Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Tagore Baal Niketan Sr. Sec. School, Karnal

2026-05-05T19:34:05Z

Mere Mentor: started a data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School
| image = Tagore Baal Niketan School, Karnal - building 2.jpg
| image_size =
| motto =
| schooltype =
| established = 1963
| founder = Ms. Vimla Raheja
| type = [[Private School]]
| principal =
| address = Sector-6, Market road, Urban estate,
| city = Karnal
| state = Haryana
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|29.6743882|N|77.0058788|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| language =
| colours =
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| website = {{URL|http://tagorebaalniketan.com/}}
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'''Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School''' is a [[private school]] founded in 1963 in [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]] state, [[India]].

It is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) which is the largest educational board in the country, teaching students from Nursery up to the twelfth grade. It is recognized by the Department of Education, Government of Haryana and the Ministry of Human Resource Development, [[Government of India]].

Tagore Baal Niketan is named in honour of India's first Nobel laureate - Gurudev [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

== History ==

The school was started on 1 August 1963 by the educationist and visionary Ms. Vimla Raheja in Karnal, Haryana (India).

The school was started on a small premises with a handful of students.

== Administration ==
The school is governed by a board of trustees. The chairman of the trust and also director of the school is Mr. R.M. Raheja.

The current principal of the school is Dr. Rajan Lamba. The administrator is Mr. Karan Raheja.

== Faculty and curriculum ==

Medium of Instruction - The medium of instruction is mainly English. However, [[Hindi Medium|Hindi medium]] is also available for some specific subjects.

Streams Offered - The school offers a selection of 19 subjects across four streams in Senior Secondary Classes.

Streams:-
* Medical
* Non-medical
* Commerce
* Arts

Subjects
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| English || Physics || Economics || Physical Education
|-
| Hindi || Chemistry || History || Music - Hindustani Instrumental
|-
| Punjabi || Biology || Geography || Music - Hindustani Vocal
|-
| Sanskrit|| Accountancy || Political Science || Painting / Fine Arts
|-
| Mathematics || Business Studies || Computer Science ||
|}

== Beyond curriculum ==

'''Student Governing Body''' - Tagore's student governing body is called the School Vikas Mandal. Students are elected each year at the beginning of session for Vikas Mandal. It is constituted of:
* President
* Vice-President
* Head Boy
* Head Girl
* Deputy Head Boy
* Deputy Head Girl
* Secretary (English) – Boy and Girl
* Secretary (Hindi) – Boy and Girl
* Joint Secretary (English) – Boy and Girl
* Joint Secretary (Hindi) – Boy and Girl
* Cultural Activities In-charge – Boy and Girl
* Games Captain – Boy and Girl
* Games Vice-Captain – Boy and Girl
* Secretary NSS ([[National Service Scheme]]) – Boy and Girl
* Sergeant NCC (National Cadet Corps) – Boy and Girl
* Captain – Scouts
* Captain – Guides
* Overall Discipline in Charge

'''Houses''' - Tagore follows the traditional system of Houses, where in students are randomly organized into 6 Houses, which they represent in various Intra-school competitions and compete for the coveted annual sports shield. Each house is headed by a House Captain (Boy and Girl) and House Vice-Captain (Boy and Girl) and overseen by a teacher appointed as the House Master.

The ceremonial oath for all office bearers is undertaken on the day of ‘Tagore Jayanti’ every year.

'''Extra-curricular activities''' - These include:
* Elocution
* Creative Writing
* Drama
* Quiz
* Declamation & Debates
* Dance
* Calligraphy
* Art & Craft
* Mehndi & Rangoli
* Yoga

[[File:Tagore Baal Niketan School, Karnal - Dance competition.jpg|thumb|left|Dance competition|224x224px]][[File:Tagore Baal Niketan School, Karnal - Art competition.jpg|thumb|right|Art competition|215x215px]]

Intra-School competitions are held regularly.

'''Bharat Scouts and Guides''' - The school organizes scouts and guides camps every year and participates in state level and national level camps and jamborees attended by scouts and guides from different states. Our smart and spirited scouts and guides have been awarded prizes by the governor and president of India for their outstanding performance.

'''National Service Scheme (NSS)''' - N.S.S. volunteers of our school collect and send clothes and money for the victims of natural calamities, rail accidents and organize rallies to raise awareness in the society against social evils to justify the N.S.S. motto ‘Not Me But You’. Every year National Integration Camps, Mega Camps, Pre RD/RD Camps and National Adventure Camps are held in which our volunteers not only participate with great zeal but also win laurels.

'''National Cadet Corps (NCC)''' - Being the only school in Karnal, which has been sanctioned an NCC (Air Wing) Troop in 1998. The NCC cadets get the necessary orientation, training and discipline of the services so that they may be motivated to join the defence as officers and justifying the NCC Motto of ‘Unity and Discipline’.

== Alumni ==

Dr. [[Kalpana Chawla]] the first Indian American astronaut and first Indian-born woman in space. Born in Karnal, India in 1962, she completed her schooling from Tagore Baal Niketan in 1976. She was one of the 7 crew members aboard the ill-fated space shuttle Columbia when it disintegrated upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere over Texas in 2003 killing all crew members.<ref>Kalpana Chawla [http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/chawla.html "Kalpana Chawla"], ''Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058'', 2 May 2003. Retrieved on 15 November 2014.</ref>

== Scholarships and awards ==
Scholarships are awarded to the meritorious students and financial help is also provided to needy students. Merit certificates and prizes are awarded to the deserving students in various fields. Fee concession/scholarships are granted regularly for scholastic excellence and Co-Curricular activities.

==Summer Camp at NASA==
NASA selects two student every year for "NASA Summer Camp" since 1998 to give honour to the [[Kalpana Chawla]] who was former student of Tagore Bal Niketan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tagorebaalniketan.com/the-kalpana-chawla-story/|title=The Kalpana Chawla Story – Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School}}</ref>

Selected students

*2015 - Smriti Gautam
*2014 - Samadrita Mandal
*2013 - Varan Shukla & Isha
*2012 - Priyanka & Jashandeep Kaur
*2011 - Apoorva Kadyan & Riya Tripathi
*2010 - Pallavi & Varika Shukla
*2009 - Nivedita Mittal & Palak Aggarwal
*2008 - Somya Chaudhary & Gunjan Budhiraja
*2007 - Dibyajyoti Laha & Ankush Bishnoi
*2006 - Medhavi Sarwal & Parul Sarwalia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/space/two-karnal-students-selected-for-nasas-summer-camp_266374.html|title=Two Karnal students selected for NASA's summer camp|date=2 January 2006}}</ref>
*2005 - Ankita Suri & Rahul Gupta
*2004 - Patanjali Sharma & Swati Malik
*2003 - Saumya Gupta & Deepika Kadian
*2002 - Sanpreet Kaur & Ankita Alung
*2001 - Neha Sharma & Samridhi Arora
*2000 - Sushil Mittal & Amisha Suri
*1999 - Gaurav Goyal & Neetika Gogia
*1998 - Kamlika & Sanchari Bose

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://tagorebaalniketan.com
{{Portal bar|India|School|Education}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Education in Karnal]]

Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal

2026-05-05T14:11:35Z

Mere Mentor: started a bio

{{short description|Muslim community leader and politician from Kerala}}
{{For|other people with same title|Shihab Thangal (disambiguation){{!}}Shihab Thangal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sayyid
| name = Panakkad Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal
| image = Sadiqali Shihab Thangal.jpg
| caption = Sadiq Ali Thangal in 2025
| office = Kerala State President, [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| term_start = 7 March 2022
| term_end =
| office1 = Chairman, Political Advisory Committee, [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| term_start1 = 7 March 2022
| term_end1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[Panakkad]], ([[Malappuram District|Malappuram]]), [[Kerala]]
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| spouse =
| relations = * [[Syed Muhammadali Shihab Thangal|Sayyid Muhammadali Shihab Thangal]] (brother)
* Sayyid Umerali Shihab Thangal (brother)
* [[Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal|Sayyid Hyderali Shihab Thangal]] (brother)
* [[Sayed_Abbas_Ali_Shihab_Thangal|Syed Abbas Ali Shihab Thangal]] (brother)
| children = * Sayyid Aseel Ali Shihab Thangal (son)
* Sayyid Shaheen Ali Shihab Thangal (son)
* Sayyid Yamin Ali Shihab Thangal (son)
| parents = * [[PMSA Pookkoya Thangal|P. M. S. A. Pookkoya Thangal]] (father)
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = * Community leader
* Politician
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Panakkad Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal''' (Birth name:'''[[Sayyid|Habib]] Sadiq Ali Shihab bin Ali Al-Hussaini Ba Alavi''') ([[Arabic]]: صادق علي شهاب بن أحمد الحسيني با علوي)(born 25 May 1964) is a [[sayyid]] ([[thangal]]) community leader and politician from [[Kerala]], southern India. He currently serves as the Kerala State President, [[Indian Union Muslim League]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=7 March 2022 |title=Sadiq Ali Thangal Takes Over Leadership of Muslim League at the Most Critical Period of its Existence |language= |work=OnManorama |publisher=Malayala Manorama |location=Kottayam (Kerala) |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/03/07/sadiq-ali-shihab-thangal-to-be-new-kerala-state-president-of-ium.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Biju |date=7 March 2022 |title=Sadiqali Has His Work Cut Out |website=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sadiqali-has-his-work-cut-out/article65201877.ece}}</ref> and chancellor of [[Darul Huda Islamic University]].<ref name="Administrators">{{Cite web |title=DHIU - Darul Huda Islamic University |url=https://www.dhiu.in/administrative-authority.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.dhiu.in}}</ref>

Sadiq Ali Thangal is a member of the [[Pukkoya family of Panakkad|Pukkoya family]] of [[Panakkad]] (south [[Malabar District|Malabar]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Shaju |date=23 March 2021 |title=Panakkad Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal: Interview |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/panakkad-sadiq-ali-shihab-thangal-interview-kerala-elections-iuml-7241149/}}</ref> He is the son of [[Pukkoya Tangal|P. M. S. A. Pukkoya Thangal]] and the younger brother of [[Panakkad Sayeed Mohammedali Shihab Thangal|Mohammedali Thangal]], Umerali Thangal and [[Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal|Hyderali Thangal]]. He is associated with [[Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation|Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation (S. K. S. S. F.)]] and Sunni Yuvajana Sangam (S. Y. S.), the student and youth wings of the E. K. faction of [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)|Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyat al-'Ulama']], the principal [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shafi‘i|Shafi'i]] scholarly body in [[Kerala]], and the [[Muslim Youth League|Youth League]], the youth wing of [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=7 March 2022 |title=Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal Elected as New State President of IUML |work=Mathrubhumi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sadiq-ali-shihab-thangal-elected-as-new-state-president-of-iuml-1.7322245}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Prashanth |first=M. P. |date=14 March 2022 |title=Challenges Galore Before Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/mar/14/challenges-galore-before-sadiq-ali-shihab-thangal-2429776.html}}</ref> He also served as the Malappuram District President, [[Indian Union Muslim League]] for over a decade.<ref name=":4" /> He later led the party de facto for a short span in the absence of his ailing brother Hyderali Thangal.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Biju |date=10 December 2021 |title=Sadiqali Shihab Thangal Emerges as de facto Supremo of IUML |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/analysis-sadiqali-shihab-thangal-emerges-as-de-facto-supremo-of-iuml/article37923696.ece}}</ref>

Sadiq Ali Thangal was chosen as the successor to [[Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal|Hyderali Thangal]] as the Kerala State President, Indian Union Muslim League in 2022. Sadiq Ali Thangal also serves as the Chairman, National Political Advisory Committee, [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref name=":4" /> He is also Vice-President, Mounathul Islam Sabha, Ponnani, President, Noorul Huda Islamic College and Chairman, Islamic Centre, Kozhikode. He is also the member of the executive committee of the Samastha Matha Vidyabhyasa Board.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal, Sayyid}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]
[[Category:Politicians from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Sunni-Shafi'i scholars]]

A. J. S. Walia

2026-05-03T15:53:03Z

Mere Mentor: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian retired air vice marshal and business executive}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
| name = A. J. S. Walia
| honorific_suffix = [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
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| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| service_years = 1969 - 2005
| rank = [[File:India-AirForce-OF-7-collected.svg|30px]] [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vayusena_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| spouse =
| relations =
| other_work =
| signature =
| website =
| memorials =
| module =
}}

[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] '''Arvind Jeet Singh Walia''' also known as '''A. J. S. Walia''' is an aviation [[business executive]] and a former [[air officer]] of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Sudipto |date=2007-01-31 |title=Corporate jet makers woo high fliers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/corporate-jet-makers-woo-high-fliers/articleshow/1541675.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-14 |title=Sodiers in Business |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/sodiers-in-business/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Walia is an alumnus of [[College of Defence Management]] and attended the 22nd Long Defence Management Course in 1992 as a [[wing commander]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Air Vice Marshal Arvind Jeet Singh Walia 12155 A&SD at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/12155 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== IAF career ==
Walia was commissioned into [[Indian Air Force]] on 27 December 1969. He was described as "''versatile and innovative Administrative Officer who has constantly exhibited a very high degree of professionalism and administrative acumen throughout his career''" in VSM awarding ceremony.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Government of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2002-06-29.114214 |title=Union Government, Weekly, 2002-06-29, Part I-Section 1, Ref. 109-Pres-2002 |date=2002-06-29}}</ref>

He was the Chief Administrative Officer at Tezpur and Guwahati. Under his tenure, the Stations were adjudged as "Best in Administration" of Eastern Air Command headquarters. He was also adjudged as the 1994-95's "'''Best Chief Administrative Officer'''" of the [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]. He was also commended by the Chief of Air Staff two times in 1980 and in 1990 for his administrative services.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

As an air commodore, Walia handled presentations of Air Force Day also known as the Investiture Parade. He was also involved in air force activities on national functions like Independence Day, Republic Day and Vijay Diwas.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Government of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2005-04-09.112 |title=Union Government, Weekly, 2005-04-09, Part I-Section 1, Ref. No. 18-Pres./2005 |date=2005-04-09}}</ref>

On republic day awarding ceremony, his service years were noted as, "''With his in depth knowledge, ingenuity and meticulous planning, he has ensured initiation of a vast variety of infrastructural works keeping pace with the induction of latest high technological systems for the modernization of the Air Force."''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

