|Indian vegetarian fast food dish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Batata vada
| image = File:Mumbai-vada.jpg
| caption = Batata vadas are often eaten with green chillies.
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Maharashtra]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|Indian]]
| creator =
| course = [[Hors d'oeuvre]]/starter/appetizer
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Potato]]es, chickpea flour
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Batata vada''' ({{langx|mr|बटाटा वडा}}, {{lit|potato fritter}}) is a popular [[vegetarian]] [[fast food]] dish from the [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The dish consists of a mashed [[potato]] [[patty]] coated with [[chickpea]] flour, which is then [[deep-fried]] and served hot with [[chutney]]. The vada is typically around two or three inches in diameter. Across different regions of India, this dish is also known as ''aloo bonda, aloo vada, batata bonda, potato bonda'' and ''potato vada''.

Although [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] in origin, ''batata vada'' has gained popularity in the rest of India as well.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep82007/metrosat2007090724008.asp Deccan Herald: ''Bole to yeh vada pav hai!''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011201121/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep82007/metrosat2007090724008.asp |date=October 11, 2008 }}</ref>

==Preparation==
[[File:Mumbai Batata Vada.JPG|thumb|Broken batata vada, sold in Mumbai]]
The potato filling and the batter used to coat the filling are the only two components of batata vada.

The potatoes are boiled, mashed coarsely and set aside.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-04|title=A Brown Kitchen: Recipe for Batata Vadas With Dry Garlic Coconut Chutney|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/recipes/article/A-Brown-Kitchen-Recipe-for-Batata-Vadas-With-Dry-15102989.php|access-date=2020-09-20|website=SFChronicle.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Seasoning like [[asafoetida]], [[mustard seed]]s, chillies, onions and curry leaves are pan-fried with garlic-ginger paste, [[turmeric]] and salt, then cooked with the mashed potatoes.<ref name=":0" />

A thick batter is made using chickpea flour, seasoned with salt, turmeric and red chilli powder. Sometimes a small quantity of baking powder is also added to make the batter fluffier. To make the fritters, little balls of the potato mixture are coated in the batter and deep-fried in hot vegetable oil.

It is possible to use red chilli paste to make the vada spicy.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul7DMtKGu_0C&q=vada+pav+recipe&pg=PA64| title = Zero Oil, Soup Salads & Snacks| page=67|author=Tarla Dalal| date = 23 February 2007| publisher = Sanjay & Co| isbn = 9788189491475}}</ref>

Batata vadas are usually accompanied by green chutney or dry chutneys, such as Shengdana Chutney (chutney in dry powder made from crushed [[Faboideae|groundnut]]s) and garlic-coconut chutney.<ref name=":0" /> Often, Jain batata vada recipes are a variation that replaces potatoes with raw bananas.

==Serving==
Batata vada is typically served very hot with green chillies and [[chutney]]s of various types. The most common way to eat this dish is in the form of [[vada pav]].<ref>. Batata Vada is popular with certain recipe variations in the southern Indian states too and is called Bonda.
[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_Buzz/Even_celebrities_love_Vada_Pav/articleshow/2300774.cms The Times of India : Even Celebrities Love Vada Pav]</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian dishes]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Fried potato]]
[[Category:Deep fried foods]]

{{India-food-stub}}

G. Sakunthala

2026-02-07T19:14:47Z

MerryK8896455: Adding some pg first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. Sakunthala
| native_name = ஜி. சகுந்தலா
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|08|19}}
| birth_place = [[Chidambaram]], [[Thanjavur]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|11|08|1932|08|19}}
| occupation = Film actress, Stage actress, Dancer
| years_active = 1950–1972
| notable_works = [[Manthiri Kumari]], [[Thaaikkuppin Thaaram]],
[[Mannadhi Mannan]], [[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Athey Kangal]], [[Idhaya Veenai]]
| awards = [[Kalaimamani Award]]
}}

'''G. Sakunthala''' (19 August 1932 - 8 November 2004) was an Indian actress who worked predominantly in Tamil films and plays. As she was a prominent member of MGR's drama troupe, Sakuntha appeared as a 'regular' cast member in many of MGR's movies, beginning from [[Manthiri Kumari]], [[Thaikkupin Tharam|Thaaikkuppin Thaaram]] and [[Mannadhi Mannan]]. Thus, she maintained her standing as one of the leading actresses in Tamil film industry in the 50's and early 60's. She has acted more 150 films in the Tamil cinema industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Ladies_Detail.asp?Nid=6891|title=மந்திரி குமாரியின் அரச குமாரி ஜி.சகுந்தலா|website=dinakaran.com|access-date=2020-02-16|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030052145/https://www.dinakaran.com/Ladies_Detail.asp?Nid=6891|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/mgr---100/2017/sep/15/early-days-of-mgrs-life-2773769.html|title=எம்ஜிஆரின் ஆரம்பகால வாழ்க்கை...|website=Dinamani|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/cartoon/113439-the-story-of-admk-mgr-and-latha-series-part-2|title=எம்.ஜி.ஆருடன் முதல் சந்திப்பு! - லக லக லக லக... லதா! பகுதி-2|website=Vikatan|language=ta|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sakunthala was born in 1932 into an [[Isai Vellalar]] family in [[Chidambaram]] [[Thanjavur]] District.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Sakunthala's native is Chidambaram.{{clarify|date=July 2020}} She has acted in dramas with [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[R. S. Manohar]] and [[S. S. Rajendran|S. S Rajendran]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Film career ==
Sakunthala entered the film industry with MGR as the heroine in [[Manthiri Kumari]]. Though she has acted in [[Kalpana (1948 film)|Kalpana]], a Hindi film, Manthiri Kumari (1950) was her debut into Tamil cinema. After Manthiri Kumari, S. S. Rajendran paired opposite The two heroines in the movie '[[Chinna Durai (1952 film)|Chinna Durai]]' starring [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R Mahalingam]] in dual roles. [[M. Karunanidhi]] is the author of both films After these films, Sakuntala did not get a chance to play the heroine. Her chances of being a comedian, supporting character, dancing in a few films were all there. She has acted almost 150 films in the Tamil cinema industry. Her last movie was [[Idhaya Veenai]] with MGR. After that she spent 20 years without acting in films.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Awards ==
She got [[Kalaimamani]] Award recognized by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1963.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Death ==
She died on 8 November 2004 at the age of 72.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2013/09/04/g-sagunthala/|title=G.Sagunthala|date=2013-09-04|website=Antru Kanda Mugam|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''

=== 1950s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1950
|[[Manthiri Kumari]]
|Jeevarekha
|Debut in Tamil
|-
|1951
|[[Mohana Sundaram]]
|Maragatham
|
|-
|1952
|[[Chinna Durai (1952 film)|Chinnadurai]]
|Chandramani
|
|-
|1952
|[[Thai Ullam]]
|Singari
|
|-
|1954
|[[Ammaiyappan (film)|Ammaiyappan]]
|Muthayi
|
|-
|1956
|[[Thaikkupin Tharam|Thaaikkuppin Thaaram]]
|Valli
|
|-
|1957
|[[Aaravalli]]
|Maragathavalli
|
|-
|1957
|[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]
|
|
|-
|1957
|[[Raja Rajan (film)|Raja Rajan]]
|
|
|-
|1958
|[[Mangalya Bhagyam]]
|
|
|-
|1958
|[[Nadodi Mannan]]
|Nandini
|
|-
|1959
|[[Vaazha Vaitha Deivam]]
|
|
|-
|1959
|[[Odi Vilaiyaadu Paapa]]
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1960s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1960
|[[Mannadhi Mannan]]
|Mangayarkarasi
|
|-
|1961
|[[Thirudathe]]
|Kaveri
|
|-
|1962
|[[Thayai Katha Thanayan]]
|Bakkiyam
|
|-
|1962
|[[Sumaithaangi]]
|
|
|-
|1963
|[[Koduthu Vaithaval]]
|
|
|-
|1963
|[[Kattu Roja]]
|
|
|-
|1963
|[[Needhikkuppin Paasam]]
|Janaki
|
|-
|1963
|[[Kaanchi Thalaivan]]
|Ceylon King's wife
|
|-
|1964
|[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]
|
|
|-
|1964
|[[Panakkara Kudumbam]]
|Velayee
|
|-
|1964
|[[Thaayin Madiyil|Thayin Madiyil]]
|
|
|-
|1964
|[[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]
|
|
|-
|1965
|[[Anbu Karangal]]
|Uma
|
|-
|1965
|[[Kalangarai Vilakkam]]
|Gowri
|
|-
|1965
|[[Ennathan Mudivu]]
|
|
|-
|1965
|[[Karthigai Deepam (film)|Karthigai Deepam]]
|
|
|-
|1966
|[[Nee!]]
|Chithra
|
|-
|1966
|[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1966 film)|Mahakavi Kalidas]]
|
|
|-
|1966
|[[Parakkum Paavai]]
|Kannamma
|
|-
|1966
|[[Chinnanchiru Ulagam]]
|
|
|-
|1967
|[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Adhey Kangal]]
|
|
|-
|1967
|[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]
|
|
|-
|1968
|[[Uyarndha Manithan]]
|Pankajam
|
|-
|1968
|[[Thirumal Perumai]]
|[[Yashoda|Yasodha]]
|
|-
|1968
|[[Thillana Mohanambal]]
|
|
|-
|1969
|[[Nirai Kudam]]
|
|
|-
|1969
|Kulavilakku
|
|
|-
|1969
|[[Gurudhatchanai]]
|
|
|-
|1969
|[[Kaaval Dheivam]]
|
|
|-
|1969
|[[Annaiyum Pithavum]]
|
|
|-
|1969
|Subha Dinam
|Gayathri
|
|-
|}

=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1970
|[[Puguntha Veedu]]
|
|
|-
|1970
|[[Vilaiyaattu Pillai]]
|Queen
|
|-
|1970
|[[Ethiroli]]
|Radhamani
|
|-
|1970
|[[Dharisanam]]
|
|
|-
|1970
|[[Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalaivan]]
|Velamma
|
|-
|1970
|[[Navagraham]]
|Saraswathi
|
|-
|1971
|[[Neerum Neruppum]]
|The queen Karpagam
|
|-
|1971
|[[Annai Velankanni]]
|
|
|-
|1971
|[[Rickshawkaran]]
|
|
|-
|1971
|[[Kulama Gunama]]
|Doctor
|
|-
|1971
|[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1971 film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]
|
|
|-
|1971
|[[Aathi Parasakthi]]
|
|
|-
|1972
|Appa Ta ta
|
|
|-
|1972
|[[Kurathi Magan]]
|
|
|-
|1972
|[[Sange Muzhangu]]
|Visalam
|
|-
|1972
|Deiva Sankalpam
|
|
|-
|1972
|[[Idhaya Veenai]]
|Mangalam
|Last Movie
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]

Bankura Municipality

2026-02-04T19:40:57Z

MerryK8896455: Created New Bio - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bankura Municipality
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 300px
| coa_alt = Logo of Bankura Municipality
| coa_caption = Coat of Arms
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipality]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1865}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = Aloka Sen Majumder
| party1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| leader2_type = Vice Chairman
| leader2 = Hiralal Chattaraj
| party2 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| seats = 24
| structure1 = India Bankura, West Bengal Municipality 2024.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (19)'''
*{{color box|#20C646}} [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (21)
'''Opposition (3)'''
*{{color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)<ref name="Ananya Roy BJP">{{cite web|url=https://www.bankura24x7.com/vote-at-a-glance/ananya-roy-chakraborty-is-bjps-candidate-for-taldangra-amassembly-by-election-2024-928275|title=Ananya Roy Chakraborty is BJP candidate for Taldangra by-election|work=Bankura 24x7|accessdate=30 November 2024|language=bn}}</ref>
*{{color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
| session_room =
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place =
| last_election1 = 2022
| next_election1 = 2027
| motto =
| website = {{URL|https://bankuramunicipality.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bankura Municipality''' is the civic body that governs [[Bankura]] city of [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]] in [[Bankura district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
Bankura municipality was established in 1865.<ref name="Bankura">{{cite web | url =https://bankuramunicipality.org/Default.aspx?PageId=118| title = History of Bankura Municipality| work = Bankura Municipality | access-date = 9 January 2026}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bankura Municipality covers an area of 19.01 km2 and has a total population of 137,386 (2011).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801733-bankura-west-bengal.html | title = Bankura Municipality Demographics| publisher = Census2011 | access-date = 9 January 2026}}</ref>

==Current members==
Bankura Municipality has a total of 24 members or councillors, who are directly elected after a term of 5 years. The council is led by the chairperson. The latest elections were held on [[2022 West Bengal local elections|12 February 2022]]. The current chairman of Bankura Municipality is Aloka Sen Majumdar of the [[Trinamool Congress]]. The current vice chairman is Hiralal Chattaraj of the [[Trinamool Congress]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Chairman: Aloka Sen Majumdar
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Vice Chairman: Hiralal Chattaraj
|-
! Ward No.
! Name of Councillor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbme.org/|title=2022 WB local election results|work=SEC West Bengal|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| 1 || Debasish Laha || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 2 || Rajib Dey || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
| 3 || Jhilli Dutta Das
|
|-
| 4 || Amrita Garai Kundu
|
|-
| 5 || Swarna Das
|
|-
| 6 || Rekha Das Rajak
|
|-
| 7 || Dilip Agarwal || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 8 || Mamata Bagdi || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=10}}
|
|-
| 9 || Bhramar Chowdhury
|
|-
| 10 || Daripa Shampa
|
|-
| 11 || Aloka Sen Majumdar
|
|-
| 12 || Tapas Kumar Banerjee
|
|-
| 13 || Barun Kumar Sen
|
|-
| 14 || Aparna Chatterjee
|
|-
| 15 || Pinki Chakraborty
|
|-
| 16 || Sonai Ghoshal
|
|-
| 17 || Bandana Lohar
|
|-
| 18 || Ananya Roy Chakraborty || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Elected as Independent; later joined BJP<ref name="Ananya Roy BJP"/>
|-
| 19 || Sheikh Azizul Rahaman || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
| 20 || Avijit Datta
|
|-
| 21 || Amit Ruidas
|
|-
| 22 || Raju Lohar
|
|-
| 23 || Itu Das
|
|-
| 24 || Hiralal Chattaraj
|
|}

==Elections==
===2022===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| Bankura Municipality
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}} || 21 ||
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=Independents}} || 3 ||
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''24''' ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Municipalities of West Bengal]]

Goraguntepalya metro station

2026-01-20T07:24:15Z

MerryK8896455:

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Goraguntepalya
| other_name = Yeshwanthpur Industry
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Green}}
| image = Goraguntepalya metro station (Feb '25).jpg
| address = Yeshwanthpur Industrial Area, Phase 1, Yeshwanthpur, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560022
| coordinates = {{coord|13.028370|77.540753|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| image_size =
| image_caption = Front Entrance of this metro station under [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] as of February 2025
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}
| other =
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}}
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| status = Staffed
| code = YPI
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|2014|March|1}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| baggage_check =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| architect = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| architectural_style =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Green |left=Peenya |right=Yeshwanthpur|to-left=Madavara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Green Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Goraguntepalya''' (formerly known as Yeshwanthpur Industry) is an elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] serving the area of Goraguntepalaya in [[Bengaluru]], India. It was opened to the public on 1 March 2014 as '''Yeshwanthpur Industry''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Peenya-Sampige-Road-Metro-Service-From-March-1/2014/02/25/article2076639.ece#.UzQN-aPDDIU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327204120/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Peenya-Sampige-Road-Metro-Service-From-March-1/2014/02/25/article2076639.ece#.UzQN-aPDDIU |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Peenya-Sampige Road Metro Service From March 1 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2014-02-25 |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/this-one-feels-like-namma-metro-as-its-closer-home/article5740935.ece |title='This one feels like Namma Metro as it's closer home' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2014-03-01 |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref> and was renamed as Goraguntepalya in 2019.

