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Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T00:22:13Z

MerleGrier1601: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Ernakulam {{Small|KL-12}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Kerala/Ernakulam.map}}

| map_caption = Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Hibi Eden W.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| mp = [[Hibi Eden]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| assembly_cons = [[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]] [[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]] [[Vypin (State Assembly constituency)|Vypin]] [[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]] [[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]] [[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]] [[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
}}

'''Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern India.

It comprises 7 legislative assembly constituencies. The constituency is dominated by [[latin Catholics of Malabar|Latin Catholics]], making this seat a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] stronghold. Eleven of the twelve legislatures were from this community, and the Left parties have only succeeded here by contesting independents, barring once.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/one-things-sure-the-next-ernakulam-mp-will-be-latin-catholic/articleshow/32234471.cms | title=One thing's sure: The next Ernakulam MP will be Latin Catholic | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | last1=Sanandakumar | first1=S. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/mar/10/latin-catholic-votes-set-to-prove-crucial-in-ernakulam-584507.html | title=Latin Catholic Votes Set to Prove Crucial in Ernakulam|work=[[New Indian Express]]|date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==

Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-19
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085443/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=2008-10-30
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|77
|[[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]]
|rowspan=7|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|[[V.E Abdul Gafoor]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|78
|[[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
|[[V. D. Satheesan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|79
|[[Vypin (State Assembly constituency)|Vypin]]
|[[Tony Chammany]]
|-
|80
|[[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]
|[[Muhammed Shiyas]]
|-
|81
|[[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
|[[Deepak Joy]]
|-
|82
|[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|[[T. J. Vinod]]
|-
|83
|[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
|[[Uma Thomas]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
| colspan="6" |'''[[Travancore-Cochin]]'''
|-
|[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
|C. Mohammed Ibrahimkutty
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1952-1957
|-
| colspan="6" |'''After the Formation of [[Kerala]]'''
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|rowspan=2 |[[A.M. Thomas]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2 |[[Indian National Congress]]
|1957-1962
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|1962-1967
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|[[V. Viswanatha Menon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|1967-1971
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Henry Austin (Indian politician)|Henry Austin]]
| rowspan="6" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="6" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|1971-1977
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|1977-1980
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|[[Xavier Arakkal]]
|1980-1984
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|rowspan="3" |[[K.V. Thomas]]
|1984-1989
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|1989-1991
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|1991-1996
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan=2 |[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|[[Xavier Arakkal]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|rowspan=2 |[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (supported by [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]])
|1996-1997
|-
|1997*
|[[Sebastian Paul]]
|1997-1998
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|rowspan="2" |George Eden
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|1998-1999
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|rowspan=2 |[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|1999-2003
|-
|2003*
|rowspan="2" |[[Sebastian Paul]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (supported by [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]])
|2003-2004
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|2004-2009
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|rowspan="2" |[[K.V. Thomas]]
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|2009-2014
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|2014-2019
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|rowspan=2|[[Hibi Eden]]
|2019-2024
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Incumbent]]
|-
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates bypolls{{notelist}}

==Votes in elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Polled votes
! Poll%
! Winner
! Party
! Votes
! %
! 2nd position
! Party
! Votes
! %
! 3rd position
! Party
! Votes
! %
! Margin
|-
|2024
|910502
|77.6
|[[Hibi Eden]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|482317
|52.97
|KJ Shine
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|231932
|25.47
|[[K. S. Radhakrishnan]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|144500
|15.87
|250385
|-
|2019
|967203
|72.02
|[[Hibi Eden]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|491263
|50.79
|[[P. Rajeev (Kerala)|P Rajeev]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|322110
|33.3
|[[Alphons Kannanthanam]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|137749
|14.24
|169153
|-
|2014
|850910
|73.58
|[[K. V. Thomas]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|353841
|
|Christy Fernandez
|LDF Independent
|266794
|
|[[A. N. Radhakrishnan]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|99003
|
|87047
|-
| 2009 || 744996 || 72.81 || [[K. V. Thomas]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 342845 || 46.03 || [[Sindhu Joy]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 331055 || 44.44 || [[A. N. Radhakrishnan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 52968 || 7.11 || 11790
|-
| 2004 || 659176 || 61.09 || [[Sebastian Paul]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || 323042 || 49.03 || [[Edward Edezhath]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 252943 || 38.39 || [[O.G. Thankappan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 60697 || 9.21 || 70099
|-
| 1999 || 776933 || 65.79 || George Eden || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 394058 || 50.78 || [[Mani Thomas]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || 282753 || 36.44 || [[T. D. Rajaleskshmi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 77640 || 10.01 || 111305
|-
| 1998 || 776105 || 68.86 || George Eden || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 389387 || 50.53 || [[Sebastian Paul]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || 314879 || 40.86 || [[V. V. Augustine]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 62262 || 8.08 || 74508
|-
| 1996 || 729915 || 68.77 || [[Xavier Arackal]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || 335479 || 46.91 || [[K. V. Thomas]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 305094 || 42.66 || [[O. M. Mathew]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 46559 || 6.51 || 30385
|-
| 1991 || 740854 || 72.67 || [[K. V. Thomas]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 362975 || 49.64 || [[V. Viswanatha Menon]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 315831 || 43.20 || [[V. Rahiman]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 30082 || 4.11 || 47144
|-
| 1984 || 774809 || 80.68 || [[K. V. Thomas]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 384434 || 49.90|| [[P. Subramanian Potti]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || 347684 || 45.13 || [[A. N. Radhakrishnan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 29107 || 3.78 || 36750
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Ernakulam<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ernakulam">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ernakulam |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1112.htm |access-date=2 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802115311/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1112.htm |archive-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Hibi Eden]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,82,317 |percentage=52.97|change={{increase}}2.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. J. Shine|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=231,932|percentage=25.47|change={{decrease}}7.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. S. Radhakrishnan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=144,500|percentage=15.87|change={{increase}} 1.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Adv. Antony Judy|party=Twenty20 Party|votes=39,808|percentage=4.37|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,758|percentage=0.85|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Vayalar Jayakumar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,498|percentage=0.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sandeep Rajendraprasad|party=Independent|votes=752|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Cyril Skaria|party=Independent|votes=690|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Prathapan|party=Bahujan Dravida Party|votes=419|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Rohit Krishnan|party=Independent|votes=416|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Brahmakumar|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=412|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,50,385|percentage=27.49|change={{up}}10.01}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=911,035|percentage=68.77|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2024)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|77
|[[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|38,447
|-
|78
|[[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|26,395
|-
|79
|[[Vypin (State Assembly constituency)|Vypin]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|29,868
|-
|80
|[[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|40,286
|-
|81
|[[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|31,965
|-
|82
|[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|37,069
|-
|83
|[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|44,900
|}

===2019===
According to Election Commission, there are 12,09,44 registered voters in Ernakulam Constituency for 2019 Lok Sabha Election.<ref>Indiancrux : {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190421174751/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-ernakulam-constituency-live-results.html 2019 General Election Ernakulam Constituency Live Results]}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Ernakulam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Hibi Eden]]
|votes = 4,91,263
|percentage = 50.79
|change =+9.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[P. Rajeev (Kerala)|P Rajeev]]
|votes = 3,22,210
|percentage = 33.30
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Alphons Kannanthanam]]
|votes = 1,37,749
|percentage = 14.24
|change = {{up}} 2.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,378
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = V. M. Faizal
|votes = 4,309
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = P. A. Niamathulla
|votes = 1,343
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Forward Bloc
|candidate = Abdul Kader Vazhakkala
|votes = 932
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Rajeev Nagan
|votes = 821
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laila Rasheed
|votes = 797
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kumar
|votes = 604
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sreedharan
|votes = 554
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aswathi Rajappan
|votes = 494
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star
|candidate = Shahjahan Abdulkhader
|votes = 470
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
|candidate = Vivek K. Vijayan
|votes = 379
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,69,053
|percentage = 17.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=967,390|percentage=77.64|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2019)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|77
|[[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|20,689
|-
|78
|[[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|14,085
|-
|79
|[[Vypin (State Assembly constituency)|Vypin]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|23,241
|-
|80
|[[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|29,313
|-
|81
|[[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|19,227
|-
|82
|[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|31,178
|-
|83
|[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|31,777
|}

===2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Ernakulam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[K.V. Thomas]]|votes=3,53,841|percentage=41.58|change=-4.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=Christy Fernandez |votes=2,66,794|percentage=31.35|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=A.N. Radhakrishnan|votes=99,003|percentage=11.63|change=+4.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Anita Pratap|votes=51,517|percentage=6.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate |party=[[Independent politician|IND.]]|candidate=K. V. Bhaskaran|votes=22,733|percentage=2.67|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Zulficar Ali|votes=14,825|percentage=1.74|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=9,735|percentage=1.14|change=---}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 87,047
|percentage = 10.23
|change = +8.64
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,50,834|percentage=73.56|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -4.44
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2014)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|77
|[[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|8,658
|-
|78
|[[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|7,765
|-
|79
|[[Vypin (State Assembly constituency)|Vypin]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|9,617
|-
|80
|[[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|20,362
|-
|81
|[[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|6,571
|-
|82
|[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|16,893
|-
|83
|[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|17,314
|}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ernakulam]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. V. Thomas]]
|votes = 342,845
|percentage = 46.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = CPI(M)
|candidate = Sindhu Joy
|votes = 331,055
|percentage = 44.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = BJP
|candidate = A. N. Radhakrishnan
|votes = 52,968
|percentage = 7.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sheriff Mohammed
|votes = 4,083
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Mary Francis
|votes = 3,134
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Sindhu Jayan
|votes = 3,004
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Saju Thomas
|votes = 2,902
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = K. S. Sindhu
|votes = 2,734
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Viswambharan
|votes = 1,313
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Saji Thuruthikunnel
|votes = 831
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 11,790
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 744,869
|percentage = 69.14
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2009)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|77
|[[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]]
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|CPI(M)
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|4,399
|-
|78
|[[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|CPI(M)
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|5,832
|-
|79
|[[Vypin (State Assembly constituency)|Vypin]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|234
|-
|80
|[[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|7,026
|-
|81
|[[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|CPI(M)
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|6,053
|-
|82
|[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|10,730
|-
|83
|[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|10,522
|}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ernakulam]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = [[Sebastian Paul]]
|votes = 323,042
|percentage = 49.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Edward Edezhath
|votes = 252,943
|percentage = 38.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = BJP
|candidate = O. G. Thankappan
|votes = 60,697
|percentage = 9.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = T. B. Mini
|votes = 10,418
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = P. S. Gangadharan
|votes = 6,185
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Thankappan Chattan
|votes = 1,835
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Noushad Mather
|votes = 1,718
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = T. E. Thomas
|votes = 1,102
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Munambam Hamza
|votes = 976
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 70,099
|percentage = 10.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 658,916
|percentage = 61.06
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2004)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|70
|[[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|LDF-IND
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|11,035
|-
|71
|Narakkal
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|LDF-IND
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|8,420
|-
|72
|[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|LDF-IND
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|4,629
|-
|73
|Mattanchery
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|LDF-IND
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|3,681
|-
|74
|Palluruthy
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|LDF-IND
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|4,024
|-
|75
|[[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|LDF-IND
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|18,834
|-
|76
|[[Aluva (State Assembly constituency)|Aluva]]
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|LDF-IND
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|18,888
|}

===2003 Bye election===
{{Election box begin | title=2003 Bye election: [[Ernakulam]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = [[Sebastian Paul]]
|votes = 335,308
|percentage = 45.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = M. O. Jhon
|votes = 313,176
|percentage = 42.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = BJP
|candidate = V. Viswanatha Menon
|votes = 51,420
|percentage = 7.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Peoples Democratic Party (India)
|candidate = Poonthura Siraj
|votes = 17,426
|percentage = 2.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Francis Kalathungal
|votes = 8,856
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Suresh M. K.
|votes = 2,324
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. K. Padmarajan
|votes = 2,215
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 22,132
|percentage = 3.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 730,725
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Ernakulam]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Adv. George Eden
|votes = 394,058
|percentage = 50.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = Manu Thomas Vithayathil
|votes = 282,753
|percentage = 36.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = BJP
|candidate = T. D. Rajalekshmi
|votes = 77,640
|percentage = 10.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Edwin Thomson
|votes = 7,242
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = T. K. Padmanabhan
|votes = 6,311
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Jogi Joseph Vithayathil
|votes = 3,202
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Jose Padickal
|votes = 2,994
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Moideen Shah
|votes = 1,750
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Viswambharan
|votes = 1,313
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 1,11,305
|percentage = 14.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 775,950
|percentage = 65.70
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (1999)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|70
|[[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|5,319
|-
|71
|Narakkal
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|8,771
|-
|72
|[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|22,075
|-
|73
|Mattanchery
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|16,930
|-
|74
|Palluruthy
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|18,376
|-
|75
|[[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|13,819
|-
|76
|[[Aluva (State Assembly constituency)|Aluva]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|26,157
|}

==See also==
* [[Ernakulam]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Indian general election, 2014 (Kerala)]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190421174751/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-ernakulam-constituency-live-results.html 2019 General Election Ernakulam Constituency Live Results ]}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}

{{coord|9.99|76.30|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ernakulam (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Ernakulam district]]

Caste discrimination in the United States

2026-05-03T00:23:28Z

MerleGrier1601: made

{{Short description|Inherited discrimination}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
'''Caste discrimination in the United States''' is a form of discrimination based on the social hierarchy which is determined by a person's birth.<ref>
{{Cite news |title=Why Is Caste Inequality Still Legal in America? (Guest essay) |first1=Paula |last1=Chakravarty |first2=Ajantha |last2=Subramanian |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 25, 2021 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/opinion/caste-discrimination-us-federal-protection.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525191324/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/opinion/caste-discrimination-us-federal-protection.html |archive-date=25 May 2021 |id={{ProQuest|2531700704}}}}
</ref> Though the use of the term [[caste]] is more prevalent in [[South Asia]] and [[Bali]], in the United States, [[South Asian Americans]] also use the term caste.<ref name="Kenneth Cooper">
{{cite news |first=Kenneth J. |last=Cooper |title=Indians have imported casteism to the US & a black journalist writes on the need to ban it |newspaper=The Print |date=March 27, 2018 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/a-black-journo-on-why-us-civil-rights-laws-must-ban-casteism-against-dalits/45011/}}
</ref><ref name=NPR>
{{Cite news |first=Sonia |last=Paul |title=When Caste Discrimination Comes To The United States |newspaper=NPR News |date=April 25, 2018 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/04/25/605030018/when-caste-discrimination-comes-to-the-united-states}}
</ref>

Caste is not officially recognized by law in the United States, except in [[Seattle]], Washington. On February 21, 2023, Seattle became the first U.S. jurisdiction to add caste to its list of categories protected against discrimination.<ref>
{{Cite web |first=Paul |last=Best |title=Seattle becomes first US city to ban discrimination based on caste |date=21 February 2023 |website=Fox News |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/seattle-becomes-first-us-city-ban-discrimination-based-caste}}
</ref> In other places such as California,<ref>
{{Cite web |first=Harmeet |last=Kaur |title=California governor vetoes bill that would ban caste discrimination |date=9 October 2023 |website=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/09/us/california-caste-discrimination-bill-veto/index.html}}
</ref> caste is implicitly covered as a subset of other categories under anti-discrimination laws. The existence of caste discrimination in the U.S. tech sector was also acknowledged by a group of [[Dalit]] female engineers from [[Microsoft]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] and other tech companies. In 2021, the student body of [[California State University]] system passed a resolution against caste discrimination.

==Overview==

===History of caste in the United States===
The U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790 limited citizenship to "free white persons," forcing immigrants to determine their racial classification in federal courts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Erika |date=1999 |title=Immigrants and Immigration Law: A State of the Field Assessment |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502472 |journal=Journal of American Ethnic History |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=85–114 |issn=0278-5927}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=87}}<ref name=":3" />{{Reference page|page=588}} In 1910, the [[Asiatic Exclusion League]] argued that people of Asian origin should be denied citizenship through naturalization.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=Gary R. |date=1974 |title=The Forgotten Asian Americans: The East Indian Community in the United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638433 |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=576–596 |doi=10.2307/3638433 |issn=0030-8684}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=581}} The league described Hindu ancestry as "enslaved, effeminate, caste-ridden, and degraded" and Hindus as the "slaves of Creation."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chiu |first=Daina C. |date=1994 |title=The Cultural Defense: Beyond Exclusion, Assimilation, and Guilty Liberalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3480939 |journal=California Law Review |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=1053–1125 |doi=10.2307/3480939 |issn=0008-1221|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Reference page|page=1066}}

In 1913, A. K. Mozumdar, an immigrant from [[Bengal]] living in [[Washington (state)|Washington State]], applied for United States citizenship. Mozumdar argued that as a high-caste Hindu of what he described as [[Aryan]] descent, he shared racial origins with Europeans. His application was accepted, making him one of the earliest South Asian immigrants to obtain U.S. citizenship.<ref name=":2" />

In 1953, [[W. Norman Brown]], founder of the Department of South Asian Studies at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], wrote that "a large number of Americans...have a picture of India as a land of meditating omphalopsychites, hypnotic swamis, naked ascetics, bejewelled princes of fabulous wealth and incomparable harems, gross superstition, bare-skinned, poverty-stricken, famine-ridden masses, where everyone is a beggar and caste is more important than life."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |date=1964 |title=Early American Images of India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45071168 |journal=India Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=43–50 |issn=0974-9284}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=50}}

Caste discrimination may have accompanied immigrants to the US from [[India]], [[Nepal]] and other South Asian countries.<ref name=":4" /> Based on the 2017 American Community Survey, about 5.9 million South Asians live in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographic Information |url=https://saalt.org/south-asians-in-the-us/demographic-information/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=[[South Asian Americans Leading Together]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite being one of the fastest-growing immigrant groups, caste discrimination may be underreported despite its potential influence on job opportunities and marriage prospects among
South Asian immigrants.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Indian migrants account for a large number of high-skilled workers in STEM fields, which could lead to an issue of caste discrimination in the workplace in areas such as Silicon Valley.<ref name="washingtonpost.com" /> Thenmozhi Soundararajan, executive director of Equality Labs, said, “Wherever South Asians go, they bring caste."<ref name=":5" />

===Race and caste===
Several observers see parallels between race in the United States and caste. When [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] visited India in 1959, he was introduced by the principal of a school with Dalit students (then called "untouchables") as a "fellow untouchable from the United States of America". Although taken aback by this description, King agreed with it after reflection, thinking, "Yes, I am an untouchable, and every Negro in the United States of America is an untouchable."<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|page=135}}<ref name=":4">
{{cite news |last=Wilkerson |first=Isabel |date=2020-07-28 |title=America's 'untouchables': the silent power of the caste system |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/28/untouchables-caste-system-us-race-martin-luther-king-india |newspaper=The Guardian}}
</ref>

In ''[[Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents]]'', [[Isabel Wilkerson]] argues that racial stratification in the United States is best understood as a caste system, akin to those in India and in Nazi Germany.<ref name="Garner 2020">
{{Cite news |last=Garner |first=Dwight |date=July 31, 2020 |title=Isabel Wilkerson's 'Caste' Is an 'Instant American Classic' About Our Abiding Sin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/books/review-caste-isabel-wilkerson-origins-of-our-discontents.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}
</ref><ref name=":7" />

Caste activists in India have found common ground with the struggles of African Americans in the US.<ref name=":6">
{{Cite book |first=Nico |last=Slate |chapter=The Dalit Panthers: Race, Caste, and Black Power in India |title=Black Power beyond Borders: The Global Dimensions of the Black Power Movement |series=Contemporary Black History |editor=Nico Slate |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |pages=127–143 |via=Springer Link |doi=10.1057/9781137295064_7 |isbn=9781137295064 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137295064_7}}
</ref> The activist group [[Dalit Panthers]] was inspired by the American [[Black Panther Party]].<ref name=NPR/><ref>
{{Cite book |last1=Michael |first1=S. M. |first2=Sebastian Maria |last2=Michael |title=Dalits in Modern India: Vision and Values |date=2007 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-3571-1 |page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnyo1xPNwxwC&pg=PA172}}
</ref>

===Legal position===
Caste is not explicitly recognized as a category under most anti-discrimination laws in the U.S. According to some commentators, this was because caste was an unknown concept when these laws were originally passed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-27 |title=Caste Bias Isn't Illegal In The United States. But This University Is Trying To Fight It |url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/national/2019-02-27/caste-bias-isnt-illegal-in-the-united-states-but-this-university-is-trying-to-fight-it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305204530/https://www.wgbh.org/news/national/2019-02-27/caste-bias-isnt-illegal-in-the-united-states-but-this-university-is-trying-to-fight-it |archive-date=2025-03-05 |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=GBH |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Explained: Getting America to recognise caste: previous efforts, renewed push |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=October 16, 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/getting-america-to-recognise-caste-previous-efforts-renewed-push-6495101/}}</ref><ref name="Kenneth Cooper"/>
It has come to light only in recent times due to reports of discrimination.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=2020-09-04 |title=Even in the US, South Asians say caste has proved hard to escape |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/04/us/caste-discrimination-us-trnd/index.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYT May 2021">{{Cite news |last=Correal |first=Annie |title=Hindu Sect Is Accused of Using Forced Labor to Build N.J. Temple |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 11, 2021 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/11/nyregion/nj-hindu-temple-india-baps.html}}</ref> Others have said that categories such as ancestry as in California law already cover caste discrimination.<ref name="Wire legal grounds" /> Legal scholars have also argued that caste discrimination is cognizable as race discrimination, religious discrimination, and national origin discrimination.{{sfn|Krishnamurthi|Krishnaswami|2021|p=481}}

In August 2002, the UN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination approved a resolution condemning caste or descent-based discrimination.<ref>
{{cite news |last=Mayell |first=Hillary |title=India's "Untouchables" Face Violence, Discrimination |newspaper=National Geographic |date=2003-06-02 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/indias-untouchables-face-violence-discrimination|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220081329/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/indias-untouchables-face-violence-discrimination|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref>

In February 2023, [[Seattle]] became the first city in the United States to explicitly ban caste-based discrimination.<ref>
{{cite web | last=Bharath | first=Deepa| title=Seattle becomes first city in U.S. to ban caste discrimination | website=FOX13 News | date=2023-02-21 | url=https://www.q13fox.com/news/seattle-becomes-first-city-in-u-s-to-ban-caste-discrimination | access-date=2023-02-22}}
</ref>

====California Senate Bill 403====
In 2023, California State Senator [[Aisha Wahab]] introduced SB 403, a bill that would have made California the first state in the nation to include caste in the list of legally protected categories against discrimination.<ref>
{{cite news |last=Patel |first=Savita |date=23 March 2023 |title=California considers ban on caste discrimination |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-65048026 |newspaper=BBC News}}
</ref> The bill defined caste as "an individual's perceived position in a system of [[social stratification]] on the basis of inherited status," which could be determined by several factors including the "inability or restricted ability to alter inherited status; socially enforced restrictions on marriage, private and public segregation, and discrimination; and [[social exclusion]] on the basis of perceived status."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bill Text - SB-403 Discrimination on the basis of ancestry. |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB403 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}</ref> SB 403 added caste to existing anti-discrimination protections in housing, employment, and public education.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> The bill did not mention a specific ethnicity or religion.<ref name=":9" /> The bill was supported by some Dalit rights groups and opposed by some Hindu organizations, who claimed the bill was unnecessary and unfairly singled out Hindu Americans.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The state legislature approved the bill, but it was vetoed by Governor [[Gavin Newsom]], who wrote that pre-existing anti-discrimination laws already prohibited caste discrimination.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Osgood |first=Brian |title=California passes bill banning caste-based discrimination |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/6/california-state-legislature-passes-bill-banning-caste-based-discrimination |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Hosseini |first=Raheem |date=October 7, 2023 |title=Newsom surprise veto deals crushing blow to caste-based civil rights movement |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/california/article/caste-discrimination-veto-18369289.php |access-date=October 9, 2023 |work=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>

==Studies on caste in the United States==
According to a 2003 study by the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], 1.5% of Indian immigrants were [[Dalit|Dalits]] or members of lower classes.<ref name="WGBH">
{{cite news |author=Tinku Ray |title=The US isn't safe from the trauma of caste bias |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2019-03-08/us-isn-t-safe-trauma-caste-bias |newspaper=WGBH News |date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> Another 2016 study found that the 'high' or 'dominant' castes make up more than 90% of Indian migrants.<ref>
{{Cite news |first=Patrick |last=French |title=All Come to Look for America (Review of ''The Other One Percent: Indians in America'' by Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur and Nirvikar Singh) |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=December 10, 2016 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-other-one-percent-indians-in-america-book-review-migration-4419534/ }}</ref>{{efn|In contrast, in India only 4% identify themselves as Brahmin, and 26% as General Category, which means that 70% of the population is from non-dominant castes.<ref>{{Citation |chapter=Attitudes about caste in India |title=Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation |chapter-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2021/06/29/attitudes-about-caste/ |publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=June 29, 2021}}</ref>}}

The [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] published a study in 2021 and reported that 47% of Hindu respondents identified with a caste. The research concluded that the majority of respondents (53%) do not identify with caste, especially among those born in America. Of those that identified with a caste, roughly 1% each identified with [[scheduled caste]] (dalit) and [[scheduled tribe]] ([[adivasi]]) categories.<ref name="Carnegie" />

A survey on caste discrimination conducted by Equality Labs{{efn|Described as a "Dalit rights organisation"<ref name="The Hindu opposes">
Sriram Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/group-opposes-protection-from-caste-discrimination-in-california-varsitys-faculty-union/article38319866.ece Group opposes protection from caste discrimination in California Varsity's faculty union], The Hindu, 24 January 2022.
</ref>
and as "a nonprofit organization focused on ending what it calls caste apartheid".<ref>
Nani Sahra Walker, [https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-07-04/fight-to-add-caste-as-protected-category-in-us Even in the U.S. he couldn't escape the label ‘untouchable’], Los Angeles Times, 4 July 2021.
</ref>}}
found 67% of Indian Dalits living in the U.S. reported that they faced caste-based harassment at the workplace, with 27% reporting verbal or physical assault based on their caste.{{sfn|Equality Labs, 2018|pp=20, 27}} The survey also documents personal anecdotes about discrimination and isolation at schools, workplaces, temples and within communities.<ref name="WGBH" /> The Carnegie Endowment researchers pointed out that the study used a non-representative [[snowball sampling]] method to identify participants, which might have skewed the results in favour of those with strong views about caste.<ref name="Carnegie" /><ref name="The Hindu opposes" />

The Carnegie Endowment study, using a sample from [[YouGov]], found 5% of Indian Americans reporting they faced caste discrimination.{{efn|This compares with 1–2% people identifying with scheduled castes/tribes.}} A third of them said that they faced discrimination from other Indian Americans, another third said they faced it from non-Indian Americans, and a final third said that they faced it from both Indian and non-Indian Americans. The researchers found this response perplexing as non-Indians would not have had caste as a salient category.<ref name="Carnegie">
{{citation |first1=Sumitra |last1=Badrinathan |first2=Devesh |last2=Kapur |first3=Jonathan |last3=Kay |first4=Milan |last4=Vaishnav |title=Social Realities of Indian Americans: Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=9 June 2021 |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/06/social-realities-of-indian-americans-results-from-the-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey?lang=en }}
</ref>

[[Homophily]] based on caste, i.e., tendency to associate with the people of the same caste, was reported by 21% of the respondents; 24% said that they did not know the caste of the people they associated with. The remainder said that they associate with some or most people of their caste (23% and 31% respectively).<ref name="Carnegie" />

The Ambedkar King Study Circle collected testimonies of how caste consciousness and discrimination are practiced by the [[Indian diaspora]]. The testimonies record various types of discriminatory practices in schools, workplaces, social gatherings and neighborhoods. Usually this discrimination borders on the sense of notional and real '[[untouchability]]'.<ref>
{{Cite news |title=After case against Cisco, US group gathers evidence against caste discrimination in Silicon Valley |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/after-case-against-cisco-us-group-gathers-evidence-against-caste-discrimination-in-silicon-valley/articleshow/77225914.cms |id={{ProQuest|2427577235}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Testimonies of Practice of Caste in the USA |website=Ambedkar King Study Circle |date=2021-10-09 |url=https://akscusa.org/testimonies-of-practice-of-caste-in-the-usa/}}</ref>

===Psychosocial toll===
Caste-based discrimination imposes psychological distress on its victims, especially from lower castes. Dalits suffer at the hand of discrimination, being referred to as "untouchable" and "dirty".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bajoria |first=Jayshree |date=2014-04-22 |title="They Say We're Dirty" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/04/22/they-say-were-dirty/denying-education-indias-marginalized |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Dalits are often bullied by upper-caste classmates and treated differently by teachers, which is trauma that translates from one generation to the next.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Yang |first=Mary |date=2023-09-27 |title='Once we win California, the nation is next': what a caste discrimination ban means for Americans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/sep/27/california-caste-discrimination-law-south-asian-civil-rights |access-date=2023-10-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> South Asians report experiencing diminished self-esteem, feelings of isolation, and enduring anxiety and fear. The Equality Labs study in the US found that those from lower castes "fear retaliation and worry about being "outed" and hence "hide their caste."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-09 |title=The divisive debate over California's anti-caste bill |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65819688 |access-date=2023-10-09}}</ref> This fear of being outed can manifest in several ways; for example, some families opt to change their [[Surname|surnames]] to one considered more "caste neutral" (i.e. "[[Kumar]]", "[[Singh]]", "Khan") in order to avoid ridicule and isolation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-02-21 |title=Using surnames to conceal identity |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/using-surnames-to-conceal-identity/articleshow/4162892.cms |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The long-term impact on mental health can be severe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thapa |first=Tirtha |date=24 July 2014 |title=Living with Diabetes: Lay Narratives as Idioms of Distress among the Low-Caste Dalit of Nepal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01459740.2012.699985 |journal=Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=428–440 |doi=10.1080/01459740.2012.699985 |pmid=24964715 |via=Taylor & Francis Online|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Discrimination issues==

===Discrimination issues in the workplace===
The existence of caste discrimination in the US tech sector was acknowledged by a group of [[Dalit]] female engineers from [[Microsoft]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] and other tech companies.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |last=Tiku |first=Nitasha |title=India's engineers have thrived in Silicon Valley. So has its caste system |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 27, 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/10/27/indian-caste-bias-silicon-valley/ |id={{ProQuest|2454517954}}}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=A statement on caste bias in Silicon Valley from 30 Dalit women engineers |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 27, 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/a-statement-on-caste-bias-in-silicon-valley-from-30-dalit-women-engineers/d692b4f8-2710-41c3-9d5f-ea55c13bcc50/?itid=lk_interstitial_manual_16}}
</ref>

Ambedkar King Study Circle (AKSC), a US based activist group, along with 15 other organizations, sent an appeal to top American companies including Google, Apple, Microsoft demanding that the CEOs intervene immediately to address the issue of caste discrimination. The AKSC wanted the companies to bring in caste sensitivity training similar to the gender, race, sexuality training practices. AKSC emphasized fair and equal opportunity recruitment, retention and appraisal policies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solidarity Statement to End Caste Practices in Silicon Valley and the USA |publisher=India Civil Watch International (ICWI) |url=https://indiacivilwatch.org/petitions-4/caste-discrimination-in-usa/ |access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release IAAAC_Aug12_2020 |date=2020-08-12 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Ambedkar King Study Circle |url=https://akscusa.org/press-release-iaaac_aug12_2020/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=When fight against casteism moves to the US |newspaper=TOI+, The Times of India |date=August 27, 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-fight-against-casteism-moves-to-the-us/articleshow/77757814.cms}}</ref>

In May 2021, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] raided [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (North America)|Akshardham]] in [[Robbinsville Township, New Jersey]] to investigate slavery and forced labor of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|lower caste]] Indian workers.<ref>{{cite news |first=Shubhangi |last=Misra |title=Swaminarayan temple in US raided, workers taken from India treated as forced labour: Report |newspaper=The Print |date=May 12, 2021 |url=https://theprint.in/world/swaminarayan-temple-in-us-raided-workers-taken-from-india-treated-as-forced-labour-report/656884/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Daniella |last=Silva |title=Hindu temple in New Jersey accused of 'shocking violations' in forced-labor lawsuit |newspaper=NBC News |date=May 12, 2021 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hindu-temple-new-jersey-accused-shocking-violations-forced-labor-lawsuit-n1267041 }}</ref><ref name="NYT May 2021" /> The workers were brought to the U.S. on religious visas. The FBI removed about 90 workers from the site.<ref>{{cite news |first=Evan |last=Simko-Bednarski |title=Lawsuit claims New Jersey Hindu temple was built on forced labor |newspaper=CNN |date=2021-05-12 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/12/us/new-jersey-baps-hindu-temple-suit/index.html}}</ref>

In April 2022, Google cancelled a planned talk by [[Thenmozhi Soundararajan]] as part of its Diversity Equity and Inclusivity programme. It was allegedly done under pressure from employees, accusing her of being [[Hinduphobic]] and [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|anti-Hindu]]. Some felt their lives would be endangered if the talk went ahead. Rather than bringing their community together, it caused division and rancor, according to the Google spokesperson. The senior Google manager who invited Soundararajan resigned over the incident.<ref>
Nitasha Tiku, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/02/google-caste-equality-labs-tanuja-gupta/ Google's plan to talk about caste bias led to ‘division and rancor’], The Washington Post, 2 June 2022.</ref><ref>
[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/google-cancelled-dalit-activist-talk-caste-after-pressure-employees-164630 Google cancelled Dalit activist's talk on caste after pressure from employees], The News Minute, 3 June 2022.</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=O’Leary |first=Lizzie |title=Silicon Valley Has a Caste Problem |newspaper=Slate Magazine |date=2022-07-18 |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/07/caste-silicon-valley-thenmozhi-soundararajan.html}}</ref>

===Cisco lawsuit===
In 2020, caste-based discrimination issues in [[Silicon Valley]] came to the surface with a lawsuit by the State of [[California]] against [[Cisco Systems]] filed by the [[California Civil Rights Department|California Department of Fair Employment and Housing]] (DFEH, later named Civil Rights Department).<ref name="Wire legal grounds">{{cite news |author=Anahita Mukherji |title=California's Legal Ground in Battling Caste Discrimination Takes Centre Stage in Historic Cisco Case |newspaper=The Wire |date=10 March 2021 |url=https://thewire.in/caste/cisco-case-caste-discrimination-silicon-valley-ambedkar-organisations}}</ref> The Department sued Cisco and two of its senior engineers for discrimination against a Dalit engineer (identified as "John Doe"), who alleged that he received lower wages and fewer opportunities because of his caste.<ref>{{cite news |title=California sues Cisco over discrimination against dalit employee |newspaper=The Week |date=July 1, 2020 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/07/01/california-sues-cisco-over-discrimination-against-dalit-employee.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Rishi Iyengar |title=California sues Cisco for alleged discrimination against employee because of caste |newspaper=CNN |date=July 1, 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/01/tech/cisco-lawsuit-caste-discrimination/index.html}}</ref>

After an initial filing in a United States District Court, the department refiled in [[Santa Clara County Superior Court]] in October 2021<ref>{{citation |author=Sunita Sohrabji |title=Caste Discrimination in Silicon Valley? Indian Americans Divided Over Issue at Hearing |newspaper=India West |volume=XLVI |number=28 |date=May 21, 2021}}</ref> Cisco filed a demurrer asking for dismissal on the grounds that caste and ethnicity were not protected categories under the Fair Employment and Housing Act of California. The Ambedkar International Center and other Dalit organizations filed an [[amicus curiae]] brief, arguing that the California law does in fact prohibit caste discrimination.<ref name="Wire legal grounds" /> The Hindu nationalist advocacy group [[Hindu American Foundation]] (HAF) filed a claim in a United States District Court stating that the California department infringed on the civil rights of Hindus by asserting that Hinduism mandates caste discrimination.<ref name="PTI engineers">{{citation |author=Lalit K. Jha |title=Caste discrimination case against 2 Indian-origin engineers dismissed in US |newspaper=The Print |date=11 April 2023 |agency=PTI |url=https://theprint.in/world/caste-discrimination-case-against-2-indian-origin-engineers-dismissed-in-us/1510644/}}</ref>

In April 2023, the California Civil Rights Department dismissed (withdrew) its case against the two engineers accused of discrimination, following an order from the Santa Clara Superior County Court, though it continued with the case against the Cisco corporation.<ref name="AP engineers">
{{citation |author=Deepa Bharath |title=Cisco still faces caste bias suit; engineers' case dismissed |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=10 April 2023 |agency=AP |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/04/10/cisco-caste-discrimination-lawsuit-california/5ce03bc4-d7f1-11ed-aebd-3fd2ac4c460a_story.html }}
</ref> According to court filings, the accused lead of the division had actively recruited "John Doe", offering him a generous starting package and stock grants, knowing all along his caste background. He had also recruited other Dalits, including the one that was eventually chosen for the leadership role that John Doe was denied.<ref name="PTI engineers" /><ref name=":7">Mark Chandler, [https://blogs.cisco.com/news/protecting-our-people Protecting Our People], Cisco Blogs, 3 November 2020.</ref> HAF reviewed the case files and alleged that the California department's narrative in the case was full of lies.<ref>Suhag A. Shukla, [https://theprint.in/opinion/dismissal-of-cisco-case-proves-engineers-were-targetted-because-they-were-hindu-brahmin/1532070/ Dismissal of Cisco case proves engineers were targetted because they were Indian], The Print, 21 April 2023.</ref>

===Discrimination issues in education===
In 2015, [[California State Board of Education]] initiated a regular ten-year public review of the school curriculum framework.<ref name="NewsClick Cisco Case">{{cite news |title=Cisco Case Shows Indians Still Take Caste Where they Go |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Cisco-Case-Shows-Indians-Caste-America |newspaper=NewsClick |date=July 15, 2020}}</ref> The [[Hindu American Foundation]] (HAF) and a coalition of other Hindu activists sought to literally erase the word "Dalit" from the syllabus,<ref>{{cite news |author=Mridula Chari |url=https://scroll.in/article/808394/california-to-decide-today-whether-hindu-groups-can-dictate-what-dalits-call-themselves-in-textbooks |title=Last hearing today: Should the word 'Dalit' be used in California textbooks? |newspaper=Scroll.in |date=19 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Thenmozhi |last1=Soundararajan |first2=Abdullah |last2=Momin |first3=Harjit |last3=Kaur |first4=Anasuya |last4=Sengupta |title=Erasing tolerance? HAF's changes can only be described as ahistorical edits to history books (blog) |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=July 1, 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/california-education-board-erasing-tolerance-hindu-nationalism-targets-california-textbooks/}}</ref> which was contested by a coalition of interfaith, multi-racial, inter-caste groups called "South Asian Histories for All".<ref name="NewsClick Cisco Case"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Theresa |title=Hindus urge California state board to reject textbooks due to negative images |url=https://edsource.org/2017/hindus-urge-california-state-board-to-reject-textbooks-due-to-negative-images/589996 |date=2017 |website=EdSource}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=January 2023|reason=Where is "discrimination" in this episode?}}

In 2021, the student body of [[California State University]] system, representing half a million students, passed a resolution seeking a ban on caste-based discrimination.<ref name="Al Jazeera resolution">{{cite news |last=Naik |first=Raqib Hameed |title=US students pass resolution to end discrimination against Dalits |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/16/california-student-body-demands-ban-on-caste-based-discrimination |newspaper=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The campaign was spearheaded by Prem Pariyar, a Nepali origin Dalit student, who came to the US in 2015 escaping persecution in his home country, and claimed that he faced discrimination in the US as well.<ref name="Al Jazeera resolution"/> For the affected students, casteism is manifested through slurs, microaggressions and social exclusion.<ref name=CNN/> The resolution cited the survey by Equality Labs where 25 percent of Dalits reported having faced verbal or physical assaults.<ref name="Al Jazeera resolution"/> [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] noted that the resolution was authored by a higher caste student and backed by other students from other racial and religious groups.<ref name="Al Jazeera resolution"/>

In January 2022, the Board of Trustees of the California State University responded, announcing that they added "caste" as a protected category in the university's anti-discrimination policy.<ref>{{citation |first=Nani Sahra |last=Walker |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-01-20/csu-adds-caste-to-its-anti-discrimination-policy |title=Cal State system adds caste to anti-discrimination policy in groundbreaking decision |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=January 20, 2022}}</ref> The change was subtle, according to [[CNN]]. The word "caste" was added in parentheses after the term "race and ethnicity".<ref name=CNN>Harmeet Kaur, [https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/30/us/csu-caste-protections-universities-cec/index.html Colleges and universities across the US are moving to ban caste discrimination], CNN News, 30 January 2022.</ref> A group of faculty in the university had written to the Board of Trustees citing lack of due diligence in instituting the measure. They said that the existing policy of the university, which covers national origin, ethnicity and ancestry, already provided adequate protection, and claimed that the new measure would result in singling out and targeting the Hindu faculty.<ref>{{citation |first=Namita |last=Singh |title=Faculty members of California State University protest inclusion of caste in non-discriminatory policy |newspaper=Independent |date=January 24, 2022 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/california-state-university-caste-india-b1999328.html}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu opposes" /> But for the advocates and student leaders who campaigned for it for over two years, it was a civil rights victory.<ref name=CNN/>

In December 2022, Brown University became the first Ivy League institution to add caste to its nondiscrimination policy. Brown's vice president for Institutional Equity and Diversity noted that caste was covered under existing nondiscrimination policies, "but we felt it was important to lift this up and explicitly express a position on caste equity.”<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-12-01/caste | title=Brown University adds caste to nondiscrimination policy | date=December 2022 |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Caste system among South Asian Muslims]]
* [[Caste system among South Asian Christians]]
* [[Cast system in Sikhism|Caste system in Sikhism]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Caste system of Pakistan|Caste system in Pakistan]]
* [[Caste system in Nepal]]
* [[Caste system in Sri Lanka]]
* [[Discrimination in the United States]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

; Sources
* {{citation |last1=Krishnamurthi |first1=Guha |last2=Krishnaswami |first2=Charanya |title=Title VII and Caste Discrimination |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=134 |year=2021 |pages=456–482 |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/134-Harv.-L.-Rev.-F.-456.pdf}}
* {{Citation |last1=Zwick-Maitreyi |first1=M. |last2=Soundararajan |first2=T. |last3=Dar |first3=N. |last4=Bheel |first4=R. F. |last5=Balakrishnan |first5=P. |title=Caste in the United States: A survey of Caste among South Asian Americans |publisher=Equality Labs |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-692-94411-0 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58347d04bebafbb1e66df84c/t/603ae9f4cfad7f515281e9bf/1614473732034/Caste_report_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903051757/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58347d04bebafbb1e66df84c/t/603ae9f4cfad7f515281e9bf/1614473732034/Caste_report_2018.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2021 |ref={{sfnref|Equality Labs, 2018}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |author=Tinku Ray |title=The US isn't safe from the trauma of caste bias |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2019-03-08/us-isn-t-safe-trauma-caste-bias |newspaper=WGBH News |date=March 8, 2019}}
* [[Isabel Wilkerson]], ''[[Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents]]'', Random House, 2020

{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Dalit history| ]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in the United States]]
[[Category:Maid narratives
[[Category:United States caste system]]

Jitendra Joshi

2026-05-02T17:56:40Z

MerleGrier1601: put up new info v1

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jitendra Joshi
| image = Jitendra Joshi.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|01|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Actor]],[[lyricist]]
| yearsactive = 2003 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|Mitali Joshi|2009}}
| children = 1
| website =
}}

'''Jitendra Joshi''' is an Indian actor, writer and also reality show host who predominantly works in [[Marathi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k12/apr/aprrel41.php |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |title=Star Pravah premieres National Award winning Best Marathi Film Shala |access-date=14 Mar 2012}}</ref> He is well known for his lead role as Sant [[Tukaram]] Maharaj in the 2012 Marathi film ''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]''. He starred as Constable Katekar in the hit [[Netflix]] television series [[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/i-have-seen-many-katekars-in-life-says-jitendra-joshi-of-sacred-games-fame/article24481713.ece|title=I have seen many Katekars in life, says Jitendra Joshi of 'Sacred Games' fame|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Joshi was born on 27 January 1979 in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], and was raised in [[Marwari language|Marwari]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जितेंद्र जोशी मुळचा मराठी नाहीच! सारेगमपच्या मंचावर सत्य उघडकीस, म्हणाला- मला या भाषेच ज्ञान नाही पण... |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/jitendra-joshi-is-not-maharashtrian-marathi-he-is-real-rajasthani-marwadi/articleshow/105196762.cms |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Jitendra Joshi 4.3.2018.jpg|thumb|100px|Jitendra Joshi]]
Joshi also wrote the popular song "[[Kombadi Palali]]", which was later remixed as "[[Chikni Chameli]]". He got his first recognition from the [[Zee Marathi]] daily soap ''Ghadlay Bighadlay'' where he played ''Krishna''. In 2011, he hosted ''Marathi Paaul Padte Pudhe'', a talent reality show on the ''[[Zee Marathi]]''.<ref name="marathipaaul">{{cite web |date=22 Jan 2011 |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k11/jan/jan149.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150202110718/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k11/jan/jan149.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2015 |title=Zee Marathi to launch talent hunt show on 24 January |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |access-date=14 Mar 2012 }}</ref> In Marathi he played title role of Sant Tukaram in ''Tukaram'' (film released in 2012) and a comic role in ''Guldasta''. Not only as a hero, but he has also appeared as Sai, a villain character in the film ''[[Duniyadari]]'' (2013).<ref name="en.wikipedia.org">[[Duniyadari]]</ref> In 2016, he co-starred in the critically acclaimed dramedy ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'', which was produced by [[Priyanka Chopra]]. His performance in the film was widely praised.<ref name="filmfare.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-ventilator-16489.html |title=Movie Review: Ventilator |work=filmfare.com |access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Ventilator/movie-review/55242685.cms |title=Ventilator Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |work=indiatimes.com |access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> In 2018, he starred in the Netflix Original Series ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' alongside Saif Ali Khan where he played the role of constable Katekar.

In 2021 Joshi won the [[IFFI Best Actor Award (Male)|Best Actor Award]] at [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] for his role as Nishikant Deshmukh in Nikhil Mahajan's Marathi film ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''.

He was also impressive as the devious villager in Netflix's ''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]'' (2022).

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye]]'' || Unnamed|| Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Pak Pak Pakaak]]'' || Sarpanch's son|| rowspan="7" |Marathi ||
|-
| ''No Problem'' || Veeru||
|-
|[[Dombivali Fast|''Dombivli Fast'']]
|Common man
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Majhi Manasa|Majhi Maanas]]'' || Jitu||
|-
| ''[[Golmaal (Marathi film)|Golmaal]]'' || Soham Dixit ||
|-
| ''Aaila Re!!'' || Ranjan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''Ghar Doghanch'' || Jitendra ||
|-
| ''Panga Naa Lo'' || Priya's husband|| Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2009 || ''[[Sumbaran]]'' || Viru || rowspan="15" |Marathi ||
|-
| ''[[Gulmohar (2009 film)|Gulmohar]]'' || Dr.Bhagwan Satpute ||
|-
| ''Hai Kai Nai Kai''|| Sadashiv Dhapane || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k9/aac524.php |title=Zee Talkies ready to release its 7th movie on 28 August |work=Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=[[Indian Television]] |date=27 Aug 2009 |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''Navra Avali Bayko Lovely'' || Mahesh ||<ref name="lovely1">{{cite web |url=http://www.marathidhamal.com/interview05.html |title=Jitendra Joshi speaks on 'Navra Avali Bayko Lovely' |publisher=Marathi Dhamal (interview in Marathi) |access-date=14 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525115749/http://www.marathidhamal.com/interview05.html |archive-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2011 || ''Bharat Majha Desh Aahe'' || Jitendra||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k11/aac2066.php |title=Bhagirathi and Bharat Majha Desh Aahe to premiere at IFFI |publisher=[[Indian Television]] |date=12 Nov 2011 |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shala (film)|Shala]]'' || Naru mama || <ref name="blogs.wsj.com Virani 2012">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/05/22/at-nys-indian-film-festival-its-all-about-young-actors/|title=At NY's Indian Film Festival, It's All About Young Actors}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guldasta (Marathi film)|Guldasta]]'' || Jeetu||
|-
| ''[[Zhakaas]]'' || Pankaj||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 ||''Matter'' || Babya || <ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KnCgd5lv5Q |title=Matter - Marathi Movie Review |publisher=Rajshri.com |date=2 Mar 2012 |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|''Ha Bharat Mazza''
|Bharat
|
|-
| ''Kutumb''|| Namdev Solkar || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9E5yciql7o|title=- YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]''|| [[Tukaram]]|| <ref name="lead">(6 March 2012). [http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/tukaram-on-screen/article_49503 Tukaram on screen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091213/http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/tukaram-on-screen/article_49503 |date=27 March 2019 }}, ''[[Afternoon (newspaper)]]''</ref><ref name="int2">(10 April 2012). [http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/marathi/tukaram/articleshow/12608109.cms 'Sant Tukaram'], ''[[The Times of India]]'' (photos from movie included in ''The Times of India'' section on upcoming 2012 movies)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Duniyadari]]''|| Sainath Dedgaonkar (Sai) ||
|-
|''Konkanastha''
|[[Inspector]]
|
|-
|''[[Zapatlela 2]]''
|Vinayak Chitre
|
|-
| ''[[The Attacks of 26/11]]'' || [[Constable]] || rowspan="2" |Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 || ''[[Singham Returns]]'' || Ashish Kumar||Guest appearance
|-
|''Hututu''
|Vaibhav Dhanawde
| rowspan="14" |Marathi
|
|-
|''Cappuccino''
|Kedar (KD)
|
|-
|''Premasathi Coming Suun''
|Kolte Patil
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015 || ''[[Baji (2015 film)|Baji]]'' || Martand ||
|-
| ''[[Kaakan]]'' ||Kisu ||
|-
| ''[[Shasan]]'' || Subhash Naigaonkar||
|-
| ''Mhais'' || ||
|-
|''Dhol Taashe''
|Aditya Deshmukh
|
|-
|''[[Raakhandaar]]''
|Sadanand Lokre
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Natsamrat]]''|| Mr. Dixit's son||Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Poshter Girl]]'' || Bharatrao Zende ||Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'' || Prasanna Kamerkar ||Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Award for Best Actor]]
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017 || ''[[Baghtos Kay Mujra Kar]]'' || Nanasaheb Deshmukh ||
|-
| ''Tu. Ka. Patil'' || Tu. Ka. Patil||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://glamgold.com/machhindra-chates-next-tu-ka-patil/ |title=Machhindra Chate's next TU. KA. PATIL – Glamgold |website=glamgold.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115221408/http://glamgold.com/machhindra-chates-next-tu-ka-patil |archive-date=2018-01-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]'' || Photographer Suraj || Hindi ||
|-
|2018 || ''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''|| Nana Londhe || rowspan="5" |Marathi||
|-
|2019
| ''[[Hirkani]]''
|Fakir
|
|-
|2020
| ''[[Choricha Mamla]]''
|Nandan
|Nominated—Filmfare Marathi Award for Best Actor Winner maharashtra state film award for best actor in a comic role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[June (2021 film)|June]]''
|Abhijit
|
|-
| ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''||Nishikant Deshmukh||
|-
|2022
| ''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]''
| Panna
| Hindi
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
| Ramesh
| rowspan="2" | Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
| ''[[Ghaath (2023 film)|Ghaath]]''
| Assistant Commissioner Police
|
|-
|''[[School College Ani Life]]''
|Ismael Sheikh
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2023-03-20 |title=Rohit Shetty Steps In Marathi Film Industry With School College Ani Life, Tejasswi Prakash & Karan Parab's Sice Of Life Flick's Trailer Out! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/entertainment-news/rohit-shetty-steps-in-marathi-film-industry-with-school-college-ani-life-tejasswi-prakash-karan-parabs-sice-of-life-flicks-trailer-out/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naal 2]]''
|Ajinath
|Marathi
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Ulajh]]''
|Prakash Kamat
|Hindi
|
|-
|[[Agni (2024 film)|''Agni'']]
|Mahadev Nigde
|Hindi
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/agni-on-prime-release-date-pratik-gandhi-divyenndu-saiyami-kher-watch-trailer/36515dccfc561|title=Agni OTT Release: Here's when and where to watch Pratik Gandhi, Divyenndu, and Saiyami Kher's action-packed film about firefighters|date=14 November 2024|work=OTT Play|access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Sarzameen]]''
|[[Colonel]] Ahmed Iqbal
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2026
|''[[Krantijyoti Vidyalay Marathi Madhyam]]''
| Vishvajeet Deshmukh
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2026-01-01 |title=‘Krantijyoti Vidyalay Marathi Madhyam’ review: A battle cry to save the Marathi language |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1089612/krantijyoti-vidyalay-marathi-madhyam-review-a-battle-cry-to-save-the-marathi-language |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Magic''
|Arun Raut
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title='मॅजिक' एक मायाजाल; एन्काऊंटर स्पेशलिस्टच्या भूमिकेत झळकणार जितेंद्र जोशी, कोडं सुटणार? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/jitendra-joshi-to-play-encounter-specialist-in-psychological-thriller-magic-releasing-january-marathi-news-1402638 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Toaster (film)|Toaster]]''
|Amol Amre
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Toaster Movie Review: This Rajkummar Rao, Sanya Malhotra Film Is Almost Well-Toasted But Tonally Inconsistent |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/toaster-movie-review-this-rajkummar-rao-sanya-malhotra-film-is-almost-well-toasted-but-tonally-inconsistent-ws-l-10033441.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260424050925/https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/toaster-movie-review-this-rajkummar-rao-sanya-malhotra-film-is-almost-well-toasted-but-tonally-inconsistent-ws-l-10033441.html |archive-date=2026-04-24 |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raja Shivaji (film)|Raja Shivaji]]''
|Pant
|Marathi Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-28 |title=आदल्या दिवशी फोन, रात्री लूक टेस्ट...; जिनिलीया देशमुखने ऐनवेळी सुचवलं जितेंद्र जोशीचं नाव! रितेश म्हणाला, "त्या माणसाने..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-jitendra-joshi-casting-story-genelia-deshmukh-revelation-sva-00-5864814/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Tumbadchi Manjula''
|
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=एकूण १३ कलाकार, दाराआड उभी असलेली सई ताम्हणकर...; 'तुंबाडची मंजुळा'चा हटके टीझर प्रदर्शित! 'या' दिवशी होणार प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/tumbadchi-manjula-multi-starrer-movie-release-date-sai-tamhankar-jitendra-joshi-know-the-whole-starcast-teaser-out-sva-00-5820120/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Khashaba}}
|TBA
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80em"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Aired On
!style="width: 50%;"| Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Shriyut Gangadhar Tipre]]'' || Pami || [[Zee Marathi|Alpha TV Marathi]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004|| ''Ghadlay Bighadlay'' || [[Krishna]] || [[Zee Marathi|Alpha TV Marathi]] || ||
|-
| ''Campus -A Fair War'' || Anchor || [[Zee Marathi|Alpha TV Marathi]] || Won: Best Anchor (Male) award at Aapla Alpha Awards, 2004 Won: Best Male Compere award at MaTa Sanman Awards 2004 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k4/aug/aug115.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150202110713/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k4/aug/aug115.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2015 |title=Alpha TV Marathi celebrates 5th birthday with Aapla Alpha Awards |date=12 Aug 2004 |publisher=[[Indian Television]] |access-date=14 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb140.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150202110716/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb140.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2015 |title=Alpha TV Marathi bags 12 awards at 'Maharashtra Times Sanman' awards |date=16 Feb 2004 |publisher=[[Indian Television]] |access-date=14 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Home Minister (TV series)|Home Minister]]'' || Anchor || [[Zee Marathi]] || Jitendra replaced show's regular anchor [[Adesh Bandekar]] while Adesh was contesting Maharashtra State Assembly election ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_marathi-actor-adesh-bandekar-to-re-host-home-minister-show_1332728 |title=Marathi actor Adesh Bandekar to re-host 'Home Minister' show |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=9 Jan 2010 |location=Mumbai |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || ''Hasya Samrat'' || Anchor || [[Zee Marathi]] || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Marathi Paaul Padte Pudhe]]'' || Anchor || [[Zee Marathi]] || ||
|-
| 2012 || [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa'' (season 11)]]|| Contestant || [[Zee Marathi]] || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Toofan Aalaya]]'' || Anchor || [[Zee Marathi]] || This show presented by [[Aamir Khan]]'s Paani Foundation to fight with the drought situation ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 2)|Bigg Boss Marathi 2]]''
|Himself
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|To spend time with contestants
|
|-
|''Don Special''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/jitendra-joshi-will-do-anchoring-new-show-don-special/|title="दोन स्पेशल"च्या कट्टयावर जितूसोबत रंगणार दिलखुलास गप्पा! - Marathi News {{!}} Jitendra joshi will do anchoring on new show don special {{!}} Latest television News at Lokmat.com|date=31 October 2019|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr-IN|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>
|Anchor
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Aired On
|-
|2018
|''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' || Katekar || [[Netflix]]
|-
|2020
|''[[Betaal (TV series)|Betaal]]''|| Ajay Mudhalvan || [[Netflix]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Cartel (web series)|Cartel]]''|| Madhu || [[ALTBalaji]]
|-
|2022
|''[[Bloody Brothers]]''|| Dushyant || [[ZEE5]]
|-
|2023
|''[[School of Lies]]''
|Aniruddh
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|}

===Theatre===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Role !! Language
|-
| ''Hum To Tere Aashiq Hain''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/marathi/httah.asp |title=Hum To Tere Aashiq Hai |publisher=Mumbaitheatreguide.com |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> || Anil Pradhan || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| ''Prem Naam Hai Mera... Prem Chopra!''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Darr-ling/articleshow/4416400.cms |title=Darr-ling |date=18 Apr 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> || Niranjan || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| ''Mukkam Post Bombilwadi'' || || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| ''Chhel Chhabilo Gujarati'' || Shyam || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
| ''Hamidabaichi Kothi'' || Sattaar Bhai || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| ''Don Special'' || Milind Bhagwat || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 72.8%"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2012
| [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actor]]
| [[Zhakaas]]
| {{Won}}
|
|-
|Rowspan ="2"|2016
| [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actor]]
| Rowspan="2"|[[Poshter Girl]]
| {{Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2021
|[[52nd International Film Festival of India]]
| [[IFFI Best Actor Award (Male)]]
| Rowspan="5"|''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
|2024
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Rowspan="3"|2023
|Rowspan="3"|[[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Critics Award Best Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/ringu-wandering-jitendra-joshi-and-angela-molina-win-big-at-52nd-iffi-7646179/ |title=Ringu Wandering, Jitendra Joshi and Angela Molina win big at 52nd IFFI|date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi]]
| {{Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Marathi]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2023
| [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actor]]
|Rowspan="2"|[[Naal 2]]
| {{Nominated}}
|
|-
|2023
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| 2024
| [[Maharashtra State Film Award]]
| [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Comedian]]
| [[Choricha Mamla]]
| {{Won}}
|
|-
|2025
|[[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi]]
| ''[[Ghaath (2023 film)|Ghaath]]''
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{IFFI Award for Best Actor}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Jitendra}}
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]

[[Category:Male actors from Pune]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:IFFI Best Actor (Male) winners]]

Rakshita Suresh

2026-04-24T07:30:30Z

MerleGrier1601: put up some stub added tags

{{short description|Indian playback singer (born 1998)}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rakshita Suresh
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Singer|stage performer}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| organization =
| known_for =
| works = {{hlist|[[#Discography|Discography]]|[[#Television|television]]}}
| height =
| spouse =
| father =
| relatives =
| family =
| awards = [[#Awards|Full list]]
| honours =
| website = 
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = Yes
| instrument = {{Hlist|[[Vocals]]}}
| label = {{Hlist|[[Sony Music India]]|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Think Music]]|[[Zee Music Company]]|[[Saregama]]|[[Tips Industries]]|Jhankar Music|[[Lahari Music]]|[[Anand Audio]]}}
| genre = {{Hlist|[[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical]]|[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]|[[Filmi music|filmi]]|[[Rock music|rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Folk music|folk]]|[[Light music|light]]|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]}}
}}
}}
'''Rakshita Suresh''' is an [[List of Indian playback singers|Indian playback singer]] and stage performer who works primarily in the [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film industries]]. She has performed internationally and is one of the lead singers in [[A. R. Rahman]]'s band. She has recorded songs in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]].<ref name="TOILive">{{cite web
|last=Tejonmayam
|first=U
|author-link=
|title=Super Singer fame Sam Vishal, Rakshita Suresh to perform live at Central Metro
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/super-singer-fame-sam-vishal-rakshita-suresh-to-perform-live-at-central-metro/articleshow/97141000.cms
|website=[[The Times of India]]
|publisher=Times Internet Limited
|date=19 January 2023
|access-date=6 February 2026
}}</ref><ref name="ETAccident">{{cite web
|last=ET Online
|title=Singer Rakshita Suresh of 'Ponniyin Selvan' fame survives nasty accident, says she is 'lucky to be alive'
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/singer-rakshita-suresh-of-ponniyin-selvan-fame-survives-nasty-accident-says-she-is-lucky-to-be-alive/articleshow/100073144.cms
|website=[[The Economic Times]]
|publisher=Times Internet Limited
|date=8 May 2023
|access-date=6 February 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=AR Rahman meets KJ Yesudas with Shweta Mohan and Rakshita Suresh, calls him childhood favourite |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=31 July 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/31/ar-rahman-meets-kj-yesudas-with-shweta-mohan-and-rakshita-suresh-calls-him-childhood-favourite-84926.html |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>

She has received several industry awards, including the [[Vijay Television Awards|Vijay Television Award for Favourite Singer]] (2023).<ref name="VijayTVAwards2023">{{cite web
|last=Cinefry
|title=Vijay Television Awards 2023: Winners List
|url=https://www.cinefry.co.in/vijay-television-awards-2023/
|website=Cinefry
|access-date=6 February 2026
}}</ref> She has also been nominated for the [[SIIMA Awards]] three times, the [[IIFA Award]] once, and the [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year]] once.

Her playback work includes songs from films such as ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'',<ref>{{cite web
|last=India TV News
|title=Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya out: Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan song sets dance floor on fire
|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-out-shah-rukh-khan-sets-dance-floor-on-fire-with-jawan-s-latest-song-watch-2023-08-29-889587
|website=[[India TV|India TV News]]
|publisher=India TV
|date=29 August 2023
|access-date=6 February 2026
|quote=Sreerama Chandra, Rakshita Suresh, and Anirudh Ravichander have added their vocals to this energetic party number}}</ref> ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''<ref name="TIEPS1">{{cite web |last=Entertainment Desk |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1's Sol lyrical video: Watch Sobhita Dhulipala's Vaanathi tease Trisha's Kundhavai in this magical AR Rahman song |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 September 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-sol-lyrical-video-trisha-sobhita-dhulipala-ar-rahman-8155608/ |access-date=7 February 2026 |quote=Composed by AR Rahman, the song is crooned by Rakshita Suresh, who rose to fame through Super Singer Junior.}}</ref> and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II|II]]'',<ref name="TOIPS2">{{cite web
|last=Times of India
|title=Ponniyin Selvan: Part Two | Kannada Song - Kirunage
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/ponniyin-selvan-part-two-kannada-song-kirunage/videoshow/100353704.cms
|website=[[The Times of India]]
|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.
|date=19 May 2023
|access-date=6 February 2026
|quote='Kirunage' is sung by Rakshita Suresh and music is given by A R Rahman.}}</ref> ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'', ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'', and ''[[The Goat Life]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Singer Rakshita Suresh debuts in Malayalam with 'Aadujeevitham' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/rakshita-suresh-debuts-in-malayalam-with-aadujeevitham-1.9408623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319160835/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/rakshita-suresh-debuts-in-malayalam-with-aadujeevitham-1.9408623 |archive-date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> Her independent releases include "Kutty Pattas," "Moopilla Thamizhe Thaaye," "Vilagathey," and "That’s How We Roll – 1 Min Music."