He was also credited for projects like the induction of AJTs, development of airfields at Phalodi and Deesa. He with his team successfully launched the largest ever "Capital Works Plan" of the Indian Air Force in 2003–04 with the result in providing a threshold and modernization needs of the Air Force.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Posts held ==
* 1980s -1990's: Administrative Officer and Chief Administrative Officer, Eastern Air Command<ref name=":0" />
* 14 Jun 2001 - 31 Mar 2003: As Air Commodore, Director of Organisation & Ceremonial, Air Headquarters, Delhi<ref name=":0" />
* 01 Apr 2003 - 30 Apr 2005: As Air Vice Marshal, Assistant Chief of Air Staff - Works, Air Headquarters in Delhi<ref name=":0" />

== Business ==
After retirement, he started his new career as a business executive. During his tenure, he worked to bring western manufacturing to India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-16 |title=We?ll make first Made-in-India helicopter by 2016 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/well-make-first-made-in-india-helicopter-by-2016/924511/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-22 |title=IGA to represent Sikorsky in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/iga-to-represent-sikorsky-in-india/story-6ycyjjcCIWp5xJtW6olKWP.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-17 |title=Air Vice Marshal AJS Walia Archives |url=https://stratpost.com/tag/air-vice-marshal-ajs-walia/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=StratPost |language=en-US}}</ref> He became the CEO of Aerostar Aviation. Then, he joined the American defense manufacturer [[Sikorsky Aircraft]] with post of managing director of India and South Asia. His work as Indian divisions director included [[Sikorsky Aircraft]] to get major defense contracts from India. He also worked to bring contracts of [[Indian Navy]] and establish Silorsky in the Indian market. He also noted that the major competitors in their bid to get [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk]] project in [[India]] included the [[United States Navy]] and [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magnier |first=Mark |date=2009-10-07 |title=Cockpit, indeed. Feathers fly aloft |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-oct-07-fg-cockpit-brawl7-story.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |last5= |first5= |title=Will city police fall for helicopter shot? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/-sikorsky-aircraft-corporation-s-76-helicopterhelicopter-black-hawk-helicopters/articleshow/46335786.cms |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Praveena |title=Sikorsky sees big opportunity in homeland security in India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-sikorsky-sees-big-opportunity-in-homeland-security-in-india-1432302 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Saurabh |date=2010-04-11 |title=Sikorsky ready to build military choppers in India |url=https://stratpost.com/sikorsky-ready-to-build-military-choppers-in-india/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=StratPost |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
As an [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]], he was awarded the [[Vayu Sena Medal]] in 2002. He was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in the republic day honours of 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awardee List for the year 2005 , Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/awards/awards.php?qyear=2005&qaward=&qunit=&qname=&qnum= |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walia, A. J. S.}}
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Panna Lal Singh Patel

2026-05-02T14:41:14Z

Mere Mentor: Creating A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Panna Lal Singh Patel''' (born 15 August 1948) is an [[India|Indian]] politician from [[Bihar]]. He is a four time MLA in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He won Chautham in 2000 and later three times from [[Beldaur Assembly constituency]] in [[Khagaria district]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beldaur Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Beldaur Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/live-election-result-bihar-beldaur-assembly-election-result-2020-150.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from [[Beldaur Assembly constituency|Beldaur]], Khagaria district, Bihar. His father Chandra Kishor Singh Patel was a farmer. He passed Class 10 in 1967 at Government High School, Pansalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panna Lal Singh Patel(Janata Dal (United)(JD(U))):Constituency- BELDAUR(KHAGARIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11723 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Patel became an MLA for the first time winning the [[Chautham Assembly constituency]] representing [[Samata Party]] in 2000. He later won from Beldaur Assembly constituency representing Janata Dal (United) in the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. He retained the seat for [[Janata Dal]] (U) in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]] and [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 Assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Beldaur Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Panna Lal Singh Patel of JDU Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/beldaur-election-result-2020-live-updates-beldaur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061562.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Result 2020: Beldaur Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno150-2-1795476 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Beldaur (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2020 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/beldaur-bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7023556/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Panna Lal Singh}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Khagaria district]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Tik Tok (2023 film)

2026-05-02T05:58:07Z

Mere Mentor: started a info

{{Short description|Indian horror film}}
{{No plot|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tik Tok
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Mathanakumar
| writer =
| screenplay = Mathanakumar
| story = Ramu Chellappa
| based_on = 
| producer = Mathanakumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaji Manickam]]
*[[Priyanka Mohan]]
*[[Sushma Raj]]
*Muruganandham
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Tony Chan Murugan Chellappa
| editing = Rajesh Selvaraj
| music = Sebastin Rozario A. K. Rishal Sai
| studio = MK Entertainment
| distributor = DSR Films
| released = {{Film date|2023|12|23|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = ₹3.5 crore<ref name="T"/>
| gross =
}}
'''''Tik Tok''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror film]] directed by Mathanakumar and starring [[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaji Manickam]], [[Priyanka Mohan]], [[Sushma Raj]] and Muruganandham.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaji Manickam]] as Vikki and Altap/Anand
*[[Priyanka Mohan]] as Keerthana
*[[Sushma Raj]]
*Muruganandham as Chakram
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Keerthana's father
*[[Namo Narayana]]
*[[Chaams]]
*[[Saravana Sakthi]]
*[[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Susan
*[[Sanjana Singh]] as Prostitute
*[[Florent Pereira]] as KK
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in 2017 and was to mark the debut of [[Priyanka Mohan]].<ref name="T"/> Ramu Chellappa, the director of ''[[Engitta Modhathey]]'' (2017), wrote the story for the film.<ref name="M"/> The film was shot in haunted house set in Coimbatore in 2018 for several days.<ref name="I">{{Cite Instagram |postid=DEP5WXwvQpp |user=actor_anand_|title=My small scene in "TIKTOK" Movie starring Priyanka Mohan and Rajaji.. Shot in 2018 but releasing in 2024..happy to be a part🎭🎬❤ emotional..
|author=Anand |date=31 July 2024 |access-date=19 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2021/02/16150312/2363653/Tamil-cinema-TikTok-movie-preview.vpf|title=டிக்டாக் | Tamil cinema TikTok movie preview|first=|last=|date=16 February 2021|website=Maalai Malar|language=ta}}</ref> The delay of the film meant that the film was promoted as a [[Priyanka Mohan]] starrer although [[Sushma Raj]] had more screentime.<ref name="M"/> ''[[Ratsasan]]''-fame San Lokesh was initially supposed the be the editor of the film.<ref name="M"/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Evanda Sonna Mamu
| music1 = A. K. Rishal Sai
| lyrics1 = Mathanakumar
| extra1 = A. K. Rishal Sai
| title2 = Thooridatho
| music2 = Sebastin Rozario
| lyrics2 = Ahamed Shyam
| title3 = Madi Oonjal
| music3 = Sebastin Rozario
| lyrics3 = Ahamed Shyam
| all_music = Sebastin Rozario and A. K. Rishal Sai.
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' wrote that it is a pity that the first half is exciting and the second half is dull. The critic added that the director could have paid a little more attention to the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/tik-tok-157460|title=Tik Tok|date=28 December 2023|website=Maalai Malar|language=ta}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
After realising that a portion of the film was removed, the producer subsequently filed a police complaint in an attempt to regain his lost money from the film's failure. [[Priyanka Mohan]] reportedly approached DSR Films to have 20 minutes of her scenes removed, including bedroom scenes and two songs with intimate love scenes, since it will affect her family audience image. However, the producer himself wasn't informed and he felt the film underperformed due to this.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tik-tok-movie-producer-files-police-complaint-priyanka-mohans-deleted-portions/articleshow/107397430.cms |title='Tik Tok' movie producer files a police complaint after Priyanka Mohan's portions deleted from the film |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/priyanka-mohan-intimate-scene-in-tik-tok-movie-trailer-check-here-479837|title=படுக்கையறை காட்சியில் நடித்த பிரியங்கா மோகன்..அதிர்ச்சியில் ரசிகர்கள்!|date=26 December 2023|website=Zee Hindustan Tamil|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/crew-allegation-on-20-minutes-footage-missing-in-priyaka-arul-mohan-tik-tok-movie-s-theatre-screening-159370|title=டிக்டாக் படத்தில் காணாமல்போன 20 நிமிட காட்சிகள்.. பிரியங்கா மோகன் காரணமா?|first=பேச்சி|last=ஆவுடையப்பன்|date=3 January 2024|website=ABP Nadu|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-priyanka-mohan-latest-interview-about-sexy-glamour-roles-in-movies-captain-miller-tik-tok-movie-131704469980768.html|title=Priyanka Mohan: தோலை காமிச்சாதான் கிளாமரா ரோல்… அப்படி ஒன்னும்.. - பிரியங்கா மோகன்!|first=Kalyani Pandiyan|last=S|website=Tamil Hindustan Times|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actress-priyanka-arul-mohan-opens-up-about-acting-in-glamour-roles/articleshow/106600690.cms|title=க்ளாமர் காட்சிகளில் நடிப்பீர்களா ? பிரியங்கா அருள் மோகன் கொடுத்த நச் பதில் !!|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film was made available on the director's YouTube channel in 2024.<ref name="I"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|30608955}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 horror films]]