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Goraguntepalya track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Peenya}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} **
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Yeshwanthpur}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms ''** Approved''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, metro card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Yeshwanthpur}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Peenya}} '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} **'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==Entry/Exits==
There are 5 Entry/Exit points – A, B, C, D and E. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

* Entry/Exit point A: Towards Goreguntapalya Bus Stop side
* Entry/Exit point B: Towards Goreguntapalya Bus Stop side with wheelchair accessibility
* Entry/Exit point C: Towards Mysore Hospital side
* Entry/Exit point D: Towards Taj Yeshwanthpur Hotel side
* Entry/Exit point E: Towards Maruti Suzuki ARENA (RNS Branch) side

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Namma Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bengaluru}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

Sirpur Paper Mills

2026-01-13T09:07:00Z

MerryK8896455: created new entry!

{{Short description|Pulp and paper company in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

'''Sirpur Paper Mills Limited''' ('''SPM''') is an integrated pulp and paper mill<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Paper Mills |url=https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:B00b6a77-94d1-4a35-889f-f0e7a6e2f2fd |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Embassy of Good Science |language=en}}</ref> situated at [[Kagaznagar, Telengana|Kagaznagar]] in [[Komaram Bheem district]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-22/hyderabad/39444154_1_telangana-rashtra-samithi-vijayamma-telangana-ire |title=Vijayamma tastes Telangana ire - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901050727/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-22/hyderabad/39444154_1_telangana-rashtra-samithi-vijayamma-telangana-ire |archive-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sirpur-paper-mills-ltd/directorsreport/companyid-13097.cms|title = Directors Report | Director Details}}</ref> [[J. K. Organisation|JK Paper Ltd]] acquired Sirpur Paper Mills in August 2018.

==Establishment==
Sirpur Paper Mills Ltd. was established in the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]] in 1938 by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], with actual production beginning in 1942. This makes it one of the oldest paper mills in the country. In the 1950s, the [[Birla family]] group of industries took over the mill, and it was later transferred to the Poddars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sirpur-paper-mills-likely-to-face-closure/article6557793.ece|title=Sirpur Paper Mills likely to face closure|last=Singh|first=S. Harpal|date=2014-11-02|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-04}}</ref> It was owned by R. K. Poddar at the time of its closure.

==Closure==
At the time of the closure, the mill employed about 3000 workers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sirpur-paper-mill-workers-keep-their-fingers-crossed-about-3000-employees-hopeful-of-the-mill-being-revived/article7306173.ece|title=Sirpur Paper Mill workers keep their fingers crossed|last=Singh|first=S. Harpal|date=2015-06-12|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-04}}</ref> The management team cited increasing raw material costs and unavailability of reliable power as the major reasons that impacted the profitability of the plant. Production at the mill had been shut down from September 2014 to August 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revival-telanganas-80-year-old-sirpur-paper-mill-looks-bleak-31426|title=Revival of Telangana's 80-year-old Sirpur Paper Mill looks bleak|date=2015-06-22|access-date=2016-10-04}}</ref>

==Acquisition by JK Paper==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
Efforts were started by the [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]] government in [[Telangana]] to attract new investors to restart production at the mill and boost the local economy, which was heavily dependent on it. The Harsh Pati Singhania-promoted JK Paper Ltd. has taken over the struggling Sirpur Paper Mills Ltd., an ailing paper mill located in Kagaznagar, Telangana. The takeover comes after the National Company Law Tribunal, Hyderabad, had on July 19 approved the Rs 782-crore resolution plan. According to the JK Paper management, “The acquisition provides a growth opportunity for JK Paper to expand its existing line of business of paper and paperboard.” The company has secured approval from the NCLT Hyderabad Bench and acquired a 76.37 percent stake comprising 13,90,00,000 shares of face value of Rs 10 each. JK Paper does not require approval from the Competition Commission of India, as the target business is within the prescribed exemption threshold as per the regulations. As per the arrangement, Rs 371 crore has been settled by the company and its JK Enviro-tech Ltd towards the corporate insolvency resolution process cost, admitted operational creditors, workmen and employees dues, among others, as per the terms of the Resolution Plan. This consists of a cash payment of Rs 165 crore and the issue of securities consisting of equity shares of Rs 43 crore and preference shares of Rs 162 crore by Sirpur Paper Mills Ltd. The company has issued equity shares of SPML through primary subscription at the face value of Rs 10 each. After the lenders lifted the seizure of the paper mills, Harsh Pati Singhania, vice-chairman and managing director of JK Paper, and others opened the paper mill, which will play a major role in the revival of the economy in the newly carved-out Komaram Bheem district, where the mill is located. Significantly, KT Rama Rao, Telangana IT and Industries Minister, and local MLA Koneru Konappa played a role in facilitating the takeover of the mill by ensuring that the state extends certain concessions, which will make the mill viable. JK Paper shares were trading at Rs 148.80, up 5.48 percent on the BSE.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Komaram Bheem district]]
[[Category:Pulp and paper companies of India]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]

Krishna Bose

2026-01-02T11:39:31Z

MerryK8896455:

{{short description|Indian politician, author and social worker (1930–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Bose
| image = Krishna Bose.jpeg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|12|26}}
| birth_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|02|22|1930|12|26}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| constituency = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term = 15 May 1996 – 16 May 2004
| predecessor = [[Malini Bhattacharya]]
| successor = [[Sujan Chakraborty|Dr. Sujan Chakraborty]]
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = [[Sisir Kumar Bose]]
| party = {{ubl|[[Trinamool Congress]] (1998–2004)|[[Indian National Congress]] (1996–1998)}}
| residence = [[Kolkata]]
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]] [[Bhatkhande Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya]]
| profession = Politician, writer, [[educationalist]]
| website = {{URL|krishnabose.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Krishna Bose''' (26 December 1930 – 22 February 2020) was an Indian politician, educator, author and social worker. She was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] elected from the [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]] constituency in West Bengal as an [[Trinamool Congress]] candidate.<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web|title=Biographical Sketch Member of Parliament 13th Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=61|access-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308091407/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=61|archive-date=8 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> She taught at [[City College, Kolkata]] for 40 years, and thereafter remained its principal for 8 years.

== Early life & education ==
Bose was born on 26 December 1930 in [[Dacca]] to Charu C. Chaudhuri and Chhaya Devi Chaudhurani. Her father specialised in constitutional studies and was one of the secretaries of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. She earned a B.A. (Hons) and an M.A. in [[English Literature]] from [[Calcutta University]], [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]] and the prestigious degree of Sangeet-Visharad from [[Bhatkhande Music Institute]], [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Lok Sabha" />

==Personal life==
She was married to [[Sisir Kumar Bose]], on 9 December 1955 and had two sons, [[Sumantra Bose]], [[Sugata Bose]] and a daughter [[Sarmila Bose]]. Sisir Bose is the son of [[Sarat Chandra Bose]], the elder brother of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. He too fought against the [[British Raj]] and was imprisoned in [[Lahore Fort]] and [[Red Fort]] for his role in Subhas Chandra Bose's escape from Calcutta in 1941 during the [[Quit India Movement]] and [[World War II]].<ref name="Lok Sabha" /><ref>{{cite web | title =Bose tags Atal secular for minority votes|work= The Telegraph| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040509/asp/bengal/story_3224858.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040630064850/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040509/asp/bengal/story_3224858.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 June 2004 |date=9 May 2004| access-date = 9 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Career==
Krishna taught for 40 years at the [[City College, Kolkata]], where she was Head of the Department of English and served as the Principal of the college for eight years.

She was first elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of Parliament]] to the [[11th Lok Sabha]] during the 1996–1998 term from Jadavpur as a member of Congress. She was also a member of Parliament in 12th, (1998–1999) and 13th (1999–2004) Lok Sabhas.<ref name="Personal Website">{{cite web|title=Krishna Bose's Website Details|url=http://www.krishnabose.com/biography.html|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref> During her 3rd term, she served as:<ref name="Lok Sabha"/>
* Chairperson, Committee on External Affairs
* Member, General Purposes Committee
* Member, Joint Committee on Patents (Second Amendment) Bill, 1999
* Member, Committee on Official Language<ref name="Lok Sabha"/>

==Interests and accomplishments==
Bose was actively involved in public work. She was the president of the Trust of the Institute of Child Health, Calcutta and chaired the Council of the Netaji Research Bureau, the president of Vivek Chetana – a non-profit organisation for disadvantaged women and children and a member of the international P.E.N.{{clarify|date=March 2014}}<ref name="Personal Website"/>
Krishna was a columnist for journals in English and Bengali such as Desh, [[Anandabazar Patrika]], [[Jugantor]], Amrit Bazar Patrika, [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]], Telegraph, [[Illustrated Weekly of India]]. She also worked in the areas of women and child development and for the welfare of the handicapped.<ref name="Lok Sabha"/>

==Death==
Bose died on 22 February 2020 in a hospital off [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass|EM Bypass]] in [[Kolkata]] at the age of 89. She was suffering from age-related ailments and had a second stroke few days before.<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishna Bose, Academician And Former Trinamool MP, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/krishna-bose-academician-and-former-trinamool-mp-dies-at-89-2184042 |access-date=22 February 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Academic and former Trinamool MP Krishna Bose passes away at 89 |url=https://theprint.in/india/academic-and-former-trinamool-mp-krishna-bose-passes-away-at-89/369393/ |access-date=22 February 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=22 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.krishnabose.com/main.html}}

{{Bose family}}
{{Eleventh to Fourteenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Krishna}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Academic staff of City College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka]]

Singbonga

2025-12-28T15:51:47Z

MerryK8896455: created a post!

{{Short description|Deity of the Ho, Bhumij, Santal, Munda, Asur and Birhor tribes}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Sarnaist
| deity_of = God of creation and preservation
| affiliation = [[Sarnaism|Sarna Dharam]]
| festivals = [[Sarhul]], [[Sohrai]], [[Mage Parab]], etc.
| symbol = The Sun
| other_names =
| mantra = Sirma redo Singbonga,
Singbongae elang tana....
}}

'''Singbonga''' is a deity worshipped primarily by the tribal communities in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]] and the neighboring regions of [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kol-Tribe-Of-Jharkhand – Kol Tribe |url=https://koltribe.in/kol-tribe-of-jharkhand/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribes We Serve - RAMAKRISHNA MISSION ASHRAMA |url=https://jhargram.rkmm.org/tribes-we-serve |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=jhargram.rkmm.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Revered as the supreme god by the [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], and [[Santal people|Santhal]] tribes, Singbonga represents the sun god and is associated with light, life, and fertility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=The Munda People: Indigenous Governance and Community Life in Jharkhand - historified |url=https://historified.in/2024/05/06/the-munda-people-indigenous-governance-and-community-life-in-jharkhand/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frazer |first=James George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cn0IAQAAIAAJ&q=sing+bonga |title=The Worship of Nature |date=1926 |publisher=Macmillan |language=en}}</ref> His worship is an integral part of the tribal religious practices and rituals, often celebrated with grandeur and devotion.<ref>{{Citation |last=Huda |first=Md Shaiful |title=The Mundas: an ethnic community in the south-west coastal region of Bangladesh (Buno/kuli/Sarna/Horoko, Indigenous people during the British period coming from Ranchi). |date=2021-09-02 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/engage/coe/article-details/61212bf051cfec18099707b4 |access-date=2024-08-02 |language=en |doi=10.33774/coe-2021-m0qws|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asur |url=https://www.trijharkhand.in/en/asur |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Tribal Welfare Research Institute Jharkhand |language=en}}</ref>

In some tribal communities, a sacred tree or a stone may serve as his symbol, marking places of worship or ritual importance.

==Etymology==
The name Singbonga is derived from two words: ''Sing'' meaning "sun" and ''Bonga'' meaning "god" or "deity" in the [[Munda languages]].<ref>{{cite book |last=SAURABH |first=SAKET SUMAN |chapter=THE MAYANS OF GUATEMALA AND THE MUNDA TRIBALS OF JHARKHAND: RACE, RITES AND RITUALS AND UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION |title=Readings through the Texts of Rigoberta Menchú and Dayamani Barla: A Comparative Study |pages=49–62 [53-54] |publisher=CLACSO |date=2017 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv253f66w.8}}</ref> The term symbolizes the [[Sun God]], regarded as a life-giving force that controls various aspects of nature, agriculture, and wellbeing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=SINGH |first=K. S. |title=Solar Traditions in Tribal and Folk Cultures of India |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=4 |date=1992 |pages=28–39 [31-32] |jstor=23004006}}. Accessed 28 Dec. 2025.</ref>

==Description==
Singbonga is believed to be the creator of the [[universe]] and is seen as a powerful force that governs both the natural and spiritual worlds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture & Heritage {{!}} District Khunti, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://khunti.nic.in/culture-heritage/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |language=en-AU}}</ref> According to tribal mythology, Singbonga created the world and all its inhabitants. He is often depicted as a benevolent and just god who sustains the balance of nature. The sun, being a vital aspect of life, is his earthly manifestation. As a protector of crops, animals, and people, Singbonga is called upon for blessings of good harvests, health, and prosperity.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{Cite journal |last=SINGH |first=K. S. |title=Solar Traditions in Tribal and Folk Cultures of India |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=4 |date=1992 |pages=28–39 [31-33] |jstor=23004006}} Accessed 28 Dec. 2025.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Exem |first=Albert Van |chapter=Haram and Singbonga. The Concept of the Supreme Being According to Munda Mythology |editor=P. Ponette |title=The Munda World |location=Ranchi |date=1978 |pages=81-115}}
* {{Cite journal |last=SINGH |first=K. S. |title=The Munda Epic: An Interpretation |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=1/2 |date=1992 |pages=75–89 |jstor=23002221}} Accessed 28 Dec. 2025.

