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Teen Murti (film)

2026-05-07T19:52:44Z

MerryHarris567: adding new entry

{{Short description|1984 film by Pramod Chakravorty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teen Murti
| image = Teen Murti (1984) film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical poster of ''Teen Murti''
| director = [[Pramod Chakravorty]]
| story = Sachin Bhowmick
| producer = Pramod Chakravorty
| screenplay = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Sachin Bhowmick<br />Pramod Chakravorty
}}
| starring = [[Dharmendra]]<br />[[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />[[Danny Denzongpa]]<br />[[Zeenat Aman]]<br />[[Shoma Anand]]<br />[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]<br />[[Amrish Puri]]<br />[[Ranjeet]]
| cinematography = [[V. K. Murthy]]
| editing = Kishan
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| studio = Pramod Films
| released = {{Film date|1984|09|28|Bengali|1984|10|26|Hindi|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali<br/>Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Teen Murti''''' (in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]; {{Translation|'''''The Three Musketeers'''''}}), also known as '''''Jagir''''' (in [[Hindi]] {{Translation|'''''The Estate'''''}}),<ref>{{Citation|title=Jagir (Teen Murti) (The Estate) (The Three Idols) (1984)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jagir_teen_murti_the_estate_the_three_idols|access-date=9 July 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506160448/www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jagir_teen_murti_the_estate_the_three_idols|archive-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> is a 1984 Indian bilingual [[Action adventure film|action-adventure]] film simultaneously shot in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]]-languages, produced and directed by [[Pramod Chakravorty]] in his debut in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], under his banner of Pramod Films. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Dharmendra]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Shoma Anand]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Amrish Puri]] and [[Ranjeet]]. The film plots three friends unfolding the truth of their past wrongs, which involves a hidden treasure and familial secrets.

Written by [[Sachin Bhowmick]], the film was initially planned in 1976 under the title "''Teen Farishtey''" in Hindi, with another star cast, while later it got shelved and re-announced in 1983 to be a bilingual film. The film marks Chakravorty's collaborations for the fifth time with Dharmendra, and first with both Mithun Chakraborty and Danny; it also marks Aman, Anand, Pran and Ranjeet's cinematic debuts in Bengali cinema. Filming took places in [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]], with portions shot in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Music of the film is composed by [[R. D. Burman]], with lyrics penned by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] and [[Anand Bakshi]] for the Bengali and Hindi versions respectively. The cinematography and editing were handled by [[V. K. Murthy]] and Kishan respectively.

''Teen Murti'' theatrically released on 28 September 1984, coinciding with [[Durga Puja]], while the Hindi version ''Jagir'' released on 26 October 1984 on the occasion of [[Diwali]], alongside another Dharmendra starrer ''[[Jeene Nahi Doonga]]''. Upon release, the film received positive reviews from critics and was a hit domestically as well as in Soviet Union.

== Plot ==
Pramod Chakravorty's multi-starrer, ''Jagir'' is the story of three musketeers - Shankar, Sanga, and Danny, who fight to help the needy and punish the greedy. Many years ago, Maharaj Shoor Veer Singh gets killed by a dacoit Lakhan, when he tries to stop him from robbing his royal locket, which concealed the map to the treasure of Anjangadh. Maharaj's loyal Mangal Singh helps the Maharaj's son escape the evil dacoit Lakhan. An accident causes the Maharaj's son to lose his memory. he gets raised in humble surroundings as Shankar, unaware of the precious locket he wore around his neck. Over the time, Lakhan becomes an industrialist and called himself Thakur Saheb. Despite his wealth, he continues to dream of attaining the treasures of Anjangadh that are guarded by the watchful eyes of Shamsher Bahadur - a [[falcon]] . Shankar - the true heir and Seema, Sanga, and Asha, along with Danny, set out to protect the treasures of Anjangadh from falling into the hands of evil.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Dharmendra]] as Shankar
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Sanga
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Danny
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Mangal Singh
*[[Zeenat Aman]] as Seema
*[[Shoma Anand]] as Asha
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Monica
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Lakhan Singh / Thakur
*[[Ranjeet]] as Ranjeet Singh
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Dacoit Vikas Singh
*[[Praveen Kumar Sobti|Praveen Kumar]] as Django D'Costa
* [[Iftekhar]] as IG Praveen Singh
* [[Kamal Kapoor]] as Maharaj Shoor Veer Singh
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Dr. Bakshi
* [[Priti Sapru]] as Lily
* Birbal as Bahadur
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Guard EK Mukerjee
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Sudha, Shankar's saviour
*Azaad Irani as Azaad
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Mac
*[[Bob Christo]] as Bob
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
During the making of ''[[Sholay]]'' in 1974, [[Ramesh Sippy]] was planning to adapt [[The Three Musketeers (1973 live-action film)|''The Three Musketeers'']] (1973) in Hindi, with [[Salim–Javed]] as the screenwriters. Dharmendra, [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]], the trio of ''Sholay'', was planned to bring back on-screen by him. Despite the lead actors being signed, the film could not be finalized due to ''Sholay'' taking extra time.

In November 1976, [[Pramod Chakravorty]] undertook the project and launched it as "Teen Farishtey", produced by Tarun Guru Dutt under the banner of Koncord International. Dharmendra and Bachchan were approached again, while [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]] and [[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya Bhaduri]] were offered another pivotal roles. [[Vinod Khanna]] replaced Kapoor after he opted out of it. Later, it got delayed after Salim–Javed declined to sign as its screenwriters. In 1979, [[Sachin Bhowmick]] decided to take up the story, on Chakravorty's request, and gave it to Tarun Guru Dutt. Then it was titled as "Jagir", and Chakravorty himself took over as producer. Bachchan stepped into Dharmendra's role, Rishi Kapoor stepped into the role that was to be earlier done by Bachchan, and [[Mithun Chakraborty]] stepped into Khanna's role. The film once again saw delays due to Bachchan's schedule. [[Uttam Kumar]] was approached to replace Bachchan later, which also consequented Chakravorty to make the project bilingually in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and Hindi, but it also got stalled due to Kumar's death in 1980. Finally, Dharmendra came back into the film in his original role, Mithun remained in the film and Danny was signed for the role Rishi Kapoor was earlier doing.

== Soundtrack ==
Music of the film is composed by [[R. D. Burman]], marking his third collaboration with Chakravorty after working on ''[[Warrant (film)|Warrant]]'' (1975) and ''[[Azaad (1978 film)|Azaad]]'' (1978). It is also his collaboration with Dharmendra for the fifteenth time after ''[[Chandan Ka Palna]]'' (1967), ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972), ''[[Samadhi (1972 film)|Samadhi]]'' (1972), ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973), ''[[Jheel Ke Us Paar]]'' (1973), ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), ''Azaad'' (1978), ''[[Phandebaaz]]'' (1978), ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]'' (1978), ''[[Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1980 film)|Alibaba Aur 40 Chor]]'' (1980), ''[[The Burning Train]]'' (1980), ''[[Qayamat (1983 film)|Qayamat]]'' (1983), ''[[Sunny (1984 film)|Sunny]]'' (1984) and [[Jhutha Sach (film)|''Jhutha Sach'']] (1984); and with Mithun Chakraborty for the sixth time after ''[[Sitara (1980 film)|Sitara]]'' (1980), ''[[Kalankini Kankabati]]'' (1981), ''[[Aamne Samne (1982 film)|Aamne Samne]]'' (1982), [[Ashanti (1982 film)|''Ashanti'']] (1982), ''[[Swami Dada]]'' (1982) and [[Boxer (1984 film)|''Boxer'']] (1984).

=== Bengali ===
Lyrics for ''Teen Murti'' were penned by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] in his fourth collaboration with Burman after working on ''[[Rajkumari (film)|Rajkumari]]'' (1970), ''[[Anusandhan (1981 film)|Anusandhan]]'' (1981) and ''Aparupa'' (1982). Each song was chartbuster, especially "Emon Mojar Shohor" sung by [[Kishore Kumar]], gained huge popularity for depicting the cultural environment of [[Kolkata]] through its lyrics.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:09
| title1 = Path Hok Bandhur (Title of "Teen Murti")
| length1 = 6:13
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Shakti Thakur]]
| title2 = Mon Churi Chhara Kaaj Nei
| length2 = 6:23
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| title3 = Notun Se To Notun E
| length3 = 5:53
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title4 = Jaano Jodi E Mon Ki Chay
| length4 = 5:48
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle
| title5 = Emon Mojar Shohor
| length5 = 5:15
| extra5 = Kishore Kumar
| title6 = Bandar Salaam Nao Janab
| length6 = 5:37
| extra6 = [[R. D. Burman]], Asha Bhosle
}}

=== Hindi ===
The Hindi lyrics in ''Jagir'' were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:19
| title1 = Hum Dilwale
| length1 = 4:49
| extra1 = Kishore Kumar, Shailendra Singh, Shakti Thakur
| title2 = Chor Tera Naam Hai
| length2 = 4:36
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar
| title3 = Naya Naya Hota Hai
| length3 = 5:42
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
| title4 = Aaj Ki Raat
| length4 = 5:40
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle
| title5 = Shehron Mein Se Shehr
| length5 = 4:04
| extra5 = Kishore Kumar
| title6 = Sabko Salam Karte Hain
| length6 = 5:28
| extra6 = R. D. Burman, Asha Bhosle
}}

== Box office ==
In the [[Soviet Union]], it was the top-grossing Indian film of 1986, with 38{{nbsp}}million admissions at the [[List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales|Soviet box office]].<ref name="soviet">{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/1469857.html|title=Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате (Индия)|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|date=3 August 2008}}</ref> This was equivalent to an estimated {{#expr:38/(100/50)}}{{nbsp}}million [[Soviet rouble|Rbls]]s<ref>{{cite book |title=Soviet Military Review |date=1982 |publisher=[[Krasnaya Zvezda|Krasnaya Zveda Publishing House]] |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGrfAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA5-PA7}}</ref> ({{US$|{{#expr:19/(67.83/100) round 2}} million|long=no}},<ref name="russia">{{cite web|title=Archive|url=http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229074625/http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2009|website=[[Central Bank of Russia]]|year=1972|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> {{INR|{{#expr:28.01*12.611 round 2}} million}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1987&locations=IN&start=1986 |website=[[World Bank]] |year=1986 |accessdate=11 December 2018}}</ref> in 1986, or {{US$|{{Inflation|US|28.01|1986}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:63*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}})/1000 round 3}} billion}}) adjusted for inflation in 2017.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0157844|}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action adventure films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Indian Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pramod Chakravorty]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Western (genre) films]]

Sadhvi Sail

2026-05-07T15:52:17Z

MerryHarris567: adding new entry

{{Short description|Indian beauty pageant titleholder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| image =
| caption = Sail (right) in 2026
| name = Sadhvi Sail
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| height =
| occupation =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of British Columbia]]
| residence =
| title = [[Femina Miss India 2026|Femina Miss India World 2026]]
| competitions = {{ubl|Femina Miss India 2026 (Winner)|[[Miss World 2027]]|(TBD)}}
| hair_color =
| eye_color =
| relatives = [[Satish Krishna Sail]] (Father)
}}

'''Sadhvi Satish Sail''' is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder who won [[Femina Miss India 2026|Femina Miss India World 2026]], held in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], on 18 April 2026. As the winner, she will represent India at [[Miss World 2027]] to be held in Tanzania.

== Early life and education ==
Sadhvi Satish Sail is based in [[Goa]], India.<ref name="FeminaProfile">{{cite web |title=Sadhvi Sail |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2026/sadhvi-sail/contestantprofile/153927257.cms |website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="Tribune2026">{{cite news |title=Sadhvi Satish Sail crowned Femina Miss India World 2026, calls win "surreal" |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sadhvi-satish-sail-crowned-femina-miss-india-world-2026-calls-win-surreal/ |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=19 April 2026 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref> She is the daughter of Indian politician [[Satish Krishna Sail]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news9live.com/state/karnataka/sadhvi-sail-daughter-of-karwar-congress-mla-wins-crowned-femina-miss-india-2026-2960287 | title=Sadhvi Sail, daughter of Karwar Congress MLA wins, crowned Femina Miss India 2026 | publisher=News9Live | work=Nakshab Khan | date=20 April 2026 | accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref> Sail studied at the [[University of British Columbia]], where she studied economics and international relations.<ref name="FeminaProfile" /><ref name="FPJEdu2026">{{cite news |title=Sadhvi Sail's Educational Qualification: Know About Femina Miss India World 2026 Winner's Academic Background |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/sadhvi-sails-educational-qualification-know-about-femina-miss-india-world-2026-winners-academic-background |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |date=19 April 2026 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="Tribune2026" />

== Pageantry ==
Prior to pageantry, Sail worked as a model and entrepreneur.<ref name="FeminaProfile" /><ref name="HT2026">{{cite news |title=Who is Miss India 2026 winner? Things to know about Goa's Sadhvi Satish Sail, from her journey to her dreams |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/who-is-miss-india-2026-winner-things-to-know-about-goas-sadhvi-satish-sail-from-her-journey-to-her-dreams-101776574165327.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 April 2026 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Femina Miss India 2026 ===
Sail represented Goa and won Femina Miss India World 2026 at the [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] on 18 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/miss-india-2026-sadhvi-satish-sail-crowned-winner-beats-strong-competition-in-star-studded-event-3038803.html | title=Miss India 2026: Sadhvi Satish Sail crowned winner, beats strong competition in star-studded event | publisher=[[Zee News]] | work=Ahana Tiwari | date=19 April 2026 | accessdate=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/61st-femina-miss-india-grand-finale-2026-sadhvi-sail-crowned-winner-article-154110120 | title=61st Femina Miss India Grand Finale 2026: Sadhvi Sail Crowned Winner | publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] | work=Risha Ganguly | date=19 April 2026 | accessdate=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sadhvi Satish Sail gets crowned Miss India World 2026 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/sadhvi-satish-sail-gets-crowned-femina-miss-india-world-2026-10644366/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=19 April 2026 |language=en |date=19 April 2026}}</ref> Sail became the first woman representing Goa state to win Femina Miss India World.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2026/sadhvi-sail/contestantprofile/153927257.cms | title=Sadhvi Sail | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=27 March 2026 | accessdate=18 April 2026}}</ref>
As the winner, she will represent India at Miss World 2027 to be held in Tanzania..<ref name="FeminaWin2026">{{cite web |title=Sadhvi Sail from Goa Wins Femina Miss India World 2026 |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/sadhvi-sail-from-goa-wins-femina-miss-india-world-2026/articleshow/154109672.cms |website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |date=19 April 2026 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="NDTV2026">{{cite news |title=Meet Goa's Sadhvi Satish Sail, Newly Crowned Miss India World 2026 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/meet-goas-sadhvi-satish-sail-newly-crowned-miss-india-world-2026-11378179 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=19 April 2026 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Authority control}}

==External links==

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before= [[Nikita Porwal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India World]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India|2026]]}}
{{s-aft|after= {{tableTBD}}}}
{{S-bef|before= Shruti Raul}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Goa]]
|years=2026}}
{{s-aft|after= {{tableTBD}}}}
{{S-end}}
{{Indian Beauty Pageant Representatives}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sail, Sadhvi}}
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:People from Goa]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Abhi Na Jaao Chhod Kar

2026-05-06T16:11:23Z

MerryHarris567: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Abhi Na Jaao Chhod Kar
| type = song
| artist = [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| album = [[Hum Dono (1961 film)|Hum Dono]]
| language = Hindi
| released = 1961
| recorded = 1960
| studio =
| genre = Film score
| length = approx. 4:54
| label = [[Saregama]] (formerly HMV)
| composer = [[Jaidev]]
| lyricist = [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
| producer = [[Navketan Films]]
}}

"'''Abhi Na Jaao Chhod Kar'''" is a Hindi film song from the 1961 film ''[[Hum Dono (1961 film)|Hum Dono]]''. It is a romantic duet composed by [[Jaidev]] with lyrics by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], and sung by [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Asha Bhosle]]. The song was picturised on actors [[Dev Anand]] and [[Sadhana Shivdasani]].

==Background==
The song was featured in ''Hum Dono'', a film produced by and starring Dev Anand. The musical score for the film was composed by Jaidev, and the lyrics were written by Sahir Ludhianvi, both of whom received acclaim for their contributions. Over time, the song came to be viewed as a significant example of romantic musical expression in Hindi cinema.<ref name="DailyGuardian23">{{Cite web |last=Dhuliya |first=Himanshu |title=Love song of Dev Anand: 'Abhi Na Jao Chhod Kar…' |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/art-culture/love-song-of-dev-anand-abhi-na-jao-chhod-kar/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The Daily Guardian |date=7 September 2023}}</ref> The tune of "Abhi Na Jaao Chhod Kar" is reused in two other songs in the film ''Hum Dono'': "Adhuri Aas Chhod Ke" and "Jahaan Mein Aisa Kaun Hai Ke Jissko Gham Mila Nahin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=2023-08-03 |title=Saluting The Composer Of Abhi Na Jao Chhod Kar On His Birth Anniversary |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/saluting-the-composer-of-abhi-na-jao-chhod-kar-on-his-birth-anniversary-article-102386799 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

The arrangement by Jaidev is marked by restraint, featuring minimal orchestration including guitar and flute interludes. This creates a subdued mood that emphasizes the song’s lyrical and emotional content. The vocal performances by Rafi and Bhosle are often noted for their natural, conversational tone, which complements the song’s structure and enhances its emotional resonance. The song covers the popular theme of lovers in conversation who want to spend more time with each other away from their homes, but are forced to part at the end of the day due to their responsibilities to their families.<ref name="DailyGuardian23" />

==Structure==
The song is framed as a conversation between two lovers, with the male character expressing a wish for the female character to stay a little longer. The female voice responds by acknowledging his affection but points out her social obligations. The exchange ultimately conveys the mutual longing between the two characters. The composition supports this conversational structure with subtle instrumentation that allows the voices to remain central. The first stanza has the male character, played by Dev Anand, requesting the female character, played by Sadhana, to stay a little longer, knowing very well that in those traditional times, it was not accepted for women to stay out late. The second stanza has a reply from the female character, who points out how late it is at night by highlighting that the stars have come out and the lights have come on. She then subtly hints for a more permanent arrangement between them. In the third stanza, the male character points out the philosophical obligation that lovers have to each other, asking her to pass this initial test of love by staying. He then apologises for speaking too much, stating that he was simply in love and wants her by his side.<ref name="DailyGuardian23" />

===In the film===
The song begins with Dev Anand's character waiting for Sadhana's character, who arrives a little late. They exchange gifts, including a musical lighter that she gifts him, the tune of which becomes the signature tune of the song and the rest of the film. They thus spend the whole afternoon together in silence. The song and its lyrics only begin as the evening grows, with Dev Anand's character asking Sadhana's character to stay, while she cites her social obligations and hints at him to take action if he wants to keep her in his life permanently. At the end of the song, the lovers move hand-in-hand. In the scene that follows, he requests her father for her hand in marriage.<ref name="DailyGuardian23" />

==Legacy==
"Abhi Na Jaao Chhod Kar" is frequently cited among the most well-regarded romantic songs of Hindi cinema’s golden era. The song has maintained its popularity across generations and is referenced in academic and popular commentary on Indian film music.<ref name="DailyGuardian23" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=2023-03-08 |title=Sahir Ludhianvi's powerful feminism made his lyrics timeless |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sahir-ludhianvis-powerful-feminism-made-his-lyrics-timeless/articleshow/98496407.cms |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=A. |first=Nazir |date=October 20, 2017 |title=Memories of the people's poet: HOW LYRICAL LEGEND SAHIR LUDHIANVI CAST SPELL ON CINEMA WITH HIS MAGICAL WORDS |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=125980263&site=eds-live&scope=site |access-date=June 6, 2025 |work=Eastern Eye}}</ref>

Singer and composer [[Shankar Mahadevan]], in a 2022 interview, stated that the song was "probably the best written song ever".<ref name="KhaleejTimes23">{{Cite web |last=Saleem |first=Sadiq |title=How the legacy and magic of 'Abhi Na Jao Chhod Kar' lives on in 'Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/how-the-legacy-and-magic-of-abhi-na-jao-chhod-kar-lives-on-in-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Khaleej Times |date=29 July 2023}}</ref> Actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]] stated that the song was the most romantic song in Hindi cinema.<ref name="KhaleejTimes23" /><ref>{{Cite web |first=Devinder |last=Bir Kaur |date=Dec 27, 2015 |title='Abhi na jao chhod kar...' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/abhi-na-jao-chhod-kar-175554/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, the song was notably referenced in the film ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'', directed by [[Karan Johar]]. A scene from the film featured actors [[Dharmendra]] and [[Shabana Azmi]] performing a dialogue interspersed with the lyrics of the original track. Rather than using a full-length musical remix, the film incorporated the song as a nostalgic element within a romantic sequence. This adaptation was seen as a tribute to the original composition and reflected the continued relevance of the song in contemporary cinema.<ref name="KhaleejTimes23" />

Musical duo [[Sourendro—Soumyojit|Sourendro-Soumyojit]] created a revisit version of this song as the anthem of [[Fête de la Musique|World Music Day]] 2024, celebrating 100 years of [[Mohammed Rafi]] that featured artists like [[Amjad Ali Khan|Ustad Amjad Ali Khan]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Papon (singer)|Papon]], [[Usha Uthup]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Aruna Sairam]], [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Mame Khan]], [[Leslee Lewis]], [[Anindya Chatterjee]], [[Lopamudra Mitra]], [[Shayan Chowdhury Arnob|Arnob]] and the creators themselves. The post-produced video version of the song was released on social media later the same year as the first song of the album and it went viral on social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AB-I3vsUk6g |title=Abhi Na Jao Chhodkar {{!}} World Music Day Concert 24 {{!}} Sourendro-Soumyojit |date=2024-12-24 |last=Sourendro Soumyojit |access-date=2026-04-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|mfEQgoVi7P4|Abhi Na Jaao Chhod Kar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhi Na Jaao Chhod Kar}}
[[Category:1960s songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Sahir Ludhianvi]]
[[Category:Mohammed Rafi songs]]
[[Category:Asha Bhosle songs]]

Kazheesirama Vinnagaram

2026-05-04T06:25:47Z

MerryHarris567: creating the details added tags

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kazheesirama Vinnagaram
| image = Thadalankoil (10).jpg
| alt =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|14|26|N|79|43|53|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Thadalan Kovil
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = [[Sirkazhi]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Tiruvikrama Narayana Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Loga Nayagi Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
}}
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Sanga Pushkarani - Sakkara Theertham
| tower = Pushkala Vartha
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Kazheesirama Vinnagaram''' or '''Tadalan Kovil''' or '''Tiruvikrama (trivikara) Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located in [[Sirkazhi]], of [[Mayiladuthurai district]], Tamil Nadu, India. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'' dedicated to [[Vishnu]], who is worshipped as Trivikrama and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Loganayagi. The temple is believed to have been built by [[Cholas]], with later contributions from [[Medieval Cholas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]], and [[Madurai Nayaks]].

The temple is found in [[Sirkazhi]], and situated in a location called Thdalan Koil. The temple complex actually houses all the shrines within a large concentric walls pierced by a three-tiered Rajagopuram. There are three major shrines in the temple with the ones of Trivikrama in the sanctum and two other shrines of Loganyagi and Andal being the most prominent. The temple tank, Chakra Tirtham, is located behind the temple premises.

The Brahmotsavam festival is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (May–June). The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu''. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.</ref> The temple follows [[thenkalai|Tenkalai]] mode of worship.

==Legend==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 3264 | height1 = 2448
| width2 = 3264 | height2 = 2448
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Thadalankoil (8).jpg
|image2=Thadalankoil (7).jpg
|footer=The shrines of the Andal and Loganayagi in the temple
}}
The temple finds mention in ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' as Patalika Vanam and Uttama Kshetram. As per Hindu legend, [[Brahma]] boasted about his long life. A sage called Romas wanted to suppress Brahma's thought and he did severe penance at this place. Vishnu was pleased by his devotion, and Vishnu appeared before him. On further request from the sage, Vishnu appeared again as Trivikrama. He gave a boon to the sage that he would get a life longer than that of Brahma and blessed that with each falling hair of the sage, Brahma would lose one year.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=471–2}}</ref>

The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' describes that Vishnu descended as the [[Vamana]] avatar to restore the authority of [[Indra]] over the heavens, as it had been taken by [[Mahabali]], a benevolent [[asura]] King. [[Mahabali|Bali]] was the grandson of [[Prahlada]]. King Mahabali was generous, and engaged in severe austerities and penance and won the praise of the world. With the praise from his courtiers and others, he regarded himself as the all powerful in the world. Vamana, in the guise of a short [[Brahmin]] carrying a wooden [[umbrella]], went to the king to request three paces of land. [[Mahabali]] consented, against the warning of his guru, [[Sukracharya]]. Vamana then revealed his identity and enlarged to gigantic proportions to stride over the three worlds. He stepped from heaven to earth with the first step, from earth to the netherworld with the second. King [[Mahabali]], unable to fulfill his promise, offered his head for the third. Vamana then placed His Foot and gave the king immortality for his humility. In worshiping Mahabali and his ancestor Prahláda, he conceded sovereignty of [[Patala|Pátála]], the netherworld. Some texts also report that Vamana did not step into the netherworld, and instead gave its rule to Bali. In giant form, Vamana is known as Trivikrama. The legend is associated with [[Thrikkakara Temple]] in [[Kerala]], but also with this temple, [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur]] and [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]].<ref>[[#Parmeshwaranand|Parmeshwaranand]], p. 1337</ref><ref>[[#Hoiberg|Hoiberg 2001]], p. 217</ref><ref name=dinamalar/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Thadalankoil (3).jpg|200px|thumb|View of the vimana]]
The temple is located in the town of [[Sirkazhi]] in Mayiladuthurai district. [[Tirumangai Alvar|Thirumangai Alvar]] won a challenge against Saiva Kuravar [[Sambandar]] by composing Pasurams in praise of the god worshipped in this temple, who is praised as ''Mann alantha Tadalan'' meaning the one who measured the land.<ref>''Journal of Indian history, Volumes 22-24''.Dept. of Modern Indian History, 1943.</ref> The name Tadalan is in honour of Tiruvikrama ([[Vamana]]) form and the ''[[moolavar|mulavar]]'' (prime deity) fixed in the central shrine is in this form. The presiding deity, Tiruvikrama, appeared for sage Ashtakoma.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=534|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref><ref name="epic">{{cite book |title= Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact : Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference, Leuven, 6–8 July 1991 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&q=veeraraghava+perumal+temple&pg=PA86|publisher=Peeters Publishers |last1=K.V. |first1=Raman |last2=T. |first2=Padmaja |isbn= 9789068317015 |date=1995 |ref=K.V. |pages= 85–86}}</ref>

The temple has a rectangular plan with the sides of the temple covered by tall brick walls. The temple tower, the ''raja[[gopuram]]'' has a three-tiered structure. The sanctum is approached from the gateway tower through a flagpost, altar, an elevated hall and two other halls namely the Mahamandpa and the Ardhamandapa. The sanctum houses the stone image of Trivikrama in standing posture and also has various other metal images. The shrines of Lokanayagi is located in a shrine around the first sanctum in the north western corner beyond the sanctum and the shrine of [[Andal]] is located on the other corner. The temple tank, Chakra Tirtham, is located behind the temple.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==Religious importance==
This place is believed to be where sage [[Vishvamitra]] conducted his [[Yagna]] and came to be known as Sidhasrama. The place was in ruins during a time and an old lady is believed to have placed the idol in a pot of rice. When [[Thirumangai Alvar]] came to the place, the lady handed over the idol to him and Thirumangai is believed to have constructed the temple. [[V. V. S. Aiyar]] quotes that the 610th ''[[Tirukkural]]'' mentions about the temple. It is also the place where Thirumangai Alvar after coming back from North India defeated [[Thirugnana Sambandar]] in debate.<ref name=R/> The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by Thirumangai Alvar in one hymn of Thirunedunthandagam. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==Worship and festivals==
[[File:Thadalankoil (6).jpg|200px|thumb|The image of Paramapada Vasal]]
The temple follows ''[[Pancharatra]] Agama'' and [[Thenkalai]] tradition. The major festival celebrated in the temple is the 10-day Vaikasi Brahmotsavam, held during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June).<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Trivikrama Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=268|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdIkaccgneAC&q=vamana&pg=PA1337|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2001|isbn=9788176252263|ref=Parmeshwaranand}}
* {{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=vamana&pg=PA217|last1=Hoiberg|first1=Dale |last2=Ramchandani|first2=Indu |publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=9780852297605|ref=Hoiberg}}
{{refend}}

{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{commons category|Thadalan Kovil}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Vamana temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Manduadih–New Delhi Superfast Express

2026-05-03T15:24:38Z

MerryHarris567: started a entry v1

{{Short description|Banaras-New Delhi Superfast Express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Banaras - New Delhi Superfast Express
| image = New delhi Banaras expressss.jpg
| caption = Banaras - New Delhi Superfast Express Arriving At New Delhi
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Delhi]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|03|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railways]]
| start = [[Banaras railway station|Banaras]] '''(BNRS)'''
| stops = 5
| end = [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] '''(NDLS)'''
| distance = {{convert|755|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 10 hours 52 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC-I Tier, AC-II Tier, AC-III Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = E-catering
| baggage = Yes
| observation = Large windows
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on|allk=on}}
| trainnumber = 12581 / 12582
| speed = 130 km/h (Avg. Speed = 66 km/h)
| map =
}}

The '''Banaras- New Delhi Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[North Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Banaras railway station|Banaras]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] in [[India]]. It is currently being operated with 12581/12582 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Railways-divert-cancel-several-trains-due-to-derailment/articleshow/56227303.cms Railways divert, cancel several trains due to derailment]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1154&id=0,4,268 Bulletin 1 of Derailment of 12987 Ajmer-Sealdah Exp. at Rura station on Kanpur-Tundla section of North Central Railway]</ref>

== Service==

The 12581/Banaras - New Delhi SF Express has an average speed of {{convert|71|km/h}} and covers {{convert|755|km}} in 10 hours and 35 minutes. The 12582/New Delhi - Banaras SF Express has an average speed of {{convert|68|km/h}} and covers {{convert|755|km}} in 11 hours and 10 minutes.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Banaras}}
* {{rws|Gyanpur Road}}
* {{rws|Prayagraj Junction}}
* {{rws|Kanpur Central}}
* {{rws|Tundla Junction}}
* {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}}
* {{rws|New Delhi}}

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a Ghaziabad Loco Shed based [[WAP 7]] or [[WAP 5]] electric locomotive from [[Banaras railway station|Banaras]] to [[New Delhi]].

==Time table==
<br />
'''From Banaras to New Delhi it starts with Number 12581 and time table is as:''
<br/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Station !! Arrival !! Departure !! Halt (Min.) !! Day !! Elevation
|-
|1 || [[Banaras railway station|Banaras]] || Starting Station || 23:10 || - || 1 || 80m
|-
|2 || [[Gyanpur Road railway station|Gyanpur Road]] || 23:53 || 23:55 || 2 || 1 || 80m
|-
| 3 || [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] || 01:20 || 01:25 || 5 || 2 || 100m
|-
| 4 || [[Kanpur Central]] || 03:45 || 03:50 || 5 || 2 || 129m
|-
| 5 || [[Tundla Junction]] || 06:28 || 06:30 || 2 || 2 || 129m
|-
| 6 || [[Ghaziabad railway station|Ghaziabad]] || 08:53 || 08:55 || 2 || 2 || 216m
|-
| 7 || [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] || 09:45 || Destination || - || 2 || 216m
|}

'''From New Delhi to Banaras it starts with Number 12582 and time table is as:''
<br />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Station !! Arrival !! Departure !! Halt (Min.) !! Day !! Elevation
|-
| 1 || [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] || Starting Station || 22:50 || - || 1 || 216m
|-
| 2 || [[Ghaziabad railway station|Ghaziabad]] || 23:20 || 23:22 || 1 || 2 || 216m
|-
| 3 || [[Tundla Junction]] || 01:23 || 01:25 || 2 || 2 || 129m
|-
| 4 || [[Kanpur Central]] || 04:25 || 04:30 || 5 || 2 || 129m
|-
| 5 || [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] || 07:30 || 07:40 || 10 || 2 || 100m
|-
|6 || [[Gyanpur Road railway station|Gyanpur Road]] || 08:41 || 08:43 || 2 || 2 || 80m
|-
| 7 || [[Banaras railway station|Banaras]] || 10:00 || Destination || - || 2 || 80m

|}

==Coach composition==

This train has 23 coaches between Banaras Station to New Delhi station.

* 1 AC 1 Tier Coach (H1)
* 2 AC 2 Tier Coach (A1-A2)
* 8 AC 3 Tier Coach (B1-B6 & BE1-BE2)
* 5 Sleeper class Coach (S1-S5)
* 4 General compartments (unreserved)
* 1 SLR
* 1 EOG
* 1 HCP

Coach composition for 12581 BSBS-NDLS Superfast Express:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#CEF2E0;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 23
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||HCP||EOG||H1||A1||A2||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||BE1||BE2||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||GEN||GEN||GEN||GEN||SLR
|}

Coach composition for 12582 NDLS-BSBS Superfast Express:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#CEF2E0;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#E0CEF2;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#F2CEE0;"| 23
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR
||GEN||GEN||GEN||GEN||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||BE2||BE1||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||A2||A1||H1||EOG||HCP
|}

== See also ==

* [[New Delhi railway station]]
* [[Banaras railway station]]
* [[Shiv Ganga Express]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/23156 12581/Manduadih - New Delhi SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/23157 12582/New Delhi - Manduadih SF Express]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manduadih - New Delhi Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Anuradha Thakur

2026-04-27T23:24:40Z

MerryHarris567: New - done

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Anuradha Thakur
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]
| known_for = Artist, Luminescent paintings
| training =
| notable_works = Ethnic Serendipity
| patrons =
| awards =
| url =
| parents =
| spouse =
}}

'''Anuradha Thakur''' is an Indian painting artist in [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethnic Encounters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ethnic-encounters/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Known for her luminescent paintings, her artwork is a display of the inherent Indian culture and traditions.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Chandigarh Lalit Kala Academy organises art workshop & exhibition |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/colours-of-freedom-421881 |work=Tribuneindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anuradha Thakur's artwork depicts cultural stories of India's Gond tribe |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/anuradha-thakurs-artwork-depicts-cultural-stories-of-indias-gond-tribe |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> She is also a TEDx speaker.<ref>{{cite news |title=TEDxBITSHyderabad - TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/19832 |work=TED}}</ref>

Anuradha has been honoured with numerous national awards and was recently selected by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] as one of the Top 100 Women Achievers in the category of Art and Culture in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Women artists 'break silence' through art exhibition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/women-artists-break-silence-through-art-exhibition/ |work=The Indian Express |date=8 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
After graduating with a degree in fine arts, Anuradha worked with women and children in slum areas. She taught art using materials such as mud, gum from babool trees, and paints. She received a state award for this work.<ref>{{cite news |last1=praveen |first1=priyanka |title=Living and painting with the tribes of India |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/art/170117/living-and-painting-with-the-tribes-of-india.html |work=The Asian Age |date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

In 2016, Anuradha took up painting 22 years after graduating from Arts College in [[Pune]]. Even though she had studied [[Fine Art]], the only subject offered in 1982, abstract art didn't appeal to her. Now, she is in [[Hyderabad]] for a 10-day show titled ‘Serene Ecstacy’ at Park Hyatt.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=black and white with a burst of colours is the USP of Anuradha Thakur's paintings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/black-and-white-with-a-burst-of-colours-is-the-usp-of-anuradha-thakurs-paintings/article65548583.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 June 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anuradha Thakur, Painting Artist, Ahmednagar |url=https://stories.workmob.com/anuradha-thakur-arts-entertainment |work=stories.workmob.com}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* '''2019''': Received the iWoman Global Awards 2019 on the occasion of International Women's Day at IISER, Pashan.<ref>{{cite news |title=iWoman Global Awards given to 16 women achievers in Pune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/iwoman-global-awards-given-to-16-women-achievers-in-pune/story-zBvbmVrDG7HWfL01K2qWdN.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2019''': One of her paintings titled ‘Ethnic Serendipity’ has found a place in the [[Prime Minister of India]]'s office.<ref>{{cite news |title=City enjoys art exhibition of artiste Anuradha Thakur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/pune/city-enjoys-art-exhibition-of-artiste-anuradha-thakur/articleshow/69356880.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Top 100 Women Achievers in the category of Art and Culture in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Women artists 'break silence' through art exhibition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/women-artists-break-silence-through-art-exhibition/ |work=The Indian Express |date=8 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Anuradha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar]]
[[Category:Artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Citizen Sparrow

2026-04-19T16:25:19Z

MerryHarris567: put up...

{{Notability|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
[[Image: Citizen sparrow header.jpg|right|thumb|300px|{{URL|http://www.citizensparrow.in}}]]

'''Citizen Sparrow''' is an ongoing [[citizen science]] project in [[India]] in which members of the public are encouraged to contribute information on presence and absence of the [[house sparrow]]. It is organised by [[Bombay Natural History Society]] and [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)]] in partnership with the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] and [[Nature Conservation Foundation]]. Several other Indian Non Governmental Organisations collaborate with this project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensparrow.in/index.php?r=site/index |title=Citizen Sparrow |publisher=Citizensparrow.in |date= |accessdate=2012-04-14}}</ref>

==Aim of the project==
Citizen Sparrow is a public participatory project in which all members of the public are encouraged to contribute information on presence and absence of the [[house sparrow]]. This project is motivated by the observation that house sparrows have declined in many parts of India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nvonews.com/2009/05/18/house-sparrow%E2%80%93-declining-population/|title=NVO News|publisher=NVO News|accessdate=2012-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104051209/http://nvonews.com/2009/05/18/house-sparrow%E2%80%93-declining-population/|archive-date=2010-01-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> while in a few other parts their numbers are reported to be stable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatabirds.com/sparrowgopi.htm|title=Sundar, KSG. 2010. The New Indian Express, (Zeitgeist Suppl.), 10 Jul 2010, pg. 6|publisher=Kolkatabirds.com|date=|accessdate=2012-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504072257/http://www.kolkatabirds.com/sparrowgopi.htm|archive-date=4 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Citizen Sparrow project provides a [[website]] where registered members can upload observations of presence and absence of house sparrow from different locations and for different time period. All the observational records are plotted on a map.

==Duration of the project ==
This project is planned to run for two months, that is, from 1 April 2012 to 31 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3268211.ece |title=NATIONAL / ANDHRA PRADESH : Citizen Sparrow initiative launch today |work=The Hindu |date=2012-04-01 |accessdate=2012-04-14}}</ref> This project aimed to collect information and to answer few questions such as, where are sparrows still found in India? Where were they found before? Where have they declined the most? Have they actually increased in some place? At the end of the project a summary of the findings will be prepared and published online as a report. The patterns uncovered by the Citizen Sparrow project will be subsequently used to investigate change in sparrow population in more detail in India.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:House Sparrow Male, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|Male house sparrow
Image:House Sparrow Female.jpg|Female house sparrow
Image:House Sparrow Male, Andhra Pradesh, India.jpg|Male
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article3287189.ece
* http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article3307631.ece
* [https://archive.today/20130103103400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-03/flora-fauna/31281123_1_citizen-sparrow-house-sparrow-birds ]

[[Category:Science education in India]]
[[Category:Sparrows]]

Top Model India season 1

2026-04-19T12:43:19Z

MerryHarris567: adding a article

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television season
| image =
| caption = Season 1 contestants
| num_episodes = 10
| network = [[Colors Infinity]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|2|4}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|4|8}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''Top Model India, season 1''''' was the first installment of ''[[Top Model India]]''. The series premiered on Colors Infinity on 4 February 2018 at 8:00 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]]). Sixteen finalists were chosen to compete for the show.