==Early life==
She has received training in [[Carnatic classical music]], [[Hindustani classical music]], and [[light music]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-28|title=Romantic songs musical nite by Dr. M.S. Natashekar and troupe on Oct.1|url=https://starofmysore.com/romantic-songs-musical-nite-dr-m-s-natashekar-troupe-oct-1/|access-date=2021-09-19|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Maheswaran |first=Praba |title=Interview with Super Singer fame, playback singer Rakshita Suresh |website=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |publisher=SBS Tamil |date=2 March 2024 |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/tamil/en/podcast-episode/interview-with-super-singer-fame-playback-singer-rakshita-suresh/3ptauqi20 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>

==Career==
Rakshita made her debut as a playback singer in 2015 with the song "Challa Gaali" for the Telugu film ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'', composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |date=25 February 2015 |title=Yevade Subramanyam (Music review), Telugu – Radhan & Ilayaraja |url=https://milliblog.com/2015/02/25/yevade-subramanyam-music-review-telugu-radhan-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004093936/https://milliblog.com/2015/02/25/yevade-subramanyam-music-review-telugu-radhan-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=Milliblog!}}</ref> She made her Hindi film debut with the song "Yaane Yaane" for the soundtrack of the 2021 film ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'', composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref name="TOIMimi">{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Debamitra |date=7 August 2021 |title="'Mimi' has strongly delivered the concept of surrogacy in the most simplified manner\" – says 'Yaane Yaane' singer Rakshita Suresh |url=https://orissadiary.com/mimi-has-strongly-delivered-the-concept-of-surrogacy-in-the-most-simplified-manner-says-yaane-yaane-singer-rakshita-suresh/ |website=Odisha News |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2021 |title=Mimi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0DUOcMjmHGVLqFkWqfNC0z |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715184141/https://open.spotify.com/album/0DUOcMjmHGVLqFkWqfNC0z |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=7 February 2026 |publisher=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> She has since recorded songs in several [[Cinema of India|Indian film industries]] across multiple languages. Some of her notable playback recordings include "Sol" from ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'',<ref name="TIEPS1"/> "Kirunage" from ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'',<ref name="TOIPS2"/> "Vennilavu Saaral" from ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=17 October 2024 |title='Vennilavu Saaral' song from Sivakarthikeyan's Amaran out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/17/vennilavu-saaral-song-from-sivakarthikeyans-amaran-out |access-date=7 February 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |archive-date=31 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031065100/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/17/vennilavu-saaral-song-from-sivakarthikeyans-amaran-out |url-status=live }}</ref> "Kaalathukkum Nee Venum" from ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=First single 'Kaalathukkum Nee Venum' from Simbu's 'Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu' is out now! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-kaalathukkum-nee-venum-from-simbus-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-is-out-now/articleshow/91378104.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527162811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-kaalathukkum-nee-venum-from-simbus-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-is-out-now/articleshow/91378104.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "Nanage Neenu" from ''[[Upadhyaksha]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Nanage Neenu Song From Chikkanna-starrer Upadhyaksha Is The New Love Anthem|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nanage-neenu-song-from-chikkanna-starrer-upadhyaksha-is-the-new-love-anthem-8645311.html|access-date=7 February 2026 |work=[[News18 India]]|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103023552/https://www.news18.com/movies/nanage-neenu-song-from-chikkanna-starrer-upadhyaksha-is-the-new-love-anthem-8645311.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "Sanchariyaagu Nee" from ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Love Mocktail 2 by Nakul Abhyankar|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/love-mocktail-2/ZuGUS0wvYUc_|website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=14 February 2022}}</ref> "Kodi Parakura Kaalam" from ''[[Maamannan]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2013 |title=Highlights from 'Maamannan' audio launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/highlights-from-maamannan-audio-launch/photostory/100689694.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625122821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/highlights-from-maamannan-audio-launch/photostory/100689694.cms |archive-date=2023-06-25 |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-02 |title='Maamannan' audio launch: Five highlights from the music celebration of this upcoming Vadivelu, Udhayanidhi-starrer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maamannan-audio-launch-five-highlights-from-the-music-celebration-of-this-upcoming-vadivelu-udhayanidhi-starrer/article66922897.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629023311/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maamannan-audio-launch-five-highlights-from-the-music-celebration-of-this-upcoming-vadivelu-udhayanidhi-starrer/article66922897.ece |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> and "Engeyo" from ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thug Life (Tamil) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/31TRIxu0k1xA4rn4JCwlMb?si=adpGU-PYSzyAV0UYat1WXQ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Spotify}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Thug Life' audio launch: Shiva Rajkumar's heartfelt tribute to Kamal Haasan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thug-life-audio-launch-shiva-rajkumars-heartfelt-tribute-to-kamal-haasan/articleshow/121391019.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Thug Life' audio launch: Kamal Haasan applauds Silambarasan's dedication and Tamil cinema's legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thug-life-audio-launch-kamal-haasan-applauds-silambarasans-dedication-and-tamil-cinemas-legacy/articleshow/121389950.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Rakshita began her public singing career through participation in televised music competitions from an early age. She appeared on the Kannada music show ''Yede Thumbi Haduvenu'' on [[ETV Network|ETV Kannada]], and later competed on ''[[Super Singer Junior season 3|Super Singer Junior 3]]'' on [[Star Vijay]],<ref name="Hindu17Oct2011">{{cite news|author=G. Prasad|title=Children Pitch It Right At Audition - TAMIL NADU - The Hindu |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 October 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/children-pitch-it-right-at-audition/article2544394.ece|accessdate=7 February 2026}}</ref> ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi]]'' on [[Zee TV]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} and ''[[Rising Star (Indian TV series) season 1|Rising Star Season 1]]'' on [[Colors TV]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} She won the Kannada reality show ''Rhythm Tadheem{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}'' and was the title winner on ''Little Star Singer'' on [[Asianet Suvarna News|Asianet Suvarna]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} In 2018, she was the first runner-up on ''[[Super Singer 6]]'' on Star Vijay.<ref>{{cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=15 July 2018 |title=Super Singer 6 winner: Senthil Ganesh emerges victorious, Rakshita and Malavika are runners-up |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-singer-6-grand-finale-live-updates-winner-senthil-sakthi-rakshita-sreekanth-vijay-tv-photos-774972 |website=IBTimes |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=TNN |title=Contestants battle it out at Super Singer Season 6 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 February 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/contestants-battle-it-out-at-super-singer-season-6/articleshow/62788005.cms |access-date=7 February 2026 |quote=The first one-on-one battle was conducted over the weekend between Ashwin Sharma and Ajay Krishna, Sreelakshmi and Rakshita, Sireesha and Aparna, Sudarshan and Sunny and Viji & Senthil Ganesh.}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Network
!Language
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|2009
|''Little Star Singer''
|Contestant
|[[Star Suvarna|Asianet Suvarna]]
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|
|-
|2011–2012
|[[Super Singer Junior season 3|''Super Singer Junior 3'']]
|Contestant
| [[Star Vijay]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|2016
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa'']]
|Contestant
|[[Zee TV]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
|2017
|[[Rising Star (Indian TV series) season 1|''Rising Star Season 1'']]
|Contestant
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Super Singer 6]]''
|Contestant
| rowspan="3" |Star Vijay
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|First runner-up
|-
|2024
|''[[Super Singer 10]]''
|Guest Performer
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Super Singer 11]]''
|Judge
|
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!
! Song
! Movie
! Language
!Composer
!Co-artists
! Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2015
| "Challa Gaali"
| ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''
| Telugu
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Christian Jose, Sethil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018
|"Kannane Kanne"
|''[[God Father (2020 film)|God Father]]''
|Telugu
|Naviin Ravindran
| [[Aalap Raju]], Lokesh
|
|
|-
|"Ninna Kannolagilidu"
| rowspan="3" |''Aa Nayana''
|Kannada
| rowspan="3" |Sunita Chandrakumar
|Sahajeet Chandrakumar
|
|
|-
|"Talakke Tallavidu"
|Kannada
|
|
|
|-
|"Lokada Kannige"
|Kannada
|Shreya. K. Bhat
|
|
|-
|"Bhaama Ramana Deepamerage"
| rowspan="2" |''Deepa Lakshmi''
|Kannada
|
|Shreya. K. Bhat
|
|
|-
|"Aare Ivanaare Mohana"
|Kannada
|
|Vasundha Shastri, Sinchana C
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
|"Pattamarangal"
| ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]''
| Tamil
|[[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|[[Sanjith Hegde]], Srinithi S
|
|
|-
|"Vilagathey"
| ''The Final Chapter of Usuraiya Tholaichaen''
| Tamil
|Stephen Zechariah
|Stephen Zechariah
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=2021-09-05 |title=STEPHEN ZECHARIAH'S LOVE TRILOGY - THE FIRST INDIAN INDIE MUSICAL TRILOGY |url=https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/550612801/stephen-zechariah-s-love-trilogy-the-first-indian-indie-musical-trilogy |access-date=2021-09-19 |website=EIN News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Party Song"
| rowspan="2" |''Gangs of 18''
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |A H Kaashif
|
|
|
|-
|"Maruppu"
|
|
|
|-
|"Varamai Vandha Vaazhvu"
| rowspan="2" |''Appa Oru Varam''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|Raja Shah
|
|
|
|-
|"Yennai Yeno"
|Raja Shah
|
|
|
|-
|2020
|"Oththa Kannula
|''[[Thanne Vandi]]''
|Tamil
|Moses
|[[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2021
|"Kutty Pattas"
| rowspan="2" |Album Song
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Latest Tamil Music Video Song 'Kutty Pattas' Sung by Santhosh Dhayanidhi and Rakshita Suresh Starring Ashwin Kumar and Reba Monica John {{!}} Tamil Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/watch-latest-tamil-music-video-song-kutty-pattas-sung-by-santhosh-dhayanidhi-and-rakshita-suresh-starring-ashwin-kumar-and-reba-monica-john/videoshow/81721250.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Rowdy Pattas"
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|"Yaane Yaane"
|''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|Hindi
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|[[Nominated]] for [[Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music awards]] for the category " Upcoming female vocalist of the year "
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Debamitra|date=2021-08-07|title="'Mimi' has strongly delivered the concept of surrogacy in the most simplified manner"- says 'Yaane Yaane' singer Rakshita Suresh|url=https://orissadiary.com/mimi-has-strongly-delivered-the-concept-of-surrogacy-in-the-most-simplified-manner-says-yaane-yaane-singer-rakshita-suresh/|access-date=2021-09-19|website=Odisha News {{!}} Odisha Breaking News {{!}} Latest Odisha News|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Mutyala Chemma Chekka Remix"
|''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]''
|Telugu
|Pawan CH
|
|
|
|-
|"Allipoola Vennela"
|''Telangana Bathukkama Jagrunthi''
|Telugu
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Haripriya, Deepthi Suresh, Aparna Harikumar, Padmaja, [[Uthara Unnikrishnan]]
|
|
|-
|"Beatta Yaethi"
|Album Song
|Tamil
|Arish
|
|
|
|-
|"Nee Parichaya"
|''[[Ninna Sanihake]]''
|Kannada
| [[Raghu Dixit]]
|Sidhdhartha Belamannu
|Nominated for SIIMA Awards for the category "Best Female Singer" - [[Kannada]] for the year 2021
|
|-
|"Sahana Swaravu"
|''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]''
|Kannada
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|Kannada dubbed version of Sivaji
|
|-
|"Aruvi (Title Track)"
|''Aruvi TV Series (Sun TV)''
|Tamil
|Shravan Sridhar
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |2022
|"Sanchariyagu Nee"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
| rowspan="2" |[[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|
|
|-
|"O Nidhima"
|
|
|
|-
|"Moopilla Thamizhe Thaaye"
|Tamil Anthem
|Tamil
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Saindhavi]], [[Nakul Abhyankar]], A. R. Ameen, Amina, Rafiq, Gabriella Sellus, Niranjana Ramanan, Aparna Harikumar
|
|
|-
|"Kan Kan Mein Shriram"
|Devotional song
|Hindi
|Aditya Ramkumar
| Sarthak Kalyani
|
|
|-
|"Aasai Alai Meerudhae"
|Album song
|Tamil
|Bharath Raghavan
|
|
|
|-
|"Karupazhagi"
|Album song
|Tamil
|Satthia Nallaiah
|Satthia Nallaiah
|
|
|-
|"Tholi Tholi"
|''The Legend''
|Telugu
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Haricharan]]
|
|
|-
|"Kaalathukkam Nee Venum"
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Silambarasan]]
|
|
|-
|"Ninne Thaladanne"
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|The Life of Muthu]]''
|Telugu
|[[Sam Vishal]]
|
|
|-
|"'Yele Ilanchingamey"
|''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]''
|Tamil
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|
|
|-
|"Sol"
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|Tamil
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|
|
|-
|"Ayyo Plastic"
|Album song
|Kannada
|Sunita Chandrakumar
|
|
|
|-
|"Vaadi Valarpiraye"
|''Azhagiya Kanne''
|Tamil
|N.R.Ragunanthan
|Sayyad Suban, Savni Raveendra
|
|
|-
|"Ezhuthum Neeye"
|''Naatpadu Theral:2''
|Tamil
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|K.Krishnakumar
|
|
|-
|"Tholi Tholi"
|''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]''
|Telugu
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Haricharan]]
|
|
|-
|"Thats How We Roll"
|Album Song
|Tamil
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Part of Instagram 1 minute music series
|
|-
|"Pani Puri"
|Album Song
|Tamil
|
|Sathya Prakash
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2023
|"Kirunage"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
| rowspan="2" |Kannada Dubbed Version of PS-2
|
|-
|"Veera Raja Veera"
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Sivasri Skandaprasad
|
|-
|"Kanjaadai Poova"
|''Vallaan''
|Tamil
|Santhosh Dhayanidhi
|Karthik
|
|
|-
|"Kodi Parakura Kaalam"
|''[[Maamannan]]''
|Tamil
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Kalpana Raghavendar]], Deepthi Suresh, Aparna Harikumar
|
|
|-
|"Theeraa Vaanam"
|''[[Sweet Kaaram Coffee]]''
|Tamil
|Govind Vasantha
|
|
|
|-
|”[[Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]”
| ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
| Tamil, Telugu
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Sreerama Chandra]]
|
|
|-
|"Nanage Neenu"
|''[[Upadhyaksha]]''
|Kannada
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|[[Vijay Prakash]]
|
|
|-
|"Main Parwaana"
|''[[Pippa (film)|Pippa]]''
|Hindi
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Arijit Singh]], Pooja Tiwari, Nisa Shetty
|
|
|-
|"Yaava Janumada Gelati"
|''[[Kaatera]]''
|Kannada
|Hari Krishna
|[[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth Kumar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|"Omane"
|''[[The Goat Life|The Goat Life - Aadujeevitham]]''
|Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|
|
|-
|"Vennilavu Saaral"
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
|Tamil
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Kapil Kapilan]]
|
|
|-
|"Mounam Pole (Female Version)"
|''[[Vanangaan]]''
|Tamil
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|[[Karthik Netha]]
|
|
|-
|"Sri Krishnam"
|''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]''
|Kannada
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|
|
|
|-
|"Ringu Chaku"
|''[[Hitler (2024 film)|Hitler]]''
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|[[Vivek–Mervin]]
|Vivek Siva
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|"Engeyo"
|''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
|A. R. Rahman
|
|
|
|-
|"Yaaru Petha"
|''[[Desingu Raja 2]]''
|Vidyasagar
|Harshavardhan
|
|
|-
|"Kanaga"
|''Non Violence''
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Vozhi, Super Subu
|
|
|-
|2026
|"Alangaari"
|''[[Jockey (2026 film)|Jockey]]''
|Sakthi Balaji
|Sathya Prakash
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2026-01-12 |title=Jockey's second single 'Alangaari' is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/12/jockeys-second-single-alangaari-is-out |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
{| class="sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Language
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year]]
|Yaane Yaane
|Hindi
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[SIIMA]]
|Best Female Playback Singer
|Nee Parichaya
|Kannada
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Vijay Television Awards]]
|Favorite Singer
|
|Tamil
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Congratulations #RakshitaSuresh for Winning The Favourite Singer 😀💐 {{!}} Vijay Television Awards | date=21 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBkqU1iSD58 |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|SIIMA
|Best Female Playback Singer
|Sol
|Tamil
|{{nom}}
|-
|2025
|SIIMA
|Best Female Playback Singer
|Vennilavu Saaral
|Tamil
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Instagram |rakshitasuresh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, Rakshita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rani Sati

2026-04-10T11:57:42Z

MerleGrier1601: put up a data first draft.

{{Short description|Woman who committed sati}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

'''Rani Sati''', also identified as '''Narayani Devi''' and referred to as '''Dadiji''' (grandmother), is said to be a [[Rajasthan]]i woman who lived sometime between the 13th and the 17th century and committed [[sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) on her husband's death. Various temples in Rajasthan and elsewhere are devoted to her worship and to commemorate her act.

==Legends==
[[File:Rani Sati Temple at Radha Krishna Temple Complex also known as Jalan Mandir, Dibrugarh.jpg 03.jpg|thumb|Rani Sati Temple at [[Radha Krishna Mandir, Dibrugarh]] Complex]]

The accounts of Rani Sati's life and the events leading to her death vary widely. Her death has been dated to 1295 or 1595 in some re-tellings,<ref name=Hardgrove>{{cite journal|last=Hardgrove|first=Anne|title=Sati worship and Marwari public identity in India|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=August 1999|volume=58|issue=3|pages=723–752|doi=10.2307/2659117|jstor=2659117|s2cid=162498846|doi-access=free}}</ref> while others place her in the 14th century,<ref name=Sen>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Mala|title=Death by Fire: Sati, Dowry Death, and [https://chalisaspdf.com/rani-sati-dadi-ki-chalisa/ Female Infanticide in] Modern India|year=2002|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813531021|pages=42–51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aG7nntWmhpMC&pg=PA42}}</ref> or even the 17th century.<ref name = Courtright/> One such legend, recounted by Sakuntala Narsimhan, says:<ref name=Narasimhan>{{cite book|last=Narasimhan|first=Sakuntala|title=Sati - Widow Burning in India|year=1992|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=9780385423175|page=7}}</ref>
<blockquote>
[Rani] was a seventeen-year-old girl of the [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] caste. [https://chalisaspdf.com/rani-sati-dadi-ki-chalisa/ The legend is that the nawab coveted] the white mare that her betrothed rode on, and in the confrontation that ensued, [Rani's husband] Tandhan Das was killed, leaving his faithful servant as the only survivor apart from Dadi Narayani Devi, and her mare. When the servant asked her whether he should take her back to her father's or to her father-in-law's, she is said to have replied that she would become a sati and wherever the horse stopped while carrying the ashes of the couple, a temple to their memory should be raised.
</blockquote>
Another version of the legend, as related by Anne Hardgrove, says:<ref name = Hardgrove/>
<blockquote>
..., on one day about six hundred years ago a fourteen-year-old Hindu bride named Narayani Devi was coming home for the first time with her husband (of the Jalan lineage) just after their marriage. Her husband worked as a merchant in Jhunjhunu. Muslim invaders suddenly attacked her husband and his companions, brutally killing them. Only Narayani Devi and (in some versions) a loyal servant named "Rana" survived the attack. According to the story, Narayani Devi then bravely burned herself to death by spontaneously bursting into flames to avoid being captured and kidnapped by these invaders.
</blockquote>
Other accounts ascribe the killing of her husband to a band of dacoits, and say that Rani died by the same hand in trying to defend her honour.<ref name=Sen/> Yet other versions regard Rani as the first of thirteen widows in her Jalan family to commit sati.<ref name = Hardgrove/>

==Worship and temples==
[[File:Rani Sati Dadi idol.jpg|thumb|Rani Sati Dadi]]
Several temples in India, especially in the North Western state of Rajasthan, are devoted to Rani Sati and her act of sati. There are numerous other Sati temples in the region including Narayani Sati in [[Alwar]], Dholan Sati in [[Raipur]] and [[Rani Bhatiyani]] in [[Jasol]]. Sati worship had been common in these regions, [[Banarasidas]] in his Ardhakathanaka (1643), mentions his family visiting the sati shrine associated with his clan. Though veneration of Rani Sati and patronage of these temples cut across caste, regional and even religious lines,<ref name = Thomas>{{cite book|last=Weinberger-Thomas|first=Catherine|title=Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India|year=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226885698}}</ref> they are particularly prevalent amongst the merchant [[Marwari people|Marwari]] community, and its [[Agrawal]] sub-caste.<ref name = Courtright>{{cite book|last=Courtright|first=Paul B|title=Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India|year=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195360226|editor=Hawley, John Stratton|chapter=The iconographies of Sati}}</ref> Members of those communities have funded the construction of Rani Sati temples, and transformed her status from a ''[[kuldevi]]'' (family deity) to a Goddess subject to public worship.<ref name=Vaid>{{cite journal| last=Vaid|first=Sudesh|author2=Sangari, Kumkum | title=Institutions, Beliefs, Ideologies: Widow immolation in contemporary Rajasthan|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=27 April 1991|pages=2–18}}</ref>

The most prominent of these shrines is the [[Rani Sati Temple Jhunjhunu]] in the [[Shekhavati]] region of Rajasthan, administered and attracting a large following from [[Kolkata]]. The temple was inaugurated in 1912, and started off as a set of simple memorial mounds. Construction of a larger complex began in 1917, financed by donations from the Jalan clan of the Agarwal community, and was completed in 1936.<ref name = Hardgrove/> As of today, the temple is a monumental complex with a multi-storey structure, a main hall made of marble, and dual courtyards surrounded by rooms that can house up to 300 pilgrims. Rani Sati herself is represented by a [[trident]], and considered a manifestation of the Goddess [[Shakti]]. In the sanctum, there is a depiction of Rani Sati surrounded by [[Ganesha]], [[Shiva]] and [[Durga]], while a wall frieze recounts the events leading to her husband's death, her self-immolation, and the subsequent construction of the temple itself. The temple is said to have an annual income of [[Indian rupee|Rupee]]s twenty [[lakh]]s and assets of Rupees eighty lakhs. The temple trustees also organize a well-attended annual fair to celebrate Rani Sati.<ref name = Sen/><ref name = Thomas/><ref name=Brown>{{cite book |last=Brown|first=Lindsay|title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=9781741046908|author2=Thomas, Amelia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&pg=PA286}}</ref>
There are other Sati shrines belonging to other satis in the same family in the compound. There are other Sati temples in Jhunjhunu belonging to other communities.

A Rajasthani movie ''Laj Rakho Rani Sati'' was released in 1973.

Perhaps the oldest existing Rani Sati temple outside Jhunjhunu dates to 1837 and is located at [[Kankurgachi]] in Kolkata. Hundreds of other Rani Sati temples are located in Bombay, Delhi, Varanasi, Kolkata, Hyderabad and other places in India, as well as in Rangoon, Bangkok, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan and the United States.<ref name=Courtright/><ref name = Thomas/> On 1 December 1980, a public procession taken out by Rani Sati devotees in New Delhi to celebrate the construction of a new Rani Sati temple in the city was protested against by feminists and those opposed to the practice of sati. This led to discussions in both houses of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] over promotion of the practice of sati, and [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]] halted construction of the new temple, calling ''satipuja'' (worship of ''sati''s) a "barbaric medieval, and illegal" practice.<ref name = Hardgrove/>

In 1996, many of Rani Sati devotees celebrated the 400th anniversary of her supposed birthday on 4 December, including at a large public [[yagna]] near the temple at Jhunjhunu (the date was possibly picked in tacit protest of the formal banning of sati in [[Bengal Presidency]] by Lord [[Lord William Bentinck]] on 4 December 1829.)<ref name = Hardgrove/>

On 20 November 2015 it's been marked as 734 Birthday of Dadi Rani Sati

==Roop Kanwar controversy==
{{main|Roop Kanwar}}
The practice of worshiping ''sati''s has often been subject of controversy in India, and the Rani Sati Temple at Jhunjhunu came under particularly harsh spot-light when a 18-year widow [[Roop Kanwar]] (who was reported to be a devotee of Rani Sati<ref name=Rajeswari>{{cite book| last=Rajeswari|first=Sunder Rajan|title=Real and Imagined Women: Gender, Culture and Postcolonialism| year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203359662|page=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AEAZp10lYQC&pg=PA25}}</ref>) committed sati in 1987 in the nearby town of [[Deorala]].<ref name = Sen/><ref name=Brown/> Following Kanwar's immolation, the Indian government issued an order proscribing the 'glorification of Sati', and tried banning the annual fair at Jhunjhunu. The Calcutta High Court lifted the ban, and on appeal, the [[Supreme Court of India]] modified it to allow worship of Rani Sati within the temple while forbidding the celebration of her sati through the ''chunari'' ceremonies in which brides seek the Goddess's blessings by offering her their bridal veils. The court also disallowed the fair, which is held on the temple's outer grounds. However the controversy and court decisions, brought even greater attention to the town of Deorala and the Rani Sati temple, and attracted thousands of pilgrims to the temple and the fair that year.<ref name = Sen/> Elsewhere in India, while many Rani Sati temples halted their public celebrations soon after Roop Kanwar's death, their activities resumed within a few years.<ref name = Hardgrove/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:People who committed sati]]
[[Category:Suicides by self-immolation in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]

Chendamangalam saree

2026-04-08T23:16:49Z

MerleGrier1601: stub

{{Short description|Type of sari clothing from India}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}

[[File:Chekutty 2.jpg|thumb|Chekutty dolls]]

'''Chendamangalam Saree''' is a traditional hand woven [[cotton]] [[sari]] from [[Chendamangalam]], [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]]. This saree is part of the Chendamangalam Handloom tradition of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarvaiya|first=Nupur|title=Save The Loom's weavers give a modern spin to traditional kasavu saris|url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/save-the-looms-weavers-give-a-modern-spin-to-traditional-kerala-kasavu-saris|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Vogue India|date=25 August 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== History ==
This weaving tradition was started by [[Devanga|Devanga Chettiar]] community who were settled at [[Chendamangalam]] in the [[16th century]] for [[Paliath Achan]] family, the hereditary [[Prime minister]] and Raja of the Paliam swaroopam under the [[Kingdom of Cochin]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=James|first=Shalini|date=2019-12-20|title=Read about the regained looms of Chendamangalam|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/keralas-design-community-got-together-to-bat-for-chendamangalam-handloom-in-2019/article30358790.ece|access-date=2021-05-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They started by weaving fine [[muslin]] dhotis that could pass [[ringtest]]. The handloom tradition flourished into sarees and other fabrics under the nobles of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]. The weaving waned by early 20th century as a result of diminishing of patronage. However, through Chendamangalam Handloom Co-operative Society formed in 1954 and The Kerala Co-operative Society Act of 1969 the handloom witnessed revival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=They weave magic to stand on their feet|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/13/they-weave-magic-to-stand-on-their-feet-1924657.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214720/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/13/they-weave-magic-to-stand-on-their-feet-1924657.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The weavers faced huge losses due to [[2018 Kerala floods]] in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala floods one month after: Chendamangalam weavers seek new paths to revive handloom sector|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/sep/26/kerala-floods-one-month-after-chendamangalam-weavers-seek-new-paths-to-revive-handloom-sector-1877180.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213515/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/sep/26/kerala-floods-one-month-after-chendamangalam-weavers-seek-new-paths-to-revive-handloom-sector-1877180.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The looms regained its glory through yeoman efforts of Save The Loom initiative by veteran fashion industry professional Ramesh Menon In 2021 May there was a new collection made for women in law in order to commemorate birth anniversary of first women judge of India [[Anna Chandy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weave for women in law|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/may/06/weave-forwomen-in-law-2298865.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 May 2021 }}</ref>

== Features ==
It is one among the four famous weaving traditions existing in [[Kerala]] today.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=All you need to know about the simple, classy Kerala kasavu saree|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/happy-onam-2020-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-simple-classy-kerala-kasavu-saree/story-K9845TLTJy92nzFG16y0aJ.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The saree is distinguished by its ''puliyilakara (tamarind leaf border)'', a thin black line that runs abreast with the sari's selvedge. It also has extra-weft ''chuttikara'' and stripes and checks of varying width. The saree is a typical [[Kerala sari]] and has [[Kasavu]] used in it. This sarees are made with high [[Units of textile measurement|thread count]] in the range of 80 - 120 and needs two to four days of manual labour.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alexander|first=Deepa|date=2020-09-19|title=Chendamangalam sari: a saga of hope and resilience|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/chendamangalam-sari-a-saga-of-hope-and-resilience/article32647783.ece|access-date=2021-05-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== GI tag ==
In 2010, the [[Government of Kerala]] applied for Geographical Indication for Chendamangalam Dhoties, Sarees/Set Mundu. The [[Government of India]] recognized it as a Geographical indication officially since the year 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Details {{!}} Geographical Indications {{!}} Intellectual Property India|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/225|access-date=2021-05-30|website=ipindiaservices.gov.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kuthampully Saree]]
* [[Kasaragod Saree]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.ethnicplus.in/ Ethnic Wear Website]

[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Kerala]]
[[Category:Culture of Ernakulam district]]

{{Clothing-stub}}

Matangi

2026-04-03T10:18:35Z

MerleGrier1601: Details

{{short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{About|the Hindu goddess}}
{{Distinguish|Matagi}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Goddess Matangi.jpg
| caption = Late 19th-century lithograph depicting the goddess with a sword, shield, goad and club
| alt =
| name = Matangi
| Devanagari = मातङ्गी
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Mātaṅgī
| affiliation = [[Mahavidya]], [[Devi]], [[Saraswati]]
| god_of = Goddess of wisdom, arts, the spoken word and supernatural powers
| abode = On the periphery of traditional society like forests and in speech
| consort =
| offspring =
| member_of = The Ten [[Mahavidyas]]
| other_names = Raja Matangi, Mantrini Devi, Shyamala Devi
}}
{{Saktism}}
'''Matangi''' ({{langx|sa|मातङ्गी}}, {{IAST3|Mātaṅgī}}) is a [[Devi|Hindu goddess]]. She is one of the [[Mahavidya]]s, ten [[Tantra|Tantric]] goddesses and an aspect of [[Mahadevi|the Hindu Divine Mother]]. She is considered to be the Tantric form of [[Sarasvati]], the goddess of music and learning. Matangi governs speech, music, knowledge and the arts. Her worship is prescribed to acquire supernatural powers, especially gaining control over enemies, attracting people to oneself, acquiring mastery over the arts and gaining supreme knowledge.

Matangi is often associated with pollution, inauspiciousness and the periphery of Hindu society, which is embodied in her most popular form, known as '''Uchchhishta-Chandalini''' or '''Uchchhishta-Matangini'''.{{sfnp|Kinsley|1997|p=217}} She is described as an [[Dalit|outcaste]] ([[Chandala|Chandalini]]) and offered [[Uchchhishta|left-over or partially eaten food]] (''Uchchhishta'') with unwashed hands or food after eating, both of which are considered to be impure in classical Hinduism.

Matangi is represented as emerald green in colour. While Uchchhishta-Matangini carries a noose, sword, goad, and club, her other well-known form, '''Raja-Matangi''', plays the [[veena]] and is often pictured with a parrot.

==Iconography and textual descriptions==
[[File:Matangi.jpg|thumb|left|19th century lithography of Matangi.]]
The ''Dhyana mantra'' (a mantra that details the form of the deity on which a devotee should meditate) of the ''[[Brihat Tantrasara|Tantrasara]]'' describes Uchchhishta-Matangini, one of the most popular forms of the goddess. Matangi is seated on a corpse and wears red garments, red jewellery and a garland of [[Abrus precatorius|gunja]] seeds. The goddess is described as a young, sixteen-year-old maiden with fully developed breasts. She carries a skull bowl and a sword in her two hands, and is offered leftovers.<ref name="Kinsley209">{{harvp|Kinsley|1997|p=209}}.</ref>

The ''Dhyana mantra''s in the ''Purashcharyarnava'' and the ''Tantrasara'' describe Matangi as blue in colour. The crescent moon adorns her forehead. She has three eyes and a smiling face. She wears jewellery and is seated on a jewelled throne. She carries a noose, a sword, a goad, and a club in her four arms. Her waist is slim and her breasts well-developed.<ref name="Kinsley209"/>

The ''Dhyana Mantra'' of Raja-Matangi from the ''Purashcharyarnava'' describes Matangi as green in colour with the crescent moon on her forehead. She has long hair, a smiling expression and intoxicated eyes, and wears a garland of [[Neolamarckia cadamba|kadamba]] flowers and various ornaments. She perspires a little around the face, which renders her even more beautiful. Below her navel are three horizontal folds of skin and a thin vertical line of fine hair. Seated on an altar and flanked by two parrots, she represents the [[Kalā|64 arts]].<ref name="Kinsley209"/> The ''Saradatilaka'', adds to this description that Raja-Matangi plays the veena, wears conch-shell earrings and flower garlands, and has flower paintings adorning her forehead.<ref name="notes">{{harvp|Kinsley|1997|loc=''notes to pages 209–216''}}.</ref> She is also depicted wearing a garland of white lotus (here lotus signifies multi-colored world creation), similar to the iconography of goddess [[Saraswati]], with whom she is associated with.<ref name="Pravrajika Vedantaprana 2015 p.20">Pravrajika Vedantaprana, Saptahik Bartaman, Volume 28, Issue 23, Bartaman Private Ltd., 6, JBS Haldane Avenue, 700 105 (ed. 10 October 2015) p.20</ref>

According to [[Kalidasa]]'s ''Shyamaladandakam'', Matangi plays a ruby-studded veena and speaks sweetly. The ''Dhyana Mantra'' describes her to be four-armed, with a dark emerald complexion, full breasts anointed with red [[kumkum]] powder, and a crescent moon on her forehead. She carries a noose, a [[ankusha|goad]], a sugarcane bow and flower arrows, which the goddess [[Tripura Sundari]] is often described to hold.<ref name = "Frawley142"/> She is also described to love the parrot and is embodied in the nectar of song.<ref name = "Frawley138"/>

The green complexion is associated with deep knowledge and is also the colour of [[Budha]], the presiding deity of the planet Mercury who governs intelligence.<ref name = "Frawley142"/> Matangi is often depicted with a parrot in her hands, representing speech.<ref name = "Frawley142"/> The veena symbolizes her association with music.<ref name = "Frawley142"/>

==Legends==
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - The Goddess Matangi.jpg|left|thumb|The painting of Goddess Matangi in Brooklyn Museum]]
Matangi is often named as the ninth Mahavidya. A list contained within the prose of the ''Mundamala'' equates [[Vishnu]]'s [[Dashavatara|ten avatars]] with the ten Mahavidyas. The [[Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] is equated to Matangi. A similar list in the ''Guhyatiguhya-Tantra'' omits Matangi altogether, however the scholar Sircar interprets the goddess [[Durga]] – equated to the avatar [[Kalki]] in the list – as an allusion to Matangi.{{sfnp|Benard|2000|p=5}}

In a story from the Shakta ''Maha-Bhagavata Purana'', which narrates the creation of all the Mahavidyas, [[Dakshayani|Sati]], the daughter of [[Daksha]] and wife of the god [[Shiva]], feels insulted that she and Shiva are not invited to [[Daksha yajna|Daksha's yagna]] ("fire sacrifice") and insists on going there, despite Shiva's protests. After futile attempts to convince Shiva, the enraged Sati transforms into the Mahavidyas, including Matangi. The Mahavidyas then surround Shiva from the ten cardinal directions; Matangi stands in the northwest.<ref name = "K16222">{{harvp|Kinsley|1988|p=162}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Kinsley|1997|p=23}}{{sfnp|Benard|2000|pp=1–3}} Another similar legend replaces Sati with Kali (the chief Mahavidya) as the wife of Shiva and the origin of Matangi and the other Mahavidyas.{{sfnp|Kinsley|1997|p=29}} The [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] describes Matangi and her fellow Mahavidyas as war-companions and forms of the goddess [[Shakambhari]].{{sfnp|Kinsley|1997|p=31}}

The ''Shaktisamgama-tantra'' narrates the birth of Uchchhishta-Matangini. Once, the god [[Vishnu]] and his wife [[Lakshmi]] visited Shiva and his wife [[Parvati]] (a reincarnation of Sati) and gave them a banquet of fine foods. While eating, the deities dropped some food on the ground, from which arose a beautiful maiden, a manifestation of Goddess Saraswati, who asked their left-overs. The four deities granted her their left-overs as [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]], food made sacred by having been first consumed by the deity. This can be interpreted as the Uchchhishta of the deity, although due to its negative connotation the word ''Uchchhishta'' is never explicitly used in connection to prasad. Shiva decreed that those who repeat her mantra and worship her will have their material desires satisfied and gain control over foes, declaring her the giver of boons. From that day, the maiden was known as Uchchhishta-Matangini.<ref name="Kinsley213">{{harvp|Kinsley|1997|p=213}}.</ref>

[[File:Rajamatangi.jpg|thumb|As in this early 19th century South Indian painting, Raja-Matangi is usually depicted playing the veena and with a parrot in her company.]]

The ''Pranotasani Tantra'' (18th Century) and ''Naradpancharatra''<ref name="Pravrajika Vedantaprana 2015 p.20"/> narrates that once Parvati longed to go back to her maternal house for some days and asked Shiva's permission to do so. The reluctant Shiva agreed on the condition that if she did not return in a few days, he would come to fetch her. Parvati agreed and went to her father Himalaya's place, where she stayed for many days. The lovesick Shiva went to Himavan's abode disguised as an ornament seller and sold shell ornaments to Parvati. In order to test her fidelity, the disguised Shiva asked for sex in return. The disgusted Parvati was about to curse the ornament-seller when she realizes by her yogic powers that it was none other than Shiva. She agrees to grant sexual favours but at the appropriate time. In the evening, Parvati returns to Shiva's abode disguised as a [[Chandala]] huntress. She is dressed in red and had a lean figure and large breasts and performs a dance to lure him. She told Shiva that she had come to do penance. Shiva replied that he is the one gives fruit to all penance and took her hand, kissed her and made love to her. While they made love, Shiva himself turned into a Chandala and recognized the Chandala woman as his wife. After the love-making, Parvati asked Shiva to grant her wish that her form as a Chandalini (the Chandala female form in which Shiva made love to her) might last forever as Uchchhishta-Chandalini and that her worship in this form precede his for his worship to be considered fruitful.<ref name="Kinsley213ff">{{harvp|Kinsley|1997|pp=213–4}}.</ref> This tale is also found in many Bengali ''[[Mangal-Kāvya|Mangalkavya]]''s. In these texts, however, Parvati is not explicitly identified with Matangi.<ref name="notes"/>

The ''Svatantra-tantra'' mentions that Matanga practised austerities for thousands of years to gain the power to subdue all beings. Finally, goddess Tripura Sundari appeared and from eyes emitted rays that produced goddess [[Kali]], who had greenish complexion and was known as Raja-Matangini. With her help, Matanga fulfilled his desire.<ref name="Kinsley214">{{harvp|Kinsley|1997|p=214}}</ref> ''Matanga Tantra'' and many other texts including the ''Shyamaladandakam'' describe Matangi as the daughter of the sage Matanga.<ref name = "Frawley138"/>

Another tale is associated with the temple dedicated to Kauri-bai—an aspect of Matangi—who appeared in the low caste area of [[Varanasi]]. Kauri-bai is Shiva's sister who was obsessed with the Brahmin ways and purity and abhorred Shiva's heterodox practices like dwelling in cremation grounds, partaking of intoxicants and being in the company of ghosts and goblins. While Shiva simply ignored Kauri-bai's words at first, after his marriage his wife Parvati could not bear Kauri-bai's abusive words toward her husband and cursed Kauri-bai to be reborn in and spend her entire life within an "[[Dalit|untouchable]]" area of Varanasi which Kauri-bai considered polluted. Consequently, Kauri-bai was indeed reborn in the low-caste area of Varanasi and felt very unhappy. She pleaded her brother Shiva—[[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|the Lord of Varanasi]]—who granted her the boon that no pilgrimage to Varanasi would be deemed complete without her worship.<ref name="Kinsley214"/>

==Associations==
[[File:Kalighat Matangi.jpg|thumb|A [[Kalighat painting]] of Matangi]]
Matangi is often associated with pollution, especially left-over or partially eaten food ([[Uchchhishta]] or ''Ucçhishṭa'', उच्छिष्ट) considered impure in Hinduism. She is often offered such polluted left-over food and is in one legend described to be born from it.<ref name="foulston">{{cite book|last=Foulston|first=Lynn|author2=Abbott, Stuart|title=Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul/page/123 123]|isbn=978-1-902210-43-8|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul/page/123}}</ref><ref name="Kinsley214ff">{{harvp|Kinsley|1997|pp=214–6}}.</ref> Matangi is herself described as the leftover or residue, symbolizing the Divine Self that is left over after all things perish.<ref name = "Frawley142ff"/> As the patron of left-over food offerings, she embodies inauspiciousness and the forbidden transgression of social norms.<ref name="foulston"/>

Matangi is often described as an outcaste and impure. Her association with pollution mainly streams from her relation to outcaste communities, considered to be polluted in ancient Hindu society. These social groups deal in occupations deemed inauspicious and polluted like the collection of waste, meat-processing and working in cremation grounds.<ref name="foulston"/> In a Nepali context, such groups are collectively called Matangi, who collect waste—including human waste—and other inauspicious things, and often live outside villages.<ref name ="kinsley218"/> Thus she is associated with death, pollution, inauspiciousness and the periphery of ancient Hindu society.<ref name="foulston"/><ref name ="kinsley218"/> She represents equality as she is worshipped by both upper and lower caste people.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Matangi is also associated with forests and tribal peoples, who lie outside conventional Hindu society. Her thousand-name hymn from the ''Nanayavarta-tantra'' mentions lines that describe her as dwelling in, walking in, knowing and relishing the forest.<ref name="Kinsley219ff">{{harvp|Kinsley|1997|pp=219–20}}.</ref>

Matangi represents the power of the spoken word (''Vaikhari'') as an expression of thoughts and the mind. She also relates to the power of listening and grasping speech and converting it back to knowledge and thought. Besides spoken word, she also governs all other expressions of inner thought and knowledge, like art, music, and dance. Matangi presides over the middle part of speech (''Madhyama''), where ideas are translated into the spoken word and in her highest role, represents ''Para-Vaikhari''—the Supreme Word manifested through speech and that encompasses knowledge of the scriptures. She is described as the goddess of learning and speech, and the bestower of knowledge and talent.<ref name = "Frawley138">{{harvp|Frawley|1994|p=138}}.</ref> She is also called ''Mantrini'', the mistress of the sacred [[mantra]]s.<ref name = "Frawley141ff"/> She also represents the word of a guru, who serves as a spiritual guide.<ref name = "Frawley140">{{harvp|Frawley|1994|p=140}}.</ref> Matangi is described as dwelling in the [[Vishuddha|Throat]] [[chakra]]—the origin of speech—and on the tip of the tongue. She is also associated with a channel called Saraswati from the [[Ajna|third eye]] to the tip of the tongue.<ref name = "Frawley142">{{harvp|Frawley|1994|p=142}}.</ref> According to [[David Frawley]], her description as impure refers to the nature of the spoken word, which labels things and stereotypes them, thereby hindering actual contact with the soul of things. The goddess is described as one who helps a person to use words in the right way and to go beyond it to seek the soul and inner knowledge, which lie outside the demarcated boundaries of tradition.<ref name = "Frawley140ff">{{harvp|Frawley|1994|pp=140–1}}.</ref>

Matangi is regarded as a Tantric form of Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge and the arts of mainstream Hinduism, with whom she shares many traits. Both embody music and are depicted playing the veena. They are also both said to be the ''Nada'' (sound or energy) that flows through the [[Nadi (yoga)|Nadi]] channels in the body through which life force flows. Both are related to rain clouds, thunder and rivers. Though both govern learning and speech, Saraswati represents the orthodox knowledge of the Brahmins while Matangi—the wild and ecstatic outcast—embodies the "extraordinary" beyond the boundaries of mainstream society, especially inner knowledge.{{sfnp|Frawley|1994|pp=138–140}} Matangi is also associated with [[Ganesha]], the elephant-headed god of knowledge and obstacle removal. Both are related to the elephant and learning. Matangi is also regarded as his mother.<ref name="Frawley140"/> Matangi is also described as a minister of the Mahavidya goddess [[Tripura Sundari]] or Rajarajeshvari, the Queen of Queens.<ref name = "Frawley141ff">{{harvp|Frawley|1994|pp=141–2}}.</ref>

==Worship==
[[File:Matangi yantra color.jpg|thumb|The yantra of Matangi, which is used in her worship]]
Besides the Mahavidya [[Bagalamukhi]], Matangi is the other Mahavidya, whose worship is primarily prescribed to acquire supernatural powers. A hymn in the ''Maha-Bhagavata Purana'' asks her grace to control one's foes, while the ''Tantrasara'' says that recitation of her mantra, meditation on her form and her ritual worship gives one to the power to control people and make them attracted to oneself.<ref name ="kinsley220ff"/> ''Tantric sadhaka''s are regarded to have transcended the pollution by offering her left-over or partially eaten food (''[[Uchchhishta]]'') and thus overcome their ego. Worship of Matangi is described to allow her devotee to face the forbidden and transcend pollution, leading him to salvation or allowing him to gain supernatural powers for worldly goals.<ref name="foulston"/> The ''Purashcharyarnava'' describes pleasing the goddess would result in her answering all the devotee's queries by whispering in her ear.<ref name ="kinsley220ff"/>

Matangi is often worshipped with the mantra syllable ''Aim'', which is associated with [[Saraswati]] and is the seed-syllable of knowledge, learning, and teaching. A longer mantra is also used:<ref name = "Frawley142ff">{{harvp|Frawley|1994|pp=142–3}}</ref>
<blockquote>''Om Hrim Aim Shrim Namo Bhagvati Ucchishtachandali Shri Matangeswari Sarvajanavasankari Swaha'' 
"Reverence to adorable Matangi, the outcast and residue, who gives control over all creatures"</blockquote>

[[File:Matangi Janbazar Sammilito Kali Puja Samiti Arnab Dutta 2011.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Matangi worshipped with other Mahavidyas at a [[Kali Puja]] pandal in [[Kolkata]].]]

Her mantra may be repeated ten thousand times, repeated one thousand times while offering flowers and [[ghee]] in a [[yajna|fire sacrifice]], or repeated one hundred times while offering water (''Arghya'') or while offering food to [[Brahmin]] priests.<ref name ="kinsley220ff">{{harvp|Kinsley|1997|pp=220–22}}.</ref> Her [[yantra]] (sacred geometric diagram), whether physically constructed or mentally envisioned,<ref name ="kinsley220ff"/> is used in worship along with the mantra.<ref name = "Frawley142ff"/> Offering certain items to a fire sacrifice—particularly those performed at cremation grounds, riverbanks, forests, or crossroads—while repeating the mantra is said to fulfill specific goals. An offering of [[Aegle marmelos|Bael]] leaves is said to result in kingship; salt gives the power to control; turmeric gives the power to paralyze; neem twigs bring wealth; and an offering of sandalwood, camphor, and saffron together or a salt and honey mixture grants the power to attract people.<ref name ="kinsley220ff"/> A rice-flour bread prepared while repeating her mantra is said to give the power to attract women. It is likewise said that it is possible to make a person one's slave by feeding him or her the ashes of a crow whose stomach was stuffed with a conch and burnt in a cremation ground while repeating the goddess' mantra.<ref name ="kinsley220ff"/>

Leftover or partially eaten food (''Uchchhishta'') is recommended to be offered to Matangi with the devotee in the polluted ''Uchchhishta'' state, that is, having eaten but not washed, with the remains of food in the mouth and hands. An offering of leftovers to Hindu deities or being in the polluted ''Uchchhishta'' state is a taboo in mainstream Hinduism.<ref name="Kinsley214ff"/> Another taboo that is broken in Matangi worship is the offering to the goddess of a cloth stained with [[menstrual blood]] to gain the ability to attract a mate. [[Menstrual taboo#Hinduism|Menstrual blood is considered polluted]] in almost all Hindu scriptures and menstruating women are kept away from Hindu worship and temples.<ref name="Kinsley214ff"/> The outcaste Matangi community of Nepal collect polluted substances and items related to death and bad luck such as sacrificial animal heads and clothes of the deceased, and offers them at special stones kept at crossroads called ''chwasa''s, where the Matangi "consumes" them as an offering, thereby getting rid of the pollution.<ref name ="kinsley218">{{harvp|Kinsley|1997|p=218}}.</ref> The ''Tantrasara'' also advises offerings to Matangi of meat, fish, cooked rice, milk and incense at crossroads or cremations grounds in the dead of the night to overpower enemies and gain poetic talent. Oblations of ''Uchchhishta'', cat meat and goat meat to the goddess are said to help achieve Supreme knowledge.<ref name ="kinsley220ff"/> A text proclaims Matangi's worship becomes fruitful only if the devotee reveres women as goddesses and refrains from criticizing them.<ref name ="kinsley220ff"/>

No fasts or rituals to purify oneself before worship—typical of Hindu worship—are prescribed for Matangi worship. Anyone can use any mantra for worship, even though he is not initiated or considered unfit for worshipping any other deity.<ref name="Kinsley214ff"/> A thousand-name hymn from the ''Nanayavarta-tantra'' and a hundred-name hymn from the ''Rudrayamala'' are dedicated to the goddess.<ref name="Kinsley219ff"/> The recitation of the Sanskrit alphabet, the chanting of mantras, the loud reading of the scriptures, and performance of music and dance are also described as constituting acts of her worship.<ref name = "Frawley142ff"/>

Devotees of [[Shaktism]] celebrate the festival of Matangi Jayanti annually by honouring and worshipping Matangi on the third day of [[Paksha|Shukla Paksha]] in the month of [[Vaishakha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matangi Jayanti 2023: Date, Rituals, and Significance |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/matangi-jayanti-2023-date-rituals-and-significance-7595059.html |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=News18}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Temples==

Matangi is worshipped alongside the other nine Mahavidyas at the [[Kamakhya Temple]] in Assam, one of the oldest and most sacred [[Shakti Pitha|Shakti pithas]] for Tantra worship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Kamakhya Devalaya Official Website |url=https://www.maakamakhya.org/about |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=www.maakamakhya.org}}</ref> The [[Modh]] community of Gujarat worship Matangi as [[Modheshwari]], patron deity of their community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sajnani |first=Manohar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&dq=modheshwari&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q=modheshwari&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-018-9 |pages=112}}</ref> There is a temple dedicated to Matangi located within the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]] complex in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Tuljabhavani Pujari {{!}} Mayur Kadam |url=https://shrituljabhavanipujari.com/public/web/images/mayur.jpeg |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=shrituljabhavanipujari.com}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Benard|first=Elizabeth Anne|title= Chinnamasta: The Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2000|isbn=978-81-208-1748-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Frawley|first=David |title=Tantric Yoga and the Wisdom Goddesses: Spiritual Secrets of Ayurveda|publisher=Lotus Press|chapter=Matangi: The Utterance of the Divine Word|author-link =David Frawley | isbn=978-0-910261-39-5|year=1994}}
* {{cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David R. |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1988|edition=1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/161 161–177]|chapter=Tara, Chinnamasta and the Mahavidyas|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration| isbn=978-0-520-06339-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David R.|title=Tantric visions of the divine feminine: the ten mahāvidyās|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997| isbn=978-0-520-20499-7}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Matangi}}

{{Mahavidya}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Mahavidyas]]
[[Category:Knowledge goddesses]]
[[Category:Arts goddesses]]
[[Category:Magic goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Saraswati]]

Prithviraj Sukumaran

2026-03-23T18:42:38Z

MerleGrier1601:

{{Short description|Indian actor, director and producer (born 1982)}}
{{Indian name|Prithviraj|Sukumaran}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prithviraj Sukumaran
| image = Prithviraj at Aiyyaa event.jpg
| caption = Prithviraj in 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|10|16}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|producer|playback singer}}
| years_active = 2002–present
| works = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Supriya Menon|2011}}
| children = 1
| father =
| parents = [[Sukumaran]] (father) [[Mallika Sukumaran]] (mother)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran calls his mom Mallika Sukumaran 'the strongest woman' he has ever seen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-calls-his-mom-mallika-sukumaran-the-strongest-woman-he-has-ever-seen/articleshow/107812591.cms |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| mother =
| organization = [[Prithviraj Productions]]
| family = See [[List of South Indian film families#Sukumaran family|Sukumaran family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Prithviraj Sukumaran|Full list]]
}}

'''Prithviraj Sukumaran''' ([[Help:IPA/Malayalam|/pr̩t̪ʰʋiɾaːd͡ʒ/]]; born 16 October 1982) is an Indian actor, producer, director, and playback singer who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
[[Malayalam language|language]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] [[Tamil language|language]] films.<ref name="Actor Prithviraj Info">{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/south-stars/prithviraj-the-directors-actor |title=Prithviraj: The director's actor |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=17 January 2016|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624035755/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/south-stars/prithviraj-the-directors-actor|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Having appeared in over [[Prithviraj Sukumaran filmography|100 films]], Prithviraj is among the highest paid Malayalam actors.<ref name="PS1">{{Cite web |title=Mammootty to Mohanlal: Highest paid actors in the Malayalam film industry |access-date=21 August 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-prithviraj-sukumaran-highest-paid-actors-in-the-malayalam-film-industry/amp_etphotostory/92878791.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014083321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-prithviraj-sukumaran-highest-paid-actors-in-the-malayalam-film-industry/amp_etphotostory/92878791.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="PS2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/03/mohanlal-mammootty-highest-paid-malayalam-actors-top-list.html |access-date=28 November 2022 |title=Highest paid Malayalam actors, check who tops the list |work=[[Onmanorama]] |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229050820/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/03/mohanlal-mammootty-highest-paid-malayalam-actors-top-list.amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=What does Bollywood have against the south Indian hero? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/what-does-bollywood-have-against-the-south-indian-hero-503929.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220005458/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/what-does-bollywood-have-against-the-south-indian-hero-503929.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-02-20|access-date= |work=First Post}}</ref> His accolades include a [[National Film Award]], four [[Kerala State Film Awards]], a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] and two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]].<ref name="Prithviraj 80 films">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/332595/archives.php |title=Can now afford to slow down my career in south: Prithviraj |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=15 May 2013|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213195811/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/332595/archives.php|archive-date=13 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prithviraj made his acting debut with the 2002 film ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''.<ref name="Road to stardom">{{cite news |first1=R. K. |last1=Roshni |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-the-road-to-stardom/article28241857.ece |title=On the road to stardom |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=13 May 2004 |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> After starring in a few box-office failures, he made a comeback with ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' (2006), [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|the highest-grossing Malayalam film]] of the year, and became the youngest recipient of [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Vaasthavam]]'' (2006). He then played a musician in the Tamil romantic comedy ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007) and ventured into playback singing with ''[[Puthiya Mugham]]'' (2009) before earning his second Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor for the medical drama ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' (2012) and the biographical film ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]'' (2013).<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/celluloid-actor-prithviraj-bags-the-kerala-state-film-awards/374503-71-210.html |title=Celluloid actor Prithviraj bags the Kerala State Film Awards |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328073732/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/celluloid-actor-prithviraj-bags-the-kerala-state-film-awards/374503-71-210.html |archivedate=28 March 2013 |url-status=dead |website=IBNLive.in.com |date=22 February 2012 |accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref>

In 2010, Prithviraj became a producer and joined the production company August Cinema. He co-produced and headlined ''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]'' and ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' (both 2011); the latter won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]].<ref name="Producer Prithviraj">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prithviraj-turns-producer-with-urumi-news-malayalam-kkfqkfjeggcsi.html |title=Prithviraj turns producer with Urumi |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 July 2010|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803122307/http://www.sify.com/movies/prithviraj-turns-producer-with-urumi-news-malayalam-kkfqkfjeggcsi.html|archive-date=3 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]] for ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014) and had further success with ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' (2015) and ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'' (2017). After leaving August Cinema in 2017, he launched Prithviraj Productions independently that first produced ''[[9 (2019 film)|9]]'' (2019). Prithviraj made his directorial debut with ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' (2019), which became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Malayalam|highest-grossing Malayalam film]]s. He has since achieved critical and commercial success with Malayalam films ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving License]]'' (2019), ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020), ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' (2022), ''[[Kaduva]]'' (2022), ''[[The Goat Life]]'' (2024) and ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]'' (2024) and the Telugu film ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire|Salaar]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |title='Jana Gana Mana' box office collection day 26: Prithviraj starrer enters the 50-crore club |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jana-gana-mana-box-office-collection-day-26-prithviraj-starrer-enters-the-50-crore-club/articleshow/91784242.cms |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= വമ്പൻ ഹിറ്റായി ഗുരുവായൂര്‍ അമ്പലനടയില്‍, കളക്ഷനില്‍ വിദേശത്തും കുതിപ്പ് |url= https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/prithvirajs-guruvayoor-ambalanadayils-overseas-collection-report-out-hrk-sfknf7|date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]]|language=ml }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Aavesham and Varshangalkku Shesham Box Office: Vishu releases continue the glory streak of Mollywood; Read on |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-and-varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-vishu-releases-continue-the-glory-streak-of-mollywood-read-on-1295693 |website=PinkVilla |language=en |access-date=15 April 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415123848/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-and-varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-vishu-releases-continue-the-glory-streak-of-mollywood-read-on-1295693 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024|title=Salaar Worldwide Box Office Update|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8249|website=[[Box Office India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Prithviraj Sukumaran was born on 16 October 1982<ref name=birthday>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/15/stories/2009101550960100.htm |title=Prithviraj on a Roll (Turns 27) |date=15 October 2009 |location=Chennai, India|access-date=12 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127001252/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/15/stories/2009101550960100.htm|archive-date=27 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> to the actors [[Sukumaran]] and [[Mallika Sukumaran]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hope I make you proud: Prithviraj on father Sukumaran's death anniversary |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/16/prithviraj-on-father-sukumaran-death-anniversary-post.html|access-date=2021-01-26 |website=OnManorama |date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417021559/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/16/prithviraj-on-father-sukumaran-death-anniversary-post.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Prithviraj-Sukumaran/news |title=Latest News of Prithviraj Sukumaran |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220233339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Prithviraj-Sukumaran/news|url-status=live}}</ref> Prithviraj hails from the well-known [[Nair|Nair family]] of south Kerala known as Kainikkara, the same family to which the famous Malayali authors [[Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai]] and [[Kainikkara Kumara Pillai]] belonged.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=BK7tDuzaTQ8rvtzm&v=JJjD6mczrmM&feature=youtu.be |title='ഞാന്‍ ഉദേശിച്ച രീതിയിലുള്ള കുടുംബ ജീവിതമായിരുന്നില്ല അത്'; ജീവിതം പറഞ്ഞ് മല്ലിക |date=2022-04-14 |last=Manorama News |access-date=2025-04-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> His maternal grandfather, Madhavan Pillai, was also a [[Gandhi]]an and political activist who supported the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=BK7tDuzaTQ8rvtzm&v=JJjD6mczrmM&feature=youtu.be |title='ഞാന്‍ ഉദേശിച്ച രീതിയിലുള്ള കുടുംബ ജീവിതമായിരുന്നില്ല അത്'; ജീവിതം പറഞ്ഞ് മല്ലിക |date=2022-04-14 |last=Manorama News |access-date=2025-04-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> His family was settled in Tamil Nadu at the time, where he attended Shrine Vailankanni School in T. Nagar, Chennai, and St. Joseph's Boys School, [[Coonoor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=പ്രിത്വിക്കു നൊന്ത്തൽ ഇന്ദ്രന് വേദനിക്കും:Interview with Mallika Sukumaran |url=https://www.facebook.com/nanaweekly/photos/pb.299431426750557.-2207520000.1445046810./1213588225334868/?type=3&theater |publisher=nanaonline.in|access-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117124316/https://www.facebook.com/nanaweekly/photos/pb.299431426750557.-2207520000.1445046810./1213588225334868/?type=3&theater|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

When his family moved to Kerala, he attended the NSS Public School, in [[Perunthanni]], [[Trivandrum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=പൃഥ്വിയ്ക്ക് എന്തെങ്കിലും വിഷമമുണ്ടായാല് ഇന്ദ്രനാണ് ദുഃഖം :Interview with Mallika Sukumaran |date=16 October 2015 |url=http://malayalam.filmibeat.com/interviews/malika-sukumaran-about-indrajith-prithviraj-025468.html |publisher=malayalam.oneindia.com|access-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017084051/http://malayalam.filmibeat.com/interviews/malika-sukumaran-about-indrajith-prithviraj-025468.html|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He then moved to St. Mary's Residential Central School in [[Poojappura]] where he acted in plays and skits for the school's annual day celebrations. He completed his education at [[Sainik School, Kazhakootam]], and [[Bhavan's Senior Secondary School, Kodunganoor]] in Thiruvananthapuram.

After school, he enrolled in a bachelor's degree in Information Technology at the University of Tasmania in [[Australia]] but did not complete it. His highest level of education is [[Higher Secondary Certificate|higher secondary]] (+2) education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prithviraj's inspiring speech on acting goes viral |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/07/22/prithviraj-inspiring-speech-for-event-students-video-acting.html |website=Onmanorama |date=22 July 2019 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://youtube.com/shorts/4C0z_n1G7OI?si=RU0MsrNu_1gXPzqZ | title=ഞാൻ ഗ്രാഡ്ജുയേറ്റ് അല്ല. എനിക്ക് എഡ്യൂക്കേഷണൽ ക്വാളിഫിക്കേഷൻ ഇല്ല #prithviraj | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> During this time, he auditioned for film director Ranjith and won the lead role in the film ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''.<ref name="Road to stardom" /> It was film director [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] who introduced him to Ranjith.<ref name="Road to stardom" /> His elder brother, [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], and sister-in-law, [[Poornima Indrajith]], are also film actors.

== Career ==

=== Debut and career struggles (2002–2008) ===
In 2001, Prithviraj underwent a screen-test by director Fazil for one of his projects. Even though that project never materialised, Fazil recommended him to director Ranjith, who was planning his second directorial, ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'' (2002), Prithviraj underwent screen-test for the role and got selected. Though ''Nandanam'' was the first film that Prithviraj acted in, it was released after ''[[Nakshathrakkannulla Rajakumaran Avanundoru Rajakumari]]'' and ''[[Stop Violence]]''. Prithviraj then appeared in films directed by [[Lohithadas]], [[Vinayan]], [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]. [[Shyamaprasad]], who cast him as the lead in his film ''[[Akale]]'', said that Prithviraj's advantages are his talent and intelligence irrespective of his box office successes.<ref name="Advantage">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700280100.htm |title=Advantage Prithviraj |first1=Vijay |last1=George |date=7 October 2005 |access-date=27 November 2008 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014140338/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700280100.htm |archive-date=14 October 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Prithviraj Sukumaran in the set of Classmates (2006) with a fan.jpg|thumb|left|Prithviraj in 2005|250x250px]]
In 2005, Prithviraj Sukumaran debuted in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cinema through ''[[Kana Kandaen]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Prithiviraj-is-a-bad-man/articleshow/3255279.cms |title=Prithiviraj is a bad man! |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715131038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/prithiviraj-is-a-bad-man/articleshow/3255279.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> He starred in Director Santosh Sivan’s ''[[Anandabhadram]]'' in which he portrayed a character called Anandan who is a young NRI who likes his mother’s native village, a place known for powerful wizards and go through several human emotions.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=Prithviraj @ 42: 7 movies to watch on the Malayalam star's birthday |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-42-7-movies-to-watch-on-the-malayalam-stars-birthday-9622475/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2006, Prithviraj co-starred with actor [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj's]] daughter [[Saranya Bhagyaraj]] in ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]''. It became an acclaimed film.<ref>{{cite web |title='Parijatham' is a hit! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parijatham-is-a-hit-news-tamil-kkfvjMibjifsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191340/http://www.sify.com/movies/parijatham-is-a-hit-news-tamil-kkfvjMibjifsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 June 2006}}</ref>

In 2006, he played the role of Sub Inspector Solomon Joseph in ''[[Vargam]]'', and then appeared in the film ''[[Vaasthavam]]'', for which he received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="Kerala State film awards 2006">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/10/stories/2007021016120100.htm |title=State film awards announced |date=10 February 2007 |access-date=24 November 2008 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629031423/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/10/stories/2007021016120100.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the youngest actor to win the award.<ref name="Interview : Prithviraj">{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2007/02/16/stories/2007021600720100.htm |title=Portrait of a winner |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first1=Vijay |last1=George |date=16 February 2007 |access-date=24 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825203027/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2007/02/16/stories/2007021600720100.htm |archive-date=25 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The same year he starred in [[Lal Jose]]'s ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]''. The coming-of-age romantic comedy-drama was one of the biggest hits of his career.<ref name="auto"/> In 2007, he starred in ''[[Chocolate (2007 film)|Chocolate]]'', directed by Shafi.<ref name="Chocolate Review">{{cite web |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//movies/2007/oct/15chocolate.htm |title=Prithviraj shines in Chocolate and classmates |publisher=Rediff |first1=Paresh |last1=Palicha |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209021442/http://inhome.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fmovies%2F2007%2Foct%2F15chocolate.htm |archive-date=9 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, Prithviraj co-starred Jyothika in ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]''. He also starred in ''[[Satham Podathey]]'' and ''[[Kannamoochi Yenada]]'' in the same year.

In 2008, he starred in ''[[Thalappavu]]'', (directed by [[Madhupal]]) and ''[[Thirakkatha]]'' (directed by Ranjith), playing pivotal characters in both. One of the reviews of ''Thalappavu'' describes it as the coming-of-age film for prithviraj describing the "spartan dignity" he brought to his portrayal of the Naxalite Joseph.<ref name="Thalappavu Review">{{cite web |url=http://nowrunning.com/movie/reviews/moviereview.aspx?movie=4489&rid=1808 |title=Thalappavu Review |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=15 September 2008 |access-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714210617/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/reviews/moviereview.aspx?movie=4489&rid=1808 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Sify review of ''Thirakkatha'' describes it as a "genuine attempt that keeps the viewer engaged until the end".<ref name="Thirakkatha Review">{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14757489&ctid=5&cid=2428 |title=Thirakkadha |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811185203/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14757489&ctid=5&cid=2428 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Both ''Thalappavu'' and ''Thirakkatha'' shared the award for the best film in the Film Critics Award for 2008. In 2008, Prithviraj starred in ''[[Vellithirai]]'', the Tamil remake of ''[[Udayananu Tharam]]''. [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']] described, "Prithviraj ... makes the best of his assets – his expressive eyes, which glint in fury, soften with love, or brim over with frustrated tears."<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07ssvel.htm Vellithirai is worth watching] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804172949/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07ssvel.htm|date=4 August 2009}}. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 5 December 2010.</ref>

=== Established actor (2009–2012) ===
In 2009, the success of Prithviraj Sukumaran's ''[[Puthiya Mugham]]'' (directed by [[Diphan]]) was a major turning point in the actor's career and led to him being branded as a superstar.<ref>[http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14906803&cid=14625530 Kerala Box- office (25 July – 25 Aug)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225123316/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14906803&cid=14625530 |date=25 February 2015 }}. Sify.com (26 August 2009). Retrieved on 5 December 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/08/28/stories/2009082851450100.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=New superstar on the block |date=28 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129163311/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/08/28/stories/2009082851450100.htm |archive-date=29 November 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> His other releases in 2009 were ''[[Robin Hood (2009 film)|Robin Hood]]'' (directed by Joshy) and the [[anthology film]] ''[[Kerala Cafe]]''. In 2010, Sukumaran's notable films were ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' and ''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]'', directed by [[Amal Neerad]]. He played the antagonist in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' in 2010 alongside actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] who played the main protagonist. His performance was critically acclaimed.<ref>[http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/18/review-raavanan-is-better-than-raavan.htm Raavanan is better than Raavan – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051700/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/18/review-raavanan-is-better-than-raavan.htm|date=5 May 2016}}. Movies.rediff.com (18 June 2010). Retrieved on 5 December 2010.</ref> In the same year, Prithviraj debuted in [[Telugu language|Telugu cinema]] in the film ''[[Police Police]]''.

In 2011, Prithviraj produced his first film, the multilingual ''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]''. His other releases included ''[[City of God (2011 film)|City of God]]'', ''[[Manikiakkallu|Manikyakallu]]'', ''[[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]]'' and ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]''. Critics praised Prithviraj for his performance in ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'', a critic at ''Nowrunning.com'', called it his "careers best performance".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8825/malayalam/indian-rupee/3371/review.htm |title=Indian Rupee Review |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008041905/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8825/malayalam/indian-rupee/3371/review.htm |archive-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, his releases included ''[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]'', ''[[Molly Aunty Rocks!]]'' and ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'', along with cameo roles in ''[[Akasathinte Niram|Aakashathinte Niram]].'' He also made a special appearance in [[Anjali Menon]]'s ''[[Manjadikuru]]''.