[[Category:Santhal]]
[[Category:Indian deities]]
[[Category:Sacred groves]]

2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election

2025-12-27T10:14:11Z

MerryK8896455:

{{Short description|Election to the municipal corporation of Srinagar, Uttarakhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| election_date = 23 January 2025
| next_election =
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = All 40 seats in the [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation (Uttarakhand)|Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 21
| turnout =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = Asha Upadhyay
| alliance1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = '''New'''
| colour1 =
| seats1 = '''16'''
| seat_change1 = '''New'''
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| colour2 =
| leader2 = Meena Rawat
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = '''New'''
| seats2 = '''6'''
| seat_change2 = '''New'''
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image3 =
| colour3 =
| leader3 = ''None''
| party3 = Independent politician
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = '''New'''
| seats3 = '''18'''
| seat_change3 = '''New'''
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| map_image = India Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation Election 2025.svg
| map_size = 300px

| title = Mayor
| before_election = Office established
| before_party =
| after_election = Arti Bhandari
| after_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
}}

The '''2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation election'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-result-independent-candidate-aarti-bhandari-won-the-election-in-srinagar-municipality-ann-2870665|title=Uttarakhand Nikay Chunav Result: निर्दलीय आरती भंडारी बनीं श्रीनगर की पहली मेयर, बीजेपी प्रत्याशी आशा उपाध्याय को हराया चुनाव|date=26 January 2025|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/26/bjp-sweeps-urban-local-body-polls-in-uttarakhand-wins-10-of-11-mayoral-seats | title=BJP sweeps urban local body polls in Uttarakhand, wins 10 of 11 mayoral seats }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/dehradun/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-dates-announced-check-full-schedules/2571380|title=उत्तराखंड निकाय चुनाव की तारीखों का ऐलान, जानें नगर निगम, नगरपालिका और नगर पंचायतों में कब पड़ेगा वोट|website=Zee News Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-date-of-municipal-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand-election-commission-announced-after-reservation-was-decided-23854347.html|title=उत्तराखंड में नगर निकाय चुनाव की तारीख का एलान, आरक्षण तय होने पर चुनाव आयोग ने की घोषणा - Date of municipal elections announced in Uttarakhand Election Commission announced after reservation was decided|website=Jagran}}</ref> was a municipal election to the [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation (Uttarakhand)|Srinagar Municipal Corporation]] which governs [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] town in [[Uttarakhand]]. It took place on 23 January 2025.

== Election schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the state election commission on 23 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumaonjansandesh.com/date-of-civic-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand/|title=उत्तराखंड में निकाय चुनाव की तिथि घोषित - कुमाऊँ जनसंदेश|date=23 December 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 27 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 30 December 2024
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 31 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 2 January 2025
|-
| Allotment of Symbols
| 3 January 2025
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
|'''23 January 2025'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
|'''25 January 2025'''
|}

==Candidates==
===Mayoral===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Candidate's Name
|-
! 1
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|75x75px]]
| Asha Upadhyay<ref name="BJP & INC Mayor candidates Uttarakhand">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bjp-cong-release-another-list-of-candidates-for-ulb-polls/articleshow/116774327.cms|title=BJP, Cong release another list of candidates for ULB polls|work=Times of India|access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|75x75px]]
| Meena Rawat<ref name="BJP & INC Mayor candidates Uttarakhand"/>
|}

==Results==
===Mayoral election===
{{Election box begin|title= 2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation Election: Mayor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Arti Bhandari
| votes = 7,956
| percentage = 41.2
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Asha Upadhyay
| votes = 6,317
| percentage = 32.17
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Poonam Tiwari
| votes = 2,632
| percentage = 13.63
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Meena Rawat
| votes = 2,075
| percentage = 10.74
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Saraswati Devi
| votes = 243
| percentage = 1.26
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
| votes = 90
| percentage = 0.46
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 1,639
| percentage = 9.03
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 19,313
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Independent
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Result by party===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|77
|18
|New
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|39
|16
|New
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|24
|6
|New
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!140
!40
!
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections]]
* [[2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rudrapur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kotdwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kashipur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sec.uk.gov.in State Election Commission]

{{Uttarakhand elections}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India|Uttarakhand local elections]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Srinagar]]
[[Category:2025 in Uttarakhand|Local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in Uttarakhand]]

Tony Revolori

2025-12-23T16:13:53Z

MerryK8896455:

{{short description|American actor (born 1996)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Tony Revolori by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| name = Tony Revolori
| caption = Revolori in 2016
| birth_name = Anthony Quiñonez
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1996|4|28}}
| birth_place = [[Anaheim, California]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| years_active = 2004–present
| relatives =
}}

'''Anthony Revolori''' ({{né}} '''Quiñonez'''; born April 28, 1996) is an American actor. He is best known for his collaborations with [[Wes Anderson]] starring in ''[[The Grand Budapest Hotel]]'' (2014), ''[[The French Dispatch]]'' (2021), and ''[[Asteroid City]]'' (2023) and for portraying [[Flash Thompson]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] films ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017), ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019), and ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' (2021).

==Early life==
Revolori was born and raised in [[Anaheim, California]]. His parents, Sonia and Mario Quiñónez, are from [[Jutiapa]], [[Guatemala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soy502.com/articulo/actor-raices-guatemaltecas-tony-revolori-conversa-soy502|title=Tony Revolori, actor de raíces guatemaltecas, conversa con Soy502|website=Soy502|first=Selene|last=Mejía|access-date=July 9, 2017}}</ref> His father was an actor during his earlier years in Guatemala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocregister.com/2014/03/26/anaheim-teen-gets-grand-movie-break/|title=Anaheim teen gets 'Grand' movie break|date=March 26, 2014|website=[[Orange County Register]]|first=Peter|last=Larsen|access-date=July 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://marvel.com/news/comics/2014/3/11/22119/welcome_tony_revolori_to_episode_123.5_of_this_week_in_marvel|title=Welcome Tony Revolori to Episode 123.5 of This Week in Marvel|website=[[Marvel.com]]|first=Ben|last=Morse|access-date=July 9, 2017}}</ref> Revolori's brother, Mario Quiñónez, better known as Mario Revolori, is also an actor.<ref name=beast>{{cite web|last=Hines|first=Nico|title=Meet Tony Revolori, the Scene-Stealing Kid in 'The Grand Budapest Hotel'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/07/meet-tony-revolori-the-scene-stealing-kid-in-the-grand-budapest-hotel.html|website=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=January 14, 2017|date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> Born Anthony Quiñónez, he adopted "Revolori", the surname of his paternal grandmother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.backstage.com/interview/tony-revolori-letting-go-audition-room-spider-man-homecoming-and-wes-anderson/|title=Tony Revolori on Letting Go in the Audition Room, 'Spider-Man: Homecoming,' + Wes Anderson|website=[[Backstage (magazine)|Backstage]]|first=Jenna|last=Marotta|date=June 28, 2017 |access-date=July 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Revolori began his career as a child actor, getting his first role at age two, in a baby food commercial.<ref name=beast/> His first major role was as the young Zero Moustafa in [[Wes Anderson]]'s comedy ''[[The Grand Budapest Hotel]]''.<ref name=beast/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/international/the-grand-budapest-hotel-to-open-berlinale-1200797450/|title='Grand Budapest Hotel' to Open Berlin Film Festival|access-date=December 25, 2014|first=Leo|last=Barraclough|date=November 5, 2013|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: Checking in to THE GRAND BUDAPEST HOTEL with Tony Revolori|url=http://nerdist.com/interview-checking-in-to-the-grand-budapest-hotel-with-tony-revolori/|website=[[Nerdist News]]|first=Dan|last=Casey|access-date=January 14, 2017|date=March 9, 2014|archive-date=June 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616064250/https://nerdist.com/interview-checking-in-to-the-grand-budapest-hotel-with-tony-revolori/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, he was named one of the best actors under the age of twenty by [[IndieWire]].<ref>{{cite web|title=On The Rise: 20 Actors To Watch That Are Under 20|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2014/09/on-the-rise-20-actors-to-watch-that-are-under-20-272876/|website=[[IndieWire]]|date=September 4, 2014|access-date=February 16, 2017|archive-date=June 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630000232/https://www.indiewire.com/2014/09/on-the-rise-20-actors-to-watch-that-are-under-20-272876/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Revolori played [[Flash Thompson]] in the 2017 [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] superhero film ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2016/07/24/tony-revolori-confirmed-as-flash-thompson-in-spider-man-homecomi/|title=Tony Revolori Confirmed as Flash Thompson in Spider-Man: Homecoming|last=Siegel|first=Lucas|date=July 24, 2016|website=[[ComicBook.com]]|access-date=January 14, 2017}}</ref> and its [[Spider-Man: Far From Home|2019 sequel]]. Because of his casting, and the fact that the character was re-imagined as something other than a stereotypical jock bully, Revolori received hate mail and death threats from certain fans of the comics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbr.com/spider-man-homecomings-death-threats/|title=Spider-Man: Homecoming's Flash Thompson Actor Received Death Threats|last=Gerding|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2017|website=[[Comic Book Resources]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/tony-revolori-on-masculinity-bullying-and-my-little-pony|title=Tony Revolori on Masculinity, Bullying, and "My Little Pony"|last=McBee |first=Thomas Page|date=May 13, 2019|website=[[Teen Vogue]]|access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref> In 2021, Revolori returned in the third film ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]''. He also had a lead role in [[Hannah Fidell]]'s comedy ''[[The Long Dumb Road]]'', opposite [[Jason Mantzoukas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jason-mantzoukas-tony-tevolori-star-indie-road-trip-comedy-993304|title=Jason Mantzoukas, Tony Revolori to Star in Indie Road Trip Film (Exclusive)|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Mia|last=Galuppo|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>

On June 17, 2022, Revolori appeared on a self-titled skit off of rapper [[Logic (rapper)|Logic]]'s seventh studio album ''[[Vinyl Days]]'', in which he is calling to confirm a movie night with the artist.

In July 2022, [[Nickelodeon]] announced that Revolori would voice the character Deuce Gorgon in the 2022 animated reboot series ''[[Monster High (TV series)|Monster High]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/monster-high-tony-revolori-gabrielle-nevaeh-green-kausar-mohammed-nickelodeon-series-1235063469/ |title='Monster High': Tony Revolori, Gabrielle Nevaeh Green & Kausar Mohammed Among 9 Cast In Nickelodeon Series |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=July 13, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=July 13, 2022}}</ref> In 2023, he appeared in the horror film ''[[Scream VI]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miska |first=Brad |date=July 14, 2022 |title=''Scream 6'' – Samara Weaving and Tony Revolori Join the Cast! [Exclusive] |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/exclusives/3723281/scream-6-samara-weaving-and-tony-revolori-join-the-cast-exclusive/ |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=Bloody Disgusting |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714163412/https://bloody-disgusting.com/exclusives/3723281/scream-6-samara-weaving-and-tony-revolori-join-the-cast-exclusive/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Revolori has [[dyslexia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/tony-revolori-16-faces-of-2016 |title=The Wes Anderson Alum |last=Brown |first=Emma |website=Interview Magazine |date=December 20, 2015 |access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> He had a past relationship with filmmaker and musician Mariah Morgenstern (stage name Myah).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/kristatorres/i-dated-a-celebrity-as-a-non-famous-person-tiktok |title=This Woman Is Going Viral For Exposing What It Was Like To Date A Famous Person In LA, And People Have A Lot To Say |last=Torres |first=Krista |website=BuzzFeed|date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2018, Revolori was awarded an Impact Award by the [[National Hispanic Media Coalition]] for his "Outstanding Performance in a Motion Picture".<ref>{{Cite web|title=ADVISORY: FRIDAY, FEB. 23: NATIONAL HISPANIC MEDIA COALITION TO HOLD 21ST ANNUAL IMPACT AWARDS GALA RECOGNIZING LATINOS IN FILM AND TELEVISION AND OUTSTANDING SERVICE TO THE LATINO COMMUNITY, NHMC National Hispanic Media Coalition|url=https://www.nhmc.org/advisory-friday-feb-23-national-hispanic-media-coalition-hold-21st-annual-impact-awards-gala-recognizing-latinos-film-television-outstanding-service-latino-community/|access-date=2021-08-04|website=NHMC National Hispanic Media Coalition|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Theatre==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Mercury Fur]]''
| Naz
| Pershing Square Signature Center/The Romulus Linney Courtyard Theatre
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Speech & Debate (play)|Speech & Debate]]''
| Solomon
| London Trafalgar Studios
|}