The winner of the competition was 21-year-old Mahir Pandhi from [[Delhi, India|Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-09 |title=Congratulations! Delhi's Mahir Pandhi is the winner of Top Model India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/congratulations-delhi-s-mahir-pandhi-is-the-winner-of-top-model-india-1207901-2018-04-09 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As his prizes, he received a one-year modelling contract with Bling Entertainment Solution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Aakash |date=2022-12-20 |title=Who Is Mahir Pandhi, Rumoured Boyfriend Of Bigg Boss 16’s Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia? All You Need To Know |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2022/bigg-boss-16-who-is-mahir-pandhi-rumoured-boyfriend-of-nimrit-kaur-ahluwalia-all-you-need-to-know-344631.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==

===Contestants===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2"|Contestant
! Age
! Height
! Hometown
! Finish
!Place
|-
|style="background:#faafbe;"|
|Nupura Bhaskar
|26
||{{height|m=1.73}}
|[[Mumbai]]
|Episode 2
|13
|-
|style="background:#9cf;"|
|Lemuel Huffman
|25
||{{height|m=1.77}}
|[[New York City|New York]], United States
|Episode 3
|12
|-
|style="background:#faafbe;"|
|Marina Lang
|21
||{{height|m=1.70}}
|[[Manipur]]
|Episode 4
|11
|-
|style="background:#faafbe;"|
|Pearl Almeida
|24
||{{height|m=1.77}}
|[[Mumbai]]
|Episode 5
|10
|-
|style="background:#9cf;"|
|Sidharth Neeraj Sharma
|27
|{{height|m=1.85}}
|[[Mumbai]]
|rowspan="2"|Episode 6
|rowspan="2"|9-8
|-
|style="background:#9cf;"|
|Ram Ramasamy
|22
|{{height|m=1.83}}
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|style="background:#9cf;"|
|Gurin Bal
|29
|{{height|m=1.77}}
|[[Toronto]], [[Canada]]
| Episode 8
| 7
|-
|style="background:#faafbe"|
|Rishitha Koruturu
|19
||{{height|m=1.75}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|rowspan="2"|Episode 9
|rowspan="2"|6-5
|-
|style="background:#9cf;"|
|Joshua Chhabra
|22
|{{height|m=1.83}}
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|style="background:#faafbe;"|
|Satabdi Dutta Banik
|22
||{{height|m=1.70}}
|[[Kolkata]]
|rowspan="4"|Episode 10
|4
|-
|style="background:#faafbe;"|
|Aishwarya Suresh
|24
|{{height|m=1.75}}
|[[Mumbai]]
|3
|-
| style="background:#9cf;" |
|Shehzad Deol
|25
||{{height|m=1.83}}
|[[New Delhi]]
|2
|-
|style="background:#9cf;"|
|Mahir Pandhi
|21
|{{height|m=1.87}}
|[[New Delhi]]
|1
|}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Judges & Mentor ===
* [[Lisa Haydon]]
* [[Anaita Shroff Adajania]]
* [[Atul Kasbekar]]
* [[Shibani Dandekar]]

==Episodes==

===Episode 1===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-2-4}}

* '''Special guest:''' Dhruv Kapoor

===Episode 2===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-2-11}}

*'''First call-out:''' Gurin Bal
*'''Bottom two:''' Joshua Chhabra & Nupura Bhaskar
*'''Eliminated:''' Nupura Bhaskar
*'''Featured photographer:''' [[Atul Kasbekar]]
* '''Special guest:''' Ricky Chatterjee

===Episode 3===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-2-18}}

*'''First call-out:''' Joshua Chhabra
*'''Bottom two:''' Lemuel Huffman & Marina Lang
*'''Eliminated:''' Lemuel Huffman
*'''Featured photographer:''' Amit Khanna
* '''Special guest:''' Daniel Bauer

===Episode 4===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-2-25}}

*'''First call-out:''' Joshua Chhabra
*'''Bottom two:''' Marina Lang & Sidharth Neeraj Sharma
*'''Eliminated:''' Marina Lang
*'''Featured photographer:''' Toranj Kayvon
* '''Special guest:''' [[Nora Fatehi]]

===Episode 5===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-3-4}}

*'''Entered:''' Ram Ramasamy
*'''First call-out:''' Mahir Pandhi
*'''Bottom two:''' Pearl Almeida & Satabdi Dutta Banik
*'''Eliminated:''' Pearl Almeida
*'''Featured photographer:''' [[Varun Mehta]]
* '''Special guest:''' Anshuka Parwani

===Episode 6===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-3-11}}

*'''Immune:''' Gurin Bal
*'''First call-out:''' Aishwarya Suresh
*'''Bottom three:''' Joshua Chhabra, Ram Ramasamy & Sidharth Neeraj Sharma
*'''Eliminated:''' Ram Ramasamy & Sidharth Neeraj Sharma

===Episode 7===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-3-18}}

*'''First call-out:''' Shehzad Deol
*'''Bottom two:''' Joshua Chhabra & Mahir Pandhi
*'''Eliminated:''' None
*'''Special guest:''' Miss Malini

===Episode 8===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-3-25}}

*'''First call-out:''' Joshua Chhabra
*'''Bottom two:''' Gurin Bal & Rishitha Koruturu
*'''Eliminated:''' Gurin Bal

===Episode 9===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-4-1}}

*'''First call-out:''' Mahir Pandhi
*'''Bottom three:''' Aishwarya Suresh, Joshua Chhabra & Rishitha Koruturu
*'''Eliminated:''' Joshua Chhabra & Rishitha Koruturu
* '''Special guest:''' [[Dino Morea]]

===Episode 10===
''Original airdate:'' {{dts|format=dmy|2018-4-8}}

*'''Final four:''' Aishwarya Suresh, Mahir Pandhi, Satabdi Dutta Banik & Shehzad Deol
*'''Eliminated outside of judging panel:''' Satabdi Dutta Banik
*'''Final three:''' Aishwarya Suresh, Mahir Pandhi & Shehzad Deol
*'''Eliminated:''' Aishwarya Suresh
*'''Final two:''' Mahir Pandhi & Shehzad Deol
*'''Top Model India:''' Mahir Pandhi
*'''Special guest:''' [[Manish Malhotra]], Akash Sharma

==Summaries==
===Results===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:92%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Order!!colspan=10|Episodes
|-
!1{{efn|name=Episode 1|In episode 1, the pool of 16 semi-finalists was narrowed down to the top 12 contestants. The first official elimination took place in episode 2.}}!!2!!3!!4!!5{{efn|name=Episode 5|In episode 5, Ram was added to the cast as a wildcard contestant.}}!!6{{efn|name=Episode 6|In episode 6, Gurin won immunity by winning the challenge.}}{{efn|name=Episode 6(2)|In episode 6, Joshua, Ram and Sidharth landed in the bottom three. Ram and Sidharth were both eliminated.}}!!7{{efn|name=Episode 7|In episode 7, Mahir and Joshua landed in the bottom two. After Mahir received his picture it was revealed it was a non-elimination.}}!!8!!9{{efn|name=Episode 9|In episode 9, Aishwarya, Joshua and Rishitha landed in the bottom three. Joshua and Rishitha were both eliminated.}}!!10{{efn|name=Episode 10|In episode 10, Satabdi was eliminated outside of judging panel.}}
|-
!1
|Nupura||Gurin||Joshua||Joshua||Mahir||Aishwarya||Shehzad||Joshua||Mahir||style="background:limegreen"|Mahir
|-
!2
|Mahir||Aishwarya||Satabdi||Rishitha||Joshua||Satabdi||Aishwarya||Mahir||Shehzad||style="background:tomato"|Shehzad
|-
!3
|Aishwarya||Mahir||Sidharth||Satabdi||Aishwarya||style="background:gold"|Gurin||Satabdi||Aishwarya||Satabdi||style="background:tomato"|Aishwarya
|-
!4
|Shehzad||Lemuel||Rishitha||Gurin||Sidharth||Mahir||Rishitha||Satabdi||Aishwarya||style="background:darkred"|<span style="color:white;">Satabdi</span>
|-
!5
|Pearl||Satabdi||Gurin||Mahir||Shehzad||Shehzad||Gurin||Shehzad||rowspan="2" style="background:tomato"|Joshua <br> Rishitha||rowspan="2" style="background:darkgray" colspan=9|
|-
!6
|Sidharth||Shehzad||Shehzad||Shehzad||Rishitha||Rishitha||rowspan=2" style="background:lightblue"|Joshua<br> Mahir||Rishitha
|-
!7
|Rishitha||Pearl||Pearl||Pearl|| Ram||Joshua|| style="background:tomato" |Gurin||style="background:darkgray" colspan=8|
|-
!8
|Lemuel||Sidharth||Mahir||Aishwarya||Gurin|| rowspan="2" style="background:tomato" |Ram<br>Sidharth||rowspan="2" style="background:darkgray" colspan=7|
|-
!9
|Satabdi||Rishitha||Aishwarya||Sidharth||Satabdi
|-
!10
|Joshua||Marina||Marina||style="background:tomato"| Marina||style="background:tomato"| Pearl||style="background:darkgray" colspan=10|
|-
!11
|Marina||Joshua||style="background:tomato" |Lemuel||style="background:darkgray" colspan=11|
|-
!12
|Gurin||style="background:tomato" |Nupura||style="background:darkgray" colspan=12|
|}

:{{Color box|Tomato|border=darkgray}} The contestant was eliminated
:{{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} The contestant was immune from elimination
:{{Color box|Lightblue|border=darkgray}} The contestant was in a non-elimination bottom two
:{{color box|darkred|border=darkgray}} The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel
:{{Color box|limegreen|border=darkgray}} The contestant won the competition

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Photo shoot guide===
*'''Episode 1 photo shoot:''' [[Oppo Electronics|OPPO]] selfies (casting)
*'''Episode 2 photo shoot:''' Tribal beauty shots with a Tarantula
*'''Episode 3 photo shoot:''' Lingerie(By Amante) and Men's Innerwear - in Pairs
*'''Episode 4 photo shoots:''' [[Renault Captur]] campaign; B&W Photo shoot with [[Lisa Haydon]] in [[Anaita Shroff Adajania]]'s Styling
*'''Episode 5 photo shoot:''' Posing With a Horse in White Outfits
*'''Episode 6 photo shoot:''' "Raw and Rugged"- Posing and Runway in Desert
*'''Episode 7 photo shoot:''' [[7 deadly sins]] - Location: Graveyard
*'''Episode 8 photo shoot:''' "SuperHeroes"- Posing in a Vertical Runway with Silk Fabric
*'''Episode 9 photo shoot:''' "Back Stage Life"- Wearing Ethnic Designs
*'''Episode 10 fashion show:''' Fashion show for [[Manish Malhotra]]

==Post–''Top Model'' careers==

*'''Nupura Bhaskar''' signed with Runway Media Management and Ankita Bajaj Casting. She has taken a couple of test shots and walked in fashion show for Schwarzkopf. She has modeled for [[Amway]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Amway Presents - *Mere Sapno Ki Aazaadi Ka Din*. #HappyIndependenceDay|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTH3oUFvmuU|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> Anomaly by Anam, Westside, Oziva Nutrition,<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Health - The Unknown Battles / Judgements / Must Watch / OZiva|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5N1267N63Wc|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> Kiddopia, Tata Capital, [[RAK Ceramics]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Barefoot + : Anti Slip Tiles (SUT Collection) RAK Ceramics|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9weqGoTwyWs|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> [[Art of Living Foundation]],... Beside modeling, Bhaskar has appeared in several music videos such as "Gaddiyon Da Vyapar" by Sagar Upadhyay, "Baawla Oont" by Gaurav Panjwanee,... and also pursue an acting career starring on several series such as Thinkistan, [[Dahan (TV series)|Dahan]], Chot Si Baat,<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhoti Si Baat / By Hitarth Rakesh Desai / Take Ten / Netflix India|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_b7u6mN9Vw|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> [[Jalsa (2022 film)|Jalsa]], [[Shekhar Home]], First Copy, [[Half CA]],...
*'''Lemuel Huffman''' mainly worked as a [[stock model]], before retired from modeling in 2021.
*'''Marina Lang''' has modeled for Ninfa Perez Couture US, Yels Protecta Skincare US,... and walked in fashion shows of Namaslay Collective, Zoe's Vintique,... She has taken a couple of test shots and featured on Bold Journey US July 2023,<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Marina Lang|url=https://boldjourney.com/meet-marina-lang/|publisher=Bold Journey}}</ref> Shoutout LA US October 2024,<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Marina Lang / Actress / Producer / Entrepreneur|url=https://shoutoutla.com/meet-marina-lang-actress-producer-entrepreneur/|publisher=}}</ref> Voyage LA US September 2025,<ref>{{cite web|title=An Inspired Chat with Marina Lang of LA|url=https://voyagela.com/interview/an-inspired-chat-with-marina-lang-of-la-highlight/|publisher=Voyage LA}}</ref>... Beside modeling, she has appeared in several music videos such as "New Level" by Archie Smith, several songs by Bhanga Bangla such as "Brown Like Priyanka", "Natok", "Rani", "Jutar Bari",... and is also the co-host of TV series No Worries... Curry! and the co-founder of MMM Productions & Talent in [[Los Angeles]]. In 2020, Lang retired from modeling to pursue a music career which she produce several albums.
*'''Pearl Almeida''' mainly worked as a [[stock model]]. Beside modeling, she has also competed on several competitions such as [[Ace of Space 2|MTV Ace of Space 2019]], Skulls and Roses,... She retired from modeling in 2021.
*'''Ram Ramasamy''' has taken a couple of test shots and featured on Chennai Chronicle April 2018. He has modeled for [[The Chennai Silks]], [[Co-optex]], Geospirit Clothing, Purushu Arie, Label Mehul Dangi, Youngsome Activewear, Kalpa Druma, House of Sause, Singarajah London, Zebronics, [[Idhayam (brand)|Idhayam]], [[Cholamandalam Investment and Finance Company|Cholamandalam]], Ambani Tiles,... and walked in fashion shows of [[Scotch & Soda]], [[Raymond Group]], Cadini Srl., Gabicci Shoes, Rare Rabbit, Otto Clothing Store, Hari Anand, Sanjana Jon, Chaitanya Rao, Alka Hari, Manyavar Kharghar, P. N. Rao Suits, Anantham Silks, Lagan Wedding,... Besode modeling, he has also competed on [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 6|Bigg Boss Tamil 2022]] and appeared in several music videos such as "Thara Thara" by [[Harish Raghavendra]] & Vishnupriya Krishnakumar, "Oor Kelavi" & "Cosmo Thambi" by [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam|A. D. K.]], "Jaya" by Rajaa Belmir & Omar Belmir,... Ramasamy retired from modeling in 2025.
*'''Sidharth Sharma''' signed with Purple Thoughts Model Agency, Toabh Talent Management, Runway Lifestyle Management, Next Muse Agency and The Glamour Calling Agency. He has taken a couple of test shots and appeared on magazine editorials for TMM April 2021, [[The Times of India]] October 2021, The Man February 2022,... He has modeled for [[Garnier]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Garnier Men TurboBright Double Action Face Wash|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1oAn6Wm5N8|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> Numero Uno Jeanswear, Regis Clothing, Rare Rabbit, Tisa Studio FW18, Beg Borrow Steal Studio, Reliance Trends, [[Fila]] SS19, MensXP Shop, Jade Blue Menswear SS22, Tripole Gears, Chandrika Raamz, Westside, Alter-X Clothing, Cult Sport Store, Interwove Clothing, Ustraa Product, John Jacobs Eyewear, Beyours Clothing, Origin & Ode, Pallavi Agarwal Clothing, Bonsoir Suits, Royal Enfield, [[Hero MotoCorp]], [[Coca-Cola India]],... and walked in fashion shows of [[Fashion Design Council of India|FDCI]], [[Manish Malhotra]],<ref>{{cite web|title=
Manish Malhotra / One-of-a-kind Couture Party at India Couture Week #alessandraambrosio|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Pxy_8OJsfU&t=158s|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> [[Suneet Varma]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Suneet Varma India Couture Week 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaP3ZVoBu1E&t=757s|publisher=Youtube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyundai India Couture Week 2025 / Suneet Varma|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnKLlewMaBQ&t=1282s|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> [[Gaurav Gupta]], [[Michael Cinco]], [[Rohit Bal]] SS19, [[Raghavendra Rathore]] SR19,<ref>{{cite web|title=
Anil Kapoor & Janhvi Kapoor Raghavendra Rathore / Spring/Summer 2019 / Lakme Fashion Week|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYBXcFtg7WE&t=72s|publisher=Youtube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raghavendra Rathore at Lakmé Fashion Week summer/resort 2019|url=https://www.vogue.in/galleries/1028918|publisher=Vogue India}}</ref> Antar-Agni WF19,<ref>{{cite web|title=Antar Agni at Lakmé Fashion Week winter/festive 2019|url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/gallery/lakme-fashion-week-winter-festive-2019-designer-antar-agni|publisher=Vogue India}}</ref> Abraham & Thakore WF19,<ref>{{cite web|title=Abraham & Thakore at Lakmé Fashion Week winter/festive 2019|url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/gallery/lakme-fashion-week-winter-festive-2019-designer-abraham-thakore|publisher=Vogue India}}</ref> Tisa Studio, Kanika Goyal WF19,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanika Goyal at Lakmé Fashion Week winter/festive 2019|url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/gallery/lakme-fashion-week-winter-festive-2019-designer-kanika-goyal|publisher=Vogue India}}</ref> Kunal Rawal SR20,<ref>{{cite web|title=Vicky Kaushal Walks For Kunal Rawal At LFW Spring Summer 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcHJFM34q5U&t=376s|publisher=Youtube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kunal Rawal at Lakmé Fashion Week summer/resort 2020|url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/gallery/lakme-fashion-week-summer-resort-2020-designer-kunal-rawal|publisher=Vogue India}}</ref> Sahil Aneja, Shantanu & Nikhil, Nehal & Qadir, Son Of A Noble Snob FW22, Shahab Durazi, Pawan Sachdeva, Countrymade IN, Vikram Bajaj,<ref>{{cite web|title=Designer Vikram Bajaj’s latest collection pays homage to the humble colour grey|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/new-launches/2024/Nov/01/designer-vikram-bajajs-latest-collection-pays-homage-to-the-humble-colour-grey|publisher=Indulge Express}}</ref> Line Outline Clothing,... Beside modeling, Sharma is also pursue an acting career starring on [[Puncch Beat]].

*'''Gurin Bal''' did not pursue modeling after the show.
*'''Joshua Chhabra''' signed with Toabh Talent Management. He has taken a couple of test shots and appeared on magazine cover and editorials for [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] September 2018, Fashion World June 2019, Salysé US August 2019, [[Filmfare]] June 2021, [[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] January 2023, Perfect Woman March 2023,... He has walked in fashion shows of Jack & Jones, Anees Deen, [[Wendell Rodricks]] SS19, JCB Workwear, [[Gaurav Gupta]] SR19,<ref>{{cite web|title=Gaurav Gupta at Lakmé Fashion Week summer/resort 2019|url=https://www.vogue.in/galleries/gaurav-gupta-lakme-fashion-week-summer-resort-2019|publisher=Vogue India}}</ref>... and modeled for Shahista Rizvi Jewellery, Gatsby Wax,<ref>{{cite web|title=Style Banao Aur Bhool Jao / Gatsby Styling Wax|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26ySRouTQk0|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> Streax Professional, Fancode Shop, Krésha Bajaj, Cult Sport Store, [[Herbalife]], [[Marriot International]],... Beside modeling, Chhabra has also competed on [[Man of the World 2018]] which he places Top 17, competed on [[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 14|MTV Splitsvilla 2022]] and appeared in several music videos such as "Selfie Queen" by Punit Sharma, "Bekadra"<ref>{{cite web|title=Bekadra (Video) / AKR / Joshua Chhabra, Lakshya Sharma & Bidya Dutta / Panorama Music|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26ELFuycrrs|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> & "Barbaad"<ref>{{cite web|title=Barbaad - Official Music Video / Joshua Chhabra, Eeshvi Singh & Shweta Jha / AKR|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34y6xch8RS8|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> by Ayush Raina,... In 2024, he retired from modeling to pursue an acting career which he starring on Charmsukh, Jurm Aur Jazbaat, C.E.O Atrangii, Audacity Atrangii,...
*'''Rishitha Koruturu''' signed with Shaik Rafi's Empire Model Management. She has taken a couple of test shots and featured on Hyderabad Times March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotties who reigned supreme|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/hotties-who-reigned-supreme/articleshow/68467540.cms|publisher=India Times}}</ref> She has walked in fashion shows of [[Gaurav Gupta]], Punit Balana WF18,<ref>{{cite web|title=Punit Balana at Lakmé Fashion Week winter/festive 2018|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/lakme-fashion-week-winter-festive-2018-designer-punit-balana|publisher=Vogue India}}</ref> Shravan Kummar, Zvezda Atelier,... and modeled for [[Tarun Tahiliani]], Apeksha The Label, Jagiri Manasa, Parnicaa Jewellery, Neha Bhatia Label, Mamatha Tulluri, Trisha Trends, Varsana Boutique SS19, Saroj Jalan, Just Like That by Anju Jain, Endless Knot Clothing, Mangatrai Neeraj Jewellery, Ishan Naresh, Xiti Weaves, R.S. Brothers, Loud Mouth Film,... Beside modeling, Koruturu is also pursue an acting career starring in Righto - Lefto on [[ETV Network]].
*'''Satabdi Banik''' signed with Toabh Talent Management and A Little Fly Agency. She has walked in fashion show for Pria Kataaria Puri and appeared on magazine editorials for Hair October 2018,<ref>{{cite web|title=Beauty and Hair|url=https://pixorange.in/beauty-and-hair|publisher=Prasad Shetty}}</ref> Apparel CMAI #1 January 2020,... She has taken a couple of test shots and modeled for [[Lashkaraa]], [[Myntra]], [[Kiehl's]], My Glamm, Natasha Dalal Label, Divya Sheth, Nykaa Design Studio, Drishti & Zahabia, JCS Jewel Creations, Rimi Nayak, Rambhajo's, FAD International, Shilpi Gupta, Shruti Ranka, Lisén Skincare, Coloroso Weaves, Indethnic Brand, Quirky Bae Winter 2022, Bholi Sarees by Vartika, Gulmohar Calcutta, Urban Pataka, Suman Nathwani, Dev R Nil, Goddess Of Glocal, Impakto Shoes, Tan & Loom, Piqnique, Weavers Studio, Neetika Swarup, Shop Miri Bags Fall 2024, Kanchana Next, Trends Stores, Baglo Bags, Freakins Denim, My Gossip Jewellery, Theater XYZ, Serenity Jewels, Shop Amoh, Karomi Crafts, Savana UK, Chocolush, [[Lay’s]], Inkbolt Tattoos,... Beside modeling, Dutta has also appeared in music video "Aami Kaafi" by [[Jacqueline Fernandez]].
*'''Aishwarya Suresh''' has taken a couple of test shots and modeled for [[Cetaphil]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Oily Skin Cleanser, best care for your oily skin!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6WmTAVHYfY|publisher=Youtube}}</ref> [[Wendell Rodricks]], Myme By Shubhra & Ishaanee, Label Jiyani, Bodd Active, [[Hiranandani Group]],... She retired from modeling in 2022.
*'''Shehzad Deol''' has taken a couple of test shots, featured on [[Hindustan Times]] April 2018, walked in fashion show for Mehraab by Arun & John and modeled for [[100 Pipers]], [[Royal Stag]],... Beside modeling, he has appeared in music video "Gulabi Rang" by [[Nimrat Khaira]] and also competed on [[Ace of Space 1|MTV Ace of Space 2018]], [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14|Bigg Boss 2020]],... He retired from modeling in 2020.
*'''Mahir Pandhi''' has collected his prizes and signed with Bling Entertainment Solution. He has taken a couple of test shots and modeled for Siddartha Tytler. He did not pursue a modeling career but an acting career which he starring on [[Choti Sarrdaarni]], [[Pawan & Pooja]], [[Bebaakee]], [[Chakravyuh (TV series)|Chakravyuh]], [[Jee Karda]], [[Congrats My Ex!]], , [[Vanshaj]], [[Veer Hanuman]], Kasba Singhai Kheri, Daniel,<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahir Pandhi calls his Hollywood debut with Egyptian-Canadian actor Mena Massoud in Daniel ‘a big leap’|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/mahir-pandhi-calls-his-hollywood-debut-with-egyptian-canadian-actor-mena-massoud-in-daniel-a-big-leap-101767781622321.html|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>...

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India's Next Top Model}}

[[Category:Top Model]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television seasons]]

Saliamangalam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:55:42Z

MerryHarris567: adding a bio - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| name = Saliamangalam
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1967
}}
'''Saliamangalam''' was one of the 234 constituencies in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Thanjavur district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||A. Appavoo Thevar|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.01}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Saliamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Appavoo Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,259 |percentage=57.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Addul Samad |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=11,527 |percentage=18.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. M. Samiaiyah Posum Badiar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=10,483 |percentage=16.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan |party=Tamilnad Socialist Labour Party |votes=3,362 |percentage=5.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,974 |percentage=3.10% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,732 |percentage=38.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,605 |percentage=72.20% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,945 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|10.78|79.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{Thanjavur-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

E. Raja

2026-04-19T06:27:42Z

MerryHarris567: data...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = E. Raja
| image =
| office = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Sankarankoil (state assembly constituency)|Sankarankoil]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chintamani - Tenkasi
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Eswaran
| education =
| profession =
}}

'''E. Raja''' is an Indian politician and an International Weight Lifter.

== Political career ==
E. Raja was elected from [[Sankarankoil (state assembly constituency)|Sankarankoil]] constituency as a candidate of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]. He defeated the [[AIADMK]] candidate [[V. M. Rajalakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-02|title=Minister loses to newcomer in Sankarankovil constituency|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/minister-loses-to-newcomer-in-sankarankovil-constituency/article34467548.ece|access-date=2021-11-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She served as minister for [[Department of Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare (Tamil Nadu)]] during AIADMK rule from 2016 to 2021. After 30 years, DMK captured the constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu state assembly election 2021: Winning candidates across all constituencies {{!}} Business Insider India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/elections/news/checkout-leading-candidates-list-of-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2021/articleshow/82353685.cms |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Business Insider |language=en}}</ref>

Raja won the Bronze Medal in the [[Asian Games|Asian Games Weightlifting]] held at Turkey in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-12-30 |title=Tamil Nadu MLA E. Raja wins bronze for India: WATCH |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/videos/top-videos/dmk-mla-e-raja-wins-bronze-for-india-watch/na20211230140125458 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, E.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Dwarika Nath Tewari

2026-04-19T06:24:47Z

MerryHarris567: new...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dwarika Nath Tewari
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[Tazamulali Barlaskar]]
| successor = [[Jagannath Sinha]]
| constituency = [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Dwarika Nath Tewari''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond constituency]] in the [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=election2962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3992-assam-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Assam Election Results, 1962 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3992-assam-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1962-67.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1962–67 | publisher=assamassembly.gov.in | accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari, Dwarika Nath}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Narayankhed Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:24Z

MerryHarris567: started first article v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narayankhed
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (35-Narayankhed highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Narayankhed Assembly constituency within Telangana
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 35
| mla = [[Patlolla Sanjeeva Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 1,98,234
}}
'''Narayankhed Assembly constituency''' is one of 119 constituencies of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]] and it is one of five constituencies in [[Sangareddy district]]. It is part of [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!District
|-
| [[Narayankhed]]
| rowspan=3|[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|-
| [[Kangti]]
|-
| [[Manoor, Medak|Manoor]]
|-
| Shankarampet -A
| [[Medak district|Medak]]
|-
| [[Kalher]]
| [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)==
===Andhra Pradesh===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| 1972-1978
| Venkat Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 1978-1983
| Shivarao Shetkar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| 1983-1985
| M. Venkat Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1985-1989
| Shivarao Shetkar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1989-1994
| [[Patlolla Kishta Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994-1999
| M.Vijaypal Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1999-2004
| [[Patlolla Kishta Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2004-2009
| [[Suresh Shetkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2009-2014
| [[Patlolla Kishta Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===Telangana===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| 2014-2016
| [[Patlolla Kishta Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2016-2023
| [[Mahareddy Bhupal Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} (BRS)
|-
| 03 December 2023
| [[Patlolla Sanjeeva Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Narayankhed (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Patlolla Sanjeeva Reddy]]
| votes = 91,373
| percentage = 47.09
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Mahareddy Bhupal Reddy]]|votes=84,826|percentage=43.72|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Jenawade Sangappa|votes=7,823|percentage=4.03|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mohd Alauddin|votes=1,561|percentage=0.80|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Ponnamala Rukmini Reddy|votes=1,137|percentage=0.59|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Satish. V|votes=960|percentage=0.49|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Mudiraju Venkatesham|votes=951|percentage=0.49|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=861|percentage=0.44|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=6,547|percentage=3.37|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,94,036|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Narayankhed}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Mahareddy Bhupal Reddy]]
| votes = 95,550
| percentage = 55.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Suresh Shetkar]]
| votes = 37,042
| percentage = 21.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Patlolla Sanjeeva Reddy]]
| votes = 33,060
| percentage = 19.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 1,553
| percentage = 0.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 58,508
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,73,733
| percentage = 84.31
| change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly by election, 2016 ===
The by election was necessitated following the death of Congress Member P. Kishta Reddy who won the seat in 2014. Bhupal Reddy won it with the biggest majority in the history of Naraynkhed constituency.
{{Election box begin | title=By elections, 2016: Narayankhed}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Mahareddy Bhupal Reddy]]

| votes = 93,076
| percentage = 60.10%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Patlolla Sanjeeva Reddy]]
| votes = 39,451
| percentage =25.47%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Mahareddy Vijaypal Reddy]]
| votes = 14,787
| percentage = 9.54%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 53,625
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,54,912
| percentage = 82.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Narayankhed (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34762/239 Narayankhed 2014 Results]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat-Report-Andhra-Pradesh2014.pdf Telangana Results]</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Patlolla Kishta Reddy]]
| votes = 62,347
| percentage = 31.9%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Mahareddy Bhupal Reddy]]
| votes = 47,601
| percentage =30.15%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Mahareddy Vijaypal Reddy]]
| votes = 40,405
| percentage = 25.8%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,600
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,58,292
| percentage = 77.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|18.04|77.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Medak district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Angelte Zai Ri

2026-04-14T16:30:59Z

MerryHarris567: Stub

{{Short description|2021 Mizo Christmas gospel song by [[Rpa Ralte]]}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Angelte Zai Ri
| type = single
| artist = Rpa Ralte feat. Strings For Christ
| released = {{start date|2021|10|31}}
| genre = [[Gospel music|Gospel]], [[Mizo music|Mizo pop]]
| length = 4:23
| label =
| writer = Rpa Ralte
| producer = Rpa Ralte
}}

"'''Angelte Zai Ri'''" or the Songs of Angels<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanlalrochana |first=F. |date=2021-02-16 |title=Vanglaini - ANGEL TE THLAWHTHEIH CHHAN by F. Vanlalrochana |url=https://vanglaini.org/guest-writer/writer/8/post/23922 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=vanglaini.org |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Mizo language|Mizo]] [[Christmas]] [[gospel music|gospel]] song written and produced by '''[[Rpa Ralte]]''' (Lalrinpuia Ralte), a musician and songwriter from [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India.<ref name="exploremizoram">{{cite web |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2020/09/rpa-ralte.html |title=Featuring: Mizo Zaithiam leh Hla phuahthiam Rpa Ralte |publisher=Explore Mizoram |language=mzo |date=2020-09-16 |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref> An earlier version was performed by Priscilla Fanai, Aseni Sailo, Mali, Stephanie, and Rpa Ralte.<ref name="mizolyric">{{cite web |url=https://www.mizolyric.com/2019/06/angelte-zai-ri.html |title=Angelte zai ri |website=Mizo Hla Thu Inpui |language=mzo |date=2019-06-01 |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref> A single featuring '''Strings For Christ''' was released on 31 October 2021.<ref name="spotify">{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/00bkJX4mO3uNVkBU3yjIdZ |title=Angelte Zai Ri |website=[[Spotify]] |date=2021-10-31 |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref><ref name="amazon">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Angelte-Zai-Ri-Rpa-Ralte/dp/B09KVF8P7S |title=Angelte Zai Ri – Rpa Ralte feat. Strings for Christ |website=[[Amazon Music]] |date=2021-10-31 |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>

The lyrics concern the [[Nativity of Jesus]], depicting angels proclaiming the birth of Christ at [[Bethlehem]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ralte |first=Lalhruaitluanga |date=2025-02-14 |title=Vanglaini - Sulhnu 199: Ram danga Angel Zaite by Lalhruaitluanga Ralte |url=https://vanglaini.org/guest-writer/writer/9/post/142653 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=vanglaini.org |language=en}}</ref> and calling listeners to rejoice and give praise.<ref name="mizolyric"/><ref name="mizolyrics2">{{cite web |url=https://mizolyrics.com/lyrics/inpui/view/1:5416:kan-hlim-e-kan-zai-e-angelte-zai-ri |title=Kan hlim e kan zai e – Angelte zai ri |website=MizoLyrics.com |language=mzo |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref> The song has been covered by multiple Mizo artists, including Robert Lalnuntluanga feat. Forzando and Strings For Christ in separate recordings.<ref name="chordu">{{cite web |url=https://chordu.com/chords-tabs-string-for-christ-angel-te-zai-ri-lyrics--id_ygrVTuWvEFo |title=Strings For Christ – Angel te zai ri (Lyrics) chords |website=ChordU |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref><ref name="chordify_robert">{{cite web |url=https://chordify.net/chords/robert-lalnuntluanga-feat-forzando-angelte-zai-ri-czs-tbc-rimawi-huang |title=Robert Lalnuntluanga feat. Forzando – Angelte Zai ri |website=Chordify |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref> It appears in the Mizo gospel song<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanglaini |date=2024-12-02 |title=Thalai - Albatross-in Music Video thar an ti chhuak |url=https://vanglaini.org/thalai/136368 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=vanglaini.org |language=en}}</ref> category at Mizo Hla Thu Inpui alongside over 235 Krismas hla.<ref name="mizolyric"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hnamte |first=-Reuben Lalnunthara |date=2024-12-11 |title=Vanglaini - Bethlehem khuaa ka thil hmuhte by - Reuben Lalnunthara Hnamte |url=https://vanglaini.org/article/137084 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=vanglaini.org |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Music of Mizoram]]
* [[Mizo culture]]
* [[Christianity in Mizoram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angelte Zai Ri}}
[[Category:2021 singles]]
[[Category:Christmas songs]]
[[Category:Gospel songs]]
[[Category:Mizo]]

National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director

2026-04-13T15:17:51Z

MerryHarris567: started initial details nd citations

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best debutant directorial work of a year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1980
| reward = {{ubl|Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus)|{{INR|3,00,000}}}}
| former name = {{ubl|Award for Best First Film of a Director (1980–1983)|Indira Gandhi Award for Best First Film of a Director (1984–2009)|Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director (2010–2021)}}
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = Ashish Avinash Bende, ''[[Aatmapamphlet]]'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Golden Lotus (Swarna Kamal).

The award was instituted in 1980, at [[28th National Film Awards]]<ref name="28thawardPDF"/> and has been awarded annually for films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages; [[Hindi]] (11 awards), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Malayalam]] (9 awards each), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (5 awards), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (4 awards), [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[English language|English]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (2 awards each), [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Jasari language|Jasari]], [[Karbi language|Karbi]] and [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] (1 award each).

The award includes 'Golden Lotus Award' (Swarna Kamal) and cash prize. Until 69th edition, the award was given to director and producer. The name was shortened to Best Debut Film of a Director since [[70th National Film Awards]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-13 |title=Indira and Nargis dropped from names of top film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/indira-and-nargis-dropped-from-names-of-top-film-awards/article67842363.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Indira Gandhi, Nargis Dutt's names dropped from National Film Awards categories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/indira-gandhi-nargis-dutts-names-dropped-from-national-film-awards-categories-2501516-2024-02-13 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and the director alone is awarded. The prize money was increased to {{INR}}3,00,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |website=mib.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |access-date=25 August 2024 |date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

== Winners ==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|bgcolor="#EBEBE0" width=30| ||Indicates a joint award for that year
|}

===1980–2021===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="6" | List of award films, showing the year (award ceremony), language(s), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[28th National Film Awards|1980<br />{{small|(28th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Maina Tadanta''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| {{dash}}
| [[Utpalendu Chakrabarty]]
| align="center" |<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/89_28thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[29th National Film Awards|1981<br />{{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aadharshila]]''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Ashok Ahuja
| Ashok Ahuja
| align="center" |<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/88_29thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=29th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[30th National Film Awards|1982<br />{{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kann Sivanthaal Mann Sivakkum]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| R. Venkat Raman
| [[Sreedhar Rajan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/87_30thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[31st National Film Awards|1983<br />{{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]]''
| Hindi
| [[National Film Development Corporation (India)|NFDC]]
| [[Kundan Shah]]
| align="center" |<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/86_31stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[32nd National Film Awards|1984<br />{{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Meendum Oru Kaathal Kathai]]''
| Tamil
| [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika Pothan]]
| [[Prathap K. Pothan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/85_32ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[33rd National Film Awards|1985<br />{{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[New Delhi Times (film)|New Delhi Times]]''
| Hindi
| P. K. Tiwari
| [[Romesh Sharma]]
| align="center" |<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/84_33rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[34th National Film Awards|1986<br />{{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin]]''
| Hindi
| [[Sudhir Mishra]]
| [[Sudhir Mishra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/83_34thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[35th National Film Awards|1987<br />{{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Ekti Jiban''
| Bengali
| Chalchitra
| [[Raja Mitra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/82_35thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[36th National Film Awards|1988<br />{{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Trishagni]]''
| Hindi
| [[Nabendu Ghosh]]
| [[Nabendu Ghosh]]
| align="center" |<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/81_36thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[37th National Film Awards|1989<br />{{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Wosobipo''
| [[Karbi language|Karbi]]
| [[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council|Karbi Anglong District Council]]
| [[Gautam Bora]]
| align="center" |<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/80_37thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990<br />{{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| G. Jayakumar
| [[Ajayan (director)|Ajayan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/79_38thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991<br />{{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Haladhar''
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| {{*}}Geeti Barua<br />{{*}}Dwijen Hazorika
| Sanjeev Hazorika
| align="center" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/78_39ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[40th National Film Awards|1992<br />{{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Miss Beatty's Children]]''
| English
| {{*}}[[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]<br />{{*}}[[Doordarshan]]<br />{{*}}Rooks AV
| [[Pamela Rooks]]
| align="center" |<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/77_40thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993<br />{{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Sunya Theke Suru''
| Bengali
| {{*}}H. Das<br />{{*}}Madhumanti Maitra<br />{{*}}M. Das
| [[Ashoke Viswanathan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/76_41stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[42nd National Film Awards|1994<br />{{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mogamul]]''
| Tamil
| J. Dharmambal
| [[Gnana Rajasekaran]]
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995<br />{{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kahini (film)|Kahini]]''
| Bengali
| {{*}}Chandramala Bhattacharya<br />{{*}}Malaya Bhattacharya
| Malaya Bhattacharya
| align="center" |<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[44th National Film Awards|1996<br />{{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Rag Birag''
| Assamese
| {{*}}Bhabhen Baruah<br />{{*}}Khanin Baruah
| Bidyut Chakraborty
| align="center" |<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[45th National Film Awards|1997<br />{{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhoothakkannadi]]''
| Malayalam
| Nair Krishnakumar Unni
| [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| align="center" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[46th National Film Awards|1998<br />{{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Daya (film)|Daya]]''
| Malayalam
| C. K. Gopinath
| [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| align="center" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/71_46thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0;"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[47th National Film Awards|1999<br />{{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[Dollar Dreams (film)|Dollar Dreams]]''
| English
| [[Sekhar Kammula]]
| [[Sekhar Kammula]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/70_47thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0;"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[Laado]]''
| [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
| Kumud Chaudhary
| Ashwini Chaudhary
|-
| align="center" | [[48th National Film Awards|2000<br />{{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sayahnam]]''
| Malayalam
| M. S. Nazeer
| [[R. Sarath]]
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[49th National Film Awards|2001<br />{{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thilaadanam]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| [[K. N. T. Sastry]]
| align="center" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0;"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002<br />{{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[Patalghar]]''
| Bengali
| Niti Sonee Gourisaria
| Abhijit Chaudhuri
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/67_50thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0;"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[Prohor]]''
| Bengali
| Debjani Gupta
| Subhadro Chaudhary
|-
| align="center" | [[51st National Film Awards|2003<br />{{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Margam (film)|Margam]]''
| Malayalam
| [[Rajiv Vijay Raghavan]]
| [[Rajiv Vijay Raghavan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004<br />{{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Grahanam]]''
| Telugu
| N. Anji Reddy
| [[Mohan Krishna Indraganti]]
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005<br />{{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]''
| Hindi
| [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
| [[Pradeep Sarkar]]
| align="center" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0;"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006<br />{{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[Eakantham]]''
| Malayalam
| Anthony Joseph
| [[Madhu Kaithapram]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/48_54sthNfaArchives.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0;"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[Kabul Express]]''
| Hindi
| [[Aditya Chopra]]
| [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|-
| align="center" | [[55th National Film Awards|2007<br />{{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Frozen (2007 film)|Frozen]]''
| {{*}}Hindi<br />{{*}}[[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]
| Shivajee Chandrabhushan
| Shivajee Chandrabhushan
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[56th National Film Awards|2008<br />{{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[A Wednesday!]]''
| Hindi
| [[UTV Software Communications|UTV Motion Pictures]]
| [[Neeraj Pandey]]
| align="center" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009<br />{{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]''
| Hindi
| [[Vivek Khatkar]]
| [[Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/45_57thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[58th National Film Awards|2010<br />{{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Baboo Band Baaja]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| Nita Jadhav
| Rajesh Pinjani
| align="center" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/44_58thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011<br />{{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]''
| Tamil
| [[S. P. Charan]]
| [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
| align="center" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0;"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012<br />{{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]''
| Hindi
| [[Bedabrata Pain]]
| [[Bedabrata Pain]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0;"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[101 Chodyangal]]''
| Malayalam
| Thomas Kottackkakom
| [[Sidhartha Siva]]
|-
| align="center" | [[61st National Film Awards|2013<br />{{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Fandry]]''
| Marathi
| {{*}}Navalkha Arts<br />{{*}}Holy Basil Combine
| [[Nagraj Manjule]]
| align="center" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014<br />{{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Asha Jaoar Majhe]]''
| Bengali
| {{*}}For Films<br />{{*}}Salaam Cinema
| [[Aditya Vikram Sengupta]]
| align="center" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015<br />{{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Masaan]]''
| Hindi
| [[Phantom Films]]
| [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[64th National Film Awards|2016<br />{{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Alifa]]''
| Bengali
| Amaan Ahmed
| Deep Choudhury
| align="center" | <ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017<br />{{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sinjar (film)|Sinjar]]''
| [[Jeseri|Jasari]]
| Shibu G. Suseelan
| [[Sandeep Pampally|Pampally]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018<br />{{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
| Marathi
| [[Nagraj Manjule]]
| [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-national-film-awards-andhadhun-kgf-padmaavat-win-the-prestigious-award/articleshow/70604186.cms|title=66th National Film Awards winners' list: 'Andhadhun', 'KGF', 'Padmaavat' win the prestigious award|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09|title=66th National Film Awards: Full winners list|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019<br />{{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]''
| Malayalam
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| [[Mathukutty Xavier]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[68th National Film Awards|2020<br />{{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''
| Tamil
| [[S. Sashikanth]]
| [[Madonne Ashwin]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-22 |title=68th National Film Awards {{!}} Soorarai Pottru wins Best Film award |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soorarai-pottru-dominates-68th-national-film-awards/article65671204.ece |access-date=2022-07-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|-
| align="center" | [[69th National Film Awards|2021<br />{{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Meppadiyan]]''
| Malayalam
|[[Unni Mukundan|Unni Mukundan Films]]
| Vishnu Mohan
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/|title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun, RRR, Gangubai Kathiawadi win big|date=24 August 2023}}</ref>
|}

===2022–present===
Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], director alone is awarded.
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award films, showing the year (award ceremony), language(s), and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;" | Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;" | Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[70th National Film Awards|2022<br />{{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Fouja]]''
| Haryanvi
| Pramod Kumar
| align="center" |<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-announcement-live-updates-when-and-where-to-watch-best-actor-12th-fail-vikrant-massey-101723795445961.html|title=70th National Film Awards announcement live updates: Rishabh Shetty wins Best Actor, Attam is Best Feature Film|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023<br />{{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aatmapamphlet]]''
| Marathi
| Ashish Avinash Bende
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]
* [http://imdb.com/Sections/Awards/National_Film_Awards_India/ National Film Awards] at [[IMDb]]