Benaulim Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T05:47:43Z

Mere Mentor:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Benaulim
| mla = [[Venzy Viegas]]
| party = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:28959}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =32
| map_image = File:Benaulim constitution.svg
}}

'''Benaulim Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Benaulim is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
| Maurilio Furtado<ref name=result1963>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |title=Assembly Election - 1963 |publisher=Chief Election Commissioner of Goa |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830123222/https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Miranda Elu Jose<ref name=results1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3842-goa-1967/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Vasudeo Narayan Sarmalkar]]<ref name=results1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3843-goa-1972/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|1974{{efn|by-election}}
|[[Wilfred de Souza]]
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Cota Lourence Pedro Santano<ref name=results1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3844-goa-1977/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=results1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3845-goa-1980/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Monte D'Cruz
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3847-goa-1984/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 29 November 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name=results1989>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3849-goa-1989/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1989 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Churchill Alemao]]
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<ref name=results1994>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3850-goa-1994/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1994 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1996{{efn|by-election}}
|[[Joaquim Alemao]]
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|Churchill Alemao<ref name=results1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3852-goa-1999/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name=results2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3853-goa-2002/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Francisco Pacheco (politician)|Francisco Pacheco]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=results2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3855-goa-2007/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Caetano Silva (politician)|Caetano Silva]]<ref name=results2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Goa Vikas Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Churchill Alemao<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Venzy Viegas]]<ref name=results2022/>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|-
|}

{{notelist}}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Venzy Viegas]] |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=6,411 |percentage=30.32% |change={{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Churchill Alemao]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=5,140|percentage=24.31%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Antonio Tony Feliciano Dias|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,697|percentage=22.21%|change={{increase}}12.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Desmond Fernandes|party=Revolutionary Goans Party|votes=3,854|percentage=18.23%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Damodar Samir Bandodkar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=851|percentage=4.02%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=161|percentage=0.76%|change={{decrease}}0.12}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,271 |percentage=6.01% |change= {{decrease}}18.34 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=21,145|percentage=72.35%|change={{decrease}}1.50}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,959 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Aam Aadmi Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Churchill Alemao]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=9,373 |percentage=43.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Royla Clarina Fernandes |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=4,182 |percentage=19.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Caetano Rosario Silva |party=Independent politician |votes=3,995 |percentage=18.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edwino Barreto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,157 |percentage=10.12% |change={{decrease}}26.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Fernandes |party=Goa Su-Raj Party |votes=571 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maria Da Luz Arlinda Gomes E Rebelo |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=492 |percentage=2.31% |change={{decrease}}43.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Judith Aurelia Baptista Almeida Alias Judith Almeida |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=187 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,191 |percentage=24.35% |change= {{increase}}14.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,314 |percentage=74.52% |change= {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,603 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Goa Vikas Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Caitu Silva]] |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=9,695 |percentage=45.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Valanka Alemao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,694 |percentage=36.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Humberto Gomes |party=Independent politician |votes=1,775 |percentage=8.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Fernandes |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,277 |percentage=6.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashley Francis Dias |party=Independent politician |votes=289 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Xavier George |party=Independent politician |votes=245 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,001 |percentage=9.48% |change= {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,106 |percentage=74.88% |change= {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,176 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Goa Vikas Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mickky Pacheco]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=8,092 |percentage=51.61% |change={{decrease}}4.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Fernandes |party=Save Goa Front |votes=7,336 |percentage=46.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Theodore Fernandes |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=756 |percentage=4.82% |change= {{decrease}}14.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,678 |percentage=66.83% |change= {{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,453 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 elections in India#Goa|2005 Goa Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeJun2005/index.htm|title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - June 2005|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pacheco Francisco Xavier |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=8,386 |percentage=56.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monte Cruz Francisco Piedade |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=5,510 |percentage=37.06% |change={{decrease}}14.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Fernandes Piedade |party=Independent politician |votes=525 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Premanand A.Lotlikar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=446 |percentage=3.00% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,876 |percentage=19.34% |change= {{increase}}12.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,867 |percentage=64.35% |change= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,104 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=United Goans Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mickky Pacheco]] |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=7,752 |percentage=51.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Churchill Alemao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,703 |percentage=44.54% |change={{decrease}}22.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Gonsalves |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=394 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Glen Mariano |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,049 |percentage=6.97% |change= {{decrease}}30.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,050 |percentage=67.56% |change= {{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,274 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Goans Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Churchill Alemao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,625 |percentage=66.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radharao Socrates Gracias |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=3,788 |percentage=29.33% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahatme Roopesh Rajanikant |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=298 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Agnelo |party=Independent politician |votes=124 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,837 |percentage=37.45% |change= {{increase}}29.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,917 |percentage=60.99% |change= {{decrease}}4.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,170 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Goans Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}13.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 elections in India#Goa|1996 Goa Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/LA_GA_28.htm|title=Assembly Constituency - 05 Benaulim|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Joaquim Alemao]] |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=7,107 |percentage=52.82% |change={{decrease}}9.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Agnelo Fernandes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,970 |percentage=44.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silveira Tiaf Caitano |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=217 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,137 |percentage=8.45% |change= {{decrease}}20.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,454 |percentage=64.42% |change= {{decrease}}7.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,638 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Goans Democratic Party |loser=United Goans Democratic Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Churchill Alemao]] |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=8,587 |percentage=62.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monte Cruz |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,565 |percentage=33.07% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jack Rosario Rodrigues |party=Independent politician |votes=187 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratos Sebastiao Joaquim |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Furtado Antonio Damiao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=97 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,022 |percentage=29.14% |change= {{decrease}}12.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,802 |percentage=71.62% |change= {{decrease}}2.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,945 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Goans Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Alimno Churchil Braz |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,196 |percentage=69.47% |change={{increase}}14.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pinto Nazario Jose |party=Independent politician |votes=3,642 |percentage=27.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Correia Alphonso Antonio Francisco |party=Gomantak Lok Pox |votes=163 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,554 |percentage=41.95% |change= {{increase}}28.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,238 |percentage=74.50% |change= {{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,524 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Cruz Francisco Monte Piedade |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,280 |percentage=54.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Churchill Alemao]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,555 |percentage=41.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rodrigues Francisco Caetan Gilberto |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,725 |percentage=12.98% |change= {{decrease}}42.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,288 |percentage=68.28% |change= {{increase}}9.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,030 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}17.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Cruz Francisco Monte Piedade |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=7,936 |percentage=72.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cardozo Raul Joaquim |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,852 |percentage=16.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silva Eugenio Silvano |party=Independent politician |votes=277 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barreto Joao Jeronio |party=Janata Party |votes=220 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cota Jose Lourance Joaquim |party=Independent politician |votes=197 |percentage=1.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Braganza Edward Francisco |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=188 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,084 |percentage=55.42% |change= {{increase}}44.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,977 |percentage=59.26% |change= {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,049 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}29.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Cota Lourence Pedro Santano |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,196 |percentage=42.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barreto Jaco Jesmina |party=Janata Party |votes=3,117 |percentage=31.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gardoso Raul Joaquim |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,466 |percentage=24.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,079 |percentage=10.92% |change= {{decrease}}44.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,879 |percentage=55.35% |change= {{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,669 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{decrease}}33.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vasudeo Narayan Sarmalkar]] |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=6,604 |percentage=75.53% |change={{increase}}74.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cardoso Felicio |party=Independent politician |votes=1,796 |percentage=20.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Miranda Elu Jose |party=Independent politician |votes=126 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,808 |percentage=54.99% |change= {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,744 |percentage=60.30% |change= {{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,248 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Benaulim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. E. Jose |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=6,528 |percentage=72.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. F. Clodomiro |party=Independent politician |votes=1,008 |percentage=11.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Leitao |party=United Goans Party (Furtado Group) |votes=964 |percentage=10.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bhandari |party=Independent politician |votes=121 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. J. F. Tiago |party=Independent politician |votes=105 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. F. Antonio |party=Independent politician |votes=33 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,520 |percentage=61.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,986 |percentage=62.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,006 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.25|73.94|display=title}}