In that same year, Prithviraj debuted in [[Hindi cinema]] through ''[[Aiyyaa]]'', starring alongside [[Rani Mukerji]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |date=4 October 2011 |title=Rani Mukerjee signs Anurag Kashyap's next |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/rani-mukerjee-signs-anurag-kashyaps-next-138638 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623060611/http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/rani-mukerjee-signs-anurag-kashyaps-next-138638 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=20 October 2011 |publisher=Ndtv.com}}</ref>

=== Critical acclaim and further success (2013–2018) ===
In 2013, Prithviraj had three releases ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]'', ''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'' and ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'', all of which were critical and commercial successes. He portrayed [[J.C. Daniel]] in ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]'', for which he won his second [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="ibnlive.in.com" /> He also played the role of a police officer in ''[[Aurangzeb (film)|Aurangzeb]]'', directed by Athul Sabharwal which was his second project in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2012 |title=Prithviraj to star in YRF's Aurangzeb |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1451751/Prithviraj-to-star-in-YRFs-Aurangzeb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808203217/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1451751/Prithviraj-to-star-in-YRFs-Aurangzeb |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=17 July 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

In 2014, Prithviraj's first major release was ''[[London Bridge (film)|London Bridge]]'', which was a box office failure; followed by ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]'', which emerged as a commercial success. He also featured in a cameo role in ''[[Munnariyippu]]''. His third release of the year, ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' was praised by critics. Prithviraj also starred in director [[Vasanthabalan]]'s period film ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'', co-starring [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]].

His first release of 2015 was ''[[Picket 43]],'' followed by other releases such as Shyamaprasad's ''[[Ivide]]''. Prithviraj was widely praised for his performance in the film. He next appeared in [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]'s ''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]''.

His most successful film of that year was ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' co starring [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]] which narrated the tragic love tale of Kanchanamala and Moideen that happened in the 1960s in [[Mukkam]], a riverside village in Kerala. The film opened to critical acclaim, with several critics regarding it as one of the greatest romance films made in Malayalam cinema.<ref>Rejath RG (21 September 2015). [http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=69214 "Ennu Ninte Moideen is truly epic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193630/http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=69214 |date=25 September 2015 }}. ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]''. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</ref><ref>Akhila Menon (20 September 2015). [http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-movie-review-198654.html "Ennu Ninte Moideen Movie Review: An Eternal Love Saga!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925054812/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-movie-review-198654.html |date=25 September 2015 }}. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> His role as Moideen is regarded as one of the best in his career.<ref>[http://www.deshabhimani.com/news-cinema-all-latest_news-507663.html "19 നാളില്‍ മൊയ്തീന് 20 കോടി"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012002214/http://deshabhimani.com/news-cinema-all-latest_news-507663.html |date=12 October 2015 }}. Deshabhimani. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</ref> His next releases ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' and ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' were major commercial success. [[File:Prithviraj with his mother Mallika Sukumaran (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Prithviraj with his mother [[Mallika Sukumaran]] and niece [[Prarthana Indrajith]] at an event in 2009]]Prithviraj had four releases in 2016, beginning with ''[[Paavada]]'', a family drama in which he played a drunkard. It met with a positive response and was a commercial success and ran for 100 days in theatres. His other releases ''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]'' and ''[[James & Alice]]'' were met with mixed reviews, the former told the story of an ordinary man dealing with a local goon and the latter was a family drama that discussed the matter of life and death. His last release, ''[[Oozham (2016 film)|Oozham]]'', an action thriller directed by Jeethu Joseph was a commercial success. He played a demolition expert.<ref>{{cite news |title='From Paavada to Oozham, here's how Prithviraj Sukumaran fared in 2016' |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/paavada-oozham-heres-how-2016-fared-prithviraj-sukumaran-709313/|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416224428/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/paavada-oozham-heres-how-2016-fared-prithviraj-sukumaran-709313|archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, he starred in the horror film ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'', which became one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year, grossing {{INR}}50 crore worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ezra : Prithviraj a star emerges 8th Rs. 50 crore grosser of Malayalam cinema |url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/ezra-prithviraj-starrer-emerges-8th-rs-50-crore-grosser-of-malayalam-cinema-57679.html |access-date=13 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413234949/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/ezra-prithviraj-starrer-emerges-8th-rs-50-crore-grosser-of-malayalam-cinema-57679.html |archive-date=13 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> His other releases that year included ''[[Tiyaan]]'', ''[[Adam Joan]]'' and ''[[Vimaanam]]''. Both ''Tiyaan'' and ''Vimaanam'' were moderate box office hits. He starred in his third [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]], ''[[Naam Shabana]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Naam Shabana, Prithviraj's third shot to Bollywood stardom |language=en |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/naam-shabana-prithvirajs-third-shot-to-bollywood-stardom |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108063040/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/naam-shabana-prithvirajs-third-shot-to-bollywood-stardom |archive-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

His first release of 2018 was Roshini Dinakar's romantic drama ''[[My Story (film)|My Story]]'', a commercial failure at the box office. His next two releases were [[Anjali Menon]]'s drama ''[[Koode]]'' and [[Nirmal Sahadev]]'s crime drama ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]''. ''Koode'' received critical acclaim and was a commercial success<ref name="auto"/> while ''Ranam'' was met with positive critical response but performed moderately at the box office. In 2018, Prithviraj launched his independent production house, Prithviraj Productions. In 2019, he produced and starred in the science fiction film ''[[9 (2019 film)|9]]''. The film received was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/02/14/prithviraj-nine-movie-pre-release-business-profit-venture.html |title='9' makes the producers happy! |website=OnManorama |language=en|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731145139/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/02/14/prithviraj-nine-movie-pre-release-business-profit-venture.html|archive-date=31 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Lucifer'' and beyond (2019–present) ===
Prithviraj made his directorial debut in 2019 with the film ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'', starring [[Mohanlal]]. The film became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Malayalam film]].<ref name="L">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |title=Mohanlal's Lucifer storms into Rs 200 crore club, first for Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mohanlal-s-lucifer-storms-into-rs-200-crore-club-first-for-malayalam-cinema/story-vTm7JXaAdz0FWFTllE4n2I.html|access-date=12 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611022057/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mohanlal-s-lucifer-storms-into-rs-200-crore-club-first-for-malayalam-cinema/story-vTm7JXaAdz0FWFTllE4n2I.html|archive-date=11 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the following years, he would go onto star in the comedy-drama ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving License]]'' (2019), ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020), ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' (2022), ''[[Kaduva]]'' (2022) and ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' (2023), all of which emerged as box office successes. However, ''[[Brother's Day]]'', ''[[Kaapa]],'' and ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' failed at the box office. In 2024, he acted in the survival drama, [[Aadujeevitham (film)|''Aadujeevitham'']], directed by [[Blessy]]. Prithviraj had been cast for the project 16 years prior in 2008. ''Aadujeevitham'' was critically and commercially successful with Prithviraj earning critical acclaim for his performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2024-03-28 |title='Aadujeevitham – The Goat Life' movie review: Prithviraj's performance drives a survival drama that borders on monotony |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aadujeevitham-the-goat-life-movie-review-prithvirajs-performance-drives-a-survival-drama-that-borders-on-monotony/article68002069.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His second release, ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'', marking his fourth film in [[Hindi cinema]], received negative reviews from critics and was a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-02 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran shares why he thought he wouldn't be able to do Bade Miyan Chote Miyan, reveals who convinced him |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/prithviraj-sukumaran-shares-why-he-thought-he-wouldnt-be-able-to-do-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-reveals-who-convinced-him-101712056752928.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618220401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/prithviraj-sukumaran-shares-why-he-thought-he-wouldnt-be-able-to-do-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-reveals-who-convinced-him-101712056752928.html |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> His third release, the comedy-drama ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]'' was also a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2024-05-16 |title='Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil' movie review: Prithviraj and Basil Joseph's humorous bromance loses steam halfway through |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/guruvayoor-ambalanadayil-movie-review-prithviraj-and-basil-josephs-humorous-bromance-loses-steam-halfway-through/article68182241.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Both films ranks among the list of [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films]] of all time. He won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] for ''Aadujeevitham'' that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Prithviraj, Urvashi, Beena R Chandran win top acting honours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-state-film-award-prithviraj-sukumaran-urvashi-beena-r-chandran-win-top-acting-honours-2583054-2024-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref> In 2025, he directed and starred in ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'', a sequel to ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''. The film received mixed reviews from critics but still emerged as a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Made for Rs 180 crore, this superhit film earned Rs..., now set to release on OTT, film is .., lead actors are.... |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/made-for-rs-180-crore-this-superhit-film-earned-rs-256-now-set-to-release-on-ott-film-is-l2-empuraan-lead-actors-are-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-mohanlal-7766069/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

Prithviraj next appeared in the Hindi film ''[[Sarzameen]]'' (2025), directed by [[Kayoze Irani]], the son of [[Boman Irani]], and produced by [[Karan Johar]], [[Apoorva Mehta]], and [[Adar Poonawalla]] under [[Dharma Productions]]. It released directly onto [[JioHotstar]] to mixed-to-negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/sarzameen-teaser-prithviraj-sukumaran-ibrahim-ali-khan-fight-terrorism-in-kashmir-2748269-2025-06-30|title=Sarzameen teaser: Ibrahim plays terrorist, Prithviraj a soldier in high-stakes drama|work=India Today |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> His another release in the year 2025 was ''[[Vilayath Buddha]]'', which turned to be an underperformer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran calls it wrap for Vilayath Buddha, recounting 2-year journey and enduring surgery |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/prithviraj-sukumaran-calls-it-wrap-for-vilayath-buddha-recounting-2-year-journey-and-enduring-surgery-1375497 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title='Nobody': Prithviraj Sukumaran announces his next film with 'Rorschach' director Nissam Basheer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nobody-prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-his-next-film-with-rorschach-director-nissam-basheer/articleshow/112846686.cms |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-16 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran reunites with 'Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil' director for his next 'Santhosh Trophy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-reunites-with-guruvayoor-ambalanadayil-director-for-his-next-santhosh-trophy/articleshow/114292022.cms#:~:text=Prithviraj%20Sukumaran%20is%20teaming%20up,Listin%20Stephen%20and%20Supriya%20Menon. |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2026, he will appear in the highly anticipated sequel to ''Salaar: Part 1 - Ceasefire'', ''[[Salaar: Part 2 - Shouryanga Parvam]]''. He has also signed on to appear in malayalam films ''Nobody'', and ''Santhosh Trophy''. ''[[Varanasi (2027 film)|Varanasi]]'', directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]] and co-starring [[Mahesh Babu]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] is one of his most anticipated films.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rajamoulis-ssmb29-with-mahesh-babu-priyanka-chopra-and-500-crew-filming-at-odishas-hidden-gems-are-you-packing-your-bags/articleshow/118843848.cms?from=mdr|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|accessdate=5 June 2024|title= Rajamouli's 'SSMB29' with Mahesh Babu, Priyanka Chopra and 500 crew filming at Odisha's hidden gems.|date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Prithviraj married [[BBC India]] reporter Supriya Menon on 25 April 2011 in a private ceremony held in [[Palakkad]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article1766407.ece |title=Prithviraj gets married in Palakkad |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=2 October 2011 |location=Palakkad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821022251/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article1766407.ece |archive-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article388995.ece |title=Prithviraj: No more a bachelor boy |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |first1=Asha |last1=Prakash |date=28 April 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214047/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article388995.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They have a daughter, born in 2014. Prithviraj and his family used to reside in [[Thevara]], [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://connectingmalayali.com/articles/business/42-all-about-kerala/film/250-malayalam-film-artists-contact-details |title=Malayalam film artists CONTACT DETAILS |access-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411135414/http://connectingmalayali.com/articles/business/42-all-about-kerala/film/250-malayalam-film-artists-contact-details |archive-date=11 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=പൃഥ്വിയുടെ പുതിയ വീട്; ലൂസിഫറിന്റെ ഓഫീസ്! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2017/04/05/exclusive-look-into-prithviraj-new-flat-cum-workplace-in-thevara.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref> Since 2024, he has been staying at a house bought for ₹30 crores, at [[Pali Hill]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-buys-rs-30-crore-luxury-duplex-in-mumbais-pali-hill-exclusive/articleshow/113419851.cms|title=Prithviraj Sukumaran buys Rs 30 crore luxury duplex in Mumbai's Pali Hill - Exclusive|date=17 September 2024|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Other ventures==
Prithviraj Productions is an Indian [[film production]] and [[Film distribution|distribution]] company based in [[Kochi]], established in 2017 by Prithviraj and his wife Supriya Menon. Since then, it has produced and distributed over 10 films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prithviraj, wife Supriya launch production company |language=en-IN |work=Mathrubhumi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/prithviraj-wife-supriya-launch-production-company-malayalam-movie-actor-1.2658516 |accessdate=16 March 2021|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131160048/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/prithviraj-wife-supriya-launch-production-company-malayalam-movie-actor-1.2658516|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran starts new production house with wife Supriya Menon |language=en-IN |work=IBT |first=Shekhar H. |last=Hooli |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-sukumaran-starts-new-production-house-wife-supriya-menon-763265 |accessdate=16 March 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130050244/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-sukumaran-starts-new-production-house-wife-supriya-menon-763265 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== As a producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;font-size:100%"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Language
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
|''[[9 (2019 film)|9]]''
|[[Jenuse Mohamed]]
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='9' trailer captures the pace of the movie: Jenuse Mohd |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/01/09/jenuse-mohamed-on-9-movie-trailer-making.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]''
|[[Lal Jr.]]
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2019-04-05 |title=Prithviraj to produce 'Driving License' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/prithviraj-produce-driving-license-100073 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Kuruthi]]''
|Manu Warrier
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2021-08-09 |title=Kuruthi, With Prithviraj On Amazon Prime Video, Is A Solid Home-Invasion Thriller That Transcends The Genre |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/kuruthi-malayalam-movie-review-amazon-prime-a-solid-home-invasion-thriller-that-transcends-the-genre-prithviraj-sukumaran-roshan-mathew-baradwaj-rangan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530155357/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/kuruthi-malayalam-movie-review-amazon-prime-a-solid-home-invasion-thriller-that-transcends-the-genre-prithviraj-sukumaran-roshan-mathew-baradwaj-rangan |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]''
|[[Dijo Jose Antony]]
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=2022-04-08 |title=Jana Gana Mana Is A Cleverly Deceptive Political Film That Doesn't Trade Entertainment With Its Importance |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/jana-gana-mana-movie-review-prithviraj-is-a-cleverly-deceptive-political-film-that-doesnt-trade-entertainment-with-its-importance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530155410/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/jana-gana-mana-movie-review-prithviraj-is-a-cleverly-deceptive-political-film-that-doesnt-trade-entertainment-with-its-importance |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaduva]]''
|[[Shaji Kailas]]
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Kaduva'' makers shamelessly altered events in my grandfather's life' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/07/11/kaduva-makers-story-grandfather-life-grandson.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]''
|[[Alphonse Puthren]]
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Gold': Here's an update from the Prithviraj - Nayanthara starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gold-heres-an-update-from-the-prithviraj-nayanthara-starrer/articleshow/93815899.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-

| 2023
|''[[Selfiee]]''
|[[Raj Mehta]]
|Hindi
|Remake of [[Driving Licence (film)|''Driving Licence'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2023-02-24 |title='Selfiee' Review: Akshay Kumar-Starrer Keeps Finding & Losing Its Groove |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/selfiee-movie-driving-license-remake-akshay-kumar-emraan-hashmi-full-movie-review |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]''
|[[Vipin Das]]
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's a wrap for Prithviraj Sukumaran's 'Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-prithviraj-sukumarans-guruvayoor-ambalanadayil/articleshow/109034671.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== As a distributor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;font-size:100%"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Language
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
| rowspan="4" | Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2019-01-01 |title=Prithviraj acquires Kerala rights for Rajini's 'Petta' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/prithviraj-acquires-kerala-rights-rajini-s-petta-94346 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bigil]]''
|[[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prithviraj bags Kerala distribution rights of Vijay's Bigil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-bags-kerala-distribution-rights-of-vijays-bigil/articleshow/71554307.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay's Master: Distributors to go ahead with the release in Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/01/10/vijay-master-movie-distributors-to-release-in-kerala.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]''
|[[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Doctor' opens great at the Kerala box office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-doctor-opens-great-at-the-kerala-box-office/articleshow/87361854.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
|[[Prashanth Neel]]
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
| rowspan="3" |Distributed Malayalam version
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-01-03 |title=Prithviraj Productions to distribute KGF: Chapter 2 in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Jan/06/prithviraj-productions-to-distribute-kgf-chapter-2-in-kerala-2245915.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[777 Charlie]]''
|Kiranraj K.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=777 Charlie director Kiranraj: When Prithviraj came on board, I informed my mother even before Rakshit Shetty |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/777-charlie-director-kiranraj-when-prithviraj-came-on-board-i-informed-my-mother-even-before-rakshit-shetty/9165a1c5d5629 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
|[[Rishab Shetty]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran announces the Malayalam release of 'Kantara' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-the-malayalam-release-of-kantara/articleshow/94738560.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]''
|[[Nirmal Sahadev]]
| Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fascinated by 'Kumari's' mystic location? This enchanting cave is just a drive away from Kochi |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2023/01/06/kumari-movie-location-kochareekkal-caves-in-ekm-district.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|[[Prashanth Neel]]
|Telugu
|Distributed Malayalam version
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya |date=2023-11-16 |title=Salaar's South India distributors list and breakeven details |url=https://tracktollywood.com/salaars-south-india-distributors-list-and-breakeven-details/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=TrackTollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|''[[The Goat Life]]''
|[[Blessy]]
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran: One area of the Mollywood industry that I believe is in a nascent stage is our distribution network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-one-area-of-the-mollywood-industry-that-i-believe-is-in-a-nascent-stage-is-our-distribution-network/articleshow/108561695.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== In the media ==
[[File:Prithviraj 2008.jpg|thumb|Prithviraj in 2008]]

Prithviraj is considered among the most popular and highest-paid actors of [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="PS1" /><ref name="PS2" /> He was placed fourth in 2013 and first in 2015, in ''[[Rediff.com]]'' "Best Malayalam Actor" list.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-performances-by-malayalam-actors-in-2013-south/20140110.htm |access-date=23 September 2022 |title=Top Performances by Malayalam Actors in 2013 |work=Rediff.com |date=10 January 2014 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507074629/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-performances-by-malayalam-actors-in-2013-south/20140110.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/the-top-5-malayalam-actors-of-2015/20151230.htm |access-date=23 September 2022 |title=Top Performances by Malayalam Actors in 2015 |work=Rediff.com |date=10 January 2014 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507074629/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/the-top-5-malayalam-actors-of-2015/20151230.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His performance in ''Mumbai Police'' is regarded as one of the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Prithviraj was named the [[Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Men]] of 2017 and 2019. He was further placed 4th in 2018 and 2nd in 2020, on the same list.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Kochi Times Most Desirable Man 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-man-2017-prithviraj/articleshow/62863460.cms |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507105405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-man-2017-prithviraj/amp_articleshow/62863460.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times 25 Most Desirable Men 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-25-most-desirable-men-of-2018/articleshow/68048374.cms |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507105405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-25-most-desirable-men-of-2018/amp_articleshow/68048374.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Men 2019: Prithviraj Sukumaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2019/articleshow/74226674.cms |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2019/articleshow/74226674.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Men 2019: Dulquer Salmaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2020/articleshow/83175935.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507092445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2020/amp_articleshow/83175935.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A research study conducted in 2023 by Indian Institute of Human Brands (IIHB) stated that Prithviraj was the third highest-ranked celebrity in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/research/suriya-is-the-number-one-celebrity-in-south-india-report/97019588 |title=Suriya is the number one celebrity in South India: Report |date=16 January 2023 |website=Economic Times |accessdate=27 January 2023}}</ref> In 2024, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' placed him in their "Top Performances of the Year" list.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/best-acting-performances-of-2024-from-fahadh-faasil-in-aavesham-to-kani-kusruti-in-all-we-imagine-as-light-101734756659019.html |title=Best acting performances of 2024: From Fahadh Faasil in Aavesham to Kani Kusruti in All We Imagine As Light |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 December 2024 |accessdate=26 December 2024}}</ref> In 2024, Prithviraj was placed 100th on [[IMDb]]'s List of 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars.<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=29 August 2024 |title=Deepika Padukone, Shah Rukh Khan Top IMDb's List of Most Viewed Indian Stars |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122092159/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |archive-date=22 November 2024 |website=Variety |date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Prithviraj Sukumaran filmography}}

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Prithviraj Sukumaran}}

Prithviraj won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] for ''Indian Rupee''. He has received four [[Kerala State Film Awards]]: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for ''Vaasthavam'', ''Celluloid'' and ''Ayalum Njanum Thammil'', and ''The Goat Life'', and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] for ''Indian Rupee''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-state-film-award-prithviraj-sukumaran-urvashi-beena-r-chandran-win-top-acting-honours-2583054-2024-08-16|title=Kerala State Film Awards: Prithviraj, Urvashi, Beena R Chandran win top acting honours|date=16 August 2024|website=India Today}}</ref> He has also won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]] for ''Celluloid'' and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]] for ''Kaaviya Thalaivan''.<ref name="Critics Award for Best Actor & Actress 2013">{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Winners list: 61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/38287405.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417021558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/38287405.cms |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=12 March 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="hi">{{cite news |date=2017-07-14 |title=TN Govt announces Tamil film awards for six years |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2017-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615081711/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |archive-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Forca Kochi FC]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Prithviraj Sukumaran}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prithviraj Sukumaran}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:University of Tasmania alumni]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Bhagyajathakam

2026-03-22T22:11:18Z

MerleGrier1601:

{{short description|1962 film}}
{{About|film|television series|Bhagyajathakam (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhagyajathakam
| image =Bhagyajathakam.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| producer = P. Bhaskaran B. N. Kondareddy
| writer = P. Bhaskaran [[Jagathy N. K. Achari]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Jagathy N. K. Achari]]
| starring = [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] [[Sheela]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] Sam
| music = [[M. S. Baburaj]] [[Irayimman Thampi]] [[Thyagaraja]]
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram
| editing = T. T. Kripasankar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1962|11|16|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[malayalam]]
}}

'''''Bhagyajathakam''''' is a 1962 Indian [[Malayalam]] film, directed and produced by [[P. Bhaskaran]]. The film stars [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Sheela]] (Debut), [[Adoor Bhasi]] and Sam in lead roles. The film had musical score by [[M. S. Baburaj]], [[Irayimman Thampi]], P. Bhaskaran and [[Thyagaraja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=103|title=Bhaagyajaathakam|accessdate=2014-10-10|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4137|title=Bhaagyajaathakam|accessdate=2014-10-10|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015115719/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4137|archivedate=15 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/bhagya-jathakam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015113355/http://spicyonion.com/title/bhagya-jathakam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 October 2014|title=Bhaagyajaathakam|accessdate=2014-10-10|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]]
*[[Sheela]] (Debut)
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*Sam
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]]
*Thomas
*[[Adoor Bhavani]]
*[[Adoor Pankajam]]
*Ali
*[[Bahadoor]]
*Chithradevi
*J. N. Rajam
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]
*M. G. Menon
*Nanukkuttan
*[[Pankajavalli]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Baburaj]], [[Irayimman Thampi]] and [[Thyagaraja]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]], [[Irayimman Thampi]] and [[Thyagaraja]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aadyathe Kanmani" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Leela]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Anuraagakkodathiyil" || [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "En Penninalpam" || Mehboob || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Kannukalil Kavanayumaay" || [[Kottayam Santha]], Mehboob || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 5 || "Karuna Chaivaanenthu Thaamasam" || [[Sudhan]] || [[Irayimman Thampi]] ||
|-
| 6 || "Maanodothu Valarnilla" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 7 || "Nolkkaatha Noyambu" || P. Leela || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 8 || "Om Jeevithaananda" || Chorus, Mehboob || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 9 || "Parayaan Vayyallo" || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 10 || "Vaasudevakeerthanam" (Vaasavathi) || K. J. Yesudas, Paramasivan Bhagavathar || [[Thyagaraja]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0155542|Bhagya Jathakam}}

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Bhaskaran]]
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

The Grenadiers

2026-03-22T19:30:42Z

MerleGrier1601: updated details further and added references based on references

{{short description|Regiment of the Indian Army}}
{{About|a regiment of the Indian Army|other uses|Grenadier (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = The Grenadiers
| image = [[File:Grenadiers Insignia (India).svg|150px]]
| caption = Regimental Insignia of The Grenadiers
| dates = 1778–present
| country = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[East India Company]] {{army|British India|23px}} [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role =
| size = 25 battalions
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre
| equipment_label =
| nickname = The Grinders
| patron =
| motto = ''Sarvada Shaktishali (Ever Powerful)''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/19kash1.htm|title=Grenadiers' history is replete with stories of valour|date=1999-07-19|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
| colors =
| colors_label = War Cry
| march =
| battles = [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Third Burmese War]] [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] [[First World War]] [[Second World War]] [[Battle of Namka Chu|Sino-Indian War]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Operation Pawan]] [[Kargil War|Kargil War, 1999]]
[[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
* [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations = * [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] – 3
* [[Ashoka Chakra|AC]] – 2
* [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] – 11
* [[Kirti Chakra|KC]] – 6
* [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]] – 32
* [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]] – 13
* [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]] – 30
* [[Vir Chakra|VrC]] – 53
* [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]] – 78
* [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]] – 26
* [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] – 43
* [[Sena Medal|SM]] – 284
* [[Victoria Cross|VC]] – 4
* [[Military Cross|MC]] - 35
* [[Indian Order of Merit|IoM]] – 71
* [[Mentioned in dispatches]] - 398
* COAS commendation card- 917
| battle_honours = '''Post Independence'''
Gurez, Asal Uttar, Jarpal, Chakra, Tololing & Tiger Hill
| current_commander =
| current_commander_label =
| ceremonial_chief =
| ceremonial_chief_label =
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[Lt Gen]] Sanjay Mitra<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol = A brass grenade bearing the White Horse of Hanover. The insignia is worn on the uniform with a white hackle.
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental Insignia
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}}

'''The Grenadiers''' is an [[infantry]] [[Regiment#Infantry|regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]], formerly part of the [[Bombay Army]] and later the pre-independence [[British Indian Army]], when the regiment was known as the '''4th Bombay Grenadiers'''. It has distinguished itself during the two [[world war]]s and also since the [[Independence of India]]. The regiment has won many [[battle honour]]s and [[gallantry award]]s, and is considered to be one of India's most decorated regiments with three [[Param Vir Chakra]] awardees in three different conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/infantry-regiments-the-cutting-edge-of-soldiering/0/|title=Infantry Regiments: The cutting edge of Soldiering|date=2018-01-24|access-date=2023-03-12|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216031427/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/infantry-regiments-the-cutting-edge-of-soldiering/0/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===

The Grenadiers are one of the oldest [[grenadier]] regiments in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and have the longest unbroken record of existence in the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="Sharma, p. 75">Sharma, p. 75</ref> The history of the Grenadiers dates back to the [[Bombay Army]] of the [[East India Company]] (EIC). In 1684, the Bombay Army consisted of three [[Company (military unit)|companies]] stationed on the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]], one of which was a grenadier company. The company, which consisted of a mixture of Europeans and native Christians, disappears from subsequent historical records. By 1710, the Bombay Army had expanded to five companies of "Europeans, [[Christianity in India|topasses]], and [[Kaffir (racial term)|coffrees]]", one of which was an all-European grenadier company. This company was subsequently merged into the Bombay European Regiment, which was later disbanded. In 1757, [[Robert Clive]] raised the [[1st Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry]], which consisted in part of two grenadier companies. However, no grenadier regiments were raised by the Bengal Army until 1779.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/101stgrenadiers.htm|title=Brief History|date=|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>

In 1759, as a response to the ongoing [[Seven Years' War]], the Bombay Army underwent a major expansion, and the first company of native grenadiers was raised with the best of Bombay sepoys "paying a regard to those having families on the island". It had only native officers and all sepoys wore red coats with blue facings. Later on, an [[adjutant]] was appointed to the corps. Later the Bombay Army comprised a number of sepoy battalions, each having one or two grenadier companies. These were clubbed together as a composite battalion comprising the grenadier companies of the Bombay sepoy battalions, and they won the famous battle of [[Talegaon Dabhade|Talegaon]] in 1778. So impressive was the performance of this composite battalion that the Bombay Presidency ordered the permanent raising of a grenadier battalion which duly took place on 12 March 1779, thirty-six years before the first time that a British battalion was given the honour of calling itself "grenadiers". The Governor General of Bombay made an Order dated 12 November 1779, according to which the grenadier companies of the following regiments combined to form the first Grenadier Regiment in the world, namely "The Grenadier Battalion, First Regiment of Infantry":
* 1st Sepoy Battalion
* 2nd Sepoy Battalion
* 3rd Sepoy Battalion
* 4th Sepoy Battalion
* 5th Sepoy Battalion
* 6th Sepoy Battalion
* Marine Battalion (two companies of grenadiers)

===4th Bombay Grenadiers===
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 4th Bombay Grenadiers
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 1922–1947
| country = {{flag|British India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|British India}}
| type = Infantry
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre
}}
[[File:A Naigue of Bombay Grenadier Battalion.jpg|thumb|upright|1806 illustration of a Bombay Grenadier Battalion non-commissioned officer]]

The '''4th Bombay Grenadiers''' were an infantry regiment of the pre-independence [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], formed on 1 March 1922 as part of the reforms of the Indian Army that took place after the end of the [[First World War]].<ref name="Sharma, p. 75"/> Following this, the Regiment spent the next fifteen years serving in the [[British Somaliland]] protectorate in present-day [[Somaliland]], as well as in [[China]] and on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]]. The 3rd, 4th and 5th Battalions were all disbanded and the 10th Battalion amalgamated with the 10th Battalion, [[Jat Regiment]] to form a Combined Training Centre at [[Bareilly]].<ref name="Sharma, p. 75">Sharma, p. 75</ref> Following the [[Second World War]] they were one of the regiments allocated to the new [[Indian Army]] and renamed The Grenadiers
[[File:UK-bombay-gren.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bombay Grenadier in British service, 1879.]]

The regiment consisted of six battalions, all former regiments themselves. These were:

*1st Battalion - Formerly the [[101st Grenadiers]].
*2nd Battalion - Formerly the [[102nd Grenadiers|102nd King Edward's Own Grenadiers]]
*3rd Battalion - Formerly the [[108th Infantry]]
*4th Battalion - Formerly the [[109th Infantry]]
*5th Battalion - Formerly the [[112th Infantry]]
*10th (Training) Battalion - Formerly the [[113th Infantry]]
[[File:Soldiers of the 2nd Bombay Grenadiers of the Indian Army in Hampton Court Camp.jpg|thumb|right| 2nd Bombay Grenadiers of the Indian Army in Hampton Court Camp on the occasion of the Coronation of King Edward VII, August 1902]]

====Second World War====

At the beginning of the Second World War there were only two battalions of the Regiment, the 1st and 2nd. This was soon changed, though, as a number of battalions were raised for wartime service, including: 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 14th, 25th, 26th and 27th Battalions.<ref name="Sharma, p. 75"/> The 10th (Training Battalion) was also de-linked from [[The Jat Regiment]]. Some of these battalions were to be garrison or rear area troops only, while others went on to serve with distinction in a number of theatres during the war including the Middle East and Burma, notably during the Arakan campaigns and at [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]].

The 4th Grenadiers formed the motorised infantry element of the Indian Armoured and Tank brigades, distinguishing themselves as 'tank escort' infantry protecting tanks against sniper attack in jungle conditions:

*1/4th Battalion, [[252nd Indian Armoured Brigade]], [[31st Indian Armoured Division]]
*2/4th Battalion, [[50th Indian Tank Brigade]]
*3/4th Battalion, [[254th Indian Tank Brigade]]
*4/4th Battalion, [[255th Indian Tank Brigade]]
[[File:Indian Armoured Corps in the Middle East 1944.jpg|thumb|Grenadiers in a [[Lend-Lease Sherman tanks|Sherman III]] tank in the Middle East, March 1944.]]

====Partition====
In October 1945, the Indian infantry regiments lost their numerical designation and the regiment was re-designated as the '''Indian Grenadiers''', thus severing its last link with the erstwhile Bombay Army (Special Indian Army Order 132/S/45). Following the [[partition of India]], the regiment was allotted to India. The active units at that time were the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 25th. The Muslim troops in the regiment were allotted to [[Pakistan]]. [[Dogras]] from [[10th Baluch Regiment|5 Baluch]] joined the 1st battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles|The Frontier Force Rifles]] to 2nd battalion, and from [[16th Punjab Regiment|1/16 Punjab]] to the 4th battalion.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gaylor|first=John|title=Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–1991.|publisher=Stroud: Spellmount Publishers Ltd.|isbn=978-0-946771-98-1|page=144}}</ref>

==Regimental battalions==

The Grenadiers consists of 23 [[battalion]]s, four [[Rashtriya Rifles]] battalions and two [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] battalions -
{{Incomplete list|date=April 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width: 120px;"| Battalion
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;"| Raising Date
! scope="col" style="width: 550px;"| Remarks
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;"| References
|-style="background:#EEE8AA"
|1st Battalion §
|1778
|Raised as 8th Regiment of Bombay Sepoys. Underwent many name changes, was designated [[101st Grenadiers]], prior to present designation. Battle honours - Mangalore, Mysore, Hyderabad, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1878–80, Burma 1885–87, Somaliland 1901–04, East Africa 1914–16, Egypt, Gaza, Megiddo, Nablus, Palestine 1917–18. Post independence – Gurais. Became 2nd Battalion, [[Brigade of the Guards]] in 1950.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grenadiers.info/indian/ |title = Indian Army Grenadiers Regiment}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://istampgallery.com/2-guards-1-grenadiers-225-years/|title=2 Guards (1 Grenadiers)|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
|-
|2nd Battalion
|1796
|Raised in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] by Captain David Cameron as 13th Battalion, Bombay Native Infantry. Underwent many name changes, was designated [[102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers|102nd King Edward's Own Grenadiers]], before present designation. Battle honours – Egypt (1801), Kirkee (1817), Koregaon (1817), Persia (1857), Abyssinia (1868), Kut-Al-Amara (1917), Naga Village (1944). Nicknamed ''Second to None''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://istampgallery.com/2-grenadiers/|title=2 Grenadiers of India|date=2016-06-07|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|3rd Battalion
|1768
|Raised as 1st Battalion, Bombay Sepoys. Underwent many name changes, was designated [[108th Infantry]], before present designation. Nicknamed ''Param Vir Chakra Paltan''. Battle honours (pre-independence) – Mangalore 1783, Mysore 1793, Hyderabad (Sind) 1843, Afghanistan 1879, Aden 1916, Mesopotamia 1917, Kalewa 1944 and Fort Dufferin, Mandalay 1945; post-independence – theatre honour - Rajasthan (Sadhewala) in 1965 and battle honour – Jarpal in 1971. [[Major Hoshiar Singh]] was awarded the PVC.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/third-battalion-the-grenadiers/|title=Third Battalion The Grenadiers|date=2016-02-11|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/16-madras-3-grenadiers-braves-264144|title=16 Madras, 3 Grenadiers' braves|date=2021-06-06|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
|-
|4th Battalion
|1768
|Raised as 5th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys. Underwent many name changes, was designated [[109th Infantry]], before present designation. Battle honours : pre-independence – Mysore, Central India, Aden, Punjab, Multan, Burma, Afghanistan, Taungtha, Meiktila, Pwabwe, Sharqat, Pegu; post-independence – Asal Uttar (1965). CQMH [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Abdul Hamid]] was awarded the PVC. Nicknamed ''Param Vir Chakra Paltan'' and ''The Fighting Fourth''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/fourth-battalion-the-grenadiers/|title=Fourth Battalion The Grenadiers|date=2016-02-01|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/178027/remembering-hero-named-abdul-hamid.html|title=Remembering a hero named Abdul Hamid|date=2011-07-21|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
|-
|5th Battalion
|1796
|Raised as 2nd Battalion, 6th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. Underwent many name changes, was designated [[112th Infantry]], before present designation. Nicknamed ''Finest Fifth''.
|
|-
|6th Battalion
|1962
|Raised as 6/4 Grenadiers (Motorised) by Lieutenant Colonel D Greigson at [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]] in 1942. Disbanded 1943. Re-raised in 1962 by Lieutenant Colonel AB Jhadav at [[Jaipur]]. Nicknamed ''Joshila Sixth''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/sixth-battalion-the-grenadiers/|title=Sixth Battalion The Grenadiers|date=2016-03-01|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-style="background:#EEE8AA"
|7th battalion §
|1949
|Raised from [[Kutch State|Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] State Forces in camel mounted role, became regular infantry in 1957. Became 9th Battalion, [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]] in 1979. Battle honour Chhadbet
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/units/102-Grenadiers.html |title=The Grenadiers Regiment - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129141233/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/units/102-Grenadiers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=BfOGlbEdBL93UDu2wVUQGw==&ParentID=JHf4479y6uRynEmF3xYK8g==|title=Raising Days and Battle Honours : Mech Battalions|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|8th Battalion
|1963
|Raised 1949 in [[Ahmedabad]] from state forces of [[Lunavada State|Lunavada]], [[Rajpipla State|Rajpipla]], [[Baria State|Baria]] and [[Idar State|Idar]], disbanded 1949, re-raised 1963 in [[Jaipur]] under Major BS Brah. Battle honour – Chakra (1971). Nicknamed ''Chakra Battalion'' and ''Gallant Eighth''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/8-grenadiers/|title=8 Grenadiers|date=2013-01-01|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
|-
|9th Battalion
|1954
|Mewar, ex-[[Imperial Service Troops|State Forces unit]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/education/1761355-army-starts-mewar-trail-foot-expedition-from-udaipur|title=Army starts 'Mewar Trail' foot expedition from Udaipur|date=2021-10-08|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rajputcommunity.in/t/princely-states-contribution-to-the-indian-army/192|title= Princely States' contribution to the Indian Army|date=2019-10-01|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
|-
|10th Battalion
|1800
|Raised 1st Battalion, 7th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. Underwent many name changes, was designated [[113th Infantry]], before present designation. Training Battalion.
|
|-
|11th Battalion
|1963
|Raised at [[Ajmer]] as a Territorial battalion in 1922 (1st battalion, Ajmer Regiment), disbanded in 1948, re-raised in 1963 in Jaipur by Lieutenant Colonel Racchpal Singh.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/11th-battalion-the-grenadiers/|title=11th Battalion The Grenadiers|date=2013-10-01|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|12th Battalion
|1964
|Raised at [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]] by Major NS Sidhu. Lieutenant Colonel Hari Singh was the first commanding officer. Nicknamed ''Thundering Twelfths''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/12th-battalion-the-grenadiers/|title=12th Battalion The Grenadiers|date=2014-04-01|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|13th Battalion
|1889
|Raised as the [[Bikaner Camel Corps|Ganga Risala]] by Maharaja [[Ganga Singh]] of the Indian state of [[Bikaner]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rajputcommunity.in/t/rajputs-state-forces-to-modern-indian-army-a-milllenium-of-military-service/250|title=Rajputs State forces to modern Indian Army: A milllenium of military service|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|14th Battalion
|1965
|From 34th Training Unit (raised 1943), disbanded 1946, re-raised 1965.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/14-grenadiers/|title=14 Grenadiers|date=2015-01-22|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|15th Battalion
|1966
|Raised in Nasirabad by Lieutenant Colonel PS Mahurkar. Nicknamed ''The Dare Devils''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/15th-battalion-the-grenadiers/|title=15th Battalion The Grenadiers|date=2016-01-16|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|16th Battalion
|1966
|Raised in [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina]] under Lieutenant Colonel NB Jayaram .
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-grenadiers.htm|title=Grenadiers Regiment|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
|-style="background:#EEE8AA"
|17th Battalion §
|1966
|Raised as a camel battalion in [[Bikaner]] under Lieutenant Colonel KS Harihar Singh. Nicknamed ''The Desert Hawks''. Motorized Infantry Regiment. Became 24th Battalion, [[Brigade of the Guards]] in 2023.
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/17th-battalion-the-grenadiers-motorised/|title= 17th Battalion The Grenadiers (Motorised)|date=2016-11-10|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|18th Battalion
|1976
|Battle honour – Tiger Hill and Tololing. Nicknamed ''Param Vir Chakra Paltan'' after the PVC won by [[Yogendra Singh Yadav|Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/18-grenadiers-relive-tiger-hill-capture-805648|title=18 Grenadiers relive Tiger Hill capture|date=2019-07-22|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/18-grenadiers-to-celebrate-battle-honour-day/articleshow/37732829.cms|title=18 Grenadiers to celebrate Battle Honour Day|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-07-04|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
|-
|19th Battalion
|1979
|Nicknamed ''Utkrisht Unnees''.
|
|-
|20th Battalion
|
|Nicknamed ''Double Axe''.
|
|-
|21st Battalion
|1985
|Nicknamed ''Awwal Ekkis''.
|
|-
|22nd Battalion
|1988
|Raised in [[Jabalpur]]. Nicknamed as ''Bravest of the Brave'' and ''Ashok Chakra Paltan'' – has won two Ashok Chakras.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/22nd-battalion-the-grenadiers-regiment/|title=22nd Battalion The Grenadiers|date=2013-06-01|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|23rd Battalion
|
|
|
|-
|24th Battalion
|
|
|
|-
|25th Battalion
|1 July 2014
|Raised at the Grenadiers Regimental Centre in Jabalpur, the battalion was established under the command of Colonel Vipul Singh Rajput. Nicknamed ''Parakrami Pacchees''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/military-diplomacy-with-china-at-what-cost/story-qM3LHGlTg2HfazP6yIvpHP.html|title=Raising of 25th Grenadiers|date=2014-10-19|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|- style="background:#D0FFD0"
|12 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|
|
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|29 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|Nicknamed ''Cobra Paltan''.
|
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|39 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|
|
|-style="background:#D0FFD0"
|55 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|
|
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|118 (TA) Battalion
|1939
|Raised at 7 Central Provincial Urban Infantry Battalion (Indian Territorial Force). Present designation since 1949. Located at [[Bhusawal|Bhusaval, Maharashtra]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/118-inf-bn-ta-grenadiers-platinum-jubilee/|title=118 Inf BN TA Grenadiers Platinum Jubilee|date=2014-08-22|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2019/11/14/118-ta-battalion-vacates-sitabuldi-fort/|title=118 TA Battalion vacates Sitabuldi Fort|date=2019-11-14|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
|-style="background:#FFD0D0"
|123 (TA) Battalion
|1956
|Raised by Lieutenant Colonel Zorawar Singh at raised at Senapati House, [[Jhotwara]]. Located at [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]]. Nicknamed ''Jaipur Terriers''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/an-entire-army-unit-just-pledges-their-organs201801142105290001/|title=An entire Army unit just pledges their organs|date=2018-01-14|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://musiconcepts.in/mtvindiamusicsummit/jaipurterrierpipeband/|title=Jaipur Terrier Pipe Band|date=|access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>
|-
|}
§ indicates former units.

==Affiliations==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1996 - Colnect 163317 - 2nd Grenadiers.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|Postal stamp - Bicentenary of 2nd Grenadiers, 1996]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| width = 305
| header = Attestation Parade at Grenadiers Regimental Centre, Jabalpur, September 2021.
| image1 = GRENADIERS_Regimental_Centre_1.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = GRENADIERS_Regimental_Centre_2.jpg
| alt2 =
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}}
The Grenadiers has been affiliated with '''The Armoured Corps''' and with the '''Indian Navy'''.

*[[51st Armoured Regiment (India)|51 Armoured Regiment]] has been affiliated with The Grenadiers.
*[[INS Beas]] '''(F37)''' has also been affiliated with The Grenadiers.

==Class composition==
*1923 - Rajputana Mussalmans, Rajputana Jats, Mahrattas, Mers and Merats
*1946 - Jats from the Punjab, United Provinces, Rajputana and Central India states, Hindustani Mussalmans from Ambala Civil Division, Rajputana, United Provinces, Central India states and the Deccan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gaylor|first=John|title=Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–1991.|publisher=Stroud: Spellmount Publishers Ltd.|isbn=978-0-946771-98-1|page=141}}</ref>
*Present - Rajputs, Kaimkhanis, Hindustani Mussalmans, Dogras, Gujjar, Ahir, Mena, Gujratis, Jats.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gautam|first=PK|title= Indigenous Historical Knowledge: Kautilya and His Vocabulary, Volume III|date=2016|publisher= IDSA/Pentagon Press |isbn= 978-81-8274-909-2|page=154}}</ref><ref name="IA">{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=OQcXHdaoK9DKf0kUc6iuHw==&ParentID=K1BY2d//IUQ8WCWWQSILsA==|title=The Grenadiers|date=|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref>

==Battle honours==

===Battle Honours (Pre-Independence)===
Prior to Indian independence, the Regiment had won many [[battle honours]] as part of the British Indian Army. These battle honour include:<ref name="IA"/>

====Pre-World War I====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Siege of Mangalore|Mangalore – 1784]]
* [[Mysore]] – 1786
* [[Srirangapatnam]] – 1799
* [[Egypt]] – 1802
* Koregaon – 1818
* [[Beni Boo Alli (battle honour)|Beni Boo Alli]] – 1821
* [[Kirkee]] – 1827
* [[Battle of Hyderabad|Hyderabad – 1831–43]]
* [[Siege of Multan (1848–1849)|Multan]]
* Meeane – 1843
* [[Punjab region|Punjab – 1848]]
* [[Central Indian campaign of 1858|Central India – 1858]]
* [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia – 1868]]
* [[Siege of Kandahar|Kandahar 1880]]
* [[Second Afghan War|Afghanistan 1878–80]]
* [[Third Burmese War|Burma 1885–87]]
* [[Somaliland]] (Dharatol) – 1901–04
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1919]]
{{div col end}}

====World War I====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[German East Africa campaign|East Africa 1914–16]]
* [[Egypt]] – 1916–17
* [[Baghdad]] – 1917
* [[Second Battle of Kut|Kut-Al-Amara]] – 1917
* [[Battle of Gaza (disambiguation)|Gaza – 1917]]
* [[Battle of Sharqat]] – 1918
* [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]]
* [[Nablus]] – 1918
* [[Sinai and Palestine campaign|Palestine 1917–18]]
* [[Mesopotamia]] – 1915–18
* [[Aden]] – 1914–19
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1919]]
* Tigris – 1919
{{div col end}}

====World War II====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]] – 1944
* [[Kalewa]] – 1944
* [[Battle of Kohima#Counter-offensive|Naga Village]] – 1944
* [[Mandalay Palace|Fort Dufferin]], Mandalay – 1945
* [[Burma campaign (1944–1945)|Pwabwe]] – 1945
* [[Capture of Meiktila]] – 1945
* [[Defense of Meiktila]] – 1945
* [[Battle of Pegu|Pegu]] – 1945
* [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Taungtha]] – 1945
{{div col end}}

===Battle Honours (Post-Independence)===
Since 1947, the Regiment has won the following battle honours as part of the Indian Army:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Gurais – 1948
* [[Battle of Asal Uttar|Asal Uttar]] – 1965
* Jarpal – 1971
* Chakra – 1971
* [[Battle of Tiger Hill|Tololing & Tiger Hill (Kargil War)]] – 1999
{{div col end}}
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2010}}

==Decorations==
The Grenadiers have the unique and distinct honour of having the most number of [[Param Vir Chakra]]s, India's highest medal for gallantry, among all the Indian Army's Infantry Regiments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-the-brave-regiments-of-indian-army-28237.html/page/2|title=Know the brave regiments of Indian Army|date=2014-06-23|access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref> Of note also, is the fact that prior to independence, British officers serving with The Grenadiers won four [[Victoria Cross]]es.<ref>Sharma, p. 69</ref> Members of the Regiment have also received a number of other decorations prior to independence.
[[File:Havildar of The Grenadiers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]] of The Grenadiers, 2017]]

===Pre independence===
'''[[Victoria Cross]]'''
* Captain [[George Murray Rolland]], 22 April 1903, Daratoleh, [[Somaliland]]

;1914-1921<ref>{{cite book|last=India|first=Adjutant General of |title=List of Honours Awarded to the Indian Army August 1914 to August 1921|date=1930|publisher= Committee Indian War Memorial Delhi}}</ref>

'''[[Military Cross]]'''
* Jemadar Pola Khan, 101st Grenadiers, Egypt
* Subedar Jiwan Khan, 101st Grenadiers, Egypt and Aden (twice)
* Subedar Kasianth Mane, 101st Grenadiers, Egypt

'''[[Order of British India]]'''
* Subedar Major Martand Rao Mohite, 101st Grenadiers, Egypt
* Subedar Agdi Singh, 102nd Grenadiers, Mesopotamia

'''[[Indian Order of Merit]]'''
* Sepoy Fazil Khan, 101st Grenadiers, East Africa
* Sepoy Sowaz Khan, 101st Grenadiers, East Africa
* Subedar Rahim Khan, 101st Grenadiers, Egypt<ref>Sharma, p. 73</ref>
* Subedar Ahmed Din, 101st Grenadiers, Egypt
* Colour Havildar Shah Muhammad, 101st Grenadiers, Egypt
* Subedar Jafar Ali, 102nd Grenadiers, Muscat
* Sepoy Nand Ram, 102nd Grenadiers, Muscat
* Subedar Ganga Ram Singh, 102nd Grenadiers, Mesopotamia
* Subedar Muhammad Ali, 102nd Grenadiers, Mesopotamia
* Jemadar Ganga Ram, 102nd Grenadiers, Mesopotamia
* Havildar Jaffar Ali, 102nd Grenadiers, Waziristan
* Naik Shivlal Dalal (1933)
[[File:Парад в честь 70-летия Великой Победы - 39.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Grenadiers participating in the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade]], marking the 70th anniversary of the victory in Europe.]]
'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]]'''
* Lance Naik Abdul Sattar Khan, Temporary Lance Naik Muhammad Khan, 101st Grenadiers, Egypt
* Havildar Karan Singh, Havildar Ganga Ram, Private Sultan Ahmad, Havildar Tula Ram, Havildar Tula Ram, Havildar Mansare Ali, Private Sheo Ram, Havildar Sanwal Ram, Private Shedu Ram, Private Sirdara Ram, Private Surja Ram, Jemadar Khan Muhammad, Sepoy Ahmad Khan, Sepoy Girdhari Ram, Sepoy Tulsi Ram, Private Feroz Khan, Havildar Ram Diyal Singh, Naik Niyamat Khan (all in Mesopotamia), Private Karam Dad Khan (Muscat), Lance Naik Hoti Singh (Baluchistan), Subedar Mansar Ali (Pishin Moveable Column) 102nd Grenadiers
'''[[Indian Meritorious Service Medal (for Indian Army)|Indian Meritorious Service Medal]]'''
* 84 medals - 101st Grenadiers, Egypt, Aden, Somaliland, India
* 12 medals - 102nd Grenadiers, Mesopotamia, India, Baluchistan

;World War II<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Tiger Kills|date=1944|publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India|page=327}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Tiger Strikes|date=1942|publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India|page=148}}</ref>
'''[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE)]]'''
* Subedar Major Shamshad Khan, 4th Bombay Grenadiers

'''[[Mentioned in dispatches]]'''
* Major T H Waumsley, 4th Bombay Grenadiers
* Major E R S Dods, 4th Bombay Grenadiers

===Post independence===
Source:<ref name="IA"/>

'''[[Param Vir Chakra]]'''
[[File:JVF-Mounted-M40-Anti-Tank-Gun.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a 105 mm [[Jonga]]-mounted RCL gun, manned by [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Abdul Hamid]], which destroyed eight tanks during the Battle of Asal Uttar]]
* Company Quarter Master [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Havildar Abdul Hamid]], 4th Grenadiers, 1965.
* [[Major Hoshiar Singh]], 3rd Grenadiers, 1971.
* [[Yogendra Singh Yadav|Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav]], 18th Grenadiers, 1999.

'''[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]]'''
* [[Rakesh Singh (soldier)|Second Lieutenant Rakesh Singh]], 22nd Grenadiers, 1993
* Major [[Rajiv Kumar Joon]], 22nd Grenadiers, 1995
[[File:25Grenadiers.jpg|thumb|right|Soldiers of 25 Grenadiers]]

'''[[Maha Vir Chakra]]'''
* 2nd Lieutenant Gopala Krishna Venkatesa Prasanna Rao, (Posthumous), 4th Grenadiers, [[Sino-Indian War]], 1962
* Brigadier [[Rai Singh Yadav]], 2nd Grenadiers, [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] 1967.
* Lieutenant General [[Ved Prakash Airy]], 3rd Grenadiers, [[Indo-Pak War of 1971]] ([[Battle of Basantar]]).
* Major Dharam Vir Singh, 8th Grenadiers, [[Indo-Pak War of 1971]].
* Major General Antony Harold Edward Michigan, [[Indo-Pak War of 1971]].
* Major [[Rajesh Singh Adhikari]], (Posthumous), 18th Grenadiers, [[Kargil War]] (Operation Vijay) 1999.
* Colonel [[Balwan Singh]], 18th Grenadiers, [[Kargil War]] (Operation Vijay) 1999.

'''[[Vir Chakra]]'''
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Ramakrishnan Vishwanathan]], (Posthumous), 18th Grenadiers, [[Kargil War]] (Operation Vijay) 1999.

'''[[Kirti Chakra]]'''
* Grenadier Daryao Singh, 1948
* Grenadier Gopal Singh (Posthumous), 1981
* Grenadier Bajrang Singh (Posthumous), 1981
* Naik Prakash Chand, 1990
* Lieutenant Ravinder Chikara (Posthumous), 2001
* Grenadier Anil Kumar (Posthumous), 2003
* Colonel Gurbir Singh Sarna (Posthumous), 2006
* Major Rajinder Kumar Sharma, 2008
* Grenadier Pawan Kumar (Posthumous), 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999669|title=75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 80 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous|date=2024-01-25|access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref>

==Notable General Officers==
*[[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] - Lieutenant General Stanley Leslie Menezes, {{small|PVSM, SC}}
*Army Commanders (GOC-in-C) - Lieutenant General Y. N. Sharma ([[Central Command (India)|Central Command]])
*Corps Commanders (GOC) - Lieutenant Generals Y.S. Tomar, Sanjay Mitra ([[I Corps (India)|I Corps]]); Rajeev Sirohi ([[III Corps (India)|III Corps]]); Stanley Leslie Menezes, Shakti Gurung, [[Gurpal Singh Sangha]] (all [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]); Y.N. Sharma ([[XII Corps (India)|XII Corps]]); [[Sarabjit Singh Dhillon]] ([[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]); Lalit Kumar Pandey ([[XVII Corps (India)|XVII Corps]]).
==References & notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last1=Barthorp|first1=Michael|last2=Burn|first2=Jeffrey|year=1979|title=Indian infantry regiments 1860–1914|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=0-85045-307-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Rinaldi|first=Richard A|year=2008|title=Order of Battle British Army 1914|publisher=Ravi Rikhye|isbn=978-0-9776072-8-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gautam|year=1990|title=Valour and sacrifice: famous regiments of the Indian Army|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=81-7023-140-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914–1947|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}
* Moberly, F.J. (1923). ''Official History of the War: Mesopotamia Campaign'', Imperial War Museum. {{ISBN|1-870423-30-5}}
* Singh, Rajendra (1969) ''History of the Grenadiers''
* Singh, Rajendra (1955) ''Organisation and Administration in the Indian Army''
* Palsokar, R.D. (1980) ''The Grenadiers, a Tradition of Valour'', The Grenadiers Regimental Centre, Jabalpur

==See also==
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]
* [[British Indian Army]]
* [[Indian Army]]

==External links==
* [http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/ Official Website of Indian Army]
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/102-Grenadiers.html bharat-rakshak.com – The Grenadiers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414022914/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/102-Grenadiers.html |date=14 April 2015 }}
* [http://www.grenadiers.info/indian/ Indian Grenadiers Regiment]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050311031539/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/inf/1922-04.htm The Bombay Grenadiers]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=SCZ-AAAAIAAJ&q=grenadiers 2nd Battalion, 4th Bombay Grenadiers (King Edward's Own), Formerly the 102nd King Edward's Own Grenadiers, Historical Record of the Regiment, 1796-1933]

{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenadiers Regiment}}
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]
[[Category:Grenadier regiments]]
[[Category:Indian World War I regiments]]
[[Category:Indian World War II regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II]]

Avil Milk

2026-03-19T20:30:13Z

MerleGrier1601: New

{{short description|Beverage made from Banana}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Avil Milk
| image = Aval milk from aluva, kerala, india.jpg
| caption =
| alternate_name = അവൽ മിൽക്ക്
| country = V H Avilmilk Kottakkal [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| year = 1993
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories = 162
| protein = 4.86
| fat = 4.2
| carbohydrate = 9
| glycemic_index =
}}
'''Aval Milk''' or '''Avil Milk'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=അലി|first=ഷേഹി|title=അവല്‍ മില്‍ക്ക് തയ്യാറാക്കാം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/food/recipies/snacks/avil-milk-recipe-easy-recipes-easy-cooking-1.4252426|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004144140/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/food/recipies/snacks/avil-milk-recipe-easy-recipes-easy-cooking-1.4252426|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a [[Kerala cuisine]] drink sold in the streets of the [[Malabar region]] of [[Kerala]], India. Aval [[milk]] is made with aval which is essentially [[Poha (rice)|poha]] or beaten rice flakes, along with ripe bananas, milk of any kind, and nuts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=വിരുന്നുകാർക്ക് നൽകാം അവല്‍-പഴം ഷെയ്ക്ക്|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/lifestyle/recipes/how-to-make-avil-milk-shake-in-malayalam/articleshow/55910369.cms|access-date=2021-10-04|website=malayalam.samayam.com|language=ml}}</ref>

==History==
Avil milk comes from V H Avilmilk [[Kottakkal]] on the [[Malabar Coast]]. Invented by the founder of V H Avilmilk Vadakkan Hussain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/pachakam/readers-recipe/2020/06/23/malabar-special-aval-milk.html |title=അവൽ മിൽക്ക് ഒരു ഗ്ലാസ് കുടിച്ചാൽ മതി വയറു നിറയും...
|website=manoramaonline.co |date=2020-06-23}}</ref> The main ingredients are roasted rice flakes / [[Poha (rice)]], banana, roasted peanuts and nuts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/cooking/readers-recipe/2021/03/18/flattened-rice-milk.html|title=ഉള്ളം തണുപ്പിക്കാൻ ഒരു ഗ്ലാസ് അവൽ മിൽക്ക്|date=18 March 2021|website=Manorama Online|language=Malayalam}}</ref> It can be used as a breakfast [[smoothie]] or as a dessert.

In recent years, instant Avil Milk mixes have emerged as a modern adaptation of the traditional Kerala beverage. The first such innovation was introduced by [https://www.avilumclub.com Avilum Club], a company based in Kottakkal, Kerala, which developed the — a convenient ready-to-mix version of the classic drink.

The mix contains rice flakes (avil), milk solids, banana powder, and peanuts, designed to recreate the authentic flavor and texture of traditional by just adding cold water.

Avilum Club is recognized as the first innovator of this instant form and currently the only company offering for online sale, expanding the reach of this traditional Kerala drink to consumers across India and abroad.

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kasargod Aval Milk.jpg
File:Aval milk from aluva.jpg
File:Aval milk from Angamaly Town.jpg
File:Aval-Milk-അവൽ-മിൽക്ക്.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Poha (rice)]]
* [[Kottakal]]
* [[Almond milk]]
* [[Milk substitute]]
* [[Banana]]
* [[Flattened rice]]
* [[Kerala cuisine]]
* [[Milkshake]]
* [[Health shake]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
[[Category:Banana drinks]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Cold drinks]]
[[Category:Flavored milk|Shake]]
[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]

District magistrate

2026-03-17T09:35:07Z

MerleGrier1601:

{{short description|Executive head of an Indian district}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2023}}
{{Essay-like|date=September 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = District magistrate
| native_name =
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| image = Eluru District Collector Office.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption = Collector's office in [[Eluru]]
| incumbentsince = 1772
| incumbent = District magistrate
| status = Executive Officer of the District
| member_of = [[Indian Administrative Service]] State Civil Services
| reports_to = * [[Divisional commissioner]] (where such a post exists)
* Revenue Commissioner
| residence =
| seat = [[Collectorate]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = * [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]] (BNSS)
* Land Revenue Act of the respective states
| formation = {{start date and age|1772|df=y|p=y}}
| deputy = Additional collector Additional district magistrate Additional deputy commissioner 
[[Deputy collector]]
| type = Executive Head of the district
| salary = [[₹]]56,100–78,800 and various other allowances and facilities<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/ias-officer-salary-allowances-in-hand-pay-matrix-7th-pay-commission-benefits-1689167230-1 | title=IAS Salary: Perks and Allowances of an IAS and Other Grade a Officers | date=28 March 2024 }}</ref>
| abbreviation = DM/DC
}}

The '''district magistrate''', also known as the '''district collector''' or '''deputy commissioner''', is a [[Civil Services of India|career civil servant]]{{efn| A district magistrate is either a member of IAS or State Civil Service appointed by Government of [[State governments of India|State Governments of India]] in that respective state.}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nath |first1=Anusha |title=Bureaucrats and Politicians: How Does Electoral Competition Affect Bureaucratic Performance? |url=https://www.bu.edu/econ/files/2015/06/AnushaNath_BureacratsAndPoliticians_IED.pdf |publisher=[[Boston University]] |access-date=27 October 2023 |pages=5–6 |date=15 October 2014}}</ref> who serves as the executive head of a [[List of districts in India|district]]'s administration in India. The specific name depends on the [[States and union territories of India|state or union territory]]. Each of these posts has distinct responsibilities, and an officer can assume all of these roles at once. The district magistrate is primarily responsible for maintaining [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]], while the district collector focuses on land revenue administration, and the deputy commissioner is in charge of overseeing developmental activities and coordinates government departments. Additionally, they also serve as election officers, registrar, marriage officer, licensing authority, and managing disaster responses, among other things. While the specific scope of duties may vary from state to state, they are generally similar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Setup {{!}} District Administration, Nuh {{!}} India |url=https://nuh.gov.in/administrative-setup/ |publisher=Nuh.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://fatehgarhsahib.nic.in/role-of-deputy-commissioner-office|title=Role of Deputy Commissioner Office|publisher=District Administration Fatehgarh Sahib|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref> The district magistrate comes under the general supervision of [[divisional commissioner]].

== History ==

[[Warren Hastings]] introduced the office of the District Collector in the Judicial Plan of 1772. By the Judicial Plan of 1774, the office of the Collector cum District Magistrate was temporarily renamed Diwan or Amil. The term Collector was brought back under the Judicial Plan of 1787. The name, Collector, derived from the holder being the head of the revenue organization (tax collection) for the district. With the passage of the [[Government of India Act 1858]],<ref name="ICS History">{{cite web|title=The Indian Civil Service|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/india/ics.htm|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="ICS Administer">{{cite web|title=Administering India: The Indian Civil Service|url=http://www.historytoday.com/ann-ewing/administering-india-indian-civil-service|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref> by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]].<ref>Blunt, (1937){{full citation needed|date=May 2023}}</ref>

[[George Campbell (1824–1892)|Sir George Campbell]], [[List of governors of Bengal|lieutenant-governor of Bengal]] from 1871 to 1874, intended "to render the heads of districts no longer the drudges of many departments and masters of none, but in fact the general controlling authority over all departments in each district."<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=573–597|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=50–124}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=6.1–6.6|edition=2nd}}</ref>

The office of a collector during the [[British Raj]] held multiple responsibilities{{Snd}} as collector, he was the head of the revenue organization, charged with registration, alteration, and partition of holdings; the settlement of disputes; the management of indebted estates; loans to agriculturists, and famine relief. As district magistrate, he exercised general supervision over the inferior courts and in particular, directed the police work.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Report of the Indian Statutory Commission Volume 1 - Survey. Presented by the Secretary of State for the Home Department to Parliament by Command of His Majesty. May, 1930 AND Volume 2 - Recommendations Presented to the Secretary of State for the Home Department to Parliament by Command of His Majesty. May 1930|publisher=[[His Majesty's Stationery Office]]|year=1930|location=London|pages=255}}</ref> The office was meant to achieve the "peculiar purpose" of collecting revenue and of keeping the peace. The [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]] (SP), inspector general of jails, the surgeon general, the divisional forest officer (DFO) and the Executive Engineer PWD (EE) had to inform the collector of every activity in their departments.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

Until the later part of the nineteenth&nbsp;century, no native was eligible to become a district collector. But with the introduction of open competitive examinations for the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], the office was opened to natives. [[R.C. Dutt|Romesh Chandra Dutt]], Sripad Babaji Thakur, [[Anandaram Baruah]], [[Krishna Govinda Gupta]] and [[Brajendranath De]] were the first five Indian ICS officers to become Collectors.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

The district continued to be the unit of administration after India gained independence in 1947. The role of the district collector remained largely unchanged, except for the separation of most judicial powers to judicial officers of the district. Later, with the promulgation of the National Extension Services and Community Development Programme by the [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] government in 1952, the district collector was entrusted with the additional responsibility of implementing the [[Government of India]]'s development programs in the district.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{Cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|website=Department of Economic Affairs, [[Government of India]]|publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]] of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=February 15, 2018}}</ref>

===Nomenclature===
[[File:DM New Delhi.jpg|thumb|A bilingual signboard of the District Magistrate (DM) office in [[New Delhi]]]]
The nomenclature of the office of the district head is a legacy of the administrative practices of [[British India]]. Although the functions and powers of the officer were largely uniform across the country, the designation often reflected the primary responsibility associated with the office in a particular province. In the [[Bengal Presidency]], the post was known as District Magistrate and Collector, whereas in the [[Bombay Presidency]] and the [[Central Provinces]] it was generally referred to as the District Collector, even though the officer also exercised magisterial powers. In the [[Madras Presidency]], the office was more commonly styled simply as Collector.