{{National Film Award Best First Film of a Director}}
{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)]]
[[Category:Directorial debut film awards]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]

EcoSikh

2026-04-13T11:34:29Z

MerryHarris567: new

{{Short description|Sikh environmental organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = EcoSikh
| formation = 2009
| logo = EcoSikh logo.jpg
| type = Environmental organization
| headquarters = 2621 University Boulevard West, Silver Spring, MD 20902 (U.S. Office)<br>94, Block E, Bhai Randhir Singh Nagar, Ludhiana, Punjab 141012 (Indian Office)
| key_people = Rajwant Singh
| website = {{URL|ecosikh.org}}
}}

'''EcoSikh''' is a [[Sikhism|Sikh]] environmental organization.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Prill |first=Susan E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=27 March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191004117 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |pages=223–234 |chapter=19. Ecotheology |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref> It is the most prominent Sikh environmental organization working on global environmental issues.<ref name=":0" /> It has been one of the foremost organizations promoting Sikhism as a "green" religion.<ref name=":0" /> Using Bron Taylor's framework of green religion, EcoSikh can be understood as positioning environmentally conscious behavior, such as planting trees, as religious obligation grounded in the principle of ''Sevā'' or selfless service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-18 |title=Sikh Statement on Climate Change - EcoSikh |url=https://ecosikh.org/sikh-statement-on-climate-change/,%20https://ecosikh.org/sikh-statement-on-climate-change/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Bron |url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520944459 |title=Dark Green Religion |date=2009-11-03 |publisher=University of California Press |doi=10.1525/9780520944459 |isbn=978-0-520-94445-9}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Background ===
Antecedents of Sikh forays into environmentalism can be found within the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] itself.<ref name=":0" /> The second ''[[shloka]]'' of the ''[[Japji Sahib]]'' of [[Guru Nanak]] stresses on the importance of living in-harmony with nature.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, [[Guru Har Rai]] taught that the environment should be cared for by Sikhs.<ref name=":0" /> The ''[[sarbat da bhala]]'' philosophy of Sikhs calls upon them to promote the well-being of all.<ref name=":0" />

Some earlier Sikh organizations and movements that delved into environmental efforts include [[Pingalwara]], established by [[Bhagat Puran Singh]], whom had pro-environmental inclinations.<ref name=":0" /> [[Balbir Singh Seechewal]] of the [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala sect]], spearheaded the movement to clean-up the [[Kali Bein]] rivulet in the year 2000 and also raised awareness on the condition of the [[Buddha Nullah]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Baba Sewa Singh|Sewa Singh]], director of the Nishan-e-Sikhi Charitable Trust based in [[Khadur Sahib]], supervised the distribution and planting of hundreds of thousands of [[Tree planting|tree saplings]], including along the roadways of Khadur Sahib.<ref name=":0" />

=== Establishment ===
EcoSikh was established in 2009 through a partnership with the Sikh Council on Religion and Education (SCORE).<ref name=":0" /> The establishment of the organization was influenced by the [[United Nations Development Programme]] and the [[Alliance of Religions and Conservation]] initiatives.<ref name=":0" /> The founder of EcoSikh is Rajwant Singh, who is the Global President.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gurjot |date=15 March 2022 |title=EcoSikh Completes Planting 400 Sacred Forests all across the globe on Sikh Environment Day 2022 |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/ecosikh-completes-planting-400-sacred-forests-all-across-globe-sikh-environment-day-2022 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=SikhNet}}</ref>

=== Activities ===
EcoSikh primarily operates in the Indian state of Punjab but also conducts global projects.<ref name=":0" /> EcoSikh is working towards the "greening" of [[gurdwara]]s by reducing disposable wastage in the langar halls by introducing environmentally-friendly alternatives.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, they are working toward the "greening" of the areas in-vicinity to the [[Golden Temple]] in Amritsar.<ref name=":0" /> Other activities of EcoSikh include general cleanup drives, solar panel installations, and seminar events.<ref name=":0" /> EcoSikh aims to change individual Sikh attitudes and behaviours toward the environment, and the promotion of a healthy eco-friendly environment surrounding gurdwara complexes.<ref name=":0" />

Since 2013, EcoAmritsar, an initiative of EcoSikh based in [[Amritsar]], has been providing instruction on the organization of green ''[[nagar kirtan]]s'', such as by recommending the usage of usage and collection of biodegradable plates and cutlery made from leaves and the serving of organic-based ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|langars]]''.<ref name=":0" />

EcoSikh reportedly was involved in over 1,500 activities in the year 2013.<ref name=":0" />

In 2013, a painting by Rahi Mohinder Singh was gifted to EcoSikh which depicts Guru Har Rai giving a tree to a petitioner to plant, however the tree species portrayed in the painting is an [[eucalyptus]], a [[Introduced species|non-native species]] that was not found during the lifetime of Guru Har Rai, making the painting [[Anachronism|anachronistic]].<ref name=":0" />

In May 2017, the EcoSikh proposed the establishment of a 100-acre "sacred forest" around the shrine of [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur|Gurdwara Darbar Sahib]] in [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], [[Pakistan]] to celebrate the then upcoming 550th [[Guru Nanak Gurpurab]] celebrations slated for 2019.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |date=9 May 2017 |title='Sacred' forest mooted for Gurdwara Kartarpur Sahib |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/sacred-forest-mooted-for-gurdwara-kartarpur-sahib/articleshow/58586287.cms |accessdate=27 May 2017 |work=Times of India}}</ref> Rajwant Singh, president of EcoSikh, also expressed dreams of developing the site as an eco-tourism hub, alongside the sacred forest proposal.<ref name=":2" /> EcoSikh also suggested a botanical garden could be established at Kartarpur instead of a sacred forest.<ref name=":2" /> Alongside the sacred forest suggestion, it was proposed that efforts covering organic farming, install a solar panel installation, dedicated forest areas, amid others, should be considered for Kartarpur.<ref name=":2" /> The Guru Nanak Sacred Forests mission of EcoSikh was launched in 2019.<ref name=":0" />

EcoSikh also operates a branch in Canada, known as 'EcoSikh Canada'.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=About EcoSikh Canada |url=https://www.ecosikh.ca/about-ecosikh-canada |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=EcoSikh Canada}}</ref> In 2019, EcoSikh Canada planted hundreds of trees in the areas of [[Brampton]] and [[Scarborough, Ontario|Scarborough]], [[Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yuen |first=Kelda |date=2 November 2019 |title=Sikh community planting hundreds of trees in Brampton, Scarborough this weekend |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/sikh-community-planting-hundreds-of-trees-in-brampton-scarborough-this-weekend-1.5345776 |archive-url= |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=CBC News}}</ref> 550 trees were specifically planted in the city of Brampton to celebrate the 550th [[Guru Nanak Gurpurab]] celebration.<ref name=":6" /> This was followed by another 550 trees planted in Scarborough.<ref name=":6" /> Roop Sidhu, founder of the Canadian chapter of EcoSikh, claimed that EcoSikh had planted 10,000 trees across Canada by 12 November 2019 and further plan to have planted 55,000 trees across Canada by 2021.<ref name=":6" />

Aside from Punjab, EcoSikh has also planted trees in other Indian states and regions, such as [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], and in [[Jammu division|Jammu]].<ref name=":7" />

On 14 March 2022 (Sikh Environment Day), EcoSikh planted 1,150 trees in [[Ireland]], 500 trees in [[Derbyshire]], United Kingdom, and 250 trees in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], [[British Columbia|B.C.]]<ref name=":7" />

EcoSikh has opened a new segment of industrial forests under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), where producers and corporations can lower their carbon footprint with affordable price and minimum land investment.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Our Team Members - Our USA Board Members |url=https://ecosikh.org/about/contact/team-members/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=EcoSikh |date=14 December 2020 }}</ref>

EcoSikh maintains its own plant nursery at Sajjan Precision Castings, Sahnewal, Punjab, India.<ref name=":8" />

In January 2024, EcoSikh was honoured in the category of 'Sikhs in Charity' at the 12th Sikh Awards, held at Bel La monde Hotel in New Delhi.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=23 January 2024 |title=EcoSikh Awarded for Environmental Work |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/ecosikh-awarded-environmental-work |archive-url= |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=SikhNet}}</ref> EcoSikh made a commitment to plant 1 million trees by 2025.<ref name=":9" />

EcoSikh currently operates in five countries.<ref name=":8" /> EcoSikh has been invited by the White House, the Vatican, the United Nations, and many other international platforms.<ref name=":9" />

==== Sikh Environment Day ====
[[File:EcoSikh Sikh Environment Day2012-Gurdwara Ameerpet Hyderabad(5).jpg|thumb|EcoSikh event on Sikh Environment Day 2012 at Gurdwara Ameerpet in Hyderabad. The local congregation brought ornamental plants to the gurdwara's premises.]]In 2011, EcoSikh established the celebration of Sikh Environment Day, known in Punjabi as 'Sikh Vatavaran Divas' ({{Langx|pa|Sikha vātāvarana divasa}}).<ref name=":0" /> The 14th of March was the date selected to celebrate Sikh Environment Day because it was the anniversary date of Guru Har Rai's ''[[Guru Gaddi|gurgaddi]]'' (ascension to the guruship).<ref name=":0" /> In 2013, the president of EcoSikh described Guru Har Rai as the "green guru", emphasizing the Sikh guru's close-bond with nature, in a press-release statement.<ref name=":0" /> Sikh Environment Day has been adopted by many important gurdwaras, such as [[Hazur Sahib|Takht Hazur Sahib]], one of the {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Panj Takht]]}}, in [[Nanded]].<ref name=":0" /> It has also been adopted amongst [[Sikh diaspora|diasporic Sikh]] gurdwaras, such as ones located in [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Sikhism in Singapore|Singapore]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2013, leaders of all the five {{lang|pa-Latn|takht}}s of Sikhism formally endorsed Sikh Environment Day.<ref name=":0" /> The ''[[jathedar]]'' of Takht Hazur Sahib promoted tree planting activities to be held on Sikh Environment Day.<ref name=":0" />

==== Guru Nanak Sacred Forests ====
EcoSikh has planted many "mini-forests", composed of [[Native species|native plant species]], in the state of [[Punjab, India]] using the Japanese [[Akira Miyawaki|Miyawaki methodology]], that are named 'Guru Nanak Sacred Forests'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Zutshi |first=Minna |date=25 October 2020 |title=EcoSikh's Guru Nanak Sacred Forests: A reason to cheer for Ludhiana district |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/ecosikhs-guru-nanak-sacred-forests-a-reason-to-cheer-for-ludhiana-district-161221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501191348/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/ecosikhs-guru-nanak-sacred-forests-a-reason-to-cheer-for-ludhiana-district-161221 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=The Tribune, India}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The Guru Nanak Sacred Forests mission was launched in 2019 in-collaboration with ''Afforestt'' to coincide with the 550th birth celebrations of Guru Nanak.<ref name=":0" /> The ultimate goal for the mission is to plant one million trees using the methods devised by Akira Miyawaki.<ref name=":0" /> In-short, the method is distinguished from conventional tree-planting methods in that Miyakawi planting has a much smaller distance between the planted saplings, allowing for the faster maturation of the forest.<ref name=":0" />

EcoSikh claims that its Guru Nanak Sacred Forests are 30 times more dense, have a 10 times higher growth rate, are 100 times more biodiverse, are cost-effective, easily maintainable, and are chemical pesticide-free.<ref name=":1" /> EcoSikh project manager for South Asia, Ravneet Singh, explains that the Miyawaki method helps grow dense and native forests through the plantation of dozens of native-species of flora within the same vicinity, after which the forest becomes maintenance-free after a period of three years.<ref name=":1" /> The forests provide habitat for wild animals and help improve soil quality of the area.<ref name=":1" /> The soil of the forests are extensively mulched to improve the micro-organisms & small animals inhabiting the soil and it assists with regulating the soil temperature.<ref name=":1" /> EcoSikh believes every plot of land has the potential of being transformed into a forest.<ref name=":1" />

The steps for establishing a Guru Nanak Sacred Forest are as follows:<ref name=":1" />

* Select a fenced plot that is suitable for plantation with underground and overhead clearance.<ref name=":1" />
* Test the soil for its capacity of water retention, perforation and organic content.<ref name=":1" />
* The required biomass is selected and mixed to stabilise all the above requirements.<ref name=":1" />
* The forest bed is carefully prepped, including levelling of the land.<ref name=":1" />
* Quantification and procurement of indigenous species of the local area is undertaken.<ref name=":1" />
* The native species are distributed and planted following a layered structure as per the Miyawaki method.<ref name=":1" />

[[Ludhiana district]] contains a large amount of these sacred forest projects, despite heavy environmental concerns related to pollution in the district.<ref name=":1" /> In a low-lying, industrial-area of [[Ludhiana]] city, EcoSikh claims that even after water-logging and oil-spill events, 80% of its planted forest's trees survived these environmentally adverse incidents, showing the resilience of the forests.<ref name=":1" />

In 2020, nearly a hundred Guru Nanak Sacred Forests had been planted in Punjab.<ref name=":1" /> By 2021, EcoSikh had established over three-hundred Guru Nanak Sacred Forests, primarily in Punjab.<ref name=":0" /> These mini-forests are home to 150,000 indigenous species of flora, providing habitat for insect and bird species.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the Guru Nanak Sacred Forests are located in urban areas, which are claimed to assist with improving the area's air quality and restoring biodiversity.<ref name=":0" />

By 2024, EcoSikh had planted over 850 forests in Punjab.<ref name=":9" />

By the end of March 2026, EcoSikh has completed plantation of 1580 forests across multiple states in India<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavneet |first=Singh |title=Guru Nanak Sacred Forest |url=https://ecosikh.org/guru-nanak-sacred-forest/#:~:text=1580%2B%20micro%20forests%20comprising%20of%209%2C00%2C000%C2%A0thriving%20native%20trees%20have%20been%20planted%20in%20Punjab%2CHImachal%2C%20Rajasthan%2C%20Gujarat%2C%20Maharashtra%2C%20Delhi%2C%20Chandigarh%2C%20Jammu%20and%20Kashmir. |url-status=live |access-date= |website=Ecosikh.org}}</ref>

==== Guru Granth Sahib Bagh ====
The ''Guru Granth Sahib Bagh'' is an initiative of EcoSikh, working in-collaboration with PETALS, regarding the establishment and upkeeping of a garden near the historical Sikh shrine, Gurusar Sahib, located in [[Moga district]].<ref name=":0" /> The garden was inaugurated in September 2021 and contains all fifty-eight plant species that find mention by name within the [[Shabda|hymns]] of the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":0" /> Each plant is accompanied by a stone with an engraving containing the relevant excerpt from the Sikh scripture mentioning the specie.<ref name=":0" />

==== Naulakha Bagh ====
A traditional Sikh garden located in [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]], known as Naulakha Bagh, was believed to have been founded and cared for by Guru Har Rai during his guruship period.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2013 |title=Sikhs Reviving Historical Naulakha Bagh of Guru Har Rai on His 383rd Birth Anniversary |url=https://ecosikh.org/sikhs-reviving-historical-naulakha-bagh-of-guru-har-rai-on-his-383rd-birth-anniversary/ |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=EcoSikh}}</ref> EcoSikh has been involved in a project to restore this garden.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> EcoSikh is coordinating with other Sikh organizations, such as Shree Ganga Nursery, Shree Ganga Nursery Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), and Nishan-e-Sikhi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The project aims to emphasize [[medicinal plants]], which will help revive native, traditional medicinal knowledge.<ref name=":0" />

==== Ek Bageecha ====
EcoSikh has compiled an online [[anthology]] titled ''Eak Bageecha'' (meaning "one garden") on "green ''[[gurbani]]''" compositions that discuss the environment, as found in [[Sikh scriptures]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Gurbani |url=https://ecosikh.org/inspiration/gurbani/ |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=EcoSikh |date=22 September 2011 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Sikh Eco Quotes |url=http://www.arcworld.org/faiths4f62.html?pageID=172 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=Alliance of Religions and Conservation (ARC)}}</ref> The title of the anthology references a composition of Guru Arjan which symbolizes the guru as a gardener taking care of mythical plants imbued with the ''[[Naam Japo|Naam]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, this divine gardener serves as a role-model for humanity to recognize the divinity present in all things and to be stewards of them.<ref name=":0" /> The anthology contains works praising the natural beauty of the world and that divinity can be found across the Earth's ecosystems, from oceans to deserts.<ref name=":0" />

One of the selected "green gurbani" compositions found in the anthology, authored by [[Guru Arjan]] in ''[[Asa (raga)|Raga Asa]]'', is as follows:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
{{Blockquote|text=There is a garden.<br>It has so many plants created within it.<br>And each bears the sweet-nectared Naam as its fruit. {{!}}{{!}}1{{!}}{{!}}<br><br>Consider this, O wise one,<br>In this garden you may seek the means by which to attain eternal bliss.<br>O brothers and sisters of Destiny,<br>This garden has dark pools of poison here and there,<br>But it also contains the ambrosial nectar within it. {{!}}{{!}}1{{!}}{{!}}Pause{{!}}{{!}}<br><br>There is only one gardener who tends it.<br>He takes care of every leaf and branch. {{!}}{{!}}2{{!}}{{!}}<br>He brought all these plants and planted them there.<br>They all bear fruit – none is without fruit. {{!}}{{!}}3{{!}}{{!}}<br>The one who receives the ambrosial fruit of the Naam<br>From the Guru – O Nanak,<br>Such a servant has a way to pass over the ocean of illusion. {{!}}{{!}}4{{!}}{{!}}5{{!}}{{!}}56{{!}}{{!}}|author=Guru Arjan, translated by Albel Singh|title=Guru Granth Sahib}}

== People involved ==
* Rajwant Singh – Founder and Global President<ref name=":8" />
* Gunpreet Singh – President<ref name=":8" />
* Rasna Kaur – Executive Director<ref name=":8" />
* Inderpreet Singh – Executive Director<ref name=":8" />
* Manpreet Singh – Secretary<ref name=":8" />
* Bhavdeep Bajaj – Treasurer<ref name=":8" />
* Charan Singh – Convener (Sacred Forests and Sacred Fauna Mission)<ref name=":8" />
* Supreet Kaur – EcoSikh India President<ref name=":7" />
* Pavneet Singh – Head of Operations (India)<ref name=":7" />

== Relation to Sikh principle of ''Sevā'' ==
''Sevā'' is one of the principle pillars of the Sikh faith.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Anoop |last2=Dutta |first2=Sumedha |date=2023-09-04 |title=The Concept of Seva in Sikhism and its Practice for Holistic Well-being: An Analysis |url=https://www.ijfmr.com/research-paper.php?id=6109 |journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research |volume=5 |issue=5 |article-number=6109 |doi=10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i05.6109 |issn=2582-2160|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Sevā'' denotes selfless service and civic virtue in the organization and in society.<ref name=":10" /> In Sikhism, ''Sevā'' is defined as voluntary service without expectation of anything in return and for the welfare of others.<ref name=":10" /> There are many different types of ''Sevā'' which are the following: ''Sevā'' rendered through one's body (''tan''), ''Sevā'' rendered through one's mind (''man''), ''Sevā'' rendered through one's wealth (''dan''). Even though all three modes are equally important, the Sikh Gurus emphasize that all ''Sevā'' should be performed without desire (''nishkam''), without intentions (''nishkapat''), and with humility (''nimarta'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Virdee |first=Gurmit Singh |date=June 2005 |title=Labour of love: Kar seva at Darbar Sahib's Amrit Sarover |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17448720500231409 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=13–28 |doi=10.1080/17448720500231409 |issn=1744-8727|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

EcoSikh makes it clear that they see their work as a form of sevā.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-18 |title=Sikh Statement on Climate Change - EcoSikh |url=https://ecosikh.org/sikh-statement-on-climate-change/,%20https://ecosikh.org/sikh-statement-on-climate-change/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Sevā'' can be done by reducing carbon footprints, recycling, investing in renewable energies, and being mindful where food comes from.<ref name=":11" />

== International chapters ==
* EcoSikh India
* EcoSikh U.S.A.
* EcoSikh Canada
* EcoSikh U.K.
* EcoSikh Ireland

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ecosikh.org/ EcoSikh homepage]
* [https://www.ecosikh.ca/ EcoSikh Canada homepage]
* [https://ecosikhuk.org/ EcoSikh United Kingdom homepage]
* [https://www.ecosikhireland.org/ EcoSikh Ireland homepage]
* [https://ecosikh.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Eak-Bageecha-EcoSikh.pdf Eak Bageecha – Introduction in English]
* [https://ecosikh.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Eak-BageechaG.pdf Eak Bageecha – Punjabi]

[[Category:Sikh organisations]]
[[Category:Environmental organizations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Environmental organizations based in the United States]]

Bodhisattwor Bodhbuddhi

2026-04-07T07:41:29Z

MerryHarris567: new...

{{Short description|Indian Bengali language comedy & child drama}}
{{More plot|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] <br> [[Comedy]]
| image = Bodhisattwor Bodhbuddhi.jpg
| image_size =
| writer = Anurag-Arijit
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{ubl|Ryan Guhaneogi|[[Anumegha Kahali]]|[[Sonali Chowdhury]]|[[Biswanath Basu]]|[[Samata Das]]}}
| cinematography = Subrata Mullick
| editor = Subhajit- Dipon
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 130
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|07|04|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|12|30|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| native_name =
| theme_music_composer = Upal Sengupta, Upali Chattopadhyay
| director = Subhendu Chakraborty
| runtime = 22 minutes
| executive_producer = Rana Mukherjee
| producer = Surinder Singh <br> [[Nispal Singh]] <br> Shubhankar Chattopadhyay
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| creative_director = Shubhankar Chattopadhyay<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |title=Subhankar Chatterjee to direct a fiction show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/subhankar-chatterjee-to-direct-a-fiction-show/articleshow/92140614.cms |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Times of India |date=11 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| voices =
| opentheme =
| company = [[Surinder Films]]
}}

'''''Bodhisattwor Bodhbuddhi''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] [[comedy drama]] television series which was broadcast on the Bengali general entertainment channel [[Zee Bangla]] from 4 July 2022 and is available on the digital platform [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/in-boddhisatwer-bodhbuddhi-serial-what-is-real-identity-of-boddhisatwa-dgtl/cid/1352351|title=Boddhisatwer Bodhbuddhi: আসছে 'বোধিসত্ত্বর বোধবুদ্ধি', বাস্তবে কে এই বোধিবাবু?|website=Anandabazar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bodhisotter-bodh-buddhi-is-the-first-ever-knowledge-based-bengali-serial-anbsd-rdz3eb|title=বাংলা টেলিভিশনে প্রথমবার ' বোধ বুদ্ধি ' নিয়ে আসতে চলেছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক ' বোধিসত্ত্বের বোধ বুদ্ধি '|website=Bangla Asianet News}}</ref> It stars Ryan Guhaneogi as titular character 'Bodhisattwo' and [[Sonali Chowdhury]], [[Biswanath Basu]], Saurav Chakraborty, Sumanta Mukherjee, [[Samata Das]] in prominent supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wonder boy Bodhisattwo to take the audience on an interesting journey - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/wonder-boy-bodhisattwo-to-take-the-audience-on-an-interesting-journey/articleshow/92393341.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around a little boy named Bodhi, his lifestyle and family. A child prodigy, he is blunt and unempathetic. His interactions with his family results in hilarious situations but his brilliance gets him rusticated from his school. Then he is admitted to a new school with triple promotion.<ref>{{cite news |title=নতুন সিরিয়াল 'বোধিসত্ত্বর বোধবুদ্ধি' আনুষ্ঠানিক ঘোষণায় দুষ্টু-মিষ্টি গল্প শোনালেন কলাকুশলীরা |url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/video/cast-of-new-serial-bodhisattwor-bodhbuddhi-opens-up-about-shooting-experience |access-date=3 July 2022 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=জি-তে নতুন ধাঁচের ধারাবাহিকে বিশ্বনাথ, সোনালী ও খুদে শিল্পী, বন্ধ হবে কোন মেগা? |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/new-mega-serial-bodhisattwor-bodhbuddhi-is-coming-soon-on-zee-bangla-starrer-biswanath-basu-sonali-chowdhury-tes-821029.html |work=[[News18]] Bengali |date=6 June 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{overly detailed|section|date=February 2023}}
*Ryan Guhaneogi as Bodhisattwo Mukherjee aka Bodhi: Deepali and Pramatha's son, Munni's elder brother, Babui's younger brother.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2022-06-24 |title=একরত্তি ছেলের অবাক করা 'বোধবুদ্ধি', অন্য ধারার গল্প নিয়ে আসছে 'বোধিসত্ত্ব' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tv-serial/boddhisatwer-bodhbuddhi-a-new-fresh-serial-is-going-to-start-at-zee-bangla-named-boddhisatwer-bodhbuddhi-898142 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
*Anumegha Kahali as Basabdatta Mukherjee aka Munni: Deepali and Pramatha's daughter, Bodhi's sister.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=In pics: All you need to know about Bodhisattwor Bodhbuddhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/bengali/in-pics-all-you-need-to-know-about-bodhisattwor-bodhbuddhi/photostory/92413421.cms |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*Mayukh Mishra as Suddhosattwo Mukherjee aka Babui: Munni and Bodhi's cousin brother; Paritosh and Kalpana's son.<ref name=":2" />
*[[Sonali Chowdhury]] as Deepali Mukherjee: Munni and Bodhi's mother; Pramatha's wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/sonali-chowdhury-acting-in-bodhisotter-bodhbuddhi-tv-serial-why-actor-took-a-long-break-reveals-herself/articleshow/92132776.cms|title=Sonali Chowdhury: 'বোধিসত্ত্বের বোধবুদ্ধি'-তে কামব্যাক সোনালির, দীর্ঘ বিরতি কেন? জানালেন অভিনেত্রী|website=Eisamay |date=10 June 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Biswanath Basu]] as Pramathanath Mukherjee: Munni and Bodhi's father; Deepali's husband.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Samata Das]] as Kalpana Mukherjee: Babui's mother; Paritosh's wife; Munni and Bodhi's aunt.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-07 |title=New Bengali Serial: সব ভুলেছে বাঙালি, মনে করাতে আসছে খুদে 'বোধিসত্ত্ব' |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/shubhankar-chatterjee-director-of-many-reality-shows-is-making-fiction-for-the-first-time-au59-579087.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
*Sourav Chakraborty as Paritosh Mukherjee: Munni and Bodhi's uncle; Babui's father; Kalpana's husband; Pramatha's younger brother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodhisattwor Bodhbuddhi: আসছে 'বোধিসত্ত্বর' বোধবুদ্ধি! ভিন্ন স্বাদের নতুন মেগার প্রোমোতে চমক |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/bodhisattwor-bodhbuddhi-new-bangla-serial-different-storyline-starring-sonalee-chaudhuri-biswanath-basu-and-others-mega-serial-details-soc-381533-2022-06-07 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
*Sumanta Mukherjee as Amritolal Mukherjee a.k.a. Bhalodadu: Babui, Munni, Bodhi's paternal granduncle; Protima, Pramatha, Paritosh's paternal uncle.<ref name=":1" />
*Chhanda Karanji Chattopadhyay as Kunjobala Mukherjee: Babui, Munni, Bodhi's paternal grandmother; Devi and Sentu's maternal grandmother; Protima, Pramatha, Paritosh's mother; Deepali and Kalpana's mother-in-law.
*Soume Chatterjee as Devi Hazra: Protima's daughter; Babui, Bodhi and Munni's paternal cousin sister.
*[[Sudipa Basu]] as Leelabati Ray: Bodhi, Munni's maternal grandmother; Deepali's mother; Pramatha's mother-in-law.
*Sarbari Mukherjee as Protima Hazra: Babui, Munni, Bodhi's paternal aunt; Devi's mother; Pramatha and Paritosh's elder sister.
*Arannyo Roy Chowdhury as Sayantan Hazra a.k.a. Sentu: Protima's son; Devi's brother; Bodhi's cousin.
*Ayanna Chatterjee as Sreejita: Bodhi's classmate.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Partha Sarathi Deb]] as Headmaster of Bodhi's previous school.
*Sanghasri Sinha Mitra as Uttara Mukherjee: A history teacher.
*Krishnakishore Mukherjee as Sreekumar Chatterjee: Headmaster of Bodhi's present school.
*Monika Dey as Swati Roy: English teacher.
*Nayana Palit Bandyopadhyay as Sreejita's mother.
*Vicky Nandy as Bottle.
*Sankar Debnath as Potas.
*Sumit Samaddar as Club Secretary.
*Aniket Chakraborty as Saptarsi: Devi's lover.
*Chaitali Chakraborty as Sulochana Mukherjee a.k.a. Sulu a.k.a. "Electrica Maa": A fraud; Bhalodadu aka Amritolal's paternal cousin sister; Bodhi's paternal grandaunt.

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' quoted, "In Bengali television, which is still dominated by saas-bahu sagas, ''Bodhisattwor Bodhbuddhi'' is likely to bring a breath of fresh air."<ref name="toi"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/boddhisatwer-bodhbuddhi/0-6-4z5159940 ''Bodhisattwor Bodhbuddhi''] on [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

M. E. Cherian

2026-04-05T03:00:59Z

MerryHarris567: started some info from scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox clergy
| honorific_prefix = The Reverend
| name = M. E. Cherian
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1917
| birth_place = Kuriannoor, [[Kerala]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|10|2|1917}}
| death_place = Muthukulathoor, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Evangelist, Bible teacher, poet, hymn writer
| era = 20th Century
| known_for = Founding YMEF, Madurai Bible School, Malayalam Christian hymns
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| church = [[Protestant]]
| movement = [[Kerala Brethren]]
| denomination = [[Kerala Brethren]] (Christian)
}}
}}

'''M. E. Cherian''' (1917 – 2 October 1993), also known as "Kochu Sir" and "Podiyan," was an Indian Christian evangelist, Bible teacher, poet, and hymn writer. He was a key figure in the [[Kerala Brethren]] movement and is remembered for his pioneering missionary work, spiritual leadership, and contributions to Malayalam Christian hymnody.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=M. E. Cherian Kerala, India |url=https://www.indianchristiansunited.org/missionary/india/kerala/m-e-cherian |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=www.indianchristiansunited.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ME Cherian">{{cite web
|title=Rev. M E Cherian
|url=https://mgmministries.org/me-cherian/
|website=MGM Ministries
|access-date=17 May 2025
}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Cherian was born in 1917 in Kuriannoor, a village near [[Kozhencherry]] in the present-day [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He was the fourth child of Kunjachan Upadeshi and Aleyamma. After a near-death experience in childhood, his family committed him to God's service following prayers at the [[Maramon Convention]].<ref name="borivali">{{cite web |title=M E Cherian – A Little Man with Great Faith, Love & Hope |url=https://borivaliassembly.net/ministry-corner/m-e-cherian-a-little-man-with-great-faith-love-hope/ |website=Borivali Assembly |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

He had born again experience at the age of nine and was baptized shortly afterward. At fifteen, he passed the Malayalam Higher Examination, which was equivalent to a degree at the time, and began working as a teacher.<ref name="scribd">{{cite web |title=Missionary M E Cherian |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/87579576/Missionary-M-E-Cherian |website=Scribd |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="kristheeyagaanavali" />

At the age of twenty-six, he resigned from his teaching profession to dedicate himself to full-time Christian ministry. He published his first book at thirty-one. When he launched Bala Sangham and the magazine Suviseshakan, he was thirty-six. At thirty-seven, he initiated the work of the Madurai Bible School.<ref name=":1" /> He was honoured with the prestigious [[K.V. Simon|Mahakavi K. V. Simon Award]] at the age of seventy-five.<ref name="kristheeyagaanavali" />

==Ministry==
In 1943, after Cherian had resigned from his teaching job to enter full-time Christian ministry,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brethren Assembly India |url=https://www.biblebeliever.co.za/Brethren%20Assemblys/Brethren%20Information/Is%20the%20Indian%20Assemblies%20Dead%202.htm |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=www.biblebeliever.co.za}}</ref> he founded the '''Young Men’s Evangelical Fellowship (YMEF)''' to mobilize and train young Christians for gospel work across India.<ref name="mgm">{{cite web |title=Rev. M E Cherian |url=https://mgmministries.org/me-cherian/ |website=MGM Ministries |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General History of Brethren Assemblies in India - BrethrenPedia |url=https://brethrenpedia.org/index.php/General_History_of_Brethren_Assemblies_in_India |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=brethrenpedia.org}}</ref>

M. E. Cherian established the '''Madurai Bible School''' at [[Madurai]] in the year 1955, having moved from Kerala to Tamil Nadu in 1943 as a pioneer from the [[Kerala Brethren]] Assemblies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News: Madurai Bible College, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://brethrentimes.com/2015/05/admission-notice-madurai-bible-college/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Deeply burdened for the spiritual needs of Tamil Nadu and India, he sought to reach as many as possible through all available means. The school began in a rented house, which also served as his family home, where he treated the students as part of his own household. For its first fifteen years, the Bible School operated without interruption under these modest conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=https://www.maduraibiblecollege.org/about-us |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=MaduraiBibleCollege |language=en}}</ref> Also in 1989, Cherian inaugurated the Brethren Bible Institute at [[Pathanamthitta]] and played supportive role during its formative years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BBI |url=https://bbiindia.org/our-history/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Brethren Bible Institute}}</ref>

His ministry spanned decades, especially in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verghese 'Ariel' |first=Philip |date=2019-03-05 |title=M E Cherian Sir A Pleasant Memory of A Great Teacher |url=https://www.pvariel.com/a-pleasant-memory-of-a-great-teacher-and-poet-m-e-cherian-sir-is-remembered-on-this-teachers-day/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Philipscom Associates |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="mgm" />

==Hymns and writings==
Cherian was a known writer, contributing significantly to Malayalam Christian literature, having composed over 300 Christian hymns in Malayalam and authored 13 theological books on various topics, including Bible study, the disciplines of Christ, Church, and the Holy Spirit. Many of his hymns appear in ''Kristheeya Keerththanangal'', the official hymn book of the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] and in ''Seeyon Geethavali'' used by [[India Pentecostal Church]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Malayalam Non Movie Songs by Lyricist ME Cherian |url=https://en.msidb.org/asongs.php?tag=Search&lyricist=ME%20Cherian&limit=16 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=en.msidb.org}}</ref><ref name="nalloor">{{cite web |title=M. E. Cherian |url=https://nalloorlibrary.com/tag/m-e-cherian/ |website=Nalloor Library |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ME Cherian Songs: Kristheeya Keerthanangal |url=https://www.kristheeyakeerthanangal.org/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.kristheeyakeerthanangal.org}}</ref> He also initiated in establishing the first Malayalam Brethren musical ensemble – Madura Happy Melody.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Event: Happy Melody @30, Kerala, India |url=https://brethrentimes.com/2016/02/happy-melody-30-anniversary/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

His songs are notable for their theological clarity and poetic language, making them popular among Malayalam-speaking Christian communities in India and abroad.<ref name="kristheeyagaanavali">{{cite web
|title=M E Cherian – Lyricist Profile
|url=https://www.kristheeyagaanavali.com/en/Lyricist/M_E_Cherian
|website=Kristheeya Gaanavali
|access-date=17 May 2025
}}</ref>

===Notable Hymns===
Some of the most cherished and widely sung hymns written by M. E. Cherian include:<ref>{{Citation |title=Songs by M. E. Cherian (Lyrics) |url=https://www.indianchristiansunited.org/lyrics/author/india/kerala/m-e-cherian |access-date=2025-05-17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristheeya Keerthanangal |url=https://www.kristheeyakeerthanangal.org/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.kristheeyakeerthanangal.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebenezer Institute |title=Zion Geethavali |publisher=Good News Printing and Publishing |edition=19th |location=Thiruvalla, Kerala |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Zion Hymnal}}</ref>
* "Yeshukristhu uyirthu jeevikkunnu"(യേശുക്രിസ്തു ഉയിര്‍ത്തു ജീവിക്കുന്നു)
* "Anugrahathin Adhipathiye" (അനുഗ്രഹത്തിനധിപതിയെ)
* "Ithuvareyenne Karuthiya Naathaa" (ഇതുവരെയെന്നെ കരുതിയ നാഥാ)
* "Krushum Eduthini Njan En Yeshuve" (ക്രൂശും എടുത്തിനി ഞാൻ എൻ യേശുവേ)
* "Maname Chanchalam Enthinayi" (മനമേ ചഞ്ചലമെന്തിനായ്)
* "Thunayenikkesuve" (തുണ എനിക്കേശുവെ)
* "Kripayerum Karthavilen Vishwasam (കൃപയേറും കർത്താവിലെൻ)
* "En Sankadangal Sakalavum Theernupoyi" (എൻ സങ്കടങ്ങൾ സകലവും തീർന്നുപോയി)
* "Aasrayam Yeshuvil Ennathinal" (ആശ്രയം യേശുവിൽ എന്നതിനാൽ)
* "Jeevaninte Uravidam Kristhuvatre" (ജീവന്റെ ഉറവിടം ക്രിസ്തുവത്രേ)
* "Sreeyesu Naamam Athishaya Naamam" (ശ്രീയേശുനാമം അതിശയ നാമം) (attributed)
* "Sthuthicheeduvin Keerthanangal" (സ്തുതിച്ചിടുവിൻ കീർത്തനങ്ങൾ)
* "Yehova Daivamam Vishudha Jaathi Naam" (യഹോവ ദൈവമാം വിശുദ്ധ ജാതി നാം)
* "Yeshuvinte Thiru Naamathinu" (യേശുവിന്റെ തിരു നാമത്തിനു)
* "Sreeyesu Nadha Nin Sneham" (ശ്രീയേശു നാഥാ നിൻ സ്നേഹം)
* "Ennesuve En Jeevane" (എന്നേശുവേ എൻ ജീവനെ)
* "Seeyon Sanchari Njan" (സീയോൻ സഞ്ചാരി ഞാൻ)

== Personal life ==
During his youth Cherian faced challenges in finding a bride due to his low income and short stature, but received several marriage proposals. He eventually married Mariamma, who was studying for Malayalam higher education. The couple had eight children, consisting of five boys and three girls.<ref>{{cite web |title=M E Cherian: A Little Man with Great Faith, Love & Hope |url=https://borivaliassembly.net/ministry-corner/m-e-cherian-a-little-man-with-great-faith-love-hope/ |website=B Assembly |date=26 February 2025}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
M. E. Cherian died on 2 October 1993 in Muthukulathoor Village, near [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], during a gospel trip.<ref name="nalloor" /> His legacy continues through the institutions he founded, the people he mentored, and the hymns he composed. Annual commemorations and ongoing reprints of his work keep his influence alive in Christian circles in South India.

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4xLqMYtaus Interview with M. E. Cherian (1992) on YouTube]
{{Portal|Poetry|Biography}}{{Authority control}}

==References==
<references />
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cherian, M. E.}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Christian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century hymnwriters]]
[[Category:Protestant hymnwriters]]
[[Category:Indian Plymouth Brethren]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]
[[Category:Indian evangelicals]]

Giridhar Aramane

2026-04-05T00:03:39Z

MerryHarris567: put up...