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''Nebraska''
| Younger Boy
| rowspan="2" | Short film
|-
| 2008
| ''Smother''
| Waylon
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
| ''[[The Perfect Game]]''
| Fidel Ruiz
|
|-
| ''Spout''
| Twin Shaun
| Short film
|-
| 2013
| ''Fitz and Slade''
| Kid #2
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
| ''[[The Grand Budapest Hotel]]''
| Zero Moustafa
|
|-
| ''Special Delivery''
| Ramiro
| Short film
|-
|rowspan=2|2015
| ''[[Umrika]]''
| Older Lalu
|
|-
| ''[[Dope (2015 film)|Dope]]''
| James "Jib" Caldones
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
| ''[[The 5th Wave (film)|The 5th Wave]]''
| Dumbo
|
|-
| ''[[Lowriders (film)|Lowriders]]''
| Chuy Herrera
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2017
| ''[[Take the 10]]''
| Chester Tamborghini
|
|-
| ''[[Table 19]]''
| Renzo Eckberg
|
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]''
| [[Flash Thompson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Eugene "Flash" Thompson]]
|
|-
| ''[[Please Stand By]]''
| Nemo
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[The Long Dumb Road]]''
| Nathan
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2019
| ''[[The Sound of Silence (2019 film)|The Sound of Silence]]''
| Samuel Diaz
|
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]''
| Eugene "Flash" Thompson
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Run (2020 American film)|Run]]''
| Brooklyn Boy (voice)
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
| ''[[The French Dispatch]]''
| Young Moses Rosenthaler
|
|-
|''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]''
| Eugene "Flash" Thompson
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2023
| ''[[Scream VI]]''
| Jason Carvey
| <ref name="Scream 6 casting news">{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/exclusives/3723281/scream-6-samara-weaving-and-tony-revolori-join-the-cast-exclusive/|title='Scream 6' – Samara Weaving and Tony Revolori Join the Cast! [Exclusive]|website=Bloody Disguting|first=Brad|last=Miska|date=July 14, 2022|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/scream-6-release-date-cast-trailer/|title='Scream VI': Release Date, Returning and New Cast, Trailer, and Everything We Know so Far About the Slasher Sequel|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|first=Dana|last=Noraas|date=December 16, 2022|access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Asteroid City]]''
|Aide-de-Camp
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/wes-anderson-film-school-61fc70cd78b6badbad2c3e279a229786|title=What it's like to get a Wes Anderson education, from 'Rushmore' to 'Asteroid City'|website=Associated Press|first=Jake|last=Coyle|date=June 20, 2023|access-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Boy and the Heron]]''
| Parakeet (voice)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/the-boy-and-the-heron-english-cast-characters/|title='The Boy and the Heron': Meet the Cast of Hayao Miyazaki's Next Film|website=Collider|first=Maddie|last=P|date=September 7, 2024|access-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
| ''[[The Rivals of Amziah King]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/tony-revolori-verve-1236005240/ |title=Tony Revolori Signs With Verve |website=Deadline Hollywood |first=Justin |last=Kroll |date=July 10, 2024 |access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/sxsw-jacob-elordi-on-swift-horses-film-lineup-1236279078/|title=SXSW Rounds Out 2025 Film Lineup: Jacob Elordi Pic 'On Swift Horses' Closing Fest; Jillian Bell's 'Summer Of 69' Making World Premiere|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=February 5, 2025|access-date=May 11, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Roofman]]''
| Duane
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/roofman-movie-adds-juno-temple-lakeith-stanfield-ben-mendelsohn-more-1236163490/|title=Uzo Aduba, Ben Mendelsohn, LaKeith Stanfield & Juno Temple Among Final Additions To Miramax And Paramount's True Crime Pic 'Roofman'|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Matt|last=Grobar|date=October 31, 2024|access-date=October 31, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Paradise Records''
| Slaydras
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Logic's "Paradise Records" heads to Tribeca Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/logic-paradise-records-tribeca-film-festival-1236422172/ |website=Variety |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=6 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Unit]]''
| Boy
| Episode: "True Believers"
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]''
| Son
| Episode: "Welcome to the Jungle"
|-
| 2008
| ''Ernesto''
| Teenage Hilario
| Television film
|-
| 2009
| ''[[My Name Is Earl]]''
| Hunhau
| Episode: "My Name is Alias"
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sons of Tucson]]''
| Paco
| Episode: "Family Album"
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Shameless (American TV series)|Shameless]]''
| Sanchez
| Episode: "The American Dream"
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Son of Zorn]]''
| Scott Schmidt
| Recurring role
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Workaholics]]''
| Dougie
| Episode: "Party Gawds"
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes]]''
| Chameleon Jr., Dolph Finn
| 2 episodes Voice
|-
| 2019–2023
| ''[[Servant (TV series)|Servant]]''
| Tobe
| Recurring role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Craig of the Creek]]''
| Nate Moger III
| Episode: "Pencil Break Mania" Voice
|-
| ''[[Royalties (TV series)|Royalties]]''
| Theo
| rowspan="4" | Main role
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Willow (TV series)|Willow]]''
| Prince Graydon Hastur
|-
| 2022–2024
| ''[[Monster High (TV series)|Monster High]]''
| Deuce Gorgon (voice)
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Lego Star Wars: Rebuild the Galaxy]]''
| Dev Greebling (voice)
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2019–22
| ''[[The Daily Bugle (web series)|The Daily Bugle]]''
| Flash Thompson
| 3 episodes
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1727825}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Revolori, Tony}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male child actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:American people of Guatemalan descent]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Anaheim, California]]
[[Category:Actors with dyslexia]]

N.K.P. Muthukoya

2025-12-18T05:55:30Z

MerryK8896455: stub.

{{Short description|Indian painter of modern art}}
[[File:Artist_N.K.P._Muthukoya.jpg|thumb|Artist N.K.P. Muthukoya]]
'''N.K.P. Muthukoya''' is an Indian painter of [[modern art]], known for his [[Surrealism|surrealism paintings]] .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-07 |title=Lalithakala Akademi fellowships for two |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lalithakala-akademi-fellowships-for-two/article32795981.ece |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-19 |title=A painters' camp to honour an inspiring artist |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-painters-camp-to-honour-an-inspiring-artist/article3011720.ece |access-date=2023-10-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in 1941 in [[Andrott]], [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name=":0" /> In the 1940s, Muthukoya's family moved from Lakshadweep to [[Kannur]]. He studied in Elathur CMC High School.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://lalithkala.org/content/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF-2019%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81|title=കേരള ലളിതകലാ അക്കാദമി 2019ലെ ഫെല്ലോഷിപ്പുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു|access-date=23 December 2020|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=കേരള ലളിത കലാ അക്കാദമി|archive-date=2020-12-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201222232907/https://lalithkala.org/content/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF-2019%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> He completed his art studies at [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai|Madras School of Art]] under [[K. C. S. Paniker]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1998, he joined the [[Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity]] as exhibition officer and then voluntarily retired as broadcasting officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/corals-in-the-depths-of-his-mind-canines-on-the-expanse-of-his-canvas-meet-one-o/304791|title=Corals In The Depths Of His Mind, Canines On The Expanse Of His Canvas: Meet One Of India's Pioneering Surreal Painters|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Kerala Lalit kala Academi Fellowship]] in 2019.<ref name=":0"/>
* Padmini Award by Kerala Lalitha Kala Academy in 2011.<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Painters from Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthukoya, N.K.P.}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Painters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Couach fast interceptor boats

2025-12-12T17:19:36Z

MerryK8896455: page updated

{{Short description|Indian navy patrol craft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = Couach fast interceptor boats
| builders = Chantier Naval Couach, [[Gujan-Mestras]], France
| operators = {{Navy|India}}
| class_before =
| class_after =
| subclasses =
| cost =
| built_range =
| in_service_range =
| in_commission_range = July 2011{{ndash}}present<ref name="defencenow237">{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/237/indian-navy-to-acquire-80-interceptor-boats-from-sri-lanka.html |title=Indian Navy to Acquire 80 Interceptor Boats from Sri Lanka |work=defencenow.com |date=6 July 2011 |accessdate=18 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404161359/http://www.defencenow.com/news/237/indian-navy-to-acquire-80-interceptor-boats-from-sri-lanka.html |archive-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| total_ships_planned = 15
| total_ships_completed = 15<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERCEPTOR, THE FIRST |url=https://couach.com/timeline/15-high-speed-vessels/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Couach |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 15<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Military Balance 2024|publisher=The International Institute for Strategic Studies|pages=269}}</ref>
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_scrapped =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plascoa.com/en/patrol-boats/plascoa-1300-interceptor/ |title=Plascoa Couach Patrol boats |work=plascoa.com |year=2012 |accessdate=18 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224531/http://www.plascoa.com/en/patrol-boats/plascoa-1300-interceptor/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| class = Plascoa 1300 Fast Interceptor Boat
| type =
| tonnage =
| displacement = {{Convert|12|LT|t|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|13|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{Convert|3.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{Convert|0.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| power =
| propulsion = 2 × {{Convert|800|hp|0|abbr=on}} [[MAN SE|MAN]] R6-800 engines
| speed = {{Convert|50|kn|lk=in}}
| range = {{Convert|200|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{Convert|20|kn|abbr=on}}
| complement = 4
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''Couach fast interceptor boats''' are patrol boats. Built by the French shipyard Chantier Naval Couach for the [[Indian Navy]].

==Background==
On 27 March 2010, in the wake of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the Indian Navy placed an order worth around 600m [[Indian rupee|rupees]] (US$13.2m) for 15 boats with Chantier Naval Couach, to improve their coastal security net.<ref name="defencenow237"/>

==Vessel==
The Couach fast interceptor boats are equipped with twin {{Convert|800|hp|0|abbr=on}} [[MAN SE|MAN]] engines driving through a complete Twin Disc propulsion system consisting of MGX-5114A QuickShift transmissions, ASD11 Arneson Surface Drives with BCS trim tabs and EC300 electronic controls, and can achieve a top speed of {{Convert|50|kn|lk=in}}.

==Deployment==
All 15 interceptor boats were inducted by the Indian Navy by the end of 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERCEPTOR, THE FIRST |url=https://couach.com/timeline/15-high-speed-vessels/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Couach |language=en-GB}}</ref> These boats will be utilised by various Indian Navy units to patrol and intercept suspicious vessels closed to vital domestic assets.

==See also==
*[[Solas Marine Fast Interceptor Boat]]
*[[ABG Interceptor Class fast attack crafts]]
*[[Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels]]
*[[L&T fast interceptor craft]]
*[[Rajshree class inshore patrol vessel]]
*[[Rani Abbakka Class]]
*[[Alcock Ashdown Survey Catamaran]]
*[[Manoram class ferry]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Fast attack craft of the Indian Navy]]

Gifton Elias

2025-12-05T18:42:20Z

MerryK8896455: Adding some stub added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian composer}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gifton Elias
| image = Gifton Elias at his composing setup in 2010.jpg
| caption = Gifton Elias at his composing setup (2010)
| native_name =
| birth_name = Vuppula Gifton Elias
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|02|14}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = {{flat list|
* [[Composer|Film composer]]
* Music Director
* Music Producer
* Fiddler
* Arranger
* Multi-Instrumentalist
* Conductor
}}
| genre = [[Film score]], [[World music]], [[Contemporary music|Contemporary]], [[Instrumental]]
| instrument = [[Violin]], [[Piano]], [[Viola]], [[Electronic keyboard]], [[Synthesizers]], [[Guitar]], [[Cello]], [[Mandolin]], [[Percussions]]
| label = [[Times Music]], [[Madhura Audio]], [[Lahari Music]]
| associated_acts = Hyderabad Chamber Orchestra, Festival Choristers, Young Stringz
| website = {{URL|www.giftonelias.com}}
}}

'''Gifton Elias'''<ref>{{cite web | title=A patriotic tribute | work=The Hindu | date=13 August 2014 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article11199027.ece }}</ref> (గిఫ్టన్ ఎలియాస్) born 14 February 1987, is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[composer]] and [[musician]] who works in Telugu-language films. He is from [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] and an alumnus of [[Trinity College of Music]], [[London]], [[United Kingdom]].

He made his debut as a film composer for the 2016 Telugu film ''Janaki Ramudu''.

==Early life==
[[File:Gifton Elias accompanying on Viola for the Hyderabad Chamber Orchestra with his Violin Guru Sri. John C Marthand (2002).jpg|thumb|upright|Gifton Elias accompanying on Viola for the Hyderabad Chamber Orchestra with his Violin Guru Sri. John C Marthand (2002)]]
[[File:Gifton Elias - Indian Express (2002).jpg|thumb|left|Gifton Elias - Indian Express (2002 - Hyderabad Edition)]]

Gifton<ref name="PT">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-patriotic-tribute/article6315079.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104235827/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-patriotic-tribute/article6315079.ece | archive-date=4 January 2017 | title=A patriotic tribute - ANDHRA PRADESH - the Hindu | website=[[The Hindu]] |last1 = Lasania|first1 = Yunus Y.|access-date = 20 May 2017}}</ref> was born and brought up in Ramnagar, [[Hyderabad]] (then united Andhra Pradesh, present-day [[Telangana]]), India, to Sri. Vuppula Krupaiah Elias <ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/v-k-elias/1176063720|title=V.K.Elias on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026151001/https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/v-k-elias/id1176063720|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=V.K. Elias - Music Composer | website=[[YouTube]] | url=https://www.youtube.com/@v.k.elias-musiccomposer4809 }}</ref>(a well-known [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Gospel Music]] Director, graded artist, composer & music director at [[All India Radio]], [[Doordarshan]], Music Teacher, Honoured as Eminent Person in Music & Fine Arts on 21 December 2018 by the Honourable Chief Minister of [[Telangana]] Sri. [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]) and Smt. Regina Pushpa Hatagale (Teacher).

He did his schooling at [[Little Flower High School, Hyderabad]]. He has a bachelor's degree in [[Mass Communication]] from [[Loyola Academy, Secunderabad]] and a master's degree in [[Visual Communication]] from [[Loyola College, Chennai]].

Gifton's tryst with music began when he was just five. Gifton hails from a musically affluent family. Under the guidance of his father Sri. V. K. Elias, Gifton started singing, playing electronic keyboards, guitars at his church (Baptist Church [[Ramnagar, Hyderabad]]) and school band ([[Little Flower High School, Hyderabad]]).

After his third standard, he got into the most prestigious [[Trinity College of Music]], London. He started learning classical piano & violin from Sri. John C Marthand. As a child prodigy, he would assist his father sometimes for recordings at [[All India Radio]], [[Doordarshan]] & other cultural shows.

He was a part of the Hyderabad Chamber Orchestra (founded & conducted by his Violin Guru Sri. John C Marthand), Festival Choristers (a group of music lovers and senior Bureaucrats of Andhra Pradesh like Smt. Aruna Bahuguna IPS, Smt. Rachel Chatterjee IAS, and others), other Fusion bands accompanying with his violin, viola, piano & synths.

==Career==
[[File:Gifton Elias live at the Birla Science Museum (Hyderabad).png|thumb|upright|Gifton Elias live]]
While pursuing M.Sc Visual Communication, [[Loyola College, Chennai]], Gifton joined as an Intern & later continued as an Assistant Director to the Ace Film maker [[Geetha Krishna]] for a few Commercials, Adfilms & Films for the then Government of Andhra Pradesh (2007–08).

In 2008, he did his first independent project as a Music Composer for the renowned South Indian Actress [[Jayasudha]]. Since then, he regards her as his "Godmother". Later, he composed music for several ads, jingles, commercials, documentaries, short films, music videos.

[[File:Gifton Elias with Symphony Orchestra Live for PEACE CONCERT @ Chowmahalla Palace (30.04.2010).jpg|thumb|upright|Gifton Elias with Symphony Orchestra Live for PEACE CONCERT @ Chowmahalla Palace (30.04.2010)]]

On 30 April 2010, at the age of 23, during the communal riots in Hyderabad, Gifton conducted a Peace Concert at the Royal [[Chowmahalla Palace]], Hyderabad featuring a 50-member symphony [[orchestra]] live with the stage name "Gifty". The orchestra included a few students from Young Stringz School of Music (YSSM - started by Gifty in 2009), a few musicians from Andhra Pradesh Police Band & others.