In the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], where the maintenance of law and order was regarded as the foremost duty, the designation District Magistrate came into use and continues in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In several non-regulation provinces such as [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Burma]], [[Assam]] and [[Oudh]], a simplified system of administration was followed, with many provisions of the [[Criminal Procedure Code]] kept in abeyance. In these regions, the District Magistrate also functioned as the District and Sessions Judge, and the office came to be designated as the Deputy Commissioner. This usage arose because such provinces were administered by a Chief Commissioner, who combined the roles of Governor and High Court by exercising both executive and judicial authority.<ref name=CKM20>{{Cite web |first=C.K. | last = Mathew |title=The Historical Evolution of the District Officer; |url=https://publications.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/2381/1/The_historical_evolution_of_the_district_officer.pdf | publisher = Azim Premji University | date = 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | first = Baljit | last = Kaur | journal = International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management | volume = 2 | number = 1 | pages = 172-180 | date = 2022-06-10 | title=The Office of Deputy Commissioner in India: A Historical Perspective |url=https://ijhssm.org/issue_dcp/The%20Office%20of%20Deputy%20Commissioner%20in%20India%20A%20Historical%20Perspective.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Historical Evolution of the District Collector – From Early Days to 1947 |url=https://ncgg.org.in/sites/default/files/lectures-document/book_review_the_historical_evolution_of_the_district_collector.pdf}}</ref>

After Independence, these different designations have continued, even though the responsibilities and powers of the office are substantially the same throughout India:<ref name=CKM20/>

Deputy Commissioner (DC): Used in states and union territories such as [[Karnataka]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

District Collector (DC): Used in [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Sikkim]], [[Odisha]], [[Gujarat]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Lakshadweep]].

District Magistrate (DM): Used in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Bihar]], [[Tripura]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].

== Posting ==
They are posted by the [[State governments in India|state government]], from among the pool of [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) and State Civil Services (SCS) officers, who either are on Level 11, Level 12 or Level 13 of the Pay Matrix, in the state. The members of the IAS are either directly recruited by the [[Union Public Service Commission]], promoted from State Civil Service (SCS) or nominated from Non-State Civil Service (Non-SCS). The direct recruits are posted as Collectors after five to six years of service. SCS officers are also posted as Collectors when they attain at least the Selection Grade (Level 13 Grade Pay) in their service. A District Magistrate and Collector is transferred to and from the post by the state government.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues|last=Arora|first=Ramesh K.|publisher=New Age|year=2011|isbn=978-8122434460}}</ref>

The salary of a District Collector/District Magistrate is governed by the IAS pay scale as per the [[7th Central Pay Commission and Defence Forces|7th Central Pay Commission]]. Officers in the Senior Time Scale (Level 11) receive a basic pay ranging from ₹67,700 to ₹2,08,700. At the Junior Administrative Grade (Level 12), the pay scale increases to ₹78,800–₹2,09,200. With further seniority, officers reach the Selection Grade (Level 13), where the basic pay ranges from ₹1,23,100 to ₹2,15,900. In addition to the basic pay, officers are entitled to allowances like Dearness Allowance, House Rent Allowance, and Travel Allowance, significantly enhancing their total salary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Administrative Service {{!}} GAD |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/ml/ias |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=gad.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh General Administration Department- AIS Officers |url=https://niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in/civil-list-ias.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrapradesh IAS Cadre-List |url=https://ais.ap.gov.in/CivilList/}}</ref>

===Personal Staff===
The District Collector/District Magistrate is provided with Personal Security Officers (PSOs), including armed guards, to ensure their safety and protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/now-no-security-for-sub-collectors/articleshow/64837126.cms|title=Now, no security for sub-collectors|author=KP Sai Kiran|date=2018-07-03|publisher=Times of India|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/police-withdraw-psos-of-additional-district-magistrates/articleshow/74309362.cms|title=Noida: Police withdraw PSOs of additional district magistrates|date=2020-02-26|publisher=Times of India|author=Shikha Salaria|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>

The District Collector/District Magistrate has personal staff, including a Personal Assistant (PA), a Secretary, and other support staff like clerks, peons, and drivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/the-fineprint/district-collector-magistrate-development-commissioner-what-to-call-an-ias-officer/1273328/|title=District Collector, Magistrate, Development Commissioner: what to call an IAS officer?|author=Nootan Sharma|date=2022-12-21|publisher=The Print|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>

== Functions and responsibilities ==
The District Collector holds a diverse range of responsibilities that are defined under various laws and regulations, including the Land Revenue Act, Revenue recovery rules, [[Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013|Land acquisition act]], [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]] (BNSS), the [[Arms Act, 1959]], The Cinematograph Act, Registration Act, peoples representation act, and other relevant acts. They are entrusted with land revenue administration, maintaining law and order, managing district administration, and implementing government policies and also they are incharge of various [[State governments of India|state]] and [[Government of India|central government]] schemes and projects at [[List of districts in India|district]] level. The responsibilities assigned to a district magistrate vary from state to state, but generally, Collectors, under the general supervision of [[divisional commissioner]]s (where such a post exists),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s311b921ef080f7736089c757404650e40/uploads/2018/05/2018050972.pdf|title=Maharashtra Act No. XLI of 1966|publisher=Government of Maharashtra Law and Judiciary Department|date=2010-05-26|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boardofrevenue.mp.gov.in/acts/Act_MPLRC_1959_0020_Pdf_F95_English.pdf|title=The M. P. Land Revenue Code, 1959|publisher=Board of Revenue|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref> are entrusted with a wide range of duties in the jurisdiction of the district, generally involving the following:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.importantindia.com/1724/powers-of-district-magistrate-in-india/|title=Powers Of District Magistrate in India|website=Important India|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816062201/http://www.importantindia.com/1724/powers-of-district-magistrate-in-india/|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muzaffarnagar.nic.in/admin.htm|title=Administration|website=[[Muzaffarnagar]] District|access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghaziabad.nic.in/genadm.htm|title=GENERAL ADMINISTRATION|website=[[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] District|access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dk.nic.in/aboutdc.html|title=About Deputy Commissioner & District Magistrate's Office|website=[[Dakshin Kannada]] District|access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Power & Functions of Deputy Commissioner |url=http://www.regional-commissioner-belgaum.gov.in/english/dcpower.html |access-date=6 September 2017 |website=Office of Regional Commissioner, [[Belgaum]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://agra.nic.in/general_admin.html|title=Administration|website=[[Agra]] District website|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

=== As District Magistrate ===
* The District Magistrate acts as the primary executive magistrate of the district. Their main responsibility is to take preventive measures to maintain law and order and maintain peace in the district.
* Issuance of adoption orders under the provisions of the [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015|Juvenile Justice Act, 2015]] with provision of appeal to [[divisional commissioner]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Ambika |date=July 28, 2021 |title=Amid protests, Parliament passes bill giving powers to district magistrates to issue adoption orders|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amid-protests-parliament-passes-bill-giving-powers-to-district-magistrates-to-issue-adoption-orders/articleshow/84834924.cms |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* The district Magistrate has the authority to issue orders under [[Section 144|Section 163]] of the [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita|BNSS]], restricting the assembly of people to prevent potential disturbances.
* Under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] (NSA), the district magistrate has the authority to order preventive detention of individuals to prevent them from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the state or maintenance of public order.<ref>[https://www.regional-commissioner-belgaum.gov.in/All-files/Powers%20of%20DM_EM_DC_Central%20Acts_Hyperlinked%20(1).pdf National Security Act, India]</ref>
* Granting and renewing arms and ammunition licence under [[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act]] with provision of appeal to [[divisional commissioner]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Arms Rules, 1962|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/ArmsRules1962-260813_0.pdf|date=1962-07-13|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>
* Granting license to cinemas under Cinematograph Act, 1952 with provision of appeal to [[divisional commissioner]]s.
* Heads the district disaster management authority constituted under the [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shantanu Nandan |title=Covid-19: How two laws have vested unusual powers with the district magistrates |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/covid-19-how-two-laws-have-vested-unusual-powers-with-the-district-magistrates/articleshow/75779257.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-27}}</ref>
* Enforcement of various provisions of [[Telecommunications Act, 2023]]
* Implementation of provisions of Maintenance & welfare of parents & senior citizens act, 2007
* Enforcement of mines act, 1952
* Supervision of jails in the district.
* Supervises all Executive Magistrates in the district and has very limited control over [[Police#India|police]].

=== As District Collector ===

* District Collector is the highest officer of revenue department in the district. The collector is the highest authority of revenue administration.
* Responsible for collecting land revenue, government taxes, fees, and all dues recoverable as arrears of land revenue.
* Responsible for land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and other land related matters.
* Ensures accurate and up-to-date records of land rights.Implements land reforms and exercises power as the land acquisition officer.
* Supervises treasury and sub-treasury operations.
* Enforces the Stamp Act and acts as a custodian of government lands.
* Acts as a protocol officer and empowers the Collector to recover government dues from defaulters residing in the district with property.
* Responsible for disaster management in the district. Primarily tasked with relief and rehabilitation operations in any calamity whether natural or man-mde.
* Act as a returning officer for [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|parliament constituency]]; overall incharge of conducting of election in the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Functions of District Collector{{!}} District Administration, Nuh {{!}} India |url=https://nuh.gov.in/administrative-setup/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Enforcement of [[Essential Commodities Act]], 1955
* To be guardian of a minor under Guardians and wards act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of Collector/District Magistrate |url=https://regional-commissioner-belgaum.gov.in/All-files/Powers%20of%20DM_EM_DC_Central%20Acts_Hyperlinked%20(1).pdf}}</ref>

===Other Functions===
# District Election Officer (DEO)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=The Representation of People Act, 1951 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/15137-the-representation-of-people-act-1951/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
# Chairs various committees at the district level.<ref name=":1" />
# Chairperson, Regional Transport Authority <ref>{{cite web|url=https://roadsafety.kerala.gov.in/road-safety-authority|publisher=District Road Safety Authorities of Kerala|title=About the Authority|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421115010/https://roadsafety.kerala.gov.in/road-safety-authority|archive-date=2021-04-21}}</ref>
# Chairperson, District Road Safety Authority<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_30_42_00009_198859_1517807326286&sectionId=28341&sectionno=68&orderno=75|title=Section 68. Transport Authorities.|publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>
# Chairperson, District Tourism Promotion Council<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC) of Kerala |url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/kerala/district-tourism-promotion-council.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616023605/http://www.discoveredindia.com/kerala/district-tourism-promotion-council.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 June 2014 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.discoveredindia.com}}</ref>
# Chairperson, District Disaster Management Authority<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of DDMA – Kerala State Disaster Management Authority |date=12 November 2018 |url=https://sdma.kerala.gov.in/members-of-ddma/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
#Chairperson, District Development Council (DDC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/district-planning-office/|title=District Planning Office|publisher=District Administration Ernakulam|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>

==Separation from judiciary==
While almost all of the 741 Indian districts are headed by DMs, constitutional developments post Independence in 1947 have led to a reduction in power and realignment of roles for the District Magistrate. The first major change came about in the early 1960s as the Judiciary was separated from the Executive in most Indian states in line with Article 50 of the [[Constitution of India]]. This meant that DMs and SDMs could no longer try criminal cases or commit accused to [[Sessions Court]]. Their place was taken by Chief Judicial Magistrates and Sub Divisional Judicial Magistrates. The District Magistrate was now the main Executive Magistrate of the district - charged with taking preventive measures for maintenance of law and order. Indirectly, this led to a loss of direct control over the police which now depended on the District Judge and the Judicial Magistrates. This change was institutionalised by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. In the Union Territories and the North Eastern states, Collectors continued to exercise judicial power for much longer. A separate district judiciary was not created till 1978 in [[Delhi]], 2008 in [[Mizoram]], 2016 in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and 2020 in [[Meghalaya]]. [[South Garo Hills District]] in Meghalaya, the last remaining district of India with the District Magistrate also exercising judicial powers, finally got a separate District and Sessions Court on 17 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/12/17/cj-inaugurates-district-court-at-baghmara/|title = CJ inaugurates District Court at Baghmara|date = 17 December 2020}}</ref>

== Restructure ==
The need to restructure the roles of the District Collector is for removing the colonial legacy, corruption, promoting uniformity, devolving power to local bodies, ensuring separation of power, mitigating power concentration, addressing status quoist tendencies, and advancing grass-root democracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nootan |date=2022-12-21 |title=District Collector, Magistrate, Development Commissioner: what to call an IAS officer? |url=https://theprint.in/feature/district-collector-magistrate-development-commissioner-what-to-call-an-ias-officer/1273328/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/decision15.pdf|title=Administrative Reforms Commission's 15th Report titled "State and District Administration"|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Seek to decolonise: Why we need to restructure the district collector's role |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/need-to-restructure-district-collector-role-8312235/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=College |first=Magadh Mahila |title=Role of District Magistrate Move with the Changing Times |url=https://magadhmahilacollege.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Role-of-D.M.pdf |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref>

There have also been many instances where at lower levels, district magistrates have pressurized victims or their family members, especially if they belong to the marginalized community<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Media will be gone, we will remain: DM tells Hathras rape victim's family |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/media-will-be-gone-we-will-remain-dm-tells-hathras-rape-victims-family-896149.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Criticism and Calls for Reform ==
Former IAS officer T. R. Raghunandan has criticised the continued centralised role of the district collector/district magistrate, arguing that it is outdated and impedes participative governance and development. In an article published in [[ThePrint|The Print]] in 2025, he stated that the [[Indian Administrative Service]] has perpetuated what he described as a “myth of the collector’s infallibility,” which sidelines local governments and concentrates administrative power in a single officer.

Raghunandan highlighted the administrative burden faced by collectors, noting that they chair dozens of committees in states such as [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Assam]]. He also cited a reform experiment in Karnataka (1987–1992) where collectors were made subordinate to elected [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]] chiefs, which did not result in governance failures as some had feared. Overall, he argued that although constitutional amendments have sought to strengthen local governance, there has been limited political will to reduce the collector’s authority or fully empower [[Local government in India|local governments]].

Raghunandan argued that the IAS has resisted decentralisation and retained control, despite constitutional provisions for empowering local governments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-01 |title='IAS circle has built a myth around collector's infallibility': Ex bureaucrat says DM post is outdated, stalling India's progress - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/ias-circle-has-built-a-myth-around-collectors-infallibility-ex-bureaucrat-says-dm-post-is-outdated-stalling-indias-progress-478548-2025-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghunandan |first=T. R. |date=2025-05-30 |title=DM position is outdated. It's a personality cult, not leadership |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/district-collector-concentration-of-administrative-powers/2641730/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Exception==
Kolkata in West Bengal does not have a conventional collector. A recently created post with the same name performs the functions of collector of stamp revenue, registration and certain other miscellaneous functions. The Magisterial powers are exercised by a Police Commissioner, one of the earliest such posts in British India, while the Kolkata Municipal Corporation takes care of all other responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/separate-collector-for-kolkata/articleshow/16171900.cms|title=Mamata Banerjee: Separate collector for Kolkata &#124; Kolkata News |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 September 2012 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
* [[All India Service]]
** [[Indian Administrative Service]]
** [[Indian Police Service]]
** [[Indian Forest Service]]
* [[Chief Secretary (India)]]
* [[Principal Secretary (India)]]
* [[Divisional Commissioner]]
* [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]]
* [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]]
* [[List of districts in India]]{{colend}}

==Notes==
===Explanatory notes===
{{Notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|edition=6th}}
* {{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues|last=Arora|first=Ramesh K.|publisher=New Age International|year=2011|isbn=978-8122434460|location=[[New Delhi]]}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Kanchipuram

2026-03-14T08:32:33Z

MerleGrier1601: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|Municipal Corporation in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{About|the Municipal Corporation in Tamil Nadu, India|its namesake district|Kanchipuram district}}
{{redirect|Kanchi|the Bangladeshi actress|Kanchi (actress)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanchipuram
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Parameswara Vinnagaram.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikunta Perumal Temple]], (731 CE–796 CE), one of the oldest temples in the city
| nicknames = Spiritual Capital of Tamil Nadu, City of Thousand Temples, Silk City, Temple City, Capital of Pallava Nadu
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12.818500|N|79.694700|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Indian state|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tondaimandalam|Tondai Nadu]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 300 BCE
| named_for =
| government_type = Mayor-Council
| governing_body = [[Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation|Kanchipuram Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = M. Mahalakshmi ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_title2 = Corporation Commissioner
| leader_name2 = G. Kannan I.A.S
| leader_title3 = [[Member of legislative assembly]]
| leader_name3 = C.V.M.P. Ezhilarasan
| leader_title4 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name4 = G.Selvam
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 36.14
| area_rank = 15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 105
| population_total = 232,816
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/ |title=Kanchipuram municipal corporation}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 15
| population_demonym = kanchipuramites
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 631501-631503
| area_code = 044
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN-21
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Nominal GDP]](2023-24)
| blank_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|14425|c|year=2023}}
| website = {{URL|tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''Kanchipuram''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''{{transliteration|ta|ISO|kāñcipuram}}''; {{IPA|ta|kaːɲdʑipuɾam|}}),{{sfn|Malalasekera| 1973| pp= 112–13}} also known as '''Kanjeevaram''' or '''Kancheepuram''', is a City in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]]. region, {{convert|72|km|abbr=on}} from Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu. Known as the ''City of Thousand Temples'', Kanchipuram is known for its temple architectures, 1000-pillared halls, huge temple towers, and [[silk]] [[sari]]s. Kanchipuram serves as one of the most important domestic tourist destinations in India. Kanchipuram has become a centre of attraction for foreign tourists as well. The city covers an area of {{convert|36.14|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} and an estimated population of 232,816 in 2011. It is the administrative capital of [[Kanchipuram District]]. Kanchipuram is well-connected by road and rail.

Kanchipuram is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name formed by combining two words, "[[Mallotus (plant)|kanchi]]" and "puram," together meaning "the city of kanchi flowers" (due to the abundance of kanchi flowers in those regions). The city is located on the banks of the Vegavathy and [[Palar River]]s. Kanchipuram has been ruled by the [[Pallavas]], the [[Medieval Cholas]],<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Conjeeveram|volume=6|page=943}}</ref> the [[Later Cholas]], the Later [[Pandya]]s, the [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic kingdom]], and the [[British Raj|British]], who called the city "Conjeeveram".<ref name=EB1911/> The city's historical monuments include the [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanathar Temple]] and the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikunta Perumal Temple]]. Historically, Kanchipuram was a centre of education{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=xviii}} and was known as the ''ghatikasthanam'', or "place of learning".{{sfn|K.V.|1975|p=80}} The city was also a religious centre of advanced education for [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] between the 1st and 5th centuries.{{sfn|Thapar| 2001| pp= 344–345}}

In [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] theology, Kanchipuram is one of the seven [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] (pilgrimage) sites for spiritual liberation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jean Holm|author2=John Bowker|title=Sacred Place|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xlfCgAAQBAJ |year=2001|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-62356-623-4|page=70}}</ref> The city houses the [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]], [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswarar Temple]], [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]], [[Kumarakottam Temple]], and the [[Chitragupta temple, Kanchipuram|Chitragupta temple]], which are some of the major Hindu temples in the state. Of the 108 temples of the Hindu god Vishnu extolled in the work [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]], 15 are located in Kanchipuram.{{sfn|Gupta|2001|p=51}}

The city is significant to the traditions of [[Sri Vaishnavism]], [[Shaktism]], and [[Shaivism]]. Most of the city's workforce is employed in the weaving industry.{{sfn|Kanchipuram Industrial profile|2012}}

Kanchipuram is administered by a special grade municipality constituted in 1947. It is the headquarters of the [[Kanchi matha]], a Hindu monastic institution believed by its followers to have been founded by the Hindu saint and commentator [[Adi Shankara]], and was the capital city of the [[Pallava Kingdom]] between the 4th and 9th centuries.

Kanchipuram has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for [[HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana]] scheme of Government of India.

==Etymology==
Kanchipuram was known in early [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] literature as ''Kanchi'' or ''Kachipedu''.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|p=6}} In the [[Sanskrit]] the word is split into two: ka and anchi. ''Ka'' means [[Brahma]] and ''anchi'' means worship,{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} showing that Kanchi stands for the place where [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal]] was worshipped by Brahma. Brahma has sculpted Athi Varadhar and worshipped here. In [[Sanskrit]] the term Kanci means girdle and explanation is given that the city is like a girdle to the earth.<ref>http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39511/7/07_chapter%202.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717124910/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39511/7/07_chapter%202.pdf |date=17 July 2018 }} p.no 7</ref> The earliest Sanskrit inscriptions from the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] (early 4th century-CE to late 5th century-CE) denote the city as ''Kanchipuram'', where King Visnugopa was defeated by Samudragupta.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=255}} [[Patanjali]] (150 BCE or 2nd century BCE){{citation needed|date=September 2023}} refers to the city in his ''Mahabhasya'' as ''Kanchipuraka''.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=255}} The city was referred to by various names like ''Kanchi'', ''Kanchipedu'' and ''Kanchipuram''.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|p=6}}{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=255}} The Pallava inscriptions from (250–355) and the inscriptions of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] refer the city as [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|''Kanchipura'']].{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=255}} ''Jaina Kanchi'' refers to the area around Tiruparutti Kundram.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=255}} During the British rule, the city was known as ''Conjeevaram''{{sfn|Malalasekera| 1973| pp= 112–13}} and later as ''Kanchipuram''. The municipal administration was renamed ''Kancheepuram'', while the district and city retains the name ''Kanchipuram''.{{sfn|About municipality|2011}}{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}}

It finds its mention in [[Pāṇini|Pāṇini's]] [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|Ashtadhyayi]] as Kanchi-prastha and in several Puranas. It is also one of the seven cities that provides liberation.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==History==
{{See also|Kanchipuram in the pre-Pallava period}}
[[File:Kailayanathar10.jpg|200px|thumb|Sculptures inside Kanchipuram Kailasanathar Temple – the oldest existing temple in the city|alt=precinct of a temple with sculptures on either side]]
{{Graphical timeline
|title=Kanchipuram Timeline
|align=right
|plot-colour=#bbeebb
|from=300
|to=2012
|scale-increment=200
|width=10
|height=250
|height-unit=px
|bar1-text=[[Pallavas]]
|bar1-from=300
|bar1-to=896
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=1.0
|bar2-text=[[Cholas]]
|bar2-from=897
|bar2-to=1296
|bar2-left=0
|bar2-right=1.0
|bar3-text=[[Vijayanagara Empire]]
|bar3-from=1361
|bar3-to=1645
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=1.0
|bar4-text=Thanjavur Marathas
|bar4-from=1701
|bar4-to=1750
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=1.0
|bar5-text=British
|bar5-from=1855
|bar5-to=1947
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=1.0
|bar6-text=[[Independent India]]
|bar6-from=1947
|bar6-to=2000
|bar6-left=0
|bar6-right=1.0
|caption=An approximate time-scale of Kanchipuram rulers.
}}

The earliest references to Kanchipuram are found in the books of the Sanskrit grammarian [[Patanjali]], who lived between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE.{{sfn|Iyengar|1929|pp=322–333}} The city was part of the [[Dravida kingdom]] of the [[Mahabharata]]{{sfn|Iyengar|1929|pp=322–333}} and was described as "the best among cities" ([[Sanskrit]]: ''Nagareshu Kanchi'') by the 4th-century Sanskrit poet, [[Kalidasa]].{{sfn|Historical Importance of Kanchipuram|2011}} The city finds mention in the classical [[Tamil language]] [[Sangam literature]] dated 300 BCE like [[Manimegalai]] and [[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]].<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|page=139|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref> While it is widely accepted that Kanchipuram had served as an [[Early Chola]] capital,{{sfn|Kamath|2000|p=127}}{{sfn|Hoiberg|2000}} the claim has been contested by Indian historian [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]] who wrote that the Tamil culture of the Sangam period did not spread through the Kanchipuram district and cites the Sanskritic origins of its name in support of his claim.{{sfn|Iyengar|1929|pp=322–333}}

Kanchipuram grew in importance when the Pallavas, wary of constant invasions from the north, moved their capital south to the city in the 6th century.{{sfn|Pochhammer|2005|p=99}}{{sfn|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1908|pp=544–546}} The Pallavas fortified the city with ramparts, wide moats, well-laid-out roads, and artistic temples. During the reign of the Pallava King [[Mahendravarman I]], the [[Chalukya]] King [[Pulakesin II]] (610{{ndash}}642) invaded the Pallava kingdom as far as the [[Kaveri River]]. The Pallavas successfully defended Kanchipuram and foiled repeated attempts to capture the city.{{sfn|Keay|2001|p=170}} A second invasion ended disastrously for Pulakesin II, who was forced to retreat to his capital [[Vatapi]] which was besieged and Pulakesin II was killed by [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630{{ndash}}668), son of Mahendravarman I (600{{ndash}}630), at the [[Battle of Vatapi]].{{sfn|Sastri|2008|p=136}}{{sfn|Keay|2001|p=170}} Under the Pallavas, Kanchipuram flourished as a centre of Hindu and Buddhist learning. King [[Narasimhavarman II]] built the city's important Hindu temples, the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikuntha Perumal Temple]], [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple]], the [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]] and the [[Iravatanesvara Temple, Kanchipuram|Iravatanesvara Temple]].{{sfn|Jouveau-Dubreuil|1994|p=71}} [[Xuanzang]], a Chinese traveller who visited Kanchipuram in 640, recorded that the city was {{convert|6|miles|km}} in circumference and that its people were renowned for their bravery, piety, love of justice and veneration for learning.{{sfn|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1908|pp=544–546}}{{sfn|Smith|1914|p=473}}

The Medieval Chola king [[Aditya I]] conquered the Pallava kingdom, including Kanchipuram, after defeating the Pallava ruler [[Aparajitavarman]] (880{{ndash}}897) in about 890.{{sfn|Sastri|1935|p=113}} Under the Cholas, the city was the headquarters of the northern viceroyalty.{{sfn|Aiyangar|2004|p=60}} The province was renamed ''Jayamkonda Cholamandalam'' during the reign of King [[Raja Raja Chola I]] (985{{ndash}}1014),{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=11–26}}{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=126}} who constructed the [[Karchapeswarar Temple]] and renovated the [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]].{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=126}} His son, [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1012{{ndash}}44) constructed the [[Yathothkari Perumal Temple]].{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=127}} According to the ''Siddhantasaravali'' of Trilocana Sivacharya, Rajendra Chola I brought a band of [[Saivite|Saivas]] with him on his return from the [[Chola expedition to North India]] and settled them in Kanchipuram.{{sfn|Sastri|1935|p=210}} In about 1218, the Pandya king [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan]] (1216{{ndash}}1238) invaded the Chola country, making deep inroads into the kingdom which was saved by the intervention of the Hoysala king [[Vira Narasimha II]] (1220{{ndash}}1235), who fought on the side of the Chola king [[Kulothunga Chola III]].{{sfn|Sastri|1935|p=420}}{{sfn|Aiyangar|2004|p=34}} Inscriptions indicate the presence of a powerful Hoysala garrison in Kanchipuram, which remained in the city until about 1230.{{sfn|Sastri|1935|p=428}} Shortly afterwards, Kanchipuram was conquered by the [[Cholas]], from whom [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]] took the city in 1258.{{sfn|Aiyangar|2004|p=49}} The city remained with the Pandyas until 1311 when the Sambuvarayars declared independence, taking advantage of the anarchy caused by [[Malik Kafur]]'s invasion.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=11–26}}{{sfn|Aiyangar|2004|p=61}} After short spells of occupation by Ravivarman Kulasekhara of [[Venad]] ([[Quilon]], Kerala) in 1313{{ndash}}1314 and the [[Kakatiya Dynasty|Kakatiya]] ruler [[Prataparudra II]], Kanchipuram was conquered by the Vijayanagara general [[Kumara Kampana]], who defeated the Madurai Sultanate in 1361.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}}

The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] ruled Kanchipuram from 1361 to 1645.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} The earliest inscriptions attesting to Vijayanagara rule are those of Kumara Kampanna from 1364 and 1367, which were found in the precincts of the Kailasanathar Temple and Varadharaja Perumal Temple respectively.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} His inscriptions record the re-institution of Hindu rituals in the Kailasanathar Temple that had been abandoned during the Muslim invasions.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} Inscriptions of the Vijayanagara kings [[Harihara II]], [[Deva Raya II]], [[Krishna Deva Raya]], [[Achyuta Deva Raya]], [[Sriranga I]], and [[Venkata II]] are found within the city.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} Harihara II endowed grants in favour of the Varadharaja Perumal Temple.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} In the 15th century, Kanchipuram was invaded by the [[Velama Nayaks]] in 1437, the [[Gajapati kingdom]] in 1463{{ndash}}1465 and 1474{{ndash}}75 and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in about 1480.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} A 1467 inscription of [[Virupaksha Raya II]] mentions a [[cantonment]] in the vicinity of Kanchipuram.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} In 1486, [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]], the governor of the Kanchipuram region, overthrew the [[Sangama Dynasty]] of Vijayanagara and founded the [[Saluva Dynasty]].{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} Like most of his predecessors, Narasimha donated generously to the Varadharaja Perumal Temple.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} Kanchipuram was visited twice by the Vijayanagara king Krishna Deva Raya, considered to be the greatest of the Vijayanagara rulers, and 16 inscriptions of his time are found in the Varadharaja Perumal Temple.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} The inscriptions in four languages{{spaced ndash}}Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Sanskrit{{spaced ndash}}record the genealogy of the [[Tuluva Dynasty|Tuluva]] kings and their contributions, along with those of their nobles, towards the upkeep of the shrine.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} His successor, Achyuta Deva Raya, reportedly had himself weighed against pearls in Kanchipuram and distributed the pearls amongst the poor.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} Throughout the second half of the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, the [[Aravidu Dynasty]] tried to maintain a semblance of authority in the southern parts after losing their northern territories in the [[Battle of Talikota]].{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} [[Venkata II]] (1586{{ndash}}1614) tried to revive the Vijayanagara Empire, but the kingdom relapsed into confusion after his death and rapidly fell apart after the Vijayanagara king [[Sriranga III]]'s defeat by the Golconda and Bijapur sultanates in 1646.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}}

After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kanchipuram endured over two decades of political turmoil.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} The Golconda Sultanate gained control of the city in 1672, but lost it to Bijapur three years later.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} In 1676, Shivaji arrived in Kanchipuram at the invitation of the Golconda Sultanate in order to drive out the Bijapur forces.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} His campaign was successful and Kanchipuram was held by the Golconda Sultanate until its conquest by the [[Mughal Empire]] led by [[Aurangazeb]] in October 1687.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} In the course of their southern campaign, the Mughals defeated the Marathas under [[Sambhaji]], the elder son of Shivaji, in a battle near Kanchipuram in 1688{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} which caused considerable damage to the city but cemented Mughal rule.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} Soon after, the priests at the Varadharaja Perumal, Ekambareshwarar and Kamakshi Amman temples, mindful of Aurangazeb's reputation for [[iconoclasm]], transported the idols to southern Tamil Nadu and did not restore them until after Aurangzeb's death in 1707.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} Under the Mughals, Kanchipuram was part of the viceroyalty of the Carnatic which, in the early 1700s, began to function independently, retaining only a nominal acknowledgement of Mughal rule.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} The Marathas ruled Kanchipuram due to Islamic invasion during the Carnatic period in 1724 and 1740, and the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1742.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|p=48}}

[[File:Rocket warfare.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Battle of Pollilur, fought near Kanchipuram in 1780|alt=painting depicting attack by modern weapon resulting in army getting blasted]]

Kanchipuram was a battlefront for the [[British East India Company]] in the [[Carnatic Wars]] against the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] and in the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]] with the [[Sultanate of Mysore]].{{sfn|Jaques|2007|p=257}}The popular [[Battle of Pollilur (1780)|1780 Battle of Pollilur]] of the Second Anglo-Mysore War, known for the use of rockets by [[Hyder Ali]] of Mysore, was fought in the village of [[Pullalur]] near Kanchipuram.{{sfn|R.G.|2011|p=468}} In 1763, the British East India Company assumed indirect control from the Nawab of the Carnatic over the erstwhile [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput District]], comprising the present-day Kanchipuram and [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] districts, in order to defray the expenses of the Carnatic wars.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} The Company brought the territory under their direct control during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, and the Collectorate of Chingleput was created in 1794.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}} The district was split into two in 1997 and Kanchipuram made the capital of the newly created Kanchipuram district.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}}

==Geography==
Kanchipuram is located at {{Coord|12.8387|N|79.7016|E||display=}}, {{convert|72|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-west of Chennai on the banks of the Vegavathi River, a tributary of the [[Palar River]].{{sfn|About City|2011}} The city covers an area of {{convert|11.6|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} and has an elevation of {{convert|83.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.{{sfn|About City|2011}}The land around Kanchipuram is flat and slopes towards the south{{sfn|About City|2011}} and east.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=1–4}} The soil in the region is mostly clay,{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=1–4}} with some loam, clay, and sand, which are suitable for use in construction.{{sfn|Srinivasan|1979|p=6}} It has been postulated that the granite required for the Varadaraja Perumal Temple might have been obtained from the [[Sivaram Hills]] located 10 miles east of Kanchipuram.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=1–4}} The area is classified as a [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|Seismic Zone II region]],{{sfn|Seismic Zoning map|2008}} and earthquakes of up to magnitude 6 on the Richter Scale may be expected.{{sfn|Seismology glossary|2008}} Kanchipuram is subdivided into two divisions{{spaced ndash}}
# Big Kanchi, also called Shiva Kanchi, occupies the western portion of the city and is the larger of the two divisions;
# Little Kanchi, also called Vishnu Kanchi, is located on the eastern fringes of the city.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=1–4}}{{sfn|Browne|1843|p=228}}
Most of the Shiva temples were in Big Kanchipuram while most of the Vishnu temples were in Little Kanchipuram.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=1–4}}

Groundwater is the major source of water supplies used for irrigation{{spaced ndash}}the block of Kanchipuram has 24 canals, 2809 tanks, 1878 tube wells and 3206 ordinary wells.{{sfn|Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India|2007|p=5}} The area is rich in medicinal plants, and historic inscriptions mention the medicinal value.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|19 May 2012}} [[Dimeria|Dimeria acutipes]] and [[Cynodon|Cynodon barberi]] are plants found only in Kanchipuram and Chennai.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|18 June 2012}}

==Climate==
Kanchipuram has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw''), which is generally healthy.{{sfn|Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India|2007|p=6}} Temperatures reach an average maximum of {{convert|37.5|°C|°F|1}} between April and July, and an average minimum of {{convert|16|°C|°F|1}} between December and February.{{sfn|Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India|2007|p=6}}{{sfn|Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India|2007|p=6}} Relative humidities of between 58% and 84% prevail throughout the year.{{sfn|Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India|2007|p=6}} The humidity reaches its peak during the morning and is lowest in the evening. The relative humidity is higher between November and January and is lowest throughout June.{{sfn|Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India|2007|p=6}}

Most of the rain occurs in the form of cyclonic storms caused by depressions in the [[Bay of Bengal]] during the northeast monsoon.{{sfn|Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India|2007|p=6}} Kanchipuram receives rainfall from both Northeast Monsoon and Southwest Monsoon. The highest single day rainfall recorded in Kanchipuram is {{convert|450|mm|in|2|disp=or}} on 10 October 1943. The prevailing wind direction is south-westerly in the morning and south-easterly in the evening. In 2015, Kanchipuram district registered the highest rainfall of {{convert|182|cm|inch|2|disp=or}} in Tamil Nadu during Northeast Monsoon season. On 13 November 2015, Kanchipuram recorded a mammoth {{convert|340|mm|inch|2|disp=or}} of rain, thereby causing severe flooding.{{sfn|Kanchipuram local plan|2006|p=1}}
{{Weather box
| location = Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu
| metric first = Y
| single line = yes
| temperature colour = pastel
| Jan high C = 29.1
| Feb high C = 31.2
| Mar high C = 33.4
| Apr high C = 35.6
| May high C = 38.2
| Jun high C = 37.2
| Jul high C = 35.2
| Aug high C = 34.7
| Sep high C = 34.1
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Nov high C = 29.3
| Dec high C = 28.5
| Jan low C = 19.2
| Feb low C = 19.8
| Mar low C = 22.0
| Apr low C = 25.4
| May low C = 27.3
| Jun low C = 27.0
| Jul low C = 25.9
| Aug low C = 25.4
| Sep low C = 24.8
| Oct low C = 23.7
| Nov low C = 21.6
| Dec low C = 19.9
| Jan rain mm = 25
| Feb rain mm = 6
| Mar rain mm = 4
| Apr rain mm = 19
| May rain mm = 59
| Jun rain mm = 77
| Jul rain mm = 108
| Aug rain mm = 173
| Sep rain mm = 132
| Oct rain mm = 185
| Nov rain mm = 209
| Dec rain mm = 107
| rain colour = green
|source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref name= Climate-Data.org>{{cite web
| url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/26316/
| title = CLIMATE: KANCHEEPURAM
| access-date = 19 February 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160302070144/http://en.climate-data.org/location/26316/
| archive-date = 2 March 2016
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

==Government and politics==
[[File:Kancheepuram lok sabha constituency.png|200x200px|thumb|Kanchipuram Loksabha constituency|alt=map showing boundaries of a state]]
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#fff; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220px"
|-
! style="background:#a8bdec; text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''Municipal Corporation Officials'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|{{sfn|Kanchipuram Municipality – Chairman|2011}}Mayor
|M. Mahalakshmi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Corporation Commissioner||{{sfn|Kanchipuram Municipality – Commissioner|2011|p=54}}G. Kannan
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|{{sfn|Vice-Chairman of Kanchipuram municipality|2011}}Deputy Mayor
|R. Kumaragurunathan
|-
! style="background:#a8bdec; text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''Elected Members'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan]]{{sfn|MLA of Kanchipuram|2011}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Member of Parliament||[[G. Selvam]]{{sfn|MP of Kanchipuram|2019}}
|}

The Kanchipuram municipality was officially constituted in 1866,{{sfn|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1908|pp=544–546}} covering {{convert|7.68|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and its affairs were administered by a municipal committee. It was upgraded to a grade I municipality in 1947, selection grade municipality in 1983 and special grade municipality in 2008.{{sfn|List of municipalities in Tamil Nadu|2011}}{{sfn|About municipality|2011}} {{As of|2011}} the municipality occupies {{convert|36.14|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, has 51 wards and is the biggest municipality in Kanchipuram district.{{sfn|About municipality|2011}} The population of kanchipuram in 2011 was 2,34,353. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city Planning and the Computer Wing,{{sfn|Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|2011}} all of which are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner, who is the supreme executive head.{{sfn|Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|2011}} The legislative powers are vested in a body of 51 members, each representing one ward. The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson who is assisted by a deputy chairperson.{{sfn|Economic and political weekly|1995|p=2396}} On 24 August 2021, the state government announced the upgrading of Kanchipuram town to [[Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation|Kanchipuram City Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="TOI_MunicipToCorp">{{cite news
| last = Shanmughasundaram
| first = J.
| title = Tambaram, Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 24 August 2021
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-be-among-six-new-corporations-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/85594405.cms
| access-date = 29 September 2021}}</ref>

Kanchipuram comes under the [[Kancheepuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Kanchipuram state assembly constituency]]. From the state delimitation after 1967, seven of the ten elections held between 1971 and 2011 were won by the [[AIADMK|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).{{sfn|Election Report – Full Statistical Report|2011}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) won the seat during the 1971 and 1989 elections and its ally [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] won the seat during the 2006 elections.{{sfn|Election Report – Full Statistical Report|2011}} The current member of the legislative assembly is V. Somasundaram from the AIADMK party.{{sfn|Election Report – Full Statistical Report|2011}}{{sfn|MLA of Kanchipuram|2011}}

[[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanchipuram Lok Sabha constituency]] is a newly formed constituency of the [[Lok Sabha|Parliament of India]] after the 2008 [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation]].{{sfn|''rediff''|7 May 2009}} The constituency originally existed for the [[Indian general election in Madras, 1951|1951 election]], and was formed in 2008 after merging the assembly segments of Chengalpattu, Thiruporur, Madurantakam (SC), Uthiramerur and Kanchipuram, which were part of the now defunct [[Chengalpattu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chengalpattu constituency]], and Alandur, which was part of the [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South constituency]]. This constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC) candidates. K. Maragatham from the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] is the current Member of Parliament for the constituency.{{sfn|MP of Kanchipuram|2019}} Indian writer, politician and founder of the DMK, [[C. N. Annadurai]], was born and raised in Kanchipuram.{{sfn|Kannan|2010|p=5}} He was the first member of a [[Dravidian party]] to hold that post and was the first non-Congress leader to form a majority government in [[History of the Republic of India|post-colonial India]].{{sfn|''Frontline''| 23 April 2004}}{{sfn|Chakrabarty| 2008| pp= 110–111}}

Policing in the city is provided by the Kanchipuram sub-division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police.{{sfn|Kanchipuram district police|2011}} The force's special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division, which is headed by a Superintendent of Police.{{sfn|Kanchipuram district police|2011}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Kanchi Kudil kanchipuram.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|alt=House with thatched roof|A house depicting old living style of Kanchipuram]]
{{Historical populations
|align = right
|state=collapsed
|1871|37275
|1881|37312
|1891|42547
|1901|46164
|1911|53864
|1921|61376
|1931|65258
|1941|74685
|1951|84810
|1961|92714
|1971|110657
|1981|131013
|1991|144955
|2001|153140
|2011|164265
|footnote=Sources:
* 1871:{{sfn|Hunter|1885}}
* 1901 – 1991:{{sfn|Kanchipuram Master Plan|2001}}
* 2001:{{sfn|Kanchipuram : Census 2011}}
* 2011:{{sfn|Kanchipuram population|2012}}
}}
During the rule of King Narasimha Varma in the 7th century, the city covered about {{convert|10|sqkm}} and had a population of 10,000.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=142}} The population increased to 13,000 in subsequent years and the city developed cross patterned links with rectangular streets.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=143}} The settlements in the city were mostly caste based.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=143}} During the period of Nandivarma Pallavan II, houses were built on raised platforms and burnt bricks.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=143}} The concepts of the verandah in the front yard, garden in the backyard, ventilation facilities and drainage of rainwater were all introduced for the first time,{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=143}} while the [[Tiruvekkaa|Tiruvekka temple]] and houses of agricultural labourers were situated outside the city.{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 69}} There were provisions in the city's outskirts for training the cavalry and infantry.

During the Chola era, Kanchipuram was not the capital, but the kings had a palace in the city and a lot of development was extended eastwards.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=143}} During the Vijayanagara period, the population rose to 25,000.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=143}} There were no notable additions to the city's infrastructure during British rule.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=143}} The British census of 1901 recorded that Kanchipuram had a population of 46,164, consisting of 44,684 Hindus, 1,313 Muslims, 49 Christians and 118 Jains.{{sfn|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1908|pp=544–546}}

{{bar box
|title=Religious census
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent(%)
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|93.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|5.24}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|0.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|black|0.01}}
}}

{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of languages in Kanchipuram Urban(2011)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730002416/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222 | archive-date=30 July 2022 | title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Tamil Nadu - 2011 }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 87.43 |color1 = royalblue
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|value2 = 6.05 |color2 = steelblue
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 2.45 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Saurashtra language|saurashtra]] |value4 = 1.96 |color4 = lightblue
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 0.98 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Kannada]] |value6 = 0.70 |color6 = darkslateblue
|label7 = Others |value7 = 0.42 |color7 = grey
}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Kanchipuram had a population of 164,384 with a sex-ratio of 1,005 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} A total of 15,955 were under the age of six, constituting 8,158 males and 7,797 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 3.55% and 0.09% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 79.51%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} The city had a total of 41807 households. There were a total of 61,567 workers, comprising 320 cultivators, 317 main agricultural labourers, 8,865 in household industries, 47,608 other workers, 4,457 marginal workers, 61 marginal cultivators, 79 marginal agricultural labourers, 700 marginal workers in household industries and 3,617 other marginal workers.{{sfn|Kanchipuram 2011 census}}{{sfn|Kanchipuram population|2012}} About 8,00,000 (800,000) pilgrims visit the city every year as of 2001.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=145}} As per the religious census of 2011, Kanchipuram had 93.38% [[Hindus]], 5.24% [[Muslims]], 0.83% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Sikhs]], 0.01% [[Buddhists]], 0.4% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.11% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.{{sfn|Population by religion|2013}}

Kanchipuram has {{convert|416|ha|acre}} of residential properties, mostly around the temples. The commercial area covers {{convert|62|ha|acre}}, constituting 6.58% of the city. Industrial developments occupy around {{convert|65|ha|acre}}, where most of the handloom spinning, silk weaving, dyeing and rice production units are located. {{convert|89.06|ha|acre}} are used for transport and communications infrastructure, including bus stands, roads, streets and railways lines.{{sfn|Kanchipuram local plan|2006|pp=7–9}}

== Economy ==
[[File:02AgriculturalFieldworks&Kanchipuram&TN.jpg|thumb|Agriculture in Kanchipuram|alt=Agricultural workers in paddy field]][[File:Silk Sari Weaving at Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Silk [[sari]] weaving at Kanchipuram|alt=weaving with threads hanging from a loom]]
The major occupations of Kanchipuram are silk sari weaving and agriculture.{{sfn|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1908|pp=544–546}} As of 2008, an estimated 5,000 families were involved in sari production.{{sfn|Rao| 2008| pp= 134–135}} The main industries are cotton production, light machinery and electrical goods manufacturing, and food processing.{{sfn|Husain|2011|p=11.K.4}} There are 25 silk and cotton yarn industries, 60 dyeing units, 50 rice mills and 42 other industries in Kanchipuram.{{sfn|Industries in Kanchipuram|2011}} Another important occupation is tourism and service related segments like hotels, restaurants and local transportation.{{sfn|Industries in Kanchipuram|2011}}

=== Kanchipuram Saree ===
[[File:Kanchipuram silk sareer.JPG|thumb|Kanchipuram silk saris hanging]]Kanchipuram is a traditional centre of silk weaving and handloom industries for producing [[Kanchipuram Saree]]s. The industry is worth {{INR}} 100 cr (US$18.18 million), but the weaving community suffers from poor marketing techniques and duplicate market players.{{sfn|Rao| 2008| pp= 134–135}} In 2005, "Kanchipuram Silk Sarees" received the [[Geographical Indication]] tag, the first product in India to carry this label.{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|27 December 2011}}{{sfn|''The Times of India''|29 August 2010}} The silk trade in Kanchipuram began when King [[Raja Raja Chola I]] (985–1014) invited weavers from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Gujarat]] to migrate to Kanchi.{{sfn|Rao| 2008| pp= 134–135}} The craft increased with the mass migration of weavers from [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the 15th century during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara rule]].{{sfn|Rao| 2008| pp= 134–135}} The city was razed during the French siege of 1757, but weaving re-emerged in the late 18th century.{{sfn|Rao| 2008| pp= 134–135}}

All major [[List of banks in India#Nationalized Banks|nationalised banks]] such as [[Vijaya Bank]], [[State Bank of India]], [[Indian Bank]], [[Canara Bank]], [[Punjab National Bank]], [[Dena Bank]] and private banks like [[ICICI Bank]] have branches in Kanchipuram.{{sfn|Kanchipuram City Banks|2011}} All these banks have their [[Automated teller machine]]s located in various parts of the city.{{sfn|Kanchipuram City Banks|2011}}

===Human rights===
Kanchipuram has more than the national average rate of child labour and bonded labour.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch |2003| p= 62}}{{sfn|Human Rights Watch/Asia |1995| p= 82}} The local administration is accused of aiding child labour by opening night schools in Kanchipuram from 1999.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch |2003| p= 62}} There is an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 child workers in Kanchipuram compared to 85,000 in the same industry in [[Varanasi]].{{sfn|Human Rights Watch/Asia |1995| p= 82}} Children are commonly traded for sums of between {{INR}} 10,000 and 15,000 (200 – $300) and there are cases where whole families are held in bondage.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch/Asia |1995| p= 82}} Child labour is prohibited in India by the Children (Pledging of Labour) Act and Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, but these laws are not strictly enforced.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch/Asia| 1995| p= 88}}

==Transport, communication, and utility services==
[[File:Roads and streets in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu 10.jpg|left|thumb|center of Kanchipuram town]]
{{Multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|image1=TNSTC bus6.jpg
|alt1=A bus in a road with trees in the background
|caption1=An intercity state bus to Kanchipuram
|image2=Kanchipuram Railway station.jpeg
|caption2=The [[Kanchipuram railway station|railway station]] in Kanchipuram
|alt2=image of railway station board in a platform}}
The Chennai{{spaced ndash}}Bangalore National Highway, [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH 4]] passes the outskirts of the city.{{sfn|Rao| 2008| p= 3}} Daily bus services are provided by the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] to and from [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Villupuram]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupathi]], [[Thiruthani]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Vellore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Tindivanam]] and [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]].{{sfn|Bus routes, Train schedules, Air schedules|2011}} There are two major bus routes to Chennai, one connecting via [[Poonamallee]] and the other via [[Tambaram]].{{sfn|Bus routes, Train schedules, Air schedules|2011}} Local bus services are provided by The Villupuram division of Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation.{{sfn|TNSTC Villupuram|2011}} As of 2006, there were a total of 403 buses for 191 routes operated out of the city.{{sfn|Kanchipuram local plan|2006|p=10}}

The city is also connected to the railway network through the [[Kanchipuram railway station]]. The Chengalpet{{spaced ndash}}Arakkonam railway line passes through Kanchipuram and travellers can access services to those destinations.{{sfn|Rao| 2008| p= 4}} Daily trains are provided to Pondicherry and Tirupati, and there is a weekly express train to [[Madurai]] and a bi-weekly express train to [[Nagercoil]].{{sfn|Train Running Information|2012}} Two passenger trains from both sides of Chengalpattu and Arakkonam pass via Kanchipuram.{{sfn|Bus routes, Train schedules, Air schedules|2011}}{{sfn|Train Running Information|2012}}

The nearest domestic as well as international airport is [[Chennai International Airport]], located at a distance of 72&nbsp;km from the city. The proposed [[Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur|New Chennai International Airport]] is to be built in Parandhur near Kanchipuram.

Telephone and broadband internet services are provided by [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider.{{sfn|BSNL|2011}} Electricity supply is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB).{{sfn|TNEB region details|2011}} Water supply is provided by the Kanchipuram municipality; supplies are drawn from subterranean springs of Vegavati river.{{sfn|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1908|pp=544–546}} The head works is located at Orikkai, Thiruparkadal and St. Vegavathy, and distributed through overhead tanks with a total capacity of {{convert|9.8|litre|impgal|abbr=off}}.{{sfn|Kanchipuram water supply|2011}} About 55 tonnes of solid waste are collected from the city daily at five collection points covering the whole of the city.{{sfn|Waste management programme|2011}} The sewage system in the city was implemented in 1975; Kanchipuram was identified as one of the hyper endemic cities in 1970. Underground drainage covers 82% of roads in the city, and is divided into east and west zones for internal administration.{{sfn|Kanchipuram sewage and sanitation|2011}}

==Education==
{{See also|List of schools and colleges in Kanchipuram}}
Kanchipuram is traditionally a centre of religious education for the Hindu,{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=xviii}}{{sfn|K.V.|1975|p=80}} Jainism{{sfn|Thapar| 2001| pp= 344–345}}
and Buddhism faiths.{{sfn|Thapar| 2001| pp= 344–345}} The Buddhist monasteries acted as nucleus of the Buddhist educational system. With the gradual resurrection of Hinduism during the reign of [[Mahendra Varman I]], the Hindu educational system gained prominence with Sanskrit emerging as the official language.{{sfn|Thapar| 2001| pp= 344–345}}

{{As of|2011}} Kanchipuram has 49 registered schools, 16 of which are run by the city municipality.{{sfn|Educational institutes of Kanchipuram|2011}} The district administration opened night schools for educating children employed in the silk weaving industry – as of December 2001, these schools together were educating 127 people and 260 registered students from September 1999.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch |2003| p= 62}} [[Larsen & Toubro]] inaugurated the first rail construction training centre in India at Kanchipuram on 24 May 2012, that can train 300 technicians and 180 middle-level managers and engineers each year.{{sfn|''The Businessline''|24 May 2012}} [[Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya]] and Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE) are the two [[Deemed university|Deemed universities]] present in Kanchipuram.{{sfn|Deemed University list|2012}} The very famous 65-year-old college- founded by Vallal Pachaiyappar– Pachaiyappa's College for Men- is on the banks of Vegavathi River. It offers UG and PG courses in various subjects.It is the only Govt aided institute in Kanchipuram Taluk.

Kanchipuram is home to one of the four Indian Institute of Information Technology, a public private partnered institute, offering undergraduate and post graduate programs in information technology.{{sfn|''The Indian Express''|29 May 2012}} The city has two medical colleges – Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Institute and Hospital, established in 1969, is operated by the Department of Health, Government of Tamil Nadu{{sfn|TN Health Department – Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Institute and Hospital|2012}} and the privately owned Meenakshi Medical College.{{sfn|Meeenakshi Medical College and Research Institute|2012}} The city has 6 engineering colleges,{{sfn|AICTE list of approved institutes|2012}} 3 polytechnic institutes and 6 arts and science colleges.{{sfn|University of Madras – affiliated colleges|2012}}

==Religion==

===Hinduism===
{{main|List of temples in Kanchipuram}}

[[File:Pandavathoothar (7).jpg|thumb|260x250px|[[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple]] – A [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temple in the city|alt=temple tower with a lake in the foreground]]
Hindus regard Kanchipuram to be one of the seven holiest cities in India, the [[Sapta Puri]].{{sfn|Gopal|1990|p=177}}<ref>Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2007) [https://www.academia.edu/12190831 Early Historical Setting of Kañci and its Temples]. ''Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies'' 25.1: 23–52. Regd. No. 156167/85/M2.</ref> According to Hinduism, a [[kshetra|kṣhetra]] is a sacred ground, a field of active power, and a place where final attainment, or ''moksha'', can be obtained. The ''[[Garuda Purana]]'' says that seven cities, including Kanchipuram are providers of ''moksha''.{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 69}} The city is a pilgrimage site for both Vaishnavites and [[Shaivites]].{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 69}}

The [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]], dedicated to [[Vishnu]] and covering {{convert|23|acre|sqm|abbr=on}}, is the largest Vishnu temple in Kanchipuram. The temple has around 350 inscriptions from various dynasties like [[Chola]], [[Pandya]], Kandavarayas, [[Chera]]s, [[Kakatiya]], [[Sambuvaraya]], [[Hoysala]] and [[Vijayanagara]] indicating various donations to the temple and also the political situation of Kanchipuram.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams volume one Divyadesams in Tondai Nadu|first=M.S.|last=Ramesh|location=Tirpuati|year=1993|publisher=Tirupati Tirumala Devastanams|page=44}}</ref><ref name="Ramaswamy">Ramaswamy 2007, p. 273</ref> The Varadharaja Perumal Temple was renovated by the [[Cholas]] in 1053<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df043.html |title = Abodes of Vishnu – Thirukkachchi}}</ref> and it was expanded during the reigns of the [[Chola]] kings [[Kulottunga Chola I]] and [[Vikrama Chola]]. In the 14th century, another wall and a [[gopura]] was built by the later Chola kings. It is one of the ''[[Divya Desam]]s'', the 108 holiest abodes of Vishnu in Sri Vaishnavism.<ref>{{cite news|title=Divya Desams of Lord Vishnu|url=http://www.stephen-knapp.com/divya_desams_of_lord_vishnu.htm|access-date=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603142925/http://www.stephen-knapp.com/divya_desams_of_lord_vishnu.htm|archive-date=3 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The temple features carved lizards, one plated with gold and another with silver, over the sanctum.{{sfn|Gateway to Kanchipuram district – Varadaraja Temple|2011}} [[Robert Clive]] is said to have presented an emerald necklace to the temple. It is called the Clive Makarakandi, and is still used to decorate the deity on ceremonial occasions.{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=26–39}}

The [[Yathothkari Perumal Temple]] is the birthplace of the ''[[Alvar]]'' saint, [[Poigai Alvar]].{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 80}} The temple finds mention in Perumpaanatrupadai written by Patanjali. There is a mention about the temple in Cilappatikaram (2nd-3rd century CE), Patanjali Mahabharatham, and the Tolkāppiyam (3rd century BCE). The temple is revered in Naalayira Divya Prabandham, the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by Poigai Alvar, Peyalvar, Bhuthathalvar, and Tirumalisai Alvar.

The [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram]] has a three-tier shrine, one over the other, with Vishnu depicted in each of them.{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 80}} The corridor around the sanctum has a series of sculptures depicting the Pallava rule and conquest.{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 80}} It is the oldest Vishnu temple in the city and was built by the Pallava king [[Paramesvaravarman II]] (728–731).{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 80}}

[[Ashtabujakaram]], [[Tiruththanka]], [[Tiruvelukkai]], [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]], [[Tiru pavla vannam]], [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple]] are among the Divya Desams, the 108 famous temples of Vishnu in the city.{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 539}} There are five other Divya Desams, three inside the Ulagalantha Perumal temple, one each in Kamakshi Amman Temple and Ekambareswarar Temple respectively.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=109}}

The [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswarar Temple]] in northern Kanchipuram, dedicated to [[Shiva]], is the largest temple in the city.{{sfn|Let's Go |2004| p= 584}} Its gateway tower, or ''gopuram'', is {{convert|59|m|ft}} tall, making it one of the tallest temple towers in India. The temple is one of five called ''[[Pancha Bhuta Sthalam]]s'', which represent the manifestation of the five prime elements of nature; namely land, water, air, sky, and fire. There is also a Divya Desam inside the Ekambaranathar temple called the Chandrachuda Perumal or [[Nilathingal Thundam Perumal temple]].{{sfn|Ramaswamy| 2007| pp= 301–302}} The Ekambareswarar temple represents the earth.{{sfn|Ramaswamy| 2007| pp= 301–302}}

The [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanathar Temple]], dedicated to Shiva and built by the Pallavas, is the oldest Hindu temple in existence and is declared an archaeological monument by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. It has a series of cells with sculptures inside.{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 73}}

In the [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]], goddess [[Parvati]] is depicted in the form of a ''yantra'', ''chakra'' or ''peetam'' (basement). In this temple, the ''yantra'' is placed in front of the deity.{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| pp= 70–71}} Adi Shankara is closely associated with this temple and is believed to have established the [[Kanchi Matha]] after this temple.{{sfn|Tourist places in Kanchipuram|2012}}

The Muktheeswarar Temple, built by [[Nandivarman II|Nandivarman Pallava II]] (720{{ndash}}796){{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 86}} and [[Iravatanesvara Temple, Kanchipuram|Iravatanesvara Temple]] built by Narasimhavarman Pallava II (720{{ndash}}728) are the other Shiva temples from the Pallava period. Kachi Metrali – Karchapeswarar Temple,{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 73}} Onakanthan Tali,{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 86}} Kachi Anekatangapadam,{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991| p= 86}} Kuranganilmuttam,{{sfn|Soundara Rajan| 2001| p= 27}} and Karaithirunathar Temple in Tirukalimedu are the Shiva temples in the city revered in ''Tevaram'', the Tamil Shaiva canonical work of the 7th–8th centuries.

[[File:Varadharajar1.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right|Sculpted pillars and stone chain in [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]]|alt=Two pillars with hanging stone chain]]

The [[Kumarakottam Temple]], dedicated to [[Murugan]] (Kartikeya), is located between the Ekambareswarar temple and Kamakshi Amman temple, leading to the cult of [[Somaskanda]]. The ''Kandapuranam'', the Tamil religious work on Murugan, translated from the Sanskrit ''Skanda Purana'', was composed in 1625 by Kachiappa Shivacharya in the temple.{{sfn|Rao| 2008| p= 110}}

The [[Kanchi Matha]] is a Hindu monastic institution, whose official history states that it was founded by [[Adi Shankara]] of [[Kaladi]], tracing its history back to the 5th century BCE.{{sfn|Saraswati|2001|p=492}}{{sfn|Dalal|2006|p=186}}{{sfn|Kuttan|Arunachalam|2009|pp=244–245}} A related claim is that Adi Shankara came to Kanchipuram, and that he established the Kanchi matha named "Dakshina Moolamnaya Sarvagnya Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam" in a position of supremacy, namely Sarvagnya Peeta, over the other mathas (religious institutions) of the subcontinent, before his death there.{{sfn|Kuttan|Arunachalam|2009|pp=244–245}}{{sfn|Sharma|1987|pp=44–46}} Other historical accounts state that the matha was established probably in the 18th century in [[Kumbakonam]], as a branch of the [[Sringeri Matha]], and that it declared itself independent.{{sfn|Dalal|2006|p=186}}

Another matha which was famous in ancient times was the Upanishad Bramham Mutt, located near Kailasanathar temple, Kanchipuram. It has the Mahasamadhi of [[Upanishad Brahmayogin]], a saint who wrote commentaries on all the major [[Upanishads]] in Hinduism. It is said that the sage [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]] took to sanyasa at this matha.

Injimedu is also called Yajna Vedhikai, as many yajna rituals are performed in the village. It is located at 3&nbsp;km from Pernamallur Town. The best route to go injimedu is
#Kanchipuram-Cheyyaru-Pernamallur-Injimedu
#Tambaram-Uthiramerur-Vandavasi-Mazhaiyur(Chetpet Road)-Chinna kozhipuliyur-Injimedu.

===Buddhism===
[[File:BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right|Bodhidharma is believed to have spread Zen school of Buddhism from India to China|alt=Drawing depicting a saint in a background of trees]]

Buddhism is believed to have flourished in Kanchipuram between the 1st and 5th centuries.{{sfn|Trainor|2001|p=13}} Some notable Buddhists associated with Kanchipuram are [[Aryadeva|Āryadeva]] (2nd–3rd centuries){{spaced ndash}}a successor of [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]] of [[Nalanda University]], [[Dignaga]] and the Pali commentators [[Buddhaghosa]] and [[Dhammapala]].{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=20}} According to a popular tradition, [[Bodhidharma]], a 5th/6th-century Buddhist monk and founder of [[Shaolin Kung Fu]] was the third son of a Pallava king from Kanchipuram.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1987|p=125-126}} However, other traditions ascribe his origins to other places in Asia.{{sfn|McRae|2000|p=26}} Buddhists institutions from Kanchipuram were instrumental in spreading [[Theravada Buddhism]] to the [[Mon people]] of [[Myanmar]] and Thailand who in return spread the religion to the incoming [[Demographics of Burma|Burmese]] and [[Thai people]].{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=56}}

A number of bronzes unearthed at [[Kurkihar hoard|Kurkihar]] (Apanaka Vihara, near Gaya in Bihar) mention that the majority of the donors were from Kanchi, indicating that Kurkihar was a major center for the visitors from Kanchi during 9th to 11th century,

===Jainism===
{{Main|Trilokyanatha Temple}}
[[File:Tiruparuthikundram (15).jpg|150px|thumb|Trilokyanatha Temple]]
[[File:Tiruparuthikundram (3).jpg|thumb|Painted ceiling with Jain munis]]
Kanchipuram had been a major center of Jainism and is associated with several well-known Jain Acharyas like Samantabhadra and [[Akalanka]]. It is thought that Jainism was introduced into Kanchipuram by Kunda Kundacharya (1st century).{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=20}} Jainism spread to the city by [[Akalanka]] (3rd century). [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalbhras]], the rulers of Kanchipuram before the Pallavas, followed Jainism which gained popularity from royal patronage.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=20}} The Pallava kings, Simhavishnu, Mahendra Varman and Simhavarman (550{{ndash}}560) followed Jainism, until the advent of ''[[Nayanmars]]'' and ''[[Azhwars|Alvars]]'' during the 6th and 7th centuries.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=20}} [[Mahendravarman I]] converted from Jainism to Hinduism under the influence of the Naynamar, [[Appar]], was the turning point in the religious geography.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=20}} The two sects of Hinduism, [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] were revived under the influence of [[Adi Sankara]] and [[Ramanuja]] respectively.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=69}}{{sfn|Smith|1914|p=468}} Later Cholas and Vijayanagara kings tolerated Jainism, and the religion was still practised in Kanchi.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=20}}

The original set of the [[Jina Kanchi]] institution Mutt was in Kanchipuram. Its original site is now represented by the
[[Trilokyanatha Temple|Trilokyanatha/Chandraprabha temple]] at Thiruparthikundram. It is a twin Jain temple that has inscriptions from Pallava king, [[Narasimhavarman II]] and the Chola kings [[Rajendra Chola I]], [[Kulothunga Chola I]] and [[Vikrama Chola]], and the Kanarese inscriptions of [[Krishnadevaraya]]. The temple is maintained by Tamil Nadu archaeological department.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|23 June 2011}} The [[Jina Kanchi]] Mutt was later shifted to Melsithamur, near Gingee in the Villupuram district in the 16th century. There exist many historical Jain sites in the vicinity of Kanchipuram in several villages that still have some Jain population.<ref>Tamilnadu Digambar Jain Tirthakshetra Sandarshan, Bharatvarshiya Digambar Jain Tirtha Samrakshini MahaSabha, 2001</ref>

===Other religions===
The city has two mosques; one near the Ekambareswarar temple, was built during the rule of Nawab of Arcot in the 17th century, and another near the Vaikunta Perumal temple, shares a common tank with the Hindu temple. Muslims take part in the festivals of the Varadharaja (Swamy) temple.{{sfn|Religious places in Kanchipuram|2011}} Christ Church is the oldest Christian church in the city. It was built by a British man named Mclean in 1921. The church is built in Scottish style brick structure with arches and pillars.{{sfn|Religious places in Kanchipuram|2011}}

==See also==
* [[Kammavarpalayam]]
* [[Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam]]
* [[Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Silver Jubilee School, Tirunelveli]]

==Notes==

===Footnotes===
* {{Note|a}} The official spelling, as per the municipality website, is "Kancheepuram".<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |website=Kancheepuram municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/ |archive-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107005041/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/}}</ref> However, the spelling Kanchipuram is the most widely used name.