{{Short description|39th Defence Secretary of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Giridhar Aramane
| image = Giridhar Aramane.jpg
| caption =
| office = 39th [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary of India]]
| predecessor = [[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]]
| successor = [[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant) |Rajesh Kumar Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Govt appoints Rajesh Kumar Singh as Defence Secretary |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/govt-appoints-rajesh-kumar-singh-as-defence-secretary-441840-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start = 31 October 2022
| term_end = 31 October 2024
| office2 = Secretary of [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Road Transport and Highway]]
| predecessor2 = Sanjeev Ranjan
| successor2 = Alka Upadhyaya
| term_start2 = 1 May 2020
| term_end2 = 31 October 2022
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|6|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kurnool]],[[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|JNTU, Hyderabad]]<br>[[IIT Madras|IITM]]<br>[[Kakatiya University]]
| spouse = Gayatri Aramane
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| profession = [[Civil service|Civil servant]]
| native_name =
| awards =
}}

'''Giridhar Aramane''' (born 12 June 1963) is a retired 1988 [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer from [[Andhra Pradesh]] cadre, who served as the 39th [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary of India]] a position he has held from 31 October 2022 until 31 October 2024.<ref name="Information">{{cite web|url=https://cgda.nic.in/ICDFE/pic103.html#:~:text=Shri%20Giridhar%20Aramane%2C%20a%201988,well%20as%20Andhra%20Pradesh%20government.|title=Shri Giridhar Aramane's profile|publisher=cgda.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiitb.ac.in/governing-body/shri-giridhar-aramane|title=SHRI GIRIDHAR ARAMANE, IAS|publisher=iiitb.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mod.gov.in/dod/whos-who|title=Ministry of Defence,Who's Who, Department Of Defence|publisher=mod.gov.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Aramane was born in 1963 in [[Kurnool]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Information"/>

He completed his B.Tech. in Civil Engineering from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]], and his M.Tech. from [[IIT Madras]]. He also holds an M.A. (Economics) from [[Kakatiya University]], Warangal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/giridhar-aramane-new-defence-secretary-andhra-cadre-ias-defence-ministry-2291993-2022-11-01|title=Andhra cadre IAS Giridhar Aramane takes charge as new defence secretary|publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
==Career==
Aramane has held many government posts in his career. He previously served as Secretary in [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] and Aramane has served as 39th [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary of India]] from 1 November 2022 until 31 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/andhra-cadre-ias-giridhar-aramane-takes-charge-as-new-defence-secretary-122110100863_1.html|title=Andhra cadre IAS Giridhar Aramane takes charge as new defence secretary|publisher=business-standard.com}}</ref>

In Andhra Pradesh Government, he held the role of Additional Secretary in the Cabinet Secretariat and he looks at the Exploration Division in the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas and was Executive Director in-charge of inspections in Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/giridhar-aramane-takes-charge-as-defence-secretary/article66082207.ece|title=Giridhar Aramane takes charge as Defence Secretary|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aramane, Giridhar}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Kurnool]]
[[Category:Defence secretaries of India]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]
[[Category:Kakatiya University alumni]]

Mudkhed Assembly constituency

2026-04-03T13:13:03Z

MerryHarris567:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mudkhed
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Nanded district|Nanded]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1978
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Mudkhed''' was one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency was located in [[Nanded district]]. This constituency was abolished during delimitation of the constituencies that happened in 2008.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=259|accessdate=2015-07-22}}</ref>

==Representatives==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mudkhed Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mudkhed-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Chandrakant Maski || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=4 | [[Sahebrao Baradkar Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mudkhed}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Chavan|Ashokrao Shankarrao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,05,932 |percentage = 62.15% |change={{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Gangadharrao Deshmukh Kunturkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 35,478 |percentage = 20.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Shobhatai (Vrushali) Waghmare |party=Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 10,513 |percentage = 6.17% |change={{decrease}}17.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govande Bhaskar Kakanaji |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 7,561 |percentage = 4.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryatale Balaji Namdev |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,913 |percentage = 2.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Ramesh Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,420 |percentage = 1.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 70,454 |percentage = 41.33% |change= {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,70,479 |percentage = 73.31% |change= {{increase}}5.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,70,459}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,32,530|ref = |change= {{increase}}28.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mudkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Chavan|Ashokrao Shankarrao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 67,727 |percentage = 59.02% |change={{increase}}33.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manikrao Rajegore |party=Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 27,193 |percentage = 23.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Hemlata Narendra |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 15,642 |percentage = 13.63% |change={{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawli Murlidhar Vishwanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,234 |percentage = 1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhole Digamber Munjaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,153 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,534 |percentage = 35.32% |change= {{increase}}34.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,23,133 |percentage = 67.79% |change= {{decrease}}6.78 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,14,748}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,639|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}33.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mudkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sahebrao Baradkar Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,781 |percentage = 25.60% |change={{decrease}}3.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajegore Manikrao Laxmanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 33,330 |percentage = 25.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Krishna Bajrang |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 17,049 |percentage = 12.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Digambar Sambhaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 13,863 |percentage = 10.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Choudhary |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,823 |percentage = 10.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Shankarrao Rajaramji |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,751 |percentage = 8.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Balwantrao Kishanrao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,651 |percentage = 2.01% |change={{decrease}}16.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 451 |percentage = 0.34% |change= {{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,36,204 |percentage = 76.96% |change= {{increase}}8.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,31,967}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,76,979|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mudkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sahebrao Baradkar Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,403 |percentage = 29.40% |change={{decrease}}32.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Choudhary Ramrao Laxmikantrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,757 |percentage = 22.24% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umrekar Sambhaji Ramji Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,076 |percentage = 21.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajegore Manikrao Laxmanrao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 20,061 |percentage = 18.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaxi Salauddin Jalaloddin |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,856 |percentage = 2.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Ssahebrao Pundalikrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,046 |percentage = 1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yamalwad Maloji Ramji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,284 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,646 |percentage = 7.16% |change= {{decrease}}32.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,09,546 |percentage = 67.90% |change= {{increase}}14.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,06,821}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,332|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}32.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mudkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sahebrao Baradkar Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,658 |percentage = 62.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Govindrao Maski |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,664 |percentage = 22.43% |change={{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Bhagwan Vithal |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,073 |percentage = 12.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadhe Sambhaji Wamanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 808 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khule Sheshrao Ramji |party=Independent politician |votes = 773 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kolhe Ramaji Sakharam |party=Independent politician |votes = 410 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,994 |percentage = 39.75% |change= {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,883 |percentage = 52.50% |change= {{increase}}3.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,386}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,395|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mudkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sahebrao Baradkar Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,680 |percentage = 61.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Govindrao Maski |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,630 |percentage = 29.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandit Bhimmrao Sharao |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 4,867 |percentage = 8.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,050 |percentage = 32.13% |change= {{increase}}16.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,840 |percentage = 49.13% |change= {{decrease}}12.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,177}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,740|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}22.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mudkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Govindrao Maski |party=Janata Party |votes = 25,568 |percentage = 39.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sirsat Sambhajirao Ramji |party=Independent politician |votes = 15,481 |percentage = 23.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Vithalrao Madhavrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,714 |percentage = 20.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lone Niwarati Gyanoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,258 |percentage = 11.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Manikrao Madhavrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,175 |percentage = 3.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Tulsiram Ranba |party=Independent politician |votes = 693 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Unhale Pandurang Narsingrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 634 |percentage = 0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,087 |percentage = 15.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,364 |percentage = 63.01% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,523}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,492|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.15|77.50|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Nanded district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Indianisation

2026-03-26T09:28:36Z

MerryHarris567: creating the stub v1

{{for|Indianisation of British Colonial India's bureaucracy|Indianisation (British India)}}
{{short description|Spread of Indian religions, culture, diaspora, soft power, economic reach and impact}}
{{Prose|date=August 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}

'''Indianisation''' (also spelt as '''Indianization''') may refer to the spread of Indian languages, culture, diaspora, cuisines, economic reach and impact beyond the [[Indian subcontinent]].

{{TOC right}}

== History ==

=== Ancient era ===
[[File:Global distribution of Sanskrit language presence, texts and inscriptions dated between 300 and 1800 CE.svg|thumb|Presence and [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|spread of Sanskrit]]]]
Indianisation [[Indianization of Southeast Asia|took place in Southeast Asia]] mainly from the first millennium onwards through trade and religion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Monica |date=1999-01-01 |title="Indianization" from the Indian Point of View: Trade and Cultural Contacts with Southeast Asia in the Early First Millennium C.E. |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/42/1/article-p1_1.xml |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445588 |issn=1568-5209|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
The term Indianisation was [[Indianisation (British India)|used in British India]] to describe the inclusion of native people in running India. For example, the Indian Armed Force began to Indianise in 1917.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundaram |first=Chandar S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7z2SDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1 |title=Indianization, the Officer Corps, and the Indian Army: The Forgotten Debate, 1817–1917 |date=2019-04-25 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=978-1-4985-7952-0 |language=en}}</ref> In the early 20th century, discourse around Indianisation also revolved around the emerging scholarship on an ancient [[Greater India]] and the possibility to re-assert India's value and independence. Initially, the theory considered it likely that Indians had colonised Southeast Asia in developing it, though later it became clear that influence occurred mainly through trade and peaceful contact.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vivekanandan |first=Jayashree |date=2018-01-02 |title=Indianisation or indigenisation? Greater India and the politics of cultural diffusionism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2018.1411232 |journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1080/14662043.2018.1411232 |issn=1466-2043|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Indian cultural influence==
{{See also|History of foreign relations of India (pre-1947)|Cultural history of India}}
[[File:Buddhist Expansion.svg|thumb|[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]]]
Historical spread of [[Indian culture]] beyond India proper:

* [[Indomania]] or Indophilia refers to the special interest that Indian culture has generated in the world, more specifically the western world where though the 19th century European writers had seen India as a cradle of civilization, their romantic vision of India was gradually replaced by "[[Indophobia]]".<ref>[[Thomas Trautmann|Trautmann, Thomas R.]] 1997, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jR_LPnEH3GsC Aryans and British India]. Berkeley: University of California Press., Bryant 2001.</ref> [[Indology]] has evolved as the academic study of [[History of India|Indian history]] and [[Culture of India|culture]], which is sometimes replaced by the term "South Asian studies".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/indology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830095220/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/indology|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2019|title=Indology | Definition of Indology by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries | English}}</ref>

* [[Greater India]]
** [[Indosphere]]
** [[Sanskritisation (language)|Sanskritisation]]
*** [[List of Sanskrit-related topics]]
** [[Buddhist studies]]
** [[Hindu studies]]
** [[Neo-Vedanta]]

* [[Indianization of Southeast Asia|Indianisation of Southeast Asia]]
** [[Indianised kingdom]]
** [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia]]
*** [[Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world]]
*** [[South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I|South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola]]
*** [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya]]
*** [[Indian influences in early Philippine polities]]

** [[East Indies]] or Indies in Southeast Asia under Indian cultural influence, e.g. Indonesia and Philippines
** [[French Indochina|Indochina]], Indianised Southeast Asia under French colonial rule

==Indian inventions & STEM influence==

* [[List of Indian inventions and discoveries]]
* [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Indian numeral system]], disseminated from India to Arabia and then to Europe.
** [[List of Indian Americans|Prominent Indians in STEM in USA]]

==Indian soft power ==
[[File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg|thumb|300px|right|Historic [[Indosphere]] cultural influence zone of [[Greater India]] for transmission of elements of Indian arts, architecture, culture, religion, martial arts, etc.]]

Global spread of Indian [[soft power]]:

* [[Medical tourism in India]]
** [[Ayurveda]]
** [[Siddha medicine]]
** [[Yoga]]

* Global influence of India's:
** [[Hindu_temple_architecture#Southeast_Asia_as_part_of_Greater_India|Architecture]]
** [[History_of_Indian_cuisine#Global_spread_of_Indian_cuisine|Cuisine]]
*** [[History_of_Indian_cuisine#Vedic_and_vegetarian_Buddhist_exchanges_with_Roman_empire_and_influence_on_Southeast_Asia|Influence on Southeast Asian cuisine]]
** [[Indian_martial_arts#Influence|Martial arts]], especially on Southeast Asian martial arts
** [[Bollywood#Overseas|Movies and Bollywood]]
** [[Music of India#musicpower|Music]]
** [[Indian physical culture#Influence on the world|Physical culture]]
* [[India at the Big Four international beauty pageants]]

* [[Indianisation (British India)|Indianisation of British Colonial India's bureaucracy]]

=== Names ===

* [[Indian_name#Global_Indian_influence_in_names|Global influence of India in names of people]]
* [[Place_names_in_India#Global_Indian_influence_in_place_name|Global influence of India in names of places]]
* [[Indian_honorifics#Influence_on_other_cultures|Influence of Indian honorifics in Southeast Asia]]
** [[Filipino styles and honorifics|Filipino]]
** [[Indonesian_names#Honorifics|Indonesian]]
** [[Malay styles and titles|Malay]]
** [[Thai royal ranks and titles|Thai]]
* [[Renaming of cities in India]], for [[decolonisation]] and re-indianisation of city names

==Hard power==

India, one of the [[emerging power|emerging superpower]] and existing [[regional power]] ranked [[Asia Power Index|second in Asia Power Index]], has [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|world's third largest military]] in terms of number of active soldiers, among [[List of countries by military expenditures|world's top five spender on annual military budget]], and ranks moderate in terms of per capita [[List of countries by Global Militarization Index|Militarization Index]].

* [[Overseas military bases of India]] of [[Indian Military]]
* [[Equipment of the Indian Army]]
* [[India and weapons of mass destruction]]
* [[Weapon systems of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
* [[Guided missiles of India]]
* [[Integrated Space Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
* [[Defence industry of India]]

==Indian economic impact on the world==
Impact of [[Economy of India]] on [[world economy]] as well as [[globalisation]]:

* [[List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)|Current GDP (PPP)]], India is ranked on 3rd place
* [[List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)|Current Nominal GDP]], India is ranked on 4th place
* [[List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate|Current GDP growth rate]], India is ranked among top 7

* [[Remittance#Top_recipient_countries|Current top recipient of remittance]], India is ranked on 1st place for last several years
** [[Remittances to India]]
** [[Foreign-exchange reserves of India]]

* Production in India, one of the top producer and consumer country
** [[Lists of countries by mineral production|Among top 2 largest producer of most mineral, metals, and fuel types]]
** [[Fishing_industry_by_country|Among top 3 largest producer of fisheries harvest]]
** [[List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities|Among top 5 largest producer of most agricultural and dairy commodities]]
** [[List of oil refineries#Global|India among top 4 mineral oil refiner]]<ref>[https://www.energyinst.org Statistical Review of World Energy 2024], Energy Institute, 2024, accessed March 2026.</ref><ref>[https://asb.opec.org Annual Statistical Bulletin 2024], OPEC, 2024, accessed March 2026.</ref>
* [[Foreign trade of India]]
** [[List of exports of India|Exports of India]]
*** [[Business process outsourcing to India]]
*** [[H-1B visa]], over 80% of all these visas are granted to Indian IT professionals
** [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]

==Indian diaspora==
Global Indian diaspora is world's largest diaspora, which includes NRIs, OCI, PIO, and mixed races:

* [[Indian Diaspora (Overseas Indian)|Indian diaspora]] (PIO and NRI), world's largest diaspora
** [[Overseas Citizenship of India]]
** [[List of heads of state and government of Indian origin]], Indian diaspora's influence on policy making of other nations
** [[List of foreign politicians of Indian origin]], Indian diaspora's influence on policy making of other nations

* British colonial era diaspora
** [[Coolie#Indian_coolies|Coolies]], [[Girmityas]], and [[Indian indenture system|Indian indentured labourers]], such as [[Indian South Africans]], [[Malaysian Indians]], [[Indo-Caribbeans]], [[Indo-Fijians]], [[Mauritians of Indian origin]], [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa]], [[Indian Singaporeans]]
** [[Anglo-Indian]]s, such as [[Eurasians in Singapore]], [[Irish Indians]], [[Luso-Indian]], [[Macanese people]], [[Scottish-Indian]]
** {{Anli|Commonwealth diaspora}}

* Other mixed diaspora
** [[Chindians|Chinese Indians]]
** [[Dougla]]
** [[Seychellois Creole people]]
** [[South Asian diaspora]]

* [[Indian religions|Indian-origin religions]] diaspora:
** Buddhist diaspora: [[Tibetan diaspora]]
** Hindu diaspora: [[Bengali Hindu diaspora]]
** [[Jain_communities#Diaspora|Jain diaspora]]
** [[Sikh diaspora]]

* Foreign-origin religions diaspora of overseas Indians
** Jews: [[Bnei Menashe|Bnei Menashe Mizo-Manipuri diaspora]]

* Global influence of Indian diaspora organisations and lobby groups
** [[Global Organization for People of Indian Origin]]
** [[List of foreign politicians of Indian origin|Indian origin politicians in other nations]]

==See also==
{{wiktionary}}
* {{anli|Acculturation}}
* {{anli|Arabization}}
* {{anli|Christianization}}
* {{anli|Islamization}}
* {{Anli|Persianization}}
* {{anli|Westernization}}
** {{anli|Americanization}}
** {{anli|Anglicization}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cultural assimilation}}

[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Indosphere]]

Krishna Leela (1946 film)

2026-03-24T05:03:39Z

MerryHarris567: creating a entry needs work

{{About||the 2015 film|Krishna Leela (2015 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krishna Leela
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Debaki Kumar Bose]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Paresh Banerjee|[[Devi Mukherjee]]|[[Kanan Devi]]|[[Kamal Mitra]]}}
| music =
| cinematography = [[Ajoy Kar]]
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1946}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Krishna Leela''''' is a [[Bollywood films of 1946|1946]] [[Bollywood]] film directed by [[Debaki Kumar Bose]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=25 April 2013|title=Bollywood Hindi Movie, Latest Movies Release, Review & News, Actor Actress Photo Pics & Videos Gallery|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141558/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EOAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9781579581466}}</ref> It stars Paresh Banerjee and [[Kanan Devi]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Sharad |date=2020-03-07 |title=Versatile musical genius - Kamal Dasgupta |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/sunday-post/beyond-bygone/versatile-musical-genius--kamal-dasgupta-404514 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0156715 |title=Krishna Leela }}

[[Category:1946 films]]
[[Category:1946 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1946 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films about Krishna]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Aasai

2026-03-23T17:53:42Z

MerryHarris567: refine content after review

{{short description|1995 film directed by Vasanth}}
{{about||the 1956 film|Aasai (1956 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aasai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vasanth]]
| writer = Vasanth
| producer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Mani Ratnam]]|[[S. Sriram]]}}
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Ajith Kumar]]|[[Suvaluxmi]]|[[Prakash Raj]]}}
| cinematography = [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]
| editing = {{Unbulleted list|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1995|9|9|df=y}}
| studio = [[Aalayam Productions]]
| runtime = 144 minutes{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=174}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR}}5 [[crore]]{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=176}}
}}
'''''Aasai''''' ({{audio|Ta-ஆசை.ogg|pronunciation}}) ({{Translation|Desire}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film, written and directed by [[Vasanth]]. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Suvaluxmi]] and [[Prakash Raj]], with [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Poornam Viswanathan]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], and [[Vadivelu]] in supporting roles. It revolves around an [[Major (rank)|army major]] lusting for his sister-in-law, and attempting to ruin her relationship with her lover.

''Aasai'' was produced by [[Mani Ratnam]] and [[S. Sriram]] via [[Aalayam Productions]]. Set and shot in [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Delhi]], it was photographed by [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] and edited by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]], while [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] composed the music. The film, released on 9 September 1995, became a commercial success and Ajith's first major breakthrough. It won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Vasanth). The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Pyaar Zindagi Hai]]'' (2001).

== Plot ==
Saraswathi "Yamuna", the younger daughter of an Orthodox father, comes to [[Chennai|Madras]] for finishing her studies. [[Major (rank)|Major]] Madhavan, the husband of Yamuna's elder sister Ganga, gets infatuated with Yamuna after seeing her photo in a letter sent by her. Meanwhile, Yamuna meets Jeevanantham "Jeeva" in a bus, who gives his ticket to her as she had not taken her own. Later one day, Jeeva decides to express his love to Yamuna by writing in a letter but disposes it after witnessing a boy, who did the same, being beaten up. The letter is found by Yamuna, who realises his love.

One day when they are walking together, Jeeva tries to remove dirt from Yamuna's eyes, and he kisses her. Yamuna is angry with him. Jeeva senses it and gets wet in the rain and gets a cold. Hearing this, Yamuna meets him. Jeeva expresses that she is the only medicine to him, and he needs her. Yamuna promises she will marry him. On Yamuna's birthday, Jeeva jumps into her house and presents her a puppy. One day, fearing that Yamuna's father might not marry him to Yamuna, he decides to marry her in a register office, but Yamuna refuses and Jeeva leaves.

Meanwhile, Madhavan settles his father-in-law's debts and earns his trust. He also pays for connecting a landline to Yamuna's house and talks to her regularly, but Ganga is unaware of this. One day, Ganga finds it, and starts to realise his true identity. Madhavan then expresses his love affair on Yamuna to his wife. This makes her so upset that she attempts to go and live with her father and Yamuna. Madhavan imprisons her in home, and one day he tells her she can go to her father's house by flight, and tricks her by making her drink a glass of milk laced with sleeping pills, as a result of which she falls unconscious. Madhavan then murders Ganga by suffocating her to death with a polythene cover and tying it around her head by his shoelace, and lies to everyone that she died from heart attack. He then makes Yamuna and her father stay with him in [[Delhi]] to look after his baby, but he has other plans.

Jeeva comes to Delhi. One day he sees Yamuna, who ignores him. Later he sees her carrying the puppy and tells why she needs the puppy when she does not need him. Yamuna leaves the puppy in the middle of the road. Later that night, Yamuna comes to take the puppy in the rain. Jeeva sees this and realises she really loves him. Two months later, Yamuna's father decides to get her married to Jeeva; Madhavan decides to stop the marriage. Yamuna's family meets Jeeva in a restaurant. While Jeeva was talking to Madhavan, he takes advantage of a careless [[Sikhs|Sikh]] and dashes against him, causing Jeeva to lose his balance as well. In the melee, Madhavan steals Jeeva's purse. When Jeeva senses his purse missing, he confronts the Sikh and humiliates himself, exactly as Madhavan anticipated. Later, he suspects Madhavan and wants to frisk him. This angers Yamuna's father as he blindly believes Madhavan.

Madhavan later gives Jeeva's flight ticket and wants to send him to Madras, but Jeeva fools Madhavan by tearing the ticket and spending the day with Yamuna. Enraged, Madhavan drenches his baby in the rain and calls Yamuna to look for it. Later, Madhavan arranges for some men to pour liquor into Jeeva's mouth and lay him in the middle of the road. Madhavan makes Yamuna and her father believe Jeeva is a drunkard. The father boasts that he has the divine gift to discern good versus bad people upon sight; with that "gift", he declares Jeeva a bad person. Meanwhile, Jeeva complains to [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col]] Hariharan, a friend of Madhavan, who does not believe him. Later when celebrating [[Holi]], Madhavan asks Jeeva the puppy. Jeeva gives it, but Madhavan kills the puppy and frames Jeeva. An argument ensues between them; Madhavan tries to kill Jeeva with a rod, but stops when Yamuna pleads with him.

Hariharan eventually realises the truth about Madhavan and tells him to stop. Instead, Madhavan kills Hariharan, staging it as a car accident. Madhavan plants narcotics in Jeeva's pillows and tips off the police, leading to Jeeva's arrest. While meeting Jeeva in prison, Madhavan boastfully reveals the truth to Jeeva; how he killed Ganga to get Yamuna. Yamuna overhears this and informs her father. Her father wails in agony for his murdered older daughter and his folly and poor judgement. They plan to escape, but Madhavan arrives, knocks out Yamuna's father, and holds Yamuna prisoner in his house. Jeeva escapes from prison and arrives there. A fight ensues between Madhavan and Jeeva in which Jeeva triumphs. Yamuna and Jeeva take the baby to the hospital as it fainted. Yamuna's father locks the doors, opens the gas cylinder, and lights a matchstick, causing an explosion that kills him and Madhavan. Jeeva is exonerated and unites with Yamuna and the baby.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] as Jeevanantham "Jeeva"
* [[Suvaluxmi]] as Saraswathi (Yamuna)
* [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Madhavan
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Ganga
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Yamuna's father
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col]] Hariharan
* [[Vadivelu]] as Jeeva's friend
* [[Pooja Batra]] (special appearance in the song "Shock Adikuthu Sona")
* Veeraraghavan as a friend of Yamuna's father
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as an army officer
* [[Dhamu]] as Jeeva's friend
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as a moneylender
* Daljit Singh as the [[sardar]]
* [[Anand Krishnamoorthi|Kutty Anand]] (special appearance in the song "Shock Adikuthu Sona")
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as an auto driver (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=When SJ Suryah Had A Brief Role In Ajith-starrer 1995 Film Aasai |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sj-suryah-had-a-brief-role-in-ajith-starrer-1995-film-aasai-8709633.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106151426/https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sj-suryah-had-a-brief-role-in-ajith-starrer-1995-film-aasai-8709633.html |archive-date=6 January 2026 |access-date=21 July 2025 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Vasanth]] wanted to make a "family thriller" with a powerful villain not usually seen in Tamil films; the story of ''Aasai'' evolved from this.<ref name="Kalki interview" /> ''Poovellam Kettupaar'', ''Deva'' and ''Kanne'' were the working titles during the film's production but Vasanth chose ''Aasai'' as the title because it was about both the protagonist and antagonist.<ref name="to" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 October 1994 |title=பானுப்ரியாவின் 'கப்சிப்'! |trans-title=Bhanupriya's silence! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-10-23/page/n7/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230223064217/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-10-23/page/n7/mode/2up |archive-date=23 February 2023 |access-date=11 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=6 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In creating the antagonist, Vasanth took inspiration from [[Rajinikanth]]'s character from ''[[Avargal]]'' (1977) and [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]]'s character in ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' (1979).<ref name="Kalki interview" /> The film was produced by [[Mani Ratnam]] and [[S. Sriram]] via [[Aalayam Productions]]. Cinematography was handled by [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]], and editing by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=174}}

=== Casting ===
The lead role of Jeevanantham was initially offered by Vasanth to actor [[Sivakumar]]'s son Saravanan (later known as [[Suriya]]), to make his debut but he declined, citing a lack of interest in an acting career.<ref name="to" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=24 July 2002 |title=A chip off the old block |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-chip-off-the-old-block/article28376408.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104121035/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-chip-off-the-old-block/article28376408.ece |archive-date=4 November 2019 |access-date=8 September 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Ajith Kumar]] was instead cast after Vasanth and co-producer S. Sriram saw him in a ''[[dhoti]]'' advertisement on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="to" /> Actor [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] dubbed Ajith's voice.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=315100913608036353 |user=sureshactor |title=Yes :) |author=Suresh |author-link=Suresh (actor, born 1963) |date=22 March 2013 |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223052749/https://twitter.com/sureshactor/status/315100913608036353 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |date=28 March 2020 |title=ஆசை படத்தில் அஜித்திற்கு குரல் கொடுத்தது யார் தெரியுமா.? அதுவும் பிரபல நடிகராம் |trans-title=Do you know who dubbed the voice for Ajith in the film ''Aasai''? He too is a famous actor |url=https://www.tamil360newz.com/aasai-movie-ajith-dubbing-famous-actor-37856-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260106152140/https://www.tamil360newz.com/aasai-movie-ajith-dubbing-famous-actor-37856-2/ |archive-date=6 January 2026 |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=Tamil360newz |language=ta}}</ref> For the antagonist [[Major (rank)|Major]] Madhavan, Vasanth considered [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as one of the actors but he felt the role needed someone else, he chose [[Prakash Raj]] after he was recommended by his mentor [[K. Balachander]].<ref name="Kalki interview" /><ref name="to" /> Vasanth cast [[Suvaluxmi]] as Saraswathi / Yamuna after seeing her performance in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[The Broken Journey|Uttoran]]'' and he wanted "someone who had an innocent face and could make the audience believe the gullibility of the character". Vasanth based Yamuna's father, played by [[Poornam Viswanathan]], on his own father who had a tendency to trust the wrong people.<ref name="to" /> [[Film News Anandan]] filmed scenes which did not make the final cut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivas Chari |first=T.K. |date=16-30 June 2011 |title=The film photographer |url=http://vijeejournalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/latest-issue.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605114658/http://vijeejournalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/latest-issue.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2019 |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=[[Madras Musings]] |pages=8}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Vasanth chose the Delhi backdrop because Prakash Raj's character had to be "far away from the heroine's place" and the team shot in the early mornings during their Delhi schedule as the director was "obsessive about onlookers not being part of the frame".<ref name="to" /> The film's military parade scene was filmed at the Madras branch of the [[Officers Training Academy]] after giving an assurance that the character of Madhavan had a "blemishless professional record".<ref name="to" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aasai (1995) |url=https://mio.to/album/Aasai+%281995%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911143655/http://mio.to/album/Aasai+(1995) |archive-date=11 September 2018 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aasai |url=https://avdigital.in/products/aasai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530055107/https://avdigital.in/products/aasai |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> He was chosen to compose the music because the director and composer had previously collaborated on Doordarshan shows. To get the right music, Deva and Vasanth had pre-recording sessions to finalise the orchestration and sound of the songs. [[U. Srinivas]] played the [[mandolin]] portions in the song "Pulveli Pulveli".<ref name="to" /> The song "Meenamma" is based on "[[Mama (Genesis song)|Mama]]" by the British band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], and "Thiloththama" is inspired by the Israeli singer [[Ofra Haza]]'s version of "[[Galbi (song)|Galbi]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Deva [Tamil] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-deva.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130025010/http://itwofs.com/tamil-deva.html |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:10
| title1 = Konja Naal Poru Thalaivaa
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Meenamma
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 = 5:32
| title3 = Shock Adikuthu Sona
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = [[Suresh Peters]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length3 = 5:42
| title4 = Pulveli Pulveli
| lyrics4 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]], P. Unnikrishnan
| length4 = 6:26
| title5 = Pulveli Pulveli
| note5 = male
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| extra5 = P. Unnikrishnan
| length5 = 6:36
| title6 = Thiloththama
| lyrics6 = Vairamuthu
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length6 = 5:44
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Aasai'' was released on 9 September 1995.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=174}} ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 1 October 1995, rated the film 41 out of 100, with particular praise for Prakash Raj's performance and Deva's music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 October 1995 |title=ஆசை |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/aasai-vikatan-review-1995 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230223050257/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/aasai-vikatan-review-1995 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote without any [[Amman]] dance, mother, father sentiment, action, lengthy dialogue, here comes a film after a long time that that sticks in the mind forever; the plot had an opportunity to turn vulgar, but the cursed things were deftly avoided as the director is completely focused on the finesse of carving out the characters.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=1 October 1995 |title=ஆசை |url=https://ibb.co/XpxvXZW |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530054710/https://ibb.co/XpxvXZW |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=Ta}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The movie has the mould of a foreign film and the situations the director has webbed, prolong the suspense and tension in the right dosage to the end."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=22 September 1995 |title=Aasai |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950923/03/2226a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222074850/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950923/03/2226a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref> The film became a major success and Ajith's first major breakthrough.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 1999 |title='Thanks to my relationship, I've stopped trusting people' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/06ajit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510080114/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/06ajit.htm |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=17 December 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=1 December 2001 |title=Realistic film-making |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/realistic-film-making/article27989214.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012094757/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/realistic-film-making/article27989214.ece |archive-date=12 October 2021 |access-date=8 September 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=4 April 1997 |title=The Star Next Door |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04ajit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074534/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04ajit.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=17 December 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It went on to win in three categories at the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Vasanth), [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Deva) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] (Hariharan).{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=176}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAMIL CINEMA. I997-- YEAR HIGHLIGHTS |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm#awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105224113/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm#awards |archive-date=5 January 2009 |access-date=11 August 2009 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> The film was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Pyaar Zindagi Hai]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=Aasai to Viswasam: Five box-office blockbusters box office hits of Thala Ajith |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/aasai-to-viswasam-five-blockbuster-box-office-hits-of-thala-ajith/739542 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602060040/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/aasai-to-viswasam-five-blockbuster-box-office-hits-of-thala-ajith/739542 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Kalki interview">{{Cite magazine |date=1 October 1995 |title=ஆசை {{!}} நிறைவேறியது எப்படி? |trans-title=Aasai {{!}} How was it fulfilled? |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1995-10-01/kalki1995-10-01.pdf |access-date=3 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=49–50 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="to">{{Cite news |date=8 September 2020 |title=#25YearsOfAasai: For Aasai, I wanted another Arvind Swami, and I found Ajith: Vasanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/25yearsofaasai-for-aasai-i-wanted-another-arvind-swami-and-i-found-ajith-vasanth/articleshow/77986763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908082558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/25yearsofaasai-for-aasai-i-wanted-another-arvind-swami-and-i-found-ajith-vasanth/articleshow/77986763.cms |archive-date=8 September 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Vasanth}}
{{Madras Talkies}}

[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about animal cruelty]]
[[Category:Films about murder–suicide]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Films about uxoricide]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vasanth]]
[[Category:Films produced by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Lillian (actress)

2026-03-21T14:00:31Z

MerryHarris567: started new info first draft

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| name = Lillian Ezra<ref name=story>{{cite magazine|title=Lillian (Actress) interview|url=http://cineplot.com/lillian-interview}}</ref>
| birth_name = Lillian Ezra
| birth_place =[[Delhi]], [[India]])
| height =
| occupation = Actress
| works =
| awards =
| years_active = 1957–1961
| homepage =
| parents =
}}
'''Lillian''' is a former Indian actress and dancer who primarily worked in [[Bollywood]]. She is most famous for her vamp role in the film ''[[Apradhi Kaun? (1957 film)|Apradhi Kaun?]]'' (1957).<ref name=story/>

==Early life==
Lillian was born in a Jewish family in [[Mumbai]]. Her father J. S. Ezra was a pharmacist. She had four brothers and a sister, herself being the eldest.<ref name=story/>

==Career==
Lillian was discovered by director [[Bimal Roy]] on the set of ''[[Yahudi]]'' (1956). She went their for watching the shooting of the film. Being impressed by her beauty, Roy offered her a role in his next film ''[[Apradhi Kaun? (1957 film)|Apradhi Kaun?]]'' (1957). She immediately agreed to his proposal, but her father didn't approve her. Later on, he changed his mind and Lillian went on to play a vamp's role in that film.<ref name=story/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lillian}}
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Krishnarai Jiu Temple, Bagri

2026-03-21T11:07:33Z

MerryHarris567:

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Krishnarai Jiu Temple, Bagri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
|established = 1479 (approx.)
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| locale =
| location = Bagri, [[Garhbeta]]
| deity = Radha, Krishna
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur]]
| territory =
| prefecture =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| region =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| architecture =
}}
'''Krishnarai Jew Temple, Bagri''' is a famous and historic [[Hindu]] temple in Bagri near [[Garhbeta]] in [[Paschim Medinipur]] district of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bagri Krishna Rai Temple| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4mDDPDxf9U|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna and Radha Rani and is located right on the left bank of the [[Shilabati River|Shilabati]] river. The history of the establishment of the temple goes back to the 15th century. Rajyadhar Ray, the Minister of the first king of Bagri, Gajapati Singha, is said to be built this temple.The idol of Lord Krishna Rai is made of black basalt stone and was brought from [[Vrindavan]] (some say [[Puri]]) by Rajyadhar Ray himself.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bagri Krishnagar Krishna Rai Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23aE18nmt-0C&dq=bagri+krishna+rai+temple&pg=PA33|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> This temple holds great spiritual, cultural and traditional value not only for locals but also for outsiders.

Rath Yatra and Rash Yatra are two famous festivals which is celebrated here but Dol Yatra is the most famous one. Radha-Krishna Jugal Murti (Couple Statue) is worshipped according to Hindu Religion's Vishnu [[Purana]] and Garuda Purana.

Apart from the original Bagri Temple, there are two more temples dedicated to the Lord : The Mayta Temple (also called Mashir Bari, the maternal aunt's house) and the Raghunathnari Temple.

The administration of the temple is conducted by the Board of Trustees named the Bagri Ishwar Krishnarai Jew Devottar Trust, headed by Bikash Kumar Ray, Anil Baran Ray and Alokmoy Ray. They have stored the tradition and legacy of the Lord and the temple.

== How to reach ==
The temple is connected to Garhbeta Railway Station and also to the Garhbeta Bus Stand by roads.
* [[Garhbeta]] to [[Midnapore]], [[Kharagpur]], [[Howrah]] and [[Bankura]], [[Puruliya]] by Railways (South-Eastern Railways, Adra Division)

==References==
<references/>

{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Paschim Medinipur district]]

Devar Bhaabi

2026-03-21T01:50:12Z

MerryHarris567: done

{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Devar Bhabhi
| image = Devar Bhaabi.jpg
| director = Kedar Kapoor
| starring = [[Balraj Sahni]]<br />[[Rajendra Kumar]]<br />[[Mala Sinha]]
| studio = Royal F. Art<ref>{{cite web |title=Devar Bhabhi (1958) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/devar-bhabhi-1958-hindi-movie/cast-crew}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1958}}
| music = [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Devar Bhabhi''''' is a 1958 Hindi [[drama film]] directed by Kader Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devar Bhabhi (1958) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/devar-bhabhi-1958 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Mala Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devar Bhabhi (1958) |url=https://indiancine.ma/IQY |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Devar Bhabhi (1958) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/devar-bhabhi-2509/cast-crew |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Balraj Sahni]]
* [[Rajendra Kumar]]
* [[Mala Sinha]]
* [[Leela Mishra]]
* [[Ram Mohan (actor)|Ram Mohan]]
* Sarita

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song<ref>{{Citation |title=Songs booklet of Hindi Film - Devar Bhabhi (1958) |url=http://archive.org/details/scan0014_202108 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref> !! Singer
|-
| "Tasveer Teri"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Kise Thi Khabar" (version 1)
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Kise Thi Khabar" (version 2)
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Hazaaron Hasraten"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Ye Kaisi Rut Aayi"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Chori Chhup Jaye Re, Dakaiti Chhup Jaye"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "Aankh Ki Andhi"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0231451}}

[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:1958 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1958 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Wan Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-03-19T18:03:50Z

MerryHarris567: adding a data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Amravati district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Wan Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Maharashtra#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| map_alt = Location of Wan Wildlife Sanctuary in Maharashtra, India
| location = Amravati district, Maharashtra, India
| nearest_city = Chikhaldara
| coordinates = {{coord|21.30|77.25|display=inline,title|region:IN-MH|name=Wan Wildlife Sanctuary}}
| area_km2 = 211.00
| established = 1997
| governing_body = Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra
| designation = Wildlife sanctuary
| website =
}}

'''Wan Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] in the [[Amravati district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It was notified by the Government of Maharashtra in 1997 and covers approximately 211 km<sup>2</sup> (21,100.70 ha). The sanctuary forms part of the Melghat landscape and is included within the [[Melghat|Melghat Tiger Reserve]] critical tiger habitat; it protects southern tropical dry deciduous forests and several regionally important species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melghat — Gazette notification and details (Appendix)|publisher=The Gazette of India / India Code|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/ViewFileUploaded?file=Melghat+Wildlife+Sanctuary%2C+Maharashtra.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Conservation Plan of Melghat Tiger Reserve (Core Draft)|publisher=Melghat Tiger Reserve / Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://www.magicalmelghat.in/public/website/pdf/Tiger-Conservation-Plan-Core-Draft.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
The area comprising the present sanctuary is part of the Melghat forests and was formally notified as Wan Wildlife Sanctuary by the Government of Maharashtra in 1997 (Notification No. WLP/1097/CR-5/F-1). The sanctuary was later identified as part of the critical tiger habitat forming the core of Melghat Tiger Reserve in state and central notifications and included within the reserve's eco-sensitive zone planning.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Conservation Plan of Melghat Tiger Reserve (Core Draft)|publisher=Melghat Tiger Reserve / Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://www.magicalmelghat.in/public/website/pdf/Tiger-Conservation-Plan-Core-Draft.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gazette of India notification — Melghat Tiger Reserve Eco-Sensitive Zone (final notification)|publisher=The Gazette of India / India Code|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/ViewFileUploaded?file=Melghat+Wildlife+Sanctuary%2C+Maharashtra.pdf}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
The snctuary is characterised by southern tropical dry deciduous forest, with [[teak]] (''Tectona grandis'') and associated dry-deciduous species dominating much of the canopy. Mammals include [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), leopard (''Panthera pardus''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), and [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''). The sanctuary and the broader Melghat area are also noted for regionally important bird species such as the [[Forest owlet|Forest Owlet]] (''Heteroglaux blewitti''). Surveys and management documents describing the Melghat Tiger Reserve list Wan as an integral protected area within the reserve's critical tiger habitat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazette of India notification — Melghat Tiger Reserve (species and habitat summary)|publisher=The Gazette of India / India Code|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/ViewFileUploaded?file=Melghat+Wildlife+Sanctuary%2C+Maharashtra.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Conservation Plan of Melghat Tiger Reserve (Core Draft)|publisher=Melghat Tiger Reserve / Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://www.magicalmelghat.in/public/website/pdf/Tiger-Conservation-Plan-Core-Draft.pdf}}</ref>

==Management==
The sanctuary is administered by the [[Maharashtra Forest Department]] and is managed as part of the Melghat Tiger Reserve landscape for wildlife conservation, habitat protection and regulated tourism. Management and planning documents for Melghat treat Wan as one of the constituent sanctuaries within the reserve and address habitat management, anti-poaching measures, and community engagement consistent with state and national guidelines for tiger reserves and wildlife sanctuaries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Administration in Melghat Tiger Reserve|publisher=Melghat Tiger Reserve / Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://www.magicalmelghat.in/administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Administration Report 2020–21 (summary listing of Maharashtra sanctuaries)|publisher=Maharashtra Forest Department|url=https://mahaforest.gov.in/writereaddata/report_file/1675161871AAR2020-21.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kanhargaon Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1997]]
[[Category:Amravati district]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Maharashtra]]

Savindra Sawarkar

2026-03-14T05:20:33Z

MerryHarris567: adding new details

{{Short description|Indian Artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Savindra Sawarkar
| image = Book Cover of Detta land som aldrig var vår moder Dikter av indiska dalitpoeter bok.jpg
| image_size = Book cover of "This land was never our mother", illustrated by Savi
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1961}}
| birth_place = Nagpur, India
| education = Bachelor of Fine Arts (Drawing and Painting), Nagpur University
| alma_mater = The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (MFA in Printmaking)
| known_for = Painting, printmaking
| notable_works = ''Foundation of India'' (1986), ''Untouchable Couple with Om and Swastika''
| style = Expressionist; Buddhist iconography
| movement = Dalit art movement
| spouse =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Savindra Sawarkar''' (born 1961) (also known as '''Savi Sawarkar''') is an Indian artist, known for his use of [[Buddhist symbolism|Buddhist]] imagery and Dalit subjectivity. He has developed a distinct pictorial language over the course of his 40-year career, drawing from [[B. R. Ambedkar|BR Ambedkar]]'s political philosophy, neo-Buddhist imagery, and his own experiences as a [[Dalit]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Asian Social Forum: a new public space |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/article_1005jsp/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivanarayanan |first=Anushiya |date=2004 |title=Tamil Nation & Beyond - Translating Tamil Dalit Poetry |url=https://tamilnation.org/literature/dalit.pdf |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=tamilnation.org}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Savindra Sawarkar was born in 1961 in [[Nagpur]], India. Growing up in an Ambedkarite family, he was exposed to radical ideas and critical thinking from an early age. His grandparents converted to Buddhism with Dr. Ambedkar in 1956, and his father, the first graduate in the family, was a railway officer who prioritized education.<ref name="Sharma">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kamayani |title='In all my years, no gallery has represented me': Savindra Sawarkar on Brahmanism in the arts |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1033348/in-all-my-years-no-gallery-has-represented-me-savindra-sawarkar-on-brahmanism-in-the-arts |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sawarkar obtained his [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] degree in Drawing and Painting from Nagpur University in 1982, and his [[Master of Fine Arts]] degree in Graphic (Print Making) from the Faculty of Fine Arts at the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Maharaja Sayajirao University]] of Baroda in 1984. As part of his master's dissertation, he focused on the work of three German Expressionist printmakers: [[Max Beckmann]], [[Käthe Kollwitz|Kaethe Kollwitz]], and [[Otto Dix]].{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== Career ==
[[File:The Vice President, Mohammad Hamid Ansari going round the Painting Exhibitions of Shri Savi Sawarkar, organised by UGC, in New Delhi on April 17, 2008.jpg|thumb|The Vice President, Mohammad Hamid Ansari going round the Painting Exhibitions of Shri Savi Sawarkar]]
Savindra Sawarkar has been an assistant professor at the College of Fine Arts in [[New Delhi]] since December 1996, where he teaches painting. Prior to that, he was an artist with the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA) Delhi chapter from December 1982 to January 1992, where he designed posters and conducted workshops. From December 1990 to January 1996, he was also an artist with the Amateur Astronomers Association Delhi (AAAD), where he was part of a research group studying the effects of astronomical phenomena on painters and artists. In the early 1990s, Sawarkar received grants to travel and study in the United States and Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-18 |title=2001 Annual Meeting: Interarea Sessions |url=http://www.aasianst.org/absts/2001abst/Interarea/Sessions.htm#S173 |access-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218063856/http://www.aasianst.org/absts/2001abst/Interarea/Sessions.htm#S173 |archive-date=2009-02-18 }}</ref>

Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, Sawarkar practiced and exhibited his work in India and abroad. He worked with artists Krishna Reddy at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]'s Garhi studios and [[K. G. Subramanyan|KG Subramanyan]] at Santiniketan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-16 |title=Previous Issues {{!}} Lead Feature - Alka Pande {{!}} ART INDIA |url=http://artindiamag.com/issue01_06/pre_lead_feature02.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316001755/http://artindiamag.com/issue01_06/pre_lead_feature02.html |archive-date=2016-03-16 }}</ref> He has held numerous solo shows, including a year-long exhibition of his paintings in Germany organized by the prestigious human rights organization 'Bread for World' in 2005–6. In 2006, an exclusive painting show of his paintings and graphics was organized at [[Iowa State University]] in the US, titled 'Savi Sawarkar and the Annihilation of Caste'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koster |first=Chelsea |title=Art exhibit focuses on untouchables |url=https://iowastatedaily.com/183159/uncategorized/art-exhibit-focuses-on-untouchables/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Iowa State Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Iowa State |url=https://archive.inside.iastate.edu/2006/0414/savi.shtml |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=archive.inside.iastate.edu}}</ref> He has also participated in several national and international exhibitions, including the National Art Exhibition by Lalit Kala Academi, New Delhi in 1982, 1985, 2004 and 2008<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dave-Mukherji |first=Parul |date=2008-01-01 |title=Eyes Re-Cast: Recent Works of Savi Sawarkar |url=https://www.academia.edu/44321484 |journal=Eyes Re-Cast: Recent Works of Savi Sawarkar}}</ref> the Eighth Triennial International Art Exhibition, New Delhi 1991, Exhibition of Indian Painters by Casa Borda, Taxco, Mexico 2002, Exhibition of Painting organized by Mittal Steel in Lazaro Cardenaz, Mexico, [[Asian Social Forum]] Hyderabad 2003, [[World Social Forum]],<ref name=":0" /> Mumbai 2004, and 100 Years of [[Indian art|Indian Art]] by [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi 1994, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colours of oppression - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/colours-of-oppression/307853/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> His work was also published and presented as a book at the [[Gothenburg Book Fair]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-10 |title=Sweden in solidarity with Dalit human rights |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/dalitsweden06.pdf |access-date=2023-05-11 |page=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610113636/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/dalitsweden06.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-10 }}</ref> Sawarkar also exhibited at IIDS in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2008-09 - IIDS - Indian Institute of Dalit Studies |url=https://www.dalitstudies.org.in/media/vnmbknwg/2008-09.pdf |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.dalitstudies.org.in |page=46}}</ref> He published ‘Voice for the Voiceless’, a catalog of the exhibition held at M.F. Hussain Art Gallery, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in 2010. In the same year, Savi exhibited at the August Savage Gallery, which was curated by Gary Tartakov.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Advocate |date=2010-11-04 |title=Spittoon and Swastika |url=https://valleyadvocate.com/2010/11/04/spittoon-and-swastika/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Valley Advocate |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=SADANANDAN |first=SANTHOSH |chapter=Tense – past continuous: some critical reflections on the art of Savi Sawarkar |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315684314-27/tense-past-continuous-critical-reflections-art-savi-sawarkar-santhosh-sadanandan |title=Dalit Literatures in India |year=2015 |doi=10.4324/9781315684314 |isbn=9781315684314 }}</ref>

He also illustrated a Swedish book by the name of "Detta land som aldrig var vår moder"<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hardtmann |first1=Eva-Maria |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-85049 |title=Detta land som aldrig var vår moder : dikter av indiska dalitpoeter och bilder av Savi Sawarkar |last2=Thorat |first2=Vimal |date=2006 |publisher=Tranan}}</ref> which translates to "This land was never our Mother".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydasien – tidskrift för fördjupning om länderna i regionen |url=https://sydasien.se/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Sydasien – tidskrift om Indien, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, och Maldiverna |language=sv-SE}}</ref>

== Style and subjects ==
Sawarkar's work is characterized by bold and expressive brushstrokes, often using the colors black and red, and incorporating Buddhist symbols and imagery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-08 |title=Art Concerns |url=http://artconcerns.net/2007March15/html/special_biennale4.htm |access-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208114319/http://artconcerns.net/2007March15/html/special_biennale4.htm |archive-date=2009-12-08 }}</ref> His work draws inspiration from a range of sources, including oral narratives of untouchable pasts, Dalit political movements, tales of oppressed communities, and his own experiences as an artist, activist, and Dalit individual. Through the force of expressionist art, Sawarkar constructs images and icons that are both contestatory and complex, evoking a murky world with vibrant use of color. One notable example is his oil on canvas painting titled "Untouchable Couple with Om and Swastika", featured on the cover of a special issue. In this composition, dark, foreboding figures with piercing red eyes stand against a vibrant yellow background. They carry clay pots around their necks, adorned with the sacred symbols of Om and the Swastika, which allude to the historical imposition of Brahmanical hierarchy. According to Saurabh Dube, the painting confronts the burden of Hindu hierarchies and modern history, evoking the haunting presence of untouchable communities and their enduring struggles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dube |first=S. |date=2002 |title=Introduction: Enchantments of Modernity |journal=The South Atlantic Quarterly |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=729–755 |doi=10.1215/00382876-101-4-729 |s2cid=143526582 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>

His seminal work, "Foundation of India" (1986), is a striking example of his style, utilizing Buddhist imagery to critique the caste system and the purusha sukta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsettling art: caste, gender, and dalit expression |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/openindia/unsettling-art-caste-gender-and-dalit-expression/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}</ref> One of his important themes relates to devadasis, a tradition whereby an adolescent girl from a scheduled caste, such as a Dalit or "lower caste" community, is married to the temple in the village and consequently, the Brahmin priest and the caste-Hindu patron sexually exploit the girl under the religious custom. Sawarkar's paintings depict the trauma of Dalit women and girls in the name of religious practices, rituals, and belief systems, foregrounding them as subjects of his art as an act of resistance to voice their pain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can art be a tool for social change? |url=https://www.alliancemagazine.org/feature/can-art-be-a-tool-for-social-change/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Alliance magazine}}</ref> His paintings also show how the complex nature of sexuality operates through a religious institution and the way it is nurtured as a part of male dominance over pleasure, whereby an adolescent girl is initiated as a devadasi who is first enjoyed by the priest and later by the chief patron, usually the landlord.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alone |first=Y. S. |date=2017-08-01 |title=Caste Life Narratives, Visual Representation, And Protected Ignorance |url=https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/university-of-hawai-i-press/caste-life-narratives-visual-representation-and-protected-ignorance-bQzbSYYTLe |journal=Biography |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |issn=0162-4962}}</ref>

== Impact and recognition ==
Art critics and scholars, such as Geeta Kapur, have noted the significance of Sawarkar's work in shaping a new Dalit iconography within Indian art.<ref name="Sharma"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawarkar, Savindra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Dalit people]]
[[Category:Indian artists]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Modern painters]]
[[Category:Contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Buddhist artists]]
[[Category:Indian printmakers]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]

Zenito Cardozo

2026-03-10T06:46:27Z

MerryHarris567:

{{Short description|Indian gangster (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Zenito Cardozo
| image =
| caption = Cardozo in 2024
| birth_name = Zenito Francisco Cardozo
| birth_place = [[Ribandar]], Goa, India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|12|1|df=y}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| employer = [[Rohan Khaunte]] (former)
| occupation = {{hlist|Gangster|history-sheeter|gang leader}}
| opponents = {{ubl|
* Miranda gang
* Imran Bepari
* Boom Boom gang<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/st-cruz-shootout-was-fallout-of-gang-war-cops/articleshow/76863537.cms|title=Santa Cruz shootout was fallout of gang war: Goa cops|date=July 9, 2020|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>}}
| allegiance = Bang Bang
| criminal_charge = [[Murder]], [[attempted murder]], [[robbery]], [[extortion]], [[vandalism]], [[criminal conspiracy]], [[assault]], [[threat]], [[prostitution]], [[burglary]]
| conviction = [[Culpable homicide]] (2016)
| conviction_penalty = 3 years [[rigorous imprisonment]] (2016)
| conviction_status =
}}

'''Zenito Francisco Cardozo''' (born 1 December 1988) is an Indian [[gangster]], [[history-sheeter]], and the [[gang leader]] of the Bang Bang gang based in [[St. Cruz, Goa|St. Cruz]]. He first gained notoriety in 2008 during the [[Physical assault|attack]] on [[social activist]] Aires Rodrigues and [[historian]] [[Prajal Sakhardande]]. Since then, he has been a key figure in over a dozen criminal incidents in [[North Goa]].

==Early life==
Zenito Francisco Cardozo was born on 1 December 1988 in [[Ribandar]], [[Goa]], to Vicente Cardozo and Maria De Lourdes Alexandrina Graca Gomes e Cardozo<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 1988 |title=Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation and Office of the Chief Registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027073241/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[née]] Gomes) (1957–2013).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Death: Maria Cardozo |url=https://www.goanvoice.org.uk/printerfile.php?link=2013-06-12 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.goanvoice.org.uk |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183649/https://www.goanvoice.org.uk/printerfile.php?link=2013-06-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before his criminal involvement, Cardozo was characterized as a reclusive resident of [[St. Cruz, Goa]], who lived in a small [[ancestral home]] and had no employment history.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Crime in Goa: heading north |url=https://www.thegoan.net/Goa/Towns/Crime-in-Goa-heading-north/00261.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2015-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628045623/http://www.thegoan.net/Goa/Towns/Crime-in-Goa-heading-north/00261.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Criminal career==
===2008 attack case===
On 13 October 2008, an incident thrust Cardozo into the public eye when Aires Rodrigues, an [[advocate]] and [[activist]], was assaulted by a group of seven individuals at a bar in [[Panaji]]. Rodrigues, accompanied by [[historian]] Prajal Sakhardande and other friends, was dining when the attack occurred.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Six accused in Aires attack case acquitted |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Six-accused-in-Aires-attack-case-acquitted/96318 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183518/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Six-accused-in-Aires-attack-case-acquitted/96318 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the assault, Rodrigues sustained an injury to one of his fingers and required immediate medical attention, leading to surgical intervention at a local hospital.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-01 |title=6 acquitted in Aires, Prajal assault case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/6-acquitted-in-aires-prajal-assault-case/articleshow/49989071.cms?_gl=1*12cz53m*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMjIzNjMwNS4xNzIuMC4xNzEyMjM2MzA1LjYwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.1979249.1798439668.1712216065-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/6-acquitted-in-aires-prajal-assault-case/articleshow/49989071.cms?_gl=1%2A12cz53m%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcxMjIzNjMwNS4xNzIuMC4xNzEyMjM2MzA1LjYwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.1979249.1798439668.1712216065-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2009, the Panaji police, citing a [[Evidence of absence|lack of evidence]], filed a [[chargesheet]] in a local court under the provisions of the [[Arms Act, 1959]],<ref name=":1" /> charging seven individuals, including Cardozo, Sandeep Vaigankar, Shabbir Gujarati, Asif Badiger, Aslam Badiger, Yakut Walikar, and Dinesh Patil,<ref name=":0" /> with [[attempted murder]] in relation to the alleged attack on Rodrigues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-01-16 |title=Chargesheet filed in Aires attack case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/chargesheet-filed-in-aires-attack-case/articleshow/3985979.cms?_gl=1*x7bfn4*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMjIzNjMwNS4xNzIuMS4xNzEyMjM2NDE1LjU1LjAuMA..#_ga=2.29767423.1798439668.1712216065-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/chargesheet-filed-in-aires-attack-case/articleshow/3985979.cms?_gl=1%2Ax7bfn4%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcxMjIzNjMwNS4xNzIuMS4xNzEyMjM2NDE1LjU1LjAuMA..#_ga=2.29767423.1798439668.1712216065-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 November 2015, the [[North Goa]] [[District Court]] [[acquitted]] all six accused individuals involved in the Rodrigues attack case, while Dinesh Patil remained a [[fugitive]]. The acquittals were granted on the basis of the benefit of doubt, as both the victims and witnesses testified that all the accused individuals were wearing [[monkey cap]]s, impeding their identification. Pratima Vernekar, serving as the [[public prosecutor]], represented the State during the proceedings. The investigation of the case was conducted by [[police inspector]] Francis Corte, who held the position of inspector of the Panjim Police Station at that time. Rodrigues expressed his belief that the investigation had been conducted in a manner that rendered [[conviction]] implausible.<ref name=":0" />

===2009 Siridao gang clash===
On 10 May 2009, an incident unfolded involving Cardozo, which garnered attention. Cardozo single-handedly engaged in a physical confrontation with the Miranda group, who were based in [[Merces, Goa]], at [[Siridao]] beach. The altercation ensued due to the alleged mistreatment of Cardozo's sister by the Miranda gang earlier that same day. The confrontation escalated into a violent encounter involving [[hand-to-hand combat]] and the use of knives, resulting in two fatalities and three individuals sustaining serious injuries. However, Cardozo was [[acquitted]] of all charges after undergoing a trial.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Zenito seeking footprint in South? |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/zenito-seeking-footprint-in-south/92147.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205073857/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/zenito-seeking-footprint-in-south/92147.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the clash, Cardozo himself sustained injuries and received medical treatment at the [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]]. Cynthia, Cardozo's sister, made allegations implicating [[Rodolfo Fernandes (politician)|Rodolfo Fernandes]], the son of [[St. Cruz Assembly constituency|St. Cruz]] [[MLA (India)|MLA]] [[Victoria Fernandes]], in the incident. Cynthia further asserted that Cardozo was unjustly implicated and did not possess any weapon during the altercation. She also claimed that the police deliberately impeded the investigation by threatening multiple eyewitnesses through telephone communication. The veracity of these claims can potentially be substantiated by examining the phone records with [[mobile operator]]s, Cynthia stated.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Rudolf behind Siridao gang fight, alleges sister of accused |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/rudolf-behind-siridao-gang-fight-alleges-sister-of-accused/27763 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183714/https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/rudolf-behind-siridao-gang-fight-alleges-sister-of-accused/27763 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cynthia asserted that Cardozo was compelled to defend himself against a group of notorious individuals, namely Francis D'Souza, alias Miranda, aged 36,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-07-29 |title=Zenito Cardozo sentenced three years imprisonment Siridao murder case |url=https://www.goaprism.com/zenito-cardozo-sentenced-three-years-imprisonment-siridao-murder-case/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=GOA PRISM |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183652/https://www.goaprism.com/zenito-cardozo-sentenced-three-years-imprisonment-siridao-murder-case/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Prakash Naik, alias Pokka, and their associates, in order to avoid being [[lynched]] to death. In light of these allegations, Cynthia demanded that the investigation into the incident be entrusted to either the [[Crime Branch]] or the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI). She communicated her plea by writing letters to the [[Chief Minister of Goa]], [[Director General of Police]] (DGP), and [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief secretary]]. The reporter in [[Old Goa]] stated that Rodolfo denied the accusations against him, alleging that they were orchestrated by people with specific motives aiming to damage his character. Likewise, Prakash Naik, a Merces [[panchayat]] member, refuted the accusations made by Cynthia, asserting that he and Rodolfo were not behind the purported violent assault on Cardozo. Cynthia had publicly stated in a press conference that Naik, along with Rodolfo, orchestrated the attack on Cardozo. Naik rejected these accusations as a mere strategic [[Political strategy|political tactic]] aimed at tarnishing their reputation in the public eye.<ref name=":2" />

Addressing reporters at his residence in [[Merces, Goa]], Naik revealed that he had not received any official communication from the police about his supposed role in the event. Nevertheless, he expressed his willingness to cooperate fully with the authorities. Naik clarified that his only involvement in the matter was transporting Miranda to the [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]] after the altercation between Miranda and Cardozo had taken place. Naik further asserted that he had no knowledge of any existing animosity between Cardozo and Miranda, if indeed there was any. Naik emphasized that he was unaware of any conflict between Cardozo and Miranda, if it existed. He denied making the alleged phone call to [[Rodolfo Fernandes (politician)|Rodolfo Fernandes]], as claimed by Cynthia during her press conference. He explained that his visits to Rodolfo's residence were solely related to overseeing developmental projects in his ward, leaving no opportunity for discussions relating to the incident.<ref name=":2" />

On 29 July 2016, the additional [[sessions court]] in [[Mapusa]] rendered a verdict in the case involving the violent incident that transpired at Siridao beach in 2009, resulting in the deaths of two individuals. In response to this incident, Cardozo, a key figure in the event, was sentenced to a term of three years imprisonment by the court. According to the prosecution's presentation, Cardozo, accompanied by his associates Mahavir Nadar and Domnic Nazareth, engaged in a heated altercation with two individuals, Santosh Kalel, aged 37,<ref name=":3" /> from Zuarinagar and Johnny Fernandes from [[St. Cruz, Goa]], at a local [[shack]] located on [[Siridao]] beach. The confrontation escalated, leading to a violent clash between the two opposing factions involving the use of glass bottles and knives. Kalel, who was associated with the Miranda gang, was dead at the scene, while Fernandes succumbed to his injuries during treatment at the Goa Medical College and Hospital in Bambolim.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2016-07-30 |title=Zenito gets three year imprisonment in 2009 gang war case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/zenito-gets-three-year-imprisonment-in-2009-gang-war-case/articleshow/53457990.cms |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925222611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/zenito-gets-three-year-imprisonment-in-2009-gang-war-case/articleshow/53457990.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the event took place, the Agacaim police initiated [[legal proceedings]] by filing a [[murder]] case against Cardozo and his associates for the death of Kalel. Additionally, they filed an [[attempted murder]] case against individuals such as Miranda, Fernandes, and others who were linked to the attack on Cardozo and his group. In the detailed ruling, the court cleared Cardozo of murder charges but convicted him of [[culpable homicide]] not amounting to murder. It concluded that the event was not planned but a spontaneous outcome of a sudden altercation. Nadar and Nazareth were also found not guilty of any accusations. Judge Vijaya Pol of the additional sessions court issued the verdict, sentencing Cardozo to three years of [[rigorous imprisonment]] under Section 304 (II) of the law. Cardozo was further given a three-year term of rigorous imprisonment under Section 326. Furthermore, the court imposed a fine of {{INRConvert|10000|year=2016}} on Cardozo, taking into consideration his role in the deaths of Kalel and Fernandes.<ref name=":4" />

==Personal life==
Cardozo is a resident of [[St. Cruz, Goa]], and is the owner of a bungalow in that area.<ref name=":7" /> He has two sisters named Cynthia and Maria. On 12 June 2013, Cardozo's mother, Maria, who resided in [[Kuwait]], died.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-09 |title=Death Henriqueta Ana Josefa D'Cunha e Cardozo (Beatriz) |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/9_dec |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305042453/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/9_dec |url-status=live }}</ref> The funeral service took place two days later at Holy Cross Church in St. Cruz.<ref name=":5" /> As of July 2020, Cardozo resided with his aunt; however, she was subsequently admitted to [[Manipal Hospitals|Manipal Hospital]] in [[Dona Paula]] for medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zenito’s kin file human rights plaint, police get notice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/zenitos-kin-file-human-rights-plaint-police-get-notice/articleshow/77159740.cms |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404184640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/zenitos-kin-file-human-rights-plaint-police-get-notice/amp_articleshow/77159740.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Cardozo has established connections with prominent politicians, including Tourism Minister [[Rohan Khaunte]], and formerly served as his personal bodyguard.<ref name=":6" />

==See also==
*[[Goa mafia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardozo, Zenito}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters]]

Paavai Vilakku

2026-03-04T05:17:25Z

MerryHarris567: New some article added tags...

{{short description|1960 film by K. Somu}}
{{for|the oil lamp|Paavai vilakku}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paavai Vilakku
| image = Paavai Vilakku.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. Somu
| screenplay = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Paavai Vilakku''|[[Akilan]]}}
| producer = T. Vijayarangam<br />V. K. Gopanna
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]]<br />[[Sowcar Janaki]]<br />[[Pandari Bai]]<br />[[M. N. Rajam]]<br />[[Kumari Kamala]]
| cinematography = V. K. Gopanna
| editing = T. Vijayarangam (supervisor)<br />K. Thurairaj
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Sri Vijayagopal Pictures
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1960|10|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Paavai Vilakku''''' ({{translation|Lady with a Lamp}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by K. Somu and written by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[M. N. Rajam]] and [[Kumari Kamala]]. It is based on [[Akilan]]'s novel of the same name, serialised in the Tamil magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''. ''Paavai Vilakku'' was released on 19 October 1960, [[Diwali]] day.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2022}}
Thanikachalam and Gowri are a married couple, and they have a daughter named Kalyani. Sengamalam is a dancer to whom Thanikachalam is attracted, but they do not marry since he already has a wife. Devaki, a widow, is also attracted to him, but later starts to treat him as a brother. Uma, a friend of Gowri, stays with the couple and raises their child as her own. She too falls in love with Thanikachalam, but is not able to marry him. An accident at Thanikachalam's house results in the death of Kalyani; Uma is not informed of her death. She later gets into a similar accident and upon learning about the child's death, she dies in the arms of Gowri and Thanikachalam.

== Cast ==
;Male cast
{{Cast listing|*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Thanikachalam<ref name="RandorGuy" />
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
*[[K. Sarangapani|Sarangapani]]
*[[S. A. Ashokan|Ashokan]]
*[[A. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]}}
;Female cast
{{Cast listing|*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Gowri<ref name="RandorGuy" />
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Devaki<ref name="RandorGuy" />
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Uma<ref name="RandorGuy" />
*[[Kumari Kamala]] as Sengamalam<ref name="RandorGuy" />
}}
[[K. Balaji|Balaji]], [[Prem Nazir]], Sriram and [[M. R. Santhanam|Santhanam]] make guest appearances as Thanikachalam's friends.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== Production ==

''Paavai Vilakku'' was a novel written by [[Akilan]] and serialised in the Tamil magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> The film version of this novel was directed by K. Somu, written by [[A. P. Nagarajan]], and produced by editor T. Vijayarangam and cinematographer V. K. Gopanna under the Sri Vijayagopal Pictures.<ref name="nadigarthilagam" /><ref name="poster" /> [[Sivaji Ganesan]] initially wanted [[B. R. Panthulu]] to produce this film.<ref name="NFAI">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=21 January 1991 |title=Interview of Screenwriter and Filmmaker A S Nagarajan of Tamil Cinema by Randor Guy |url=https://nfai.nfdcindia.com/upload/inter_pdf_image/A%20S%20Nagarajan.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010055253/https://nfai.nfdcindia.com/upload/inter_pdf_image/A%20S%20Nagarajan.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=9 July 2024 |page=87 |website=[[National Film Archive of India]]}}</ref> Ganesan's home, Annai Illam, also features in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=26 August 2020 |title=#MadrasThroughTheMovies: Tracing the parallel journey of MGR and Sivaji in Madras |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madrasthroughthemovies-tracing-the-parallel-journey-of-mgr-and-sivaji-in-madras/articleshow/77749961.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612094346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madrasthroughthemovies-tracing-the-parallel-journey-of-mgr-and-sivaji-in-madras/articleshow/77749961.cms |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], and the lyrics were written by [[A. Maruthakasi]].<ref name="nadigarthilagam" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paavai Vilakku (1960) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/paavai-vilakku-t0001750 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109225526/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/paavai-vilakku-t0001750 |archive-date=9 January 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Aayiram Kan Podhadhu" is set in the raga known as [[Mand (singing style)|Mand]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=22 June 2012 |title=Mesmeric Maand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/mesmeric-maand/article3558581.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823093647/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/mesmeric-maand/article3558581.ece |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=8 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Mangiyathor Nilavinile" is based on [[Subramania Bharati]]'s poem of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 September 2018 |title=Southern Lights: Subramaniya Bharati's Poetry In Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/southern-lights-subramaniya-bharatis-poetry-in-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920193934/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/southern-lights-subramaniya-bharatis-poetry-in-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aayiram Kan Podhadhu
| lyrics1 = [[A. Maruthakasi]]
| extra1 = [[C. S. Jayaraman]]
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Kaaviyama Nenjil
| lyrics2 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra2 = C. S. Jayaraman, [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = Mangiyathor Nilavinile
| lyrics3 = [[Subramania Bharati]]
| extra3 = C. S. Jayaraman
| length3 = 3:24
| title4 = Naan Unnai Ninaikkaatha
| lyrics4 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 = 5:19
| title5 = Nee Sirithal
| lyrics5 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra5 = [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
| length5 = 3:44
| title6 = Sidhariya Sadhangaigal
| lyrics6 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 = 2:58
| title7 = Vannathamizh Pennoruthi
| lyrics7 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra7 = C. S. Jayaraman, [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length7 = 4:06
| title8 = Vetkamaaga Irukkuthu
| lyrics8 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra8 = Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi
| length8 = 1:52
| total_length = 29:55
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Paavai Vilakku'' was released on 19 October 1960,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1960 – பாவை விளக்கு – ஸ்ரீவிஜயகோபால் பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1960 – Paavai Vilakku – Sri Vijayagopal Pictures |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails34.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626082808/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails34.asp |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> during [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2016 |title=சரோஜா தேவி: 4. எம்.ஜி.ஆர். சாப்பாடு...! |url=http://www.goldentamilcinema.net/index.php/sarojadevi/articles-2/199-sarojadevi15-08-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114042441/http://www.goldentamilcinema.net/index.php/sarojadevi/articles-2/199-sarojadevi15-08-2016 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was distributed by [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]] in Madras.<ref name="poster" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Despite the picture being crowded with a battalion of familiar faces, the total effect is pleasing and K. Somu's direction compels attention".<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1960 |title=Paavai Vilakku |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19601030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 February 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kanthan of ''Kalki'' said [[K. Sarangapani]], Ramasamy and [[A. Karunanidhi]] gave light to the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=13 November 1960 |title=பாவை விளக்கு |url=https://ibb.co/JFRypVw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701111614/https://ibb.co/JFRypVw |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |url-status=usurped |language=ta}}</ref> Facing competition from ''[[Kairasi]]'', ''[[Petra Manam]]'', and ''[[Mannathi Mannan]]'', released on the same day,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2020 |title=தீபாவளிக்கு வெளியான தமிழ் படங்கள் - 3 |trans-title=Films released during Diwali - 3 |url=https://screen4screen.com/news/diwali-released-tamil-movies-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213091037/https://screen4screen.com/news/diwali-released-tamil-movies-3 |archive-date=13 February 2024 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=Ta}}</ref> the film did not perform well at box-office.<ref name="RandorGuy" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=17 October 2019 |title=When novel idea works in cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/when-novel-idea-works-in-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103031755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/when-novel-idea-works-in-cinema/ |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=25 October 2014 |title=Blast from the past: Paavai Vilakku 1960 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-paavai-vilakku-1960/article6533208.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728144902/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-paavai-vilakku-1960/article6533208.ece |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=7 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="nadigarthilagam">{{Cite web |title=61-70 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp7.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209140628/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp7.htm |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=7 November 2014 |website=Nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>
<ref name="poster">{{Cite news |date=19 October 1960 |title=Pavai Vilakku |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19601019&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 February 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. P. Nagarajan}}

[[Category:1960 drama films]]
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Somu]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Khilona (1970 film)

2026-03-03T23:34:25Z

MerryHarris567: improve content per standard format and added references

{{Short description|1970 Bollywood drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Khilona
|image = Khilona 1970 film poster.JPG
|caption = Theatrical release poster from the movie
|director = Chander Vohra
|producer = [[L. V. Prasad]]
|writer = [[Aghajani Kashmeri]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
|story = Gulshan Nanda
|screenplay = Gulshan Nanda
|starring = [[Sanjeev Kumar]]<br>[[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]<br>[[Shatrughan Sinha]]<br>[[Jeetendra]]
|music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|cinematography = [[Dwarka Divecha]]
|editing = Shivaji Awdhut
|studio = [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Productions Pvt. Ltd.]]
|based_on = ''[[Punarjanma (1963 film)|Punarjanma]]'' (1963)
|released = {{Film date|1970|4|10|df=y}}
|runtime = 160 minutes
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|gross = {{INR}}3,50,00,000<ref name=Boxoffice/>
}}

'''''Khilona''''' ({{translation|Toy}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by [[L. V. Prasad]] and directed by Chander Vohra. It stars [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Jeetendra]] in lead roles and music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. The film is recorded as a "Super Hit" at Box Office India.<ref name=Boxoffice>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&catName=MTk3MA==|title=Box office 1970|website=Boxofficeindia.com|access-date=23 Feb 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020095603/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&catName=MTk3MA==|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Punarjanma (1963 film)|Punarjanma]]'' (1963) and it was simultaneously made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]'' and in [[Malayalam]] as ''Amrithavaahini'' (1976).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/released-on-deepavali/article5306180.ece|author=K. Jeshi|title=Released on Deepavali|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 November 2013|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref>

The film received six nominations at the [[18th Filmfare Awards]] in 1971, of which it won the [[Filmfare Best Movie Award]] and [[Filmfare Best Actress Award]] for Mumtaz. Other nominations were for Best Actor (Sanjeev Kumar), Best Comic (Jagdeep), Best Story (Gulshan Nanda) and Best Male Playback Singer ([[Mohammed Rafi]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|title=Filmfare Awards|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vijaykamal is a son of rich Thakur Suraj Singh, but has lost his mind. He sees his lover Sapna marry his neighbor Bihari and then she commits suicide on the night of the [[Diwali]] party hosted by Bihari. This incident puts Vijay in shock. Thakur believes that if Vijay gets married, his mental health would improve. He hence approaches a [[tawaif]], Chand to pretend to be Vijay's wife and thus help him get better. But Chand receives cold treatment from Vijay's mother and his elder brother Kishore. In a fit of madness, Vijay rapes Chand. But later, Chand becomes very friendly with Vijay and that starts improving his condition.

Bihari who wishes to have Chand for himself also tries to pursue Vijay's younger sister Radha. He promises Radha to make her an actress in [[Bollywood]] and asks her to elope with him with the family's money and gold. But Chand does not let Bihari's plan work. Vijay's younger brother Mohan also falls in love with noble Chand and is heartbroken when he finds out that she is pregnant (owing to the assault) with Vijay's child. Dejected, he leaves home without informing anyone.

In a fight between Vijay and Bihari, Bihari falls off the terrace and this shocks Vijay, curing him of his mental ailment. But then Vijay is unable to recall Chand. She is then humiliated by the family and is thrown out of the house. Mohan steps in and accuses everyone of treating her like a toy and only using her when needed. He reveals how she saved Radha from Bihari's evil pursuits. It is also revealed that Chand was actually born in a noble family and was only raised as a tawaif as she was found alone after a train accident. The family thus accepts Chand and all ends well.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Vijaykamal Singh
*[[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] as Chand
*[[Jeetendra]] as Mohan Singh
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Bihari
*[[Bipin Gupta]] as Thakur Suraj Singh
*[[Durga Khote]] as Thakurain Singh
*[[Ramesh Deo]] as Kishore Singh
*[[Chand Usmani]] as Laxmi Singh
*[[Jayshree T.]] as Radha Singh
*[[Jagdeep]] as Mahesh
*[[Malika Askari|Malika]] as Shashibala
*[[Jankidas]] as Advocate Jankidas
*[[Satyen Kappu]] as Advocate
*[[Viju Khote]] as Johnson
*Mridula Rani as Hirabai
*Alka as Sapna
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
All the songs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/khilona.htm|title=Khilona (1970)|website=hindigeetmala.net|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> were composed by [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] and lyrics were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].

{|class=wikitable
! Song !!Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| "Rose Rose Rosy Tumko Pyar Karta Hai"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
| "Sanam Tu Bewafa Ke"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Kalavati]]
|-
| "Khush Rahe Tu Sadaa"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|
|-
| "Khilona Jaankar Tum To"
| Mohammed Rafi
|[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]]
|-
| "Main Sharaabi Nahin, Main Sharaabi Nahin"
| Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| "Yeh Naatak Kavi Likh Gaye"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|
|-
|}

==Awards==
The film won two [[Filmfare Awards]] out of the six nominations it received.
*[[Filmfare Best Movie Award|Best Movie]]
*[[Filmfare Best Actress Award|Best Actress]] - [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
Other four nominations that it received were:
*[[Filmfare Best Actor Award|Best Actor]] - [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
*[[Filmfare Best Comedian Award|Best Comedian]] - [[Jagdeep]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] - [[Gulshan Nanda]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[Mohd. Rafi|Mohammed Rafi]] for the song "Khilona Jaankar Tum Kyu"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0148375}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1971–1990}}

[[Category:1970 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about mental health]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Adhu Vera Idhu Vera

2026-03-03T02:55:34Z

MerryHarris567: Stub - done

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by M. Thilakarajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adhu Vera Idhu Vera
| image = Adhu Vera Idhu Vera.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = M. Thilakarajan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = S. Jeyaseelan
| starring = Varshan<br />[[Sanyathara]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ravishankar
| editing = Ganesh
| music = [[Taj Noor]]
| studio = Jeni Powerful Media
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2014|5|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Adhu Vera Idhu Vera''''' ({{Translation|That is different, this is different}}) is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film directed by M. Thilakarajan and starring newcomer Varshan and [[Sanyathara]]. The film was released on 30 May 2014.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Varshan as Gurusamy
*[[Sanyathara]]
*[[Imman Annachi]] as Constable Kandasamy
*[[Ganja Karuppu]]
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Shakeela]]
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*Velmurugan
*Subraj
}}

== Production ==
This is the director's third film after ''[[Naadu Adhai Naadu]]'' (1991) and ''[[Chinna Mani]]'' (1995).<ref name="T">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |title=Inspired by Nayagan and Baasha, hero wants to become a don |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/inspired-by-nayagan-and-baasha-hero-wants-to-become-a-don/articleshow/25809281.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415155815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/inspired-by-nayagan-and-baasha-hero-wants-to-become-a-don/articleshow/25809281.cms |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=30 December 2013 |title=Shot Cuts: Triangular love story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shot-cuts-triangular-love-story/article5518738.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102104832/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shot-cuts-triangular-love-story/article5518738.ece |archive-date=2 January 2014 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Varshan, son of actor Jayamani, made his debut with this film.<ref name="H">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |title=Audio Beat: Adhu Vera Idhu Vera - Tunes with a difference |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-adhu-vera-idhu-vera-tunes-with-a-difference/article5557841.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109161110/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-adhu-vera-idhu-vera-tunes-with-a-difference/article5557841.ece |archive-date=9 January 2014 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The director said the premise was inspired by ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987) and ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995) in which the hero aspires to become a don.<ref name="T" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Taj Noor]].<ref name="H" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Lyricist
! Singer(s)
|-
|"Saami Thindhana Thom"|| [[Na. Muthukumar]] || [[Velmurugan]]
|-
|"Mundiripu Azhagi" || Na. Muthukumar || Nivas, Malavika
|-
|"Chinnadaaga Morachiputta" || [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]] || [[Gana Bala]]
|-
|"Micky Mousa Paarthaal" || Viveka || Nincy Vincent
|-
| "Atobom Baby" || Viveka || Ramya, Padmalatha, Taj Noor
|-
| "Adhu Vera Idhu Vera" || Karuppasami || [[Mukesh Mohamed|Mukesh]]
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Silverscreen India'' wrote that the film is "One that seamlessly blends very bad comedy, spectacularly bad acting and some dialogues that you need to hear to believe".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=31 May 2014 |title=Adhu Vera Idhu Vera Review |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/reviews/adhu-vera-idhu-vera-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409082432/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/reviews/adhu-vera-idhu-vera-review/ |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' criticised the film's writing and lack of comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2014 |title=அது வேற இது வேற |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=980 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409082431/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=980 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=tt13070898}}

[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Alpha Adimai

2026-03-03T02:35:02Z

MerryHarris567: Stub

{{No plot|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Alpha Adimai
| image = Alpha Adimai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Jinovi
| writer = Jinovi
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Vinod Varma
*Arun Nagaraj
*Kalki
*Eshwar
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manikandan Murthy
| editing =
| music = Sathya-Jen
| studio = 
| distributor = [[SonyLIV]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|9|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Alpha Adimai''''' ({{translation|Alpha slave}}) is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language crime thriller film directed by Jinovi and starring Vinod Varma, Arun Nagaraj, Kalki, and Eshwar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Over 10 Tamil films eye direct OTT premiere as Kollywood industry remains divided on influx of digital platforms |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/over-10-tamil-films-eye-direct-ott-premiere-as-kollywood-industry-remains-divided-on-influx-of-digital-platforms-9715471.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819062107/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/over-10-tamil-films-eye-direct-ott-premiere-as-kollywood-industry-remains-divided-on-influx-of-digital-platforms-9715471.html |archive-date=19 August 2021 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Firstpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2021 |title=New on Hotstar and Sony LIV: 7 new movies and shows on Hotstar & Sony LIV releasing in September 2021 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/new-on-hotstar-sony-liv-7-new-movies-shows-disney-plus-hotstar-sony-liv-releasing-september-2021/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Gqindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2021 |title=ஓடிடி திரைப் பார்வை: 'ஆல்பா அடிமை - சிம்பிளான த்ரில்லர் சினிமா! |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/115503/Alpha-Adimai--2021- |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Eshwar as Ponnan
*Kalki as Mayilsamy
*Vinod Varma as Dheeraj
*Arun Nagaraj as Vicky
*Jinovi as Aaru
*Radhakrishnan as Durai
*Arun Martin as Ranjith
*Vijay Anand T. R. as Officer
*Amaresh Velladurai as Udhay
*Preejo as Victor
*Vasu as Driver

== Reception ==
Thinkal Menon of ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' wrote that "Had the makers focused more on character detailing and technical output, the film would have been more gripping".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Adimai review: This indie film has its moments, thanks to a few compelling sequences and convincing performances |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/alpha-adimai-review-this-indie-film-has-its-moments-thanks-to-a-few-compelling-sequences-and-convincing-performances/ae7ad7fde6740 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Ottplay.com}}</ref> Bobby Sing of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' stated that "Besides, this also deserves to be seen for its effective camerawork, crisp editing, and background score, contributing majorly to the film’s gripping impact. Having said that, it certainly would have been a new-age gem with a little more detailing of the characters exploring their criminal psyche".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha Adimai review: Streaming on SonyLIV, Jinovi's film is a well-conceived thriller |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/alpha-adimai-review-streaming-on-sonyliv-jinovis-film-is-a-well-conceived-thriller |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title="Alpha Adimai" Review: Thriller crime that can be predicted which is saved by the speed |url=https://www.bulletnews.net/alpha-adimai-review-thriller-crime-that-can-be-predicted-which-is-saved-by-the-speed/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Bulletnews.net}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|12771058}}

[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]

Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)

2026-02-27T05:17:47Z

MerryHarris567: adjust layout and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language reality television show in Asianet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bigg Boss Malayalam poster 3.jpg
| caption = Show's [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 7|seventh season]] Logo with host [[Mohanlal]]
| native_name =
| genre =
| based_on =
| presenter = [[Mohanlal]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 7
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|06|24|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| num_episodes = 569 
| company = [[Endemol India]]
| alt_name =
| location = {{ubl|
*[[Lonavala]]
*EVP Film City
*[[Film City, Mumbai|Goregaon Film City]]
}}
| image_size =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related = ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' <br> ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]'' <br> ''[[Malayalee House]]''
}}

'''''Bigg Boss''''', a [[Malayalam]]-language television reality show in India, is part of the ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' franchise produced by [[Endemol Shine Group|Endemol Shine India]] (owned by [[Banijay]]). It airs on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and streams on [[JioHotstar]]. It is based on the Dutch reality show ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]''. Launched as part of Asianet's 25th-anniversary celebrations, the show has been hosted by [[Mohanlal]] since its inception.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam: Mohanlal is super excited to host the show | newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 May 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-mohanlal-is-super-excited-to-host-the-show/articleshow/64188898.cms|access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> From [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)|Season 5]] onwards, commoners selected from the public are also been featured as contestants.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 5 to welcome a commoner for the first time | newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 January 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-5-to-welcome-a-commoner-for-the-first-time/articleshow/97299484.cms}}</ref>

== Overview ==
=== The 'Bigg Boss' house ===
A bespoke ''Bigg Boss'' house is constructed for each season. For the initial season, the house was situated in [[Lonavala]], [[Maharashtra]], where the Hindi version of ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' typically takes place. Anticipating scheduling conflicts with other regional language editions, the house for seasons 2, 3, and 6 was established at EVP Film City in [[Chennai]]. For the 4th and 5th seasons, the house was located at [[Film City, Mumbai|Goregaon Film City]]. Following the conclusion of a season, the house is either retained for the next season and opened to the public as an attraction or completely dismantled. The seventh season introduced a new house built exclusively for the Malayalam version, thereby establishing a permanent location in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 7: ബിഗ് ബോസിന് ചെന്നൈയിൽ പുതിയ വീട് |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/bigg-boss-malayalam-season-7-coming-soon-logo-launch-expected-this-month-8942444 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 7: ബിഗ് ബോസ് ലോഗോയും പ്രൊമോയും ഈസ്റ്റർ ദിനത്തിൽ എത്തുമോ? |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/bigg-boss-malayalam-season-7-logo-launch-commoner-entry-promo-coming-soon-8971164 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |date=20 April 2025}}</ref>

The house is meticulously furnished and decorated, featuring modern amenities and a spacious, communal bedroom accommodating all contestants. Commencing in the sixth season, a sumptuous private suite was added for the house captain and the newly implemented power team. The house also includes shared toiletries, a swimming pool, a gymnasium, and expansive gardens. Additionally, show-specific activity areas and a soundproof room with controlled access, known as the "confession room," are constructed within the house. In this room, housemates are summoned by Bigg Boss for nomination procedures and other interactive activities. Starting with season 4, a secret room equipped with a bed and other facilities was incorporated into the house. Selected evicted contestants might be retained in this room for a week or two before being reintroduced to the game.

The house is intentionally isolated from external influences, lacking television access (except for interactions with the show host, Mohanlal), telephones, internet connectivity, clocks, and writing materials, adhering to the global ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]'' franchise guidelines.