The concert was graced by Smt. [[Jayasudha]] (the then MLA, Secunderabad Constituency), Sri. [[Noel Swaranjit Sen]], IPS (Retd) other local leaders & Media.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Jamming-for-a-cause/article16297905.ece|title = Jamming for a cause|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 3 May 2010}}</ref>

==Discography==

Gifton debuted as a Film Music Composer with the film Janaki Ramudu (2016 film), which released on 16 December 2016. He composed 5 songs & scored BGM for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/12/10/janaki-ramudu-release-date-confirmed/|title=Telugu Filmnagar | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 | Bigg Boss Telugu | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 | Bigg Boss 5 | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Updates | Latest Updates on Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 Latest Updates | Bigg Boss Season 5 | Bigg Boss Season 5 Telugu | Bigg Boss 5 Telugu Live Updates | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 Updates | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Highlights | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Live Updates | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Live | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Contestants | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 Latest News | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 News | Bigg Boss Telugu 2021 Season 5 | Bigg Boss 5 Telugu | Bigg Boss | Bigg Boss Telugu Show | BB House | Bigg Boss House | Akkineni Nagarjuna | Bigg Boss 5 Updates | Tuck Jagadish | Tuck Jagadish Movie | Tuck Jagadish Telugu Movie | Tuck Jagadish Movie Updates | Tuck Jagadish Movie Latest Updates | Tuck Jagadish Telugu Movie Updates | Tuck Jagadish Movie Latest News | Tuck Jagadish Latest Updates | Tuck Jagadish Updates | Tuck Jagadish Movie Update | Tuck Jagadish Telugu Movie Review | Tuck Jagadish Movie Review | Tuck Jagadish Review | Tuck Jagadish 2021 Latest Telugu Movie | Natural Star Nani | Nani | Nani Tuck Jagadish | Nani Tuck Jagadish Movie | Tuck Jagadish Movie Public Response | Tuck Jagadish Movie Rating | Tuck Jagadish Movie Review and Rating | Love Story | Most Eligible Bachelor | Pushpa | F3: Fun and Frustration | Maestro | Tuck Jagadish | KGF Chapter 2 | Akhanda | RRR | RRR Telugu Movie | RRR Movie Latest News | RRR Movie Latest Updates | RRR Updates | Drushyam 2 | Major | Republic | Latest Telugu Movies Reviews|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220014157/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/12/10/janaki-ramudu-release-date-confirmed/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.andhraheadlines.com/news/17/168562/janaki-ramudu| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219161836/http://www.andhraheadlines.com/news/17/168562/janaki-ramudu| archive-date = 2016-12-19| title = Review: Janaki Ramudu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/janaki-ramudu/story.html|title=Janaki Ramudu Preview, Janaki Ramudu Story & Synopsis, Janaki Ramudu Telugu Movie}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/janaki-ramudu-telugu-movie-review.html|title = Janaki Ramudu telugu movie review | Janaki Ramudu Movie Review & Rating | Janaki Ramudu telugu cinema review | Janaki Ramudu Film Review | Janaki Ramudu Telugu Review | Janaki Ramudu Twitter Updates | Janaki Ramudu movie First Day TalK | Janaki Ramudu Review | Janaki Ramudu USA Talk|date = 17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/12/16/janaki-ramudu-movie-review/|title=Telugu Filmnagar | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 | Bigg Boss Telugu | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 | Bigg Boss 5 | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Updates | Latest Updates on Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 Latest Updates | Bigg Boss Season 5 | Bigg Boss Season 5 Telugu | Bigg Boss 5 Telugu Live Updates | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 Updates | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Highlights | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Live Updates | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Live | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Contestants | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 Latest News | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 News | Bigg Boss Telugu 2021 Season 5 | Bigg Boss 5 Telugu | Bigg Boss | Bigg Boss Telugu Show | BB House | Bigg Boss House | Akkineni Nagarjuna | Bigg Boss 5 Updates | Tuck Jagadish | Tuck Jagadish Movie | Tuck Jagadish Telugu Movie | Tuck Jagadish Movie Updates | Tuck Jagadish Movie Latest Updates | Tuck Jagadish Telugu Movie Updates | Tuck Jagadish Movie Latest News | Tuck Jagadish Latest Updates | Tuck Jagadish Updates | Tuck Jagadish Movie Update | Tuck Jagadish Telugu Movie Review | Tuck Jagadish Movie Review | Tuck Jagadish Review | Tuck Jagadish 2021 Latest Telugu Movie | Natural Star Nani | Nani | Nani Tuck Jagadish | Nani Tuck Jagadish Movie | Tuck Jagadish Movie Public Response | Tuck Jagadish Movie Rating | Tuck Jagadish Movie Review and Rating | Love Story | Most Eligible Bachelor | Pushpa | F3: Fun and Frustration | Maestro | Tuck Jagadish | KGF Chapter 2 | Akhanda | RRR | RRR Telugu Movie | RRR Movie Latest News | RRR Movie Latest Updates | RRR Updates | Drushyam 2 | Major | Republic | Latest Telugu Movies Reviews|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718160148/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/12/16/janaki-ramudu-movie-review/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiaglitz.com/janaki-ramudu-audio-launch-telugu-videos-68284.html| title = videos - IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/gallery/janaki-ramudu-audio-launch-photos/|title=Telugu Filmnagar | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 | Bigg Boss Telugu | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 | Bigg Boss 5 | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Updates | Latest Updates on Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 Latest Updates | Bigg Boss Season 5 | Bigg Boss Season 5 Telugu | Bigg Boss 5 Telugu Live Updates | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 Updates | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Highlights | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Live Updates | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Live | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 Contestants | Bigg Boss Telugu Season 5 Latest News | Bigg Boss Telugu 5 News | Bigg Boss Telugu 2021 Season 5 | Bigg Boss 5 Telugu | Bigg Boss | Bigg Boss Telugu Show | BB House | Bigg Boss House | Akkineni Nagarjuna | Bigg Boss 5 Updates | Tuck Jagadish | Tuck Jagadish Movie | Tuck Jagadish Telugu Movie | Tuck Jagadish Movie Updates | Tuck Jagadish Movie Latest Updates | Tuck Jagadish Telugu Movie Updates | Tuck Jagadish Movie Latest News | Tuck Jagadish Latest Updates | Tuck Jagadish Updates | Tuck Jagadish Movie Update | Tuck Jagadish Telugu Movie Review | Tuck Jagadish Movie Review | Tuck Jagadish Review | Tuck Jagadish 2021 Latest Telugu Movie | Natural Star Nani | Nani | Nani Tuck Jagadish | Nani Tuck Jagadish Movie | Tuck Jagadish Movie Public Response | Tuck Jagadish Movie Rating | Tuck Jagadish Movie Review and Rating | Love Story | Most Eligible Bachelor | Pushpa | F3: Fun and Frustration | Maestro | Tuck Jagadish | KGF Chapter 2 | Akhanda | RRR | RRR Telugu Movie | RRR Movie Latest News | RRR Movie Latest Updates | RRR Updates | Drushyam 2 | Major | Republic | Latest Telugu Movies Reviews|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203163822/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/gallery/janaki-ramudu-audio-launch-photos/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Music Label
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year of Release
|-
| 2016 || ''Janaki Ramudu ''|||Junglee Music, [[Times Music]]|||2016
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Hawaa (2019 film)|Hawaa]]'' |||[[Madhura Audio]]|||2019
|-
| ''[[Mismatch (2019 film)|Mis(s)match]]'' |||[[Lahari Music]]|||2019
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Nachindi Girl Friendu]]'' |||[[Tips Industries]]|||2022
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Dear Nanna]]'' |||[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]|||2024
|-
|}

==Independent work==
[[File:Gifton Elias performing Live for PEACE CONCERT @ Chowmahalla Palace (30.04.2010).jpg|thumb|upright|Gifton Elias Live for PEACE CONCERT @ Chowmahalla Palace (30.04.2010)]]

* 2007 - "Priya Raaga" (private album)
* 2011 - "The Indian National Anthem" (a video single, released by the then Honourable Home Minister of Andhra Pradesh Smt. P. [[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=126405805|title=Home Minister P.Sabitha Indra Reddy releasing the audio CD titled 'The Indian National Anthem'|website=The Hindu Images|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-date=26 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126184539/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=126405805|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2012 - "Love You Maa" (Sand Art Video Single for Mother's Day) sung by [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]] Sand Art by Kanth Risa
* 2012 – "The Fiddler"
* 2013 - "Love You Maa" (Cello Cover)
* 2014 - "[[Vande Mataram]]" sung by [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]<ref name="PT"/>
* 2017 – "Oh My Valentine" (Single for Valentine's Day) sung by [[Noel Sean]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
* 2021 - "Desi Superstar" - India's first ever Music Series celebrating 75 years of India's Independence
* 2024 - "Drug of Dance" featuring "Yashwanth Master", Produced by [[Sekhar (choreographer)| Sekhar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=10301288}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elias, Gifton}}
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College of Music]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]

Kamal Uddin Siddiqui

2025-11-06T18:20:19Z

MerryK8896455: basic correct citations for consistency further and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Bangladeshi economist and social scientist (1945–2025)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{infobox person
| name = Kamal Uddin Siddiqui
| native_name = কামাল উদ্দিন সিদ্দিকী
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Kamal Siddiqui in 2006.JPG
| caption = Siddiqui in 2006
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1945|10|22|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|11|3|1945|10|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| alma_mater = [[University of London]]
| occupation = Economist
}}

'''Kamal Uddin Siddiqui''' (22 October 1945 – 3 November 2025) was a Bangladeshi economist and [[social scientist]]. He was a faculty member of [[Monash University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://directory.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/staffsearch/staffsearch?name=Kamal%20Siddiqui |title=Monash University |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229040438/http://directory.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/staffsearch/staffsearch?name=Kamal%20Siddiqui |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1971, he participated in the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]]. A career civil servant, he served as the principal secretary to Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]] until 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-02-16 |title=Court orders to return passports of BD Foods chairman |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-76120 |access-date=2022-11-11 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He was nominated by Bangladesh for election to the United Nations [[Committee on the Rights of the Child]], and served from 2005 to 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/647a2ab573a858f6c1256a2a0027ba29/95e478d2d1024065c1256fbf0039e7e2?OpenDocument |title=unhchr.ch |website=unhchr.ch}}</ref><ref name="monash1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.buseco.monash.edu.au/mgt/research/seirnet/flyer-kamal-siddiqui.pdf |title=Deadly Sins of Cocktail Ideology and the Vicious Cycle of Poverty in Developing Countries |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004153133/http://www.buseco.monash.edu.au/mgt/research/seirnet/flyer-kamal-siddiqui.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was, until 2006, chief editor of the ''Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh'', the first volumes of which were published in 2008 by the [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.effb-asb.org/volumes.php |title=Encyclopedia section of Asiatic Society website |access-date=23 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826104000/http://www.effb-asb.org/volumes.php |archive-date=26 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Bangladesh's war of liberation commenced on 25 March 1971. At that time, Siddiqui was serving as the sub-divisional officer (SDO) of [[Narail District|Norail]]. He quit his job and walked to India to participate in the war against the Pakistani army. After the establishment of [[Bangladesh]] on 16 December 1971, he returned home and was appointed the [[deputy commissioner]] (DC) and [[district magistrate]] of the [[Khulna District]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Beginning in February 2005, he was serving as the chairperson of the Committee on the Rights of the Child of United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. His achievements during the last three years before his death include the release of a large number of children from jails, establishment of nurseries in prisons and safe homes, raising the age of criminal liability and converting correction centres for children into development centres. Recognized as a champion of children by the High Court Division of the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]] in its landmark judgement in a child rights case in 2003, owing to these activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eu2007.pt/NR/rdonlyres/DBD82F12-40CD-4557-9C72-8C0F04A09450/0/20071211KSiddiquiWSIIWhyPovertyAlleviationshouldStartwithChildren.pdf |title=Towards a Sustainable Strategy of Child Poverty Reduction |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207212312/http://www.eu2007.pt/NR/rdonlyres/DBD82F12-40CD-4557-9C72-8C0F04A09450/0/20071211KSiddiquiWSIIWhyPovertyAlleviationshouldStartwithChildren.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2024}}

In October 2006, Siddiqui was terminated from his position as the principal secretary of Prime Minister Khaleda Zia after the caretaker government assumed power.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=31 October 2006 |title=Chief Adviser Swings Into Action |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/10/31/d6103101044.htm |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> His contractual appointment was extended five times by the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]], a record for the civil administration of Bangladesh.<ref name=":0" /> He went on the run after a number of corruption cases were filed against him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US cable: Tarique phoned for JMB leader Khamaru’s release |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/81483/us-cable-tarique-phoned-for-jmb-leader-khamaru%E2%80%99s |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Research ===
While teaching at Monash University, Siddiqui co-authored a book on diplomacy which was published in 2009.<ref>[http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/collections/monash-authors/2009/9780734610720.html Monash University description of Siddiqui book]</ref>

Siddiqui coined the term "cocktail ideology" to characterise the cultural profile of the Bangladeshi people in the 21st century. A "cocktail ideology", combining the retrogressive interpretation of religion and tradition with vulgar elements of the so-called [[modernity]], has emerged in many [[developing countries]] since the 1960s and the population of Bangladesh, among other developing countries, reflects uneasy and tense co-existence of these two components. Women and middle-aged men are, in general, the bearers of tradition and religious orthodoxy, while the younger generation tends to carry the flag for "decadent modernity". It has been found that the poor tend to be more affected by this "cocktail ideology" than any other class of society.<ref name="monash1"/>

Social formation in Dhaka City is a study which takes stock of the social formation of [[Dhaka]] as it evolved in the latter half of the 20th century. Kamal Siddiqui carried out this research in association with Sayeda Rowshan Qadir, Sitara Alamgir and Sayeedul Huq.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zingel |first=Wolfgang-Peter |date=November 1990 |title=Kamal Siddiqui, Sayeda Rowshan Qadir, Sitara Alamgir, Sayeedul Huq: Social formation in Dhaka City. A study in third world urban sociology |url=http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/intwep/zingel/Siddiqui1990.pdf |journal=Internationales Asienforum |volume=21 |issue=3–4 |pages=369–372}}</ref>

==Death==
Siddiqui died at his home in Dhaka's [[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]] neighbourhood, on 3 November 2025, at the age of 80.<ref>[https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/281010/ex-pm-khaleda-zias-principal-secretary-kamal-siddiqui-passes-away Ex-PM Khaleda Zia’s principal secretary Kamal Siddiqui passes away]</ref>