===Citations===
{{Reflist
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{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107005041/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/ Kancheepuram Municipality]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170724005741/http://hridayindia.in/kanchipuram/ Kanchipuram HRIDAY city]
*[http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/ Kancheepuram district administration website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908064506/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/ |date=8 September 2017 }}

{{Commons category}}
{{Kanchipuram district}}

{{Ancient Dharmic centres of Higher Learning}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}



{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kanchipuram| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Thalapathy Dinesh

2026-03-13T23:38:53Z

MerleGrier1601: put up new stub

{{Short description|Indian choreographer (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thalapathy Dinesh
| image =
| birth_name = Dinesh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|5|17}}<ref>''Thalapathi Dinesh'' - Profile — Chinnathirai.co.in</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| yearsactive = 1985{{En dash}}present
| honours = [[Kalaimamani]] 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-govt-announces-kalaimamani-awards-for-2019-2020/article33885249.ece|title = T.N. Govt. Announces Kalaimamani awards for 2019, 2020|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 20 February 2021}}</ref>
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actor
* action choreographer
* stunt co-ordinator
}}
}}
'''Thalapathy Dinesh''' (also spelled '''Thalapathi Dinesh''') is an Indian action choreographer who works mainly in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/stunt/thalapathi-dinesh |title=Thalapathi Dinesh |work=Nettv4u |accessdate=2016-04-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420191315/http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/stunt/thalapathi-dinesh |archivedate=20 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He started his career in the cinema as an extra fighter in ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]],'' and later he became a stunt master and actor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virundhinar Pakkam-Stunt Master Thalapathi Dhinesh dated 20-12-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQJND1Abp9Y|publisher=youtube|accessdate=2015-11-03|date=2013-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/celebrity/thalapathi-dinesh-v9jbd0r/filmography|title=Thalapathi Dinesh - Biography, Movies, Photos, Videos|access-date=13 May 2015|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417164920/http://www.filmiclub.com/celebrity/thalapathi-dinesh-v9jbd0r/filmography|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stunt masters like [[Stun Siva]], [[Peter Hein]], [[Anal Arasu]], Rajasekhar, Hari Dinesh, Pradeep Dinesh, Supreme Sundar, Vicky, and Theeppori Nithya have worked as fighters and assistants to him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyNHlws9GUM |title=விஜயகாந்த் சலிக்காமல் சண்டை போடுவார்-CHAI WITH CHITHRA-ACTOR, STUNT MASTER THALAPATHI DHINESH Part 2 |publisher=YouTube |date=19 February 2020 |accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref> His sons Hari Dinesh and Pradeep Dinesh are also stunt masters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilplex.com/article/eng/2014/03/13/503/aadama-jeyichomada-cricket-scam.html |title='Aadama Jeyichomada' - Cricket Scam |publisher=Tamilplex.com |date=13 March 2014 |accessdate=11 September 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031324/http://tamilplex.com/article/eng/2014/03/13/503/aadama-jeyichomada-cricket-scam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Thalapathy Dinesh-Supporting Actor|url=https://www.filmysphere.com/thalapathydinesh|publisher=filmysphere|accessdate=2015-11-03}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Fight Master===
;Films
{{div col}}
* 1994 ''[[Sarigamapadani]]''
* 1995 ''[[Muthu Kaalai]]''
* 1995 ''[[Marumagan]]''
* 1995 ''[[Maa Manithan (1995 film)|Maa Manithan]]''
* 1996 ''[[Kizhakku Mugam]]''
* 1996 ''[[Poovarasan]]''
* 1997 ''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]''
* 1998 ''[[Sundara Pandian]]''
* 1998 ''[[Pooveli]]''
* 1999 ''[[Nilave Mugam Kaattu]]''
* 1999 ''[[Rojavanam]]''
* 1999 ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]''
* 1999 ''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]''
* 1999 ''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham]]''
* 2000 ''[[Sandhitha Velai]]''
* 2000 ''[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|Kannan Varuvaan]]''
* 2000 ''[[Kuberan (2000 film)|Kuberan]]''
* 2000 ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]''
* 2000 ''[[Seenu (2000 film)|Seenu]]''
* 2001 ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]''
* 2001 ''[[Thaalikaatha Kaaliamman]]''
* 2001 ''[[Raja Rajeshwari|Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]''
* 2001 ''[[Asathal]]''
* 2001 ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]''
* 2001 ''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]''
* 2002 ''Shakalaka Baby''
* 2002 ''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]''
* 2003 ''[[Kalatpadai]]''
* 2003 ''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]''
* 2003 ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]''
* 2003 ''[[Indru]]''
* 2004 ''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]''
* 2004 ''[[Shock (2004 film)|Shock]]''
* 2004 ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]''
* 2004 ''[[Oru Murai Sollividu]]''
* 2005 ''[[Devathayai Kanden]]''
* 2005 ''[[London (2005 Tamil film)|London]]''
* 2005 ''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]''
* 2005 ''[[Chandramukhi]]''
* 2005 ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' (Malayalam)
* 2005 ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]''
* 2005 ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''
* 2005 ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]''
* 2006 ''[[Paramasivan]]''
* 2006 ''[[Kovai Brothers]]''
* 2006 ''[[Thirupathi]]''
* 2006 ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]''
* 2006 ''[[Kusthi]]''
* 2006 ''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]''
* 2006 ''[[Rendu]]''
* 2006 ''[[Thagapansamy]]''
* 2006 ''[[Adaikalam]]''
* 2007 ''[[Kalakkura Chandru]]''
* 2007 ''[[Adavadi]]''
* 2007 ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''
* 2007 ''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]''
* 2007 ''[[Veerappu]]''
* 2007 ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]''
* 2007 ''[[Arya (2007 film)|Arya]]''
* 2007 ''[[Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam]]''
* 2007 ''[[Thavam]]''
* 2008 ''[[Pazhani (film)|Pazhani]]''
* 2008 ''[[Thangam]]''
* 2008 ''[[Thotta]]''
* 2008 ''[[Vambu Sandai]]''
* 2008 ''[[Sandai]]''
* 2008 ''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]''
* 2008 ''[[Aayudham Seivom]]''
* 2008 ''[[Kuselan]]''
* 2008 ''[[Panchamirtham]]''
* 2009 ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikathavan]]''
* 2009 ''[[Thee (2009 film)|Thee]]''
* 2009 ''[[Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi]]''
* 2009 ''[[Guru En Aalu]]''
* 2009 ''[[Manjal Veiyil]]''
* 2009 ''[[Ainthaam Padai]]''
* 2009 ''[[Anthony Yaar?]]''
* 2009 ''[[Azhagar Malai]]''
* 2009 ''[[Arumugam (film)|Arumugam]]''
* 2009 ''[[Mathiya Chennai]]''
* 2010 ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]''
* 2010 ''[[Aasal]]''
* 2010 ''[[Thambikku Indha Ooru]]''
* 2010 ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''
* 2010 ''[[Kola Kolaya Mundhirika]]''
* 2010 ''[[Pen Singam]]''
* 2010 ''[[Vaadaa|Vaada]]''
* 2010 ''[[Vallakottai (film)|Vallakottai]]''
* 2010 ''[[Nagaram Marupakkam]]''
* 2010 ''[[Aattanayagann]]''
* 2011 ''[[Bhavani (2009 film)|Bhavani]]''
* 2011 ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]''
* 2012 ''[[Ullam (2012 film)|Ullam]]''
* 2012 ''[[Sooriya Nagaram]]''
* 2012 ''[[Kalakalappu]]''
* 2013 ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]''
* 2013 ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]''
* 2013 ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]''
* 2013 ''[[Chithirayil Nilachoru]]''
* 2013 ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]''
* 2013 ''[[Kolagalam]]''
* 2014 ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]''
* 2014 ''[[Amara (film)|Amara]]''
* 2014 ''[[Uyirukku Uyiraga]]''
* 2014 ''[[Sooran (film)|Sooran]]''
* 2014 ''[[Aranmanai]]''
* 2014 ''[[Kalkandu]]''
* 2014 ''[[Vilaasam]]''
* 2015 ''[[Ivanuku Thannila Gandam]]''
* 2015 ''[[Kamara Kattu]]''
* 2015 ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''
* 2015 ''[[Pokkiri Mannan]]''
* 2015 ''[[Athiradi]]''
* 2016 ''[[Aranmanai 2]]''
* 2016 ''[[Hello Naan Pei Pesuren]]''
* 2016 ''[[Muthina Kathirikai]]''
* 2016 ''Aasi''
* 2016 ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]''
* 2016 ''[[Kannula Kaasa Kattappa]]''
* 2017 ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]''
* 2017 ''[[7 Naatkal]]''
* 2017 ''[[Thiri]]''
* 2017 ''[[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|Katha Nayagan]]''
* 2017 ''[[En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom]]''
* 2018 ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]''
* 2018 ''[[Utharavu Maharaja]]''
* 2020 ''[[Velvet Nagaram]]''
* 2021 ''[[Aranmanai 3]]''
* 2023 ''Katradhu Mara''
* 2023 ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
* 2024 ''[[Petta Rap]]''
;Television
* 2005 ''[[Malargal]]''
* 2009 ''Dhaayam''
* 2015 ''J''
* 2017 ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]''
{{div col end}}

===Actor===
;Films
{{div col}}
* 1989 ''[[Uthama Purushan]]''
* 1990 ''[[Pudhu Padagan]]''
* 1990 ''[[Pondatti Thevai]]''
* 1990 ''[[Nadigan]]''
* 1990 ''[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]''
* 1991 ''[[Archana IAS]]''
* 1991 ''[[Sami Potta Mudichu]]''
* 1991 ''[[Vetri Padigal]]''
* 1991 ''[[Pudhu Manithan]]''
* 1991 ''[[Thalapathi]]''
* 1992 ''[[Enga Veetu Velan]]''
* 1992 ''[[Killer (1992 film)|Killer]]'' (Telugu)
* 1992 ''[[Nadodi Pattukkaran]]''
* 1992 ''[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]]''
* 1992 ''Mappillai Vanthachu''
* 1992 ''Kizhakku Veedhi''
* 1993 ''[[Ejamaan]]''
* 1993 ''[[Ulle Veliye]]''
* 1993 ''[[Uzhaippali]]''
* 1993 ''[[Vedan]]''
* 1993 ''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]''
* 1993 ''[[Rajadurai (film)|Rajadurai]]''
* 1993 ''[[Chinna Jameen]]''
* 1993 ''[[Enga Muthalali]]''
* 1993 ''[[Mechanic Alludu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1993 ''Repati Rowdy'' (Telugu)
* 1993 ''[[Airport (1993 film)|Airport]]''
* 1994 ''[[En Rajangam]]''
* 1994 ''[[Adharmam]]''
* 1994 ''[[Seeman (film)|Seeman]]''
* 1994 ''[[Sarigamapadani]]''
* 1994 ''[[En Aasai Machan]]''
* 1994 ''[[Thai Maaman]]''
* 1995 ''[[Baashha]]''
* 1995 ''Rani Maharani''
* 1995 ''[[Muthu Kaalai]]''
* 1995 ''[[Marumagan]]''
* 1995 ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]''
* 1995 ''[[Periya Kudumbam]]''
* 1995 ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]''
* 1996 ''[[Kizhakku Mugam]]''
* 1996 ''[[Poovarasan]]''
* 1996 ''[[Dominic Presentation (film)|Dominic Presentation]]''
* 1997 ''[[Kaalamellam Kaathiruppen]]''
* 1997 ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]''
* 1997 ''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]''
* 1997 ''[[Once More (1997 film)|Once More]]''
* 1997 ''[[Periya Manushan]]''
* 1997 ''[[Ratchagan]]''
* 1998 ''[[Sundara Pandian]]''
* 1998 ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]''
* 1998 ''[[Simmarasi]]''
* 1998 ''[[Karnataka Police (film)|Karnataka Police]]'' (Kannada)
* 1998 ''[[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1998 ''[[Pooveli]]''
* 1999 ''[[Periyanna]]''
* 1999 ''[[Rajasthan (film)|Rajasthan]]''
* 1999 ''[[Nenjinile]]''
* 1999 ''[[Nilave Mugam Kaattu]]''
* 1999 ''[[Rojavanam]]''
* 1999 ''[[Malabar Police]]''
* 1999 ''[[Sneha (film)|Sneha]]'' (Kannada)
* 1999 ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]''
* 1999 ''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]''
* 1999 ''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham]]''
* 2000 ''[[Thirunelveli (film)|Thirunelveli]]'' (uncredited)
* 2000 ''[[Sandhitha Velai]]''
* 2000 ''[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|Kannan Varuvaan]]''
* 2000 ''[[Kuberan (2000 film)|Kuberan]]''
* 2000 ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]''
* 2000 ''[[Seenu (2000 film)|Seenu]]''
* 2000 ''[[Manu Needhi]]''
* 2001 ''[[Vaanchinathan]]''
* 2001 ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]''
* 2001 ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]''
* 2001 ''[[Thaalikaatha Kaaliamman]]''
* 2001 ''[[Raja Rajeshwari|Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]''
* 2001 ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]''
* 2001 ''[[Asathal]]''
* 2001 ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]''
* 2001 ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]''
* 2001 ''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]''
* 2002 ''[[Shakalaka Baby (film)|Shakalaka Baby]]''
* 2002 ''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]''
* 2002 ''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]''
* 2002 ''[[Style (2002 film)|Style]]''
* 2003 ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]''
* 2003 ''[[Kalatpadai]]''
* 2003 ''[[Kutumba]]'' (Kannada)
* 2003 ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]''
* 2003 ''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]''
* 2003 ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]''
* 2003 ''[[Indru]]''
* 2004 ''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]''
* 2004 ''[[Gambeeram]]''
* 2004 ''[[Shock (2004 film)|Shock]]''
* 2004 ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]''
2004 [ BLACK ( FILM). ( (MALAYALAM).
* 2004 ''[[Oru Murai Sollividu]]''
* 2005 ''[[Devathayai Kanden]]''
* 2005 ''[[London (2005 Tamil film)|London]]''
* 2005 ''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]''
* 2005 ''[[Chandramukhi]]''
* 2005 ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' (Malayalam)
* 2005 ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]''
* 2005 ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''
* 2005 ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]''
* 2006 ''[[Paramasivan]]''
* 2006 ''[[Kovai Brothers]]''
* 2006 ''[[Thirupathi]]''
* 2006 ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]''
* 2006 ''[[Kusthi]]''
* 2006 ''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]''
* 2006 ''[[Rendu]]''
* 2006 ''[[Thagapansamy]]''
* 2006 ''[[Adaikalam]]''
* 2007 ''[[Kalakkura Chandru]]''
* 2007 ''[[Adavadi]]''
* 2007 ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''
* 2007 ''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]''
* 2007 ''[[Veerappu]]''
* 2007 ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]''
* 2007 ''[[Arya (2007 film)|Arya]]''
* 2007 ''[[Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam]]''
* 2007 ''[[Thavam]]''
* 2007 ''[[Police Story 2 (2007 film)|Police Story]]'' (Kannada)
* 2008 ''[[Pazhani (film)|Pazhani]]''
* 2008 ''[[Thangam]]''
* 2008 ''[[Thotta]]''
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* 2016 ''Aasi''
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* 2020 ''[[Naan Sirithal]]''
* 2020 ''[[Velvet Nagaram]]''
* 2020 ''[[Irandam Kuththu]]''
* 2021 ''[[Pei Mama]]''
* 2021 ''[[Aranmanai 3]]''
* 2023 ''[[Thalaikkavasamum 4 Nanbargalum]]''
* 2023 ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
* 2024 ''[[Petta Rap]]''
{{div col end}}

; Television
* 2003 ''[[Lollu Sabha]]''
* 2004 ''[[Ahalya (TV series)|Ahalya]]''
* 2010 ''[[Thendral]]''
* 2016 ''[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]''
* 2019 ''[[Chocolate (Tamil TV series)|Chocolate]]''
* 2024–present ''[[Gowri (TV series)|Gowri]]''

==Extra fighter==
{{div col}}
* 1985 ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]''
* 1988 ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]''
* 1987 ''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]''
* 1987 ''[[Oorkavalan]]''
* 1987 ''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]''
* 1987 ''Vairakkiyam''
* 1988 ''[[Jeeva (1988 film)|Jeeva]]''
* 1988 ''Thaai Paasam''
* 1988 ''[[Soora Samhaaram]]''
* 1988 ''Poovizhi Raja''
* 1988 ''Pattikaatu Thambi''
* 1988 ''Dhayam Onnu''
* 1988 ''[[Nallavan (1988 film)|Nallavan]]''
* 1988 ''[[Kaliyugam (1988 film)|Kaliyugam]]''
* 1988 ''[[Orkkapurathu]]''
* 1989 ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]''
* 1989 ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''
* 1989 ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyadu''
* 1989 ''Padicha Pulla''
* 1989 ''Dharma Devan''
* 1989 ''Varam''
* 1989 ''[[En Thangai (1989 film)|En Thangai]]''
* 1989 ''[[Annanukku Jai (1989 film)|Annanukku Jai]]''
* 1989 ''[[Chinnappadass]]''
* 1989 ''[[Vetri Vizha]]''
* 1989 ''[[Vetri Mel Vetri]]''
* 1990 ''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]''
* 1990 ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]''
* 1990 ''[[Avasara Police 100]]''
* 1991 ''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]''
* 1992 ''[[Amma Vanthachu]]''
* 1992 ''[[Suyamariyadhai]]''
* 1993 ''[[Karpagam Vanthachu]]''
{{div col end}}

==Awards and nominations==
* 1999 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator]] - ''[[Pooveli]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999 |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622010121/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archivedate=22 June 2008 }}</ref>
* 2003 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator]] - ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' & ''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2004|title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years|work=indiaglitz.com|accessdate=2009-10-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-13 |title=Stunt master Thalapathy Dinesh and team pulls of a unique stunt video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/stunt-master-thalapathy-dinesh-and-team-pulls-of-a-unique-stunt-video/articleshow/75716156.cms |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=7489738|name=Thalapathi Dinesh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dinesh, Thalapathy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian action choreographers]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Gran Sasso raid

2026-03-12T01:50:17Z

MerleGrier1601: further improved references for consistency and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|German raid to free Benito Mussolini from prison}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Operational plan
| name = Operation Oak
|subtitle=Gran Sasso raid
| partof = [[World War II]]
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-567-1503A-07, Gran Sasso, Mussolini mit deutschen Fallschirmjägern.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Mussolini with German commandos
| type = [[Prison escape]] with outside help
| location = [[Hotel Campo Imperatore]], Italy
| coordinates = {{coord|42|26|32.73|N|13|33|31.66|E|type:event_region:IT_scale:50000|display=title}}
| planned_by = [[Harald Mors]]
|planned = Summer 1943
| target = [[Campo Imperatore]]
| date = {{start date and age|1943|09|12|df=y}}
| executed_by = {{ubl|[[2nd Parachute Division (Germany)|2nd Parachute Division]]|[[502nd SS Jäger Battalion]]}}
| outcome = [[Benito Mussolini]] escaped from prison
| casualties = 2 Italians killed, 10 Germans wounded
}}
The '''Gran Sasso raid''' on 12 September 1943 freed [[Benito Mussolini]] from imprisonment in a hotel on the [[Gran Sasso d'Italia]] [[massif]]. The [[World War II]] operation was codenamed "Operation Oak" (Unternehmen Eiche) by the German military. The raid by [[Fallschirmjäger|German paratroopers]] and [[Waffen-SS]] commandos was personally ordered by [[Adolf Hitler]], approved by General [[Kurt Student]], and planned and executed by Major [[Harald Mors]].

Operation Oak was marketed as a stunning military feat by Nazi propagandists, aiming to provide a morale boost at a low point in the war for Germany. In fact, the Germans controlled the territory around the hotel and were never in great danger.

==Background==
{{Main|Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|Armistice of Cassibile|Operation Achse}}
The [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] in July 1943 led to the [[bombing of Rome in World War II]]. On the night of 24 July 1943, the [[Grand Council of Fascism]] passed a [[motion of no confidence]] against prime minister [[Benito Mussolini]].<ref>Katz, Robert. ''The Battle for Rome: the Germans, the Allies, the Partisans, and the Pope, September 1943-June 1944]''. Simon & Schuster, 2003. 20.</ref> On 25 July, King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] arrested Mussolini and replaced him with Marshal [[Pietro Badoglio]].<ref name="fital">Whittam, John. ''Fascist Italy''. [[Manchester University Press]], 1995.</ref>{{rp|130}}<ref name=Annu>Annussek, Greg. ''Hitler's Raid to Save Mussolini: The Most Infamous Commando Operation of World War II''. Hachette Book Group, 2009.</ref>{{rp|22}} The [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|end of Mussolini's Fascist regime]] is known as ''25 Luglio'' in Italy. [[Badoglio I Cabinet|Badoglio's government]] remained allied with the [[Axis powers]] for a few more weeks.<ref name="Trumpener"/>

By 17 August, the Allies defeated the Italians and Germans in Sicily, and Italy began secret negotiations to surrender. On 3 September, the [[Allied invasion of Italy]] began and [[Giuseppe Castellano]] signed the [[Armistice of Cassibile]], which ended the nation's war with the Allies.<ref>Cleaver, Thomas McKelvey. ''Mediterranean Sweep: The USAAF in the Italian Campaign''. United Kingdom, [[Bloomsbury Publishing]], 2025. 53.</ref> The armistice was not announced until 8 September.

Badoglio wanted the Allies to move as far north as possible before revealing the truce, knowing the [[German Army (1935–1945)|German army]] would respond by seizing Italian territory. The Nazis launched [[Operation Achse]] on 8 September, occupying key positions in central and northern Italy. Many Italian soldiers simply refused to fight the Germans.<ref name="Trumpener">Trumpener, Ulrich. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=V6_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1351 Achse]" in ''World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia''. [[Taylor & Francis]], 2015. 1351.</ref> Marshal Badoglio and King Victor Emmanuel III fled to Allied-controlled territory in southern Italy.<ref>Moseley, Ray. ''Mussolini: the Last 600 Days of Il Duce''. Taylor Trade Publishing, 2004. 10.</ref>

==Preparations==
===Mussolini's imprisonment===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-567-1503A-05, Gran Sasso, Hotel Campo Imperatore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hotel Campo Imperatore]].]]
The Badoglio government feared Mussolini's reinstatement by Germany. He was heavily guarded and moved several times.<ref name="Schuster">Shuster, Carl O. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=V6_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1519 Gran Sasso Raid]" in ''World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia''. Taylor & Francis, 2015. 1519.</ref> When the [[Carabinieri]] arrested Mussolini in Rome on 25 July, they initially brought him to their headquarters in [[Trastevere]]. He was held at the Carabinieri Cadet School until 27 July, when the military police escorted him to [[Gaeta]]. On 28 July, they arrived at an isolated house on [[Ponza]], an island in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]].<ref name=López18/>{{rp|17–20}} Mussolini was kept there until 7 August. He was held at a private villa on [[La Maddalena]] until 27 August.<ref>Failmezger, Victor. ''Rome – City in Terror: The Nazi Occupation 1943–44''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020. 80.</ref> The following day, he was moved to the [[Hotel Campo Imperatore]].

The Hotel Campo was built on a remote and defendable mountain plateau 2,112 metres above sea level in the [[Gran Sasso d'Italia]] mountain range. A ski station was located next to the hotel. The hotel is shaped like the letter 'd'. Two more hotels shaped as '[[Latin alphabet|v]]' and 'x' to form the Latin word "[[dux]]" (leader) were planned but never built. The title ''[[Duce|Il Duce]]'' derived from ''dux''.<ref name=López18/>{{rp|17–23, 58}}

===German tracking and planning===
[[File:Italy September 1943.png|thumb|300px|Italian military situation in September 1943. Hotel Campo is just outside L'Aquila (upper left).]]
[[Adolf Hitler]] secretly ordered General [[Kurt Student]] to oversee a mission to liberate Mussolini.<ref name=Foley/>{{rp|62}} ''[[Obersturmbannführer|SS-Obersturmbannführer]]'' [[Herbert Kappler]] learned about Mussolini's transfer from La Maddalena through one of [[Edda Mussolini|Edda Ciano's]] letters.<ref name=Gallo/>{{rp|57}} Kappler also paid informants with counterfeit money created during [[Operation Bernhard]].<ref name=Kuby/> His agents also intercepted a message about security preparations at [[Gran Sasso d'Italia|Gran Sasso]], which indicated Mussolini might be imprisoned there.<ref name=Annu/>{{rp|178}} A German doctor feigned interest in setting up a clinic at the hotel in order to confirm the deposed tyrant was being held there.<ref name="Schuster"/>

''[[Hauptsturmführer]]'' [[Otto Skorzeny]] was detailed to Student.<ref name=Foley/>{{rp|62}} On 8 September, he scouted the Gran Sasso to strategize how to free Mussolini.<ref name=Foley>Foley, Charles. ''[https://archive.org/details/commandoextraord0000fole_t7k4/mode/1up Commando Extraordinary]''. Arms and Armour Press, 1954.</ref>{{rp|72}} The elevation of the hotel made [[parachuting]] risky.<ref name=Infield/>{{rp|38}} [[Harald Mors]] and General Student devised a plan to deliver troops by [[military glider]]. To their surprise, Skorzeny insisted on going along. Several of General Student's paratroopers (''[[Fallschirmjäger]]'') were then replaced by Skorzeny and the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]].<ref name=Kuby/><ref name=Spiegel>Lutteroth, Johanna. ""[https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/unternehmen-eiche-mussolini-befreiung-aus-der-luft-a-951252.html Mussolini-Rettung 'Unternehmen Eiche': 'Duce, der Führer schickt mich. Sie sind frei!']", ''[[Der Spiegel]]''. September 12, 2013.</ref>

==Raid==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-567-1503C-04, Gran Sasso, Fieseler Fi 156 »Storch«.jpg|thumb|upright|This [[Fieseler Fi 156]] helped Mussolini escape.]]
By the day of the raid, 12 September, Germany controlled the territory around the Hotel Campo, making Mussolini's rescue far less dangerous. It is unclear why Italy moved Mussolini so far north into the path of Germany's approach.<ref name=Kuby/>

Major Harald Mors commanded the entire operation and led the ground assault. German tanks and armored cars swarmed the base of the mountain while paratroopers and an SS commando unit approached the Hotel Campo by air.<ref name=Gallo/>{{rp|57}} Mors cut all telephone lines. Italian forestry guard Pasqualino Vitocco was killed while attempting to warn the garrison of the attack. Carabiniere Giovanni Natale was killed while preparing to open fire on Mors' troops. Two more carabinieri were slightly wounded by a [[hand grenade]]. These were the only casualties of the operation.<ref>"[https://www.combattentiereduci.it/notizie/pasqualino-vitocco-e-giovanni-natali-due-militari-cancellati-dalla-storia Pasqualino Vitocco e Giovanni Natale, due militari cancellati dalla storia]", Associazione Nazionale Combattenti e Reduci. September 12, 2019.</ref><ref>Fazzini, Andrea. ''L’ospite Della Camera 201: Mussolini a Campo Imperatore''. I edizione, Piemme, 2022.</ref><ref>Patricelli, Marco. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eT6ODAAAQBAJ&dq=%22generale+soleti%22&pg=PT148 Settembre 1943: I giorni della vergogna]''. Italy, Editori Laterza, 2014.</ref>

Meanwhile, several [[Henschel Hs 126]] planes took off from [[Pratica di Mare Air Base]] near Rome just after midday. They towed ten [[DFS 230]] gliders, each carrying nine soldiers and a pilot.<ref name=López18/> Italian General [[Fernando Soleti]] was flying with the soldiers. He had been arrested and forced to come in hopes that Mussolini's guards would not fire on an officer they recognized.<ref name=Infield>Infield, Glenn B. ''[https://archive.org/details/skorzenyhitlersc00infi/page/40/mode/1up Skorzeny, Hitler's Commando]''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.</ref>{{rp|40f}}

[[Oberleutnant]] Georg Freiherr von Berlepsch led the airborne operation. The gliders looped to gain altitude over the [[Alban Hills]], but Skorzeny ordered the gliders with his SS troops to skip the maneuver in order to arrive first.<ref name="López">{{cite book|author=Óscar González López|title=Fallschirmjäger at the Gran Sasso|publisher=AF Editores |place=Valladolid |year=2007 |isbn=978-84-96935-00-6}}</ref><ref name=Spiegel/> Skorzeny further disrupted the glider formation by demanding to land near the hotel, which caused one of the aircraft to crash.<ref name=Kuby/>

Mussolini was guarded by dozens of well-equipped Carabinieri. Like their countrymen elsewhere during [[Operation Achse]], they had little interest in shooting at Germans.<ref name=Spiegel/> According to the hotel managers, Mussolini leaned out his window and pleaded for no bloodshed.<ref>Mussolini, Benito. ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185420/page/n278/mode/1up Benito Mussolini: Memoirs 1942-1943: with Documents Relating to the Period]''. United Kingdom, Weidenfeld And Nicolson, 1949.</ref>{{rp|251}} General Soleti also ordered the guards not to shoot. Mors ascended to the hotel from the valley and introduced himself to Mussolini.<ref name=Infield/>{{rp|43}} The raid was over in a matter of minutes.<ref name=Spiegel/><ref>Evans, Richard J. ''The Third Reich at War''. [[Penguin Press]], 2009. 473f.</ref> German soldiers soon escorted Mussolini out of the hotel and made sure that the moment was photographed and filmed.<ref name=Annu/>{{rp|232f}}

General Student's personal pilot arrived in a [[Fieseler Fi 156 Storch|Fieseler Fi 156 ''Storch'']] for Mussolini. The [[STOL|short takeoff and landing]] plane was at capacity with Mussolini on board, but Skorzeny insisted on overloading the plane by boarding.<ref name=Infield/>{{rp|44}} After an extremely dangerous takeoff, they returned to Pratica di Mare. Mussolini requested to be taken to [[Rocca delle Caminate]].<ref name=Mosely/>{{rp|10}} They continued in a [[Heinkel He 111]] to [[Vienna]], where Mussolini stayed overnight at the [[Hotel Imperial]]. On 14 September, Mussolini was flown to [[Munich]] and then on to East Prussia, where he reunited with Hitler.<ref name="Kuby">[[Erich Kuby|Kuby, Erich]]. ''[https://ulis-buecherecke.ch/pdf_der_krieg/wie_das_3.reich_italien_ruinierte.pdf Verrat Auf Deutsch: Wie Das Dritte Reich Italien Ruinierte]''. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1982. 256–263.</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J15420, Gran Sasso, Mussolini vor Hotel.jpg|thumb|upright|Mussolini leaving the hotel, flanked by General [[Fernando Soleti]], General Gueri, Karl Radl (holding suitcase).]]
British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] responded to the escape in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], "Knowing that ''[[Duce|il Duce]]'' was hidden in a safe place and that the Government of Badoglio was committed to handing him over to the Allies, a daring attack, completely beyond all foresight, prevented this from happening."<ref name="López18">{{cite book |last=López |first=Óscar González |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OIDwAAQBAJ |title=Freeing Mussolini: Dismantling the Skorzeny Myth in the Gran Sasso Raid |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |year=2018 |isbn=9781526719997 |place=Barnsley}}</ref>

The operation was a propaganda dream for the Germans. They glamorized it in the pages of ''[[Signal (magazine)|Signal]]''.<ref>Jörgensen, Christer. ''[https://archive.org/details/hitlersespionage0000jorg_v7m5/page/152/mode/1up Hitler's Espionage Machine: German Intelligence Agencies and Operations During World War II]''. Spellmount, 2004.</ref>{{rp|152f}} The Nazis ensured film crews captured the entire operation and distributed it via [[newsreel]].<ref>"Captured Nazi Reels show 'Rescue' of Duce." ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', vol. 76, no. 8. December 2, 1943. 1.</ref> The Germans broadcast a speech purportedly by Mussolini where he boasted, "The liberation-the enterprise was an example of the organization and resolution of the Germans which will live in history—will in the future become legendary."<ref>[[Associated Press]]. "[https://nyti.ms/4oeFZnq 'Mussolini Broadcast' Asks Italians to Fight the Allies]", ''[[The New York Times]]''. September 19, 1943. 1, 42.</ref>

Although the landing at [[Campo Imperatore]] was led by [[First lieutenant|First Lieutenant]] von Berlepsch under Major Mors's command, Skorzeny and the SS would become the face of the triumph.<ref name=Kuby/><ref name=Gallo>Gallo, Patrick J. ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2ckjq4h.12 The Nazis, the Vatican, and the Jews of Rome]''. [[Purdue University Press]], 2023.</ref>{{rp|56}} Skorzeny was named ''[[Sturmbannführer]]'', awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]], and dubbed the "most dangerous man in Europe".<ref name="López"/>

In 1950, Skorzeny published a bestselling autobiography, ''Geheimkommando Skorzeny'' (Secret Commando Skorzeny).<ref>Roberts, Henry L. "[https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1951-10-01/skorzenys-secret-missions-and-geheimkommando-skorzeny Skorzeny’s Secret Missions and Geheimkommando Skorzeny]", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]''. October 1951.</ref><ref>O'Reilly, Terence. ''Hitler's Irishmen''. Mercier Press, 2008. 283.</ref> He wrote another memoir in 1976, ''Meine Kommandounternehmen'' (My Commando Operations).<ref>Dunphy, John J. ''Unsung Heroes of the Dachau Trials: The Investigative Work of the U.S. Army 7708 War Crimes Group, 1945-1947''. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers, 2018. 184.</ref> The Nazi legend of his part in the scheme was the dominant narrative for decades. His exaggerated credit overshadowed the genuine role of the paratroopers.<ref name="Trumpener"/><ref name="López18"/>

General Student's paratroopers were shocked to see Skorzeny and the SS given credit for Operation Oak. Major Mors demanded Student correct the record, but Student confessed he did not want to provoke [[Heinrich Himmler]]. Allied media were skeptical of the boasts from Berlin.<ref name=Spiegel/><ref>"[https://nyti.ms/49IzBBv Mussolini Is Taken by Nazis From Italians, Berlin Reports]", ''[[The New York Times]]''. September 13, 1943. 1, 6.</ref>

By all accounts, the man the Germans rescued was broken and bore little resemblance to the swaggering ''Il Duce''. Mussolini had attempted suicide while under arrest.<ref name=Gallo/>{{rp|58}} He had been seriously ill throughout the war, and his health got much worse during captivity.<ref name=Mosely/>{{rp|11}} It was only after reuniting with this family in Munich that he started to come back to life.<ref name=Kuby/> Hitler had to bully Mussolini to return home. Mussolini established the [[Italian Social Republic]], a puppet state in German-occupied northern Italy. It [[collaborationism|collaborated]] with Germany in the fight against the Allies, which now included the Kingdom of Italy.<ref name=fital/>{{rp|130}}

As total defeat loomed in late April 1945, Mussolini and his mistress [[Clara Petacci]] attempted to flee to Switzerland. They were captured by Italian communist partisans and [[Death of Benito Mussolini|summarily executed on 28 April 1945]] near [[Lake Como]].<ref name=Mosely>Moseley, Ray. ''Mussolini's Shadow: the Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano''. [[Yale University Press]], 1999.</ref>{{rp|255}}

== See also ==
* [[Operation Achse]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Rescue of Mussolini, [[Foreign Military Studies Office|Foreign Military Studies]], D-318, 24, 102–3, 137–38, RG 338, [[National Archives and Records Administration]].
*Riscoldati, Mario. "[https://www.carabinieri.it/Internet/ImageStore/Magazines/Rassegna/Rassegna%202023-Numero%20Speciale/ L'ARMA DEI CARABINIERI REALI DALL'ARRESTO DI MUSSOLINI ALLA SUA LIBERAZIONE]", in ''Rassegna''. 2023. 85–105.
*Skorzeny, Otto. ''[https://archive.org/details/meine-kommandounternehmen Meine Kommandounternehmen: Krieg Ohne Fronten]''. 2. Aufl, Limes-Verlag, 1976.
*Skorzeny, Otto. ''[https://archive.org/details/OttoSkorzenyMyCommandoOperations/page/n3/mode/2up My Commando Operations: The Memoirs of Hitler's Most Daring Commando]''. Schiffer Publications, 1995.
*Skorzeny, Otto. ''Skorzeny's Special Missions: The Memoirs of Hitler's Most Daring Commando''. Greenhill Books, 2025.

== External links ==
* {{commonscat-inline}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXj4GAkf_cU German Propaganda Footage showing Rescue of Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini- 22 September 1943], German WWII Archive, [[YouTube]].

{{Benito Mussolini}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Benito Mussolini]]
[[Category:Special forces of Germany in World War II]]
[[Category:20th century in Abruzzo]]
[[Category:Italian Social Republic]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Military parachuting in Germany]]
[[Category:Operations involving special forces of Germany]]
[[Category:POW escapes and rescues during World War II]]
[[Category:Province of L'Aquila]]
[[Category:September 1943 in Europe]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:World War II raids]]
[[Category:Attacks on hotels in Europe]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Italy]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 in Italy]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1943]]

Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)

2026-03-04T15:57:45Z

MerleGrier1601: done!

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name=Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)
|native_name =
|logo=ADWPD.png
|colorcode={{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}
|president=[[Amritpal Singh]]
|loksabha_leader=[[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]
|foundation={{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2025|01|14}}
|predecessor=
|dissolution=
|headquarters=
|eci= Unregistered
|alliance=
|loksabha_seats={{Composition bar|2|543|hex={{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats={{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}}}
|state_seats_name=[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats={{Composition bar|0|117|hex= {{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}}}
|ideology=[[Khalistan movement|Punjabi Separatism]]<ref name="Muktsar Sahib Resolutions">{{Cite web |title=AD(WPD) Resolutions |url=https://adwpd.org/resolutions/ |website=Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De) |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref> [[Punjabiyat]]<ref name="Muktsar Sahib Resolutions"/> [[Sikh Nationalism]]
|position=[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
|publication=
|youth=
|students=
|women=
|labour=
|peasants=
|international=
|colours={{Color box|{{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}}}{{Color box|#00008c}} Saffron & Dark Blue
|website= https://adwpd.org/
|flag=ADWPDFLAG.png}}

'''Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)''' is an Indian political party formed by the supporters of [[Amritpal Singh]], a pro-[[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] politician and a Member of the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amritpal supporters float political outfit Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De) |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/amritpal-supporters-float-political-outfit-akali-dal-waris-punjab-de/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2025 |title='Akali Dal Waris Punjab De' outfit floated in Muktsar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/akali-dal-waris-punjab-de-outfit-floated-in-muktsar/articleshow/117240816.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=15 January 2025 |title=Jailed Khalistan separatist Amritpal Singh launches new political party in Punjab |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1077949/jailed-khalistan-separatist-amritpal-singh-launches-new-political-party-in-punjab |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> It was launched on 14 January 2025 during [[Mela Maghi]] at [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]] by [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]] under the leadership of [[Amritpal Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Maktoob |date=15 January 2025 |title=Amritpal Singh launches new political party: Shiromani Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De) |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/amritpal-singh-launches-new-political-party-shiromani-akali-dal-waris-punjab-de/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref> It is led by a 5-member committee consisting of Bapu Tarsem Singh, [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]], Amarjit Singh, Harbhajan Singh Tur, and Surjit Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=14 January 2025 |title=Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De): Jailed MP Amritpal Singh floats new political party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/14/akali-dal-waris-punjab-de-jailed-mp-amritpal-singh-floats-new-political-party |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Establishment of Party==
[[Amritpal Singh]] and [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]], the party founders, both contested the [[2024 Indian general election]] from the [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]] and [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Father didn't care and laid down his life, Sikh community pulled family through troubled times: Sarabjit Singh Khalsa | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/father-didnt-care-and-laid-down-his-life-sikh-community-pulled-family-through-troubled-times-sarabjit-singh-khalsa/articleshow/110768223.cms?from=mdr |website= The Economic Times |access-date= 24 March 2025}}</ref> Both did not contest under any political party and were registered as [[Independent candidate|Independent]] candidates, although [[Amritpal Singh]] received support from the [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]], a pro-[[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] political party.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Punjab 2024: Is Amritpal Singh contesting just to get out of jail? |url= https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/05/31/punjab-2024-is-amritpal-singh-contesting-just-to-get-out-of-jail |website= News Laundry |access-date= 24 March 2025}}</ref> The two candidates contested the election on the basis of approaching major issues of concern, such as tackling the drug crisis in [[Punjab]], the release of [[Sikh]] political prisoners, and demanding justice for the desecration of [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Jailed but elected: Decoding Rashid, Amritpal Singh's Lok Sabha victories |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jailed-but-elected-decoding-rashid-amritpal-singh-s-lok-sabha-victories-101717730654397.html |website = The Hindustan Times |access-date= 24 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Jailed Amritpal Singh wins Khadoor Sahib seat |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/lok-sabha-elections-2024-results-waris-punjab-de-amritpal-singh-khadoor-sahib-seat-leading-trailing-bjp-congress-2548779-2024-06-04 |website= India Today |access-date= 24 March 2025}}</ref>

This message successfully resonated with the constituents of the respective legislative districts, as both candidates won the election with large margins, defeating popular contestants and opponents, such as Punjabi actor [[Karamjit Anmol]] in [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]. [[Amritpal Singh]] won in [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]] with a margin of 197,120, which was the largest of all 13 constituencies in [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Amritpal, Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa — Sikh radicals' poll victories pose challenge for Mann govt |url= https://theprint.in/politics/amritpal-sarabjeet-singh-khalsa-sikh-radicals-poll-victories-pose-challenge-for-mann-govt/2117825/ |website= The Print |access-date= 24 March 2025}}</ref> These victories marked a pivotal moment in the political landscape of [[Punjab]], as it was the first time since [[1989 Indian general election]] that any candidates of [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] background, apart from [[Simranjit Singh Mann]], were elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], representing dissatisfaction with major political parties.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Amritpal Singh's victory a reflection of people's disenchantment with mainstream parties in Punjab |url= https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/punjab-elections-2024-victory-khalistan-radicals-amritpal-singh-sarabjit-khalsa-voter-disillusionment/article68253849.ece |website= Frontline Magazine |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>
===Announcement of Party===

After the general election, speculations spanning multiple months were appearing, which discussed the possibility of the formation of a political party by [[Amritpal Singh]] and [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]], due to their similar circumstances of victory, and the issues of top priority for their supporters. On 29 September 2024, Tarsem Singh, father of MP [[Amritpal Singh]], confirmed the rumours by announcing the establishment of a political party in the near future, at [[Akal Takht]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Amritpal's father to float political party in Punjab |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/amritpals-father-to-float-political-party-in-punjab-101727635443005.html |website= The Hindustan Times |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>

On 4 January 2025, [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]] and Tarsem Singh announced the preparations for the launch of a new political party, scheduled to be officially launched on 14 January 2025 during [[Mela Maghi]] at [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]], at a conference labelled 'Panth Bachao-Punjab Bachao'.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Jailed pro-Khalistan MP Amritpal Singh to float a new political party on January 14 |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/02/jailed-pro-khalistan-mp-amritpal-singh-to-float-a-new-political-party-on-january-14 |website = The New Indian Express |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref> The political party was originally planned to be formed under the name "Shiromani Akali Dal (Anandpur Sahib)", but it was announced at the conference that the party will be named 'Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)', tying it to the social and political organisation [[Waris Punjab De]], run by [[Amritpal Singh]], and founded by [[Deep Sidhu]].

===Shri Muktsar Sahib Declaration===
The Shri Muktsar Sahib Declaration is a manifesto containing a list of 15 resolutions that set the foundation of Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De), and laid out a general framework for the party to be structured in accordance to, in the months following its creation. This declaration describes the agenda that the party will work towards communicating to the people of [[Punjab]], and their political objectives, along with the core values that will steer the direction of their campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De) Official website |url= https://adwpd.org/ |website= Akali Dal Waris Punjab De |access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref> The declaration was announced and made public on 14 January 2025, at the party’s first political conference, held at [[Mela Maghi]], [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akali Dal Waris Punjab De outfit floated in Muktsar |url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/punjab/akali-dal-waris-punjab-de-outfit-floated-in-muktsar-3355003 |website=Deccan Herald|date=14 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

==Presence==
On 13 April 2025, coinciding with the celebration of [[Vaisakhi]], the party held its second major political conference at [[Talwandi Sabo]], where party leaders shared updates regarding the party’s activities in the last 3 months following its establishment, as well as discussed preparations for the [[Next Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2027 Punjab election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= ‘Jailed MP for top post’: Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De) makes ‘Amritpal Singh for Punjab CM’ pitch on Baisakhi |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/jailed-mp-for-top-post-akali-dal-waris-punjab-de-makes-amritpal-singh-for-punjab-cm-pitch-on-baisakhi/articleshow/120256342.cms |website= Times of India |date=13 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>

In July 2025, the party announced that it would contest the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] by-election for the constituency of [[Tarn Taran Assembly constituency|Tarn Taran]], which was vacated by the death of MLA [[Kashmir Singh Sohal]]. This would mark the party’s first contested election since formation in January 2025. The party stated that a strong 'Panthic' candidate would be nominated to contest the by-election.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Amritpal’s AD(WPD) to contest Tarn Taran byelection |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/amritpals-akali-dal-waris-punjab-de-to-contest-tarn-taran-byelection-101752002632557.html |website= Hindustan Times |date= 9 July 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref> The party’s candidate for the [[Tarn Taran Assembly constituency|Tarn Taran]] by-election was declared on 7 October, 2025, to be Mandeep Singh, the older brother of jailed Sandeep Singh Sunny.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Jailed Sandeep Singh’s brother to contest Tarn Taran bypoll|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/jailed-sandeep-singh-sunnys-bro-to-contest-tarn-taran-bypoll-on-akali-dal-waris-punjab-de-ticket/articleshow/124363514.cms |website= Times of India |date=7 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
Mandeep Singh received endorsement from other Sikh political parties and organizations, including [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]’s "Punar Surjit" faction led by Giani Harpreet Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Panthic Groups unite to campaign for murder accused’s brother |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/tarn-taran-bypoll-panthic-groups-unite-to-campaign-for-murder-accused-s-brother-101760123534002.html |website= Hindustan Times |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref> He positioned in third place in the overall results, being defeated by [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP’s]] [[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tarn Taran election result |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tarn-taran-election-result-2025-aap-harmeet-singh-sandhu-tarn-taran-bypoll-101763099132095.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

==Party leadership==

===Presidents===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; background-color:"
|-
! style="background-color: {{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}};color:white"|S. No.
! style="background-color: {{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}};color:white"|Name
! style="background-color: {{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}};color:white"|Portrait
! style="background-color: {{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}};color:white"; colspan="3"|Tenure
|-
| 1
| '''[[Amritpal Singh]]'''
| [[File:Amritpal Singh.png|60px]]
|14 January 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|14 January 2025}}
|-
|''Acting''
| '''Tarsem Singh'''
| [[File:Tarsem Singh.jpg|50px]]
|14 January 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|14 January 2025}}

|}

===Other notable spokespeople===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; background-color:
|-
! style="background-color: {{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}};color:white"|Named
! style="background-color: {{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}};color:white"|Portrait
! style="background-color: {{Party color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}};color:white"|Description
|-
| '''Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa'''
|
| Member of Parliament from [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]
|-
| '''Imaan Singh Khara'''
|
| Chief Spokesperson of Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)
|-
| '''Balwinder Kaur Sandhu'''
|
| Mother of [[Amritpal Singh]], campaigner during [[2024 Indian general election in Punjab|2024 election]]
|-
| '''Mandeep Singh Sidhu'''
|
| Lawyer, younger brother of [[Deep Sidhu]]
|-
| '''Lakhvir Singh Sidhana'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakha Sidhana joins Akali Dal (WPD) |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/lakha-sidhana-joins-akali-dal-wpd-10474475/ |website= Indian Express |date=15 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
|
| Social activist, pro-[[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers]] activist
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
{{Indian political parties}}
{{Sikh politics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Political parties in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sikh political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement]]

May I Come In Madam? season 1

2026-02-26T17:16:24Z

MerleGrier1601: New

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language sitcom TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = yellow
| season_number = 1
| image = May I Come In Madam? (season 1).jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| starring = {{ubl|Sandeep Anand|[[Neha Pendse]]|Sapna Sikarwar}}
| num_episodes = 385
| network = [[Life OK]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|03|07|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2017|08|25|df=y}}
}}

The first season of the Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[comedy drama]] television sitcom ''[[May I Come In Madam?]]'' aired on [[Life OK]] from 7 March 2016 to 25 August 2017. Produced by Binaifer S Kohli and Sanjay R Kohli under ''Edit ll production'', it stars [[Neha Pendse]], Sandeep Anand and Sapna Sikarwar.

==Plot==
A young man, Sajan Agarwal, is dejected after being constantly henpecked by his wife. However, he is smitten by his good-looking boss Sanjana and seeks her attention. Sajan Agarwal is also mentally tortured by his mother-in-law Ramvati and brother-in-law Bhupesh. Slowly, Sajan falls in Love with Sanjana and his friend Khiloni knows it. The series portrays Sajan is stuck between His Office love and wife.

==Cast==
* [[Sandeep Anand]] as Sajan Agarwal aka Sanju - Ramvati's son-in-law, Kashmira's husband, Bhupesh's brother-in-law, Khiloni's friend, Sanjana's employee.
* [[Neha Pendse]] as Sanjana Hiteshi (Madam) - Chedilal's daughter, Sajan's boss
* Sapna Sikarwar as Kashmira Agarwal and the deceased grandmother - Ramvati's daughter, Bhupesh's Sister, Sajan's wife
* Soma Rathod as Ramvati - Kashmira and Bhupesh's mother, Sajan's mother-in-law.
* [[Anup Upadhyay]] as Mr. Chedilal Hiteshi - The chairman of Use Me Advertising and Peon Chedi without glasses; Sanjana's father
* [[Melissa Pais]] as TV Program Presenter Kaamini
* Deepesh Bhan as Bhupesh - Ramvati's son, Kashmira's brother; Sajan's brother-in-law
* Vaibhav Mathur as Rajkishore - Sajan's neighbour
* Feroz (actor) as Vegetable Seller
* Saheb Das Manikpuri as Khiloni - Sajan's best friend
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Boby Aggarwal - Sajan's uncle

==Production==
In January and April 2017, the set caught fire, in both cases following explosions in high-intensity lights. The producers stated in press releases that no one had been injured.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Zainab Mulla |title=FIRE on the sets of Life OK show May I Come In Madam? halts shoot for hours! (View picture)|url=https://www.india.com/viral/fire-on-the-sets-of-life-ok-show-may-i-come-in-madam-halts-shoot-for-hours-view-picture-1988213/|access-date=26 October 2020 |date=4 April 2017 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|title=May I Come In Madam? set catches fire|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/soaps/story/may-i-come-in-madam-set-catches-fire-nehha-pendse-sandeep-anand-lifetv-954388-2017-01-11 |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=26 October 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
By October 2016, after six months of broadcast, the series was one of the top-running shows on [[Life Ok]] and had a [[Target rating point|TRP]] of 0.9.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 September 2016|title=Why is 'May I Come In, Madam?' actor Sandeep Anand is in a dilemma|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/may-i-come-in-madam-tv-actor-sandeep-anand-bollywood-offer/17616151|access-date=26 October 2020|work=mid-day|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of Hindi comedy shows]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/may-i-come-in-madam/7662 View Episodes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011318/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/may-i-come-in-madam/7662 |date=22 January 2021 }} on [[hotstar]]

{{Life OK Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2016 Indian television seasons]]

Gwalior gharana

2026-02-25T11:22:34Z

MerleGrier1601: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Genre in Hindustani classical music}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2010}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{promo|date=November 2025}}
The '''Gwalior Gharana''' ('''Gwalior School of Classical Music''') is the oldest and most influential [[Khyal]] [[Gharana]] in [[Hindustani classical music|Indian Classical Music]] worldwide. The Gwalior Gharana is known as the "Gangotri" (origin) of Khyal raga and is considered the most ancient school of Hindustani classical music. Other gharanas follow the lineage of the Gwalior Gharana.

The rise of the Gwalior Gharana started in the 16th century with the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] (1542–1605).

The famous singers of this patron of the arts were [[Tansen]] and [[Baiju Bawra]]. [[Miyan Tansen]], who was the most famous vocalist at the court of [[Akbar]], came from the historic city of [[Gwalior]].

==History==
The Gwalior Gharana evolved during the time of the [[Mughal Empire]] (1526CE {{ndash}} 1857 CE). Among the early masters (''ustad'') were Naththan Khan, Naththan Pir Bakhsh and his grandsons Haddu, Hassu and Natthu Khan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mukherji|first1=Kumar Prasad|title=The Lost World of Hindustani Music|date=2006|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-14-306199-1|page=57|edition=2006}}</ref> The head musician in the imperial court was Bade Mohammad Khan, who was famous for his ''taan bazi'' style.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} Both Bade Mohammad Khan and Naththan Pir Bakhsh belonged to the same tradition of Shahi Sadarang (also known as Nemat Khan, [[dhrupad]] singer and [[veena]] player in the court of [[Mohammad Shah]] (1702 CE {{ndash}} 1748 CE).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Kuldeep|title=Exploring the syntax of syncretism|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/Exploring-the-syntax-of-syncretism/article15549440.ece|website=The Hindu|date=14 October 2016|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

Hassu Khan (died 1859 CE) and Haddu Khan (died 1875 CE) continued to develop the Gwalior style of singing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hassu Khan Haddu Khan|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095914728|website=Oxford Index|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> Haddu Khan's son [[Ustad Bade Inayat Hussain Khan]] (1852 {{ndash}} 1922) was also a singer but his style departed from the methodical Gwalior style.

Among the brothers' students were Vasudeva Buwa Joshi (died 1890), who became a teacher; and Ramkrishna Deva, who became a musician in [[Dhar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wade |first1=B. C. |title=Khyal: Creativity Within North India's Classical Music Tradition |date=1984 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=9780521256599 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiE9AAAAIAAJ&q=Vasudeva+Buwa+Joshi&pg=PA41 |access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> It was Ramkrishna Deva's student, [[Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar]] (1849 {{ndash}} 1926) who brought the Gwaliori ''gaeki'' (singing style) to [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gazetteer of India vol 2|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123022659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wumhDQAAQBAJ&q=Balakrishnabuwa+Ichalkaranjikar}}</ref>

Another prominent disciple of the duo was a [[Islamism|Muslim]] dhrupad and dhamar singer from [[Amritsar]], Miyan Banney Khan. He introduced Khyal in [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] and then took a musical position at the court of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Khyal: Creativity Within North India's Classical Music Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiE9AAAAIAAJ |publisher=CUP Archive |date=1984 |isbn=9780521256599 |first=B. C. |last=Wade}}{{page needed|date=November 2024}}</ref> Miyan Banney Khan's pupils included his cousin, Amir Khan (also known as "Meeran Bukhsh Khan"), Gamman Khan, Bhai Atta Muhammad, Ali Baksh Khan(father of [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan|Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]]), Kale Khan, Mian Qadir(sarangi), Bhai Wadhawa, Bhai Wasawa, Baba Rehman Baksh.

These disciples started their own gharanas and their descendants are still highly regarded Hindustani musicians of the subcontinent. Amir Khan also shared Miyan Banney khan's cheejs with the pupils of Balkrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar when he stayed in Miraj for sometime. However, his disciples included among others his four sons. One of the sons, Pyare Khan, became a professional musician.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ranade|first1=A. D.|title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries|date=2006|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=9788185002644|page=207}}</ref> Another son, Baba Sindhe Khan (1885 {{ndash}} 18 June 1950) became a music teacher and trained pupils such as the educator [[B. R. Deodhar]] (1901 {{ndash}} 1990); the singer [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] (1902 {{ndash}} 1968),<ref name=SRA>{{Cite web|title =Gwalior gharana |url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_gharana/gharana.asp?gharanaid=1|website =ITC Sangeet Research Academy website|archive-date=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523232059/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_gharana/gharana.asp?gharanaid=1|access-date =2023-12-29}}</ref> and [[Farida Khanum|Farida Khanam]] (born 1935).

On 19 August 1922, Pyare Khan performed at the second annual celebration of the [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919|independence of Afghanistan]]. He became a mentor to a singer from [[Afghanistan]], also performing at the celebration. This was the singer, Qasim Afghan ("Qasimju") (born 1878, [[Kabul]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Afghanistan Ustad Qasim Afghan|url = http://www.afghanland.com/entertainment/music/qasim.html|website = www.afghanland.com|access-date = 2016-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704111747/http://www.afghanland.com/entertainment/music/qasim.html|archive-date=2017-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pyare Khan also remained a musician at the court of Maharajadhiraj Maharawal (Sir Jawahir Singh) of [[History of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]] (1914 {{ndash}} 1949). He was also a teacher of Seth Vishandas of Hyderabad in Sindh near [[Karachi]] and Mahant Girdharidas of Bhuman Shah, Punjab.

Mian Pyare Khan's sons were Ustad Umeed Ali Khan (1910 {{ndash}} 1979) and Ustad Ghulam Rasool Khan. They became respected classical vocalists of their times.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ummeed Ali Khan|url = http://www.parrikar.org/vpl/?page_id=487|website = Vijaya Parrikar Library of Indian Classical Music|access-date = 2016-01-06}}</ref> Ustad Ghulam Rasool Khan had two sons, Ustad Hameed Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Oriental Traditional Music from LPs & Cassettes: Hameed Ali Khan & Fateh Ali Khan (Gwalior Gharana) - Vol. 2 - Lok Virsa CL-0023 (1987)|url = http://oriental-traditional-music.blogspot.com/2011/06/hameed-ali-khan-fateh-ali-khan-gwalior.html|website = Oriental Traditional Music from LPs & Cassettes|date = 2011-06-12|access-date = 2016-01-06}}</ref> Ustad Fateh Ali Khan's son is Izat Fateh Ali Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Shazia |date=2023-03-06 |title=Soulful music tugs at the audience's heartstrings |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1740620 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

[[Krishnarao Shankar Pandit]] (1893 {{ndash}} 1989) was a musician of the Gwalior gharana heritage. His father, Shankarrao Pandit was a student of Haddu Khan, Nathu Khan and [[Nissar Hussain Khan]], Nathu Khan's son. Krishnarao Shankar Pandit practiced [[Khayal]], [[Tappa]] and [[Tarana]] singing as well as layakari.

In 1914, Krishnarao Shankar Pandit opened a school in Gwalior, the Shankar Gandharva Mahavidyalaya. In 1921, he was awarded the title ''Gayak Shiromani'' at the All India Congress. Pandit became the court musician to [[Madhavrao Scindia]] of Gwalior; the State Musician of Maharashtra, an emeritus professor at Madhav Music College, Gwalior and an emeritus producer at [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]]. For his contribution to the world of classical music, he received awards including the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1973 and the [[Tansen Samaroh#Tansen Samman|Tansen Award]] in 1980.

The students of Krishnarao Shankar Pandit included his son, Laxman Krishnarao Pandit, Sharadchandra Arolkar, Balasaheb Poochwale, and his granddaughter [[Meeta Pandit]].

==Pedagogical genealogy==
The following map is based on accounts that Makkan Khan and Shakkar Khan were not related.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Te Nijenhuis |first1=Emmie |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |date=1974 |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Belgium |isbn=90-04-03978-3}}</ref> These accounts are supported by research indicating that Makkan Khan's descendants were [[dhrupad]]iyas and Shakkar Khan's descendants were [[khayal]]iyas, thus reflecting different genealogies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadkarni |first1=Mohan |title=The Great Masters: profiles in Hindustani classical vocal music |date=1999 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |location=India |page=38}}</ref>

===Ancestral pedagogy===
{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:70%;line-height:100%;}}
{{tree chart| | | | |LUCKN|LUCKN=[[Lucknow Gharana|''Lucknow Gharana Guru Parampara'']]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | |GULAM|GULAM=[[Gulam Rasool|Ghulam Rasool]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | |MAKKA|MAKKA=[[Makkhan Khan|Makkhan Khan]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | |PIRBU|PIRBU=[[Nathan Pir Baksh|'''Nathan Peer Baksh''' (progenitor)]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| |!| | |QADAR|QADAR=[[Kadar Baksh|Kadar Baksh Khan]]}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart|KHUDA| | |!| | |NATTH| | | | | | | |HADDU| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |HASSU| | | | | | |MASID|HASSU=[[Hassu Khan|'''Hassu Khan''' (founder)]]
|NATTH='''[[Natthu Khan]]'''
|HADDU=[[Haddu Khan|'''Haddu Khan''' (founder)]]
|KHUDA=[[Ghagge Khuda Baksh|Ghagge Khuda Baksh]]
|MASID=Masid Khan ''(wrestler)''}}
{{tree chart| |)|-|-|.|!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|^|-|v|-|-|.| | | |!| | |}}
{{tree chart|AGRAG| |`|(| | | |!| |,|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|.| | |!| | |!| |GULEI| | |!| | |AGRAG=[[Agra Gharana|''Agra Gharana Parampara'']]
|GULEI=Gule Imam Khan}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |!| | | |)|-|'|!| | |!| | |!| | |!| | | | | |!| | |!| | |!| | |!| | |!| | |!| | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |!| | | |!| |VISHN| |!| | |!| |BANNE| | | | |!| | |!| | |!| |CHOTE|VASUD|DEVJI| |!| | |JILAY| | |VISHN=[[Vishnupant Moreshwar Chatre|Vishnupant Chattre]]
|DEVJI=[[Ramkrishnadev Paranjpe|Ramkrishnadev Paranjpe "Devjibuwa"]]
|VASUD=[[Vasudev Joshi|Vasudevbuwa Joshi "Joshibuwa"]]
|BANNE=[[Banne Khan|Banne Khan]]
|CHOTE=[[Chhote Mohammed Khan|'''Chhote Mohammed Khan''']]
|JILAY=Jilaye Khan ''(daughter)''}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | |!| | |!| | | | | |!| | |!| | |)|-|-|^|-|.|!| | |!| |MEHEN| | |!| | |
|MEHEN=Mehendi Hussain Khan}}
{{tree chart| |:| | |FAIZM| |NISSA| | | |RAHIM|INAYA| |!| | | | | |!| |INAYH|GHAGG| | | |!|!| | |!| | | | | | |!| | |NISSA=[[Bade Nissar Hussain Khan|'''Bade Nissar Hussain Khan''']]
|FAIZM=[[Faiz Mohammed Khan|Faiz Mohammed Khan]]
|RAHIM=[[Rahimat Khan (singer)|'''Rahimat Khan "Bhu Gandharva"''']]
|INAYA=[[Ustad Bade Inayat Hussain Khan|Bade Inayat Hussain Khan]]
|INAYH=[[Inayat Hussain Khan|Inayat Hussain Khan]]
|GHAGG=[[Ghagge Nazir Khan|Ghagge Nazir Khan]]}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | |!| | | | | |!| | |!| | |!| | | | |`|^|v|-|'| | | | | | |!| |}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| |AMIRK| | | |ALIFA|RAMPU|MEWAT| | | | |BALKR| | | | | | | |!| |BALKR=[[Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar|Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar]]
|ALIFA=[[Patiala Gharana|Ali Baksh & Fateh Ali Khan "Aliya-Fatu"]]
|RAMPU=[[Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana|''Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana Parampara'']]
|MEWAT=[[Mewati Gharana|''Mewati Gharana Parampara'']]
|AMIRK=[[Amir Khan (Gwalior singer)|Meeran Baksh "Amir" Khan]]}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |!| |,|-|+|-|-|.| | | | | |!| | |!| |,|-|-|-|(| | |:| | |:| | |,|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|.| | | | |!| |}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |!| |!|SHANK|EKNAT| | | | |!| | |!| |!| | |PATIA| |:| | |:| | |!| |!| |!| |!| |!| | | | |!| |SHANK=[[Shankar Pandit|Shankar Pandit]]
|PATIA=[[Patiala Gharana|''Patiala Gharana Parampara'']]
|EKNAT=[[Eknath Pandit|Eknath "Mao" Pandit]]}}
{{tree chart| |:| | |BHASK|)|-|+|-|-|.| | | | |QURBA| |)|-|^|.| | |:| | |:| | |:| |VISHN|!|ANANT|!|NILKA| | |ABDUL|NILKA=[[Nilkanthbuwa Alurmath|Nilkanthbuwa Jangam Alurmath]]
|BHASK=[[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale|Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale "Dev Gandharva"]]
|VISHN=[[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar|Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]]
|QURBA=[[Qurban Hussain Khan|Qurban Hussain Khan]]
|ANANT=[[Anant Manohar Joshi|Anant Manohar Joshi]]
|ABDUL=[[Abdul Karim Khan|Abdul Karim Khan]]}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |:| |!|RAJAB| |!| | | | | |:| |PYARE| |!| | |:| | |:| | |:| | |:|GANPA|:|MIRAS|:| | | | |!| |RAJAB=[[Raja Bhaiya Poonchwale|Raja Bhaiya Poonchwale]]
|GANPA=[[Ganpati Ichalkaranjikar|Ganpatibuwa Ichalkaranjikar]]
|PYARE=[[Pyare Khan|Pyare Khan]]
|MIRAS=[[Mirashi Buwa|Yashwant Sadashiv Mirashibuwa]]}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |:|RAMKR|:| |KRISH| | | | |:| | | | |SINDH| |:| | |:| | |:| | |:| |:| |:| |:| |:| | | |KIRAN|KRISH=[[Krishnarao Shankar Pandit|Krishnarao Shankar Pandit]]
|RAMKR=[[Ramkrishnabuwa Vaze|Ramkrishnabuwa Vaze]]
|SINDH=[[Sindhe Khan|"Baba" Sindhe Khan]]
|KIRAN=[[Kirana Gharana|''Kirana Gharana Parampara'']]}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | |:| |:| |:| | |:| | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |:| | |:| | |:| | |:| |:| |:| |:| |:| |:| | |:|}}
{{tree chart/end}}

=== Recent pedagogy ===

==Style==
===Ashtanga Gayaki===
This gharana is known for adhering to what is described as the "ashtangi gayaki," a systematic aesthetic framework of eight elements to approach [[singing|vocalization]]. The eight elements of ashtanga gayaki include:
* [[Alap]] (includes bol alap)
* Behlava (includes layakari)
* [[Taan]] (includes bol taan)
* Kampan
* [[Meend]]
* [[Gamaka (music)|Gamaka]]
* Khatka
* [[Murki]]

Each body has distinct subvarieties, but meend and behlava are considered the most important.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sangit Mahabharati |title=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983}}</ref>

===Aesthetics===
This gharana is known for its commitment to simplicity. Often, musicians of this tradition opt for siddha and well-known ragas rather than aprachalita and obscure ones.

====Format====
Musicians of this tradition opt for taans that are sapaat (straight) rather than vakra (zig-zag). This tradition emphasizes vistara (melodic expansion) and [[Alankāra|alankara]] (melodic ornamentation) to develop the raga presentation.

====Tempo====
This tradition does not employ the extra slow tempo alap that other traditions (like [[Kirana gharana|Kirana]]) are known for.

Vilambit khayals are still rendered relatively briskly, rarely below 30 bpm. For Gwalior khayaliyas, the [[bandish]] (composition) is key as it provides the melody of the raga and indications on its performance. While doing bol-baant (rhythmic play using the words of the bandish) the Gwalior style uses all the words of sthayi or antara in proper sequence, without disturbing their meaning.