=== Rules ===
While the complete ruleset has not been publicly disclosed, certain key regulations are evident. All housemates are required to communicate exclusively in Malayalam, with minimal English usage permitted. The house property, including electronic equipment and furnishings, must be treated with care and preserved in its original condition. Housemates are not allowed to leave the house premises without explicit permission. Daytime sleep is prohibited, and contestants are only permitted to rest when the house lights are extinguished at night. Alcohol is strictly forbidden, and housemates with smoking habits may only indulge in this activity within designated smoking areas. Physical aggression towards fellow housemates is strictly prohibited, and any violations of this rule will result in immediate elimination from the competition.

=== Nomination ===
Nominations are a mandatory procedure typically conducted on the first day of the week. All housemates are required to participate unless otherwise instructed by Bigg Boss. Each housemate must nominate two other housemates for eviction. Housemates receiving the highest number of nomination votes will be placed on the nomination list for that week and face public voting via [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. On the weekend episode, the contestant with the lowest public votes will be evicted from the house. Additionally, the week's captain may directly nominate a housemate for eviction, or Bigg Boss may nominate a housemate for other reasons. Sometimes, the housemates may be nominated for other reasons, such as nomination by a person who has achieved special privileges (via tasks or other things), for breaking rules, or something else. If something very serious happens, a contestant may be evicted immediately. Housemates who have been granted immunity cannot be nominated by other contestants. Immunity is automatically bestowed upon the week's captain and can be earned by contestants through successful completion of specific tasks or secret missions assigned by Bigg Boss. In certain circumstances, the captain may make a contestant immune from nomination at Bigg Boss's discretion. Housemates are strictly prohibited from discussing nominations or the nomination process with one another.

=== House captaincy ===
A captain is appointed each week by Bigg Boss through designated tasks or elected by the housemates. The captain enjoys enhanced privileges, including immunity from nomination for the week, exemption from task participation. During their captaincy week, the captain is exempt from the nomination process and possesses the authority to either nominate a housemate directly, grant immunity to a housemate, or rescue a nominated housemate, contingent upon Bigg Boss's directives. The captain's primary responsibility is to oversee the weekly task, ensuring that the conditions and stipulations are adhered to and the task is executed effectively to secure the 'luxury budget' for the following week. Additionally, captains are expected to monitor adherence to house rules and may impose penalties on housemates who violate these regulations.

=== Broadcast ===
''Bigg Boss Malayalam'' is aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] channel since its first season. Each weekday episode provides a recap of the previous day's events within the house. On weekends (Saturday and Sunday), the show features a comprehensive discussion between the host, [[Mohanlal]], and the housemates, reviewing the week's highlights and culminating in a discussion about the upcoming elimination. Since Season 4, ''Bigg Boss'' has been available for live streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] through a subscription. Additionally, viewers can stream episodes and participate in contestant elimination voting via the [[Disney+ Hotstar]] app.

== Series overview ==
{{Series overview
| auxA = Host
| auxB = Location(s)
| infoA = Housemates
| infoB = Days
| infoC = Prize Money
| infoD = Winner
| infoE = Runner up
| color1 = #4B0082
| infoD1 = [[Sabumon Abdusamad]]
| infoE1 = [[Pearle Maaney]]
| episodes1 = 99
| start1 = {{start date|2018|06|24|df=y}}
| infoD2 = Cancelled due to [[COVID-19]]
| infoE2 = Cancelled due to [[COVID-19]]
| episodes2 = 76
| start2 = {{start date|2020|01|5|df=y}}
| infoD3 = [[Manikuttan]]
| infoE3 = Sai Vishnu
| episodes3 = 97
| start3 = {{start date|2021|02|14|df=y}}
| infoE4 = Muhammad Diligent Blesslee
| episodes4 = 99
| start4 = {{start date|2022|03|27|df=y}}
| infoD5 = Akhil Marar
| infoE5 = [[Reneesha Rahiman]]
| episodes5 = 99
| start5 = {{start date|2023|03|26|df=y}}
| link1 = Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 1
| auxA1 = [[Mohanlal]]
| auxB1 = [[Lonavala]]
| infoA1 = 18
| infoB1 = 98
| infoC1 = {{INRConvert|1|c}}
| end1 = {{end date|2018|09|30|df=y}}
| network1 = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] & [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
| color2 = #3f002b
| link2 = Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 2
| auxB2 = [[Chennai]]
| infoA2 = 23
| infoB2 = 75
| infoC2 = NA
| end2 = {{end date|2020|03|20|df=y}}
| color3 = #800000
| link3 = Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 3
| infoA3 = 18
| infoB3 = 96
| infoC3 = {{INRConvert|75|l}}
| end3 = {{end date|2021|05|20|df=y}}
----{{end date|2021|08|1|df=y}}
| color4 = #190737
| link4 = Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 4
| auxB4 = [[Film City, Mumbai|Mumbai]]
| infoA4 = 20
| infoB4 = 98
| infoC4 = {{INRConvert|50|l}}
| infoD4 = [[Dilsha Prasannan]]
| end4 = {{end date|2022|07|3|df=y}}
| color5 = #FF7518
| link5 = Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 5
| infoA5 = 21
| infoB5 = 98
| infoC5 = {{INRConvert|50|l}}
| end5 = {{end date|2023|07|2|df=y}}
| color6 = #0E43CD
| link6 = Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 6
| auxB6 = [[Chennai]]
| infoA6 = 25
| infoB6 = 98
| infoC6 = {{INRConvert|50|l}}
| infoD6 = Jinto Bodycraft
| infoE6 = Arjun Syam Gopan
| episodes6 = 99
| start6 = {{start date|2024|03|10|df=y}}
| end6 = {{End date|2024|06|16|df=y}}
| color7 = #C11C84
| link7 = Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 7
| episodes7 = 99
| start7 = {{start date|2025|08|03|df=y}}
| end7 = {{End date|2025|11|09|df=y}}
| infoA7 = 25
| infoB7 = 98
| infoC7 = {{INRConvert|42.55|l}}
| infoD7 = Anumol RS
| infoE7 = Aneesh Tharayil
| color8 = #FFD700
| link8 = Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 7
| episodes8 = TBA
| start8 =TBA
| end8 = TBA
| infoA8 = TBA
| infoB8 = TBA
| infoC8 = Tba
| infoD8 = TBA
| infoE8 = TBA comingsoon
}}

== Controversies ==
===Season 2===

Second season contestant [[Rajith Kumar]] ejected from the show after attacking co-contestant Reshma by applying Chilli paste in her eyes during a task. This led to fans of Kumar posting on social media, defending him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Misogynist Rajith Kumar Kicked Off Bigg Boss For Attacking Co-Contestant|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/rajith-kumar-bigg-boss-malayalam-attack-on-reshma_in_5e6f029cc5b6bd8156fa476c|website=Huffpost|date=16 March 2020 }}</ref>

===Season 3===

On Day 58, Wildcard entrants Sajina and Firoz Khan were expelled from the show for making inappropriate statements about women to engaging in ugly fights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firoz And Sajna ejected from the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-3-firoz-khan-and-sajina-get-expelled-from-the-show-for-violating-the-rules/articleshow/82054941.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Season 4===

Fourth season contestant Dr Robin Radhakrishnan got expelled from the show after assaulting inmate Riyas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Robin Radhakrishnan ousted from the show; says, 'This season is not mine|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-4-robin-radhakrishnan-ousted-from-the-show-says-this-season-is-not-mine/articleshow/92016674.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=5 June 2022 }}</ref>

===Season 5===

*During a weekend episode, contestant Akhil Marar was reprimanded by Mohanlal for a humiliating comment he made about Madhu, who was lynched in Attapadi over accusations of stealing food. Marar apologized, and the issue was resolved.<ref>{{Cite news |title=From lifting his Dhoti in front of inmates to boasting about beating his wife: Times when Bigg Boss Malayalam 5 contestant Akhil Marar landed in controversies so far|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-lifting-his-dhoti-in-front-of-inmates-to-boasting-about-beating-his-wife-times-when-bigg-boss-malayalam-5-contestant-akhil-marar-landed-in-controversies-so-far/photostory/100653471.cms?picid=100653481|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
*This season of the show was marked by another controversy involving contestant Aniyan Midhun. He shared a personal story about being in love with a lady soldier named Sana in the Indian Army. This narrative drew significant criticism from the audience, leading to him later apologizing for fabricating the story.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=Wushu practitioner Aniyan Midhun landed in a huge controversy after one of his narrations in Bigg Boss Malayalam 5. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ex-bigg-boss-malayalam-contestant-aniyan-midhun-the-lady-commando-story-my-attitude-everything-was-made-up-i-wanted-to-contribute-to-trp-ratings/articleshow/107970028.cms |website=[[Times of India]]|date= 24 February 2024}}</ref>

===Season 6===
* On Day 16, there was a physical altercation between contestants Asi Rocky and Sijo John, resulting in Rocky being ejected from the show.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kerala-hc-directs-ib-ministry-to-immediately-address-the-violations-in-bigg-boss-malayalam-6/articleshow/109345671.cms|title=Kerala HC directs I&B Ministry to 'immediately address the violations' in Bigg Boss Malayalam 6|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* The Kerala High Court has stepped into the debate regarding the broadcast of violent scenes on the show. A panel of judges has instructed the central government to take immediate action on this matter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-malayalam-in-hot-water-kerala-high-court-steps-in-19396989.htm|title='Bigg Boss Malayalam' in hot water — Kerala High Court steps in|date=15 April 2024 |work=cnbctv18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/04/17/kerala-hc-directs-union-address-violation-broadcasting-advisories-telecasting-malayalam-bigg-boss/#:~:text=Boss%20Season%206-,Kerala%20HC%20directs%20Union%20to%20immediately%20address%20violations%20of%20broadcasting,show%20in%20the%20electronic%20media.|title=Kerala HC directs Union to immediately address violations of broadcasting advisories in telecasting Malayalam Bigg Boss Season 6|work=scconline.com}}</ref>
* [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)|Season 5]] winner Akhil Marar raised concerns when wildcard contestant Sibin left the Bigg Boss house citing health problems. Marar accused the medical team of potentially administering [[antidepressant]] drugs to a mentally stable contestant, with the alleged intention of rendering him unfit to compete. Additionally, Marar made broader allegations suggesting that the Bigg Boss team might have engaged in inappropriate behaviour ([[casting couch]]) towards female contestants in previous seasons. However, no evidence has surfaced to substantiate these claims, and the Bigg Boss team has not provided any clarification regarding these incidents.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-malayalam-6-former-winner-akhil-marar-makes-shocking-allegations-against-mohanlals-show-watch-video/38ca6c1b85792|title=Former winner Akhil Marar makes shocking allegations against Mohanlal’s show|work=ottplay.com}}</ref>

===Season 7===
==== Shanavas’s Remarks About Contestants’ Dressing ====
The contestant [[Shanavas Shanu]] drew significant backlash for his comments about the clothing choices of fellow housemate [[Gizele Thakral]].

Shanavas publicly advised Gizele to “dress modestly,” claiming that presenting herself in a more conservative manner would help her win love and votes from the Malayali audience.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7: Shanavas advises Gizele to dress modestly, says it's needed to earn love and votes from the Malayali audience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-shanavas-advises-gizele-to-dress-modestly-says-its-needed-to-earn-love-and-votes-from-the-malayali-audience/articleshow/123148805.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>

He also faced criticism for making covertly judgmental remarks, which many interpreted as slut-shaming. Netizens called him out for patriarchal attitudes, with some labeling him a “kulapurushan” (translated roughly as “caste or moral guardian”).The remarks triggered a significant debate about gender norms, body autonomy, and conservative values being imposed on women within the premises of a reality show.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7: Shanavas (Shanu) faces backlash over comment on Gizele Thakral’s outfits — netizens call him kulapurushan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-shanavas-shanu-faces-backlash-over-comment-on-gizele-thakrals-outfits-netizens-call-him-kulapurushan/articleshow/123115274.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>

==== Homophobic Remarks Against Adhila and Noora ====
The wildcard entrants Lakshmi and Mastani faced strong public backlash for making discriminatory remarks about contestants Adhila and Noora, who are a same-sex couple.

Lakshmi, during a weekly task, made comments perceived as derogatory towards the couple’s sexuality. The situation escalated further when her mother, during an interaction featured on the show, made additional remarks that viewers considered homophobic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7: Lakshmi’s mother's comment on Adhila and Noora sparks fresh controversy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-lakshmis-mothers-comment-on-adhila-and-noora-sparks-fresh-controversy/articleshow/124344314.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>

Shortly afterward, fellow wildcard entrant Mastani made similar statements, accusing the couple of "normalizing LGBTQ culture" and expressing openly hostile views toward their relationship.<ref name=.2>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal blasts Lakshmi, Mastani for discriminatory comments against lesbian couple Adhila, Noora on Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 7|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-blasts-lakshmi-mastani-for-discriminatory-comments-against-lesbian-couple-adhila-noora-bigg-boss-malayalam-season-7-10249671/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2025-11-16
}}</ref>

Host Mohanlal addressed the issue on air and strongly condemned the remarks, stating that discriminatory or demeaning comments towards any community were unacceptable.<ref name=.2/>

==== Allegations of Paid PR Campaigns and Vote Manipulation ====
Several media reports claimed that several contestants relied on paid public relations (PR) teams to influence public perception and online voting. It is reported that PR agencies allegedly offered services such as automated fake voting using old Android devices, trend manipulation, and large-scale online campaigning for significant fees.<ref name=pr>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam: Do paid PR and voting manipulations rule the game?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-do-paid-pr-and-voting-manipulations-rule-the-game/articleshow/124785562.cms?hl=en-IN#:~:text=Once%20payment%20is%20made%2C%20PRs,to%20generate%20fake%20votes%20automatically.|work=The Times of India|access-date=2025-03-17
}}</ref>

Former PR workers cited in the report claimed that vote-boosting packages costing several lakhs were openly sold, raising questions about the fairness of the competition and the authenticity of viewer voting.<ref name=pr/>

==== Statements from Former Contestants ====
Evicted contestant Jishin Mohan alleged that rival PR teams used vote-splitting tactics to push him into eviction. Earlier season winner [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] stated that he won Season 1 without PR assistance, pointing out how drastically the landscape had changed. Former contestant Diya Sana also remarked that heavy PR involvement increased significantly from Season 2 onward.<ref name=pr/>

==== PR Payment Admission by Season 7 Winner ====
Season 7 winner Anumol publicly confirmed that she paid an advance amount to a PR team, while denying claims of spending higher figures. She stated that PR support had become common among contestants, and maintained that her package was comparatively minimal.<ref name=pr/>

==== Ethical and Fairness Concerns ====
The widespread use of paid PR services led to criticism that contestants with greater financial backing gained an unfair advantage. Critics argued that this trend distorted the nature of the show, shifting the outcome from viewer-driven results to financially driven influence.<ref name=pr/>

==== Additional Allegations Involving Contestants ====
Season 7 contestant Aneesh was reported to have sold agricultural property to finance PR operations. Other contestants in previous seasons have also claimed manipulation of voting and eviction processes, though such allegations remain unverified.<ref name=pr/>

==Reception==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Bigg Boss Malayalam – Season-wise Reception
! Season !! Year !! Premiere TRP !! Finale TRP !! Average Weekly TRP !! OTT Watch Time !! Notes
|-
| 1 || 2018 || 10.33 TVR || 15.0 TVR || ~7.5 TVR || – || <ref name=s3/>
|-
| 2 || 2020 || 11.3 TVR || {{N/A|Cancelled due to [[COVID-19]]}}|| ~8.0 TVR || – ||
|-
| 3 || 2021 ||~11 TVR || 17.41 TVR ||~7.5—8.5 TVR || – || <ref name=s3>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-3-grand-finale-grabs-record-trp-rating/articleshow/85297392.cms|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 3 grand finale grabs record TRP rating|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || 2022 || 10.14 TVR || 15.19 TVR|| 6.3–9.27 TVR || – || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=Week 27 Rating - Bigg Boss Grand Finale, Adi Mone Basar TRP Report |url=https://www.keralatv.in/week-27-rating-bigg-boss-grand-finale/ |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || 2023 || 11.72 TVR || 13.97 TVR || 5.17–7.17 TVR || – || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=Bigg Boss Season 5 Malayalam Finale TRP is 13.97, Drama Juniors Grand Finale Earned 3.45 – Week 27 Malayalam Rating |url=https://www.keralatv.in/bigg-boss-season-5-finale-trp/ |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 6 || 2024 || 11.00 TVR || 18.00 TVR || 8.00–10.51 TVR || – || Second Most watched season<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 6 scores big; becomes the most-watched reality show on TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-6-scores-big-becomes-the-most-watched-reality-show-on-tv/articleshow/109429406.cms |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 7 || 2025 || 15.3 TVR || 22 (SD+HD)<br> 18.77 TVR || 12.5 TVR||136 Million hours|| Most-watched season.<ref name="TimesNow" >{{cite web |title=Big Boss Malayalam: '136 ദശലക്ഷം മണിക്കൂര്‍ വാച്ച് ടൈം'; ബിഗ് ബോസ് മലയാളത്തിന്റേത് റെക്കോര്‍ഡ് കുതിപ്പെന്ന് ജിയോസ്റ്റാര്‍ സൗത്ത് ക്ലസ്റ്റര്‍ മേധാവി കൃഷ്ണന്‍ കുട്ടി|url=https://malayalam.timesnownews.com/entertainment/136-million-hours-of-watch-time-big-boss-malayalam-marked-a-stunning-feat-says-jiostar-south-cluster-entertainment-head-krishnan-kutty-article-152767262 |website=Times Now Malayalam |date=5 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
An academic [[Television studies]] article about ''Big Boss'' Malayalam reality show, 'Malayalikalude Bigboss Jeevitham' written by Sajith M.S. published on [[Madhyamam Weekly]] won Kerala State Television Awards 2022 for Best Television Article.<ref>{{cite news|title =2022 Kerala television awards announced |newspaper =the hindu|date= 6 March 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/2022-state-television-awards-announced/article67920885.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.southlive.in/movie/television/2022-state-television-awards-declared |title=മികച്ച സീരിയലിന് ഇത്തവണയും പുരസ്‌കാരമില്ല, ഹാസ്യ പരിപാടിക്കും അവാര്‍ഡില്ല; സംസ്ഥാന ടെലിവിഷന്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |trans-title=2022 State Television Awards declared |date=6 March 2024 |work=Southlive }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/17932 Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101955/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/17932 |date=20 June 2018 }} on [[Hotstar]]
* [https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/18/coronavirus-bigg-boss-malayalam-season-2-to-be-called-off.html Bigg Boss Season 2 called off]

{{Bigg Boss (franchise)}}
{{Big Brother}}
{{Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)}}
{{Mohanlal}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)]]

Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)

2026-02-26T18:58:51Z

MerryHarris567: adjusted citations additionally and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Gandhinagar}}

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Akshardham
| image = Akshardham Gandhinagar Gujarat.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Akshardham, Gandhinagar
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| district = [[Gandhinagar]]
| location = [[Gandhinagar]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Swaminarayan]]
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess =
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 2 November 1992
| website = http://www.akshardham.com/gujarat/
| map_type =India Gujarat
}}
'''Swaminarayan Akshardham''' in [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat, India]] is a large [[Hindu temple]] complex inspired by [[Yogiji Maharaj]] (1892–1971) the fourth spiritual successor of [[Swaminarayan]], and created by [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]] (1921–2016), the fifth spiritual successor of Swaminarayan according to the [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS]] denomination of Swaminarayan Hinduism. Located in the capital of Gujarat, the complex was built over 13 years and is a tribute to Swaminarayan and his life and teachings.<ref name=Adham>{{cite journal |title=Akshardham Gandhinagar |journal=BAPS Swaminarayan Bliss |year=2003}}</ref> At the center of the 23-acre complex is the Akshardham mandir, which is built from 6,000 metric tons of pink sandstone from [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=paranjape>{{cite book|author=Makarand R. Paranjape|title=Acts of Faith: Journeys to Sacred India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sgs9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|date=1 June 2013|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-35-7|pages=108–}}</ref> The complex's name refers to the divine abode of Swaminarayan in the BAPS philosophy; followers of Swaminarayan believe that the jiva or soul goes to Akshardham after attaining moksha, or liberation. BAPS followers worship Swaminarayan as God almighty.

On September 24, 2002, the [[Hindu temple|mandir]] was attacked by two Islamic terrorists from [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], killing 33 worshippers and wounding 70.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-09-26 |title=Govt sees Lashkar's hand behind temple attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-sees-lashkars-hand-behind-temple-attack/articleshow/23397300.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Akshardham Mandir==
The focal point of the complex is the Akshardham Temple, which measures 108 feet high, 131 feet wide and 240 feet long and features 97 carved pillars, 17 domes, 8 balconies, 220 stone beams and 264 sculpted figures.<ref name=paranjape /> In accordance with Vedic architectural principles, no steel or iron has been used anywhere in the mandir.<ref name=Adham /> 20 foot-long stone beams, each weighing five tons, have been used as load-bearing support throughout the mandir.<ref name=Adham />
The mandir's central chamber houses a seven-foot-tall, gold-leafed murti, or sacred image, of Swaminarayan, who is worshipped by followers as God. The murti rests upon a three-foot pedestal and weighs 1.2 tons. It is flanked by the murtis of the ideal devotee, Aksharbrahma Gunatitanand Swami and Aksharmukta Goplanand Swami, both in postures of loving devotion toward Swaminarayan. In each of the four corners of the mandir sits a life-sized marble murti of the lineages of gurus or successors of Swaminarayan revered by BAPS.<ref name=monument>{{cite web |url=http://www.akshardham.com/gujarat/ |title=Akshardham Monument |publisher=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha |date=1999 |access-date=2015-03-15 }}</ref> The first floor of the mandir is known as the Vibhuti Mandapam and features lotus-shaped displays describing the spiritual character of Swaminarayan, while the basement of the mandir, called the Prasadi Mandapam, houses a historical display of various sacred relics from Swaminarayan's life.<ref name=monument />

==Abhishek Mandapam==
The complex houses an Abhishek Mandapam an area designated for all visitors to perform abhishek on the murti of Neelkanth Varni - a yogic form of Swaminarayan. The murti of Neelkanth Varni was consecrated in 2014 by Pramukh Swami and the Abhishek Mandapam was inaugurated on 14 December 2015 by [[Mahant Swami Maharaj|Mahant Swami]], the sixth spiritual successor of Lord Swaminarayan according to the denomination of Swaminarayan Hinduism. The abhishek ritual begins with the tying of a [[Kalava]], a sacred Hindu thread, on the visitor's wrist along with the recitation of Hindu [[shloka]]s. Following the tying of the thread, the visitors bath the murti of Neelkanth Varni with a small pot of sanctified water. While the murti is bathed, visitors are encouraged to pray for their personal wishes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akshardham.com/gujarat/explore/abhishek-mandap/|title=Abhishek Mandap|website=akshardham.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref>

==Exhibition Halls==
The complex's five exhibition halls use audio-visual presentations and life-sized [[diorama]]s to explore various themes in Hinduism.<ref name=Adham /> The Neelkanth and Sahajannd Halls depict Swaminarayan's life, work and teachings. The Mystic India Hall features an IMAX theater which screens a 40-minute film portraying the country-spanning pilgrimage Swaminarayan had embarked on at the age of eleven, when he assumed the name Neelkanth Varni. The film, directed by Keith Melton and narrated by Peter O’Toole, was shot at 108 locations across India and boasts a cast of over 45,000 people. It has received numerous plaudits including the Audience's Choice Award at the 10th International Large Format Film Festival at La Geode in Paris, France and the "Most Popular Film" at the San Jose IMAX Film Festival.<ref name="isha">{{cite web |url=http://india-herald.com/mystic-india-wows-select-audience-p761-1.htm |title=Mystic India wows select audience |work=India Herald |access-date=2015-05-14 }}</ref> The Premanand Hall is divided into three sub-sections, the first is dedicated to the Hindu scriptural texts, the Upanishads, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata; the second explores religions more generally and features photographic displays of the symbols, scriptures, sacred sites, moral codes and prayers of the world's major faiths; and the third section serves as a tribute to some of India's most famous poets.<ref name=monument /> The fifth exhibition hall, Sant Param Hitakari, houses an audio-animatronics show conveying a message of everlasting happiness.<ref name=monument />

==Sat-Chit-Anand Water Show==
The Sat-Chit-Anand Water Show is an interpretative performance of the parable of [[Nachiketa]], as told in the [[Kathopanishad]]. The show's title translates to Truth-Knowledge-Bliss and is an appellation of the Hindu ontological reality Aksharbrahma or Akshardham. The show was inaugurated on 3 April 2010 by [[Pramukh Swami]].<ref name=vijay>{{cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Pradeep |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gandhinagars-Akashardham-puts-India-on-world-map-of-Water-shows/articleshow/5758287.cms |title=Gandhinagar |work=Times of India |date=2010-04-03 |access-date=2015-03-15 }}</ref>
The vibrant show employs fire, fountain animations, laser, water screen projections, music and live characters in a 45-minute retelling of Nachiketa's choice.<ref name=vijay /> [[Nachiketa]] was the son of a rishi named [[Uddālaka Āruṇi|Udalaka]], who organized a yagna in which he gifted sickly, barren cattle to Brahmin attendees.<ref name="isha"/> Nachiketa was troubled by his father's deception and asked to whom he himself would be offered to in charity. Angered by this question, Udalaka banished Nachiketa to the realm of Yamapuri, the underworld. Nachiketa stood at Yama's doorstep for three days waiting for Yama's arrival; Yama was impressed by Nachiketa's resoluteness, and offered him three boons.<ref name=isha /> Firstly, Nachiketa requested that his father may welcome him lovingly upon his return home; next that he be granted the knowledge by which he can be worthy of living in the heavens; and lastly he may attain knowledge of the eternal soul, the Atma, which transcends death.<ref name=isha /> The story of Nachiketa offers lessons in realizing one's true Self, living by one's principles, perseverance in the face of difficulties, and keeping spiritual perspective in any circumstance.

==AARSH (Akshardham Centre for Applied Research in Social Harmony)==
AARSH is a research institute focused on the Swaminarayan tradition as well as the role of Hindu principles in solving social problems. It serves as a forum for scholars to discuss pragmatic application of religion and philosophy to raise social harmony in society The research facility includes a library of more than 7,000 works in Sanskrit, Hindi, Gujarati and Tamil as well as a large collection of rare manuscripts that cover the various denominations and schools of philosophy in Hinduism. AARSH regularly hosts academic conferences; past events include the Sanskrit Scholars' Conference, the Sanskrit Journalists' Conference, the Saints Poets Conference and the National Conference on Vaidikatva. AARSH, led by its director, Shrutiprakash Swami, is an independent research institute affiliated with Shree Somnath Sanskrit University in Veraval, Gujarat.<ref name="isha"/>

==Sahajanand Van==
Sahajanand Van is a 15-acre garden<ref name=sharma>{{cite book|author=Anu Sharma|title=Famous Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTbv4jcRHccC&pg=PT33|date=25 June 2011|publisher=Pinnacle Technology|isbn=978-1-61820-545-2|pages=33–}}</ref> with various attractions, including rock arrangements, fountains, a waterfall, and an 18,000 sq. ft. plant nursery.<ref name=Adham /> In addition, throughout the garden are six cultural wisdom spots which depict specific incidents and teachings of Hinduism.
The first spot is a marble sculpture which depicts Swaminarayan on his favourite mare, Manki. Swaminarayan traveled in Gujarat on horseback, visiting villages and homes of devotees. Manki's love and emotion for Swaminarayan is notable. The second spot is a sculpture depicting Vishnu on the coils of the multi-headed serpent, Shesha. At Vishnu's side is Lakshmi, his choicest devotee. This spot expresses the role of the ideal devotee – to remain eternally in the service of God. The third spot is the Surya Ratha, which depicts the Sun Chariot being drawn by seven stallions. Indian culture honors the Sun for it is the provider of light, energy and life. The fourth spot is the [[Samudra Manthana]], which depicts the churning of the ocean, through a joint effort between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the [[Asura|asuras]], in the search for the nectar of immortality, or [[amrita]]. Before amrita was discovered, a lethal poison was churned out. Shiva came to the rescue and saved the world from destruction. The fifth spot depicts the holy rivers of Ganga, Yamuna, and Saraswati. Along the banks of these rivers, [[Hindu culture]] has flourished.
The sixth spot is Lake Narayan Sarovar. At the center of the lake is a 20-foot fountain.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

Sahajanand Van also hosts an open air assembly ground with a seating capacity of 9,000.<ref name=Adham /> This area is used for cultural programs and festivals.
Also within Sahajanand Van is a vegetarian restaurant titled, Premvati, serving Indian cuisine with regional choices.<ref name=Adham />

==Construction and opening==
The foundation stone-laying ceremony for the Akshardham mandir was conducted by Pramukh Swami on 14 December 1979, and the foundation was completed in 1981.<ref name=Adham />
It was designed by temple architect, [[Chandrakant Sompura]]. The construction lasted a span of 7 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasavada |first=Rabindra |title=Sompura: Traditional Master Builders of Western India |url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-199036}}</ref> Artisans skilled in stonework prepared the stones used in the Akshardham mandir; the process consisted of smoothing, contouring, detailing and polishing. Smoothing entails chiseling the hewn stone into smaller pieces; contouring involves stenciling the bare designs onto stone, and to give approximate contours to the stone; the artisans use chisels to detail the designs and figurines into stone; and finally, emery is used to file and polish the stone to a smooth finish.
While the mandir structure itself was completed in 1985, the concepts and designs for the exhibition halls were developed over the next three years and work on the exhibitions and colonnade began in 1988. The completed complex was inaugurated on 4 November 1992.<ref name=Adham />

==Terror attack==
{{Main|Akshardham temple attack}}
On 24 September 2002, two armed terrorists attacked Akshardham, killing 33 people and wounding 70.<ref>{{cite book |last=GB Parliament, House of Commons |title=Terrorism and Community Relations: Oral and written evidence}}</ref> The Indian National Security Guard intervened and ended the siege by killing both terrorists. A prayer assembly led by Pramukh Swami was organized for 29 September 2002,<ref name=terror>{{cite web |url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/news/2002/09/akshardham/report.htm |title=Terrorist Attack on Akshardham |date=2002-09-25 |access-date=2015-03-15 }}</ref> with attendees praying for the departed souls and their families and also for communal and sectarian peace. More than 30,000 people attended the assembly.<ref name="terror"/> The Akshardham complex was reopened fourteen days after the attack. Pramukh Swami's peaceful response to the incident from beginning to end has been termed by a brigadier general involved in the operation as the "Akshardham Response" and described as a model to be emulated to maintain peace and harmony in society.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshardham ideal anti-terror response |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Akshardham-ideal-anti-terror-response/articleshow/10135237.cms |work=Times of India |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)]]
*[[Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Jersey)]]
*[[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad]]
*[[Akshardham Temple attack|2002 Akshardham attack]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.akshardham.com/gujarat Akshardham Gandhinagar Website]
*[http://www.akshardham.com Akshardham Delhi Website]
*[http://www.swaminarayan.org BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha] (Organization responsible for the creation of Akshardham)
*[http://www.bapscharities.org BAPS Charities] (Charitable arm of BAPS responsible for part of the complex)

{{BAPS}}
{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|23|13|45|N|72|40|27|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Swaminarayan temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:Gandhinagar]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

6th Jharkhand Assembly

2026-02-24T05:13:57Z

MerryHarris567: Info

{{Short description|Indian state legislature since 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
|name = 6th Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
|legislature =
|coa_pic =
|coa_res =
|house_type = Unicameral
|body =
|houses = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|foundation = 2024
|disbanded =
|preceded_by = [[5th Jharkhand Assembly]]
|term_limits = 5 years
|leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|leader1 = [[Rabindra Nath Mahato]]
|party1 = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|election1 = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|28 November 2024]]
|leader2_type = [[List of deputy speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
|leader2 = vacant
|leader3_type = Leader of the House<br />([[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]])
|leader3 = [[Hemant Soren]]
|party3 = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|election3 = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|28 November 2024]]
|leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|leader5 = [[Babulal Marandi]]
|election5 = 5 March 2025
|party5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|members = 81
|structure1 = {{switcher|[[File:India Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election 2024.svg|300px]]|Result by Party
|[[File:Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha (Alliance wise).svg|300px]]|Result by Alliance}}
|structure1_res =
|political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Jharkhand|Government]] (56)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}}} [[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]] (56)
:*{{Color box|#215B30}} [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (34)
:*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (16)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}} [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (4)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] (2)

'''Official Opposition (24)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (24)
:*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (21)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}}} [[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]] (1)
:*{{colour box|#4E1B5D}} [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |LJP(RV)]] (1)
:*{{Color box|#0A1951}} [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (1)

'''Other Opposition''' (1)
:*{{Color box|#75ED00}} [[Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|JLKM]] (1)


|voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
|last_election1 = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|13 November - 20 November 2024]]
|next_election1 = [[Next Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|November - December 2029]]
|session_room =
|session_res = 300px
|meeting_place = Jharkhand Vidhansabha, Kute village, Ranchi
|session_room2 =
|session_res2 = 300px
|meeting_place2 =
|website = {{URL|jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in}}
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Members of 6th [[Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand]]''' were elected in the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], with results announced on 23 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results November 2024 - Jharkhand |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywiseresult-S27.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/topic/jharkhand-assembly-election|title=झारखंड विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2024, Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha Result, झारखंड विधानसभा चुनाव के नतीजे}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
<section begin="MLA Header"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2|Alliance
! Remarks<section end="MLA Header"/>
|-<section begin="Sahebganj district"/>
|rowspan="3"|[[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]]
| 1
| [[Rajmahal Assembly constituency|Rajmahal]]
| [[Md. Tajuddin|Mohammad Tajuddin]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=4}}
| {{party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|rowspan=11}}
|
|-
| 2
| [[Borio Assembly constituency|Borio]]
| [[Dhananjay Soren]]
|
|-
| 3
|[[Barhait Assembly constituency|Barhait]]
| [[Hemant Soren]]
|[[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]]
|-<section end="Sahebganj district"/><section begin="Pakur district"/>
| rowspan="3"|[[Pakur district|Pakur]]
| 4
| [[Litipara Assembly constituency|Litipara]]
| [[Hemlal Murmu]]
|
|-
| 5
| [[Pakur Assembly constituency|Pakur]]
| [[Nisat Alam]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 6
| [[Maheshpur Assembly constituency|Maheshpur]]
| [[Stephen Marandi]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|
|-<section end="Pakur district"/><section begin="Dumka district"/>
|[[Dumka district|Dumka]]
| 7
| [[Sikaripara Assembly constituency|Sikaripara]]
| [[Alok Kumar Soren]]
|
|-
|-<section end="Dumka district"/><section begin="Jamtara district"/>
|rowspan="2"|[[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]
| 8
| [[Nala Assembly constituency|Nala]]
| [[Rabindra Nath Mahato]]
|[[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|-
| 9
| [[Jamtara Assembly constituency|Jamtara]]
| [[Irfan Ansari]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Cabinet minister
|-<section end="Jamtara district"/><section begin="Dumka district 2"/>
| rowspan="3"|[[Dumka district|Dumka]]
| 10
| [[Dumka Assembly constituency|Dumka]]
| [[Basant Soren]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 11
| [[Jama Assembly constituency|Jama]]
| [[Louis Marandi]]
|
|-
| 12
| [[Jarmundi Assembly constituency|Jarmundi]]
| [[Devendra Kunwar (Jharkhand politician)|Devendra Kunwar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-<section end="Dumka district 2"/><section begin="Deoghar district"/>
| rowspan="3"|[[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
| 13
| [[Madhupur Assembly constituency|Madhupur]]
| [[Hafizul Hasan]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|rowspan=6}}
|Cabinet minister
|-
| 14
| [[Sarath Assembly constituency|Sarath]]
| [[Uday Shankar Singh]]
|
|-
| 15
| [[Deoghar Assembly constituency|Deoghar]]
| [[Suresh Paswan]]
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|
|-<section end="Deoghar district"/><section begin="Godda district"/>
| rowspan="3" | [[Godda district|Godda]]
| 16
| [[Poreyahat Assembly constituency|Poreyahat]]
| [[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 17
| [[Godda Assembly constituency|Godda]]
| [[Sanjay Prasad Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet minister
|-
| 18
| [[Mahagama Assembly constituency|Mahagama]]
| [[Dipika Pandey Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Cabinet minister
|-<section end="Godda district"/><section begin="Koderma district"/>
|[[Koderma district|Koderma]]
| 19
| [[Kodarma Assembly constituency|Kodarma]]
|[[Neera Yadav (politician)|Neera Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-<section end="Koderma district"/><section begin="Hazaribagh district"/>
| rowspan="2"|[[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
| 20
| [[Barkatha Assembly constituency|Barkatha]]
| [[Amit Kumar Yadav]]
|
|-
| 21
| [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
| [[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]
|
|-<section end="Hazaribagh district"/><section begin="Ramgarh district"/>
|rowspan="2"|[[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
|22
|[[Barkagaon Assembly constituency|Barkagaon]]
|[[Roshan Lal Choudhary]]
|
|-
|23
| [[Ramgarh, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
| [[Mamta Devi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|
|-<section end="Ramgarh district"/><section begin="Hazaribagh district 2" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
| 24
| [[Mandu Assembly constituency|Mandu]]
| [[Nirmal Mahto (Jharkhand politician)|Nirmal Mahto]]
| {{Party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
| 25
| [[Hazaribagh Assembly constituency|Hazaribagh]]
| [[Pradip Prasad]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-<section end="Hazaribagh district 2" /><section begin="Chatra district" />
|rowspan="2"|[[Chatra district|Chatra]]
| 26
| [[Simaria Assembly constituency|Simaria]]
| [[Kumar Ujjwal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 27
| [[Chatra Assembly constituency|Chatra]]
| [[Janardan Paswan]]
| {{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-<section end="Chatra district" /><section begin="Giridih district" />
| rowspan="6"|[[Giridih district|Giridih]]
| 28
| [[Dhanwar Assembly constituency|Dhanwar]]
| [[Babulal Marandi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|Leader of Opposition
|-
| 29
| [[Bagodar Assembly constituency|Bagodar]]
| [[Nagendra Mahto]]
|
|-
| 30
| [[Jamua Assembly constituency|Jamua]]
| [[Manju Kumari]]
|
|-
| 31
| [[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey]]
| [[Kalpana Soren]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 32
| [[Giridih Assembly constituency|Giridih]]
| [[Sudivya Kumar]]
|Cabinet minister
|-
| 33
| [[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
| [[Jairam Kumar Mahato]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}
| {{party color cell|Others}}
| align=left|None
|
|-<section end="Giridih district" /><section begin="Bokaro district" />
| rowspan="4" | [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| 34
| [[Gomia Assembly constituency|Gomia]]
| [[Yogendra Prasad]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|rowspan=6}}
|Cabinet minister
|-
| 35
| [[Bermo Assembly constituency|Bermo]]
| [[Kumar Jaimangal|Kumar Jaimangal Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 36
| [[Bokaro Assembly constituency|Bokaro]]
| [[Shwettaa Singh]]
|
|-
| 37
| [[Chandankiyari Assembly constituency|Chandankiyari]]
| [[Umakant Rajak]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|
|-<section end="Bokaro district" /><section begin="Dhanbad district" />
| rowspan="6"|[[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| 38
| [[Sindri Assembly constituency|Sindri]]
|[[Bablu Mahato]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 39
| [[Nirsa Assembly constituency|Nirsa]]
| [[Arup Chatterjee]]
|
|-
| 40
| [[Dhanbad Assembly constituency|Dhanbad]]
| [[Raj Sinha]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 41
| [[Jharia Assembly constituency|Jharia]]
| [[Ragini Singh]]
|
|-
| 42
| [[Tundi Assembly constituency|Tundi]]
| [[Mathura Prasad Mahato]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|
|-
| 43
| [[Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]
| [[Shatrughan Mahto]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-<section end="Dhanbad district" /><section begin="East Singhbhum district" />
| rowspan="7"|[[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| 44
|[[Baharagora Assembly constituency|Baharagora]]
| [[Samir Mohanty]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=5}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
| rowspan=2|45
| rowspan=2|[[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatsila]]
| [[Ramdas Soren]]
| Died on 15 August 2025
|-
| [[Somesh Chandra Soren|Somesh Soren]]
| Elected in [[2025 elections in India#Jharkhand|2025 by-election]]
|-
| 46
| [[Potka Assembly constituency|Potka]]
| [[Sanjib Sardar]]
|
|-
| 47
| [[Jugsalai Assembly constituency|Jugsalai]]
| [[Mangal Kalindi]]
|
|-
| 48
|[[Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency|Jamshedpur East]]
| [[Purnima Sahu]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 49
|[[Jamshedpur West Assembly constituency|Jamshedpur West]]
| [[Saryu Roy (Politician)|Saryu Roy]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-<section end="East Singhbhum district" /><section begin="Seraikela Kharsawan district" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| 50
|[[Ichagarh Assembly constituency|Ichagarh]]
| [[Sabita Mahato]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|
|-
| 51
|[[Seraikella Assembly constituency|Seraikella]]
| [[Champai Soren]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-<section end="Seraikela Kharsawan district" /><section begin="West Singhbhum district" />
| rowspan="5" | [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
| 52
|[[Chaibasa Assembly constituency|Chaibasa]]
| [[Deepak Birua]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|rowspan=11}}
|Cabinet minister
|-
| 53
|[[Majhgaon Assembly constituency|Majhgaon]]
| [[Niral Purty]]
|
|-
| 54
|[[Jaganathpur Assembly constituency|Jaganathpur]]
|[[Sona Ram Sinku]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 55
| [[Manoharpur Assembly constituency|Manoharpur]]
| [[Jagat Majhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
| 56
|[[Chakradharpur Assembly constituency|Chakradharpur]]
| [[Sukhram Oraon]]
|
|-<section end="West Singhbhum district" /><section begin="Seraikela Kharsawan district 2" />
|[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| 57
|[[Kharsawan Assembly constituency|Kharsawan]]
| [[Dashrath Gagrai]]
|
|-<section end="Seraikela Kharsawan district 2" /><section begin="Ranchi district" />
|[[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| 58
|[[Tamar Assembly constituency|Tamar]]
| [[Vikash Kumar Munda]]
|
|-<section end="Ranchi district" /><section begin="Khunti district" />
|rowspan="2"|[[Khunti district|Khunti]]
| 59
|[[Torpa Assembly constituency|Torpa]]
| [[Sudeep Gudhiya]]
|
|-
| 60
|[[Khunti Assembly constituency|Khunti]]
| [[Ram Surya Munda]]
|
|-<section end="Khunti district" /><section begin="Ranchi district 2" />
| rowspan="6" |[[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| 61
|[[Silli Assembly constituency|Silli]]
| [[Amit Mahto]]
|
|-
| 62
|[[Khijri Assembly constituency|Khijri]]
| [[Rajesh Kachhap]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 63
|[[Ranchi Assembly constituency|Ranchi]]
| [[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 64
|[[Hatia Assembly constituency|Hatia]]
| [[Navin Jaiswal]]
|
|-
| 65
|[[Kanke Assembly constituency|Kanke]]
| [[Suresh Kumar Baitha]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|rowspan=9}}
|
|-
| 66
| [[Mandar Assembly constituency|Mandar]]
| [[Shilpi Neha Tirkey]]
|Cabinet minister
|-<section end="Ranchi district 2" /><section begin="Gumla district" />
| rowspan="3" | [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| 67
|[[Sisai Assembly constituency|Sisai]]
| [[Jiga Susaran Horo]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 68
|[[Gumla Assembly constituency|Gumla]]
| [[Bhushan Tirkey]]
|
|-
| 69
|[[Bishunpur Assembly constituency|Bishunpur]]
| [[Chamra Linda]]
|Cabinet minister
|-<section end="Gumla district" /><section begin="Simdega district" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
| 70
|[[Simdega Assembly constituency|Simdega]]
| [[Bhushan Bara]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
| 71
|[[Kolebira Assembly constituency|Kolebira]]
| [[Naman Bixal Kongari]]
|
|-<section end="Simdega district" /><section begin="Lohardaga district" />
| [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| 72
|[[Lohardaga Assembly constituency|Lohardaga]]
| [[Rameshwar Oraon]]
|
|-<section end="Lohardaga district" /><section begin="Latehar district" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Latehar district|Latehar]]
| 73
|[[Manika Assembly constituency|Manika]]
| [[Ramchandra Singh|Ramachandra Singh]]
|
|-
| 74
|[[Latehar Assembly constituency|Latehar]]
| [[Prakash Ram]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-<section end="Latehar district" /><section begin="Palamu district" />
| rowspan="5" | [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| 75
|[[Panki Assembly constituency|Panki]]
| [[Kushwaha Shashi Bhushan Mehta|Shashi Bhushan Mehta]]
|
|-
| 76
|[[Daltonganj Assembly constituency|Daltonganj]]
| [[Alok Kumar Chaurasiya|Alok Chaurasiya]]
|
|-
| 77
|[[Bishrampur Assembly constituency|Bishrampur]]
| [[Naresh Prasad Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 78
|[[Chhatarpur, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]]
| [[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Cabinet minister
|-
| 79
|[[Hussainabad Assembly constituency|Hussainabad]]
| [[Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav|Sanjay Kumar Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|
|-<section end="Palamu district" /><section begin="Garhwa district" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Garhwa district|Garhwa]]
| 80
|[[Garhwa Assembly constituency|Garhwa]]
| [[Satyendra Nath Tiwari]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 81
|[[Bhawanathpur Assembly constituency|Bhawanathpur]]
| [[Anant Pratap Deo]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| {{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|
|-<section end="Garhwa district" />
|}