==Publications==
* Kamal Siddiqui (Editor in Chief) ''Encyclopaedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh'': 2008; Asiatic Society, [[Dhaka]].
* ''Megacity Governance in South Asia : A Comparative Study'', 2004, University Press Ltd., Dhaka.
* ''Better days, better lives: Towards a strategy for implementing the convention on the rights of the child in Bangladesh'', 2001, University Press Ltd., Dhaka.
* ''Local governance in Bangladesh: Leading issues and major challenges'', 2000, University Press Ltd., Dhaka.(The third edition of the book was published in 2005).
* ''Jagatpur, 1977–97: Poverty and social change in rural Bangladesh'', 2000, University Press Ltd., Dhaka.
* ''Land Management in South Asia: A Comparative Study'', 1997, Dhaka.
* ''Fiscal decentralisation in Bangladesh'', 1991, National Institute of Local Government, Dhaka.
* ''An evaluation of the [[Grameen Bank]] operation'', 1984, Dhaka.
* ''Towards good governance in Bangladesh: Fifty unpleasant Essays'', 1996, Dhaka.
* ''Local Government in Bangladesh'', 1994, Dhaka.
* ''Social Formation in Dhaka City'', 1993, University Press Ltd., Dhaka.
* ''Implementation of land reform in four villages of Bangladesh'' (APDAC's policies and implementation of land reform series), 1980, Dhaka.
* ''The political economy of land reforms in [[Bangladesh]]'', 1979, Dhaka.
* ''Bāṃlādeśe bhūmi-saṃskārera rājanaitika arthanīti'', 1981, Bāṃlādeśa Unnaẏana Gabeshaṇā Saṃsthā, Dhaka.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060915003653/http://www.asia2015conference.org/pdfs/Siddiqui-speech.doc Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]
* [http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/Sardar%20-%20Review%20Essay,%201.2,%20PDF.pdf A review by Archana Ghosh of ''Mega City Governance in South Asia'']
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915003653/http://www.asia2015conference.org/pdfs/Siddiqui-speech.doc |date=15 September 2006 |title=Speech delivered at Asia 2015 Conference held on 6–7 March 2006 }}
* [http://www.sdfbd.org/ The Social Investment Program Project : Welcome Message]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddiqui, Kamal Uddin}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi economists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi civil servants]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi sociologists]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Comilla District]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Secretaries of the Cabinet (Bangladesh)]]
[[Category:Children's rights in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]

Anumollanka

2025-11-01T23:08:45Z

MerryK8896455: Created New Details

{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.9763|80.5433}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| map_caption = Interactive map
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.83
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2042
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Attunuri Deepthi<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANCHAYAT DEVELOPMENT PLAN CAMPAIGN |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Anumollanka''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], in Anumollanka village, there are 610 households with a population of 2,042, including 1,038 males and 1,004 females. The village has 829 individuals belonging to Scheduled Castes, while there are no Scheduled Tribes reported. In terms of literacy, 1,257 people are literate. The workforce in the village consists of 1,248 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Basanta Kumar Mallik

2025-10-22T15:47:14Z

MerryK8896455: Created New Bio

{{short description|Bengali philosopher}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Basanta Kumar Mallik
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 27 May 1879
| birth_place = [[Jamalpur, Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = 9 December 1958
| death_place = [[Polstead Road]], Oxford, United Kingdom
| alma_mater = [[Exeter College, Oxford]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Bengali tutor|author|philosopher}}
| known_for = Influence on the poet Robert Graves in the 1920s
| father = Srihari Kumar Mallik
}}

'''Basanta Kumar Mallik''' (27 May 1879 – 9 December 1958) was a Bengali tutor, author and philosopher. He spent two extended periods in Britain, and is known for his influence in the 1920s on the poet [[Robert Graves]]. Mallik, his family name, derives from an honorific given by the [[Moghul Empire]], and he preferred not to use it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was the son of Srihari Kumar Mallik, an [[East India Railway]] employee, and was born at [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]] in [[Bihar]]. The family moved to [[Halisahar]] in [[West Bengal]] when he was still young. His father had a drinking problem, and died in 1888. His mother, with her mother-in-law and the other children, then moved back to [[Meherpur]], the family home.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=3–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Robert Graves gave a version of Srihari's death: he was a Christian convert who gave up [[Hindu dietary practices]], wrecking his health.<ref name="Good-Bye">{{cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Robert |title=Good-Bye to All That, an autobiography |date=1929 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |page=402 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.13534/page/402/mode/1up}}</ref>

After attending the Meherpur high school, Basanta Kumar Mallik went to the [[General Assembly's Institution]] in 1896. In Calcutta he encountered [[William Spence Urquhart]], a teacher at Duff College after 1902; Urquhart became a friend. After some family troubles, Mallik gained a B.A. degree in Mental and Moral Philosophy in 1902, having gone through an arranged marriage in 1900 in [[Hazaribagh]] which came to nothing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=7–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite IBD1915|wstitle=Urquhart, Rev. William Spence}}</ref> He took an M.A. degree in Philosophy at [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], in 1903. For the next few years he divided his time between a tutoring job in [[Chitpur Road]], Calcutta, and Hazaribagh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> He took on posts as warden of student hostels, befriended [[Kali Nath Roy]] and visited [[Varanasi]] in 1907.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=13–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

In 1908 a recommendation by a friend gained Mallik a position as tutor to [[Kaiser Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]], son of [[Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]], [[Prime Minister of Nepal]], who held the title of Maharaja.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sondhi |first1=Madhuri |title=Intercivilizational Dialogue on Peace: Martin Buber and Basanta Kumar Mallik |date=2008 |publisher=Indian Council of Philosophical Research |isbn=978-81-89963-03-3 |page=26 |language=en}}</ref> Kaiser, who later became a bibliophile, visited the United Kingdom with his father that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaiser Library, About Us |url=https://klib.gov.np/about-us/ |website=klib.gov.np |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328152726/https://klib.gov.np/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the third son, born in 1892, and his mother had died in 1905. He had been a student at the [[Durbar High School]]. In 1907 he was given a position in the Foreign Imports Department.<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Who India |date=1927 |publisher=Tyson & Co. |location=Calcutta |page=131 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48158/page/n155/mode/1up}}</ref> Mallik had been chosen after Kaiser's current tutor consulted the principal of the Durbar High School, and joined the court in [[Kathmandu]] in May 1909, meeting Kaiser who was camping with his father in the [[Gokarneshwar|Gokarna reserve]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> He shortly took on responsibility for another of the sons, and started to work under the Foreign Secretary. He was involved in preliminary discussion of what became the [[Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923]], the long-term goal of Chandra Shumsher's diplomacy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=14–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Life in Kathmandu near the [[Pashupatinath Temple]] suited Mallik, but Chandra Shumsher was able, through [[Lord Curzon]], to arrange for his admission to [[Exeter College, Oxford]], to read law.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Oxford 1912–1923==
Mallik arrived in Oxford in 1912, and was admitted to [[Lincoln's Inn]] on 20 November.<ref>{{cite book |last1=The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn |title=Admissions Registers|volume=3 1894-1956 |date=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/VOL318941956/page/n124/mode/1up |language=English}}</ref> He took a law degree as an undergraduate at Exeter College, graduating B.A. in Jurisprudence in 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> The original intention that he should return to Nepal in 1915 was made impractical by [[World War I]].<ref name="RL150">{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

In Michaelmas Term 1917 Mallick began a diploma course in anthropology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford Diploma Students 1907-1920 |url=http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/sma/index.php/articles/article-index/341-oxford-diploma-students-1907-1920.html |website=web.prm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> It led to certificates in anthropology in 1918, and a diploma in 1919. He then started on doctoral study, producing a dissertation on "The Problem of Freedom", but leaving Oxford in 1923 before his examination.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madhuri |first1=Sondhi |title=The Making of Peace: A Logical and Societal Framework According to Basanta Kumar Mallik |date=1985 |publisher=Selectbook Service Syndicate |page=309}}</ref>

===Associations===
Mallik was involved in the [[Oxford Majlis]], a student group, and had contact with the literary circle around [[Robert Bridges]] at [[Boar's Hill]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arup K. |title=Indians in London: From the Birth of the East India Company to Independent India |date=30 July 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89449-19-8 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sY4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT299 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sondhi |first1=Madhuri |title=Intercivilizational Dialogue on Peace: Martin Buber and Basanta Kumar Mallik |date=2008 |publisher=Indian Council of Philosophical Research |isbn=978-81-89963-03-3 |page=27 |language=en}}</ref> Friends who were Indian expatriates among the students were [[John Matthai]], Kiron Mukherji and [[K. M. Panikkar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=25–26, 29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

After World War I Mallik had a large social circle in Oxford.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=24–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> A smaller group of followers closely interested in Mallik's thought gathered round him: Thomas Wilfrid "Sam" Harries of [[Balliol College]] with Communist inclinations, Sydney Lewis of Exeter College who died shortly after leaving Oxford, the Serbian Alexander Vidaković who went on to be a journalist with ''[[Politika]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=25–26, 29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=James Joseph |title=American Liberalism and World Politics, 1931-1941: Liberalism's Press and Spokesmen on the Road Back to War Between Mukden and Pearl Harbor |date=1964 |publisher=Devin-Adair |page=662|volume=2 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1919 Mallik was elected a member of the [[Aristotelian Society]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aristotelian Society (Great Britain) |title=Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society |date=1922 |publisher=Williams & Norgate |location=London |page=239|volume=XXII |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedings22arisuoft/page/239/mode/1up}}</ref> [[William Yandell Elliott]] was in Oxford as a [[Rhodes Scholar]]. He recalled a dominant role for Mallik among students who regarded him as a "wise man".<ref name="Garland">{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=25–26, 29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

The Oxford Lotus Club was a student society with a focus on the Indian subcontinent. According to an notice in the ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'', it was founded by the Merton College classicist Robert Levens (1901–1976), as an informal group.<ref name="ABP">{{cite news |last1=Collingridge |first1=Alan |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik |work=Amrita Bazar Patrika |date=9 December 1961}}</ref> Elliott, [[Stringfellow Barr]] and [[Scott Buchanan]], with others, attempted to debate with him in "Platonic dialogues". Elliott wrote that Mallik was cast as [[Socrates]]. His compressed, over-simplified version of Mallik's position was that "in every clash both sides are wrong".<ref name="Garland"/> Indians there included [[Govinda Krishna Chettur]] and [[K. P. S. Menon]]. At this period Mallik had Oxford lodgings at 22 Farndon Road, and some club members saw him there.<ref name="ABP"/>

===Relationship with Robert Graves===
Mallik first met Graves in 1922 at the Oxford Lotus Club, where Graves was giving a talk, a draft on "What is Bad Poetry?".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Jean Moorcroft |title=Robert Graves: From Great War Poet to Good-bye to All That (1895-1929) |date=9 August 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-2915-0 |page=212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7NTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT212 |language=en}}</ref> Graves's mentor [[W. H. R. Rivers]] had just died, and he had broken with his friend [[Robert Nichols (poet)|Robert Nichols]], also engaging in a spat with [[Diccon Hughes]], another friend. He was working on a [[Bachelor of Letters|B.Litt.]] dissertation but his supervisor for it at the university, [[Walter Raleigh (professor)|Walter Raleigh]], had died a few weeks before Rivers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Richard Perceval |title=Robert Graves, the Assault Heroic, 1895-1926 |date=1987 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-81326-1 |pages=273–275 |language=en}}</ref>

Subsequently, Mallik brought some of his followers, including Sam Harries, to Graves's home in [[Islip, Oxfordshire|Islip]], to talk.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Jean Moorcroft |title=Robert Graves: From Great War Poet to Good-bye to All That (1895-1929) |date=9 August 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-2915-0 |page=212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7NTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT212 |language=en}}</ref> Alan Collingridge, counted as a disciple, left an account of discussions between Graves and Mallik there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Jean Moorcroft |title=Robert Graves: From Great War Poet to Good-bye to All That (1895-1929) |date=23 October 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-4729-2914-3 |page=286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ja4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA286 |language=en}}</ref> These intense encounters with Graves were also held around Oxford at Mallik's home on Farndon Road, at [[Garsington]] and elsewhere, and involved Collingridge, [[Wilfrid Roberts]] of Balliol College who became a good friend of Mallik, and Mary Neighbour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=24–28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

[[Jean Moorcroft Wilson]] considers that the five poetry collections published by Graves 1923–1925 show Mallik's influence.<ref name="JMW">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Jean Moorcroft |title=Robert Graves: From Great War Poet to Good-bye to All That (1895-1929) |date=23 October 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-4729-2914-3 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ja4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 |language=en}}</ref> Graves called his 1924 poetry collection ''Mock Beggar Hall'' (1924) a largely philosophical work; and in ''[[Good-Bye to All That]]'' (1929 edition) he noted that "This philosophic interest was a result of my meeting with Basanta Mallik". He also commented on how the encounter with Mallik allowed him to overcome some [[racial prejudice]].<ref name="Good-Bye"/> Graves dedicated ''The Marmosite's Miscellany'' (1925), a long pseudonymous poetical satire for the [[Hogarth Press]] published under the name John Doyle, to Mallik in India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==India==
Mallik returned to India in October 1923.<ref name="JMW"/> He made a visit to Nepal at the end of the year and saw Kaiser Shumsher in his library, but was no longer in favour at court there: Kaiser had supported his post-war period in Oxford, but he was not to expect a post from Chandra Shumsher.<ref name="RL150"/> He found lodgings in Raja Nava Kissen Street, Calcutta, through the Sen family for whom he had worked as a tutor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=29i |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Around 1924 [[Radhakrishnan]] found in Mallik and Kiron Mukherji two younger thinkers who shared his interest in [[European philosophy]], and later in the 1920s Mallik came to be on close terms with him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=Sarvepalli |title=Radhakrishnan: A Biography |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562999-6 |page=58 |language=en}}</ref> In June 1925 Sam Harries arrived in Calcutta to visit Mallik. He died suddenly while there, from [[cerebral malaria]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=31–32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Taking on legal work, Mallik was able to afford a home of his own, Palashi in the district of [[Kanchrapara]]. He was also engaged once more in Nepal, as adviser, at a
time when [[Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]] was faced with some serious family issues. In 1933 Mallik encountered numerous problems, with the finances of Palashi, with the death in the family of a brother involved with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and independence politics, and an uncomfortable exit from Kathmandu via a journey on foot before he could find adequate transport to [[Raxaul]] on the Indian border. He suffered a breakdown of his physical health.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=35–39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