The behlava is a medium tempo rendition of the notes which follows the pattern of the [[Arohana|aroha]] (ascent) and the [[avaroha]](descent) of the raga. The behlava is divided into the asthayi (notes from Ma to Sa) and the antara (noted from Ma, Pa, or Dha to Pa of the higher register). The asthayi section is sung twice before the antara. Then follows a swar-vistara in a medium tempo using heavy meends (glides) and taans. The dugun-ka-alap follows in which groups of two or four note combinations are sung in quicker succession while the basic tempo remains the same. The bol-alap is the next part where the words of the text are sung in different ways. Then there is in faster tempo the [[murki]] where notes are sung with ornamentation. The bol-taans have melodic sequences set to the words of the bandish. The other taans, including the gamak, follow.

The sapat taan is important to the Gwalior style. It is the singing of notes in a straight sequence and at a [[vilambit]] pace. Both dhrupad and [[khayal]] singing evolved in Gwalior and there are many overlaps. In the khyal style there is one form, Mundi Dhrupad, that incorporates all the features of dhrupad singing but without the Mukhda.

==Exponents==
<gallery mode="">
File:Vishnu_Digambar_Paluskar.jpg|[[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]] (1872 {{ndash}} 1931) founded the [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya|Gandharva school]] in 1901.
File:Gururao_Deshpande_1.jpg|[[Gururao Deshpande]] - (1889 {{ndash}} 1982)

</gallery>

===19th Century and Earlier===
* Babasaheb Dixit, disciple of Hassu Khan.
* [[Vishnupant Moreshwar Chatre|Vishnupant Chattre]] (1840 {{ndash}} 1905), disciple of Haddu Khan.
* [[Ghagge Nazir Khan]] (c. 1850 {{ndash}} c. 1920), [[Qawwal Bacchon gharana|Qawwal Bacchon]] who learned from Chote Mohammed Khan and co-founded the [[Mewati Gharana]].
* Faiz Mohammed Khan (d. 1920), disciple of Kadar Khan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Lakshman Dattatray |title=Sangeetshastrakar va Kalavant Yancha Itihas |date=1935 |publisher=Aryabhushan Press |location=Pune |pages=108–109}}</ref>
* [[Ustad Bade Inayat Hussain Khan|Bade Inayat Hussain Khan]] (1840 {{ndash}} 1923), son of Ustad Haddu Khan Saheb
* [[Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar]] (1849 {{ndash}} 1926), disciple of Vasudevbuwa Joshi, Devjibuwa, and Chote Mohammed Khan.
* [[Bhaiyya Ganpatrao|Bhaiyyasaheb Ganpatrao]] (1852 {{ndash}} 1920), disciple of Bande Ali Khan and [[Inayat Hussain Khan]].
* [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]] (1872 {{ndash}} 1931), disciple of Balkrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar.
* Vishnu Keshav Utturkar (c. 1880 {{ndash}} c. 1940), disciple of Neelkanthbuwa Alurmath.

===20th Century===
* [[Ramkrishnabuwa Vaze]] (1871 {{ndash}} 1945), disciple of Bade Nissar Hussain Khan.
* [[Anant Manohar Joshi]] (1881 {{ndash}} 1967), disciple of Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar, received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1955).
* [[Raja Bhaiya Poonchwale]] (1882 {{ndash}} 1956), disciple of [[Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/music-from-the-school/article4560143.ece | title=Music from the 'school' | date=29 March 2013 | access-date=19 October 2014 | author=Kumr, Ranee}}</ref>
* [[Mirashi Buwa|Yashwant Sadashiv Mirashibuwa]] (1883 {{ndash}} 1966), disciple of Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar.
* [[Krishnarao Shankar Pandit]] (1894 {{ndash}} 1989),<ref name=SRA/> disciple of Shankar Pandit
* Sharadchandra Arolkar (1912 {{ndash}} 1994), disciple of Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, Eknath Pandit and Krishnarao Mule (Beenkar)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mohannadkarni.org/impassioned-recital-by-arolkar/ | title=Impassioned recital by Arolkar | the writings of Mohan Nadkarni }}</ref>
* [[Omkarnath Thakur]] (1897 {{ndash}} 1967), disciple of Vishnu Digambar Paluskar.
* [[Bhai Lal Mohammad|Lal Mohammad Khan]] (d. 1962), son and disciple of Ata Muhammad Khan.
* [[Vinayakrao Patwardhan]] (1898 {{ndash}} 1975), disciple of Vishnu Digambar Paluskar and Ramkrishnabuwa Vaze, awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] (1972).
* Rajarambuwa Paradkar (1899 {{ndash}} 1975), disciple of Yashwantrao Mirashibuwa.
* [[B. R. Deodhar]] (1901 {{ndash}} 1990), disciple of Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar, Vishnu Digambar Paluskar, Abdul Karim Khan, and Vinayakrao Patwardhan, received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (1964) and [[Padma Shri]] (1976).
* Shankarrao Sapre, disciple of Vishnu Digambar Paluskar who founded Shriram Sangeet Vidyalaya at [[Nagpur]] in 1926.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deodhar |first1=B. R. |title=Gayanacharya Pandit Vishnu Digambar |pages=104–105}}{{full citation needed|date=November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakhle |first1=Janaki |title=Two Men and Music: Nationalism in the Making of an Indian Classical Tradition |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195166101 |page=297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/mahal-once-the-citadel-of-musicians-now-strums-broken-notes/articleshow/58084268.cms |title=Mahal, once the citadel of musicians, now strums broken notes |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/sahitya-akademi-broadcasts-recitation-of-sant-singaji-verses-under----gamak---.html|title=Sahitya Akademi broadcasts recitation of Sant Singaji verses under 'Gamak'}}</ref>
* [[Deenanath Mangeshkar]] (1900 {{ndash}} 1942), disciple of Ramkrishnabuwa Vaze.
* [[Qurban Hussain Khan]] (1901 {{ndash}} 1970), son and disciple of Bade Inayat Hussain Khan.
* [[Narayanrao Vyas]] (1902 {{ndash}} 1984), disciple of Vishnu Digambar Paluskar, received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1976).
* [[Balwantrai Bhatt]] (1921 {{ndash}} 2016), disciple of Omkarnath Thakur.
* [[D. V. Paluskar|Dattatreya Vishnu Paluskar]] (1921 {{ndash}} 1955), son of Vishnu Digambar Paluskar who learned from Mirashibuwa, Narayanrao Vyas, and Vinayakrao Patwardhan.
* [[Manzoor Ali Khan]] (1922 {{ndash}} 1980), son and disciple of Jamalo Khan who also learned from Seendo Khan.
* [[Kumar Gandharva]] (1924 {{ndash}} 1992), disciple of B. R. Deodhar.
* [[Gajananrao Joshi|Gajananbuwa Joshi]] (1911 {{ndash}} 1987), son and disciple of Anant Manohar Joshi. Also learned from [[Vilayat Hussain Khan]] of [[Agra gharana]] and [[Bhurji Khan]] of [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana]].
* [[Vinayakbuva Utturkar]] (Joshi) (1914 {{ndash}} 1989), disciple of father Vishnu Utturkar and Yashwantrao Mirashibuwa.
* [[Ghulam Hassan Shaggan]] (1928 {{ndash}} 2015), disciple of Bhai Lal Muhammad.
* [[Vasundhara Komkali]] (1931 {{ndash}} 2015), wife and disciple of Kumar Gandharva.
* [[Narayanrao Bodas]] (1933 {{ndash}} 2017), son and disciple of Laxmanrao Bodas. Also learned from Pralhad Ganu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pandit-narayanrao-bodas-no-more/article21011681.ece|title = Pandit Narayanrao Bodas no more|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 27 November 2017|last1 = Banerjee|first1 = Shoumojit}}</ref>
* [[Sunanda Patnaik]] (1934 {{ndash}} 2020), disciple of Vinayakrao Patwardhan.
* [[Ashok Ranade]] (1937 {{ndash}} 2011), disciple of B. R. Deodhar, Gajananrao Joshi, and Laxman Bodas. Also learned from [[Pralhad Ganu]] of [[Agra gharana]].
* [[Malini Rajurkar]] (1941 {{ndash}} 2023), disciple of Govindrao Rajurkar, awarded [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] award.
* [[Veena Sahasrabuddhe]] (1948 {{ndash}} 2016), daughter and disciple of Shankar Bodas, also learned from elder brother Kashinath, [[Gajananrao Joshi]], [[Balwantrai Bhatt]].
* [[Kedar Bodas]] (b. c. 1963 {{ndash}} 2023), son and disciple of [[Narayanrao Bodas]]. Also learned from [[Ashok Ranade]].

===Contemporary artists===
* Shankar Abhyankar (b. 1934), disciple of Narayanrao Vyas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100459372|title=Shankar Abhyankar}}</ref>
* Laxman Krishnarao Pandit (b. 1934), son and disciple of Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, awarded [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] and Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship- [[Tagore Ratna and Tagore Puraskar|Tagore Ratna.]]
* [https://www.sharadsathe.com/ Sharad Sathe] (1932 - 2019), disciple of DV Paluskar, BR Deodhar and Sharadchandra Arolkar.
* [[Neela Bhagwat]] (b. 1942), disciple of Sharadchandra Arolkar and Jal Balporia.
* [[Iqbal Hussain Khan Bandanawazi|Iqbal Hussain Khan]] (1942 {{ndash}} 2010), son and disciple of Qurban Hussain Khan.
* [[Arun Kashalkar]] (b. 1943), disciple of [[Gajananrao Joshi]]. Also learned from [[Ram Marathe]], D. V. Panke, Rajabhau Kogje, and [[Babanrao Haldankar]].
* [[Vidyadhar Vyas]] (b. 1944), son and disciple of Narayanrao Vyas.
* [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan|Fateh Ali Khan]] (b. 1948), son and disciple of Ghulam Rasool Khan.
* [[Vikas Kashalkar]] (b. 1950), disciple of [[Gajananrao Joshi]].
* [[Ulhas Kashalkar]] (b. 1955), disciple of [[Gajananrao Joshi]]. Also learned from [[Ram Marathe]] of [[Agra gharana]].
* [[Meeta Pandit]] (b. 1974), daughter and disciple of Laxman Krishnarao Pandit. Also learned from grandfather, Krishnarao Shankar Pandit.
* [[Shashwati Mandal]] (b. 1973), disciple of Balasaheb Poonchwale.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-eternal-note/article3966369.ece | title=The eternal note | date=5 October 2012 | agency=The Hindu | access-date=7 October 2014 | author=Sarvamangala, C.S.}}</ref>
* [[Manjusha Kulkarni-Patil]] (b. 1971), disciple of D. V. Kanebuwa and Ulhas Kashalkar.
* [[Apoorva Gokhale]] (b. 1973), disciple of grandfather Gajananrao Joshi, uncles Madhukar Joshi and Manohar Joshi, as well as Sucheta Bidkar and Arun Kashalkar. Also learned from [[Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande]].
* [[Pallavi Joshi]] (b. 1980), disciple of grandfather Gajananrao Joshi, uncle Madhukar Joshi, father Manohar Joshi, Sucheta Bidkar, and Arun Kashalkar.
* [[Ateeq Hussain Khan]] (b. 1980), son and disciple of Iqbal Hussain Khan.
* [[Izat Fateh Ali Khan]], son of Fateh Ali Khan.
* Muslim Shaggan, grandson of [[Ghulam Hassan Shaggan]]. <ref>{{cite news | title=Muslim Shaggan - Asar| date=20 February 2025| url=https://culturedarm.com/muslim-shaggan-asar/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gwalior Gharana}}
[[Category:Gwalior gharana| ]]
[[Category:Gwalior culture]]
[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Music schools in India]]

Sports in Odisha

2026-02-22T18:24:12Z

MerleGrier1601: starting!

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Mascot Olly.jpg|thumb|265px|Olly: Mascot for Sporting Events in Odisha]]
Sports is an important part of the [[culture]] of [[Odisha]] and plays a key role in development of the state. [[Field hockey]], [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[association football]], [[cricket]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[rugby union]] and [[rugby sevens]] are among the most popular sports in the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]]. Odisha is also referred to as the '''Sports Capital''' of India,<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha: The sports capital of India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/odisha-the-sports-capital-of-india-101676101923725.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=12 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/Odisha-Has-Emerged-As-A-Major-Sports-Hub-In-India.pdf|title=Odisha has emerged as a major Sports Hub in India|publisher=Odisha Sports Department}}</ref> due to the extensive development of a robust sports ecosystem, infrastructure and hosting of major domestic and international sporting events.<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha could be India's sports capital in the making|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/odisha-could-be-indias-sports-capital-in-the-making-1.1692090357747|publisher=Gulf News|date=15 August 2023}}</ref> The [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] and the [[Barabati Stadium]] in [[Cuttack]] are among the major stadiums in the state.

==Field hockey==
[[File:Trophy of Men's hockey world cup.jpg|thumb|Odisha's Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] Unveiling the Trophy of the [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final]]]]
Field hockey is the most popular sport in the state. In a first-of-its-kind association, the [[Government of Odisha]], has become the first state government in India to sponsor a national team. In early 2018, the government launched its sporting logo, signing a five-year sponsorship agreement with [[Hockey India]], replacing the former sponsors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/odisha-government-replace-sahara-as-indian-hockey-team-sponsors-5065882/|title=Odisha govt replace Sahara as Indian hockey team sponsors|date=16 February 2018 |access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref> [[Odisha field hockey team]] has been providing [[India]], with some extremely talented players, who eventually are called up for the national teams, i.e. [[India men's national field hockey team]] and [[India women's national field hockey team]].

The 35th edition of the [[Hockey Champions Trophy]] i.e. [[2014 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy]] was held between {{nowrap|6–14 December 2014}} in [[Bhubaneswar]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Bhubaneswar-not-Delhi-to-host-2014-Mens-Champions-Trophy/articleshow/27482140.cms|title=Bhubaneswar, not Delhi to host 2014 Men's Champions Trophy|date=2013-12-16|access-date=2013-03-03|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

The 3rd and the last edition of the [[FIH Hockey World League]], i.e. the qualification stage for the [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup]], was held in [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]

The 14th edition of the [[Hockey World Cup]] i.e. [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup]], was held from 28 November to 16 December 2018, at the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]. [[Belgium men's national field hockey team|Belgium]] turned out to be the champions after defeating [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] in the [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup Final|Final]] on 16 December 2018.

In 2019, the Government of Odisha, Tata Steel & Tata Trusts (Hockey Ace foundation) joined hands to launch [[Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre]] to train and prepare the next generation of hockey talent in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/naval-tata-hockey-academy-inaugurated-in-odisha-capital/ |title=Naval Tata Hockey Academy Inaugurated In Odisha Capital |website=Kalinga TV |date=13 August 2019 |access-date= August 13, 2019}}</ref>

===Internationals===
;''Not an exhaustive list.''
;''Represented in major global and continental competitions.''

{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
'''Men'''
* [[Dilip Tirkey]]
* [[Lazarus Barla]]
* [[Ignace Tirkey]]
* [[William Xalco]]
* [[Prabodh Tirkey]]
* Sunil Ekka
* [[Roshan Minz]]
* Bikash Toppo
* Samir Baxla
* Belsajar Horo
* Innocent Kullu
* Manjit Kullu
* [[Birendra Lakra]]
* [[Amit Rohidas]]
* Sushant Tirkey
{{col-4}}
 
* [[Dipsan Tirkey]]
* [[Nilam Sanjeep Xess]]
* [[Shilanand Lakra]]
* Ashis Kumar Topno
* Abhisek Lakra
* Amandeep Lakra
* Rosan Kujur
{{col-3}}

'''Women'''
* Gloria Dung Dung
* [[Jyoti Sunita Kullu]]
* Mukta Xalxo
* Paulina Surin
* Agnecia Lugun
* Annarita Kerketta
* [[Subhadra Pradhan]]
* [[Binita Toppo]]
* Sarita Lakra
* Anjana Barla
* Nilima Kujur
* Binita Xess
* Mukta Prava Barla
* Poonam Toppo
* Roselin Dung Dung
{{col-4}}
 
* Sulochana Kishan
* [[Deep Grace Ekka]]
* [[Anupa Barla]]
* [[Sunita Lakra]]
* [[Namita Toppo]]
* [[Lilima Minz]]
* [[Rashmita Minz]]
* [[Punam Barla]]
* [[Mariana Kujur]]
* [[Jyoti Chhatri]]
* [[Sunelita Toppo]]
{{col-end}}

==Athletics==
[[Sport of athletics]] is another major sport in the state. Odisha has been producing some of the India's finest athletes who dominate in national and international sporting events. The 22nd edition of the [[Asian Athletics Championships]] i.e. [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]], was held from 6 to 9 July 2017 at the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. Around 560 athletes from 41 countries attended the international event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianathletics.in/press-release/22nd-asian-athletics-championships-2017|title=22nd AAC 2017 - Bhubaneswar|date=18 April 2017 |access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/features/39-22nd-asian-athletics-championship-2017|title=22nd Asian Athletics Championship 2017|publisher=Asian Athletics Championship|access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref>

==Football==

[[Association football]] is also an uprising, popular sport in [[Odisha]]. [[Football Association of Odisha]] (FAO) is the administrating governing body for [[association football|football]] in [[Odisha]]. In women's football particularly, the [[Odisha women's football team]] has dominated at national levels. They have a team [[Odisha FC]] that plays and compete with others in [[Indian Super League|ISL]]. Odisha FC also has a [[Odisha FC Women|women's team]] that plays in the [[Indian Women's League]]. A club called [[Sports Odisha]] also participates in this league, as well as the Indian men's fourth division of football, [[I-League 3]]. A club known as [[Samaleswari SC]] also used to play in the [[I-League 2|I-League Second Division]], which was then the second tier in Indian Football.

===Internationals===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
'''Men'''
* [[A. M. Bachan]] (1951)
* [[Golak Samal]] (1955)
* [[Deba Singh]] (1967–1968)
* [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (footballer)|R. P. Singh]] (2000–2002)
{{col-3}}

'''Women'''
* [[Sradhanjali Samantaray]] (1997–2007)
* Ranjita Mohanty (1999–2007)
* [[Pinky Bompal Magar]] (2005–2013)
* Gitanjali Khuntia (2007)
* [[Sasmita Mallik]] (2007–2017)
* Prasanti Pradhan (2007)
* [[Alochana Senapati]] (2007–2012)
* Gayatri Mallick (2010)
* [[Supriya Routray]] (2010–2016)
* Sita Sharma (2010–2012)
* [[Suprava Samal]] (2010–2014)
{{col-3}}
 
* Rashmita Patra (2011)
* Lochana Munda (2011–2017)
* Swarnamayee Samal (2011)
* Bijayalaxmi Sahoo (2011)
* Tikina Samal (2013–2014)
* [[Manisa Panna]] (2015–)
* [[Pyari Xaxa]] (2015–)
* [[Jabamani Tudu]] (2016–)
* [[Juli Kishan]] (2022–)
* Manisha Naik (2025–)
* Malati Munda (2025–)
{{col-end}}

==Cricket==
[[Cricket]] is a popular sport in [[Odisha]] and is immensely popular among the masses of the state. It houses the [[Barabati Stadium]] at [[Cuttack]] which the home ground of the state cricket teams. The [[Odisha Cricket Association]] (OCA) is the administrating governing body for cricket in [[Odisha]]. In domestic cricket, the [[Odisha cricket team]] and [[Odisha women's cricket team]] competes at national levels.

===Internationals===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Men'''
* [[Debashish Mohanty]] (1997–2001)
* [[Sanjay Raul]] (1998)
* [[Shiv Sunder Das]] (2000–2002)
* [[Pragyan Ojha]] (2008–2013)
* [[Anshuman Rath]] (2014–, [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] international)
{{col-2}}

'''Women'''
* [[Madhuri Mehta]] (2012–2014)
* [[Rasanara Parwin]] (2012–2013)
* [[Swagatika Rath]] (2013)
* [[Sukanya Parida]] (2016)
{{col-end}}

==Weightlifting==
[[Weightlifting]] is a popular sport in [[Odisha]] and is immensely popular in the [[Ganjam district]], especially in the city of [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Champion weightlifter in dire straits|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/champion-weightlifter-in-dire-straits/article4053306.ece|website=The Hindu|date=1 November 2012|access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> The Odisha Weightlifting Association (OWA) is the administrating governing body for weightlifting in [[Odisha]].

==Volleyball==
[[Volleyball]] is a popular sport in [[Odisha]] and is popular in the coastal districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIVB Commits To Develop Grassroots Volleyball In Odisha With Bhubaneswar’s KIIT & KISS|url=https://odishabytes.com/fivb-commits-to-develop-grassroots-volleyball-in-odisha-with-bhubaneswars-kiit-kiss/|website=Odisha Bytes|date=30 April 2025}}</ref> The Odisha Volleyball Association (OVA) is the administrating governing body for volleyball in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volleyball to be made popular in every corner of Odisha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/volleyball-to-be-made-popular-in-every-corner-of-odisha-achyuta-samanta/articleshow/79343249.cms|website=The Times of India|date=21 November 2020}}</ref>

===Internationals===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Men'''
* Lotak Bindu Dash (1990)
* Mohammed Masiuz Zama (1990–1992)
* Rahul Barik (2023)
{{col-2}}

'''Women'''
* Jhililata Sena (2005–2009)
{{col-end}}

==Rugby==
Rugby is popular both in men and women categories in Odisha. The [[Odisha Rugby Football Association]] is the state's administrating body for [[rugby football]] in [[Odisha]]. The [[Odisha women's rugby union team]] and [[Odisha women's rugby sevens team]] have been dominating since the past decade having won nearly all competitions at national levels. On the other hand, [[Odisha rugby union team]] and [[Odisha rugby sevens team]] have also made odisha proud with their performance at national levels. Both men and women of [[Odisha]] have provided [[India]] some of its best players.
Odisha will be hosting the [[Asia Rugby Women's Championship]] from 26 to 28 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/capital-to-host-asia-u-18-rugby-tourney-221485|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623221843/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/capital-to-host-asia-u-18-rugby-tourney-221485|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 23, 2018|title=Capital to host Asia U-18 rugby tourney|access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref>

==High Performance Centres==

The Government of Odisha, in collaboration with various entities, have launched a few High Performance Centres at Kalinga Stadium in order to provide high-class training, facilities and infrastructure to the young sportsmen of Odisha. The list of HPCs is as follows:

* [[Abhinav Bindra]] Targeting Performance (ABTP)
* [[Dalmia Group|Dalmia Bharat]] Gopichand Badminton Academy
* [[JSW Steel Ltd|JSW]] Swimming HPC
* [[Khelo India]] State Centre of Excellence (KISCE) for Athletics, Hockey, and Weightlifting
* KJS Ahluwalia and Tenvic Sports HPC for Weightlifting
* [[Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre]] (ONTHHPC)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/naval-tata-hockey-academy-inaugurated-in-odisha-capital/ |title=Naval Tata Hockey Academy Inaugurated In Odisha Capital |website=Kalinga TV |date=13 August 2019 |access-date= August 13, 2019}}</ref>
* Odisha [[Aditya Vikram Birla|Aditya Birla]] and [[Gagan Narang]] Shooting HPC
* [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]] Foundation Odisha Athletics HPC
*[[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] Regional Badminton Academy<ref>{{Cite web|author=Minati Singha|date=May 15, 2017|title=Odisha-SAI Regional Badminton Academy inaugurated in Bhubaneswar {{!}} Bhubaneswar News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-sai-regional-badminton-academy-inaugurated-in-bhubaneswar/articleshow/58686446.cms|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] High Performance Centre<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Performance Centre deal a big boost for Odisha and AIFF {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-aiff-high-performance-centre-big-boost/1cwe57j3pqvvu14c7f7q7a8r0d|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>

==Events==
Odisha have been hosting various sporting events in the recent years.
===Athletics===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
|-
| [[Asian Athletics Championships]]
| [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017]]
| [[Athletics Federation of India]]
|}

===Badminton===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
|-
| [[2022 BWF World Tour|BWF World Tour]]
| [[2022 Odisha Open|2022]]
| [[Badminton Association of India]]
|}

=== Football ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| [[2019 Women's Gold Cup (India)|Women's Gold Cup]]
| [[2019 Women's Gold Cup (India)|2019]]
| [[All India Football Federation]] [[Football Association of Odisha]]
| 9–15 February 2019
|-
| [[FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]]
| [[2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2022]]
| [[All India Football Federation]] [[Football Association of Odisha]]
| 11–30 October 2022
|}

===Hockey===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
|-
| [[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]]
| [[2021 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2021]]
| [[Hockey India]]
|-
| [[Hockey World Cup]]
| [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup|2018]]
| [[Hockey India]]
|-
| [[FIH Hockey World League]]
| [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2017]]
| [[Hockey India]]
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy]]
| [[2014 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2014]]
| [[Hockey India]]
|}

===Rugby===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| Asia Rugby U18 Girls Rugby Sevens Championship
| 2018
| [[Rugby India]] [[Odisha Rugby Football Association]]
| 26–28 October 2018
|}

===Table Tennis===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| [[Commonwealth Table Tennis Championships]]
| 2019
| Odisha State Table Tennis Association
| 17–22 July 2019
|}

===Tennis===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| [https://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men's-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100041871 India F1 Futures]
| 26 February 2018 – 4 March 2018
| [[All India Tennis Association|Odisha Tennis Association]]
|}

==Leagues==
===State===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sport
! League
! Organiser
|-
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Odisha Premier League]]
| [[Odisha Cricket Association]]
|-
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[FAO League]]
| [[Football Association of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[FAO Super Cup]]
| [[Football Association of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Odisha Women's League]]
| [[Football Association of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Tennis]]
| [[Odisha Tennis Premier League]]
| [http://www.odishatennis.in Odisha Tennis Association]
|}

===National===
====National Leagues Hosted by Odisha====
=====Football=====
[[File:ISL Jamshedpur FC vc Bangalore FC match.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Super League]] Match: [[Jamshedpur FC]] vc [[Bengaluru FC]] at [[Kalinga Stadium]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event
! Year
|-
| [[I-League]]
| [[2018-19 I-League|2018-19]]
|-
| [[Indian Super League]]
| [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
|-
| [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]
| [[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]] [[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]]
|-
|}

=====Hockey=====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
|-
| [[Hockey India League]]
| [[2014 Hockey India League|2014]] [[2015 Hockey India League|2015]] [[2016 Hockey India League|2016]] [[2017 Hockey India League|2017]]
| [[Hockey India]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/default.asp Odisha Government Portal]
* [https://department.sportsodisha.gov.in/ Sports & Youth Services (Government of Odisha)]
* [https://www.odisha.navaltatahockey.com Odisha Naval Tata Hockey HPC official website]

{{Sport in India}}
{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Sport in Odisha| ]]

1978 Hyderabad gang rape

2026-02-14T00:31:50Z

MerleGrier1601: New.

{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
The '''Rameeza Bee rape case''' (1978) is a controversial case in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Police: Bee in their bonnet|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19780831-legal-battle-awaits-to-prove-charges-against-rameeza-bee-822980-2014-03-20|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Ms. Bee claimed that she was raped by four police officers inside the [[Nallakunta]] police station, after she accused her husband of beating her. The accusations caused widespread rioting within Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sitting perpetually on a powder keg|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/12/08/stories/2003120810050300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225131422/https://www.thehindu.com/2003/12/08/stories/2003120810050300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-12-25|date=2003-12-08|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Trouble sparked off after the alleged rape of Rameeza Bee by police and the murder of her husband, Ahmed Hussain. Police opened fire at 11 places in a single day, and the old city was placed under [[curfew]] for 50 days in three bouts. From then on curfew became a regular feature in Hyderabad. After a gap of six years the city witnessed communal violence during September 1984 when the [[Ganesh festival]] was celebrated amidst a political crisis triggered by [[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]] toppling the democratically elected [[N. T. Rama Rao]] Government. For the first time the entire twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad were placed under curfew.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Rape in India]]
*[[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]
*[[2019 Hyderabad gang rape and murder]]
*[[2022 Hyderabad gang rape]]
*[[2024 Kolkata rape and murder]]

== External links ==
*https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Clashes-between-communities-a-recent-history/articleshow/358583.cms

{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1978 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]

Thiruvananthapuram North–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express

2026-02-09T15:30:44Z

MerleGrier1601:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Thiruvananthapuram North–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|10|20}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram North}} (TVCN)
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}} (SMVB)
| distance = {{convert|826|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16h 40m
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC 3 tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 16319 / 16320
| speed = {{cvt|50|km/h}} Avg. Speed
| map = {{Thiruvananthapuram North–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 16319/16320 '''Thiruvananthapuram North - SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express''' is an express train of the Indian Railways connecting {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram North}} in [[Kerala]] and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT]] in [[Karnataka]]. It is currently being operated with 16319/16320 train numbers on bi-weekly basis.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/oct/22/not-a-humsafar-for-passengers-from-tiruvalla-1888302.html Not a ‘humsafar’ for passengers from Tiruvalla ]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/poor-connectivity-at-banaswadi-railway-station-leaves-passengers-fuming/articleshow/66298574.cms Poor connectivity at Banaswadi railway station leaves passengers fuming]</ref><ref>[http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=7235&did=15396943696748F733EC1BBCCCF3684B5028527FA0C9A INTRODUCTION OF HAMSAFAR EXPRESS]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/hamsafar-express-from-october-20/article25210525.ece/ "Hamsafar Express from October 20"]</ref>

==Coach composition ==

The train was designed by [[Indian Railways]]. It runs with a composition of 16 AC 3-tier and 2 Second class sleeper coaches.The train has standard LHB Modern High Speed rake with unique Humsafar Livery
It includes a LED screen which shows passengers information about other stations and other information. An announcement system for the train is expected to be implemented in the future.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

== Service==

It averages 50 km/h as 16319/Kochuveli - SMVT Humsafar Express starts on Thursday and Saturday from {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram North}} covering 828 km in 16 h 40 m & 59 km/h as 16320/SMVT - Kochuveli Humsafar Express starts on Sunday and Friday from {{rws|Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}} covering 826 km in 14 h 05 m.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/new-biweekly-train-from-kochuveli-to-bengaluru-to-be-flagged-off-on-october-20/articleshow/66076826.cms New biweekly train from Kochuveli to Bengaluru to be flagged]</ref>

==Timing==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train Number !! Station Code !! Departure Station !! Departure Time !! Departure Day !! Arrival Station !! Arrival Time !! Arrival Day
|-
| 16319 || TVCN || [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] || 5:30 PM || Thursday, Saturday ||[[Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal, Bengaluru railway station |SMVT Bengaluru]] || 10:00 AM || Friday, Sunday
|-
| 16320 || SMVB ||[[Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal, Bengaluru railway station |SMVT Bengaluru]] || 7:00 PM || Sunday, Friday || [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] || 10:00 AM || Monday, Saturday
|}

==Coach position==

Coach position for 16319 Thiruvananthapuram North-SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||S1||S2||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||B7||B8||B9||B10||B11||B12||B13||B14||B15||B16||EOG
|}

Coach position for 16320 SMVT Bengaluru-Thiruvananthapuram North Humsafar Express
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||B16||B15||B14||B13||B12||B11||B10||B9||B8||B7||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||S2||S1||EOG
|}

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] based [[WAP 7]] ('''HOG''') equipped locomotive on its entire journey.

== Route and halts ==

* '''{{rws|Thiruvananthapuram North}}'''
* {{rws|Kollam Junction}}
* {{rws|Chengannur}}
* {{rws|Kottayam}}
* {{rws|Ernakulam Town}}
* {{rws|Thrissur}}
* {{rws|Palakkad Junction}}
* {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}}
* {{rws|Erode Junction}}
* {{rws|Salem Junction}}
* {{rws|Bangarapet Junction}}
* {{rws|Krishnarajapuram}}
* '''{{rws|Sir M. Visvesaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}}'''

==See also==

* [[Kochuveli railway station]]
* [[Kochuveli Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Mysuru Junction–Kochuveli Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Kochuveli AC Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kochuveli-banaswadi-humsafar-express-16319/63785/1009/1518 16319/Kochuveli - Banaswadi Humsafar Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/banaswadi-kochuveli-humsafar-express-16320/63786/1518/1009 16320/Banaswadi - Kochuveli Humsafar Express]

{{Humsafar Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochuveli - Banaswadi Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2018]]

Minati Ghosh

2026-02-07T18:39:21Z

MerleGrier1601: Post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Minati Ghosh''' (born 1947)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Minati Ghosh (CPM): Constituency- Raiganj (West Bengal) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=5397 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She is a three time former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangarampur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gangarampur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> She was last elected in the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

== Early life and education ==
Ghosh is from [[Gangarampur]], Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal. She married Kishalay Roy. She completed her MA in Bengali at the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1970.

== Career ==
Ghosh was first elected as an MLA representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from Gangarampur Assembly constituency in the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. She retained the seat for the Communist Party in the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Minati Ghosh winner in Gangarampur, West Bengal Assembly Elections 1991: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1991/gangarampur/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> In the next election, she won for the third time on the Communist Party ticket in the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996 Assembly election]]. She polled 84,218 and defeated her nearest rival, Ashish Majumdar of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 22,337 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: West Bengal 1996 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1996/west-bengal/132/9 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 1996 |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/1996-election-results.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

In 2004, she also contested on the Communist Party of India (Marxist) ticket from [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[2004 Indian general election in West Bengal]]. She polled 382,757 votes and lost to [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 39,147 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raiganj Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/raiganj-lok-sabha#2004 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Minati Ghosh, Raiganj Lok Sabha Elections 2004 in India LIVE Results {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/loksabha-elections/2004/west-bengal/raiganj/minati-ghosh/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Runner-up Candidates of CPM for 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/runnerupcandidates/0/14/73 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

She served as the chairperson of the CPM's Control Commission. She is also an ex officio member of the 14 member state committee which looks after the party's internal complaints.<ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=কন্ট্রোল কমিশনে মিনতি ঘোষ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/minati-ghosh-new-chairperson-of-cpms-control-commission/cid/1334349 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408212559/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/minati-ghosh-new-chairperson-of-cpms-control-commission/cid/1334349 |archive-date=2022-04-08 |access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Minati}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Deepankuran Kaithapram

2026-02-07T18:38:18Z

MerleGrier1601: new

{{Short description|Indian musician (born 1982)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepankuran Kaithapram
| image =
| caption = Deepankuran in 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1982|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Kaithapram]], [[Kannur]], Kerala, India
| alma_mater = [[Leeds Metropolitan University]]
| occupation = Music director, [[Indian classical music|classical vocalist]], actor, playback singer, [[Music therapy|music therapist]]
| spouse = Saranya
| children = Devang
| imagesize =
| yearsactive = 1988–present
| website = {{URL|deepankurankaithapram.blogspot.com/}}
}}

'''Deepankuran Kannadimana''' (born 14 December 1982), popularly known as '''Deepankuran Kaithapram,''' is an Indian musician who has often composed tunes for [[Malayalam cinema|Mollywood]] projects. He is the son of popular Malayalam lyricist and musician [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]. He is also the Grandson of [[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]] who is a noted actor in Malayalam movies.

==Personal life==

Deepankuran was born to Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri and Devi Antharjanam in Kaithapram village in [[Kannur]], District of Kerala and is currently residing in Vaduthala in [[Ernakulam]] District. He is the eldest son of [[Kaithapram Damodaran]] Namboothiri. He has a brother named Devadarshan Kannadi, who is a doctor and a singer too.

He is married to Devi Saranya who is the daughter of Parameswara Prasad Nampoothiri and Usha Antharjanam; they have one child named Devang. Deepankuran is also in the Director board of Swathi thirunal Kala Kendram ([[Music School]]) at [[Kozhikode]] and [[Ernakulam]], which caters to more than 500 music students and aimed to create well-being through music therapy and practice.

Deepankuran's paternal grandfather, Kannadi Illath Kesavan Namboothiri, was a folk singer, a Carnatic musician and a violinist. Meanwhile, Deepankuran is a maternal grandson of [[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]]. Deepankuran is a singer who has sung for various films including ''[[Desadanam]]'', has hundreds of [[TV commercials]], a lot of movie music directions, short films and lot of [[Hindu devotional movements|Devotional]] albums to his credit. In 1996, Deepankuran made his debut as playback singer in ''[[Desadanam]]'' under the guidance of his father who was the music director of the film.

==Career==
Deepankuran started learning music when he was 6 years old and he got his [[Vedas|Veda education]] from known Gurus (Teachers). He continued his education under well-known Music teachers including Sri. R.K.Ramdas, a well known musician in [[Kerala]], and got the privilege to learn music from the great musicians like [[Kumara Varma|Kumara Kerala Varma]], [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]], Seetharam Sharma, [[Kaithapram Vishwanathan Nambudiri]], Madurai Ranganatha Sharma, Ajay Namboothiri, Thamarakkad Krishnan Namboothiri, S.V.S.Vijayam, Yogesh Sharma, Sri. Chenkotta Harihara Subrahmaniam, Naveen Namboothiri, and [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] ([[Hindustani classical music]]).

Deepankuran obtained a diploma in [[Carnatic music]] at Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal. He got his [[Masters in Business Administration]] (MBA) in 2010, and he completed a Masters course in Music Production at [[Leeds Metropolitan University]]. He won the top ten positions of the Sonopedia Sound Design Competition, a worldwide online [[sound design]] competition. He has the experience of being a [[sound engineer]] for three years in [[home studio]].

There are many advertisements, albums, devotional albums, [[television serial]]s, [[short films]], theme music works and feature films in his credit as a singer and music director. He has done hundreds of [[concerts]] with his father and his own as a Carnatic Vocalist. He has also participated in many of the [[Music Therapy]] (an emerging concept in medical field) sessions all over India with the team of Swathi Thirunal Kalakendram Trust, [[Kerala]]. He also does online teaching also for Carnatic Vocal students.

Deepankuran's mentor is Director [[Jayaraj]]. He started his career by singing "Naava Mukunda Hare" alongside Manju Menon in the film ''[[Desadanam]].'' In 2013, Deepankuran reunited with his regular collaborator, Director [[Jayaraj]], for the film ''[[Camel Safari]]''. Deepankuran took the responsibilities of the music director. He composed songs such as "Suruma," "Afreen," "Kannum Kannum," and others. Deepankuran also lent his voice to the [[jingle]] Lulu Celebrate. In 2015, Deepankuran was the composer in his father's directorial venture ''[[Mazhavillinattam Vare]]'' which revolves around a [[Pakistani cricketer]] who meets his admirer during his visit to [[India]]. He got an opportunity to do signature music for the 2011 [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in [[Goa]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Movie !! Language !! Details
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Desadanam]]'' || [[Malayalam]] ||Singer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
|''[[Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)|Sathyam Sivam Sundaram]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Singer
|-
|''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''|| [[Malayalam]] || Singer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[4 the People]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Singer
|-
|''[[Soumyam]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Singer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Shalabam]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || [[Background music|BGM]]
|-
|''[[Mazhavillinattam Vare]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Music Director
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
|''[[Lisammayude Veedu]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || [[Background music|BGM]]
|-
|''[[Camel Safari]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Music Director
|-
|2014
|''[[Vellivelichathil]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Music Director
|-
|2016
|''[[Hello Namasthe]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Music Director
|-
|2017
|''Kadam Katha'' || [[Malayalam]] || Music Director, [[Background music|BGM]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''Oru Nakshathramulla Akasham'' || [[Malayalam]] || [[Background music|BGM]]
|-
|''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Music Director
|-
|''Namam'' || [[Malayalam]] || Music Director
|-
|2019
|''Saddam'' || [[Malayalam]] || Music Director

|}

==Awards and achievements==
Deepankuran has got special jury award for [[Kerala]] television award 2017 for Music, for the programme ''Ragasootram.''

==References==
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ragas-in-film-songs-a-long-tradition/article21651107.ece|title=Filmy perhaps, but definitely not flimsy|first=Suganthy|last=Krishnamachari|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=23 June 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Kaithapram-to-perform-for-patients-at-Government-General-Hospital-Kochi/articleshow/36757126.cms|title=Kaithapram to perform for patients at Government General Hospital, Kochi |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/070518/into-the-depths-of-human-mind.html|title=Into the depths of human mind|date=7 May 2018|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaithapram, Deepankuran}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Puranmal Singh Chandel of Gidhaur

2026-02-07T03:44:51Z

MerleGrier1601: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Puralmal Singh Chandel]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Iran at the 1951 Asian Games

2026-02-05T22:49:36Z

MerleGrier1601: put up initial entry added tags

{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IRN
| NOCname = [[National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran]]
| oldcode =
| year = 1951
| date =
| games = Asian Games
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| competitors = 49
| sports = 5
| flagbearer = [[Mahmoud Namjoo]]
| officials =
| gold = 8
| silver = 6
| bronze = 2
| rank = 3
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website = {{URL|www.olympic.ir}} {{in lang|fa|en}}
}}

'''[[Iran]]''' participated in the '''[[1951 Asian Games]]''' held in the capital city of [[New Delhi]], [[India]] from March 4, 1951, to March 11, 1951. This country is ranked 3rd with 8 gold medals in this edition of the [[Asian Games|Asiad]]. [[Ahmad Ordoubadi]] was the flagbearer for Iran in the opening ceremony.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roueinpour|first=Bijan|title=Iran in the Asia Games from 1951 to 1998 |script-title=fa:ایران در بازیهای آسیایی|volume=1|page=52|chapter=2|date=1998 |publisher=Kayhān |isbn=964-458-089-3|language=Persian}}</ref>

==Competitors==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! width=180|Sport
! width=55|Men
! width=55|Women
! width=55|Total
|-
| align=left|[[Athletics at the 1951 Asian Games|Athletics]]
| 8 || || 8
|-
| align=left|[[Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games|Basketball]]
| 10 || || 10
|-
| align=left|[[Cycling at the 1951 Asian Games|Cycling]]
| 1 || || 1
|-
| align=left|[[Diving at the 1951 Asian Games|Diving]]
| 2 || || 2
|-
| align=left|[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|Football]]
| 17 || || 17
|-
| align=left|[[Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games|Swimming]]
| 2 || || 2
|-
| align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]]
| 11 || || 11
|-class="sortbottom"
! Total || 49 || 0 || 49
|}

* [[Ahmad Ordoubadi]] participated in both athletics and weightlifting.
* [[Hossein Soroudi]] participated in both basketball and football.

==Medal summary==

===Medals by sport===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! width=180|Sport
!scope="col" style="background:gold; width:55px;"|Gold
!scope="col" style="background:silver; width:55px;"|Silver
!scope="col" style="background:#cc9966; width:55px;"|Bronze
! width=55|Total
|-
|align=left| [[Athletics at the 1951 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 1 || 1 || || 2
|-
|align=left| [[Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games|Basketball]] || || || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Diving at the 1951 Asian Games|Diving]] || || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
|align=left| [[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|Football]] || || 1 || || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || 7 || 3 || || 10
|-class="sortbottom"
! Total || 8 || 6 || 2 || 16
|}

===Medalists===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Medal
! Name
! Sport
! Event
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || {{sortname|Ali|Baghbanbashi}} || [[Athletics at the 1951 Asian Games|Athletics]] || Men's 5000 m
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || {{sortname|Mahmoud|Namjoo}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's 56 kg
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || {{sortname|Jafar|Salmasi}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's 60 kg
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || {{sortname|Hassan|Ferdos}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's 67.5 kg
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || {{sortname|Firouz|Pojhan}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's 75 kg
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || {{sortname|Hassan|Rahnavardi}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's 82.5 kg
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || {{sortname|Rasoul|Raeisi}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's 90 kg
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || {{sortname|Leon|Kurukchian}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's +90 kg
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || {{sortname|Ali|Baghbanbashi}} || [[Athletics at the 1951 Asian Games|Athletics]] || Men's 3000 m steeplechase
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || {{sortname|Taghi|Askari}} || [[Diving at the 1951 Asian Games|Diving]] || Men's 10 m platform
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || data-sort-value="ZZZTeam17"|{{columns-list|colwidth=14em|small=yes|style=width:32em|{{unbulleted list|[[Nader Afshar Alavinejad]]|[[Nader Afshar Naderi]]|[[Amir Aghahosseini]]|[[Mohsen Azad]]|[[Mahmoud Bayati]]|[[Masoud Boroumand]]|[[Amir Eraghi]]|[[Hossein Fekri]]|[[Aref Gholizadeh]]|[[Mansour Hajian]]|[[Parviz Kouzehkanani]]|[[George Markarian]]|[[Mehdi Masoud-Ansari]]|[[Mehdi Nassiroghloo]]|[[Mahmoud Shakibi]]|[[Hossein Soroudi]]|[[Ghorban Ali Tari]]}}}} || [[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|Football]] || [[Football at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Men]]
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || {{sortname|Ali|Mirzaei|dab=weightlifter}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's 56 kg
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || {{sortname|Jalal|Mansouri}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's 75 kg
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || {{sortname|Ahmad|Ordoubadi}} || [[Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || Men's +90 kg
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || data-sort-value="ZZZTeam10"|{{columns-list|colwidth=14em|small=yes|style=width:32em|{{unbulleted list|[[Hassan Khaleghpour]]|[[Kamal Mashhoun]]|[[Reza Masoumi]]|[[Kambiz Mokhberi]]|[[Alireza Oshar]]|[[Hossein Razi]]|[[Mashallah Safiyar]]|[[Hossein Saoudipour]]|[[Abolfazl Solbi]]|[[Hossein Soroudi]]}}}} || [[Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games|Basketball]] || [[Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Men]]
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || {{sortname|Taghi|Askari}} || [[Diving at the 1951 Asian Games|Diving]] || Men's 3 m springboard
|}

==Results by event==

=== Aquatics ===

====Diving====
{{main|Diving at the 1951 Asian Games}}

;Men<ref>{{cite book|last=Roueinpour|first=Bijan|title=Iran in the Asia Games from 1951 to 1998 |script-title=fa:ایران در بازیهای آسیایی|volume=1|pages=34–37|chapter=2|date=1998 |publisher=Kayhān |isbn=964-458-089-3|language=Persian}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%"
!width="15%"|Athlete
!width="15%"|Event
!width="7%"|Score
!width="5%"|Rank
|-
|rowspan=2|'''[[Taghi Askari]]'''
|3 m springboard
|align=center|271.45
|align=center|{{Bronze3}}
|-
|10 m platform
|align=center|325.35
|align=center|{{Silver2}}
|-
|[[Manouchehr Khamoush]]
|10 m platform
|align=center|250.85
|align=center|'''4'''
|}

====Swimming====
{{main|Swimming at the 1951 Asian Games}}

;Men<ref>{{cite book|last=Roueinpour|first=Bijan|title=Iran in the Asia Games from 1951 to 1998 |script-title=fa:ایران در بازیهای آسیایی|volume=1|pages=36–37|chapter=2|date=1998 |publisher=Kayhān |isbn=964-458-089-3|language=Persian}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!width="21%"|Athlete
!width="20%"|Event
!width="12%"|Time
!width="7%"|Rank
|-
|align="left"|[[Mousa Boroumand]]
|align="left"|100 m freestyle
|
|'''{{abbr|?|Unknown}}'''
|-
|align="left"|[[Tofigh Yousefzadeh]]
|align="left"|200 m breaststroke
|3:11.2
|'''4'''
|}

===Athletics===
{{main|Athletics at the 1951 Asian Games}}

;Men<ref>{{cite book|last=Roueinpour|first=Bijan|title=Iran in the Asia Games from 1951 to 1998 |script-title=fa:ایران در بازیهای آسیایی|volume=1|pages=46–49|chapter=2|date=1998 |publisher=Kayhān |isbn=964-458-089-3|language=Persian}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="90%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2" width="20%"|Athlete
!rowspan="2" width="15%"|Event
!colspan="3" width="20%"|Heat
!colspan="3" width="20%"|Semifinal
!colspan="2" width="15%"|Final
!rowspan="2" width="6%"|Rank
|-
!width="5%"|Heat
!width="10%"|Time
!Rank
!width="5%"|Heat
!width="10%"|Time
!Rank
!width="10%"|Time
!Rank
|-
|rowspan=2 align="left"|[[Hossein Ali Archin]]
|align="left"|100 m
|3
|
|3
|2
|
|5
|colspan=2|did not advance
|'''{{abbr|?|Unknown}}'''
|-
|align="left"|200 m
|3
|
|3
|colspan=3 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|
|
|'''{{abbr|?|Unknown}}'''
|-
|rowspan=2 align="left"|'''[[Ali Baghbanbashi]]'''
|align="left"|5000 m
|colspan=6 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|15:54.2
|1
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align="left"|3000 m steeplechase
|colspan=6 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|9:31.8
|2
|{{Silver2}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" width="55%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!width="30%"|Athlete
!width="20%"|Event
!width="15%"|Result
!width="10%"|Rank
|-
|rowspan=2 align="left"|[[Ahmad Ordoubadi]]
|align="left"|Shot put
|
|'''{{abbr|?|Unknown}}'''
|-
|align="left"|Discus throw
|
|'''{{abbr|?|Unknown}}'''
|}

===Basketball===
{{main|Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games}}

;[[Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games – Men|Men]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1951/BDCE27/BDCE27r.pdf|title=Report of the first Asian Games held at New Delhi|publisher=[[LA84 Foundation]]|accessdate=9 January 2012|archive-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711234331/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1951/BDCE27/BDCE27r.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%"
!width="20%"|Squad list
!width="14%"|Round 1
!width="14%"|Round 2
!width="14%"|Round 3
!width="14%"|Round 4
!width="5%"|Rank
|-
|'''[[Hossein Soroudi]] [[Kamal Mashhoun]] [[Alireza Oshar]] [[Reza Masoumi]] [[Mashallah Safiyar]] [[Kambiz Mokhberi]] [[Abolfazl Solbi]] [[Hossein Saoudipour]] [[Hossein Razi]] [[Hassan Khaleghpour]] Coach:''' [[Kazem Rahbari]]
|{{bk|JPN|1947}} '''L''' 34–'''40'''
|{{bk|IND}} '''W''' '''63'''–52
|{{bk|PHI|1936}} '''L''' 41–'''65'''
|{{bk|Burma|1948|name=Burma}} '''W''' '''84'''–38
|align="center"|{{Bronze3}}
|}

===Cycling===
{{main|Cycling at the 1951 Asian Games}}

====Road====
;Men
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!width="35%"|Athlete
!width="25%"|Event
!width="15%"|Time
!width="10%"|Rank
|-
|align="left"|[[Jasem Jasemzadeh]]
|align="left"|Road race
|
|'''{{abbr|?|Unknown}}'''
|}

====Track====

;Men
{| class="wikitable" width="75%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2" width="11%"|Athlete
!rowspan="2" width="9%"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heats
!rowspan="2" width="11%"|Semifinal
!rowspan="2" width="11%"|Final
!rowspan="2" width="3%"|Rank
|-
!width="6%"|Time
!width="3%"|Rank
|-
|align="left"|[[Jasem Jasemzadeh]]
|align="left"|Sprint
|colspan=2|did not start
|colspan=2|did not advance
|align=center|'''—'''
|}

===Football===
{{main|Football at the 1951 Asian Games}}

;[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games – Men|Men]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Roueinpour|first=Bijan|title=Iran in the Asia Games from 1951 to 1998 |script-title=fa:ایران در بازیهای آسیایی|volume=1|pages=42–46|chapter=2|date=1998 |publisher=Kayhān |isbn=964-458-089-3|language=Persian}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="70%" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%"
!width="20%"|Squad list
!width="14%"|Quarterfinal
!width="14%"|Semifinal
!width="14%"|Final
!width="5%"|Rank
|-
|'''[[Nader Afshar Alavinejad]] [[Nader Afshar Naderi]] [[Amir Aghahosseini]] [[Mohsen Azad]] [[Mahmoud Bayati]] [[Masoud Boroumand]] [[Amir Eraghi]] [[Hossein Fekri]] [[Aref Gholizadeh]] [[Mansour Hajian]] [[Parviz Kouzehkanani]] [[George Markarian]] [[Mehdi Masoud-Ansari]] [[Mehdi Nassiroghloo]] [[Mahmoud Shakibi]] [[Hossein Soroudi]] [[Ghorban Ali Tari]] Coach:''' [[Mostafa Salimi]]
|{{fb|Burma|1948}} '''W''' '''2'''–0
|{{fb|JPN|1947}} '''W''' 0–0, '''3'''–2 [[Replay (sports)|Rep]]
|{{fb|IND}} '''L''' 0–'''1'''
|align="center"|{{Silver2}}
|}

===Weightlifting===
{{main|Weightlifting at the 1951 Asian Games}}

;Men<ref>{{cite book|last=Roueinpour|first=Bijan|title=Iran in the Asia Games from 1951 to 1998 |script-title=fa:ایران در بازیهای آسیایی|volume=1|page=40|chapter=2|date=1998 |publisher=Kayhān |isbn=964-458-089-3|language=Persian}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="70%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!width="20%"|Athlete
!width="8%"|Event
!width="11%"|Press (lb)
!width="11%"|Snatch (lb)
!width="11%"|Clean & Jerk (lb)
!width="13%"|Total (lb)
!width="6%"|Rank
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Ali Mirzaei (weightlifter)|Ali Mirzaei]]'''
|align="left"|56 kg
|205
|200
|250
|655
|{{Silver2}}
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Mahmoud Namjoo]]'''
|align="left"|56 kg
|205.25
|214.75
|280
|700
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Arsham Khachikian]]
|align="left"|60 kg
|
|
|
|620
|'''6'''
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Jafar Salmasi]]'''
|align="left"|60 kg
|210
|210
|255
|675
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Hassan Ferdos]]'''
|align="left"|67.5 kg
|210
|220
|265
|695
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Jalal Mansouri]]'''
|align="left"|75 kg
|230
|230
|295
|755
|{{Silver2}}
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Firouz Pojhan]]'''
|align="left"|75 kg
|225
|230
|310
|765
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Hassan Rahnavardi]]'''
|align="left"|82.5 kg
|265
|255
|325
|845
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Rasoul Raeisi]]'''
|align="left"|90 kg
|255
|240
|310
|805
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Leon Kurukchian]]'''
|align="left"|+90 kg
|235
|230
|310
|775
|{{Gold1}}
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Ahmad Ordoubadi]]'''
|align="left"|+90 kg
|215
|225
|285
|725
|{{Silver2}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|fa}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709223050/http://www.olympic.ir/pdf/asian-games-details.pdf Iran Olympic Committee - Asian Games Medalists]
* {{in lang|fa}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090214202358/http://sport.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&siteid=1&pageid=1009 Iran National Sports Organization - Asian Games Medalists]
* {{in lang|fa}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080121022017/http://www.parssport.ir/asian_games/iran/ir-1951.htm Pars Sport]

{{Nations at the 1951 Asian Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1951 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Iran at the Asian Games|1951]]
[[Category:1951 in Iranian sport|Asian Games]]

Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-28T03:54:48Z

MerleGrier1601:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Paschim Champaran
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|established = 2008
|reservation = None
|incumbent_image = Sanjay Jaiswal Member of Parliament (cropped).jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|mp = [[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Indian general elections|2019]]
|state = [[Bihar]]
|assembly_cons = [[Nautan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nautan]] [[Chanpatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanpatia]] [[Bettiah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]] [[Raxaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raxaul]] [[Sugauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sugauli]] [[Narkatiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narkatiya]]
}}
'''Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in [[East India|eastern India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008, following [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of the parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, this constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments, which are:<ref name="Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha Constituency">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha Constituency |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/paschim-champaran-lok-sabha-constituency-2198275.html |access-date=6 September 2022 |date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906175757/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/paschim-champaran-lok-sabha-constituency-2198275.html |archive-date=6 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|6
|[[Nautan Assembly constituency|Nautan]]
|rowspan="3"| [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|[[Narayan Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|7
|[[Chanpatia Assembly constituency|Chanpatia]]
|[[Abhishek Ranjan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|8
|[[Bettiah Assembly constituency|Bettiah]]
|[[Renu Devi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|10
|[[Raxaul Assembly constituency|Raxaul]]
|rowspan="3"| [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|[[Pramod Kumar Sinha|Pramod Sinha]]
|-
|11
|[[Sugauli Assembly constituency|Sugauli]]
|Rajesh Kumar Gupta
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|-
|12
|[[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatiya]]
|Vishal Kumar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" | {{center|''Till 2008 : See [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[West Champaran|Paschim Champaran]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Paschim Champaran">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Paschim Champaran |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S042.htm |access-date=13 July 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713092842/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S042.htm |archive-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sanjay Jaiswal]]|votes=5,80,421|percentage=53.43|change={{decrease}} 6.17}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Madan Mohan Tiwari]]|votes=4,43,853|percentage=40.86|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=11,288|percentage=1.04|change={{decrease}} 3.47}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,36,568|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=10,86,798
|percentage=61.78
|change=
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Paschim Champaran}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |
|candidate = [[Sanjay Jaiswal|Dr. Sanjay Jaiswal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,03,799
|percentage = 59.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samata Party
|candidate = Brijesh Kumar Kushwaha
|votes = 3,09,800
|percentage = 30.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 45,699
|percentage = 4.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|votes = 11,427
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Patel
|votes = 10,801
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory |
|votes = 2,93,906
|percentage = 29.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout |
|votes = 10,13,373
|percentage = 62.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Pashchim Champaran|Paschim Champaran]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sanjay Jaiswal|Dr. Sanjay Jaiswal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,71,232
|percentage = 43.43
|change = +4.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Prakash Jha]]
|votes = 2,60,978
|percentage = 30.53
|change = +30.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghunath Jha]]
|votes = 1,21,800
|percentage = 14.25
|change = +14.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 18,804
|percentage = 2.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Prabhu Raj Narain Rao
|votes = 17,157
|percentage = 2.01
|change = -2.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Syed Shamim Akhtar
|votes = 12,415
|percentage = 1.45
|change = -2.86
}}
{{Election box margin of victory |
|votes = 1,10,254
|percentage = 12.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,54,800
|percentage = 62.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Pashchim Champaran|Paschim Champaran]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sanjay Jaiswal|Dr. Sanjay Jaiswal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,98,781
|percentage =3.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Prakash Jha]]
|votes = 1,51,438
|percentage = 29.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sadhu Yadav]] (Anirudh Prasad)
|votes = 70,001
|percentage = 13.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ramashray Singh
|votes = 23,462
|percentage = 4.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shambhu Prasad Gupta
|votes = 22,199
|percentage =4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory |
|votes = 47,343
|percentage = 9.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,15,477
|percentage =42.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[East Champaran district]]
* [[West Champaran district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Bettiah Raj]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/paschim_champaran/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Paschim Champaran lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|27.2|84.2|display=title}}

{{Bihar elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]

Kalipada Chakrabarty

2026-01-22T06:21:11Z

MerleGrier1601: put up first bio added tags

{{Short description|Indian communist revolutionary}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalipada Chakrabarty
| image = Kalipada Chakraborty.png
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1910}}
| birth_place = Saroatali, [[Boalkhali]], [[Chittagong]], [[British India]]
| organization = [[Jugantar]] [[Communist Consolidation]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
}}

'''Kalipada Chakrabarty''' (born 1910, date of death unknown) was an Indian communist revolutionary. Was part of a team that led the 1930 [[Chittagong armoury raid]] in Chittagong, British India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalipada Chakraborty, News Photo, Kalipada Chakraborty, freedom ... |url=https://www.timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/news/379582/kalipada-chakraborty-chittagong-upr.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.timescontent.com}}</ref>

==Revolutionary activities==
Young revolutionary Kalipada Chakrabarty participated in all movements from the Armory raid to the Jalalabad War.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dastidar |first=Purnendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlkDAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6+%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6+%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A3+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87 |title=Bīra-kanyā Prītilatā |date=1970 |publisher=Prakāśa Bhabana |language=bn}}</ref> Kalipada, along with [[Ramakrishna Biswas|Ramakrishna]], was assigned to assassinate Bengal Inspector General Craig, who came to Chittagong to tighten the police system of the district.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNe1AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8+%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6+%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87 |title=Sūrya Sena o svādhīnatā saṃgrāma |date=1995 |publisher=Sūryasenā Prakāśanī |language=bn}}</ref> As planned, when the train stopped, they came to Craig's compartment, and stood ready on the railway platform with their loaded revolvers in their hands. But moments later, Inspector Tarini Charan Mukherji, seeing an officer resembling Mr. Craig and wearing a Craig-like uniform, shot him dead mistaking him to be Mr. Craig;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=I. Mallikarjuna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KHjAAAAMAAJ&q=Participated+in+the+two+protracted+hunger+strikes+in+the+Cellular+Jail,+and+later+in+another+36+day+hunger+strike |title=Easter Rebellion in India, the Chittagong Uprising |date=1993 |publisher=Marxist Study Forum |language=en}}</ref> they fled, but were chased by the police and arrested about 20 miles from Chandpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Arun Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jaaDQAAQBAJ&dq=The+two+young+men%2C+Ramakrishna+and+Kalipada%2C+who+shot+at+Tarini+Mukherjee%2C+escaped+from+the+place%2C+but+were+chased+by+the+police+and+were+arrested+about+20+miles+away+from+Chandpur.&pg=PT219 |title=Indias Struggle Quarter of Century 1921to1946 Part I |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2274-1 |language=en}}</ref> In their trial by a special tribunal held by the British Government, his comrade Ramakrishna was sentenced to death. Although not executed, Kalipada was commuted to life imprisonment in the Cellular Jail.

Chakrabarty continued the revolutionary struggle, becoming active in [[Communist Consolidation]]. Furthermore, through the process of building a political study circles and revolutionary university in the Cellular Jail in the lives of political prisoners, Kalipada matured ideologically from revolutionary terrorism with the main body of revolutionaries to international communist ideological revolutionism of the working class. He participated in two long historical hunger strikes in the Cellular Jail and later another 36-day hunger strike.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=I. Mallikarjuna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KHjAAAAMAAJ&q=Participated+in+the+two+protracted+hunger+strikes+in+the+Cellular+Jail,+and+later+in+another+36+day+hunger+strike |title=Easter Rebellion in India, the Chittagong Uprising |date=1993 |publisher=Marxist Study Forum |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=September 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrabarty, Kalipada}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:People from Saroatali]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]

Woman on Charpoy

2026-01-12T03:55:50Z

MerleGrier1601: put up details

{{Short description|1940 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Woman on Charpoy
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| image = Woman on Charpoy 1940.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| artist = [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
| year =
| completion_date = 1940
| catalogue =
| medium =
| movement =
| subject =
| height_metric = 85
| width_metric = 72.4
| length_metric =
| diameter_metric =
| height_imperial = 
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
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| dimensions =
| dimensions_ref =
| metric_unit = cm 
| imperial_unit = in 
| weight =
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| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
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}}
'''''Woman on Charpoy''''' is an [[oil on canvas]] painting depicting an Indian woman in red, lying on a [[charpai|charpoy]] with one leg bent. It was completed in 1940 by Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]].<ref name=Dalmia.2013.149>Dalmia, pp.135, 149-150</ref><ref name=Sundaram.2010.810>Sundaram, p. 810</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:1940 paintings]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Paintings of women]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

2023 Asia heat wave

2026-01-06T01:46:38Z

MerleGrier1601: Data.

{{Short description|Weather event in Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox heat event
| start_date = April 2023
| areas =
| fatalities = {{Plainlist|
* 1651 (Japan)<ref>[[Sourse:Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Vital Statistics Report 2024 edition]] ('''Japanese language''') retibeted date on September 8, 2025</ref>
* 179 (India)
* 22 (Pakistan)
* 2 (Malaysia)
* 2 (Thailand)
}}
| hospitalizations = {{Plainlist|
* 450–460 (India)
* 5 (Malaysia)
* 2 (Philippines)
* at least 2 (Vietnam)
}}
}}

Starting in April 2023, a record-breaking [[heat wave]] has affected many Asian countries, including India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, [[Cambodia]], China, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam. Several regional [[List of weather records|temperature record]]s have been set. The heat wave has caused many deaths due to [[heat stroke]] and has prompted health warnings and power outages across multiple countries.

A May study by the [[World Weather Attribution]] found that the heat wave was made at least 30 times more likely by [[climate change]] in India and Bangladesh, and that climate change raised temperatures by at least 2{{Nbsp}}°C (3.6{{Nbsp}}°F) in many parts of Asia in April.