[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Valsad–Vadnagar Intercity Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:50:04Z

Mere Mentor: started new place - done

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 00FFFF
| name = Valsad–Vadnagar Intercity Superfast Express
| image = File:ValsadVadnagarIntercityExpressBoard.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India| Intercity Superfast Express]]
| status = Daily
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|11|03}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Valsad}} (BL)
| stops = 13
| end = {{stnlnk|Vadnagar}} (VDG)
| distance = {{convert|424|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair Car, Second Class Seating, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 20959 / 20960
| speed = {{cvt|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:ValsadVadnagarIntercitySFExpress.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20959 / 20960 '''Valsad–Vadnagar Intercity Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Valsad}} and {{stnlnk|Vadnagar}} of [[Gujarat]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/11/02/valsad-vadnagar-daily-intercity-express-trains-inaugural-run-on-3rd-november/|title=Valsad - Vadnagar daily intercity express train's inaugural run on 3rd november|website=Desh Gujarat|date=2 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/business/indian-railways-news-valsad-vadnagar-intercity-express-from-tomorrow-timing-stoppages-other-details-233531|title=આવતીકાલથી વલસાડ-વડનગર ઇન્ટરસિટી એક્સપ્રેસ દોડતી થશે, જાણી વિગતવાર માહિતી|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/valsad/news/valsad-vadnagar-intercity-express-new-train-will-start-from-today-130508971.html|title=આતુરતાનો અંત: વલસાડ - વડનગર ઇન્ટરસિટી એક્સપ્રેસ નવી ટ્રેનનો આજથી પ્રારંભ થશે.|website=Divyabhaskar|date=2 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2022/11/3/Valsad-vadnagar-intercity-flag-by-dershna-jardosh.php|title=चुनाव की तारीख की घोषणा से पहले वलसाड-वडनगर ट्रेन को हरी झंडी|website=Hindustan Samachar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/gujarat/surat/news/new-intercity-train-will-run-between-valsad-and-vadnagar-via-surat-130509394.html|title=नियमित ट्रेन की बुकिंग आज से होगी शुरू:सूरत होते हुए वलसाड व वडनगर के बीच चलेगी नई इंटरसिटी ट्रेन|website=Dainik Bhasker}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=6731&id=0,4,268|title=WESTERN RAILWAY TO INTRODUCE VALSAD - VADNAGAR INTERCITY EXPRESS FROM 3rd NOVEMBER, 2022|website=Western Railway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vadnagar-intercity-converted-to-superfast-train/articleshow/95793753.cms|title=Vadnagar Intercity converted to superfast train|website=Times of India|date=26 November 2022 }}</ref>

'''Valsad–Vadnagar Intercity Superfast Express''' was inaugurated by Minister of State for Railways and Textiles, [[Darshana Jardosh]] from 3 November 2022 at [[Surat railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trishulnews.com/start-of-valsad-vadnagar-intercity-express-train/gujarat/|title=વલસાડ-વડનગર ઇન્ટરસિટી એક્સપ્રેસ ટ્રેનનો પ્રારંભ: કેન્દ્રીય રેલવે રાજ્યમંત્રી દર્શનાબેન જરદોશે આપી લીલી ઝંડી|website=Trishul News|date=3 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/ahmedabad/with-the-launch-of-valsad-vadnagar-intercity-express-from-today-2-november-many-passengers-of-this-route-will-benefit-au14502-615388.html|title=આજથી વલસાડ-વડનગર ઇન્ટરસિટી એક્સપ્રેસની શરુઆત, આ રુટના અનેક મુસાફરોને થશે ફાયદો|website=Tv9 Gujarati|date=2 November 2022 }}</ref>

==Service==

*20959/Valsad–Vadnagar Intercity Superfast Express has an average speed of 60 km/h and covers 424 km in 7 hrs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiarailinfo.com/train/188230|title=20959 Valsad - Vadnagar Intercity Superfast Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
*20960/Vadnagar–Valsad Intercity Superfast Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 424 km in 7 hrs 35 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiarailinfo.com/train/188231|title=20960 Vadnagar - Valsad Intercity Superfast Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Route & halts==

The important halts of the train are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-introduce-valsad-vadnagar-intercity-express-from-tomorrow-timing-stoppages-other-details-11667366780018.html|title=Indian Railways to introduce Valsad - Vadnagar Intercity Express from tomorrow. Timing, stoppages, other details|website=Livemint|date=2 November 2022 |author1=Livemint }}</ref>

* '''{{stnlnk|Valsad}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Bilimora Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Navsari}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anand Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gandhinagar Capital}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalol Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ambliyasan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mahesana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Visnagar}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Vadnagar}}'''

==Traction==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with;
* 12929/12930 [[Valsad–Vadodara Intercity Superfast Express]]
* 22959/22960 [[Vadodara–Jamnagar Intercity Superfast Express]]
* 19011/19012 [[Valsad–Dahod Intercity Express]]