==Composition==

<section begin="Composition"/>
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Alliance
!colspan=2|Political party
!No. of MLAs
!Leader of the party
|-
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center;"|'''Government<br/>[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]]'''<br/>Seats: '''56'''
|{{party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|style="text-align:center;"|34
|[[Hemant Soren]]<br/><small>''([[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]])''</small>
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|16
|[[Keshav Mahto Kamlesh]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|[[Sanjay Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[Arup Chatterjee]]
|-
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center;"|'''Opposition<br/>[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''<br/>Seats: '''24'''
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|21
|[[Babulal Marandi]]<br/><small>''([[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]])''</small>
|-
|{{party color cell|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Sudesh Mahto|Sudesh Mahato]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Saryu Roy]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Janardan Paswan]]
|-
|rowspan=1 {{party color cell|Others}}
|rowspan=1 style="text-align:center;"|'''Others'''<br/>Seats: '''1'''
|{{party color cell|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]]
|-
!colspan=4|Total
!colspan=2|81
|}
<section end="Composition"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Jharkhand ]]

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Wayanad

2026-02-22T04:14:56Z

MerryHarris567: added citations further and improved wording for clarity

{{short description|School in Wayanad district, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = April 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Wayanad
| native_name = JNV Lakkidi
| image_size = 100px
| alt = Logo of Navodaya schools
| caption = Pragyanam Brahma
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|11.52|N|76.0203|E}} 
| float = center
| zoom = 12
| width = 240 
| height = 200
| caption = {{center|Location of JNV Wayanad}}
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|11.5354|N|76.0203|E}} 
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 10
| label1 = JNV Wayanad
| label-size1 = 12
| label-color1 = black
| label-pos1 = top
| mark-title1 =
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = JNV Wayanad
}}
| motto = प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}<br />{{transliteration|sa|ISO|Pragñānam [[Brahma]]}} <small>([[ISO 15919|ISO]])</small><br />{{Translation|"Pure Knowledge is [[Brahma]]"}}
| motto_translation =
| location = [[Lakkidi, Wayanad|Lakkidi]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| city =
| state = [[Kerala]]
| postal_code = 679105
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.5354|N|76.0203|E|type:edu|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| type = Public
| established = 2005 
| opened =
| closed =
| superintendent =
| principal = M.G. Aravindakshan
| principal_label =
| principal1 =
| principal_label1 = Vice Principal
| staff = 15
| faculty = 25
| grades = VI - XII
| enrollment =
| campus_size = {{convert|25|acre|m2}}
| campus_type = Rural
| houses = {{color box|#3366FF}}  [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]]<br />{{color box|#3B7A57}}  [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri]]<br />{{color box|#FF3300}}  [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]]<br />{{color box|#FFFF00}}  [[Rajgir Hills|Udaygiri]]
| colors =
| feeder_schools =
| affiliation = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| website = {{URL|http://jnvwynad.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Wayanad''', locally known as '''JNV Lakkidi''', is a [[Boarding school|boarding]], [[co-educational]] school in [[Wayanad district]] of [[Kerala]] state in [[India]]. Navodaya Vidyalayas are funded by the Indian [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Human Resources Development]] and administered by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti, an autonomous body under the ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1/|title=Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti|website=Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417144104/http://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
This school was established on 22 June 2005, and is a part of [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] schools. Initially the school operated in renovated godowns of North Malabar District Cooperative and Marketing Society till 31 May 2009. On 1 June 2009, the vidyalaya shifted to the permanent campus which is located at village [[Lakkidi, Wayanad|Lakkidi]], Wayanad district. This school is administered and monitored by the [[Hyderabad]] regional office of [[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti|Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navodayahyd.gov.in/kerala.html|title=NVS RO Hyderabad - JNVs in Kerala|website=NVS RO Hyderabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818114411/http://navodayahyd.gov.in/kerala.html|archive-date=18 August 2018|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>

== Admission ==
Admission to JNV Wayanad at class VI level is made through selection test conducted by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti. The information about test is disseminated and advertised in the district by the office of Wayanad [[District collector (India)|district magistrate]] (Collector), who is also the chairperson of Vidyalya Management Committee.

== Affiliations ==
JNV Wayanad is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] with affiliation number 940014, following the curriculum prescribed by CBSE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=940014|title=CBSE affiliation details of JNV Wayanad|website=[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] - Online School Affiliation & Monitoring System|access-date=5 April 2019}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya#List of schools|List of JNV schools]]
* [[List of Kendriya Vidyalayas]]
* [[Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya]] - [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya#Emulation of the Navodaya Vidyalaya system|Emulation of the Navodaya Vidyalaya system]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://jnvwynad.com/ Official Website of JNV Wayanad]

{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in Kerala|Wayanad]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Wayanad district]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Dhule Municipal Corporation

2026-02-16T11:02:43Z

MerryHarris567:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Dhule, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Dhule Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 400px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| foundation = 30 June 2003
| body = Dhule
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Pratibhatai Chaudhari
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| leader2_type = Commissioner
| leader2 = Amita Dagale Patil
| leader3_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader3 = Kalyani Apalkar
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| members = 74
|political_groups1 =
'''Government (50)'''
:*{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|50}}
''' Opposition (24)'''
:* {{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|10}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|8}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|5}}
:* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = http://www.dhulecorporation.org
}}
The '''Dhule Municipal Corporation''' is the governing body of the city of [[Dhule]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and police. Members from the state's leading various political parties hold elected offices in the corporation. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Dhule Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal_corporation_(India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Dh11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dh12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dh13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds

==List of Mayor==
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="text-align:center"
|+
!#
!Name
!colspan="3"|Term
! Election
! colspan="2" |Party
|-style="text-align:center"
|
|Chandrakant Sonar
|31 December 2018
|17 September 2021
|{{ayd|31 December 2018|17 September 2021}}
|rowspan="2"|2018
|rowspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|
|Pradeep Karpe
|17 September 2021
|31 December 2023
|{{ayd|17 September 2021|31 December 2023}}
|-style="text-align:center"
|
|Pratibhatai Chaudhari
|6 February 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|06 February 2026}}
|2026
|}

==List of Deputy Mayor==
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="text-align:center"
|+
!#
!Name
!colspan="3"|Term
! Election
! colspan="2" |Party
|-style="text-align:center"
|1
|[[Shah Faruk Anwar]]
|2013
|2016
|{{ayd|17 September 2013|17 September 2016}}
||2018
|rowspan="1"|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
|2
|Nagsen Borse
|2022
|2025
|{{ayd|05 December 2022|17 September 2025}}
|rowspan="1"|2022
|rowspan="2"|[[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color| Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
|3
|Kalyani Apalkar
|2026
| Incumbent
|{{ayd|06 February 2026}}
|rowspan="1"|2026
|-style="text-align:center"
|}

==List of Chairman, Standing Committee==
== Administration==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Dhule Municipal Corporation.jpg|right|thumb|Dhule Municipal Corporation]]
The Dhule Municipal Corporation is headed by a Municipal Commissioner, generally a senior officer state cadre officer/an IAS officer. The commissioner wields the executive power of the house. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators to power.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Papalkar is Dhule’s new dist collector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/j-s-papalkar-appointed-as-dhules-new-district-collector/articleshow/112331472.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The corporators are responsible for overseeing that their constituencies have the basic civic infrastructure in place, and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities. The mayor is the head of the house, who is usually from the majority party. All administrative business in the municipal corporation is conducted in Marathi.

== Corporation Election Results ==

=== 2026 Election Result ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
! Party name
! Party flag or symbol
! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|50px]]
| 50
|-
| 02
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| [[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|45px]]
| 08
|-
| 03
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|center|45px]]
| 05
|-
| 04
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|center|45px]]
|10
|-
| 05
| Independent
|
|01
|}

=== 2018 Election Result ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2013 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=Dhule Municipal Corporation Result |url=http://www.lokmat.com/dhule/dhule-municipal-election-results-2018-live-counting-begins-short-span-time/ |accessdate=2018-12-31}}</ref> !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|50px]] || 50
|-
| 02 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|45px]]|| 08
|-
| 03 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|45px]] || 06
|-
| 04 || [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)|| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|center|45px]]||04
|-
| 05 || Lok Sangram Party || [[File:No flag.svg|center|45px]] || 01
|-
| 06 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|center|45px]]|| 01
|-
| 07 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|center|45px]]|| 01
|-
| 08 || Independent || ||01
|}

=== 2013 Election Result ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperlokmat.in/Archive/epapernew.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20181211_5_3&arted=Jalgaon%20Main&width=517px/ |title=Dhule Municipal Corporation 2013 Result|accessdate=2018-12-31}}</ref> !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|45px]] || 34
|-
| 02 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|center|45px]] || 11
|-
| 03 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|45px]] || 07
|-
| 04 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|50px]] || 03
|-
| 05 || Lok Sangram Party || [[File:No flag.svg|center|45px]] || 01
|-
| 06 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|center|45px]] || 01
|-
| 07 || [[Samajwadi Party]] |||| 03
|-
| 08 || [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)|| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|center|45px]] ||00
|-
| 09 || Independent || ||10
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Dhule]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Geetu Mohandas

2026-02-09T21:23:07Z

MerryHarris567: adjusted formatting after review and updated info based on references

{{short description|Indian actress, director (born 1981)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Indian name|Geetu|Mohandas}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geetu Mohandas
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Gayatri Das
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1981|6|8}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | film director}}
| othername = Geetu
| yearsactive = 1986{{Endash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rajeev Ravi]]|2009}}
| awards = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Kerala State Film Awards]], Best Actress, 2004
* [[Filmfare Awards]], Best Actress, 2004
* [[Sundance Film Festival]], Global Film Maker Award, 2016
}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Gayatri Das''' (born 8 June 1981) known professionally as '''Geetu Mohandas''' is an Indian former actress and director known for her works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. In 2013, she directed the socio political film ''[[Liar's Dice (film)|Liar's Dice]]'' which has received two [[National Film Awards]], was [[premiered]] at [[Sundance Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starblockbuster.com/nawazuddin%E2%80%99s-liar%E2%80%99s-dice-sundance-film-festival |title=Nawazuddin's Liar's Dice in Sundance Film Festival |publisher=Starblockbuster |accessdate=17 April 2014}}</ref> and was India's official entry at the [[87th Academy Awards]] for [[Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/liars-dice-is-indias-official-oscar-entry-669634?pfrom=home-topstories |title=India will send Hindi-language road film Liar's Dice to the Oscars next year, the Film Federation of India (FFI) announced today |author=Gitanjali Roy |date=23 September 2014 |accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref>

== Career ==

===As an actress===

Geetu's official name is Gayatri Das.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=I, Me, Myself – Geethu Mohandas |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070400990802.htm |date=4 July 2003 |accessdate=13 April 2009}}</ref> Affectionately called Geetu by her family, the name was adopted as her screen name when she starred in her fourth movie ''[[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare]]'' in 1986 with [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role. Geetu was five years old then and captured the hearts of Malayalam filmgoers as a fatherless child who discovers a father in an anonymous telephone caller.<ref>{{cite web |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/11geetu.htm |title=Geetu Mohandas is Damayanthi |author=Shobha Warrier |date=11 February 2003 |accessdate=13 April 2009}}</ref> She acted in the top grosser ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' as the title role, which was the Tamil remake of [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]'s ''[[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]]'' (Malayalam) done by [[Shalini Kumar|Baby Shalini]] in the title role.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=In the big league |url=http://www.thehinduretailplus.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/12/stories/2003061200270202.htm |date=12 June 2003 |accessdate=13 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726071907/http://www.thehinduretailplus.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/12/stories/2003061200270202.htm |archivedate=26 July 2011}}</ref> Geetu's first movie as an adult was [[Life is Beautiful]], starring Mohanlal in the lead. She went on to act in [[Thenkasi Pattanam]], [[Valkannadi]], [[Nammal Thammil]] and several other Malayalam movies. The high point of her career was [[Akale]] directed by [[Shyamaprasad]], and produced by [[Tom George Kolath]] which won her the Kerala State Award for Best Actress in 2004. Geetu also won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam for her role as Rose in [[Akale]].

===As director===
Geetu Mohandas formed her film production house- Unplugged in 2009 which produced her directorial debut short fiction film titled Kelkkunnundo ''Are you listening''. The film premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam and subsequently won 3 International awards for Best Short fiction as well as the National Film Award in India. The film has been included as a chapter in the 12th standard Kerala state syllabus since 2014.

Her first feature film [[Liar's Dice (film)|''Liar's Dice'']] received the Hubert Bals fund for script and project development and the film was selected in Competition for the world dramatic competition at [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2014. ''Liar's Dice'' went on to win six major international awards across the world and two National awards in India. It was also India's official entry for the Best Foreign Film category for the 87th Academy Awards.<ref>[http://dearcinema.com/news/liars-dice-wins-special-jury-award-sofia-international-film-festival/1922 Liar's Dice wins Special Jury award at Sofia International Film Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321145527/http://dearcinema.com/news/liars-dice-wins-special-jury-award-sofia-international-film-festival/1922 |date=21 March 2014 }} Retrieved 6 April 2014.</ref>

Her second feature film, [[Moothon]] was mentored by the Sundance film lab and Geetu also won the Global film maker award at [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2016. Moothon had its World premiere at Toronto International film festival in 2019 and was the opening film at MAMI 2019.<ref>{{cite news |work=Silverscreen.in |title='This Is The Bronze Age Of Malayalam Cinema. I Won't Call It The Golden Age. We Are Not There Yet': Geetu Mohandas |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/geetu-mohandas-moothon-nivinpauly-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230083945/https://silverscreen.in/features/geetu-mohandas-moothon-nivinpauly-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2019 |date=18 September 2019 |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/moothon-geetu-mohandas-malayalam-action-thriller-will-open-21st-edition-of-mami-mumbai-film-festival-7154211.html |title=Moothon, Geetu Mohandas' Malayalam action thriller, will open 21st edition of MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |date=13 August 2019}}.She will going to direct Yash's next movie names Toxic.</ref>
Toxic

==Personal life==
She was born as Gayatri Das to Mohandas and Latha on 8 June 1981 at [[Kochi]]. Studied in India, Malaysia and Canada. She has a brother living in [[US]].<ref>http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=8&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505073712/http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=8&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |date=5 May 2015 }} Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref>
On 14 November 2009, she married cinematographer [[Rajeev Ravi]].<ref>[http://www.epathram.com/cinema/2009_11_01_archive.shtml "ഗീതു മോഹന്‍ദാസ്‌ വിവാഹിതയായി"] Retrieved 18 April 2011.</ref> The wedding took place at night in [[Kochi]], Kerala, India. The couple have a daughter.{{CN|date=February 2025}}

==Awards==

===As director===
'''International Film Festival of India'''
* 2009 – IFFI Golden Lamp Tree Award for Best Film and Director – ''Kelkkunnundo'' Film Chamber of Commerce
'''International Awards'''
* 2017 - Global filmmaking award for story in [[Sundance Film Festival]] 2016 - ''[[Moothon]]''
'''Mumbai International Film Festival'''
* 2010 – Jury Award – ''Kelkkunnundo''

====Awards for Moothon====
* 2020- 3 awards at NYIFF for Best Film, Best Actor, Best Child Actor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/moothon-wins-awards-for-best-film-best-actor-and-best-child-artist-in-new-york-indian-film-festival/amp |title=Moothon Wins Awards for Best Film, Best Actor and Best Child Artist in New York Indian Film Festival - Zee5 News |date=5 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/moothon-wins-three-awards-in-cincinnati-indian-film-festival-2020/articleshow/79366264.cms |title=Moothon wins three awards at Cincinnati Indian Film Festival 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
* 2020- 3 awards at NYIFF for Best Supporting Actor for Shashank Arora, Best Child Actor for Sanjana Dipu,Best Screenplay for Geetu Mohandas
* 2020- 2 awards at INDO - GERMAN FILM WEEK 2020 for Audience Choice Award, Best Supporting Actor for Roshan Mathew<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/events/moothon-wins-two-awards-at-indo-german-film-week-in-berlin/ |title='Moothon' Wins Two Awards at Indo-German Film Week in Berlin |date=3 October 2020 |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227033559/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/events/moothon-wins-two-awards-at-indo-german-film-week-in-berlin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2020- 2 awards at Iat NEWYORK INDIAN FILM FESTIVAL for 4 nominations for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Child Actor 2020
*2020- won the Best Film and Jury Prize at the prestigious Festival du Film d'Asie du Sud - FFAST in Paris<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/moothon-wins-at-ffast-paris/articleshow/73959597.cms |title=Moothon wins at FFAST, Paris |newspaper=The Times of India |last1=Mathews |first1=Anna}}</ref>

===Festivals for Moothon===
* 2020- selected to the 18th ANNUAL IFFLA at Los Angeles, California<ref>{{cite web |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/bollywood/2020/02/18th-annual-indian-film-festival-of-los-angeles/ |title=18th Annual Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles |date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
* 2020- screened at London Indian Film Festival and Birmingham Indian Film Festival.
* 2020- premiered at 43rd GOTEBORG FILM FESTIVAL 2020 In Sweden<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/geetu-mohandas-directed-moothon-wins-best-film-film-festival-paris-117480?amp |title=Geetu Mohandas-directed 'Moothon' wins Best Film at film festival in Paris |date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
* 2020-24th edition of International Film Festival of Kerala - IFFK

===Awards for Liar's Dice===
* 2014- [[Sofia International Film Festival]] -Special Mention award & FIPRESCI AWARD for best film
* 2014- [[New York Indian Film Festival]] - Best Actress award
* 2014 - Special Jury award at the 18th Sofia International Film Festival - ''[[Liar's Dice]]''
* 2014- Pesaro International Film Festival- Lino Micciche Award for the Best Film
* 2014- Granada Cines del Sur Film Festival- Bronce Alhambra award

===As actress===
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
*2004- [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] – ''[[Akale]]'', [[Oridam]]
*1986- [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]] – [[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare]]
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*2004-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] – ''[[Akale]]''
;[[Asianet Film Awards]]
* 2004-Special Jury Mention – ''[[Akale]]''
;[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
*2001- Best Actress – Shesham
*2004- Special Jury Award – ''[[Akale]]''
;Mathrubhumi, Medimix film
*2004-Best character Actress – ''[[Akale]]''
;Ramu Karyat award
*2020- Promising director Award -''[[Moothon]]''

==Filmography==

===As an actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Geetu Mohandas film acting credits
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |1986 ||''[[Onnu Muthal Poojaym Vare]]'' || Deepa Mol || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Sayam Sandhya]]'' || Vinu Mol || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Veendum]]'' ||Anu || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Rareeram]]'' ||Geethu || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|1988|| ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' ||Tinnu ||Tamil film || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000 ||''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'' || Bala||Debut as lead actress || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' ||Sangeetha || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|2001||''[[Kannaki (film)|Kannaki]]''||Kumudam || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="5" |2002||''Kakke Kakke Koodevide''||Sudharma || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Pakalppooram]]''||Seemandini / Ghost|| || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Krishna Gopalakrishna]]''||Gayathri || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Sesham]]''||Meera || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Valkannadi]]'' ||Devu || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003|| ''Sahodharan Sahadevan'' ||Arathi || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''Shingari Bolona''||Maya || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]''||Damayanthi ||Tamil film || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''Choonda''||Mohini Varma/Archana || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Mullavalliyum Thenmavum]]'' ||Eva Cherian || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004 ||''[[Oridam]]'' ||A Sex worker with no name || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''Thudakkam'' ||Karthika || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Akale]]'' ||Rose || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005 ||''[[Ullam (2005 film)|Ullam]]'' ||Radha || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Pauran]]''||Annie|| || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Rappakal]]'' ||Malavika Varma|| || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006 ||''[[Kisan (film)|Kisan]]'' || Ammu/Ambili Varma|| || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' ||Ramya||Tamil film || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''Arunam''||Seetha|| || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''Mouryan''||Anjali|| || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007 ||''[[Bharathan Effect]]'' ||Geetha|| || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Thakarachenda]]'' ||Latha|| || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Naalu Pennungal]]'' || {{ubl | Kumari | The Virgin||aka Four Women (Canada: English title: festival title)}} || style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
|2008 ||''[[Akasha Gopuram]]'' ||Catherine|| || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009 ||''[[Nammal Thammil]]'' ||Anu || || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|''[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' ||Abhirami||Final film role || style="text-align: center;" |
|}

=== As director ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Geetu Mohandas film directing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
|2009
|''Kelkkunnundo''
|Malayalam
|Short Film
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|2014
|''[[Liar's Dice (film)|Liar's Dice]]''
|Hindi
| {{br list | Special Jury award at the 18th Sofia International Film Festival | Received two National Film Awards}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="director">{{Cite web |last=Shriijth |first=Sajin |date=2019-11-21 |title=Geetu Mohandas: No one other than Nivin could have played Akbar so beautifully |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Nov/21/geetu-mohandas-no-one-other-than-nivin-couldve-played-akbar-so-beautifully-15633.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Moothon]]''
|{{ubl | Malayalam | Hindi}}
|Global filmmaking award for story in Sundance film festival 2016
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="director"/>
|-
| 2026
| scope="row" {{Pending film|[[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic]]}}
| {{ubl | Kannada | English }}
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yash-starrer-toxic-to-go-on-floors-on-this-date/article68495826.ece|title=Yash-starrer 'Toxic' to go on floors on this date|work=The Hindu|date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0595936}}

{{FilmfareMalayalamBestActress}}
{{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress}}

{{authority control}}
{{commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohandas, Geetu}}
[[Category:Actresses from Kannur]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Artists from Kannur]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Mohammad Ali Baig

2026-02-08T17:46:22Z

MerryHarris567: quick improve references for consistency further and updated info after review

{{Short description|Indian theatre director and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohammad Ali Baig
| image = File:Theatre Personalities Lillette Dubey and Mohammad Ali Baig alongwith Set Designer M.S. Sathyu at the Press Conference, during the 43rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2012), in Panaji, Goa on November 21, 2012.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mohammad Ali Baig (at left)
| birth_name = Mohammad Ali Baig
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Theatre
| occupation = Theatre Personality, and Ad and Documentary Film Maker
}}
'''Mohammad Ali Baig''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] theatre personality and film maker of ad and documentary films, referred to by the media as 'Global Face of Hyderabadi Theatre', 'Sultan of Epics' and 'Master of Revival'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hyderabadi-actor-wows-city-theatre-goers/articleshow/56741873.cms|title=Hyderabadi actor wows city theatre-goers|date=24 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/Art/CULTURAMA/All-The-Worlds-His-Stage|title=All The World's His Stage|website=www.magzter.com}}</ref> He is the recipient of the Padmashri. He founded the Qadir Ali Baig Theatre Foundation in Hyderabad in 2005,<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Hindu |author-link=The Hindu |title=Archive News |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/08/stories/2010110859670200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113022641/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/08/stories/2010110859670200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2010 |access-date=30 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-11-08 |language=en}}</ref> as a tribute to his father, theatre legend late Qadir Ali Baig. In April 2014, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in India, in 2014 for his contributions in theatre arts.<ref name=pib>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364|date=25 January 2014|access-date=2014-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Born into one of the most prominent theatre families in India, the playwright-director-actor remains passionately devoted to the family legacy. The Qadir Ali Baig Theatre Foundation is dedicated to promoting meaningful theatre in Hyderabad. He is the founder-curator of [[Qadir Ali Baig Theatre Festival]], one of the most prestigious theatre festivals in the country, held annually in Hyderabad during October–November.

==Early life==
Mohammad Ali Baig was born to renowned theatre personality, [[Qadir Ali Baig]] in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] and Begum Razia Baig, who is Chairperson of the Qadir Ali Baig Theatre Foundation. Mohammad Ali Baig traversed almost the entire gamut of Indian theatre as a child, and avant-garde world theatre as a teenager.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tarun-returns-to-theatre/article2239018.ece | title=Tarun returns to theatre | date=13 January 2007 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=8 September 2018 }}</ref>

==Career==
At an age when most youngsters would be stepping out of film school and beginning to assist senior filmmakers, Mohammad Ali Baig was already directing stalwarts in the industry as an advertising film maker, and became the youngest director-on-board of India’s pioneering public limited TV and films production company, Odyssey in Bangalore.

Mohammad Ali Baig has produced and directed over 400 advertising and corporate films for leading Indian and foreign brands in India, Thailand, and in other countries. His ad films, short films, and social documentaries have been telecast around the world; from Doordarshan in India to BBC in UK, Discovery Channel in USA, CNN and Moscow Television in Russia.

He formed the ‘Qadir Ali Baig Theatre Foundation’ in 2005 along with his mother Begum Razia Baig and Lakshmi Devi Raj, as a tribute to his legendary father and to revive quality theatre in Hyderabad. One of the most experienced and prominent names in Indian theatre today, His own productions include: South India’s biggest original musical production in Hindustani, ‘Taramati- The Legend of an Artist’, ‘His Exalted Highness’, ‘Reading Between the Lines’, ‘Raat Phoolon Ki’, ‘Resham Ki Dor’, ‘Pankhdiyaan’, ‘Aaina’, ‘Dada Saheb Phalke’, ‘Quli: Dilon ka Shahzaada', ‘Savaan-e-Hayat’, 'Spaces' and '1857: Turrebaz Khan'.

'Quli : Dilon ka Shahzaada', 'Savaan-e-Hayat', 'Spaces' (co-written by and also featuring Baig's wife, writer-actor Noor Baig) have been feted at prestigious festivals and venues in India, Canada, France, Turkey, UK and USA. 'Quli: Dilon ka Shahzaada' has a successful week-long run at Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2016. His latest play '1857: Turrebaz Khan' had its world premiere there, followed by a premiere in London.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Aruvi]]'' || Mohammad Shakeel Waqaab || rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2022 || ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' || Kathir's guru
|-
|''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]'' || P. K. Abraham
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Platform
|-
| 2020 || ''[[She (TV series)|She]]'' || Alam || [[Hindi]]<br />[[English language|English]] || [[Netflix]]
|-
| 2021 || [[In the Name of God (TV series)|''In the Name of God'']] || Rossi || rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||[[aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|-
| 2022 || [[Aha Naa Pellanta (web series)|''Aha Naa Pellanta '']] || Mr. K || [[ZEE5]]
|}

==Awards ==
He has won two international awards for his film ‘Rockumentary’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/esam/docs/november_low_c4728b986069f7|title=November issue by Tulip Magazine - Issuu|date=6 January 2014|website=issuu.com}}</ref> Various global honours (French Honour in Paris,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mohammad-ali-baigs-theatre-revival-movement-in-the-city-got-another-shot-in-the-arm-the-french-government-has-invited-baig-to-paris-to-share-his-celebrated-theatre-revival-movement-with-other-french-theatre-companies-this-will-be-baigs-third-global-honour-in-three-years-/articleshow/6650367.cms|title=Mohammad Ali Baig's theatre revival movement in the city got another shot in the arm. The French government has invited Baig to Paris to share his celebrated theatre revival movement with other French theatre companies. This will be Baig's third global honour in three years.|date=29 September 2010|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> Awards for Global Excellence in Theatre in Toronto and Chicago, Retrospectives in Turkey, UK and USA) have been for his kind of theatre that makes history contemporary, fantasy realistic and multiculturalism chic. His heritage-based theatre productions have been the toast of several international festivals in India, Canada, France, Pakistan, Turkey, USA and UK. His theatre is modeled on his father’s Spectacle Theatre, performed at iconic venues; forts, palaces and stadiums, drawing large-number turnouts. He is credited for single-handedly reviving theatre in Hyderabad over the past decade. As an advertising and documentary filmmaker, he has over 450 productions to his credit, bringing him over 40 awards for creative excellence globally.

In April 2014, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in India, in 2014 for his contributions in theatre arts.<ref name=pib/>

==See also ==

* [[Qadir Ali Baig Theatre Festival]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9919795}}
*[http://www.baigtheatrefoundation.com/ Official website]
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baig, Mohammad Ali}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

African houbara

2026-01-31T06:24:36Z

MerryHarris567: Stub

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{About|the North African species|the Asian houbara that was considered a subspecies|MacQueen's bustard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Houbara035.JPG
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2023 |title=''Chlamydotis undulata'' |article-number=e.T22728245A208501099 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22728245A208501099.en}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Chlamydotis
| species = undulata
| authority = ([[Joseph Franz von Jacquin|Jacquin]], 1784)
| range_map = Houbara bustard.svg
| range_map_caption = Range of ''Ch. undulata'' {{leftlegend|#916549|Extant (resident)|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#D97F46|Possibly extant (resident)|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FCB561|Possibly extinct|outline=gray}}
}}

The '''African houbara''' ('''''Chlamydotis undulata'''''), also known as the '''houbara bustard''' (''houbara'' from {{langx|ar|حُبَارَى|ḥubārā}} for bustards in general), is a relatively small [[bustard]] native to [[North Africa]], where it lives in arid habitats. The global population is listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2014.<ref name=iucn/> There is a population in the [[Canary Islands]] which was assessed as [[Near Threatened]] in 2015, but has since also been assessed as Vulnerable.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2021 |title=''Chlamydotis undulata'' (Europe assessment) |article-number=e.T22728245A166436759 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22728245A166436759.en}}</ref>

It is dull brown with black markings on the wings, a greyish neck and a black ruff along the side of the neck. Males are larger and heavier than females.

==Description==
The African houbara is a small to mid-sized bustard. It measures {{cvt|55|-|75|cm}} in length and spans {{cvt|135|-|170|cm}} across the wings. It is brown above and white below, with a black stripe down the sides of its neck. In flight, the long wings show large areas of black and brown on the flight feathers. The sexes are similar, but the female, between {{cvt|55|-|65|cm}} tall, is rather smaller and greyer above than the male, at {{cvt|65|-|75|cm}} tall.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ali, S.|year=1993|title=The Book of Indian Birds|publisher=Bombay Natural History Society|location=Bombay|isbn=978-0-19-563731-1}}</ref><ref name=collins/>{{verify source|date=October 2023 |reason=Presumptive fix for undefined reference}} The body mass is {{convert|1.8|-|3.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males and {{convert|1.2|-|1.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in females.<ref name = "CRC">''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), {{ISBN|978-0-8493-4258-5}}.</ref><ref name=collins/>{{verify source|date=October 2023 |reason=Presumptive fix for undefined reference}}

==Taxonomy==
''Psophia undulata'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Joseph Franz von Jacquin]] in 1784 who described a houbara brought from [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] to [[Vienna]]'s [[Tiergarten Schönbrunn]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Jacquin, J. F. |year=1784 |title=Beyträge zur Geschichte der Vögel |location= Wien |publisher=C. F. Wappler |chapter=''Psophia undulata'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/beytrgezurgesc00jacq/page/24 |page=24}}</ref>
''Otis macqueenii'' was proposed by [[John Edward Gray]] in 1832 for a bustard from [[India]] drawn by [[Thomas Hardwicke]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=J. E. |year=1830–1832 |title=Illustrations of Indian Zoology; Chiefly Selected from the Collection of Major-General Hardwicke, F.R.S. Volume 2 |location=London |publisher=Treuttel, Würtz, Treuttel, Jun. and Richter |page=Plate 47 |chapter=MacQueen's bustard ''Otis macqueenii''. Gray |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/IllustrationsOfIndianZoology2/page/n101}}</ref>
The African houbara was subordinated to the genus ''[[Chlamydotis]]'' by [[René Lesson]] in 1839.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lesson |first1=R. |year=1839 |title=Oisseaux inédits |journal=Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuvierienne |volume=II |issue=2 |pages=43−47 |url=https://archive.org/details/revuezoologiquep39soci/page/46}}</ref>
''Houbara fuertaventurae'' was proposed by [[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Walter Rothschild]] and [[Ernst Hartert]] in 1894 for a houbara from [[Fuerteventura]] island.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rothschild, W. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Hartert, E. |year=1894 |title=On a new Bustard from the Palearctic Region |journal=Novitates Zoologicae |volume=1 |issue=5 |page=689 |url=https://archive.org/details/novitateszoologi01lond/page/688/mode/2up}}</ref>

[[MacQueen's bustard]] was long regarded a [[subspecies]] of the African houbara.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. |year=1983 |title=A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |location=Bombay |chapter=''Chlamydotis undulata'' |page=106, Plate 37}}</ref> It was proposed as a distinct [[species]] in 2003 because of differences in plumage, vocalizations and courtship behaviour.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knox |first1=A. G. |last2=Collinson |first2=M. |last3=Helbig |first3=A. J. |last4=Parkin |first4=D. T. |last5=Sangster |first5=G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=Taxonomic recommendations for British birds |journal=Ibis |volume=144 |issue=4 |pages=707–710 |doi=10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00110.x|s2cid=82531549 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
The [[British Ornithologists' Union's Taxonomic Records Committee]]'s decision to accept this split has been questioned on the grounds that the differences in the male courtship displays may be functionally trivial, and would not prevent interbreeding, whereas a difference in a pre-copulation display would indicate that the two are separate species.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cowan |first=P. J. |year=2004 |title=Are there really two species of houbara? |journal=[[British Birds (magazine)|British Birds]] |volume=97 |issue=7 |pages=346–347}}</ref> The committee responded to this scepticism, by explaining that there are differences in both courtship and pre-copulation displays.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Collinson |first=M. |year=2004 |title=Are there really two species of houbara? A response from the TSC |journal=British Birds |volume=97 |issue=7 |page=348}}</ref>

[[File:Chlamydotis undulata on Lanzarote, June 2013 (2).jpg|thumb|Canarian houbara in Lanzarote, Canary Islands]]
Results of analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]] sequences of 73 ''Chlamydotis'' samples indicates that the houbara bustard and MacQueen's bustard [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] around 430,000 years ago from a [[common ancestor]]. The divergence between the African and [[Canarian houbara]] was estimated at 20,000 to 25,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mitochondrial control region diversity of the houbara bustard ''Chlamydotis undulata'' complex and genetic structure along the Atlantic seaboard of North Africa |first1=Y. |last1=Idaghdour |first2=D. |last2=Broderick |first3=A. |last3=Korrida |first4=F. |last4=Chbel |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02039.x |pmid=14653787 |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=43–54 |year=2004|bibcode=2004MolEc..13...43I |s2cid=25591653 }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The African houbara is found in North Africa west of the [[Nile]], mainly in the western part of the Sahara desert region in [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]] and [[Western Sahara]]. Some old records exist from Sudan as well. A small population is found in the [[Canary Islands]]. The Asian houbara or MacQueen's bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the Sinai Peninsula. The North African species is sedentary unlike the migratory northern populations of MacQueen's bustards.

The subspecies ''fuertaventurae'' of the [[Canary Islands]] is highly restricted and endangered. A 1997 survey found a total population of about 500 birds.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Distribution, status and conservation of the houbara bustard ''Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae'' Rothschild & Hartert, 1894, in the Canary Islands, November–December 1994|journal=Ardeola|volume=44|issue=1|year=1997|pages=61–69|author1=Aurelio Martin |author2=Juan Antonio Lorenzo |author3=Miguel Angel Hernandez |author4=Manuel Nogales |author5=Félix Manuel Medina |author6=Juan Domingo Delgado |author7=José Julián Naranjo |author8=Vicente Quilis |author9=Guillermo Delgado |url=http://www.ardeola.org/files/342.pdf}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Chlamydotis undulata MWNH 0052.JPG|thumb|upright|Houbara bustard egg in the collection of the [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
The African houbara has a flamboyant display raising the white feathers of the head and neck and withdrawing the head. Females lay two to four eggs on the ground.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gaucher |first1=P. |title=Breeding biology of the Houbara Bustard ''Chlamydotis undulate undulata'' in Algeria |journal=Alauda |date=1995 |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=291–298}}</ref>
It rarely vocalizes, but males make 3–5 low booming notes during breeding displays.<ref name=collins>{{cite book |last1=Svensson |first1=L. |last2=Mullarney |first2=K. |last3=Zetterstrom |first3=D. |title=Collins Bird Guide |date=2009 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London, UK |edition=Second}}</ref>

It is omnivorous, eating [[seeds]], [[insects]] and other small creatures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bourass |first1=K. |last2=Leger |first2=J.-F. |last3=Zaime |first3=A. |last4=Qninba |first4=A. |last5=Rguibi |first5=H. |last6=El Agbani |first6=M. A. |last7=Benhoussa |first7=A. |last8=Hingrat |first8=Y. |title=Observations on the diet of the North African houbara bustard during the non-breeding season |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |date=2012 |volume=82 |pages=53–59|doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.02.016 |bibcode=2012JArEn..82...53B }}</ref>

==Threats==
In North Africa, the houbara bustard is hunted by [[falconry|falconers]] and by hunters with guns. The populations declined in the two decades before 2004, but have been increasing since.<ref name=iucn/>

==Conservation ==
The ''International Fund for Houbara Conservation'' developed and implemented a global conservation strategy over the past forty years with the objective of ensuring a sustainable future in the wild through conservation programmes and management plans. This strategy consists of an integrated approach combining ecology, protection measures in the wild, conservation breeding, and reinforcement programmes.<ref name="TheNational 23-02-2019">{{cite news |publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |title=Fifty Houbara birds released into the UAE desert - in pictures |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/environment/fifty-houbara-birds-released-into-the-uae-desert-in-pictures-1.829114 |date=2019 |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |author=Stone, R. |year=2008 |title=The Houbara: Headed for Oblivion? |journal=Science |volume=321 |issue=5895 |page=1441 |url=http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Stone2008TheHoubara.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.321.5895.1441 |pmid=18787147 |s2cid=26931495 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Hingrat, Y., Saint Jalme, M., Ysnel, F., Le Nuz, E. and Lacroix, F. |year=2007 |title=Habitat use and mating system of the houbara bustard (''Chlamydotis undulata undulata'') in a semi-desertic area of North Africa: implications for conservation |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=39−52 |doi=10.1007/s10336-006-0098-9 |bibcode=2007JOrni.148...39H |s2cid=9173206 }}
* [http://conservationofhoubara.com/release-of-houbara-bustard-in-pakistan-by-international-fund-for-houbara-conservation-abu-dhabi/ Release of Houbara back to nature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913175336/http://conservationofhoubara.com/release-of-houbara-bustard-in-pakistan-by-international-fund-for-houbara-conservation-abu-dhabi/ |date=2016-09-13 }}

== External links ==
* [https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/african-houbara-chlamydotis-undulata BirdLife Species Factsheet.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205082133/http://www.ead.ae/en/en-us/national.avian.research.center.aspx National Avian Research Centre]
* [https://houbarafund.org/en/home International Fund for Houbara Conservation (IFHC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224222041/http://houbarafund.org/en/home |date=2020-02-24 }}

{{Otididae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q290871}}

[[Category:Chlamydotis|houbara bustard]]
[[Category:Birds of North Africa]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1784|houbara bustard]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Joseph Franz von Jacquin|houbara bustard]]

Dipti Srinivasan

2026-01-27T11:44:33Z

MerryHarris567: new...