== West Asia==
Iran had announced a nationwide shutdown due to heat but it has been said it was secretly because of electricity power shortage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/c3g8jdj4e27o.amp|title=موج گرمای هوا در ایران؛ افزایش گرما‌زدگی و نگرانی از تولید برق مورد نیاز|work=BBC News|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/iran-announces-nationwide-shutdown-due-to-soaring-heat-12931849|title=Iran announces nationwide shutdown due to soaring heat|website=Sky News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iranintl.com/202308027831|title=پرویز غیاث‌الدین، دبیر اسبق سندیکای صنعت برق: تعطیلی‌های اخیر به دلیل کمبود برق است|date=2023-08-02|work=Iran International|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/iran-shortage-power/32529636.html|title=دو نیروگاه برق ایران به علت «تولید بیش از ظرفیت» از رده خارج شدند|work=Radio Farda|language=fa}}</ref><ref>https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-23/626750-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%85</ref>

== South Asia ==

=== Bangladesh ===
In [[Dhaka]], temperatures rose above {{cvt|40|C|F}} on 15 April, which resulted in road surfaces melting.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |last2=Ellis-Petersen |first2=Hannah |date=2023-04-19 |title=Severe heatwave engulfs Asia causing deaths and forcing schools to close |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2023/apr/19/severe-heatwave-asia-deaths-schools-close-india-china |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419113154/https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2023/apr/19/severe-heatwave-asia-deaths-schools-close-india-china |url-status=live }}</ref> Power cuts took place in parts of Bangladesh due to a surge in electricity demand caused by the heat wave.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Stuti |date=2023-04-20 |title=One in three people on the planet hit by 'monster Asian heatwave' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/asia-heatwave-india-china-thailand-b2323666.html |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423095452/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/asia-heatwave-india-china-thailand-b2323666.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Hodgson |first=Camilla |date=2023-04-22 |title=Climate graphic of the week: Asia's prolonged April heatwave concerns scientists |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b1b07514-f1c0-4f1b-88ce-974379ce4d64 |access-date=2023-04-25 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425003215/https://www.ft.com/content/b1b07514-f1c0-4f1b-88ce-974379ce4d64 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cases of [[heat exhaustion]] and [[heat stroke]] have increased in the country due to the heat.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Sumon |first=Shehab |date=2023-04-30 |title=Record heat threatens health, food security of Bangladeshis |url=https://arab.news/43jwn |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706194155/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2295031/world |url-status=live }}</ref>

M. A. Rahim, a professor at [[Daffodil University]] in Dhaka, said that the heat wave was impacting the country's rice and fruit production, estimating that rice production could fall by up to 40%.<ref name=":10" />

In early June, the maximum temperature rose to about {{cvt|41|C|F}}. The heat wave caused primary schools to be closed, and frequent power cuts, with a fuel shortage resulting in the shutdown of several power plants.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Ruma |date=2023-06-06 |title=Heatwave in Bangladesh leads to school closures, power cuts |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/heatwave-bangladesh-leads-school-closures-power-cuts-2023-06-06/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606155623/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/heatwave-bangladesh-leads-school-closures-power-cuts-2023-06-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has also affected the country's tea production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2023 |title=Bangladesh heatwaves: High temperatures threaten tea production |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pHxfkonQIg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605132014/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pHxfkonQIg |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=June 12, 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

=== India ===
Six cities in India's north and eastern regions recorded temperatures above {{cvt|44|C|F}}, while [[New Delhi]] recorded {{cvt|40.4|C|F}} on 18 April.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Labour (India)|Ministry of Labour]] issued an advisory to all states and regions to provide workers with adequate drinking water, emergency ice packs and frequent breaks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Taylor |last2=Regan |first2=Helen |date=2023-04-19 |title=Large swathes of Asia are sweltering through record breaking temperatures |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/19/asia/asia-heat-records-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706194206/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/19/asia/asia-heat-records-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mamata Banerjee]], the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] of [[West Bengal]], closed all schools in the state between 17 and 22 April due to concerns about the heat.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2023-04-16 |title=West Bengal directs closure of schools, colleges for a week due to 'severe' heatwave |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/schools-colleges-in-bengal-to-remain-shut-next-week-due-to-severe-heatwave-mamata-banerjee/article66743609.ece |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422065551/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/schools-colleges-in-bengal-to-remain-shut-next-week-due-to-severe-heatwave-mamata-banerjee/article66743609.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same week, schools were closed in [[Tripura]] and [[Odisha]].<ref name=":0" />

K. J. Ramesh, director general of meteorology at the Meteorological Department, said in May that some states had started implementing mitigation efforts, such as closing schools by 1{{Nbsp}}p.m., operating government offices at 7{{Nbsp}}a.m.–1{{Nbsp}}p.m. and advising youths and seniors to stay indoors at 11{{Nbsp}}a.m.–3{{Nbsp}}p.m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=2023-05-01 |title=India braces for more intense heat waves after stifling April |url=https://arab.news/j3ga6 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706194214/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2296041/world |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later in May, the Indian Meteorological Department issued a heat wave alert for seven southern and central states. Temperatures surpassed {{cvt|45|C|F}} in Uttar Pradesh, with some parts being hit by 12-hour blackouts. The blackouts sparked protests at power stations near [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Biswajeet |last2=Arasu |first2=Sibi |date=2023-05-22 |title=India scorched by extreme heat with monsoon rains delayed |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-heat-wave-climate-change-f7849cc33f7d6e7dba1403484cee2c56 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527085716/https://apnews.com/article/india-heat-wave-climate-change-f7849cc33f7d6e7dba1403484cee2c56 |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 23 and 25, three [[cheetah]] cubs died in [[Kuno National Park]] and one was sent to be treated in a critical care facility. The cubs were the first to be born in India in over seven decades. The heat wave in India was believed to have weakened the cubs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Aniruddha |date=2023-05-26 |title=Three cheetah cubs die in India amid sweltering heat wave |url=https://apnews.com/article/cheetah-cubs-india-heat-climate-change-0cfe5bd0ad668e60c4cf5741ecbb8fa5 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Associated Press |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527085715/https://apnews.com/article/cheetah-cubs-india-heat-climate-change-0cfe5bd0ad668e60c4cf5741ecbb8fa5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 19 June, 119 people in Uttar Pradesh and 47 people in [[Bihar]] had died due to heat-related illnesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-19 |title=Death toll surges as India heatwave leaves hospitals overwhelmed |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230619-death-toll-surges-as-india-heatwave-leaves-hospitals-overhwelmed |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622022201/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230619-death-toll-surges-as-india-heatwave-leaves-hospitals-overhwelmed |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 400 people were hospitalised in Uttar Pradesh in the same time period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Alok |date=18 June 2023 |title=54 Dead, 400 Hospitalised In 72 Hours At UP District Hospital Due To 'Severe Heat' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/heatwave-in-uttar-pradesh-ballia-district-hospital-54-dead-400-hospitalised-in-72-hours-at-up-district-hospital-due-to-severe-heat-4130837 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618115507/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/heatwave-in-uttar-pradesh-ballia-district-hospital-54-dead-400-hospitalised-in-72-hours-at-up-district-hospital-due-to-severe-heat-4130837 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Maharashtra deaths ====
On 16 April, 13 people died from heat stroke after attending the [[Maharashtra Bhushan award]] event in [[Kharghar]], [[Navi Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2023-04-17 |title=Maharashtra heat-stroke deaths {{!}} As toll rises to 13, Opposition MVA spars with ruling Shinde-Fadnavis government |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-heat-stroke-deaths-as-death-toll-rises-opposition-mva-spars-with-ruling-shinde-fadnavis-government/article66747865.ece |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422053720/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-heat-stroke-deaths-as-death-toll-rises-opposition-mva-spars-with-ruling-shinde-fadnavis-government/article66747865.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=Suri |first1=Manveena |last2=Subramaniam |first2=Tara |date=2023-04-18 |title=13 people die of heatstroke in India after attending government award ceremony |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/18/asia/india-heatstroke-deaths-award-ceremony-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422053720/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/18/asia/india-heatstroke-deaths-award-ceremony-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and 50–60 people were hospitalised.<ref name=":4" />

The incident happened at a government event where Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] presented social worker [[Appasaheb Dharmadhikari]] with the Maharashtra Bhushan award. The episode was brought on by extended physical effort and exposure to high temperatures. Despite the fact that the IMD had not issued any heat wave warnings on that particular day, doctors have linked the deaths to prolonged exposure to heat in open spaces and strenuous activity. Many people came from nearby districts as well, which would have made their situation worse. Outrage over the occurrence has led to political figures calling for the government to be held accountable for the fatalities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Rupsa |last2=Acharya |first2=Pratip |date=17 April 2023 |title=11 killed in Mumbai: What happens during a heat stroke, and what precautions you must take |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/mumbai-deaths-heat-stroke-precautions-explained-8560633/ |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424152316/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/mumbai-deaths-heat-stroke-precautions-explained-8560633/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chitre |first=Manjiri |date=17 April 2023 |title='Who will investigate?': Uddhav Thackeray after 11 die of heatstroke at state event |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-will-investigate-uddhav-thackeray-after-11-die-of-heatstroke-at-state-event-101681690441739.html |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190258/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-will-investigate-uddhav-thackeray-after-11-die-of-heatstroke-at-state-event-101681690441739.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Nana Patole]], President of the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]], has sought the resignations of the Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister and called for the administration to be held accountable. [[Uddhav Thackeray]], the former chief minister of Maharashtra, and [[Ajit Pawar]], the head of the NCP, went to the hospital to inspect the situation and criticise the organisation of the event. Concerns regarding the need for improved planning and procedures to stop similar catastrophes in the future have been raised in response to the tragedy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Abhinay |date=19 April 2023 |title=Maharashtra Congress chief urges Governor to 'sack' Shinde government |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-congress-chief-urges-governor-to-sack-shinde-government/article66755836.ece |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420105925/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-congress-chief-urges-governor-to-sack-shinde-government/article66755836.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
In June, temperatures in Nepal topped {{cvt|40|C|F}} for days, with cities such as [[Nepalgunj]] and [[Nawalpur District|Nawalpur]] reaching as high as {{cvt|44|C|F}}. The heat forced the closures of some schools and colleges in the country for over a week. The country's meteorological department warned that the high temperatures would likely persist until mid-July.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Lekhanath |date=June 16, 2023 |title=Nepal struggles with blistering heat wave |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nepal-struggles-with-blistering-heat-wave/a-65941491 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618115507/https://www.dw.com/en/nepal-struggles-with-blistering-heat-wave/a-65941491 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
{{Main|2023 Pakistan heat wave}}
Nine cities recorded temperatures greater than or equal to {{cvt|40|C|F}} on 23 April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Stuti |date=2023-04-27 |title=Fears for Asia's summer after recent 'monster' heatwave |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/asia-heat-india-thailand-pakistan-b2328048.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504175950/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/asia-heat-india-thailand-pakistan-b2328048.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 May, [[Jacobabad]] reached {{cvt|49|C|F}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Logan |first=Tyne |date=2023-05-25 |title=Brutal heat across Asia prompts warnings from climatologists of what's to come |language=en-AU |work=[[ABC News Australia]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-25/asia-heatwave-climatologists-warning-rising-global-temperatures/102388434 |access-date=2023-05-25 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525205154/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-25/asia-heatwave-climatologists-warning-rising-global-temperatures/102388434 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
On 17 April, Sri Lanka's Department of Meteorology warned that the temperature was expected to increase to "caution level" in the [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]], [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] and [[North Western Province, Sri Lanka|North Western]] provinces and the [[Hambantota District|Hambantota]], [[Kilinochchi District|Kilinochchi]], [[Mannar District|Mannar]], [[Monaragala District|Monaragala]], [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaitivu]] and [[Vavuniya District|Vavuniya]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2023 |title=Met dept. issues heatwave alerts |url=https://sundaytimes.lk/online/news-online/Met-dept-issues-heatwave-alerts/2-1141508 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]] |language=English |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501014610/https://sundaytimes.lk/online/news-online/Met-dept-issues-heatwave-alerts/2-1141508 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 27 April, the temperature in the country was {{cvt|39-40|C|F}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=Killing the heat wave tactically |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/press-releases/Killing-the-heat-wave-tactically/335-258298 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]] |language=English |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501014615/https://www.dailymirror.lk/press-releases/Killing-the-heat-wave-tactically/335-258298 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Southeast Asia ==
Tieh-Yong Koh, an associate professor at the [[Singapore University of Social Sciences]], said in May that the prolonged dryness across Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam is due to suppressed rainfall during the previous winter. He noted, "Because dry soil heats up faster than moist soil, a hot anomaly naturally forms as spring arrives".<ref name=":14" />

=== Cambodia ===
Cambodia has been affected by water shortages due to high water demand in Thailand. Cambodia's Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology predicted that hot weather would continue until mid-May, with less rainfall than in 2022. It also said that weather patterns were being affected by [[El Niño]], and the resulting heat would last until August.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Luke |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Smoke and Heat: Breaking Records in Southeast Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/04/smoke-and-heat-breaking-records-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428021254/https://thediplomat.com/2023/04/smoke-and-heat-breaking-records-in-southeast-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May, temperatures of {{cvt|41.6|C|F}} were recorded in [[Kratié (town)|Kratié]] and the [[Ponhea Kraek District|Ponhea Kraek district]], setting a new national May record.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Cappucci |first=Matthew |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Extreme heat, well into triple digits, smashes records in Asia |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/05/08/heat-records-laos-thailand-cambodia-vietnam/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

===Laos===
In April, the [[Sainyabuli province]] reached {{cvt|42.9|C|F}} on 19 April in a new all-time record for the country.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" />

On 6 May, [[Luang Prabang]] reached {{cvt|43.5|C|F}}, surpassing the country's previous record,<ref name=":11" /> and [[Thakhek]] recorded {{cvt|31.8|C|F}} that night, making it the country's hottest night.<ref name=":13" /> Over the same weekend, [[Vientiane]] reached {{cvt|42.5|C|F}}, breaking the city's all-time record.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Tara |date=2023-05-08 |title=Vietnam and Laos record hottest temperatures ever as heat wave grips Southeast Asia |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/08/asia/vietnam-laos-record-high-temperatures-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706194150/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/08/asia/vietnam-laos-record-high-temperatures-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Malaysia ===
In April, Malaysia's Meteorological Department issued heat wave alerts in several states. The highest temperature recorded was {{cvt|38.4|C|F}} in [[Negeri Sembilan]]. On 25 April, an 11-year-old boy and a 19-month-old toddler died of heat stroke and severe dehydration in [[Kelantan]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Saieed |first=Zunaira |date=2023-05-05 |title=Malaysia's heatwave expected to last until June, with haze likely to follow |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-s-heatwave-expected-to-last-until-june-with-haze-likely-after-that |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=[[The Straits Times]] |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507090545/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-s-heatwave-expected-to-last-until-june-with-haze-likely-after-that |url-status=live }}</ref> At least five people required medical treatment due to the heat.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sood |first1=Amy |last2=Lim |first2=Kimberly |date=2023-05-07 |title='Extreme weather events': Asia set for supercharged heat as El Nino looms |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3219550/after-hottest-april-ever-asia-braces-new-extreme-weather-normal-el-nino-looms-supercharge-heat |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507072524/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3219550/after-hottest-april-ever-asia-braces-new-extreme-weather-normal-el-nino-looms-supercharge-heat |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 3 May, the Education Ministry announced that all outdoor activities in schools would be suspended due to the heat. Two days later, the national meteorological department said the country's heat wave was expected to last until June.<ref name=":12" /> Students have been permitted to wear casual clothing instead of school uniforms.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=Ratcliffe |first=Rebecca |date=2023-05-26 |title=Vietnamese cities cut public lighting to save energy amid heatwave |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/26/vietnam-cities-cut-lighting-save-energy-heatwave |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527085714/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/26/vietnam-cities-cut-lighting-save-energy-heatwave |url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 May, Deputy Prime Minister [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] said that there were no immediate plans to declare the heat wave an emergency, but the government would do so if necessary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No immediate plans to declare heatwave an emergency: Malaysia DPM Ahmad Zahid |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-ahmad-zahid-heatwave-hot-weather-emergency-cloud-seeding-3491641 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=[[CNA (TV network)|CNA]] |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523102456/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-ahmad-zahid-heatwave-hot-weather-emergency-cloud-seeding-3491641 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Myanmar ===
On 25 April, four weather stations in Myanmar recorded monthly high temperatures, with Theinzayet in the [[Mon State]] recording the highest temperature at {{cvt|43|C|F}}. The next day, the city of [[Bago, Myanmar|Bago]] reached {{cvt|42.2|C|F}}, matching a record previously reached in May 2020 and April 2019, according to weather historian Maximiliano Herrera.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Ratcliffe |first=Rebecca |date=2023-04-27 |title='Endless record heat' in Asia as highest April temperatures recorded |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/apr/27/endless-record-heat-asia-highest-april-temperatures |access-date=2023-05-01 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507233415/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/apr/27/endless-record-heat-asia-highest-april-temperatures |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7 May, the temperature rose to {{cvt|46|C|F}} in the [[Magway Region]]. Media reports said that there were 61 deaths due to heat-related problems, but [[Radio Free Asia]] was unable to verify the number.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Subel Rai |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Heat wave blasts Southeast Asia – a likely pattern for the future |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/environment/heat-wave-05102023134526.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=[[Radio Free Asia]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601034838/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/environment/heat-wave-05102023134526.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Philippines ===
In the Philippines, temperatures reached up to {{cvt|37|C|F}},<ref name="ST20Apr">{{cite news |last1=Dancel |first1=Raul |date=20 April 2023 |title=Record heatwave of up to 45 deg C scorches much of Asia, and it's going to get worse |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/record-heatwave-of-up-to-45-deg-c-scorches-much-of-asia-and-it-s-going-to-get-worse |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424234935/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/record-heatwave-of-up-to-45-deg-c-scorches-much-of-asia-and-it-s-going-to-get-worse |url-status=live }}</ref> while the [[heat index]] rose to {{cvt|48|C|F}} in [[Butuan]] on 21 April{{Nbsp}}– the highest in the country so far for 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Velasco |first1=Raheema |date=24 April 2023 |title=Explainer: What is the heat index? |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/24/heat-index-Philippines.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706194210/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/24/heat-index-Philippines.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A power cut at a secondary school resulted in nearly 150 students being affected by heat stroke; two students were rushed to a hospital.<ref name="ST20Apr" /> The [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] announced that from 24 April, schools would be able to move classes online at their discretion to avoid the heat.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Devastating heatwave continues in Southeast Asia |agency=[[EFE]] |url=https://efe.com/en/latest-news/2023-04-24/devastating-heatwave-continues-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425110058/https://efe.com/en/latest-news/2023-04-24/devastating-heatwave-continues-in-southeast-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 839 schools switched to [[distance learning]] to prevent students from falling ill due to the extreme heat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2023 |title=Some schools implement distance learning amid extreme heat |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/868002/some-schools-implement-distance-learning-amid-extreme-heat/story/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[GMA News Online]] |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507013126/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/868002/some-schools-implement-distance-learning-amid-extreme-heat/story/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9" />

On 12 May, the heat index reached {{cvt|50|C|F}} in [[Legazpi, Albay]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saludes |first=Mark |date=May 26, 2023 |title='Uncharted territory': How Asia is coping with extreme heat |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2023/0526/Uncharted-territory-How-Asia-is-coping-with-extreme-heat |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0882-7729 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527085714/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2023/0526/Uncharted-territory-How-Asia-is-coping-with-extreme-heat |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, schools in [[Quezon City]] were allowed to shorten their hours due to the extreme heat.<ref name=":18" />

===Singapore===
Singapore reached {{cvt|36.1|C|F}} in [[Admiralty, Singapore|Admiralty]] on 14 April, the highest temperature recorded in the country since the start of 2023. This was broken just under a month later, with the temperature reaching {{cvt|36.2|C|F}} in [[Choa Chu Kang]] on 12 May.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koh |first1=Sarah |last2=Ang |first2=Qing |date=12 May 2023 |title=Temperature soars to 36.2 deg C in Choa Chu Kang, a record high for 2023 |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/temperature-soars-to-record-high-of-362-deg-c-at-choa-chu-kang-exceeds-previous-hottest-day-of-2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512101516/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/temperature-soars-to-record-high-of-362-deg-c-at-choa-chu-kang-exceeds-previous-hottest-day-of-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the following day, the temperature in [[Ang Mo Kio]] hit {{cvt|37.0|C|F}}, tying the record set on 17 April 1983 at [[Tengah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woon |first=Wallace |date=2023-05-13 |title=Temperature of 37 deg C in Ang Mo Kio matches all-time highest daily mark hit 40 years ago |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/temperature-hits-40-year-record-high-of-37-deg-c-in-ang-mo-kio-on-saturday |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=The Straits Times |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514010610/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/temperature-hits-40-year-record-high-of-37-deg-c-in-ang-mo-kio-on-saturday |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MSS">{{cite web |title=More Warm Nights Expected with Onset of Southwest Monsoon Conditions |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/fwo-more-warm-nights-expected-with-onset-of-southwest-monsoon-conditions/ |publisher=Meteorological Service Singapore |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602152351/http://www.weather.gov.sg/fwo-more-warm-nights-expected-with-onset-of-southwest-monsoon-conditions/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |date=1 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Singapore also recorded its highest ever daily minimum temperature for the month of May – {{cvt|29.7|C|F}} in [[East Coast Park]] on 25 May. In general, May 2023 was the warmest May on record for Singapore, with the [[Changi]] climate station observing an average temperature of {{cvt|29.5|C|F}}.<ref name="MSS"/>

Several schools have begun relaxing their rules on school uniforms to help students deal with the heat.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Min |first=Ang Hwee |date=12 May 2023 |title=Schools relax rules on student uniforms as hot, humid weather persists |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/school-uniforms-primary-students-hot-weather-moe-3483731 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=[[CNA (TV network)|CNA]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513042635/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/school-uniforms-primary-students-hot-weather-moe-3483731 |url-status=live }}</ref> Singapore's Meteorological Service said earlier in May that the country was "not currently experiencing a heatwave" despite recently recording relatively high temperatures.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last1=Lim |first1=Kimberly |last2=Sood |first2=Amy |date=2023-05-12 |title=Singapore schools relax rules on uniforms as brutal heatwave grips Asia |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3220372/singapore-schools-relax-rules-uniforms-asia-battles-record-sweltering-temperatures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512111954/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3220372/singapore-schools-relax-rules-uniforms-asia-battles-record-sweltering-temperatures |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

=== Thailand ===
In Thailand, the temperature rose to over {{cvt|49|C|F}} for the first time in its history according to Herrera, with the city of [[Tak, Thailand|Tak]] reaching {{cvt|45.4|C|F}} on 15 April. Large portions of the country have had temperatures in the range of upper 30s to lower 40s degrees Celsius since March.<ref name=":1" /> According to [[ArabiaWeather]], Thailand's previous all-time record was {{cvt|45.5|C|F}} in the [[Mae Hong Son province]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Stillman |first=Dan |date=April 17, 2023 |title=Historic Asia heat breaks hundreds of records, with extremes in Thailand and China |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/04/17/historic-heat-wave-asia-thailand/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Two deaths due to the heat wave were reported.<ref name=":7" />

Thousands were forced to flee from [[Chiang Mai]] due to pollution caused by the annual burning in northern Thailand and Myanmar.<ref name=":8" /> Power outages have become common due to the high use of air conditioners and refrigeration.<ref name=":8" /> On 25 April, rain in [[Bangkok]] brought respite from the heat.<ref name=":9" />

The Thai government has issued health warnings, with the health department warning about the risk of heat stroke.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> On 22 April, the government issued a warning for people to stay indoors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saksornchai |first=Jintamas |date=2023-04-22 |title=Heat wave in Thailand prompts warning to stay indoors |url=https://apnews.com/article/thailand-bangkok-extreme-heat-68ae07fef2cc1131ed611af8b7497d8f |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706200155/https://apnews.com/article/thailand-bangkok-extreme-heat-68ae07fef2cc1131ed611af8b7497d8f |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 April, Thailand's national weather service said that the [[heat index]] hit a record of {{cvt|54|C|F}}.<ref name=":8" />

On 6 May, Bangkok reached {{cvt|41|C|F}}, the highest recorded in the city.<ref name=":11" /> On the next day, there were reports of people fainting due to the extreme heat, including advance voters in the [[2023 Thai general election|2023 general election]]. This included 14 people at [[Ramkhamhaeng University]] and 3 at Chan Kasem Rajabhat University.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2023 |title=Dangerous heat levels expected in five areas on Sunday |language=en |work=[[Bangkok Post]] |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2565256/dangerous-heat-levels-expected-in-five-areas-on-sunday |access-date=2023-05-10 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706200750/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2565256/dangerous-heat-levels-expected-in-five-areas-on-sunday |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same week, temperatures in the northern and central regions remained above {{cvt|46|C|F}}, resulting in an increase in power demand.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Ng |first=Jasmine |date=2023-05-08 |title=Asia's Heat Wave Demonstrates Dangers of Warming World |url=https://time.com/6277894/asia-heat-wave-records-health-dangers/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508060525/https://time.com/6277894/asia-heat-wave-records-health-dangers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A May study by the [[World Weather Attribution]] found that Thailand's record heat wave was exacerbated by high humidity and a large number of forest fires that occurred around the same time.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=Cai |first=Derek |date=2023-05-18 |title=Climate change worsened Asia's April heatwave by 2C - study |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-65631464 |access-date=2023-05-24 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524003935/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-65631464 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":17" />

===Vietnam===
The [[Hòa Bình province]] recorded the highest temperature in 27 years for March in [[Kim Bôi district]] at {{cvt|41.4|C|F}}.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=Hòa Bình nóng nhất trong 27 năm |url=https://vtv.vn/xa-hoi/hoa-binh-nong-nhat-trong-27-nam-20230323181921266.htm |access-date=2023-04-22 |language=vi |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423115302/https://vtv.vn/xa-hoi/hoa-binh-nong-nhat-trong-27-nam-20230323181921266.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 May, the temperature in {{Ill|Hội Xuân|vi|Hội Xuân}}, about 150 km south of Hanoi,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=Temperature records shattered across Asia as heatwaves continue |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/06/03/only-going-to-get-worse-asias-record-shattering-heatwaves-raise-fears-over-climate-change |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=[[Euronews]] |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619202806/https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/06/03/only-going-to-get-worse-asias-record-shattering-heatwaves-raise-fears-over-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref> reached {{cvt|44.1|C|F}}, surpassing the country's previous record of {{cvt|43.4|C|F}} in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-07 |title=Vietnam records highest ever temperature of 44.1C |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/07/vietnam-records-highest-ever-temperature-of-441c |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508115326/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/07/vietnam-records-highest-ever-temperature-of-441c |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, the temperature reached {{cvt|44.2|C|F}} in the [[Tương Dương district]].<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Mary |date=May 8, 2023 |title=Brutal Southeast Asia heat wave shatters all-time records across multiple countries |url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/climate/brutal-southeast-asia-heat-wave-shatters-all-time-records-across-multiple-countries/1523815 |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=[[AccuWeather]]}}</ref>

On 19 May, nationwide blackouts started rolling out across the country, with notices by [[Vietnam Electricity]] (EVN) saying the blackouts could continue until the end of the month and could last up to 7 hours in some areas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-19 |title=Vietnam starts planned blackouts as heat stretches grid |language=en |work=[[The Straits Times]] |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/vietnam-starts-planned-blackouts-as-heat-stretches-grid |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0585-3923 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519111718/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/vietnam-starts-planned-blackouts-as-heat-stretches-grid |url-status=live }}</ref> EVN warned that high temperatures could put pressure on the national power system due to a spike in electricity consumption and lower-than-normal water levels in some dams.<ref name=":18" />

On 30 May, authorities in [[Hanoi]] started reducing the duration of public lighting to keep the power system running.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nguyen |first=Thinh |date=2023-05-30 |title=Vietnam capital dims street lights to save energy during heatwave |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnam-capital-dims-street-lights-save-energy-during-heat-wave-2023-05-30/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530064854/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnam-capital-dims-street-lights-save-energy-during-heat-wave-2023-05-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 June, [[Muong La]] reached {{Cvt|43.8|C|F}}, breaking the record for Vietnam's hottest June day.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dotto |first1=Carlotta |last2=Shveda |first2=Krystina |last3=Robinson |first3=Lou |date=2023-06-07 |title=A 'once-in-200 years' heat wave caught Southeast Asia off guard. Climate change will make them more common |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/06/asia/southeast-asia-heat-wave-humidity-climate-intl-hnk-dst-scn-dg/index.html |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609234522/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/06/asia/southeast-asia-heat-wave-humidity-climate-intl-hnk-dst-scn-dg/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite news |last1=Livingston |first1=Ian |last2=Stillman |first2=Dan |last3=Samenow |first3=Jason |date=2023-06-08 |title=Extreme heat, wildfires wreaking havoc with hottest months still ahead |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/06/06/extreme-weather-heat-oceans-climate-asia-canada/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

== East Asia ==

=== China ===
The best known incident occurred on July 16 in [[Sanbu Township, Xinjiang]], which set a new record of {{convert|52.2|°C}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=新疆吐鲁番出现52.2℃高温，火焰山地表温度达80℃|date=2023-07-18|work=新疆日报微信公号|last=|url=http://dzrb.dzng.com/articleContent/4399_1165717.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718124419/http://dzrb.dzng.com/articleContent/4399_1165717.html|archivedate=2023-07-18|accessdate=2023-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=吐鲁番：52.2℃高温破极值|date=2023-07-17|work=中国气象报社|last=李志宏|last2=张慧琴|url=https://www.cma.gov.cn/2011xwzx/2011xqxxw/2011xjctz/202307/t20230717_5652897.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718124525/https://www.cma.gov.cn/2011xwzx/2011xqxxw/2011xjctz/202307/t20230717_5652897.html|archivedate=2023-07-18|accessdate=2023-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=52.2℃！新疆吐鲁番盆地出现极端高温|date=2023-07-17|work=人民日报|last=|url=https://www.gzstv.com/a/b7acc75e6d0548f5b8bd6a6bf47c7bc2|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718124637/https://www.gzstv.com/a/b7acc75e6d0548f5b8bd6a6bf47c7bc2|archivedate=2023-07-18}}</ref> Two days later, on July 18, [[John Kerry]], the [[U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate]] visited Beijing and mentioned the Sanbu weather to [[Li Qiang]], the Premier of China.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerry upholds U.S.-China ‘stability’ in symbolic Beijing visit|date=2023-07-18|work=CNBC|last=Cheng|first=Evelyn|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/18/john-kerry-upholds-us-china-stability-in-symbolic-beijing-visit.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718130432/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/18/john-kerry-upholds-us-china-stability-in-symbolic-beijing-visit.html|archivedate=2023-07-18|accessdate=2023-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=中美部分会议气氛紧张！美国特使克里：气候合作可能重新定义中美关系|date=2023-07-18|work=FX168财经报社|last=云涌|url=https://www.fx168news.com/article/255361|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718130655/https://www.fx168news.com/article/255361|archivedate=2023-07-18|accessdate=2023-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |title=US climate envoy meets Chinese counterpart on hottest ever day in China |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/17/us-climate-envoy-kerry-meets-chinese-counterpart-amid-record-heat |access-date=August 4, 2023 |agency=The Guardian |date=July 17, 2023}}</ref>

On 18 April, temperatures rose as high as {{cvt|42.4|C|F}} in [[Yuanyang County, Yunnan]]. According to climatologist Jim Yang, over 100 weather stations broke their temperature record on 17 April.<ref name=":1" /> In multiple provinces, temperatures have exceeded {{cvt|35|C|F}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Freedman |first=Andrew |date=2023-04-18 |title=Deadly heat wave envelops large swath of Asia, including India and China |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/04/18/deadly-heat-wave-large-swath-of-asia-china-india |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422065551/https://www.axios.com/2023/04/18/deadly-heat-wave-large-swath-of-asia-china-india |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22–23 April, a cold front sweeping south and east triggered a significant drop in temperatures, torrential rain and heavy snowfall in parts of northern China, with [[Shanxi]] reporting up to 24 cm of snow.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-24 |title=Weather tracker: heatwave grips parts of Asia and heavy snow hits Scandinavia |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/apr/24/weather-tracker-heatwave-asia-heavy-snow-scandinavia-thailand-laos-norway-sweden |access-date=2023-05-01 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507205740/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/apr/24/weather-tracker-heatwave-asia-heavy-snow-scandinavia-thailand-laos-norway-sweden |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 May, the [[Changjiang Li Autonomous County]] in [[Hainan]] province reached {{cvt|41.5|C|F}}, making it the highest temperature recorded in the province.<ref name=":13" /> In mid-May, [[Shandong]] province and [[Beijing]] issued heat warnings, with cities such as [[Jinan]], [[Tianjin]] and [[Zhengzhou]] expecting temperatures to rise as high as {{cvt|37|C|F}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Orr |first=Bernard |date=2023-05-15 |title=Chinese cities broil in heat, brace for more record temperatures |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinese-cities-broil-heat-brace-more-record-temperatures-2023-05-15/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515150634/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinese-cities-broil-heat-brace-more-record-temperatures-2023-05-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Stuti |date=2023-05-15 |title=China warns of record-breaking temperatures as major cities issue heat advisories |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/china-heatwave-beijing-yunnan-province-b2339012.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519180208/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/china-heatwave-beijing-yunnan-province-b2339012.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 May, [[Shanghai]] recorded {{cvt|36.7|C|F}}, the highest May temperature recorded in the city in 100 years. The previous record of {{cvt|35.7|C|F}} was reached in 1876, 1903, 1915 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=Shanghai records hottest day in May in 100 years |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/shanghai-records-hottest-day-in-may-in-100-years |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530064858/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/shanghai-records-hottest-day-in-may-in-100-years |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Mengchen |last2=Magee |first2=Caolán |date=2023-05-29 |title=Shanghai records its highest May temperature in more than 100 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/29/china/shanghai-record-temperature-may-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530064854/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/29/china/shanghai-record-temperature-may-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June, temperatures across southern China reached at least {{cvt|42.2|C|F}}. [[Hong Kong]] reached a new June record of {{cvt|37.9|C|F}}.<ref name=":19" /> On 7 June, temperatures over {{cvt|45|C|F}} were recorded in the country.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Paddison |first=Laura |date=2023-06-08 |title=Siberia swelters in record-breaking temperatures amid its 'worst heat wave in history' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/08/asia/heat-wave-siberia-climate-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610042515/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/08/asia/heat-wave-siberia-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 June, [[Beijing]] hit {{cvt|41.1|C|F}}, which is the highest ever recorded temperature in June in the capital, breaking the June record of {{cvt|40.6|C|F}} set back in 1961, making this the 7th time the capital has exceeded {{cvt|40|C|F}}. On the same day, [[Tianjin]] hit {{cvt|41.4|C|F}}, which not only was its highest ever June temperature on record, but the all-time highest temperature ever recorded.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Woo |first1=Ryan |last2=Wang |first2=Tingshu |date=2023-06-22 |title=Beijing soars above 41 degrees Celsius, smashes June record |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/beijing-braces-blistering-hot-weather-heatwaves-return-2023-06-22/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623005600/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/beijing-braces-blistering-hot-weather-heatwaves-return-2023-06-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 June, Beijing issued a "red" alert level, which advises people to avoid outdoor work and for children and elderly people to take precautions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lau |first=Chris |date=2023-06-23 |title=Beijing swelters during hottest June day on record |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/23/asia/hottest-june-day-beijing-china-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624010754/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/23/asia/hottest-june-day-beijing-china-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Subel Rai |date=23 June 2023 |title='Red' alert for Beijing as heat wave sweeps northern China |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/beijing-heat-wave-06232023122021.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624011037/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/beijing-heat-wave-06232023122021.html |archive-date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Radio Free Asia |language=en}}</ref> As predicted, the capital hit {{cvt|40.3|C|F}}, exceeding 40 °C for a second day in a row, which has never happened in the Chinese capital since reliable observations were kept since 1951. The same thing occurred in nearby Tianjin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Woo |first=Ryan |date=2023-06-24 |title=Beijing swelters in extreme heat for third straight day |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/beijing-braces-extreme-heat-third-straight-day-2023-06-24/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624112232/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/beijing-braces-extreme-heat-third-straight-day-2023-06-24/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 June, the red alert level was issued once again to all or part of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and Inner Mongolia, with temperatures forecasted to hit at least 40 °C in 24 hours. As predicted, the capital and Tianjin once again hit 40 °C, which meant an unprecedented third day of 40 °C temperatures for both cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-24 |title=Beijing sweats in extreme 40 deg C heat for record third day |language=en |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/beijing-sweats-in-extreme-40-deg-c-heat-for-record-third-day |access-date=2023-06-24 |issn=0585-3923 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706200702/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/beijing-sweats-in-extreme-40-deg-c-heat-for-record-third-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Japan===
The temperature in [[Minamata, Kumamoto]] reached {{cvt|30.2|C|F}} in a new April record for the area.<ref name=":0" /> In June, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] said that Japan finished its warmest March to May period on record.<ref name=":19" />
Also, an average temperature nationwide in Japan, especially in [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshu|northern Honshū]] on August, [[Sapporo]], {{cvt|26.7|C|F}} on 2023 August, {{cvt|22.3|C|F}} an average on August, [[Hakodate]], {{cvt|26.5|C|F}} and {{cvt|22.1|C|F}}, [[Morioka]], [[Iwate Prefecture]], {{cvt|27.9|C|F}} and {{cvt|23.5|C|F}}, [[Sakata, Yamagata|Sakata]], [[Yamagata Prefecture]], {{cvt|30.1|C|F}} and {{cvt|25.5|C|F}}, [[Niigata City]], {{cvt|30.6|C|F}} and {{cvt|26.5|C|F}}, other place, [[Kanazawa]], {{cvt|30.5|C|F}} and {{cvt|27.3|C|F}}, [[Kyoto City]], {{cvt|30.3|C|F}} and {{cvt|28.5|C|F}}, [[Hiroshima City]], {{cvt|30.0|C|F}} and {{cvt|28.5|C|F}}, [[Tokyo]], {{cvt|29.2|C|F}} and {{cvt|26.9|C|F}}, [[Kōriyama]], [[Fukushima Prefecture]], {{cvt|27.3|C|F}} and {{cvt|24.5|C|F}}, according to [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] official confirmed report, JMA also report, above minimum {{cvt|30.0|C|F}} day's temperature recorded place on August 10, {{cvt|31.4|C|F}} in [[Itoigawa]], {{cvt|30.8|C|F}} in [[Jōetsu, Niigata|Jōetsu]], both [[Niigata Prefecture]], {{cvt|30.4|C|F}} in [[Yonago]] and [[Matsue]], both [[Sanin region]], {{cvt|30.1|C|F}} in [[Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture]], and high day's temperature, {{cvt|40.0|C|F}} in [[Komatsu, Ishikawa|Komatsu, Ishikawa Prefecture]] on same day, these places were highest temperature recorded, since first observation recorded on local observatory.
JMA official reported, many place minimum daily temperature above {{cvt|25.0|C|F}} days from July to September, 59 days in [[Shimonoseki]], 57 days in Hiroshima and Tokyo, 54 days in Kyoto, 52 days in [[Takamatsu]], [[Shikoku Island]], 50 days in Kanazawa, 48 days in [[Nagoya]], 41 days in [[Kumamoto]], [[Kyushu Island]], 39 days in Yonago, 38 days in Niigata, 35 days in [[Sendai]], [[Miyagi Prefecture]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

On August 2nd 2022, the temperature in Nisshin, Aichi prefecture reached 41 degrees Celsius.{{cn|date=November 2023}}
According to Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare published a report issue on demographic survey on 17 September 2024, 1,651 persons were confirmed death by heatwave relative in nationwide from June to September, 2023.<ref>[[Sourse:Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfarevital Statistics report 2023 edition]]</ref>

== Central Asia ==
Unusual temperatures for April were recorded in several central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, where the city of [[Taraz]] reached {{cvt|33.6|C|F}},<ref name=":0" /> as well as Turkmenistan, which reached {{cvt|42.4|C|F}},<ref name=":7" /> and Uzbekistan.<ref name=":0" />

On 7 June, temperatures of {{cvt|41|C|F}} in Kazakhstan and {{cvt|43|C|F}} in Uzbekistan were recorded.<ref name=":20" />

== North Asia ==
On 3 June, Jalturovosk in Siberia reached {{cvt|37.9|C|F}} in its hottest day in history.<ref name=":20" /> The next day, Alexandrovskoe and Laryak reached record high temperatures of {{cvt|36.1|C|F}} and {{cvt|34.9|C|F}} respectively.<ref name=":19" /> On 7 June, multiple all-time heat records were broken in Siberia, with Baevo reaching {{cvt|39.6|C|F}} and [[Barnaul]] reaching {{cvt|38.5|C|F}}.<ref name=":20" />

== Impact ==

=== Of climate change ===
Parts of Thailand and Vietnam have been affected by thick smog during the heat wave. Experts contacted by [[NBC News]] noted that the combination of extreme heat and air pollution could lead to an increase in respiratory, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, and these impacts would worsen due to [[climate change]] intensifying heat waves and air pollution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Denise |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Deadly combo of extreme heat and air pollution grips parts of Southeast Asia |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/deadly-combo-extreme-heat-air-pollution-grips-parts-southeast-asia-rcna83419 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512151933/https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/deadly-combo-extreme-heat-air-pollution-grips-parts-southeast-asia-rcna83419 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A May study by the [[World Weather Attribution]] found that the heat wave was made at least 30 times more likely by climate change in India and Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arasu |first=Sibi |date=2023-05-17 |title=Climate Change Made Asia's April Heat Wave 30 Times More Likely To Occur |url=https://time.com/6280480/asia-heat-wave-climate-april-2023/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |magazine=Time |language=en |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519203744/https://time.com/6280480/asia-heat-wave-climate-april-2023/ |archive-date=19 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Extreme humid heat in South Asia in April 2023, largely driven by climate change, detrimental to vulnerable and disadvantaged communities |url=https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/extreme-humid-heat-in-south-asia-in-april-2023-largely-driven-by-climate-change-detrimental-to-vulnerable-and-disadvantaged-communities/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[World Weather Attribution]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518104341/https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/extreme-humid-heat-in-south-asia-in-april-2023-largely-driven-by-climate-change-detrimental-to-vulnerable-and-disadvantaged-communities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and that climate change raised temperatures by at least 2{{Nbsp}}°C (3.6{{Nbsp}}°F) in many parts of Asia in April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-17 |title=Climate breakdown made southern Asia heatwave at least 2C hotter, study finds |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/17/climate-breakdown-made-southern-asia-heatwave-at-least-2c-hotter-study-finds |access-date=2023-05-24 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524023256/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/17/climate-breakdown-made-southern-asia-heatwave-at-least-2c-hotter-study-finds |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" />

Archana Shrestha, the deputy director general of Nepal's Meteorological Forecasting Division, said that "we can't deny the impact of climate change and global warming when we look at the various climatic patterns." Anil Pokharel, the CEO of Nepal's National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Authority (NDRRMA), said, "If we look at the pattern, the heat waves have become more and more severe and frequent in recent years and decades. Though this is primarily a climate change-induced trend, we humans and our behaviors, lifestyles and policies are equally responsible."<ref name=":21" />

An analysis conducted using the Climate Shift Index (CSI), a metric developed by [[Climate Central]], found that climate change at least doubled the chances of the June heat wave in Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-23 |title=UP heat wave made at least two times more likely by climate change, shows analysis |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/up-heat-wave-made-at-least-two-times-more-likely-by-climate-change-shows-analysis/article67001040.ece |access-date=2023-06-24 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706200705/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/up-heat-wave-made-at-least-two-times-more-likely-by-climate-change-shows-analysis/article67001040.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Fossil fuel consumption ===
In India, [[Karnataka]]'s three coal power plants, which previously had reduced demand, were set to run at full capacity in April to meet the increased electricity demand caused by the heat wave.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Roli |date=2023-04-25 |title=Heat waves in India drive leading clean-energy state back to coal |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/04/25/asia-pacific/science-health-asia-pacific/heat-waves-india-clean-energy-coal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507081222/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/04/25/asia-pacific/science-health-asia-pacific/heat-waves-india-clean-energy-coal/ |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |language=en-US |agency=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref>

Many Asian countries have been forced to rely on coal to keep up with the energy demands caused by the heat wave, due to the European boycott of Russian oil during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] reducing the availability of [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) in Asia.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=de Guzman |first=Chad |date=2023-05-19 |title=Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave |url=https://time.com/6281045/asia-heat-wave-russia-ukraine-war/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519122926/https://time.com/6281045/asia-heat-wave-russia-ukraine-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bloomberg News]] reported that Russia exported 7.6 million metric tonnes of coal to Asia in April, with India and China buying over two-thirds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Huileng |date=May 22, 2023 |title=Asia is in the middle of a record heatwave, and Russia is reaping the financial rewards of it |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-russian-energy-oil-gas-coal-india-china-korea-heatwave-2023-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523104016/https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-russian-energy-oil-gas-coal-india-china-korea-heatwave-2023-5 |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chin |first=Yongchang |date=2023-05-21 |title=Crippling Heat Deepens Asia's Reliance on Russian Energy |language=en |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-21/crippling-heat-waves-deepen-asia-s-reliance-on-russian-energy |access-date=2023-05-23 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706200703/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-21/crippling-heat-waves-deepen-asia-s-reliance-on-russian-energy |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2023 heat waves]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Heat wave}}
{{Disasters in Malaysia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asia heat wave, 2023}}
[[Category:Meteorological events in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 heat waves]]
[[Category:2023 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2023 in Cambodia]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in China]]
[[Category:2023 in Laos]]
[[Category:2023 in Myanmar]]
[[Category:2023 in the Philippines]]
[[Category:2023 in Singapore]]
[[Category:2023 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:2023 in Thailand]]
[[Category:2023 in Vietnam]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in Malaysia]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:April 2023 in Asia]]
[[Category:Heat waves in Asia|2023 Asia heat wave]]
[[Category:Heat waves in China|2023 Asia heat wave]]
[[Category:Heat waves in India|2023 Asia heat wave]]
[[Category:Heat waves in Pakistan|2023 Asia heat wave]]
[[Category:Weather events in Bangladesh|2023 Asia heat wave]]
[[Category:Weather events in Japan|2023 Asia heat wave]]
[[Category:Weather events in Malaysia|2023 Asia heat wave]]
[[Category:Weather events in the Philippines|2023 Asia heat wave]]

Marmala Waterfall

2025-11-29T03:32:47Z

MerleGrier1601: Put Up

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Marmala Waterfall
| image = Marmala Waterfall (1) cropped.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| map_image =
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|9|42|39|N|76|50|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| location = [[Thalanadu]] and [[Teekoy]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| elevation =
| height =
| height_longest =
| number_drops =
| width =
| average_width =
| run =
| watercourse =
| average_flow =
| world_rank =
| type =
}}

'''Marmala Waterfall''' is a waterfall which is located a few kilometres away from [[Erattupetta]], in [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]],<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/kottayam/malayalam-news/eerattupetta-1.2040203] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122105/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/kottayam/malayalam-news/eerattupetta-1.2040203 |date=1 October 2017 }}|Mathrubhumi Daily</ref><ref>[https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g297634-d11740174-Reviews-Marmala_Waterfall-Kottayam_Kottayam_District_Kerala.html]|Marmala Waterfall</ref> It is exactly  8 km from [[Teekoy]]. The road from Mangalagiri to Marmala Waterfall is currently under construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വേറിട്ട വഴിയിലൂടെ വാഗമണ്ണിലേക്ക്; മാർമല വെള്ളച്ചാട്ടം കാണാം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2021/12/02/marmala-waterfalls-hidden-gem-in-kottayam.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> One has to trek through the middle of an estate, over the slippery rocky path, in order to reach the waterfalls. Marmala waterfall is about 40 meter in height, plunging into a 12-meter deep pool and feeds the [[Teekoy|River Teekoy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marmala Waterfalls {{!}} Offbeat Attractions in Kerala {{!}} Less-explored Places |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/video-gallery/maramala-waterfalls/1329 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Marmala Waterfalls.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Dry season]]
==Reaching there==
The nearest railway station is [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]] about 45 km from the falls. The nearest place with paved road is Teekoy, which is a rubber estate. From there it is a 5 km off-road ride and another 2 km trek.
{{Commonscat|Marmala Waterfall}}
{{clear|left}}
==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
# [https://enteyathrakal.com/marmala-waterfall/ EnteYathrakal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302155832/http://enteyathrakal.com/marmala-waterfall/ |date=2 March 2019 }}
# [http://www.mathrubhumi.com/kottayam/malayalam-news/eerattupetta-1.2040203 Mathrubhumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122105/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/kottayam/malayalam-news/eerattupetta-1.2040203 |date=1 October 2017 }}
# [https://kochi2ladakh.com/listing/marmala-waterfalls-near-vagamon-theekoy-kottayam/ kochi2ladakh]
<references group="g" />

[[Category:Waterfalls of Kerala]]
[[Category:Geography of Kottayam district]]

Thiruvananthapuram Central–Mangaluru Central Express

2025-11-22T17:45:29Z

MerleGrier1601: put up article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Thiruvananthapuram Central - Mangaluru Central Express
| image = TVC MAQ Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = 16347 arrives at Kozhikode Station.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} (TVC)
| stops = 48
| end = [[Mangalore Central|Mangaluru Central]] (MAQ)
| distance = {{convert|632|km|0|abbr=on}}
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, AC 3 tier economy, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16347/16348
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''16347 / 16348 Thiruvananthapuram Central– Mangaluru Central - Thiruvananthapuram Central Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} and [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]] in India. It is currently being operated with 16347/16348 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/trains-to-be-regulated-from-march-24-to-26/article17597494.ece | title=Trains to be regulated from March 24 to 26 | date=23 March 2017 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/1139853/Kannur/18-March-2017#page/13 S6 De-reserved between CLT-CAN now extended upto MAQ]</ref><ref>[http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/rail-passengers-in-kerala-hit-hard-with-late-arrivals-of-trains-english-news-1.1320663 Rail passengers in Kerala hit hard with late arrivals of trains]</ref> It first began operations as Ernakulam/CHTS Kannur express and then was extended to Trivandrum on the Southside and ran as Trivandrum Kannur Express. This train was then again extended to Mangaluru Central to provide connectivity to the people of Kasaragod with the state capital. In the Southern Railway Timetable Conference 2020, it has been decided to extend this train to Nagercoil as People of Nagercoil, Kanyakumari want an Overnight train to Mangaluru and north Kerala.

== Service==

The 16347/Thiruvananthapuram–Mangaluru Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 632 km in 14h 15m. The 16348/Mangaluru–Thiruvananthapuram Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 632 km in 14h 15m.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 16348 || MAQ || Mangalore Central || 2:25 PM || Daily || Thiruvananthapuram Central || 4:15 AM || Daily (next day)
|-
| 16347 || TVC || Thiruvananthapuram Central || 8:55 PM || Daily || Mangalore Central || 11:20 AM || Daily (next day)
|}

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}}
* {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kayamkulam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tiruvalla}}
* {{stnlnk|Kottayam}}
* {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Town}}
* {{stnlnk|Aluva}}
* {{stnlnk|Thrissur}}
* {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tirur}}
* {{stnlnk|Parappanangadi}}
* {{stnlnk|Kozhikode}}
* {{stnlnk|Mahe}}
* {{stnlnk|Kannur}}
* {{stnlnk|Kasaragod}}
* {{stnlnk|Mangaluru Central}}

==Coach composition==

The train was upgraded to modern [[LHB coach|LHB]] rake on February 18, 2025, with an MPS of 145 kmph. The train consists of 24 coaches:
* 1 AC II Tier coach
* 4 AC III Tier coaches
* 2 AC III Tier Economy coaches
* 9 Sleeper coaches
* 4 Sitting coaches
* 2 General coaches
* 1 General coach Divyangjan Friendly
* 1 Generator cars

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:violet;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:orange;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:BLUE;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:blue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 10
!s3cope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:blue;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:blue;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:orange;"| 23
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:grey;"| 24
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]||SLR||UR||D1||D2||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||M2||M1||B4||B3||B2||B1||A1||D3||D4||UR|||EOG
|}
*(Coach Position of 16348 Mangalore Trivandrum Express)
* Rake Sharing 12619/12620 Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak (T) - Mangalore Central - Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak (T) Matsyagandha Express

== Traction==

The route is fully electrified, and both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]]/[[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]]-based [[WAP-4]]/[[WAP-7]] loco.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12619/12620 [[Matsyagandha Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station]]
* [[Mangalore Central railway station]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram–Mangalore high-speed passenger corridor]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1058 16347/Thiruvananthapuram–Mangaluru Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1660 16348/Mangaluru–Thiruvananthapuram Express] India Rail Info

{{Express trains running through Kerala}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiruvananthapuram Central-Mangalore Central Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Maniktala

2025-10-13T06:43:20Z

MerleGrier1601:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{about|the neighbourhood in Kolkata|the Indian surname|Manaktala}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Maniktala 
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) 
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline = Maniktala Crossing - Kolkata 7342.JPG
|imagesize = 270 px
|image_caption = Maniktala Crossing
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Girish Park metro station|Girish Park]] and [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]]
|subdivision_type5 =
|subdivision_name5 =
|subdivision_type6 =
|subdivision_name6 =

|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
|parts_style = 
|parts = [[Ward No. 15, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|15]], [[Ward No. 16, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|16]], [[Ward No. 27, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|27]], [[Ward No. 28, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|28]]
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =36
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_max_ft =
|elevation_min_m =
|elevation_min_ft =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = For population see linked KMC ward pages
|population_density_km2 = 
|population_density_sq_mi =

|timezone = IST
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coor_type = 
|coordinates = {{coord|22.585|N|88.375|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}

|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700004, 700006, 700009
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Maniktala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maniktala]], [[Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorasanko]] and [[Beleghata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beleghata]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Maniktala''' is a locality of [[North Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://double-dolphin.blogspot.com/2014/05/who-is-manik-of-maniktala.html|title=Who is the Manik of Maniktala?|publisher=|access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> It is one of the important junctions in North Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sonarkolkata.home.blog/2018/12/15/places/|title=Maniktala Crossing|publisher=|access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The tomb of Manik Pir is located in lane near Maniktala crossing,<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909/reprint 1980, Page 800, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> therefore some locals suggest the neighbourhood is named after him.
[[File:Dargah of Manik Pir.jpg|thumb|Dargah of Manik Pir]]

Others argue that Manik Pir (erst: Syed Husen Ud din shah) came from North India on early eighteenth century, while the name Maniktala can also be seen mentioned in a map as early as of 1784. Instead, they believe, the bodyguard of Nawab of Bengal [[Alivardi Khan]], '''Manikchand Bose''' (erst : Manikram Bose) lived in this place as the caretaker of Calcutta (Ali Nagar) from/around 1756. Since he was very popular among the locals because of his wise and compassionate nature, the place came to be known as Maniktala.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

==History==
In 1889, the suburbs of old Calcutta were grouped in four municipalities. Maniktala formed the East Suburban Municipality. In the same year, Maniktala, [[Ultadanga]] and [[Beliaghata]] became 'fringe area wards' of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 13, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref> The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of [[Cossipore]], [[Chitpur]], Maniktala and [[Garden Reach]] were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out.<ref name= kmc1>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCAboutKolkataHome.jsp|title= A walk down memory lane | work= About Kolkata | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=kmc2>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp|title= Kolkata Municipal Corporation | work= Kolkata - a municipal history | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.585|88.375}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Maniktala
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.585|88.375}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

===Location===
Maniktala crossing is the intersection of [[Vivekananda Road]] (Maniktala Main Road) and [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road]] (Upper Circular Road) — two main thoroughfares in North [[Kolkata]]. Beadon Street (Dani Ghosh Sarani/Abhedananda Road), one of the important streets of North Kolkata originates from Maniktala, ending in [[Nimtala Crematorium|Nimtala Ghat]]. [[Amherst Street (Kolkata)|Amherst Street]] also starts nearby (Chaltabagan). [[Aurobindo Sarani]] crosses [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|APC Road]] at Khanna crossing, Maniktala. Maniktala crossing connects [[Shyambazar]], [[Kankurgachi]], [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] and [[Girish Park]] to Maniktala.<ref>Google maps</ref>

===Police district===
Manicktala police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Eastern Suburban division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at 20, Canal West Road, Kolkata-700006.<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=2&Division=E |title = Kolkata Police |work = Eastern Suburban Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Ultadanga#Police district|Ultadanga Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Suburban division i.e. Beliaghata, Entally, Maniktala, Narkeldanga, Ultadanga, Tangra and Phoolbagan.<ref name="police"/>

===Landmarks===
[[File:Sheetalnath Temple - Sheetalnath Temple and Garden Complex - Kolkata 2014-02-23 9505.JPG|thumb|[[Calcutta Jain Temple|Gouribari Badridas Jain Temple]], Maniktala]]
The Central Blood Bank of West Bengal Government is located at the Maniktala crossing. So is one of oldest markets of Kolkata, the Maniktala Bazar, easily identified by the clock tower. [[Calcutta Jain Temple|Gouribari Badridas Jain Temple]] is also located nearby.

==Economy==
===Daily markets===
[[File:Harisha Haat - Khanna Cinema Crossing - Kolkata 20170621062414.jpg|thumb|Harisha Haat, Khanna Cinema Crossing, Maniktala]]
Maniktala market, along with [[Hatibagan#Daily markets|Hatibagan]], [[Sealdah#Daily markets|Sealdah]], [[Tollygunge#Daily markets|Lake Market]] and [[Ballygunge#Gariahat Market|Gariahat]] markets, is amongst the largest markets in Kolkata. It is owned by SC Nan and family.<ref>Bandopadhyay, Raghab, ''Calcutta's Markets'', in ''Calcutta, The Living City'' Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 118, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref> "The vintage landmark of the clock tower in Maniktala helps to spot the interiors of this market well." Maniktala is famous for its fish market but is also popular for groceries and fresh vegetables. It is one of the best farmer's markets in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.yatra.com/india-tourism/shopping-in-kolkata/maniktala-market |title = Maniktala Market, Farmers’ Market | publisher= Yatra| access-date = 11 April 2018}}</ref> Maniktala Market at 187, Vivekananda Road is a private market spread over 3 acres. Vegetables, fruits, betel leaf, flowers, fish, meat, egg etc.are available. Maniktala Municipal Market is located at P-187, C.I.T. Road, Kankurgachi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/kolkata1.html| title = Primary Hats/ Markets of District| work = Markets in Brief - Kolkata| publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board| access-date = 11 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402051015/http://www.wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/kolkata1.html| archive-date = 2 April 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref> In Kolkata, every ''para'' (neighbourhood) has a ''machher bazar'' (fish market), but there are some big fish markets in different areas of the city: Howrah wholesale fish market, Gariahat, Sealdah and Maniktala. These markets "are famous not only for the wide variety of fishes they procure but also for their stellar quality. Prices depend on the fish you want. The staple ones are competitively priced. However, the special fishes such as Iilish, Chitol, Chingri can go for some ridiculous pricing. But that's no deterrence for the fish lover who can't do without it in his lunch!"<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wheelsonourfeet.com/2014/01/08/how-about-a-sortie-to-a-fish-market-in-kolkata/|title = How About a Sortie to a Fish Market in Kolkata? | publisher= Wheels On Our Feet| access-date = 11 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://coldnoon.com/magazine/dialogues/essays/where-the-fish-is-very-dear-a-caricature-of-kolkatas-relation-with-fish/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801053924/https://coldnoon.com/magazine/dialogues/essays/where-the-fish-is-very-dear-a-caricature-of-kolkatas-relation-with-fish/| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 1 August 2020|title = ‘Where the Fish is very Dear’ - A Caricature of Kolkata's Relation with Fish| publisher= Cold Noon, 1 January 2018| access-date = 11 April 2018}}</ref> Maniktala market sets a sort of a bench-mark for the pricing.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170831/jsp/calcutta/story_170055.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145953/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170831/jsp/calcutta/story_170055.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 12 April 2018|title = Hilsa hurrah in markets – supply surge triggers price drop | publisher= The Telegraph, 31 August 2017| access-date = 11 April 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Road - Maniktala - Kolkata 2012-01-23 8654.JPG|thumb|[[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road]] in Maniktala]]
The [[Maratha Ditch]] was dug in 1742 and it was partly filled up in 1799 to create the Circular Road (now [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road]]).<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], pages 12-13, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref>

===WBTC Bus===
* AC-39 (Airport - Howrah Stn)
* AC-30 (Lake Town - Howrah Stn)
* AC-2 (Barasat - Howrah Stn)
* EB-13 (Hatisala - Howrah Stn)
* VS-2 (Airport - Howrah Stn)
* VS-1 (Airport - Esplanade)
* S-3B (Behala - Kankurgachi)
* S-16 (Joka - Karunamoyee)

The construction of [[Vivekananda Road]], by Calcutta Improvement Trust, was completed in 1928. It was a broad new road through a congested area and changed the complexion of the area. Many buses and auto-rickshaws ply along these roads.<ref>Chaudhuri, Sukanta, "Traffic and Transport in Calcutta", in "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 151, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

Electric tramcars were introduced in Calcutta in 1902. Tram lines were laid to [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]] in 1910. The line along Upper Circular Road to Galiff Street came in 1941.<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''Civic and Public Services in Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], page 235, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref> A new tram line was laid from Maniktala to [[Ultadanga]] in 1985. Now [[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata tram]] route no. 18 serves Maniktala (via [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|APC Road]]-[[Vivekananda Road]]/Maniktala Main Road).<ref>Chaudhuri, Sukanta, "Traffic and Transport in Calcutta", in "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 155, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

==Culture==
One of [[Kolkata]]'s largest [[Durga Puja]] celebration, the [[Manicktalla Chaltabagan Lohapatty Durga Puja]] is celebrated in its vicinity.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Maniktala}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/North Kolkata}}

{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8VH0pK3g7k Maniktala Fish Market]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Janapada Loka

2025-09-13T02:23:31Z

MerleGrier1601: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Folk museum founded by H. L. Nagegowda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Janapada Loka
| image = Yakshagana artist's mannequin on display in the Janapada Loka (Folk art museum).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Veeragase artist's mannequin on display in the
| map = {{Location map | India
| alt = Pag is on an island.
| lat_deg = 12.42
| lon_deg = 77.15}}
| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map2 = {{Location map | Karnataka
| alt = Pag is on an island.
| lat_deg = 12.42
| lon_deg = 77.15}}
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| coords = {{Coord|12|42|5|N|77|15|4|E|display=inline,title}}
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1994|03|12}}
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| status = Foundation
| purpose = Folk Art & Traditions
| location = [[Ramanagara]]
| founder = [[H. L. Nage Gowda]]
| region_served = [[Karnataka]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Prof H C Ramachandra Gowda
| leader_title2 = Managing trustee
| leader_name2 = Mr Aditya Nanjaraj
| leader_title3 = Secretary
| leader_name3 = N A
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = Karnataka Janapada Parishat
| website = {{URL|http://www.janapadaloka.in}}
}}
'''Janapada Loka''' ({{lit|Folklore world or Folk-culture World}}), is a folk museum that has an exclusive display of the village folk arts of [[Karnataka]]. It is under the aegis of the Karnataka Janapada Parishat.<ref name="Karnataka Janapada Parishat">{{cite web|title=Karnataka Janapada Parishat|url=http://www.jaanapadaloka.org/achievements.html|publisher=Karnataka Janapada Parishat|accessdate=25 October 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221234/http://www.jaanapadaloka.org/achievements.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Sharif>{{Cite web|last=Shariff|first= Azmathulla|url=http://www.csl.nic.in/publication/cultureupdate/CultureUpdateNov2004.pdf|format=pdf|title=Janapada Loka|work=Prologue For the Culture –Update November 2004Collecting Impressions : Janapada Loka present to us the impressions of our rich past|publisher=Central Secretariat Library}}</ref><ref name=Planner>{{cite book|title=The India Travel Planner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4QkAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Cross Section Publications (P) Limited|page=143}}</ref> Loka Mahal, a wing in the museum has a display of 5,000 folk artifacts.<ref name=Folk>{{Cite web|url=http://bangalorerural.nic.in/janapadaLoka.htm|title=Janapada Loka|publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref> It is situated in [[Ramanagara]], [[Ramanagara district]] in the Indian state of Karnataka, on the Bangalore-Mysore highway, {{Convert|53|km}} to the south of [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Rough Guides">{{cite book|title=South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA215|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-103-6|pages=215–}}</ref><ref name=Lonely>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/karnataka/southern-karnataka/sights/other/janapada-loka-folk-arts-museum|title=Janapada Loka Folk Arts Museum|publisher=Lonely Planet }}</ref>

[[H. L. Nage Gowda|H. L. Nagegowda]], an Indian civil servant and folklorist, thought of creating a museum to exhibit the varied folk art and culture of Karnataka. Accordingly Karnataka Janapada Parishat (Janapada Academy) was first established on 21 March 1979. Gowda and his friends continued collecting antiques for this institution for the next three decades. The current museum land in Bangalore-Mysore highway was bought on 12 March 1994.

Janapada Loka is divided into separate wings — Folk arts museum, Loka Mahal, Chitra Kuteera, Doddamane, Shilamala, Arghyamala etc. The museum has a collection of 5,000 folk artefacts.