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:VadnagarIntercityExpressSpecial.jpg|Vadnagar Intercity Express Inaugural Board
File:VadnagarIntercityExpressSpecial1.jpg|Vadnagar Intercity Express Inaugural Board
File:VadnagarIntercityExpressSpecial2.jpg|Vadnagar Intercity Express Special at PF 5
File:VadnagarIntercityExpressSpecial3.jpg|Vadnagar Intercity Express Special at PF 5
File:VadnagarIntercityExpressSpecial4.jpg|Vadnagar Intercity Express Special Engine
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valsad-Vadnagar Intercity Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Valsad]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2022]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Mini Kolkata Derby

2026-04-27T21:16:27Z

Mere Mentor: Stub

{{Short description|Mohammedan SC vs either Mohun Bagan SG or East Bengal FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox sports rivalry
| name = Mini Kolkata Derby
| image = INDvsBAN 2019 BluePilgrimTifo(MB-EB-MM).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| other names = Mini Derby
| city or region = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| teams involved = * [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] vs [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
* [[East Bengal FC]] vs [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
| first contested = * '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]''' vs '''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]''': [[Cooch Behar Cup]] 1909 (unofficial);<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammedan_SC_(Kolkata)|website=Wikipedia|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=April 2026}} [[Calcutta Football League]] 1934 (official, first meeting in CFL Premier Division)<ref>{{cite web|title=Calcutta Football League history and winners list|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list|website=olympics.com|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
* '''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]''' 0–2 '''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]''': [[Calcutta Football League]] 1920<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal FC vs Mohammedan SC: All-time Head-to-Head record in ISL|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-east-bengal-fc-vs-mohammedan-sc-head-to-head-record-202603|website=KhelNow|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
| mostrecent = * '''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]''' 7–0 [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] in ([[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL 2025–26]]) on 23 March 2026<ref>{{cite web|title=ISL 2026: East Bengal Score 7 Past Mohammedan in Record Kolkata Derby Win|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/isl-2026-east-bengal-score-7-past-mohammedan-record-kolkata-derby-win|website=The Quint|date=23 March 2026|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
* '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]''' 5–1 [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] in ([[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL 2025–26]]) on 28 February 2026<ref>{{cite web|title=MBSG vs MSC: Mohun Bagan Super Giant won by 5-1|url=https://www.fancode.com/football/tour/isl-2025-26-regional-19422365/matches/mohun-bagan-super-giant-vs-mohammedan-sc-141088/live-match-info|website=FanCode|date=28 February 2026|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
| total =
* {{small|'''EB vs MSC''' (since 1920)}}: '''East Bengal''': '''110''' '''Mohammedan SC''': 55 '''Drawn''': 55 (220+ matches since 1920)<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal FC vs Mohammedan SC: All-time Head-to-Head record in ISL|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-east-bengal-fc-vs-mohammedan-sc-head-to-head-record-202603|website=KhelNow|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
* {{small|'''MB vs MSC''' (post-1960, competitive)}}: '''Mohun Bagan''': '''12''' '''Mohammedan SC''': 3 '''Drawn''': 4 (19 matches since 1960)<ref>{{cite web|title=ISL 2025-26: Mohun Bagan SG vs Mohammedan SC All time Head-to-Head record in ISL|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-2025-26-mohun-bagan-sg-vs-mohammedan-sc-head-to-head-record-202602|website=KhelNow|date=27 February 2026|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
| largestvictory = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] '''7–0''' [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] 23 March 2026 ([[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL 2025–26]])<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal 7-0 Mohammedan SC, ISL: Red & Gold Brigade Register Record Derby Triumph|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/east-bengal-vs-mohammedan-sc-isl-2025-26-match-report-kolkata-derby|website=Outlook India|date=23 March 2026|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
| largestscoring = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] '''7–0''' [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] 23 March 2026 ([[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL 2025–26]])<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal 7-0 Mohammedan SC, ISL: Red & Gold Brigade Register Record Derby Triumph|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/east-bengal-vs-mohammedan-sc-isl-2025-26-match-report-kolkata-derby|website=Outlook India|date=23 March 2026|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
| broadcasters = [[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports 2]], [[FanCode]], [[JioCinema]] ([[Indian Super League]])
| stadiums = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] [[East Bengal Ground]] [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]] [[Calcutta Football League]] [[Durand Cup]] [[IFA Shield]] [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| map_location = India Kolkata
| map_caption = Location of the three clubs in [[Kolkata]].
| map_label1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| map_label1_position = top
| map_mark1 = Darkgreen pog.svg
| coordinates1 = {{coord|22|33|45.5|N|88|20|28.3|E|display=inline}}
| map_label2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| map_label2_position = bottom
| map_mark2 = Red pog.svg
| coordinates2 = {{coord|22|33|36.0|N|88|20|35.1|E|display=inline}}
| map_label3 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| map_label3_position = right
| map_mark3 = Black pog.svg
| coordinates3 = {{coord|22|33|43.4|N|88|20|45.9|E|display=inline}}
}}

The '''Mini Kolkata Derby''' or '''Mini Derby''' is a term used to describe [[association football]] matches played between [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] and either [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] or [[East Bengal FC]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies: A new chapter of excitement in ISL |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The name distinguishes these fixtures from the main [[Kolkata Derby]], which refers exclusively to matches between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, a rivalry widely regarded as one of the oldest and most passionate in [[Indian football]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Calcutta Football League history and winners list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |publisher=Olympics.com |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

The three clubs collectively form the Big Three of the Maidan, having dominated Kolkata football and by extension Indian football, since the early twentieth century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan Sporting Club History: From Humble Beginnings to Indian Football Royalty |url=https://tacklefrombehind.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-club-history/ |publisher=Tackle From Behind |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> The rivalry between Mohammedan and their Kolkata counterparts dates to the 1930s, when all three clubs competed intensely in the [[Calcutta Football League]] (CFL).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies: A new chapter of excitement in ISL |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> The term "Mini Kolkata Derby" gained wider prominence with Mohammedan SC's entry into the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) for the [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 season]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies: A new chapter of excitement in ISL |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

All three clubs play their major home matches at the [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] (also known as the Salt Lake Stadium) in Kolkata, giving the derby a unique character where both sides often share the same venue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan Sporting Club History: From Humble Beginnings to Indian Football Royalty |url=https://tacklefrombehind.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-club-history/ |publisher=Tackle From Behind |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== 'Big Three' of Kolkata ===

Kolkata has historically been regarded as the home of Indian Football.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calcutta Football League history and winners list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |publisher=Olympics.com |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> The three clubs at the heart of the city's football culture are among the oldest in all of Asia. [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] was founded on 15 August 1889, making it the oldest active football club in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oldest Football Club in India: Calcutta FC and Mohun Bagan |url=https://blog.playo.co/which-is-the-oldest-football-club-in-india/ |publisher=Playo |date=19 February 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> [[East Bengal FC]] was established on 1 August 1920.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies: A new chapter of excitement in ISL |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]] traces its origins to 1887, when Nawab Aminul Islam founded the Jubilee Club in Kolkata; after several name changes: the Crescent Club and then the Hamidia Club, it was finally reconstituted as Mohammedan Sporting Club in February 1891 to represent the Bengali Muslim community in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan football club is the toast of Bengal. How new owner, coach pulled it out of despair |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/mohammedan-sc-football-is-the-toast-of-bengal-how-new-owner-coach-pulled-it-out-of-despair/2055627/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