{{Short description|Singaporean electrical engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=May 2023}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=May 2023}}
'''Dipti Srinivasan''' is a Singaporean electrical engineer whose research involves [[renewable energy]] and [[smart grid]]s. She is a professor in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and director of the Centre for Green Energy Management & Smart Grid at the [[National University of Singapore]].{{r|nus}}

==Education and career==
Srinivasan worked for the Rajasthan State Electricity Board in [[Jaipur]], India, from 1986 to 1989, before pursuing graduate studies in electrical engineering at the National University of Singapore. She earned a master's degree there in 1991 and completed a Ph.D. in 1994.{{r|orcid}}

After postdoctoral study at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], she returned to the National University of Singapore as a professor in 1995.{{r|nus|orcid}}

==Recognition==
Srinivasan was named an [[IEEE Fellow]], in the 2020 class of fellows, "for contributions to computational intelligence for Smart Grid".{{r|if}} She is the 2022 recipient of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Wanda Reder Pioneer in Power Award, given "for her leadership and valuable contributions to the power engineering profession, education, and excellent volunteerism".{{r|reder}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=if>{{citation|url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2020-ieee-fellow-class.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204053736/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2020-ieee-fellow-class.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2019|title=2020 Newly Elevated Fellows|publisher=IEEE|access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref>

<ref name=orcid>{{citation|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4877-3478|title=Dipti Srinivasan|work=ORCiD|access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref>

<ref name=nus>{{citation|url=https://www.ece.nus.edu.sg/gems/profhome.html|title=Dr. Dipti Srinivasan|publisher=National University of Singapore Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering|access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref>

<ref name=reder>{{citation|url=https://ieee-pes.org/about-pes/awards-scholarships/ieee-pes-wanda-reder-pioneer-in-power-award/|title=IEEE PES Wanda Reder Pioneer in Power Award|publisher=IEEE Power Engineering Society|access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*{{Google Scholar id|eiJgCRAAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Dipthi}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singaporean engineers]]
[[Category:Singaporean women engineers]]
[[Category:Electrical engineering academics]]
[[Category:Women electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National University of Singapore]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Indian descent]]

Surendra Singh Gaharwar

2026-01-24T14:16:22Z

MerryHarris567: adding a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Surendra Singh Gaharwar''' (born 1954)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Surendra Singh Gaharwar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHITRAKOOT(SATNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3108 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a three time MLA from [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot Assembly constituency]] in [[Satna district|Satna District]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Chitrakoot Constituency Election Results 2023: Chitrakoot Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/chitrakoot |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Chitrakoot सीट पर Surendra Singh Gaharwar ने Neelanshu कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/chitrakoot-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830201-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]], Satna District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Jagannath Singh. He completed his M.A. in 1976 at T. R. S. College, [[Rewa district|Rewa]]. He also did L.L.B. in 1983, and Diploma in labour law in 1984, at the Law College Satna, which is affiliated with Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, [[Rewa district|Rewa]]. His wife is a retired principal in a government college.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Singh won from Chitrakoot Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He polled 58,009 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Neelanshu Chaturvedi]] of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 6,670 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitrakoot assembly election results 2023: Chitrakoot Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/chitrakoot-assembly-result-12061 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Chitrakoot Election Result 2023 Live, Chitrakoot Elections Vote Counting, Madhya-pradesh Results 2023 {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-2023/madhya-pradesh-chitrakoot-constituency-61.html |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on BJP ticket from Chitrakoot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitrakoot Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Surendra Singh Gaharwar of BJP Emerges Winner |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chitrakoot-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687220.html |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Then he lost to the [[Indian National Congress]] candidates, Prem Singh in the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and to Neelanshu Chaturvedi in the 2017 by-election and the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaharwar, Surendra Singh}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Satna district]]

Chanderkot

2026-01-22T21:41:14Z

MerryHarris567: new

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chanderkot
| official_name = Chanderkote
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.1889|N|75.3024|E}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramban district|Ramban]]
| postal_code = 182148
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of India|Postal code]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| website = {{URL|ramban.gov.in}}
| demographics1_footnotes = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]] [[Shina language|shina]] [[Dogri]] [[Gujjri]] [[Punjabi]]
| image_skyline =
}}
'''Chanderkot''' is a village panchayat located in [[Ramban district|Ramban]] district in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu-Kashmir]].

== Geography ==
This village is located on the left bank of River [[Chenab River|Chenab]] 8 km from District Headquarters and nearly 125 km from the state capitals Jammu and Sringar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chanderkote|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chanderkote/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x391dc0d2576ef573:0xc341b5fc13395839?entry=gps|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Chanderkote|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=PM dedicates 450 MW Baglihar power project to nation|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/pm-dedicates-450-mw-baglihar-power-project-to-nation/articleshow/49703418.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-19}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |first=Muhammed |last=Siyad |date=2005|title=Indus Waters Treaty and Baglihar Project: Relevance of International Watercourse Law|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4416905|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=29|pages=3145–3154|jstor=4416905 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Chanderkote borders on its southeast with Kunfer panchayat.

Chenab acts as a gateway to Chanderkote.

== Demographics ==
The most common languages spoken in the region are [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Urdu]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujari language|Gujjari]], Sarazi, Punjabi, and English.

== Education ==
Government and private schools operate in Chanderkote:

* Government High school chanderkote
* Govt. HS Chanderkote (1951, managed by the Department of Education)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt. HS Chanderkote - Chanderkote, District Ramban (Jammu And Kashmir)|url=https://schools.org.in/ramban/01180101104/govt-hs-chanderkote.html|access-date=2022-01-22|website=schools.org.in|language=en}}</ref>
* Kamal Academy High school Chanderkote (1987, English medium, managed privately)
* Govt. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidhyalaya Chanderkote (2009, managed by the Department of Education)
* Era international convent
* New Presentation Convent Institute

Government primary schools include, Middle Primary school Chanderkote, PS Kunfer, PS Magdan, PS Bass, and PS Thanadi.

Government Degree College Ramban is 3 km away. A Government Polytechnic college at Chanderkote is under construction.
== Transport ==

=== Road ===

Chanderkote is by road to other places by [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]].

=== Rail ===
The nearest railway station is [[Udhampur railway station|Udhampur railway]] station 45 kilometres away.

=== Air ===
The nearest airport is [[Jammu Airport]] and [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar airport]] 125 kilometres away.

== Places ==

=== Gajpat Fort ===
Gajpat Fort is sited on the top of a mountain. Sheikh Abdullah was imprisoned in this fort for a few days. In 1825, Gulab Singh imprisoned Raja Sultan Khan of Bimbar there. Sultan Khan died there and was buried at Chanderkote. In 1858 Mean Hathu Singh, the Governor of Rajouri and close relatives of Maharaja revolted against State Government and tried to kill Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]]. Mean Hathu was arrested and shifted to the fort.<ref name=":0" />

=== Madarsa Faizul Quran ===
Islamic Studies Center with Joint Collab with Bilal Jamia Masjid Kunfer Chanderkote . It is a major religious study center in District [[Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir|Ramban]] with broad students [[Sunni Islam |Sunni]] Muslims.

=== Imambara ===
Imambara is a major religious place for [[Shia Islam|Shi’a]] Muslims.

=== Other ===
Other important places include:

* Jamia masjid chanderkote
* Shiv khoo (cave)
* Dargha Hazrat Abbas ع
* Durga mandir
*Amarnath yatri Niwas <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2022 |first=Sanjay |last=Khajuria |title=Amarnath Yatra: J&K DGP reviews security & other arrangements at Chanderkote, Banihal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/amarnath-yatra-jk-dgp-reviews-security-other-arrangements-at-chanderkote-banihal/articleshow/91106694.cms |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Baglihar Dam]]
*[[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel|Nashri]] chenani tunnel
*[[Patnitop]]
*[[Sanasar]]
*[https://fb.com/qalbioffical Qalbi bhai]
*[https://www.facebook.com/tariqahmedoffical Tariq Ahmed Chowdhary]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chanderkote}}
[[Category:Villages in Ramban district]]

Bogar

2026-01-21T15:49:02Z

MerryHarris567: refined page per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Tamil Siddhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Bogar''', '''Bhogar''', or '''Boganathar''' was a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[siddhar|Shaivite Siddhar]]. He was a disciple of the great siddhar [[Kalangi Nathar]].<ref name="bogar">{{cite web |title=Siddha Bhoganathar Oceanic Life story |url=http://palani.org/bhogar-biography.htm |website=palani.org}}</ref> Kalangi Nathar initiated him ''Jnana yoga'' (supreme self-knowledge).<ref name=":2" /> There are 18 [[Siddhar|Siddhars]] popularly known in [[Tamil literature]]. He is the one among the 18 Siddhars. They are described as experts in Yoga, alchemy, literature, and philosophy, and as having the ability to move their souls to and from the bodies of others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agasthiya Guru & 18 Siddhars |url=https://siddham.in/who-are-siddhars |url-status=live |website=Siddham.in}}</ref>

== Early life, family and his profession ==
He was born in Vaigavur near [[Palani Hills]] more than 5000 years ago. He received his education from his mother and his grand father described in several traditions and texts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=PANDIAN |first=M. SENDUR |date=1993 |title=Bohar (1550-1625) : Record of His Visit to China (Summary) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143069 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=54 |pages=757 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44143069}}</ref> Bogar himself describes his native roots in his book "Bogar 7000". Bogar went from Tamil Nadu to China and taught about enlightenment, this is also mentioned in his book Bogar 7000. The Tamraparniyan sea route was adopted by Bogar in his travels from South India to China via Sri Lanka (ancient [[Tamraparni]]).<ref name="bogar" />

According to one record of his long life, at a young age, bogar became student of agastyar. He later left the country in order to travel to china and study under Kalanginathar, an immortal siddha and a well known teacher of alchemy. Bogar reputedly transmigrated his soul into the body of a dead chinese man and was henceforth known as Bo-Yang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinkham |first=Mark Amaru |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Return_of_the_Serpents_of_Wisdom/IspS46HFPv0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Kalangi+Nathar%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT194&printsec=frontcover |title=The return of the serpents of wisdom |year=2011 |isbn=9781935487371}}</ref>

== Navapashanam Idol ==
Nava means "nine". Pashanam Means "Poisonous". Navapashanam is supposed to have cosmic energy to balance and harmonize all chakras in the body.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dr |first=Subramonian |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Secret_of_Shiva_Linga/4hYwEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=navapashanam&pg=PT1&printsec=frontcover |title=Secret of shiva linga |publisher=Notion Press media Pvt Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781638065906 |page=94}}</ref> One of the outstanding of all his works is ''[[Sculpture|sculpting]]'' the navapashana idol of Lord Murugan and having the wisdom and grace to choose Palanimala to host the idol.<ref name=":3" /> In india, Ayurveda and siddha medical science has been known for the use of "alchemical formulas". "Navapashanam" is one of the most acclaimed siddha elixirs known to man kind. Navapashanam is an amalgam of 9 poisonous herbs, and it's also the most closely guarded ancient secret formula given by the master siddha alchemist Bogar.<ref name=":1" /> The Statue of Murugan at the palani temple is made of navapashanam. This magical elixir is believed to cure diseases.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Louise Fowler |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sacred_Trees_of_India/x493EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=navapashanam&pg=PA85&printsec=frontcover |title=Sacred trees of india: adornment and adoration as an alternative to the commodification of nature |year=2022 |isbn=9781527588349 |page=85}}</ref>

Bhogar Siddhar was the one who created the famous navapashana idol of Lord Murugan at Palani. He created nine poisonous substances by blending over 4000 herbs. Then, he mixed the nine poisonous substances in a particular ratio to form a material that was more indestructible than the stronger iron.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=R |first=Rejith Kumar |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/My_Masters_from_the_4th_Dimension/TPCcEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bhogar%20crafted%20murugan%20idol&pg=PT226&printsec=frontcover |title=My Masters from the 4th generation: A Rendezvous with Time |publisher=Notion Press |year=2022 |isbn=9798888054734}}</ref>

There is an extant statue of lord Murugan in Navapashanam. The milk that was poured on this statue has been said to have mixed with some of the herbs thereby proving to be an effective cure for the diseases during the time<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |title=The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780226149349 |pages=376}}</ref><ref name=":0">Palani temple | Official Link |url=http://palani.org/bhogar-life.htm?</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clothey |first=Fred W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&q=Bhogar&pg=PA229 |title=The many faces of Murugan̲: the history and meaning of a South Indian god |author2=A.K. Ramanujan |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1978 |isbn=978-90-279-7632-1 |pages=228–229 |access-date=22 September 2010}}</ref>

According to [[Siddhar]] medicine documents, Bogar was the discoverer of an elixir of [[immortality]]. The ''[[Pharmacognosy]]'' is the best known of his treatises. His other works are on [[yoga]] and archery, and a glossary of medicine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indian Psychiatric Society |title=Indian Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 44 |publisher=Indian Psychiatric Society |year=2002 |pages=167}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
A disciple of [[Agastya]]'s teachings, Bogar himself taught [[meditation]], [[alchemy]], [[Yantra|yantric]] designs and [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya yoga]] at the [[Kataragama temple|Kataragama Murugan shrine]], inscribing a yantric geometric design etched onto a metallic plate and installing it at the sanctum sanctorum of the Kataragama temple complex.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kriya Babaji and Kataragama |url=http://kataragama.org/news/babaji.htm |website=kataragama.org |access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=David Gordon |title=The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India |date=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226149349 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQuqAAAAQBAJ&q=bogar+sri+lanka+china&pg=PA61 |access-date=16 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Boganathar practiced [[Kundalini]] Yoga in four stages. The first three stages are described in a later chapter on "The Psychophysiology" of Kriya Kundalini Pranayama". Bhoganathar chose the Palani Malai (mountain) in what is now southwestern Tamil Nadu as the site for intensive yogic practice (tapas) for the final stage.<ref name=":2" /> Bogar is one of the earliest pilgrims to have traversed the Murugan Tiruppadai of [[Sri Lanka]]. He also established the [[Kuzhanthai Velappar temple|temple for Murugan]] in [[Poombarai]] [[Kuzhanthai Velappar temple]] [[Kodaikanal]] [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

It is said as per the last wishes of his guru Kalangi Nathar, Bhogar proceeds to china to spread the knowledge of Siddha sciences and his journey is said to have been made with the aid of an aircraft. He demonstrated to the chinese the details of the construction of the [[aircraft]] and later built for them a sea-going craft using [[steam engine]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yubaraj |first=Ghimire |title=Spiritual Corner, Siddha Sciences |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/home |journal=Newsfront |issue=56}}</ref>

== Notable works ==
* Bogar Saptha Kaandam 7000<ref name="bogar" />
* Bogar Jananasaagaram 550
* Bogar Nigandu 1200
* Bogar Nigandu karukidai
* Bogar Nigandu kaiyedu
* Bogar Vaithiya kaaviyam 1000
* Bogar 700
* Bogar Panchapatchi Sathiram
* Bogar Karpam 300
* Bogar Varma Soothiram 100
* Bogar Malai Vaagadam
* Bogar 12000
* Bogar Nigandu 1700
* Bogar Vaithiyam 1000
* Bogar Sarakku Vaippu 800
* Bogar Updesam 150
* Bogar Rana Vaagadam 100
* Bogar Gnanasaaraamsam 100
* Bogar Karppa Soothiram 54
* Bogar Vaithiya Soothiram 77
* Bogar Muppu Soothiram 51
* Bogar Gnana Soothiram 37
* Bogar Attanga Yogam 24
* Bogar Poojavithi 20<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reference Book.Pdf|url=http://siddhacouncil.com/ReferenceBooks.pdf|url-status=live|website=Siddhacouncil.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618144655/http://siddhacouncil.com/ReferenceBooks.pdf|archive-date=18 June 2016|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Tao Te Ching]] (the saint is often identified with [[Laozi]] in India)<ref name="bogar" />

== Last part of life ==
Bogar went to Palani where he attained swarūpa [[Samadhi|samādhi]]. He retired to Katirkāmam, where Babaji Nagaraj met him around 211 AD.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Prasuram |first=Vijayabharatham |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Pride_of_Tamilnadu_Spiritual_Gurus/r4o2EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Pride of Tamilnadu Spiritual Gurus |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |year=2024}}</ref>

== Notable disciples ==
* His first disciple is Shri Pulippani Siddhar (Pulikaisar), who’s also one among the 18 siddhars
* [[Mahavatar Babaji]]<ref>{{cite book |author = Govindan, Marshall |date= 1 January 2001 |title= Babaji and the 18 Siddha Kriya Yoga tradition. Babaji's Kriya Yoga Publications.|publisher= Kriya Yoga Publication |isbn= 978-1-895383-00-3}}</ref>
* [[Karuvurar]]

== See also ==
* [[Arulmigu Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple, Palani]]
* [[Agastya]]
* [[Tirumular]]
* [[Kalangi Nathar|Kalanginathar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Ayyavazhi mythology]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Laozi]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in China]]
[[Category:People from Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Indian Shaivite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian yogis]]
[[Category:Siddha medicine]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}
{{India-reli-bio-stub}}

Marengo crassipes

2026-01-19T03:20:09Z

MerryHarris567: started basic entry basic info

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Marengo crassipes
| authority = Peckham & Peckham, 1892
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Marengo crassipes''''' is a species of [[spider]] of the genus ''[[Marengo (spider)|Marengo]]''. It is native to [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/30582/Marengo_crassipes | title=Marengo crassipes Peckham & Peckham, 1892 | publisher=World Spider Catalog | accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[http://www.jumping-spiders.com/php/tax_drawings.php?id=2541 Marengo crassipes drawings]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2149766}}

[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1892]]

{{Salticoida-stub}}

Pashmina (graphic novel)

2026-01-18T19:05:47Z

MerryHarris567: created a details

{{Short description|Graphic novel by Nidhi Chanani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Pashmina
| author = [[Nidhi Chanani]]
| country = USA
| language = English
| subject = Graphic Novel
| genre = Children's Novel
| pub_date = 2017
| image = Pashmina (graphic novel).jpg
| caption =
| published = [[First Second Books]]
| media_type = Book
| pages = 168 pages
| isbn = 978-16-2672-087-9
| oclc =
}}
'''''Pashmina''''' is a debut graphic novel written by [[Nidhi Chanani]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Can India Be Her Homeland, Even if She's Never Been There?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/books/review/pashmina-nidhi-chanani.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=10 November 2017}}</ref> The novel focuses on the relationship between an Indian-American mother and her teenage daughter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nidhi Chanani's New Graphic Novel Explores The Mother-Daughter Relationship|url= https://www.mid-day.com/articles/nidhi-chanani-new-graphic-novel-explores-the-mother-daughter-relationship/19369160|newspaper=Mid-Day|date=28 April 2018}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Protagonist Priyanka Das's mother leaves India many years ago and refrains from revealing why, but Priyanka's discovery of a [[pashmina]] shawl hidden in a suitcase helps her imagine a homeland she has never been to.<ref>{{cite news|title=Can India Be Her Homeland, Even if She's Never Been There?|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-book-news/article/76775-ya-2018-booklist-first-generation-tales.html|newspaper=Publishers Weekly|date=5 May 2018}}</ref>

==Cancelled film adaptation==
On 6 March 2019, it was reported that [[Gurinder Chadha]] would be directing an animated musical feature film based on the novel for [[Netflix]]. [[Ashok Amritraj]] was to serve as a producer through his Hyde Park Entertainment banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/hyde-park-entertainment-asia-launches-with-multicultural-film-tv-slate-1202701630/|title=Hyde Park Entertainment Asia Launches With Multicultural Film & TV Slate|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=22 August 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/pashmina-gurinder-chadha-nidhi-chanani-netflix-ashok-amritraj-hyde-park-animated-musical-india-blinded-by-the-light-1202570675/|title=Netflix Teams With Gurinder Chadha & Ashok Amritraj's Hyde Park To Turn Nidhi Chanani Graphic Novel 'Pashmina' Into Animated Musical|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=6 March 2019|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=6 March 2019|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307030233/https://deadline.com/2019/03/pashmina-gurinder-chadha-nidhi-chanani-netflix-ashok-amritraj-hyde-park-animated-musical-india-blinded-by-the-light-1202570675/|archive-date=7 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2022, Chadha stated that the film was cancelled for unknown reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lodderhose |first=Diana |date=5 December 2022 |title=Gurinder Chadha Talks New Disney Movie, Projects Brewing & Engaging With Saudi Female Voices — Red Sea Studio |url=https://deadline.com/video/gurinder-chadha-talks-new-disney-movie-projects-brewing-engaging-with-saudi-female-voices-red-sea-studio/ |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pashmina (graphic novel)}}
[[Category:2017 debut novels]]
[[Category:2017 American novels]]
[[Category:2017 graphic novels]]
[[Category:Graphic novels about families]]
[[Category:Graphic novels set in the United States]]

{{2010s-graphic-novel-stub}}

Dak bungalow

2026-01-08T04:18:07Z

MerryHarris567: slightly corrected content and added references

{{Short description|Government accommodations in British India}}
{{other uses|Dak Bungalow (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Dak_Bungalow_of_Narkanda_Village_of_Shimla_District_in_Indian_State_of_Himachal_Pradesh_in_1868_.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The dak bungalow above [[Narkanda]] in 1868]]
[[File:Sinking dak bungalow.jpg|right|200px|thumb|"A floating dâk-bungalow in difficulties", {{circa|lk=no|1880}}]]
[[File:Dak bungalow in Kenya.png|right|200px|thumb|A "dak bungalow " in Kenya, {{circa|lk=no|1900}}. The term was sometimes applied to similar structures throughout the [[British Empire]].]]
A '''dak bungalow''', '''dak-house''' or '''dâk-bungalow''' was a government building in [[British India]] under [[Company rule in India|Company Rule]] and the [[British Raj|Raj]]. It may also refer to some similarly built or -used structures in modern [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]].

==Origins==
The dak bungalows carried on a tradition of ''[[caravanserai]]s'', ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]]s'', and other guesthouses erected by Indian rulers for both [[Hindu pilgrimage|Hindu]] and [[Islamic pilgrimage|Muslim pilgrims]].<ref name=bhan21>{{harvp|Bhandari|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XN2mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 21]}}.</ref>

The India Office possesses a diary with the entry for 25 November 1676 noting "It was thought fitt... to sett up [[bungalow|Bungales]] or [[wiktionary:Hovel|Hovel]]ls... for all such English in the [[East India Company|Company]]'s Service as belong to [[Ships of the East India Company|their Sloopes & Vessells]]".<ref name=lanky19>{{harvp|Lancaster|1985|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_DCPftp6Yk0C&pg=PA19 19]}}.</ref> The dak bungalows proper were first erected in the 1840s,<ref name=bhan20>{{harvp|Bhandari|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XN2mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20 20]}}.</ref> serving as staging posts for the ''[[Postage stamps and postal history of India|dak]]'', the [[British Empire|imperial]] mail service.{{sfnp|Stanford|1961}} [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s father [[J. Lockwood Kipling]] described them as "about as handsome as a stack of hay" and forming a kind of "'irreducible minimum' of accommodation".<ref name=lanky19/> Each was about {{convert|12|to|15|mi|sp=us}} from the next along the major roads of the subcontinent.<ref name=lanky19/>

==Usage==
The buildings provided free accommodation for government officials <ref name=bhan12>{{harvp|Bhandari|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XN2mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 12]}}.</ref> and, upon their permission, "incomparably cheap" lodging for other travellers.<ref name=bhan13>{{harvp|Bhandari|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XN2mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 13]}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Stanford|1961}} The structures are therefore sometimes also known as '''posthouses''', '''resthouses''', or '''travellers' bungalows'''. Officials at the dak bungalows included the ''dakwala'' ([[postman]]), the ''durwan'' (caretaker), and sometimes a ''khansamah'' (attendant).{{sfnp|Stanford|1961}} Fees were set by the government; in the 1920s; 8 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] a day for single persons and 12 for married couples{{sfnp|Molony|1921|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YaqSM-Imi-MC&pg=PA112 112]}} {{nowrap|([[Rupee|Rs]]. ½ or ¾;}} 6 or 9 [[gram|g]] of .917% silver). Guests were liable for reimbursing them for any damage and for the costs of supplies used, including grass for the horses, firewood, and food.{{sfnp|Stanford|1961}} Beds were uncommon, as the Raj officials were expected to travel with their own bedding and servants.{{sfnp|Stanford|1961}} The ''khansamah'' could provide dining for those without their own cook,{{sfnp|Stanford|1961}} the common fare being eggs and chicken dishes.{{sfnp|Bhandari|2012}} The Dak Bungalows were set up along main roads with few rooms to accommodate visiting officials who are on visit or on journey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/dak-bungalows-and-ghosts-who-stay-there-117934|title=Dak bungalows and ghosts who stay there|author=Nehchal Sandhu,The Tribune|access-date=30 March 2023}}</ref>

In remote areas, most government work—including hearing legal cases—occurred at the dak bungalows when the district officials visited.{{sfnp|Stanford|1961}} At district headquarters, the circuit house provided a larger courtroom and better accommodations for visiting sessions judges.{{sfnp|Stanford|1961}} Larger cities might have still more specialized buildings.

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] the network of bungalows was used by escaping British civilians and soldiers but saw several massacres outside [[Delhi]].<ref name=bhan14>{{harvp|Bhandari|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XN2mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14 14]}}.</ref> Following the suppression of the rebellion and the assumption of rule by the British government, thatch was prohibited for use in official buildings.<ref name=lanky20>{{harvp|Lancaster|1985|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_DCPftp6Yk0C&pg=PA20 20]}}.</ref> They feature in the fiction of [[Rudyard Kipling]]:{{sfnp|Stanford|1961}} "a fair proportion of the tragedy of our lives out here acted itself in dâk-bungalows... [and] many men have died mad in [them]..."<ref name=kipper>{{citation |last=Kipling |first=Rudyard |authorlink=Rudyard Kipling |author-mask=Kipling |contribution=My Own True Ghost Story |contribution-url=https://archive.org/stream/phantomrickshawo00kiplrich#page/32/mode/2up |title=[[The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales]] |date=1888 |page=[https://archive.org/stream/phantomrickshawo00kiplrich#page/34/mode/2up 34]}}.</ref> "...nothing is too wild, grotesque, or horrible to happen in a dâk-bungalow."<ref>[[w:Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]], "[https://archive.org/stream/phantomrickshawo00kiplrich#page/32/mode/2up My Own True Ghost Story]", [https://archive.org/stream/phantomrickshawo00kiplrich#page/36/mode/2up p. 37].</ref>

==Legacy==
Many dak bungalows fell into disrepair or were later replaced by circuit houses,<ref name=bhan12/> although some have been maintained and continue in use, as the lodges at the [[Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary|Sipahijola]] and [[Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary|Radhanagari wildlife sanctuaries]].

==See also==
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===References===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Bhandari |first=Rajika |date=2012 |title=The Raj on the Move: Story of the Dak Bungalow |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XN2mBAAAQBAJ |publisher=The Lotus Collection for Roli Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7436-849-2 }}.
* {{citation |last=Lancaster |first=Clay |date=1985 |title=The American Bungalow, 1880–1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DCPftp6Yk0C |publisher=Abbeville Press |location=New York |isbn=0-486-28678-9 }}.
* {{citation |last=Molony |first=John Chartres |authorlink=J. C. Molony |title=The Civilian's South India: Some Places and People in Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YaqSM-Imi-MC |date=1921 |location=London |publisher=Lane Bodley |isbn=9788120616844 }}.
* {{citation |last=Stanford |first=J.K. |contribution=Dak Bungalows |contribution-url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_bungalows.htm |url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk |title=Readers' Guide to the Works of Rudyard Kipling, ''Vol. I'' |editor-first=Reginald Engledow |editor-last=Harbord |display-editors=0 |date=1961 |publisher=Gibbs }}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Bungalow architecture]]

2020 Rajasthan political crisis

2026-01-01T11:57:39Z

MerryHarris567:

{{Citations needed|date=August 2020}}{{short description|Cabinet crisis in Indian state of Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox event
| title = 2020 Rajasthan political crisis
|image ={{Photomontage
|photo1a= Sachin Pilot at the India Economic Summit 2010 cropped.jpg
|photo1b= Ashok Gehlot.jpg
|photo1c=
| position = center
| size = 300
| color = #F5F5F5
| border = 6
| color_border = black
| spacing = 3
| foot_montage =
|text= {{center|[[Sachin Pilot]] (left), [[Ashok Gehlot]] (right)}}
}}
| image_size = 200px
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name =
| time =
| duration = 33 Days
| date = 12 July 2020 - 14 August 2020
| venue =
| location = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| also_known_as =
| type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary crisis]]
| theme =
| cause = Series of disputes between [[Ashok Gehlot]] and [[Sachin Pilot]]
| participants = *[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)<br>
*[[Independent Politician|Other political parties and Independents]]
| outcome =
* [[Sachin Pilot]] sacked as Deputy Chief Minister along with 2 cabinet ministers.
* [[Rajasthan Congress]] pass resolution to disqualify 19 dissented MLAs.
* [[Sachin Pilot]] moves to [[Rajasthan High Court]] challenging the disqualification notice.
* [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] moves to [[Rajasthan High Court]] challenging the merger of their 6 MLAs in the [[Indian National Congress]].
* [[Governor of Rajasthan]] calls for a session on 14 August for the government to prove majority.
* [[Sachin Pilot]] remains in the [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

On 12 July 2020, around 19 members of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], as claimed by the then [[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] [[Sachin Pilot]], flew to [[Delhi]] after disputes over different offices between rival factions of the [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]], starting a [[Cabinet crisis|governmental crisis]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajasthan-political-crisis-live-updates-today-july-12-2020/liveblog/76921717.cms|title =Rajasthan political crisis live updates|publisher =Times of India|date =13 July 2020|website =timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date =13 July 2020}} </ref>

==Background==
On 12 July 2020, the then Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan, [[Sachin Pilot]] and 18 loyalist MLAs went to [[Delhi]] from [[Jaipur]], claiming that they have support of a total of 30 MLAs and can topple the [[Ashok Gehlot]]-led [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government in Rajasthan. Gehlot called senior [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] and Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]] to handle the situation, slamming the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for trying to destabilize his government. BJP leaders claimed that it is the Congress party's internal matter and BJP is not responsible. Additionally, senior leaders [[Randeep Singh Surjewala]], [[Ajay Maken]] and [[Avinash Pande]] reached Jaipur to meet Ashok Gehlot. They held a meeting at around 9 pm at the Chief Minister's Residence.

The Congress Legislature Party issued a whip to all its MLAs to be present in the meeting which was scheduled to be held at the Chief Minister's House or strict action would be taken against them. Meanwhile, [[Sachin Pilot]] reaffirmed that he won't be joining BJP. Senior BJP leader and former Congress member, [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] met him on 13 July at his Delhi residence. Congress MLAs along with Chief Minister [[Ashok Gehlot]] and other leaders, held a meeting for the confidence motion.

On the other hand, a short video clip was posted on the social media, showing that [[Sachin Pilot]] including him has the support of 19 Congress MLAs and 3 Independent MLAs.

[[Sachin Pilot]] and his supporting MLAs were also invited to discuss the issue, but denied. He demanded the post of [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]], which he'd been denied after the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018 Rajasthan Elections]]. On 14 July 2020, he was removed from the post of [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] and President of [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]] along with his 2 MLAs from the post of ministers.

Rajasthan [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] President [[Satish Poonia]] slammed [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Ashok Gehlot]] not for choosing a young leader as Chief Minister of the state. He also said that if [[Sachin Pilot]] wants to join BJP, we are always open for them. BJP also said that there should be floor test in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] to prove their majority. Union Home Minister and senior BJP leader [[Amit Shah]] sent former Chief Minister of Rajasthan and BJP's national vice-president [[Vasundhara Raje]] to Jaipur to discuss the issue with BJP Rajasthan leaders and Leader of Opposition in Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, [[Gulab Chand Kataria]] said that they were closely monitoring the situation and we are in touch with [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]], President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-political-crisis-bjp-waiting-in-wings-watching-events-unfold/story-jQxtVJJzDV0NwwYhvvCurN.html | title = BJP waiting in wings, watching events unfold story | publisher = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 15 July 2020 | access-date = 15 July 2020}}</ref>

On the other hand, [[Sachin Pilot]] called for a press conference on 15 July 2020 for taking steps after being removed as both [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] and President of [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]]. The press conference which was organised by [[Sachin Pilot]], scheduled on 15 July 2020 was cancelled. Later, he was sent a notice by Speaker of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], [[C. P. Joshi]] about the dissolution of his membership from the assembly. In an exclusive interview with ANI, he reported to be said that he won't be joining BJP. Also, he would take help of senior advocates on this matter.

In the evening, he went to meet his MLAs in the resort of [[Gurugram]]. While, on the other hand, Chief Minister [[Ashok Gehlot]] continuously alleged the BJP for horse-trading. But, BJP leader and Union Minister [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]] refused the allegation and said that in Congress's internal matter, there is no connection of BJP at all. Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] told media that if any leader wants to quit Congress, then he can. We are not going to stop them.

==Outcome==
After [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister]] [[Sachin Pilot]] refused to listen to the [[Indian National Congress]] leadership, [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] [[Ashok Gehlot]] sacked [[Sachin Pilot]] from the post of the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]. He was also removed from the post of the [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee|President of the Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]] and [[Third Ashok Gehlot ministry|Education Minister]] [[Govind Singh Dotasra]] was made the President of the [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]].

Cabinet Ministers [[Vishvendra Singh]] & [[Ramesh Chand Meena]], who were supporting [[Sachin Pilot]], were also sacked by the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]]. State Presidents of the [[Indian Youth Congress|Rajasthan Pradesh Youth Congress]] and [[Congress Seva Dal|Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Seva Dal]] were also sacked by the [[Indian National Congress]].

With this, started the political fight between [[Governor of Rajasthan]] [[Kalraj Mishra]] & [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]] [[Ashok Gehlot]], on the issue for commencing the session of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. [[Government of Rajasthan]] wants to call the session on short notice, but [[Governor of Rajasthan|Governor]] wants that at least a 21 days notice is given before the commencement of the session. However, the deadlock ended up with the permission for calling the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] session on 14 August 2020.

After this, [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]] [[Ashok Gehlot]] decided to shift his MLAs from [[Jaipur]] to [[Jaisalmer]].

On 10 August, the event changed drastically, when [[Sachin Pilot]] met with [[Rahul Gandhi]] & [[Priyanka Gandhi]]. On the same day, rebel MLA [[Bhanwar Lal Sharma]] reached [[Jaipur]] and met with [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]] [[Ashok Gehlot]]. [[Sachin Pilot]] met [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]] [[Ashok Gehlot]] and finally, both the factions of the [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]] reunited.

On 14 August, [[Third Ashok Gehlot ministry|Ashok Gehlot led Rajasthan Government]] won the trust vote in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] through [[voice vote]]. All the MLAs of the [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan Government]] were present, although 73 [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP MLAs]] were not present.

==See also==
*[[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis]]
*[[2022 Rajasthan political crisis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political crises in India|R]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]

Ramlal Chunilal Modi

2025-12-31T07:59:43Z

MerryHarris567: New new article v1...

{{Short description|Indian writer, researcher, critic and historian (1890–1949)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ramanlal Chunilal Modi
| image = Ramanlal Chunilal Modi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1890|7|27}}
| birth_place = [[Patan, Gujarat]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1949|7|14|1890|7|27}}
| death_place = [[Rajkot, Gujarat]]
| occupation = Author, researcher, critic and historian
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| period =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1945–50)
| signature =
| years_active =
}}
'''Ramlal Chunilal Modi''' (27 July 1890 – 14 July 1949) was an Indian [[Gujarati-language]] writer, researcher, critic and historian.<ref name=EIL>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |editor-last=Jani |editor-first=Balvant |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |title=Modi, Ramlal Chunilal |language=en |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|volume=3|location=New Delhi |pages=2741–2742 |isbn=9788126011940 |oclc=430192715}}</ref> He is known for his research in medieval [[Gujarati literature]], especially on the medieval poet [[Bhalan]]. He was awarded the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] posthumously in 1950.<ref name=Patel2002>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Patel |first=Kanjibhai |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |title=Modi, Ramlal Chunila |language=gu |date=2002 |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust|volume=16 |location=Ahmedabad |pages=683–684 |oclc=163322996}}</ref><ref name="Topiwala1990">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Topiwala |first=Chandrakant |title=Modi, Ramlal Chunilal |encyclopedia=Gujarati Sahityakosh |volume=2 |year=1990 |editor1-last=Topiwala |editor1-first=Chandrakant |editor1-link=Chandrakant Topiwala |editor2-last=Soni |editor2-first=Raman |editor3-last=Dave |editor3-first=Ramesh R. |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |location=Ahmedabad |page=502 |oclc=26636333}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ramlal Chunilal Modi was born on 27 July 1890 in the Dasa Vayada Vanik family at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]. His father's name was Chunilal Narbheram and his mother's name was Jadav. After clearing his matriculation examination from Patan High School<ref name=EIL/> in 1908, he worked as the headmaster of Unjha and Chanasma middle schools. He then joined Patan High School as a teacher and served there till his death.<ref name=Patel2002/>

He died on 14 July 1949 at [[Rajkot]].<ref name=Patel2002/>

==Works==
Since Ramlal Chunilal Modi was a native of Patan, he had a special charm for the local librarians and poets there. He has done important work mainly in the field of [[Old Gujarati]] and medieval history of Gujarat. He has published as many as 150 exploratory articles in addition to some texts.<ref name=Patel2002/>

In 1909, his first article titled 'Gujarati Shabdkosh' published in the '[[Buddhiprakash]]'. In 1919, he published the classically written character book 'Bhalan' about the medieval Gujarati poet [[Bhalan]]. In 1924, he published the book 'Kavi Bhalan krut Be Nalakhyan', for which he was awarded Rs. 101 by the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]].<ref name=Patel2002/>

He has made a Gujarati translation of the Jadunath Sarkar's ''Mughal Administration'' (1920)<ref name="Moreland1921">{{cite journal |last=Moreland |first=W. H. |date=July 1921 |title=Studies in Mughal India by Jadunath Sarkar; Mughal Administration by Jadunath Sarkar |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=438–439 |jstor=25209765}}</ref> book under the title 'Mughal Rajyavahivat' (1942). 'Patan-Sidhpurno Pravas' (1919)<ref name=EIL/> is his travelogue. 'Karna Solanki' (1935) and 'Vayupurana' (1945) are his historical texts.<ref name=Patel2002/>

==Awards and honors==
During 1945–50, he was posthumously awarded the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] by the Narmad Sahitya Sabha for his historiography.<ref name=Patel2002/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite thesis |last=Barot |first=Dharmesh H. |date=2011 |title=૨૦મી સદીના ગુજરાતના ઇતિહાસકારો |type=PhD |publisher= [[Gujarat University]] |chapter=6 : Shri Ramlal Chunilal Modi (1890–1978) |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3861/11/11_chapter%206.pdf |pages=86–95 |hdl=10603/3861}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Ramlal Chunilal Modi |sopt=t}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi, Ramlal Chunilal}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]

INHS Sanjivani

2025-12-30T04:23:08Z

MerryHarris567: improve section also and added references per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2020}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = INHS Sanjivani
| org_group = [[Indian Navy]]
| image = [[File:Bird’s eye view of INHS Sanjivani (2).jpg|300px|center]]
| caption = Aerial view of the hospital complex
| pushpin_map =
| logo = 
| logo_size = 
| location =
| region = [[Willingdon Island]], [[Kochi]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country =
| coordinates =
| healthcare =
| funding = Government
| type = Naval Hospital
| speciality =
| emergency =
| affiliation =
| beds = 333
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|8 March 1958}}<ref name="Sanjivani">{{Cite web|title = INHS Sanjivani|url = https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/inhs-sanjivani|author = [[Indian Navy]]|accessdate = 28 May 2020}}</ref>
| website = [https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/inhs-sanjivani INHS Sanjivani]
| other_links =
}}

'''INHS Sanjivani''' is a multi-speciality hospital of the [[Indian Navy]] at [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]] under the [[Southern Naval Command]]. It is the largest military hospital in the states of Kerala and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Sanjivani2">{{Cite web|title = INHS Sanjivani Achieves Rare Feat|url = https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/inhs-sanjivani-achieves-rare-feat|author = [[Indian Navy]]|accessdate = 28 May 2020}}</ref> It is the nodal hospital for ships and other naval units at Kochi. The hospital also provides medical cover and aid to civil authorities as required, including disaster relief operations.

== History ==

INHS Sanjivani traces its origins to the establishment of a Medical Inspection Room for [[INS Venduruthy|HMIS Venduruthy]] in 1943. A dental centre started function alongside the MI room in 1952. The present hospital was commissioned as a 75-bed facility on 8 March 1958 and named after [[Sanjivani (Hinduism)|the mythological herb]] mentioned in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic [[Ramayana]]. The crest of the establishment depicts [[Hanuman]]'s hand carrying the mountain growing the Sanjivani herb, with a background of coconut trees and blue white sea waves representing the coast of Kerala. The bed strength has increased since the inception of the hospital and now stands at 333.<ref name="Sanjivani" />

The post of the commanding office was upgraded from [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Surgeon Captain]] to [[Commodore (India)|Surgeon Commodore]] in 2008. The modular operation theatre and [[CT scan]] complex were inaugurated in 2009.<ref name="Sanjivani" />
A state-of-the-art MRI center was inaugurated at the hospital in May 2016.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|title = MRI centre set up at INHS Sanjivani|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/MRI-centre-set-up-at-INHS-Sanjivani/articleshow/52225235.cms|author = [[The Times of India]]|accessdate = 28 May 2020}}</ref> The campus also hosts a Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS) polyclinic, the first under the [[Southern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/Apr/16/echs-to-open-polyclinic-today-358987.html|title=ECHS to Open Polyclinic Today|date=2012-05-17|access-date=2024-03-11}}</ref>
==Achievements==
[[File:INHS Sanjivani Unit Citation by Chief of Naval Staff.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Chief of Naval Staff Unit Citation]]

The hospital was awarded the ''Unit Citation'' by the by Chief of Naval Staff in 2003 and the Director General Medical Services (Navy) Trophy for the best Naval Hospital in 2016.<ref name="Sanjivani2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/802001388276477952?lang=en|title=INHS Sanjivani, the Naval Hospital at Kochi bags the best Naval Hospital trophy constituted by DG Med Services Navy|date=2016-11-25|access-date=2024-03-11}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Armed Forces Hospitals In India]]
* [[Indian Navy]]
* [[Southern Naval Command]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Navy}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Military hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Medical installations of the Indian Navy|Patan]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kochi]]