==History==
[[File:Janapada Loka Logo Tile Mosaic.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Janapada Loka Logo]]
The concept of establishing a museum to exhibit the rich folk art and culture of Karnataka was the brain-child of [[H. L. Nage Gowda]], a civil-servant by profession and also a folklorist, who, after retirement, made it his lifetime goal.<ref name=Gowda>{{Cite web|last=Gowda|first=RAMCHANDRE|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/10/14/stories/2005101403650300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150326123720/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/10/14/stories/2005101403650300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Rural love, urban life|date=14 October 2005}}</ref> An institution called the Karnataka Janapada Parishat (Janapada Academy) was first established on 21 March 1979 with the objective to promote, conserve, propagate and document Folk traditions of Karnataka.<ref name=Gowda/><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.jaanapadaloka.org/achievements.html|title= Achievements|publisher= Janapadaloka Organization|access-date= 24 February 2016|archive-date= 4 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221234/http://www.jaanapadaloka.org/achievements.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> Under the aegis of this institution, Janapada Loka came to be established. Following his retirement from Government service, Gowda generated financial resources by way of contributions from friends supplemented by his retirement benefits to create a core fund with which he purchased land of {{convert|15|acre|m2|sing=on}} on the Bangalore-Mysore Highway and established the Janapada Loka, a "folk cosmos" on 12 March 1994, creating a village ambiance with lush green vegetation. Creation of this museum involved a cost of {{INRConvert|10|m}}.<ref name=Gowda/><ref name=Pada>{{cite web|url= http://www.jaanapadaloka.org/en_index.html|title= Janapada Loka|publisher= janapadaloka Organization|access-date= 24 February 2016|archive-date= 4 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230115/http://www.jaanapadaloka.org/en_index.html|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Sahara">{{cite book|title=Rashtriya Sahara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv9tAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication|pages=133–34}}</ref> The museum has folk lore antique exhibits collected by Gowda and his friends over a period of three decades.<ref name="Sahara"/>

== Collections ==
Janapada Loka is established on a {{convert|15|acre|m2|sing=on}} campus, where "rural milieus from Karnataka" have been recreated. It also houses a plethora of rural artifacts which bring out the theme of "folk literature, music, dance, festivals, sculpture and lifestyle".<ref name=Pada/><ref name=Folk/>

The museum provides an opportunity for rural artisans, musicians and craftspeople to showcase their art and provides a platform for marketing these works of art. Books, DVDs and CDs relating to folk arts are also sold at the Information Center.<ref name=Pada/><ref>{{cite web|title=Rural love, urban life|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/10/14/stories/2005101403650300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304042811/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/10/14/stories/2005101403650300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-10-14|accessdate=25 October 2012}}</ref>

=== Entrance ===
{{Multiple image

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| image1 = Janapada Loka..jpg
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The entry gate to the museum gives an impressive greeting to the visitors. It has brass trumpets on the two pillars of the gate hoisted with "Harige" and Nandidwajas (flags of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]). The front face of the gate's leaves have images of [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]] embossed on them, which are cult figures of worship.<ref name=Pada/><ref name= Aravind>{{Cite news|last= Aravind |first= V S |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/127945/celebrating-folk-culture.html|title= Celebrating folk culture|date= 10 January 2011|newspaper=Decaan Herald}}</ref> The gate leads to the Lok Mata Mandira, which is the information centre of the museum.<ref name=Sharif/> There is a flock of pet swans roaming around here.<ref name="Steeped in art CM">{{cite web|title=Steeped in art|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/1758-janapada-loka-heritage-site|publisher=Citizen Matters|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Folk arts museum ===
The main area of interest in the Janapada Loka is the folk arts museum, which displays large number of artifacts of the folk culture, along with different types of musical instruments, tools used in agriculture and farming.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangalore Rural|url=http://bangalorerural.nic.in/janapadaLoka.htm|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=25 October 2012}}</ref> The shadow puppets on display are 500 years old.<ref name=Lonely/>
{{multiple image
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|image1 = Musical instruments used in tribal culture on display in Janapada Loka (Folk art museum).jpg
|alt1 =
|caption1 =Musical instruments used in tribal culture on display
|image2 = A stone sculpture of god Vishnu in reclining posture on display in Janapada Loka (Folk art museum).jpg
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The first museum building in the complex is the Lokamatha Mandira where exhibits consist of various types of rural household items and agricultural tools. Right at the entrance to this building there is a very large grinding stone, which used to be operated by two buffaloes, and was put to use during marriage celebrations.<ref name= Aravind/> The household items of daily use by rural folk on display are cooking vessels, jars to store pickles, salt containers and serving utensils made of stone, wood and mud.<ref name=Pada/><ref name= Aravind/> Brass and copper vessels used for worship, tools and tackles used for harvesting and climbing trees to pluck coconuts and areca nuts, large sized pots made of mud used for storing grains, old hand-looms are also exhibited here. The paintings in this museum hall are made from natural colours and these were part of marriage decorations in tribal houses; which is still a prevalent practice among many tribes, particularly pertain to the work culture of tribal women.<ref name=Sharif/>

=== Loka Mahal ===
Loka Mahal has a display of 5,000 folk artefacts.<ref name= Aravind/> This wing of the museum is a double storied building, which has a profusion of exhibits of large dolls of artists who perform the folk dances of Moodalapaya [[Yakshagana]] and also of [[Gaarudi Gombe|Garudi]]. Garudi dolls are carried by people in ceremonial dance processions to the accompaniment of drums. Also on display are life-size images of [[Kodava people|Kodava]] couples in their traditional attire and traditional ornaments and jewellery. [[Puppets]] made of leather from [[Nagamangala]], used for puppetry shows, a popular art form in some regions of the state, are exhibited. Chau Masks of eastern India are also displayed. The traditional hand loom fabrics displayed are "kaudi" and "du patti".<ref name=Pada/><ref name= Aravind/><ref name=Sharif/>

=== Chitra Kuteera ===
{{multiple image
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|caption1 =Tribal worship form display along the road
|image2 = Amphitheater in the Janapada Loka (Folk art museum).jpg
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|alt2 =
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}}
Chitra Kuteera commemorates the museum's founder H L Nage Gowda. Here displays are with photographs of his work and his interaction with the tribal people and folk tribes to collect information on artifacts for exhibiting in the museum. Exhibits here also relate to other folk artistes of the state. Pictures of different folk art forms are also exhibited.<ref name=Pada/><ref name= Aravind/>

=== Doddamane ===
Doddamane (meaning "big house") is a replica of a large traditional village house. The layout of the house consists of a pillared central courtyard in the house. This house is used as a community house of the museum complex where seminars, workshops etc. are held. Residential facilities are provided here to folk artistes who are involved in making of handicrafts such as pottery and wooden toys and who are also associated with training people interested in the folk art. Development skills in creating folk arts such as "Dollu Kunitha", "Kolata" and "Goravara Kunitha" are also provided here.<ref name=Pada/><ref name= Aravind/>

=== Janapada Library ===
Janapada Library has fairly large collection of books, which are used for research. The library is also part of the institution run by the museum since 1999, which offers Janapada Diploma and Janapada Certificate Course under the authority of the [[Bangalore University]].<ref name=Pada/><ref name= Aravind/>

=== Shilamala ===
''Shilamala'' or "Shilpamaala" (stone memorials) is a sculpture yard where many ancient stone sculptures, said to belong to 800 AD, brought from different places in the state are displayed; some of the notable sculptures are: "veera-kallu", "masti kallu", and images of gods which are all well arranged before a temple dedicated to [[Ganesha]]. Also on display here are the ritual related art of [[North Canara]], [[Madikere]] and parts of [[Kerala]].<ref name=Pada/><ref name= Aravind/>
{{multiple image
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|footer =
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|alt1 =
|caption1 = Grinding stone
|image2 = Janapada Loka CIS-A2K TTT 2015 tour 05.jpg
|alt2 =
|caption2 = sculpture of a working man
}}

=== Ayagaramala ===
Ayagaramala is an open yard where the exhibits relate to pottery, cottage industries, machinery for sugarcane crushing and oil extraction, a "bullock cart", and a wooden [[chariot]] used in temple processions. A puppet theater is part of the establishment with space to seat 50 people. A large open air theater is laid out in the shape of a Greek [[amphitheater]] where 1000 people could be seated.<ref name=Pada/><ref name= Aravind/><ref name=Sharif/>

==Festivals==
At the Janapada Loka cultural events related to folk culture are a regular feature every year. Some important festivals celebrated here, every year, are the Lokotsava (February–March), the [[Dassera]] in October and the [[Kite Festival]] in July.<ref name= Aravind/>

Lokotsava, a two-day event, is the keenly awaited of all the festivals where folk artists from all regions of Karnataka take part. It happens during February–March every year. During February 2014, the festival was planned to commemorate the birth centenary of its founder Nage Gowda. It was also proposed to promote folk arts of the state by honouring 100 folk artists, during 2015, with a cash prize and citation.<ref name=Pada/><ref name=special>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/folk-festival-at-janapada-loka/article5687400.ece|title=Folk festival at Janapada Loka|date=14 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Folk arts of Karnataka]]
* [[List of museums in Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Janapada Loka}}
* {{Official website|http://www.jaanapadaloka.org/}}

[[Category:Cultural history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Museums in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Folk art museums and galleries in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1994]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:Education in Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Karnataka]]

T. M. Anbarasan

2025-08-20T03:57:01Z

MerleGrier1601:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. M. Anbarasan
| image =
| caption =
| office =[[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |minister= Minister of Rural Industries, Cottage Industries, Small Industries, Tamil Nadu Urban Habitat Development Board.
| termstart = 7 May 2021
| termend =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| office1 =
| termstart1 =
| termend1 =
| minister2 = [[Minister (government)|Minister]] for [[Labor relations|Labour]] Development
| termstart2 = 12 May 2006
| termend2 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 =
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart4 = 12 May 2006
| termend4 = 14 May 2011
| termstart5 = 16 May 2016
| termend5 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| children = 1 son,
1 daughter
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|4|21}}
| birth_place = Kundrathur, Tamil Nadu
| spouse = A. Tamilselvi
| date =
| occupation = Politician
| residence = No. 26, Thulukka Street, Kundrathur, [[Chennai]] - 600 069.
| education =
}}

'''T. M. Anbarasan''' is an Indian politician. He is the current minister for Rural
Industries, Cottage Industries, Small Industries, Slum clearance board in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] Government. He is district DMK secretary of Kancheepuram. He had been elected to the [[Tamil Nadu]] assembly thrice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiru ANBARASAN. T.M |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=71 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209084132/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in:80/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=71 |archive-date=9 February 2011 |website=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tha Mo Anbarasan was born to Textile merchant Tha. Mohalingam Sengundha Mudaliar in [[Kundrathur]] on 21 April 1960. He had finished PUC education. At his school days he joined DMK party and started his political career.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=71 |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 July 2008 |archive-date=3 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703001615/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=71 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== Political career ==
He defeated B. Valarmathi of AIADMK during the 2006 assembly election in [[Alandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Alandur constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/05/13/stories/2006051309560600.htm |title=Valarmathi defeated by DMK's Anbarasan in Alandur |work=The Hindu |date=13 May 2006 |accessdate=2017-04-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630081351/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/05/13/stories/2006051309560600.htm |archivedate=30 June 2006 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2016]] resulted in him winning the Alandur constituency again.<ref>{{cite web |title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/001_050.html |accessdate=2017-04-26}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Alandur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Alandur Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Alandur Assembly constituency|2016}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Pallavaram Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Pallavaram Assembly constituency|2011}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Alandur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Alandur Assembly constituency|2006}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anbarasan, T. M.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]

{{Portal bar|Biography|Politics|India}}
{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Brahmin gotra system

2025-07-10T05:48:45Z

MerleGrier1601: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Brahmin gotra]]

Ariyanatha Mudaliar

2025-07-09T11:54:00Z

MerleGrier1601: Biography.

{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
'''Ariyanatha Mudaliar''' was the ''Delavoy'' (''General'') and the Chief Minister of the greatest of the [[Nayak (ethnic group)|Nayaka]] domains established by the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] ''viceroy'' and later [[Nayaks of Madurai|ruler of Madurai]], [[Viswanatha Nayak]] (1529–64). He assisted in running a quasi-feudal organisation of regions called the [[poligar]] or the ''palayakkarar'' system where the regions are divided into ''palayams'' (small principalities) and are independently governed by poligars or ''palayakkarars'' (petty chiefs).<ref name="bayly2004">{{cite book |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900 |first=Susan |last=Bayly |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-52189-103-5 |page=48}}</ref>

The [[Meenakshi Temple#Thousand Pillar Hall|Aiyaram Kaal Mandapam]], or Thousand Pillared Hall, in the famous [[Meenakshi Temple]] was constructed by him in 1569. There is a statue of him at the entrance.<ref name="History&DescriptionofSriMeenakshiTemple">History&Description of Sri Meenakshi Temple: By T. G. S. Balaram Iyer, T. R. Rajagopalan – Meenakshi Temple – 1977</ref>{{pn|date=June 2020}}

==Early life==

Ariyanatha Mudaliar was born into a [[Vellalar|Tamil Vellalar]]<ref name="bayly2004" /> clan in Meippedu village, Tondaimandalam (the present day [[Kanchipuram]] district). According to a modern descendant, he learned [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Mathematics]] from a teacher for free and in his spare time mastered the ancient [[Tamil people|Tamil]] martial art of [[Silambam]] and others like sword fight and wrestling. At the age of 16, he was encouraged to go the court of [[Krishnadevaraya]], the king of Vijayanagara. Ariyanatha soon rose to prominence and became the chief accountant of the Vijayanagara empire.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Inspired-by-a-house-of-1000-windows/article15398202.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 April 2008 |title=Inspired by a house of 1,000 windows |accessdate=2015-02-24}}</ref>

==Rise to power==
[[Image:1000_pillar_madurai.jpg|thumb|270px|right|A section of the ''Aayiram Kaal Mandapam'' (thousand-pillared hall), built by Ariyanatha Mudaliar, in the morning.]]
[[Image:Hindu_article_page_2.png|thumb|270px|right|Hindu Article on Ariyanatha Mudaliar]]
[[Image:Hindu_article_page_3.png|thumb|270px|right|Hindu Article on Ariyanatha Mudaliar]]
[[Image:Hindu_article_page_4.png|thumb|270px|right|Hindu Article on Ariyanatha Mudaliar]]

The process of consolidation of the Tamil region under the Vijayanagara empire began at the start of the 16th century. The regions were brought primarily under the control of the Nayaka kingdoms of [[Madurai]], [[Tanjore]] and Senji. Though the different Nayaka regions were autonomous, they all acknowledged the sovereignty of the Vijayanagara and its emperor, Krishnadevaraya.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel |first=Kanakalatha |last=Mukund |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1999 |isbn=978-8-12501-661-8}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2015}}

During the process of consolidation, Krishnadevaraya dispatched one of his most successful generals, Nagama Nayaka, on a campaign to punish Virasekhara Chola who had plundered the petty Pandyan regions. The Pandyas were under the protection of the Vijayanagara empire. Having put down Virasekhara, the general Nagama Nayak claimed Madurai for himself. Viswanatha Nayak, the son of Nagama Nayak, was more loyal to the king Krishnadevaraya than to his father. He overthrew his father and handed him over to Krishnadevaraya and as a reward for his loyalty the king appointed Viswanatha Nayaka as the governor of Madurai and other provinces in the neighbouring Tamil country.<ref name="TheNewCambridgeHistoryofIndia">The New Cambridge History of India By Gordon Johnson, [[Christopher Bayly|Christopher Alan Bayly]], J. F. Richards</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2015}}.Later when the Vijayanagar Empire fell, and Viswanatha Naicker became the ruler with Madurai as his capital, Ariyanatha became his minister and the general of his army. Dalavai means general.

It was Ariyanatha Mudaliar who built the hall of 1,000 pillars both in the Nellaiappar temple and in the Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple. (Taylor’s Oriental History Vol II, page 90). According to the Madras District Gazette - Madurai Vol I, the statue of a man on horseback seen at the entrance to the hall in the Madurai Meenakshi temple is that of Ariyanatha.
Ariyanatha built forts at Satyamangalam, Kaveripuram, Salem, Omalur, Sendamangalam, Anantagiri, Mohanur, Sankaridurg, Namakkal, Tiruchengode, Madurai, Dindigul, Azhagar hills, and stationed armies in all of these forts. Thus he threw a protective cordon around the Pandya kingdom. He built a total of 99 rest houses in pilgrim centres from Kasi to Kanyakumari. He streamlined the administration by dividing the kingdom into 72 palayams, with one palayakarar in charge of each. Ariyanatha’s son Kalathinatha Mudaliar built the seven-storied gopuram in the Meenakshi temple.

Ariyanatha’s grandsons, Nayina Mudaliar and Viraraghava Mudaliar, also added many structures to the Meenakshi temple.

Viswantha Nayak was succeeded by his son, Krishnappa Nayak, who together with Ariyanatha expanded the Nayak's Madurai kingdom and brought most of the ancient [[Pandyan]] territory under its rule.<ref name="TheNewCambridgeHistoryofIndia"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Madurai Nayak dynasty]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian politicians]]

Randhir Panihar

2025-07-04T17:29:02Z

MerleGrier1601:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nalwa Assembly constituency|Nalwa]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Randhir Singh Kaswan''' alias Randhir Panihar is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Nalwa Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Nalwa, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Randhir Panihar defeats INC's Anil Maan with 12144 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/nalwa-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612830-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Nalwa Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nalwa-election-result-2024-live-update-9077340.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|accessdate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=2 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panihar, Randhir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

G. Ramineedu

2025-05-26T06:00:21Z

MerleGrier1601: entry

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{infobox person
| name = G. Ramineedu
| birth_date = 5 October 1927
| birth_place = Chataparru, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|4|29|1927|10|05}}
| death_place = Chennai, Tamilnadu
| occupation = Director
}}
'''G. Ramineedu''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: గుత్తా రామినీడు) (5 October 1927 – 29 April 2009) was an [[Indian film]] director who worked in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is known for films such as ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]'' (1959), ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi]]'' (1960), ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|Palnati Yuddham]]'' (1966), ''[[Bangaru Sankellu]]'' (1968).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/51666/Ramineedu-no.html|title = Yahoo Search - Web Search}}</ref> ''Maa Inti Mahalakshmi'' and ''Palnati Yuddham'' received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] at the [[National Film Awards]].<ref name="7thawardPDF" /><ref name="13thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=13th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf |access-date=15 September 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref> ''Maa Inti Mahalakshmi'' also won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu]].<ref>The Times of India directory and year book including who's who. Times of India Press. 1960</ref> His last film ''[[Yagnam (1991 film)|Yagnam]]'' (1991) won the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref name=":0" />

==Early life and career==
He was born in [[Chataparru]] village, West Godavari district of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He entered the cinema world in 1954. He worked as an Assistant Director for films like ''[[Charana Daasi]]'' (1956). He made his film directorial debut with ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]'' (1959). It was the first picture completely shot in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]] debuted as a lead actor in this film. Famous actor [[Rao Gopal Rao]] worked as an assistant director for his film ''Bhakta Potana'' (1966) and in other films, including ''[[Bangaru Sankellu]]'' (1968), and ''Mooga Prema'' (1971). His last film ''[[Yagnam (1991 film)|Yagnam]]'' starring [[Bhanu Chander]] won the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://whatslatest.com/blog/?tag=thalli-koothullu |title=Thalli Koothullu |website=whatslatest.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301110046/http://whatslatest.com/blog/?tag=thalli-koothullu |archive-date=2012-03-01}}</ref>

==Death==
He died in [[Chennai]] on 29 April 2009 due to a kidney-related illness. His wife died in 2017. He is survived by three daughters and a son.

==Filmography==
# ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]'' (1959) (Director)
# ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi]]'' (1960) (Director)
# ''[[Kalimilemulu]]'' (1962) (Director)
# ''Anuragam'' (1963) (Director)
# ''Bhakta Potana'' (1966) (Director)
# ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|Palnati Yuddham]]'' (1966) (Actor, Director and Producer)
# ''[[Bangaru Sankellu]]'' (1968) (Writer and Director)
# ''Mooga Prema'' (1971) (Director)
# ''Pratikaram'' (1982) (Director)
# ''Raj Kumar'' (1983) (Director)
# ''Sanganatham'' (1984) (Director)
# ''[[Yagnam (1992 film)|Yagnam]]'' (1991) (Director)

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[7th National Film Awards|1959]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] - ''Maa Inti Mahalakshmi''<ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref>
* 1966: Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Telugu - ''Palnati Yuddham''<ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Gold]] - Yagnam<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0349202}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramineedu, Gutha}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film people from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Kechery River

2025-04-26T04:27:42Z

MerleGrier1601: put up a place added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kechery River
| image =
| image_caption =
| source1_location = Machad Mala
| mouth_location = Chettuva Lake
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| length_km = 51
| source1_elevation = {{convert|365|m|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|401|km|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Kechery River''' or ''Kechery Puzha'' is a west flowing river which has its origins at Machad hills in [[Thrissur District]]. The river is 51 kilometres in length and empties to
[[Arabian Sea]] at [[Chetuva|Chettuva]] Lake. It is linked with backwaters at Enamaakkal. ''Choondal Thodu'' is the only tributary of this river. The river irrigates 3560 hectares of land in [[Thalapilly taluk]] on [[Thrissur District]] through Vazhani irrigation project.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html
|title=About the Rivers of Kerala
|publisher=Tripod.com
|accessdate=2012-09-18}}</ref> Parappukkavu Bhagavathy Temple is located on the banks of this river.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Rivers of Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}
{{Kerala-river-stub}}

University of Oxford v. Rameshwari Photocopy Service

2025-03-18T15:16:00Z

MerleGrier1601: put up info

{{Short description|2016 Indian copyright case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox court case
|name =
|court = [[Delhi High Court]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption =
|full name = The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford and Ors. Versus Rameshwari Photocopy Services & Ors.
|date decided = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|09}}
|citations =
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges = Justice [[Pradeep Nandrajog]], Justice [[Yogesh Khanna]]
|number of judges = 2
|decision by = Justice Pradeep Nandrajog
|concurring =
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from = Single-judge bench of the Delhi High Court
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions =
|keywords = 
|italic title =
}}

'''''The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford and Others v. Rameshwari Photocopy Services and Others''''', colloquially known as the '''DU Photocopy Case''', was an [[Indian copyright law]] court case in the [[Delhi High Court]] filed by academic publishers [[Oxford University Press]], [[Cambridge University Press]] and [[Taylor & Francis]], against Rameshwari Photocopy Services and the [[University of Delhi]], the former being a shop licensed to operate within the precincts of the [[Delhi School of Economics]], University of Delhi.<ref name="DelDivBench2016" /><ref name="Chandha2017">{{cite web|last=Chandha|first=Janhvi|url=http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=bb41f1ab-d0b8-4706-8b7b-87342c645351|title=The Appeal Bench's decision Delhi university photocopying case: fair use re-visited - Lexology (Krishna & Saurastri Associates LLP)|work=[[Lexology]]|date=9 January 2017 |publisher=[[Law Business Research]]}}</ref> The plaintiffs alleged copyright infringement and sought a permanent injunction, and the defendants successfully argued that their actions fell within the bounds of [[fair dealing]].

== Background ==
Rameshwari Photocopy Service was established in 1998 and owned by Dharampal Singh.<ref name="Shankar2016">{{cite web|first=Aranya|last=Shankar|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/a-day-in-the-life-of-rameshwari-photocopy-service-shop-delhi-university-4432772/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|archive-date=2020-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111164224/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/a-day-in-the-life-of-rameshwari-photocopy-service-shop-delhi-university-4432772/|title=A day in the life of Rameshwari Photocopy Service shop, Delhi University|date=2016-12-17|publisher=|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Although initially denied by the [[University of Delhi]], some of the professors teaching the Delhi School of Economics had prepared [[Coursepacks|course packs]] consisting of pages from books published by the plaintiffs, and Rameshwari Photocopy Service was tasked with photocopying and binding these pages, and supplying them to students at {{INRConvert|0.50|year=2016|mode=historical|lk=on}} per page.<ref name="DelDivBench2016"/>

In 2012, [[Oxford University Press]], [[Cambridge University Press]] (UK) and [[Taylor & Francis Group]] (UK), as well as Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd. and Taylor & Francis Books India Pvt. Ltd.,<ref name="Oberoi2016">{{cite news|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|title=DU Photocopy Case: What Happened and Why It's Important|last=Oberoi|first=Radhika|date=2016-10-26|url=https://thewire.in/education/du-photocopy-case|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024123/https://thewire.in/education/du-photocopy-case|archive-date=2020-11-12|publisher=[[Foundation for Independent Journalism]]}}</ref> filed suit against Rameshwari Photocopy Service<ref name="Shankar2016"/> and the University of Delhi alleging copyright infringement.<ref name="Ghosh2016">{{cite journal|journal=[[NUJS Law Review]]|publisher=[[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]]|last=Ghosh|first=Eashan|date=2006|volume=9|issue=1|title=Fundamental Errors in Fundamental Places: A Case for Setting Aside the Delhi University Photocopying Judgement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804035449/http://nujslawreview.org/2016/12/06/fundamental-errors-in-fundamental-places-a-case-for-setting-aside-the-delhi-university-photocopying-judgement/|archive-date=2020-08-04|url=http://nujslawreview.org/2016/12/06/fundamental-errors-in-fundamental-places-a-case-for-setting-aside-the-delhi-university-photocopying-judgement/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref> The Association of Students for Equitable Access to Knowledge (ASEAK) and Society for Promoting Educational Access and Knowledge (SPEAK) sought to be impleaded into the case as defendants, and this was granted.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lobis.nic.in/ddir/dhc/RSE/judgement/16-09-2016/RSE16092016S24392012.pdf | url-status=dead| title=The Chancellor, Masters & Scholars of the University of Oxford & Ors. vs Rameshwari Photocopy Services & ANR. | publisher=High Court of Delhi | date=2016-09-16|accessdate=2021-03-20|archive-date=2016-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012023005/http://lobis.nic.in/ddir/dhc/RSE/judgement/16-09-2016/RSE16092016S24392012.pdf}} See Point 11 and Point 12.</ref>

==Case of the plaintiffs==
The plaintiffs argued that in allowing Rameshwari Photocopy Services to reproduce pages from the plaintiffs' publications, and providing those publications to RPS from its library, Delhi School of Economics gave institutional sanction for copyright infringement.

They said that the [[coursepacks|course packs]] consisted entirely of photocopies of pages from their copyrighted publications, that these course packs were being used like textbooks, and therefore competing directly with the plaintiffs' publications.<ref name="DelDivBench2016" />

The plaintiffs said that RPS was operating commercially, as it was selling the course packs at 40-50 paise per page, compared to the 20-25 paise per page market rate charged by other photocopiers where the material to be photocopied was supplied by the students themselves.<ref name="DelDivBench2016" />

The plaintiffs anticipated that the defence would invoke Section 52(1)(i) of the [[Copyright Act, 1957]], and argued that this section should not apply. They said that this section only covered reproduction of copyrighted material "in the course of instruction", noting that when the bill was tabled, Parliament had replaced the original wording "in the course of preparation for instructions"; and that the reproduction of the copyrighted material by RPS, assisted by the Delhi School of Economics, should not be considered such reproduction by a teacher or a pupil in the course of instruction.<ref name="DelDivBench2016" /> They argued that RPS's actions instead fell under Section 52(1)(h), under which they would be limited to reproducing two passages from works by the same author and publisher within any five-year period.<ref name="DelDivBench2016">{{cite court|litigants=The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford and Others v. Rameshwari Photocopy Services and Others|court=[[High Court of Delhi]]|date=2016-12-09|url=http://lobis.nic.in/ddir/dhc/PNJ/judgement/09-12-2016/PNJ09122016RFAOS812016.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-03-20|archive-date=2019-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530065215/http://lobis.nic.in/ddir/dhc/PNJ/judgement/09-12-2016/PNJ09122016RFAOS812016.pdf}} {{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/114459608/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126052456/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/114459608/|archive-date=2020-11-26|title=The Chancellor, Masters & ... vs Rameshwari Photocopy Services & ... on 9 December, 2016|website=[[Indian Kanoon]]}}</ref>

==Defence==
Rameshwari Photocopy Services argued that its preparation of the course packs fell within the bounds of fair dealing under Sections 52(1)(a) and (h) of the [[Copyright Act, 1957]]. It said that its actions do not affect the market for the plaintiffs' publications, and that the students cannot afford to buy all of the books mentioned in the course syllabi of the Delhi School of Economics.

The University of Delhi argued that Section 52(1)(i) of the [[Copyright Act, 1957]] allows students and educational institutions to reproduce parts from any work for research and educational purposes. It said that it had licensed RPS to operate within its premises to provide photocopying services to students for educational and research purposes; that under Section 52(1)(i), there is no limit to the amount of copyrighted material that may be reproduced. It argued that Section 52(1)(h) should not apply, "reproduction" as used in Section 52(1)(i) was distinct from the term "publication" used in Section 52(1)(h), with "publication" being defined in Section 3 of the Act as "making a work available to the public"; the University argued that public referred to a wider group of people than its student body. The University of Delhi also argued that the expression "course of instruction" should be broadly construed.

==Judgement==
On 17 October 2012, the Delhi High Court passed an interim stay order to grant a [[temporary injunction]] against Rameshwari Photocopy Service, preventing them from selling compiled course packs to students.<ref name="Mittal2016">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Education/RyHIGFZjaktMtGakuAFKuK/Delhi-HC-verdict-on-publishers-appeal-in-DU-photocopy-case.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126021317/https://www.livemint.com/Education/RyHIGFZjaktMtGakuAFKuK/Delhi-HC-verdict-on-publishers-appeal-in-DU-photocopy-case.html|archive-date=2021-01-26|title=DU photocopy case: Delhi HC restores copyright suit by publishers|last=Mittal|first=Priyanka|date=2016-12-10|work=[[Livemint]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]}}</ref><ref name="SpicyIPOverview">{{cite web|url=https://spicyip.com/resources-links/du-photocopy-case|website=[[SpicyIP]]|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126063327/https://spicyip.com/resources-links/du-photocopy-case|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|title=The Chancellor, Masters & Scholars of the University of Oxford & Ors. v. Rameshwari Photocopy Services & Ors. [DU Photocopying Case]|date=9 October 2016 }}</ref>

On 16 September 2016, a single-judge bench headed by Justice Rajiv Sahai Endlaw dismissed the lawsuit and lifted the injunction, allowing RPS to resume selling the course packs.<ref name="Mittal2016" />

On 9 December 2016, a two-judge [[division bench]] headed by Justice Pradeep Nandrajog set aside the earlier judgment and allowed the lawsuit to continue, but did not re-issue the temporary injunction. Instead, it asked RPS to maintain records of course packs it supplied, and to submit periodic statements to the court. The court ruled that expert evidence would be required to determine whether the inclusion of pages from copyrighted works into the course packs is justified.<ref name="Mittal2016" />

=== Division bench findings of law ===
* Judgements Point No.31:"...unless the legislative intent expressly excludes fair use, and especially when a person’s result of labour is being utilized by somebody else, fair use must be read into the statute..."<ref name="DelDivBench2016" />
* Judgements Point No.33 & 35: "..In the context of teaching and use of copyrighted material, the fairness in the use can be determined on the touchstone of ‘extent justified by the purpose’...."<ref name="DelDivBench2016" />
* "...that the four factors on which fair use is determined in jurisdictions abroad would guide fair use of copyrighted material during course of instruction. The qualitative and quantitative test which is one of the four tests would not apply to clause (i).."<ref name="DelDivBench2016" />
* Judgements Point No. 57 clarifies difference between 'reproduction' and 'publication' according to this ruling, "...Publication need not be for the benefit of or available to or meant for reading by all the members of the community. A targeted audience would also be a public as rightly urged by learned counsel for the appellants. But, a publication would have the element of profit, which would be missing in the case of reproduction of a work by a teacher to be used in the course of instruction while imparting education to the pupils. That apart, if reproduction includes the plural, it cannot be held that making of multiple copies would be impermissible. It happens in law that footprints of one concept fall in the territory of other but that does not mean that the former should be restricted.."<ref name="DelDivBench2016" />

==Appeal and withdrawal==
On 9 March 2017, newspapers including ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that, the three publishers announced the withdrawal of the suit against Rameshwari Photocopy service shop and not to pursue photocopy shop case further in the courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-university-photocopy-case-three-publishers-withdraw-copyright-suit-against-shop/story-9GuzmW3H4xrq9PqLnLgRBN.html|title=Delhi University photocopy case: Three publishers withdraw copyright suit against shop|date=9 March 2017}}</ref> According to news report of ''[[The Hindu]]'', the publishers had told the division Bench that they had decided to withdraw the suit against Rameshwari Photocopy shop as they did not want to engage in a legal battle with their stakeholders — the educational institutions.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Won't interfere with HC relief to DU photocopy shop, says Supreme Court|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/wont-interfere-with-hc-relief-to-du-photocopy-shop-says-supreme-court/article18416546.ece|access-date=9 June 2017|agency=Press Trust of India |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Despite the main plaintiffs withdrawing the case, the [[Indian Reprographic Rights Organisation]] (IRRO) petitioned the Supreme Court, challenging the judgment passed by the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court on 9 December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spicyip.com/2017/04/breaking-news-irro-challenges-del-hcs-du-photocopy-judgment-before-the-supreme-court.html|title=Breaking News: IRRO Challenges Del HC's DU Photocopy Judgment Before the Supreme Court|last=Agarwal|first=Pankhuri|date=29 April 2017 |website=SpicyIP |access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> Given that the original suit filed before the Delhi high court had been withdrawn by the publisher plaintiffs (OUP etc.) and the IRRO was merely an [[Intervention (law)|intervenor]] in the lower court proceedings, the Supreme Court decided not to interfere in the High Court order.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spicyip.com/2017/05/breaking-news-supreme-court-refuses-to-admit-irro-appeal.html|title=Breaking News: Supreme Court Refuses IRRO Appeal in DU Photocopy Case|work=SpicyIP|access-date=2017-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu" />

On 3 June 2017, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' also covered an extensive story on the case illustrating data from Nielsen that despite lack of public numbers, the publishers still made considerable profitable growth in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/005a968c-4207-11e7-9d56-25f963e998b2|title=International publishers forced to re-write approach in India|work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian copyright law]]
*[[University of Delhi]]
*[[Delhi High Court]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Indian Copyright Law}}
* {{cite web | url=http://lobis.nic.in/ddir/dhc/RSE/judgement/16-09-2016/RSE16092016S24392012.pdf | url-status=dead| title=The Chancellor, Masters & Scholars of the University of Oxford & Ors. vs Rameshwari Photocopy Services & ANR. | publisher=High Court of Delhi | date=2016-09-16|accessdate=2021-03-20|archive-date=2016-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012023005/http://lobis.nic.in/ddir/dhc/RSE/judgement/16-09-2016/RSE16092016S24392012.pdf}} (Single-judge bench judgement dated 16 September 2016)
* {{cite court|litigants=The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford and Others v. Rameshwari Photocopy Services and Others|court=[[High Court of Delhi]]|date=2016-12-09|url=http://lobis.nic.in/ddir/dhc/PNJ/judgement/09-12-2016/PNJ09122016RFAOS812016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530065215/http://lobis.nic.in/ddir/dhc/PNJ/judgement/09-12-2016/PNJ09122016RFAOS812016.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-30 }} (Division bench judgement dated 9 December 2016, on appeal)
* [https://thewire.in/87821/du-photocopy-case-copyright/?fromNewsdog=1 The Biggest Winner from the DU Photocopy Case Is the University, Not Students]
* [https://spicyip.com/2017/09/a-new-indian-law-review-and-its-scholarship-on-the-du-photocopy-case.html De-Coding Indian Intellectual Property Law]

[[Category:Fair use case law]]
[[Category:High courts of India cases]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian case law]]
[[Category:Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Photocopiers]]
[[Category:Oxford University Press]]

Bristol Boats

2024-11-13T01:05:06Z

MerleGrier1601:

'''Bristol Boats''' is an Indian fiberglass boat manufacturer and marine engineering service provider. It is located in the backwaters of [[Cochin]] at Aroor Industrial Development Area, [[Alappuzha District]], [[Kerala]].<ref name=bristol>[http://www.bris-boat.com/profile.php Bristol]</ref> It is a division of M/s Chika Private Limited headquartered at [[Mumbai]].

==History==
Bristol Boats was established in 1976 by the Ghia family with technology and know-how assistance from Bristol Yachts, Rhode Island, USA and subsequently Hunt Railton International Inc., USA. Since then, the company has manufactured various types and sizes of boats for both domestic and international clients.<ref name=bristol/>

==Facilities==
The facility at [[Aroor]] is capable of manufacturing yachts up to 25 meters. It has a fully air-conditioned [[fibre-reinforced plastic]] molding shop. It also has carpentry shop and machine shop. The shop floors are designed for line production. In addition to its manufacturing operations, Bristol Boats also offer repair and retrofitting services.<ref name=bristol/><ref name=janes>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Naval-Construction-and-Retrofit-Markets/Bristol-Boats-India.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS}}</ref>

==Products==
Bristol boats builds a range of boats, including trawler type luxury boats, [[patrol boat]]s, [[interceptor craft]]s, [[survey boat]]s, [[passenger ship|passenger boat]]s, [[whaleboat]]s, [[survey vessel]]s, [[pilot boat]]s and Pollution control boats.<ref name=India>[https://archive.today/20130216070638/http://www.indiamart.com/chika-pvtltd-mumbai/products.html ''Indiamart'', Chika Pvt Ltd Mumbai - Products]</ref>

==Peers==
*[[Vadyar Boats]]
*[[Praga Marine]]
*[[Anderson Marine]]

==See also==
*[[Bristol Class Interceptor Craft]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130621234432/http://www.irclass.org/ship_info IRClass Ship information]

[[Category:Shipbuilding companies of India]]
[[Category:Shipyards of India]]

C. Chandrasekhara Sastri

2024-09-01T20:50:28Z

MerleGrier1601: made

'''Calamur Chandrasekhara Sastri''' (1854–1887), sometimes '''Sastry or Sastriyar''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jois |first=Rama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V552bAz5xFAC |title=Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient, Judicial and Constitutional System |date=April 2004 |publisher=Universal Law Publishing |isbn=978-81-7534-206-4 |language=en}}</ref> was the first [[Principal (education)|Principal]] and Professor of English and Sanskrit of the [[Maharajah's College]] at [[Vizianagaram]] from his appointment in 1875,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madras |first=University of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eANAAAAQAAJ |title=The Madras University Calendar |date=1879 |language=en}}</ref> developing it from a [[secondary school]] with four teachers into a [[Graduate school|graduate institution]] before his death at the age of 32 in 1887, with the support of the contemporaneously reigning [[Maharaja of Vizianagaram|Maharajas of Vizianagaram]], [http://mansasedu.org/Pusapati_Vijayarama_Gajapathi_Raju_III.html Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapathi Raju III] and [[Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Indian Geographical Society (IGS) |url=https://igschennai.org/founder1.php |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=igschennai.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sivaramamurti |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMHqAAAAMAAJ |title=Chitrasūtra of the Vishṇudharmottara |date=1978 |publisher=Kanak Publications |language=en}}</ref> He was the first Indian principal of any South Indian college at the time.

Sastri was born to C. Sivarama Sastri and his wife Lakshmi, into the Calamur dynasty; his nephew [[C. Sivaramamurti]] dedicated his [[Vishnudharmottara Purana|Chitrasūtra of the Vishṇudharmottara]] to him and credited him with raising his father, [[C. V. Sundara Sastri|C. Sundara Sastri]].<ref name=":0" /> He was also maternal uncle to [[N. Subrahmanyam]]<ref name=":1" /> and [[Bharati Krishna Tirtha]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kandasamy |first1=W. B. Vasantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx_eBAAAQBAJ |title=Vedic Mathematics, 'Vedic' or 'Mathematics': A Fuzzy & Neutrosophic Analysis: A Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis |last2=Smarandache |first2=Florentin |date=December 2006 |publisher=Infinite Study |isbn=978-1-59973-004-2 |language=en}}</ref> and namesake to his cousin ''Rao Saheb'' Calamur Chandrasekhara Iyer, Sub-Registrar of Madras and Assistant Registrar of the High Court.<ref name=":1" />

After the death of a young [[Gurajada Apparao]]'s father, Sastri took him in, covering his expenses and fees; Apparao would revere him as a [[father figure|father-figure]] thereafter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suryanarayana |first=Peri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVMwAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life and Greatness of Sri Gurajada Venkata Apparao |date=1968 |publisher=Vignana Sahiti Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Veṅkaṭēśvararāvu |first=Nārla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYwOAAAAYAAJ |title=Gurazada |date=1979 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |language=en}}</ref> Apparao's ability to speak [[English language|English]] was substantially owed to Sastri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāmānujarāvu |first=Dēvulapalli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62xYAAAAMAAJ |title=The Gurazada Souvenir |date=1962 |publisher=Gurazada Centenary Committee, Andhra Pradesh |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastri, C. Chandrasekhara}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]

Devipur, Deoghar (village)

2024-01-29T16:52:20Z

MerleGrier1601: new

{{About|the village in Jharkhand, India|its namesake community development block|Devipur, Deoghar}}
{{other uses|Devipur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.451944|N|86.507144|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 199
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages .(*For language details see [[Devipur, Deoghar#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 814152
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06432
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madhupur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhupur]]
| website = {{URL|deoghar.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Devipur''' is a village in [[Devipur, Deoghar|Devipur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Deoghar subdivision]] of the [[Deoghar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|14|0|N|87|5|0|E}}| float=entre|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Deoghar, Dumka and Jamtara districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: Municipality, CT: census town, R: Rural/ Urban centre, D: Dam, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|7|14|N|86|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Chitra | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chitra, Deoghar]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|21|28|N|86|53|56|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Sonaraithari| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Sonaraithari, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|26|10|N|86|30|45|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Devipur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=Devipur, Deoghar (village) (R)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|7|38|N|86|44|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Karon| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Karon, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|9|54|N|86|35|15|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Margomunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Margomunda, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|29|41|N|86|46|49|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mohanpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Mohanpur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|1|28|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Palojori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Palojori, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|14|12|N|86|50|16|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Sarath| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Sarath, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|23|10|N|86|46|23|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Sarwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Sarwan, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|26|10|N|87|28|55|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gopikandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gopikandar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|36|2|N|87|4|56|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hansdiha| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hansdiha]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|40|N|87|15|52|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Jama| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jama, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|24|10|N|87|2|47|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Jarmundi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Jarmundi, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|21|0|N|87|25|11|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kathikund| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kathikund, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|10|20|N|87|39|10|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Maluti| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Maluti]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|8|40|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Masalia| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Masalia, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|10|0|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramgarh| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Ramgarh, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|2|17|N|87|25|20|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Ranishwar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Ranishwar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|0|47|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saraiyahat| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Saraiyahat, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Shikaripara| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Shikaripara, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|25|26|N|86|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Taljhari| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Taljhari, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|3|40|N|87|15|20|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Tongra| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Tongra]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|53|10|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Bagdahari| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Bagdahari]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|58|58|N|87|6|9|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Basudih| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Basudih]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|0|0|N|86|55|39|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Bindapathar| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Bindapathar]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|6|55|N|86|59|51|E}} | label-pos26=bottom|label26= Fatehpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26=[[Fatehpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|58|34|N|87|9|31|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Kundahit| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Kundahit]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|55|25|N|87|2|7|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nala| numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Nala, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|2|52|N|86|36|53|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29= Narayanpur| numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Narayanpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|29|10|N|86|42|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Deoghar| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Deoghar]] (M) |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|31|19|N|86|38|51|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Jasidih| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Jasidih]] (M) |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|15|36|N|86|39|0|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32=Madhupur| numbered32=M| mark-title32= [[Madhupur, Deoghar]] (M) |label-color32=#800000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|16|32|N|87|15|50|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Dumka| numbered33=M| mark-title33= [[Dumka]] (M) |label-color33=#800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|24|30|N|87|5|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Basukinath| numbered34=M| mark-title34= [[Basukinath]] (M) |label-color34=#800000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|57|47|N|86|48|5|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Jamtara| numbered35=M| mark-title35= [[Jamtara]] (M) |label-color35=#800000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|52|12|N|86|52|12|E}} | label-pos36=top|label36=Mihijam| numbered36=M| mark-title36= [[Mihijam]] (M) |label-color36=#800000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|5|38|N|86|42|15|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Karmatanr| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Karmatanr, Jamtara]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|16|42|N|87|13|50|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Dudhani| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Dudhani, Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|15|22|N|87|14|14|E}}| label-pos39=bottom|label39=Purana |labela39= Dumka| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Purana Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|18|10|N|87|15|19|E}}| label-pos40=left|label40=Rasikpur| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Rasikpur]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|6|24|N|87|18|30|E}}| label41= Massanjore|labela41= Dam| label-color41 = #C42222 | label-angle41=0| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =[[Massanjore Dam]]| shape-color41=#C42222
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|55|30|N|86|35|0|E}} |label42=Barakar River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=30| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|5|0|N|86|47|0|E}} |label43=Ajay River| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43=70| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|28|0|N|87|5|0|E}} |label44=Mayurakshi River| label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44=30| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|86|35|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-30| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|23|50|30|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textB= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-75| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Overview===
The map shows a large area, which is a plateau with low hills, except in the eastern portion where the Rajmahal hills intrude into this area and the Ramgarh hills are there. The south-western portion is just a rolling upland. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | access-date = 10 November 2020}}</ref>

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked in the full screen map and one can easily move on to another page of his/her choice. Enlarge the full screen map to see what else is there – one gets railway connections, many more road connections and so on.

===Area===
Pathria has an area of {{convert|158|ha}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2005_PART_B_DCHB_DEOGHAR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Deoghar, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

===Location===
Devipur is located at {{coord|24.451944|N|86.507144|E|display=inline}}.

In the map of Devipur CD block in the ''District Census Handbook, Deoghar'', Devipur is shown as being part of Pathria mouza (MDDS PLCN - 212).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2005_PART_A_DCHB_DEOGHAR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Deoghar, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 109, Map of Devipur CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Pathria had a total population of 199, of which 108 (54%) were males and 91 (46%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 28. The total number of literate persons in Pathria was 171 (69.59% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Devipur village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/deoghar| title = District Police Profile - Deoghar| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 3 November 2020| archive-date = 30 October 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201030124441/https://jhpolice.gov.in/deoghar| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of [[Devipur, Deoghar|Devipur]] CD block is at Devipur village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2005_PART_B_DCHB_DEOGHAR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Deoghar, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Deoghar on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]], Devipur, is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 2005. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/deoghar/20070918501/kgbv-devipur.html |title = KGBV Devipur|publisher= Schools.org | access-date = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

The English-medium DAV Public School at Kendua was established in 2013 and as of 2020 is functioning from class I to class VIII.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/deoghar/20070909504/d-a-v-public-school-devipur.html |title = DAV Public School Devipur|publisher= Schools.org | access-date = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The prestigious [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMs]], Deoghar, has been set up at Devipur.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.aiimsdeoghar.edu.in/# | title = AIIMS, Deoghar| publisher = AIIMS | access-date = 3 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/05/16/cabinet-aiims-jharkhand-varsity-ap.html| title = Cabinet clears new AIIMS in Jharkhand, Central Varsity for AP | publisher = The Week, 16 May 2018 | access-date = 3 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/venue-pinch-in-aiims-joy/cid/1344780 | title = Venue pinch in AIIMS joy| publisher = The Telegraph, 2 February 2017| access-date = 3 November 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Deoghar district]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter/March 2007

2024-01-17T07:46:40Z

MerleGrier1601: put up data.

{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px; font-size:0.90em;"
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*'''''Plagiarism by the [[Times of India]]''''': Recently it was noticed that the [[Times of India]], the world's largest distribution daily had systematically plagiarised many of Wikipedia's biographies on members of the [[Indian cricket team]] among other cricketers on its website, sometimes with errors propagated ([[User:Blnguyen/Times of India|details]]). After [[Wikipedia_talk:Notice_board_for_India-related_topics/archive22#Times_of_India|discussion]] and [[Wikipedia_talk:Notice_board_for_India-related_topics/Archive_23#After_Times_of_india.2C_it_is_Vijay_Times|discovery of further plagiarisms in other fields]], the issue reached the [[WP:AN|admin noticeboard]] [[Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Archive77#Repeated_and_blatant_Plagiarism_by_Times_of_India_and_its_subsidiaries|archived here]].

*'''''Jimbo's visit to India and the WikiCamp in [[Chennai]]''''': Jimbo recently visited [[India]] in late February and early March on wiki work. This included a trip to a WikiCamp in [[Chennai]]. The one day conference attracted 300 participants from across India and beyond dealt with issues facing wikis ([http://wikicamp.in/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page]). It was widely covered by the press, eg [[The Hindu]]( [http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/26/stories/2007022607290400.htm]), which cited the efforts of [[User:Bhadani|Bhadani]] (edit count), [[User:Sundar|Sundar]] (leadership on [[:ta|Tamil Wikipedia]]) and [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] (Creation of [[User:Ganeshbot|Ganeshbot]] to create articles on Indian towns from census figures). Ganeshk himself travelled from [[California]] to attend the conference.

*'''''Wikipedia Weekly 15''''': Wikipedia Weekly, a informal Wikipedians' program that purports to give "A weekly audio roundup of Wikipedia happenings with news, interviews and roundtable discussions" recently interviewed two prominent editors [[User:Rama's Arrow|Rama's Arrow]] and [[User:Ragib|Ragib]]([http://wikipediaweekly.com/2007/03/14/wikipedia-weekly-15/ listen]). The entire 34 minute interview was entirely about the world of Indian subcontinent wiki-happenings, and was the first episode which was not entirely dominated by discussion of wiki-politics and wiki-bureaucracy, with the host [[User:Witty lama|Witty lama]] praising the efficiency of the project and its proliferation of [[WP:FA|featured]] [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Featured and good content|content]]. Rama's Arrow cited the team spirit, friendship and respect among project members in discussing its success and FA productivity, as well as discussing subcontinental wiki-conflict. Ragib talked also of his public campaign to raise awareness of the [[:bn|Bengali Wikipedia]] in his native [[Bangladesh]], which has seen a 30-fold increase in article count over the past year.

*'''''Arbitration''''': Three cases are either in progress or have recently ended.
**[[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/India-Pakistan]] regarding the activities of various Indian and Pakistani editors on pages related to [[Indian subcontinent]] [[history of India|history]] topics, the national status of various pre-[[Partition of India|Partition]] figures, and edit-warring over [[Indic script]]s and WikiProject tags was held and concluded in late February- early March. As a result of this, four Pakistani users, [[User:Siddiqui|Siddiqui]], [[User:Szhaider|Szhaider]], [[User:Nadirali|Nadirali]] and [[User:Unre4L|Unre4L]] were all banned for one year for disruption via edit-warring and confrontationalism.
**[[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sathya Sai Baba 2]] regarding a dispute over the article of the [[Sathya Sai Baba|religious teacher]] closed in early March with four users indefinitely banned from the article.
**Currently, [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Freedom_skies]] is in the [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Freedom_skies/Evidence|evidence phase]]. It is concerned with the editing of Freedom_skies, who edits articles on ancient Indian history, primarily civilisation articles such as [[Indian mathematics]] and related articles, as well as [[Buddhism]] articles such as [[Pusyamitra Sunga]], as well as those pertaining to the propagation of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] to [[China]] such as [[Bodhidharma]] and [[Zen]].

|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:#cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">What's New?</div>
|-
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*[[Image:Ugranarasimha_statue_at_Hampi.JPG|right|75px|Vijayanagara Empire]]'''''Featured and Good Content''''': Eight articles: {{foa|Vijayanagara Empire|January 2007}}, {{foa|Delhi|February 2007}}, {{foa|Pashtun people|February 2007}}, {{foa|Nathu La|March 2007}}, {{foa|Harbhajan Singh|March 2007}}, {{foa|Hoysala architecture|March 2007}}, {{foa|Harbhajan Singh|March 2007}}, {{foa|Technopark, Kerala|March 2007}} and {{foa|Western Chalukya Empire|March 2007}} were featured from our WikiProject recently, since our last edition. '[[User:Dineshkannambadi|Dineshkannambadi]] has been a phenomenal force in the production of FAs recently, being responsible for three of these eight articles. He has totalled five FAs, all relating to [[Kannada]] history.

* Three portals: {{fop|Hinduism|February 2007}}, {{fop|West Bengal|March 2007}} and {{fop|Kerala|March 2007}} were also featured.
* There were two additional GAs, [[Murali Kartik]] and [[Bhagat Singh]].

<center>''Congratulations to all contributors who helped to develop the above content to represent the best of Wikipedia!''</center>
|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background:#cef2e0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Need some help? </div>
|-
| style="color:#000"|
Are you stuck at a point where admin help is needed? There are [[:Category:Indian Wikipedia administrators|21 Indian Administrators]] in Wikipedia at the last count. If you need some help with anything related to WikiProject India, they are just a couple of clicks away!
|-
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<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; font-size: 95%;padding: 0px; border-style: none;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccf;Background:transparent; text-align: left;">Complete To Do List</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:100%;text-align: left;">


{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/to do}}</div>
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! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#cedff2; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Note from Editor's Desk</div>
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*'''''Welcome''''' to the [[March 2007]] edition of our newsletter.
* '''''Congratulations''''' to one of our most respected writers, bureaucrats and administrators, [[User:Nichalp|Nichalp]], who is now entrusted with the [[WP:OVER|oversight]] permission. In addition [[User:Riana|Riana]] has joined the administrative ranks after a successful [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Riana dzasta|RfA]].
* On a sad note, [[User:Nobleeagle|Nobleeagle]], who was responsible for the creation of the [[WP:PUNJ|Punjab WikiProject]], and was largely responsible for [[Indian cricket team]], [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]] becoming [[WP:GA|GAs]], as well as working heavily in Indian religious and [[cricket]] work, has left the project after [[Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/IncidentArchive212#Damareinu.C2.A0.28talk_.E2.80.A2_contribs_.E2.80.A2_logs.29|having his identity revealed]].
* More generally, certain Indian users have recently been subject to real life harassment by banned users, etc. If this is affecting you in real life, please do not hesitate to contact [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Board_of_Trustees Wikimedia board members] for assistance, or ask a senior Wikipedian to solicit help on your behalf if required.
* [[User:Nishkid64|Nishkid64]], a prolific contributor and administrator, is currently undergoing surgery to fix a [[congenital heart defect]]. You can '''wish him well''' [[User talk:nishkid64|here]].
*'''''Weekly Collaboration (Shortcut:[[WP:INCOTW]])''''': [[WP:INCOTW|Collaboration of the Week]] has fallen from its once high feats. Please drop by and help rejuvenate it.
*As before, we'd like to stress, this is your newsletter, and we want you to be part of it as well. Provide us with [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter/Newstips|news tips]]. It can be anything related to the project, from discussions to calls for help, and other interesting stuff within our community. Sponsored content for recruitments within your WikiProject sub-groups are also welcome, including requests for copyediting, photographic work, peer review, etc. We'll be very happy to include them here.

|-
! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#cedff2; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">This edition special</div>
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*'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Translation|Translation Department]]:''' Can you read and write any [[languages of India]]? Do you know multiple languages and are looking to keep your skills at a high level or improve them? If so, the Translation Depeartment may be for you!

The '''translation department''' of the [[WP:IND|India WikiProject]] aims to utilize high-quality non-English material related to India for the goals of the project. This includes both translating articles from and to other-language Wikipedias as well as assisting contributors with non-English sources. The department aims to provide services in transliteration, formulating scripts for various languages, as well as translating articles from one language to another and validating sources in other languages to that of the encyclopedia article. If you are looking for a friendly translator here is your go-to point. Currently, we are still seeking representation for [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Tulu language|Tulu]], as well as reinforcements in all other languages.

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''Edited by [[User:Blnguyen|YellowMonkey]] and distributed by [[User:Lostintherush|Lostintherush]]''
</div>
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{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="font-size:0.90em;vertical-align:top;background-color:#faf5ff;color:#000"
|style="color:#000; text-align:center"|''You are receiving this newsletter because you are part of [[WP:IND|Wikiproject India]]. If you'd like to change your subscription options, please say so at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Outreach#Delivery_options| Outreach Dept]].''
''If [[007|you]] run a [[Casino Royale (2006 film)|covert newsroom operation]], provide us with ur news tips [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter/Newstips|here]].''
|}
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{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}}|Wikipedia|{{#ifeq: {{PAGENAME}}|WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter template||[[Category:WikiProject India newsletters|January 2007]]}}|}}

Bidodi Bari

2024-01-17T00:24:07Z

MerleGrier1601: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Birodi Bari]]

Basanta Kumar

2024-01-13T17:48:33Z

MerleGrier1601:

'''Basanta Kumar''' is an Indian name it may refer to

*[[Basanta Kumar Biswas]], Indian independence activist
*[[Basanta Kumar Das (disambiguation)]], one of several people
*[[Basanta Kumar Nemwang]], Nepalese politician

{{Disambiguation}}

Choba village

2024-01-01T23:43:01Z

MerleGrier1601: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Jamin (Arunachal Pradesh)]]

{{R from merge}}

[[Category:Villages in Kra Daadi district]]

Chandrakant Patil (disambiguation)

2023-12-20T23:59:32Z

MerleGrier1601:

'''Chandrakant Patil''' may refer to:

* [[Chandrakant Patil]] (born 1959), Indian politician, higher and technical education minister of the [[Government of Maharashtra]] and [[Kothrud Assembly constituency]], [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
* [[C. R. Patil]] (Chandrakant Raghunath Patil; born 1955), Indian politician and Member of Parliament from Navsari loksabha constituency, Gujarat, and present [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] president of the state
* [[Chandrakant Nimba Patil]] (born 1972/1973), Indian politician and MLA of [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency]]

{{Disambiguation}}

Mandala-brahmana Upanishad

2023-12-20T16:39:44Z

MerleGrier1601: Put Up

{{short description|Sanskrit text, linked to Shukla Yajurveda}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = MATHURA11.jpg
| caption = Narayana (Vishnu) teaches yoga in this Upanishad.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=217}}<ref name=vedlit493/>
| Devanagari = मण्डलब्राह्मण
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Maṇḍala-brāhmaṇa
| meaning = Teachings of Purusha in Sun{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=243 with footnote 1}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=349}}
| type = Yoga{{Sfn|Tinoco |1997|pp=88–89}}
| Veda = [[Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]]{{Sfn|Tinoco |1997|pp=88–89}}
| chapters = 5{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=vii, 217–245}}
| philosophy = [[Yoga]], [[Vedanta]]{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=vii, 217–245}}
}}
The '''''Mandala-brahmana Upanishad''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: मण्डलब्राह्मण उपनिषत्), also known as '''''Mandalabrahmanopanisad''''', is one of the minor [[Upanishad]]s of [[Hinduism]] and a Sanskrit text.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=88–115}}<ref name=vedlit493>Vedic Literature, Volume 1, {{Google books|2YIoAAAAYAAJ|A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts|page=PA493}}, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras, India, page 269, 273, 493</ref> It is attached to the [[Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]] and is classified as one of the 20 Yoga Upanishads.{{Sfn|Ayyangar |1938 |pp=217–245}}{{Sfn|Tinoco |1997 |pp=88–89}}

The text describes [[Yoga]] as a means to self-knowledge, the highest wisdom.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=217–245}} Its text is structured as a teaching from [[Narayana]] ([[Purusha]] in [[Sun]], [[Vishnu]]) to sage [[Yajnavalkya]].{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=217–245}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|pp=349–355}} The text is notable for teaching eight step Yoga but with somewhat different conceptual framework than most other texts.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=217–245}} The teachings of the text combine different types of Yoga with [[Advaita Vedanta|non-dual Vedanta]] philosophy.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|2011|pp=590, 611–613}}

==History==
The date and author of this text is unknown. [[Gavin Flood]] dates this and other Yoga Upanishads, to be probably from early 1st-millennium CE,{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=96}} but Raman states that it is probably a late Upanishad, composed after the 10th-century, because parts of it reflects Hatha Yoga traditions.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|2011|p=590}} Other scholars state that the composition date of the text is uncertain, and place it as a [[Hatha yoga]] or [[Raja yoga]] text.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burley| first=Mikel |author-link=Mikel Burley |title=Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl/page/275 |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1706-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl/page/275 275]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=168}}

Mandala means sphere, and the text is known as ''Mandala-brahmana Upanishad'' because the Purusha in the sphere of the Sun (Narayana) gave this knowledge to Yagnavalakya.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=243 with footnote 1}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=349}}

The ''Mandala-brahmana Upanishad'' ([[IAST]]: ''Maṇḍalabrāhmaṇa Upaniṣad'') is listed at number 48 in the [[Telugu language]] [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads of the [[Muktika]] canon, narrated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]].{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=557}}

==Contents==
The ''Mandala brahmana Upanishad'' is structured as five ''Mandala'' (books, or Brahmana in some manuscripts), each with varying number of chapters.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|2011|pp=611–613}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=217–245}} It opens with a praise for the Vedic sage [[Yajnavalkya]], who the text asserts went to the world of Surya (Sun), where he meets the [[Purusha]] of the Sun, asks, "Pray, tell me all the ''tattva'' (truth) about the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, self)?"{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=243}}{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|2011|pp=611–613}} The Upanishad states that Narayana, the Purusha of the Sun, answers with a discourse on eightfold Yoga along with [[Jnana]].{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=243}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=217}}{{Sfn|Mahadevan|1975|pp=196–197}}

===The eight limbs of yoga===
The answer in the first book (Brahmana) of the text, is structured as an eight limb yoga similar in form to Patanjali's [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|eight limbed yoga system]], but with significant differences.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=217–245}}{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|2011|pp=611–613}} There are four Yamas and nine Niyamas, states the text, in contrast to five Yamas and five Niyamas in Yogasutras for example.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=218–219}} The [[Yamas]] in Mandalabrahmana text are described as patience and tranquility under all circumstances no matter what, steadiness and non-swaying in one's mind, self-restraint from all cravings of senses, and the conquest over the extremes such as cold and heat, excess of or starving oneself of food and sleep.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=218}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=243}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}}

{{Quote box
|quote = '''The Niyamas'''
<poem>
Devotion to one's [[guru]],
love of true path,
enjoyment of objects producing happiness,
internal satisfaction,
freedom from association,
living in a retired place,
the controlling of the manas,
not longing after fruits of action,
and a state of vairagya,
all these constitute Niyamas.
</poem>
|source = —''Mandalabrahmana Upanishad'' 1.1.4 Translated by Parmeshwaranand{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=349}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = left
}}
The nine [[Niyama]]s, states the text, are devotion to one's [[guru]] (teacher), love and attachment for truth, seeking and enjoying happiness, being driven by inner satisfaction, independence from everyone else, living in an isolated place of silence and solitude, lack of covetousness and craving for fruit of one's efforts, and ''vairagya'' (indifference to the world, spiritual detachment).{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=243}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=349}}

The right posture ([[asana]]) is one that is comfortable and one can maintain for a long time, states the text.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=219}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=243}} The yogi may be dressed in rags or barks. In this posture, asserts the text, the yogi should practice [[Pranayama]], that is proper Puraka (inhalation), Kumbhaka (holding the breath) and Recaka (exhalation) of 16, 64 and 32 matras (beats).{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=219}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=243}} [[Pratyahara]], the Upanishad defines as restraining the mind from being driven by the sensory objects.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=243–244}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=349}} [[Dhyana in Hinduism|Dhyana]] is contemplating the oneness of consciousness in all, asserts the text.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=244}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=349}} Dharana, states the text, is singular focus of consciousness. Samadhi is the state where one forgets oneself and is in complete absorption within.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=244}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|pp=1–2}} These are the eight limbs, which empowers one to achieve ''[[Moksha|mukti]]'' (liberation), asserts ''Mandalabrahmana Upanishad''.{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=349}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|pp=1–2}}{{Sfn|Kumbakonam|1891|p=686}}

The yogi's untrained body starts with five inherent defects, namely anger, fear, improper exhalation, spiritual-sleep and lust.{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=349}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=244}} These defects, asserts the text, can be removed by ''kshama'' (forgiveness), non-carelessness with removal of dual notions, moderation in food, devotion to finding the truth, and ''sankalpa'' (conviction against craving).{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|pp=1–2}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=244}}

===Taraka===
''Taraka'', literally "to cross", asserts the text, is achieved by a yogi when he realizes [[Brahman]] which is [[satcitananda]] (existence-consciousness-bliss).{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=244}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=221}} This is achieved by introspection, states Mandalabrahmana, and it is of three types – internal introspection, external introspection and intermediate introspection.{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=349}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=221}} The three introspections are defined and described by the text in [[Tantra]] terminology in sections 1.2 and 1.3.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=221–227}}{{Sfn|Kumbakonam|1891|pp=688–689}}

{{Quote box
|quote = '''Dhyana'''
<poem>
Dhyana is the contemplation of
the unity of consciousness,
within all.
</poem>
|source = —''Mandalabrahmana Upanishad'' 1.1.9{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=219}}{{Sfn|Mahony|1998|p=176 with footnote 99}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
In section 1.3, the text states that Taraka is of two types, Murti-taraka and Amurti-taraka. The former is that which relies on external perception, the latter relies on inner meditative process.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=223}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=245–246}} The goal of internal introspection is to realize the Purusha Brahman within oneself, and all of which is only the Atman (soul) asserts the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=225–226}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=350}}{{Sfn|Kumbakonam|1891|p=688}}

===Jyotir-atman===
The second book (mandala) of the text asserts that the Jyotir-atman (radiant soul) is the fundamental support of all beings.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=227–228}} This is of two forms, one qualified and another unqualified.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=227–228}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|p=351}} These two are discussed by the text in Hatha yoga terminology in sections 2.1 and 2.2.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=227–231}}{{Sfn|Mahony|1998|pp=192–193}}

In verse 2.2.4 and 2.2.5, the Upanishad states that the yogi must repudiate all external rituals, and substitute them with inner meditation, asserting that meditation in the pursuit of knowledge is the ''Amanaska'' (no outward perception) state and the worship of Brahman within oneself.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=231–232}}{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|2011|pp=611–613}} This leads to Samadhi and the knowledge of [[Brahman]], asserts the text.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=233–239}}

{{anchor|Unmani}}

===Non-mindedness, unmani state===
The book three of the Mandalabrahmana describes the non-mindedness.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|2011|pp=611–613}} It defines the non-mindedness as turning away from one's orientation from the worldly to the spiritual.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=239–241}} This ''unmani state'', it asserts to be one where one understands the fullness of "Thou art I".{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=241–242}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|pp=352–353}}

===Raja yoga===
[[File:A meditation yoga on a beach.jpg|right|thumb|The text recommends meditative yoga]]
The book four and five of the Upanishad are short, and discuss Raja yoga (meditative) with tantra woven in.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|2011|pp=611–613}}{{Sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2000|pp=353–354}}

In book 4 the Upanishad describes five forms of space (ether) as ''Akash'', ''Parakash'', ''Mahakash'', ''Suryakas'' and ''Paramakash''.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=242–243}} The ''Akash'' space is of the nature of darkness, the ''Parakash'' states the text is of the nature of fire of the deluge, and the fire (radiance) is ''Mahakash''.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=253}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=242–243}} The ''Suryakash'' is space in the brightness of the sun, while the brightness combined with bliss is ''Paramakash''. The Yogin who views the nature of space, this way, becomes all these natures.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=253}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=242–243}}

A mind influenced and controlled by worldly objects is the cause of bondage, asserts the Upanishad in book 5, and the mind that isn't so is ready for spiritual liberation.{{Sfn|Mahony|1998|p=197}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=253}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=7}} It is the mind, states the text, which creates, preserves and destroys dissatisfaction.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=253}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=7}} It is the mind which can also become pure and secondless, by realizing the absence of difference, states the Mandalabrahmana.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=253}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=7}} The yogin who understands this, is ever content, his conduct in the world is like that of a child,{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=244}} he is temperate in his eating habits and his excretion is diminished, yet he is strong in his body.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=253}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=244–245}} Nothing matters to such a yogin anymore, he has accomplished the [[Advaita Vedanta|non-dual state]], he realises the Brahman, he attains the nature of bliss.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=253}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=7}} Such is the yogin who has drunk the nectar of the Brahman knowledge.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=245}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=7}}

==See also==
*''[[Nirvana Upanishad]]''
*[[Yoga (philosophy)]]
*''[[Yoga Vasistha]]''
*''[[Yoga Yajnavalkya]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
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*{{cite book|last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n131/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library }}
*{{cite book|last=Daniélou|first=Alain|title=Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7XOnIkBQ0QC|year=1991|publisher=Inner Traditions|isbn=978-0-89281-301-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA556|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{cite book | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo | url-access =registration | publisher =Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0521438780 }}
*{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/mandala.pdf |title= मण्डलब्राह्मणोपनिषत् (''Mandalabrahmana Upanishad'')|access-date=25 February 2016| language = sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|last=Kumbakonam|first=TS|title=Mandala Brahmana Upanishad of Sukla Yajurveda (The Theosophist, Volume 12)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDINAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA686|year=1891|publisher=Theosophical Publishing House}}
*{{cite book|last1= Larson |first1=Gerald James |last2= Potter |first2=Karl |title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC |year=2011|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120833494}}
*{{cite book|last= Mahadevan |first=T. M. P. |title=Upaniṣads: Selections from 108 Upaniṣads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yluXuM5NuUIC|year=1975|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1611-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Mahony |first=William K. |title=The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNm0NSpNABYC |year=1998| publisher=SUNY Press| isbn=978-0-7914-3580-9}}
*{{Citation|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upanisads Vol 3|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami |publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7625-148-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Tinoco |first=Carlos Alberto |title=Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA89|year=1997|publisher=IBRASA|isbn=978-85-348-0040-2}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami

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