Established in 1898, the Calcutta Football League is the oldest football league in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calcutta Football League history and winners list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |publisher=Olympics.com |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> Mohammedan SC earned promotion to the top division of the CFL in 1933 and the following year became the first Indian club to win the CFL title, a tournament that had been dominated by British army regiments since its inception.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan football club is the toast of Bengal. How new owner, coach pulled it out of despair |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/mohammedan-sc-football-is-the-toast-of-bengal-how-new-owner-coach-pulled-it-out-of-despair/2055627/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> By 1938, the club had won the CFL five years in succession, a record at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calcutta Football League history and winners list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |publisher=Olympics.com |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> Mohammedan SC also achieved international distinction in 1960 by winning the [[Aga Khan Gold Cup]] in Dhaka, the first time any Indian club had won an overseas tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies: A new chapter of excitement in ISL |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

Across the CFL's history, East Bengal have been the most successful side with 40 titles, followed by Mohun Bagan with 30 and Mohammedan SC with 14.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calcutta Football League history and winners list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |publisher=Olympics.com |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Origins of rivalry ===

The rivalry between the three clubs crystallised in the early 1930s when Mohammedan SC emerged as a dominant force in Kolkata football. From 1934 to 1941, Mohammedan won seven out of eight CFL titles, forcing Mohun Bagan and East Bengal to compete against a powerful third rival for supremacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies: A new chapter of excitement in ISL |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> From that period until the late 1950s, CFL championships were contested exclusively among the Big Three, and their competition extended to other prestigious tournaments including the [[Durand Cup]], the [[Rovers Cup]], and the [[IFA Shield]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan Sporting Club History: From Humble Beginnings to Indian Football Royalty |url=https://tacklefrombehind.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-club-history/ |publisher=Tackle From Behind |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> CFL matches involving the Big Three regularly attracted crowds exceeding 30,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calcutta Football League history and winners list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |publisher=Olympics.com |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

The rivalry initially had communal roots, as Mohammedan SC was founded specifically to represent the Muslim population of Kolkata. The club maintained a predominantly Muslim playing squad until the 1960s, while Mohun Bagan and East Bengal drew their support primarily from the Hindu community during the early decades. Over time, however, these communal distinctions faded and the rivalries became primarily sporting in character.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan Sporting Club History: From Humble Beginnings to Indian Football Royalty |url=https://tacklefrombehind.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-club-history/ |publisher=Tackle From Behind |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

Highlights in the historical Mini Derby record include Mohammedan SC defeating Mohun Bagan in the 1956 [[Rovers Cup]] final, ending an eight-year trophy drought.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies: A new chapter of excitement in ISL |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> In 1983, Mohammedan SC captured their first [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] by defeating Mohun Bagan in the final, and defended the title the following year by beating East Bengal in the final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies: A new chapter of excitement in ISL |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

From the 1980s onwards, Mohammedan's fortunes declined and meetings between the club and their Kolkata rivals at the highest level became increasingly rare. The club nearly shut down entirely in 2014 before being revived by the Gurugram-based investment firm Bunkerhill.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan football club is the toast of Bengal. How new owner, coach pulled it out of despair |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/mohammedan-sc-football-is-the-toast-of-bengal-how-new-owner-coach-pulled-it-out-of-despair/2055627/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> Their [[2023–24 I-League]] title in April 2024 earned them promotion to the ISL, reuniting all three clubs in the same national competition for the first time in decades.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan football club is the toast of Bengal. How new owner, coach pulled it out of despair |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/mohammedan-sc-football-is-the-toast-of-bengal-how-new-owner-coach-pulled-it-out-of-despair/2055627/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

== In the Indian Super League ==

=== 2004 Arrival of Mohammedan SC ===

Mohun Bagan Super Giant and East Bengal FC had both competed in the ISL since the [[2020–21 Indian Super League season|2020–21 season]], and their clashes quickly became among the most anticipated fixtures in the league. Mohammedan SC, as the [[2023–24 I-League]] champions, earned promotion to the ISL for the [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 season]], becoming the third Kolkata club in the league.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies: A new chapter of excitement in ISL |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> Their arrival introduced the Mini Kolkata Derby as a regular fixture in the ISL calendar, with both the Mohun Bagan vs Mohammedan and the East Bengal vs Mohammedan contests attracting significant media and fan interest.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Mini Kolkata Derby ignites as Mohun Bagan Super Giant lock horns with Mohammedan SC |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-2025-26-mohun-bagan-sg-vs-mohammedan-sc-match-preview-202602 |publisher=Khel Now |date=27 February 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Results in the ISL ===

==== Mohun Bagan SG vs Mohammedan SC ====

The first-ever ISL meeting between [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] took place on 5 October 2024 at the [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], Kolkata, during the [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 ISL season]]. Mohun Bagan dominated from the first whistle, with [[Jamie Maclaren]] heading in the opening goal in the eighth minute on his first start for the club, followed by a second from Subhasish Bose and a long-range effort from [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]] to complete a 3–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web |title=MBSG 3-0 MSC, ISL 2024-25: Mohun Bagan Drub Mohammedan SC In Season's First Kolkata Derby |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/mohun-bagan-vs-mohammedan-sporting-match-report-isl-2024-25-indian-super-league-mbsg-v-msc-kolkata-derby |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=5 October 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

The second ISL meeting between the sides, played on 1 February 2025, ended in a similarly dominant 4–0 result in favour of Mohun Bagan, with braces from Subhasish Bose and [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammedan SC Vs Mohun Bagan, ISL 2024-25 Highlights: Subhasish Bose, Manvir Singh's Braces Power Mariners To Dominant 4-0 Win |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/mohammedan-sporting-club-vs-mohun-bagan-super-giant-indian-super-league-2024-25-live-score-msc-v-mbsg-isl-updates-vivekananda-yuba-bharati-krirangan |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=1 February 2025 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

In the [[2025–26 Indian Super League season|2025–26 season]], Mohun Bagan again prevailed, beating Mohammedan 5–1 on 28 February 2026 at the Salt Lake Stadium. Despite Lalthankima Rotluanga giving Mohammedan a shock lead from a headed corner in the 12th minute, Mohun Bagan responded decisively: Robson Robinho scored twice to put the Mariners ahead before half-time, with Jamie Maclaren adding a third. After the break, Manvir Singh and a stunning long-range volley from [[Dimitri Petratos]] completed the rout.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan vs Mohammedan Highlights ISL: MBSG 5-1 MSC At Full-Time |url=https://www.newsx.com/live-updates/mohun-bagan-vs-mohammedan-isl-live-score-updates-from-kolkata-salt-lake-stadium-175009/ |publisher=NewsX |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

Across all ISL meetings between Mohun Bagan Super Giant and Mohammedan SC, Mohun Bagan have won all three contests, scoring 12 goals and conceding only 1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mini Kolkata Derby ignites as Mohun Bagan Super Giant lock horns with Mohammedan SC |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-2025-26-mohun-bagan-sg-vs-mohammedan-sc-match-preview-202602 |publisher=Khel Now |date=27 February 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