At a low point, Mallik was contacted by Lilian Huss, a Swedish slight acquaintance from his early years in Oxford. In 1936 he voyaged from [[Kidderpore]] on the [[DDG Hansa]] line cargo steamer SS ''Neuenfels'' to [[Hamburg]], where Lilian Huss met him. They went on to [[Stockholm]], where he met Lilian's husband, [[Harald Axel Huss]]. He stayed with them, writing to Mary Neighbour from his old Oxford circle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=40–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Oxford from 1937==
Mallik returned to Oxford in February 1937, with the support of Lilian Huss in Stockholm, on what was intended to be a visit. He had few resources and no job, but began renewing old relationships, and stayed on.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=43–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Robert Graves was living on [[Majorca]], but arrived in London in the summer of 1937, escaping the [[Spanish Civil War]] with [[Laura Riding]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Richard Perceval |title=Robert Graves : the years with Laura, 1926-1940 |date=1990 |location=New York |isbn=0670813273 |page=246 |edition=First American}}</ref> Riding vetoed further contact with Mallik.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Richard Perceval |title=Robert Graves : the years with Laura, 1926-1940 |date=1990 |location=New York |isbn=0670813273 |page=256 |edition=First American}}</ref> Mallik sent as intermediary Ethel Reeves, sister of [[James Reeves (writer)|James Reeves]]. She made a verbose appeal to Graves which changed nothing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Richard Perceval |title=Robert Graves : the years with Laura, 1926-1940 |date=1990 |location=New York |isbn=0670813273 |page=281 |edition=First American}}</ref> Graves concluded that under the influence of philosophy, an interest that came with his friendship with Mallik, he had written bad poetry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=D. N. G. |title=Robert Graves: The Lasting Poetic Achievement |date=1989 |publisher=Carter |isbn=978-0-333-44742-0 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5TMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |language=en}}</ref> In the first edition of ''Good-Bye to All That'', he expressed the thought that the intense discussions he had had with Mallik and Sam Harries, in particular, had almost led to [[metaphysics]] for him driving out poetry. The revision of 1957 omitted this passage and the other mentions of Mallik.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quinn |first1=Patrick J. |title=The Great War and the Missing Muse: The Early Writings of Robert Graves and Siegfried Sassoon |date=1994 |publisher=Susquehanna University Press |isbn=978-0-945636-49-6 |page=104 |language=en}}</ref>

Mallik did meet Radhakrishnan with Kaiser Shumser in London that year, 1937.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Alan Collingridge, who was on the council of [[Morley College]], sought out Mallik on his return.<ref>{{cite book |title=Education Today: Journal of the College of Preceptors |date=1972 |publisher=College of Preceptors |page=32 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Mallik gave two public lectures there, in 1942.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[L. A. G. Strong]], a friend of Sydney Lewis from undergraduate days, renewed his acquaintance with Mallik through Winifred Lewis, Sydney's elder sister who became Mallik's biographer.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strong |first1=Leonard Alfred George |title=Green Memory |date=1961 |publisher=Methuen |pages=292–293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIhAAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Winifred had heard about Mallik's return from Alexander Vidaković, who had met Mallik by chance on [[Broad Street, Oxford|The Broad]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

In rooms on [[Iffley Road]], Mallik wrote his first book, which he had begun in Stockholm. He consulted Radhakrishnan, and drew on discussions in which he had been involved, with the ''[[Parichay (magazine)|Parichay]]'' circle around [[Sudhindranath Dutta]], on [[Hindu–Islamic relations]]. Through Radhakrishnan's influence, it was published in 1939 by [[Allen & Unwin]] ''as The Individual and the Group: An Indian Study in Conflict''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=44–46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

From 1942 Mallik lived in a household at 16 Polstead Road, in north Oxford, with supporters including Winifred Lewis, Nora Bolton and Hilda Alden;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[M. N. Srinivas]] described meeting [[Franz Baermann Steiner]] there, at the "residence of four or five middle-aged English women and an elderly Indian philosopher".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Franz Baermann |last2=Srinivas |first2=Mysore Narasimhachar |title=Selected Writings |date=1999 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-57181-713-6 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkUGVWjgHakC&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref> That year Mallik started to give lectures in Exeter College, for undergraduates studying [[Greats]] or [[Modern Greats]] (PPE). For two academic years he covered history, and then in 1944/5 logic and theory of knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
In autumn 1958 Winifred Lewis, Mallik's long-term companion, took him for a holiday on [[Dartmoor]]. After a collapse in health on 23 September, he was admitted to the [[Acland Nursing Home]]. He was taken home to Polstead Road in November, and died there on 9 December. Winifred Lewis took his body to [[Bombay]] on the [[P&O (company)|P&O]] steamer SS ''Pinjarra'', arriving 22 January 1959. It went to Varanasi for cremation, and she placed his ashes in the [[River Ganges]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |pages=76–77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''The Individual and the Group: An Indian Study in Conflict'' (1939). This work and the next, together with Radhakrishnan's ''Indian Philosophy'' (1923), have been seen as containing critique of Western philosophy for its poor grasp of [[lived experience]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaminsky |first1=Arnold P. |last2=Long |first2=Roger D. |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37462-3 |page=549 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA549 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Real and the Negative'' (1940)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallik |first1=Basanta Kumar |title=The Real and the Negative |date=1940 |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAAZAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Gandhi – A Prophecy'' (1948)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallik |first1=Basanta Kumar |title=Gandhi: A Prophesy |date=1948 |publisher=Hall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UY_AAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Related Multiplicity'' (1952)
* ''The Towering Wave'' (1953)
* ''Non Absolutes'' (1956)
* ''Mythology and Possibility'' (1960)

''Interchange of Selves'', a "dramatic treatise on stoicism" by Mallik, was rewritten by Robert Graves for publication in his [[little magazine]], ''The Owl'', and appeared in the 1923 final issue, ''Winter Owl'', edited by Graves and [[William Nicholson (artist)|William Nicholson]]. It was then reprinted in 1924, in ''Mock Beggar Hall''.<ref name="JMW"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Modernist Journals, The Owl: An Introduction |url=https://modjourn.org/the-owl-an-introduction/ |website=modjourn.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=British Literary Magazines |date=1983–1986 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=0313243360|volume=IV |page=334}}</ref> Graves referred to it as "An Actionless Drama for Three Actors and a Moving Background" and gave a dedication to Lady Cecilia Roberts, wife of [[Charles Henry Roberts]] and a long-term supporter of Mallik, the mother of Wilfrid Roberts.<ref name="Kersnowski">{{cite book |last1=Kersnowski |first1=Frank L. |title=The Early Poetry of Robert Graves: The Goddess Beckons |date=15 July 2002 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-74343-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDeabvPJC5oC&pg=PA76 |page=76 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Winifred |first2=Lewis |title=Basanta Kumar Mallik: A Garland of Homage from Some who Knew Him Well, with a Biography |date=1961 |publisher=V. Stuart |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Kersnowski suggests that Graves may have tried to impose on Mallik's work dramatic conventions of [[Symbolist theatre]] from a generation earlier. The intellectual content concerns conflict, endurance and history.<ref name="Kersnowski"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallik, Basanta Kumar}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]

Erivum Puliyum

2025-10-19T15:37:20Z

MerryK8896455: Adding initial pg first draft - done

{{short description|Indian sitcom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Erivum Puliyum.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| inspired_by = [[Uppum Mulakum]]
| director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Biju Sopanam]]
* [[Nisha Sarangh]]
* Rishi S Kumar
* Juhi Rustagi
* [[Al Sabith]]
* Shivani Menon
* [[Baby Ameya]]}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 82
| producer = Zee Keralam Production
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|01|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|05|13|df=y}}
| related = [[Uppum Mulakum]]
}}
'''''Erivum Puliyum''''' ({{Translation|Spice and Sour}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Sitcom|sitcom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/uppum-mulakum-stars-with-new-serial-erivum-puliyum-nisha-sarang-biju-sopanam-r5umqa|title=Erivum Puliyum : എരിവോടെ പുളിയോടെ അവരെത്തുന്നു, ഫ്രെഡിയും കുടുംബവും|website=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref> The show premiered on 17th January 2022 on [[Zee Keralam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erivum Puliyum: ഇനി എരിവും പുളിയും; പ്രേക്ഷകരുടെ പ്രിയപ്പെട്ട ആ കുടുംബം വീണ്ടുമെത്തുന്നു|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/erivum-puliyum-serial-launching-on-17th-january-zee-keralam-604936/|access-date=2025-04-12|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Erivum Puliyum: Here's what the actors have to share about the new show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-heres-what-the-actors-have-to-share-about-the-new-show/photostory/88977415.cms|access-date=2025-04-12|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is a [[Reboot (fiction)|spiritual reboot]] to the sitcom ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]'' that airs on [[Flowers TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erivum Puliyum set to launch; actors leave fans curious with their on the set pictures - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-set-to-launch-actors-leave-fans-curious-with-their-on-the-set-pictures/articleshow/87852729.cms|access-date=2021-11-28|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-juliet-and-freddie-to-spice-up-the-humor-quotient/articleshow/88803716.cms|title=Erivum Puliyum: Juliet and Freddie to spice up the humor quotient|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>

Due to low [[Target Rating Point|TRP]] ratings and negative reviews from the audience, the show went off-air on 13 May 2022.

==Synopsis==
It depicts events in the life of Freddie , his wife Julie and their five children named Jojo, Jani, Jo, Jenna and Cutie. When this family faces several ups and downs in their day-to-day lives, they make comical attempts to overcome their problems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erivum Puliyum: Juliet and Freddie to spice up the humor quotient|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-juliet-and-freddie-to-spice-up-the-humor-quotient/articleshow/88803716.cms|access-date=2025-04-12|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
==Cast==
'''Main cast'''
*[[Biju Sopanam]] as Freddie / Fredrick aka Unniyappan: Julie's husband and Jojo, Jani, Jo, Jenna and Cutie's father. Dual role as Keshavan, Freddie's Father.
*[[Nisha Sarangh]] as Julie / Juliette Wodzynski : Freddie's wife and Jojo, Jani, Jo, Jenna and Cutie's mother. Dual role as Elina D'Cruz(Elikutty), Julie's mother.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ഇത്തവണ ഞങ്ങൾക്ക് സമ്മര്‍ദ്ദവും ഉത്തരവാദിത്തവും കൂടുതലാണ്, പ്രേക്ഷകർക്ക് ഞങ്ങളില്‍ വലിയ പ്രതീക്ഷകളുണ്ട് : നിഷ സാരംഗ്|url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2022/02/02/nisha-sarang-about-erivum-puliyum/|access-date=2025-04-12|website=East Coast}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nisha Sarangh on Erivum Puliyum: We are starting with a clean slate, be with us|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nisha-sarangh-on-erivum-puliyum-we-are-starting-with-a-clean-slate-be-with-us/articleshow/89268485.cms|access-date=2025-04-12|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=അമ്മയെക്കുറിച്ച് എപ്പോഴും പറയും! അവള്‍ വിഷമങ്ങളെ അതിജീവിച്ച് വരികയാണ്! എല്ലാവരും ഒപ്പമുള്ളപ്പോള്‍ വേദനകള്‍ മറക്കുമല്ലോ! ജൂഹിയെക്കുറിച്ച് നിഷ സാരംഗിന്റെ വാക്കുകള്‍|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/actress-nisha-sarang-talks-about-juhi-rustagi-and-their-new-serial-erivum-puliyum/articleshow/87927590.cms|access-date=2025-04-12|website=Samayam}}</ref>
*Rishi S Kumar as Jojo/Julian Wodzynski: Julie and Freddie's first child. Jani, Jo, Jenna and Cutie's brother.
*[[Juhi Rustagi]] as Jani / Jannelle Wodzynski : Julie and Freddie's second child. Jojo, Jo, Jenna and Cutie's sister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erivum Puliyum fame Juhi Rustagi: This family keeps me happy and helps me sail through my tough time now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-fame-juhi-rustagi-this-family-keeps-me-happy-and-helps-me-sail-through-my-tough-time-now/articleshow/89301568.cms|access-date=2025-04-12|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=അന്നൊന്നും അത്ര മനക്കട്ടി ഇല്ലായിരുന്നു, കുറേ കരഞ്ഞിട്ടുണ്ട്: ജൂഹി രുസ്തഗി|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/juhi-rustagi-talking-about-erivum-puliyum-serial-608469/|access-date=2025-04-12|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
*[[Al Sabith]] as Jo / Jijoe / John Wodzynski : Julie and Freddie's third child. Jojo, Jani, Jenna and cutie's brother.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erivum Puliyum's Alasabith candidly talks about his reel family; says, "We all share the same vibe, that's our little secret"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyums-alasabith-candidly-talks-about-his-reel-family-says-we-all-share-the-same-vibe-thats-our-little-secret/articleshow/89095677.cms|access-date=2025-04-12|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
*Shivani Menon as Jenna or Jennifer Wodzynski: Julie and Freddie's fourth child. Jojo, Jani, Jo and Cutie's sister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erivum Puliyum preview: Jenna to give sexual predator a befitting reply; educates viewers about 'good touch'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-preview-jenna-to-give-sexual-predator-a-befitting-reply-educates-viewers-about-good-touch-bad-touch/articleshow/89037715.cms|access-date=2025-04-12|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
*[[Baby Ameya]] as Cutie or Jane Wodzynski : Julie and Freddie's fifth child. Jojo, Jani, Jo and Jenna's sister. She is a 4 years old.
*Binoj Kulathoor as Douglas : A servant in Julie and Freddie's house
'''Guest appearance'''
*[[Guinness Pakru]] as Himself

==Production==
After first season of ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]'' stopped, [[Zee Keralam]] planned to make a similar show titled ''Erivum Puliyum''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-heres-what-to-expect-from-this-onam-special-sitcom/photostory/85400887.cms|title=Erivum Puliyum: Here's what to expect from this Onam special sitcom|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref> Initially it is aired as 4 days special show on the occasion of [[Onam]] from 20 August to 23 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ഉപ്പും മുളകുമല്ല ഇനി എരിവും പുളിയും: നീലുവും കുടുംബവും വീണ്ടുമെത്തുന്നു, ലെച്ചുവിന്റെ ആരാധകർ സന്തോഷത്തിൽ|url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2021/07/31/uppum-mulakum-team-new-project-erivum-puliyum-zee-keralam/|access-date=2025-04-12|website=East Coast}}</ref> On seeing it's reception, the channel decided to relaunch the show as a reboot of Uppum Mulakum from 17 January 2022 with same cast but changing the character names.<ref>{{Cite web|title='ഉപ്പും മുളകുമല്ല എരിവും പുളിയും'; ബാലു ഫ്രഡിയായി തിരിച്ചുവരുന്നു|url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/erivum-puliyum-332585-2022-01-12|access-date=2025-04-12|website=East Coast}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{IMDb title|18306084}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/erivum-puliyum/0-6-4z575267 Erivum Puliyum - ZEE5]

[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]

Barsi Light Railway

2025-10-10T14:00:09Z

MerryK8896455: Created New Details - done

{{Short description|Narrow-gauge railway}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Barsi Light Railway - Saloon Car by Leeds Forge Co (1897).jpg|thumb|Saloon Car by Leeds Forge Co (1897)]]
[[File:Barsi Light Railway - Low Sided Truck by Leeds Forge Co (1897) 01.jpg|thumb|Low Sided Truck by Leeds Forge Co (1897)]]
[[File:Barsi Light Railway - Standard-Carriage Underframe by Leeds Forge Co (1897).jpg|thumb|Standard Carriage Underframe by Leeds Forge Co (1897)]]
[[File:Barsi Light Railway - Standard Covered Goods Wagon by Leeds Forge Co (1897).jpg|thumb|Standard Covered Goods Wagon by Leeds Forge Co (1897)]]

'''Barsi Light Railway (BLR)''' was a {{convert|202|mi|km|sing=on}} long, {{RailGauge|2ft6in|lk=on}} [[narrow-gauge railway]] between [[Miraj]] and [[Latur]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. It was designed by [[United Kingdom|British]] engineer [[Everard Calthrop]], and regarded as having revolutionised narrow-gauge railway construction in India.

==Classification==

It was labeled as a Class II railway according to [[Indian Railway Classification]] System of 1926.<ref>{{cite web| title=Indian Railway Classification | url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification | access-date=10 November 2022| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA15 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |pages=220–223}}</ref>

==Background: The Barsi Tramway Project==

The Barsee Tramway was a project, proposed in 1862, to construct a bullock driven Tramway 'to connect Barsee with the Barsee railway station’. In the event the Tramway was not installed but the groundwork had been completed with the construction of the earth works, cuttings and bridges and was completed in 1870 [3].

By the 1870’s Barsi had become the spelling of the town. Barsi Town was connected to Barsi Road Station on the GIPR, a distance of {{cvt|22|mi|km}}, utilising the completed groundworks providing a {{cvt|24|ft|m}} wide roadway with 'hard shoulders' [4] and designed to be built with sufficient strength to carry locomotives and the gradients which did not exceed 1 in 100 [3]. The Seena (Sina) River bridge was a ten arch masonry constructed bridge.

== History ==
Calthrop worked as a locomotive inspector for the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR), and in 1886 requested leave to investigate proposals for independent branch lines. He identified two schemes of particular interest – a {{convert|5|mi|km|0|sing=on}} tramway connecting the [[Hindu]] religious centre of [[Nasik]] with the railway, and a {{convert|21|mi|km|sing=on}} branch line to the town of [[Barshi]]. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway approved both schemes, and Calthrop undertook a survey of both lines. In 1887 he registered the Indian Railways Feeder Lines Company in [[London]] to promote the construction of feeders to the railway, and began negotiations with the Indian government to build the Barsi Light Railway. The GIPR suggested that he either return to his duties as a locomotive inspector, or resign (with its support) to further promote branch lines. His health was failing, and in 1889 Calthrop resigned from the GIPR. Working as a consultant, he then supervised construction of the {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} gauge horse-powered [[Trams in India#Nashik|Nasik Tramway]] using his previous survey.<ref name=Gratton>Gratton, Robert, 2005,''The Leek & Manifold Valley Light Railway'', RCL Publications.</ref>

In 1895 the negotiations that began in 1887 were finally successful and Calthrop formed a new company to build the Barsi Light Railway, employing himself as consulting engineer.<ref name=Gratton/> Calthrop surmised that the [[axle load]] on the [[Wheelset (rail transport)|axles]] of all [[rolling stock]] (including locomotives) could be equal, allowing maximum loading of goods wagons. He settled on a load of {{convert|5|LT|t ST|1|lk=on}} per axle, which was light enough to allow railway lines to be built with {{convert|30|lb/yd|kg/m|1}} [[Rail profile#Rail sizes|rail]]. Further, he argued that using a [[track gauge]] of {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} was the best compromise between economy of construction and carrying capacity.<ref name=Calthrop>Calthrop, E. R., 1997,''Light Railway Construction'', Plateway Press.</ref> Five [[0-8-4T]] locomotives (with even distribution of axle load) were constructed to Calthrop's specification by [[Kitson and Company]]. The goods rolling stock was constructed on common {{convert|25|by|7|ft|m|2|abbr=on|lk=on}} pressed-steel underframes, reducing [[tare weight]] and maximising wagon loads. Calthrop recognised the importance of railways in warfare, and designed the rolling stock to facilitate the movement of troops and equipment.<ref name=Calthrop/> Rolling stock rode on pressed-steel Fox [[bogie]]s, using the Timmis system of [[Coil spring|double coiled springs]].<ref name=Engineering>anon ''Engineering'' 12 January 1897.</ref> The line was constructed with rail inclination (then a new idea), which involves tilting the rail a few degrees to make its surface more nearly parallel with that of the [[Rim (wheel)#Railroad usage|rim]] of the [[wheel]]s. Inclination is now applied universally to railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narrow-gauge-pleasure.co.uk/rlyleekandmanifold.html|title=The Leek and Manifold Light Railway|access-date=2008-06-02|author=Lewis, Nick|work=Narrow Gauge Pleasure|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509050715/http://www.narrow-gauge-pleasure.co.uk/rlyleekandmanifold.html|archive-date=9 May 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Prior to shipment of the rolling stock to India, Calthrop and the [[Leeds Forge Company]], manufacturer of the rolling stock, conducted tests on a specially built test track located at Newlay, near [[Leeds]]. The line was opened for inspection by railway officials and journalists, and a number of reports were published in the technical railway press.<ref name=NGIRMR>anon ''E R Calthrop & the Newlay Exhibition'' Narrow Gauge & Industrial Railway Modelling Review No. 69 Jan 2007</ref>

The BLR finally opened in 1897, and was extended on a number of occasions until it reached a total length of {{convert|202|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} in 1927.<ref name=Hughes>Hughes, Hugh 1994 ''Indian Locomotives Pt. 3, Narrow Gauge 1863-1940''. Continental Railway Circle.</ref> It is regarded as having revolutionised the narrow-gauge railway system on the Indian subcontinent;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/articles/isrs/isrs082004-steam-history.html |title=Steam in History |access-date=2008-06-02 |author=Bhandari, R R |work=The IRFCA Server |publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080606074219/http://www.irfca.org/articles/isrs/isrs082004-steam-history.html| archive-date= 6 June 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> the railway was immensely successful, establishing Calthrop as one of the leading figures in the field.<ref name="Turner">Turner, Keith 1980, ''The Leek and Manifold Light Railway'', Newton Abbot, David & Charles.</ref> Calthrop remained Consulting Engineer until he retired, due to ill health, two years before his death.<ref name=Gratton/> The BLR continued to be operated as a privately owned railway until 1954, when it was purchased by the [[Indian Railways]].

==Rolling stock==
In 1936, the company owned 31 locomotives, 6 steam railcars, 120 coaches and 288 goods wagons.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA15 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |page=220}}</ref>

==BLR System and Extensions==

Information generally based on "Administration Report on Railways 1918"{{fcn|date=September 2025}}

*‘Main Line’
‘Kurduvai To Barsi Town’, 22 miles (35 km), opened 1897

*‘Barsi Town-Latur Extension'

‘Barsi Town-Kuslamb’, 6 miles (10 km), opened 1905

‘Kuslamb-Tadwala’, 20 miles (32 km), opened 1906

*‘Kurduvadi-Pandharpur Extension'

‘Kurduvadi to near Pandharpur, 31 miles (50 km), opened 1905

‘Extension to Pandharpur Town, 2 miles (3 km), opened 1906

From Kurduvadi (originally named Barsi Road) to Pandharpur, 20.56 miles, opened 2 Dec 1906, extended further 1.78 miles , 16 July 1915. The variation order had been approved on 20 August 1895 signed by the Principality of Pandharpur stated they were building a bridge over the Bhima river to take the railway into the town the route to follow route 161 a distance 34 miles (54 km) [11]. Pandharpur was a significant pilgrimage town and the line was an extension of the BLR from Kurduvadi (Barsi Road) where there was a connection with the GIPR mainline.

*‘Tadwale to Latur Extension’

‘Tadwale to Hyderabad Frontier, 1 mile (1.6 km), opened 1911

‘Hyderabad Frontier to Latur, 36 miles (58 km), opened 1911

*‘Pandharpur-Miraj Extension’

‘Pandharpur to Miraj, 84 miles(135 km), opened 1927 [12].

From Pandharpur via Lonand to Miraj, 'approximate length 77 miles, to connect to the Southern Mahratta Railway(SMR Poona Branch) at Miraj. This line involved bridges over the Bhima river at Pandharpur and the Man, south of Sangola, and was first proposed in 1906 [13]. The finalised route was approved in August 1916 for an extension from Pandaharpur to Lonand and Miraj, a distance of 79 ½ miles (126 km) [14]

*‘Pandharpur-Bijapur Extension’ (via Athani) - proposed but not constructed

From Pandharpur to Bijapur, ‘a length of about 77 miles, which would form a chord between Poona and Bijapur branches of the South Mahratta Railway’ [13].

The ‘Statistics of Working’ show the year-by-year financial results from 1913-14 through to 1936-37 and the BLR System rising from 116 miles (186 km) reaching 203 miles (326 km) from 1928-29 onwards [12]

==Purchased by the Indian Railways==

In 1954, it was discussed in Parliament, to wit:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55645/1/lsd_01_06_26-02-1954.pdf|title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People, Official Report, Volume I 1954|date=26 February 1954|pages=784–785}}</ref>
<blockquote>
"That, the Bill to impose upon the Barsi Light Railway Company, Limited, an obligation to make certain payments to the Central Government, be taken into consideration."

The Barsi Light Railway Company was the last of the Sterling Companies operating in India and Government decided in December 1952 to exercise the option under the contract to purchase the Railway by giving a year's notice. Accordingly, after the expiration of the notice period the Railway was taken over on the 1st January, 1954 and is now a part of the Central Railway System.

The Company expressed its willingness in November 1953 to accept the liability but pleaded that it was legally incompetent to do so under the English Law applying to the Company which was incorporated in the United Kingdom. According to that Law, the Company was incompetent to make any gratuitous payments from out of the purchase price.
</blockquote>

==Technical Innovations==

The Barsi Light Railway is regarded as having revolutionised the narrow-gauge railway system of the Indian subcontinent. The engineer Everard Richard Calthrop applied a systematic and logical approach to narrow gauge design with an insistence on a rigidly imposed axle weight limit of five tons allowing lightweight construction of track work and engineering features while simultaneously building the rolling stock to the largest possible size to ensure maximum capacity. The introduction of rail inclination (now universal but then a new idea on railways of any gauge) which reduces wear on wheels and rails by tilting the rail a few degrees to make its surface more nearly parallel with that of the tyre [15]. Five [[0-8-4T]] locomotives were constructed to Calthrop's specification by Kitson and Company. The goods rolling stock was constructed on common 25 by 7 ft. (7.62 by 2.13 m) pressed-steel underframes, maximising wagon loads [2].

The specification had 2 ft 6 inches overhang on each side of the track making a total width of 7 feet 6 inches [16].

== Influences ==
Internationally, other narrow-gauge railways copied the Calthrop ideas, such as the [[Narrow-gauge lines of the Victorian Railways|Victorian narrow-gauge railways]] in [[Australia]], which was persuaded to change from {{railgauge|610mm}} gauge to {{railgauge|762mm}} gauge so as to use the rolling stock designs already available for this gauge. The four lines in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] totalled 190.7 miles in length.

== Conversion to broad gauge ==

The Kurduwadi–Miraj section was converted to broad gauge in 2002. The Latur–Osmanabad section was converted to broad gauge in September 2007. Osmanabad did not lie on the narrow-gauge railway line and the alignment was changed for the new broad-gauge track to pass through Osmanabad. Politics played an Important role in routing the BG Rail Line via Osmanabad. Muslim Majority Osmanabad (Usmanabad) was given Rail connection whereas the BG line was initially planned to go via Dhebarewadi having Naya Ramling Rail Station. Currently '''National Highway 63(NH63)''' is running using the earlier planned BG Rail Line alignment after the BG Rail Line was shifted to run via Osmanabad (Osmanabad is renamed Dharashivpur now). Finally the remaining Osmanabad–Kurduwadi section of broad-gauge track became operational in October 2008 after construction of {{convert|1936|m|ft}} long Jahagirdarwadi Nagbodhi Tunnel completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/articles/isrs/isrs082004-steam-history.html |title=Steam in History |access-date=11 August 2015|author=Bhandari, R R|work=The IRFCA Server |publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080606074219/http://www.irfca.org/articles/isrs/isrs082004-steam-history.html| archive-date= 6 June 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{PM20|FID=co/049550|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{Class II railways according to Indian Railway Classification System}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

[[Category:2 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Defunct railway companies of India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1897]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]

Nirmal Ghosh

2025-09-19T10:36:33Z

MerryK8896455:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Nirmal Ghosh (Nantoo)''' (born 1 August 1949)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmal Ghosh, AITC MLA from Panihati - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/nirmal-ghosh/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Panihati Assembly constituency]] in [[North 24 Parganas district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Panihati Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Panihati Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-panihati-constituency-111.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ghosh is from [[Panihati]], North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Nibaran Chandra Ghosh. He completed his BSc in 1975 at Bangabasi College, which is affiliated with [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]]. He is a business consultant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmal Ghosh(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- PANIHATI(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1100 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ghosh won from Panihati Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 86,495 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sanmoy Bandyopadhyay of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 25,177 votes. He first became an MLA winning the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] on Indian National Congress ticket. He later shifted to Trinamool Congress and retained the Panihati seat in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He lost the next election in [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]], to Gopal Krishna Bhattacharya of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] but regained the seat for Trinamool Congress in 2011 defeating Ahibhusan Chakraborty, also of CPM.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Panihati Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Nirmal Ghosh of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/panihati-election-result-2021-live-updates-panihati-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695774.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-17 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Panihati profile: TMC's Nirmal Ghosh won seat in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-panihati-profile-tmcs-nirmal-ghosh-won-seat-in-2016-9410811.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He won for the fourth time in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assembly election]].<ref name=":1" /> He became an MLA for the fifth term winning the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]] from the same seat Trinamool Congress.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Nirmal}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bangabasi College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Barrackpore subdivision]]