==== East Bengal FC vs Mohammedan SC ====

The first-ever ISL meeting between [[East Bengal FC]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] took place on 9 November 2024 during the [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 ISL season]] at the Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan. It produced one of the most dramatic moments in the Mini Derby's short ISL history: East Bengal had two players: Nandhakumar Sekar and Naorem Mahesh Singh sent off within a minute of each other in the 27th and 28th minutes, leaving them with only nine men. Despite being severely reduced, East Bengal held on for a goalless draw, earning their first point of the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=East Bengal 0-0 Mohammedan Sporting Highlights, ISL 2024-25: 9-Men EBFC Defend Bravely To Earn Point In Thrilling Kolkata Derby |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/east-bengal-vs-mohammedan-sporting-live-score-indian-super-league-2024-25-ebfc-vs-msc-isl-updates-salt-lake-stadium |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=9 November 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> East Bengal had only 25.3% possession, the lowest by any team in a single match in that ISL season yet Mohammedan were unable to convert any of their 16 chances.<ref>{{cite web |title=Key statistics from East Bengal FC's impressive draw vs Mohammedan SC |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/key-statistics-from-east-bengal-fcs-impressive-draw-vs-mohammedan-sc |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |date=10 November 2024 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

The second meeting that season, on 16 February 2025, ended with East Bengal winning 3–1, asserting their dominance in this fixture.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISL 2024-25: East Bengal Rule Kolkata Derby With 3-1 Win Over Mohammedan Sporting |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/mohammedan-sporting-vs-east-bengal-indian-super-league-2024-25-match-report-msc-vs-ebfc-isl-kolkata-derby-salt-lake |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

The most notable result in ISL Mini Derby history came on 23 March 2026 during the [[2025–26 Indian Super League season|2025–26 ISL season]], when East Bengal defeated Mohammedan SC 7–0 at the Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan. The result equalled the joint-highest winning margin in ISL history, matching [[FC Goa]]'s 7–0 victory over [[Mumbai City FC]] in 2015. Anwar Ali opened the scoring with a long-range strike in the sixth minute and completed a brace in the 79th minute. [[Youssef Ezzejjari]] scored twice from the penalty spot (14th and 54th minutes), [[Saúl Crespo]] also netted from the spot in the 38th minute making it the first time three penalties were converted in a single ISL match, while PV Vishnu added a fifth in the 75th minute and substitute Nandha Kumar sealed the rout in stoppage time. Mohammedan's Joseph Lalmuanawma was sent off in the 38th minute for a second yellow card. Anwar Ali was adjudged the Player of the Match.<ref>{{cite web |title=East Bengal 7-0 Mohammedan SC, ISL: Red & Gold Brigade Register Record Derby Triumph Over Black Panthers |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/east-bengal-vs-mohammedan-sc-isl-2025-26-match-report-kolkata-derby |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=East Bengal clinch record mini derby victory over Mohammedan Sporting in ISL 2025-26 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-2025-26-east-bengal-fc-vs-mohammedan-sc-match-report-202603 |publisher=Khel Now |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Head-to-head record in the ISL ===

==== Mohun Bagan SG vs Mohammedan SC ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Date !! Competition !! Home team !! Result !! Away team !! Stadium
|-
| 5 October 2024 || ISL 2024–25 || '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]''' || 3–0 || [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] || [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|-
| 1 February 2025 || ISL 2024–25 || [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] || 0–4 || '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]''' || [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|-
| 28 February 2026 || ISL 2025–26 || '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]''' || 5–1 || [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] || [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|}

==== East Bengal FC vs Mohammedan SC ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Date !! Competition !! Home team !! Result !! Away team !! Stadium
|-
| 9 November 2024 || ISL 2024–25 || [[East Bengal FC]] || 0–0 || [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] || [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|-
| 16 February 2025 || ISL 2024–25 || '''[[East Bengal FC]]''' || 3–1 || [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] || [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|-
| 23 March 2026 || ISL 2025–26 || '''[[East Bengal FC]]''' || 7–0 || [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] || [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|}

== Head-to-head (all competitions) ==

Prior to their first ISL meetings in 2024, the three clubs had a long record of encounters in the CFL and other domestic competitions spanning over nine decades. As of early 2025, Mohun Bagan and Mohammedan SC had met 249 times across all competitions, with Mohun Bagan holding a record of 121 wins, 84 draws, and 44 losses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Last Kolkata Derby of the season as Unstoppable Mohun Bagan faces unpredictable Mohammedan SC |url=https://www.mbft.in/2025/01/Mohammedan-SC-vs-Mohun-Bagan-SG-ISL-2024-25-Match-Preview.html |publisher=MBFT |date=31 January 2025 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref> Across all competitions since 1960, East Bengal FC and Mohammedan SC had played approximately 220 matches, with East Bengal winning 110 and Mohammedan SC winning 55, with the remainder ending in draws. The last time Mohammedan SC defeated East Bengal in any competition prior to their ISL meetings was in the 2023 Calcutta Football League, by a 2–1 margin.<ref>{{cite web |title=East Bengal FC vs Mohammedan SC: All-time Head-to-Head record in ISL |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-east-bengal-fc-vs-mohammedan-sc-head-to-head-record-202603 |publisher=Khel Now |date=March 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kolkata Derby]]
* [[Imphal Derby]]
* [[Aizawl Derby]]
* [[Northeast Derby (I-League)|Northeast Derby]]
* [[Indian Super League]]
* [[Calcutta Football League]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football rivalries in India]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)]]
[[Category:Indian Super League]]
[[Category:Football in Kolkata]]

Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:13:20Z

Mere Mentor: new - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baikunthpur
| mla = [[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Ambika Singh Deo
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| division = Surguja
| district = [[Koriya district|Koriya]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Korba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Korba]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:168185}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 3
| map_image = Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Baikunthpur''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Koriya district|Koriya]] district and is a part of the [[Korba Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Until 1962: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jwala Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramchandra Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jwala Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Devender Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Dwarika Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramchandra Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Ramchandra Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly elections: List of MLAs |newspaper=IBN Live |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-list-of-mlas/438504-80-259.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=25 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211013006/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-list-of-mlas/438504-80-259.html |archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| [[Ambica Singh Deo|Ambika Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Baikunthpur<ref>{{cite news |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywiseresult-S26.htm |title= General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023, Chhattisgarh |access-date=11 December 2025 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203062041/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywiseresult-S26.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=66,866 |percentage=48.89% |change={{increase}}14.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ambica Singh Deo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,453 |percentage=30.31% |change={{decrease}}8.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Singh Kamro |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes=23,288 |percentage=17.03% |change={{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,934 |percentage=1.41% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Akash Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,872 |percentage=1.37% |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mejor Prasad Yadav |party=Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party |votes=1,426 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,413 |percentage=18.58% |change= {{increase}}14.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,36,772 |percentage=82.50% |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,68,185 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Baikunthpur<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/seat-change|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Elections Seat Wise Results 2018|last1=NDTV|date=2018|work=|accessdate=13 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013175629/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/seat-change|archivedate=13 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ambica Singh Deo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,885 |percentage=38.52% |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,546 |percentage=34.31% |change={{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Singh Kamro |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes=20,247 |percentage=15.95% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bihari Lal Rajwade |party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh |votes=9,236 |percentage=7.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,630 |percentage=2.07% |change={{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Singh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,504 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Narayan Sahu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,171 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,339 |percentage=4.21% |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,26,919 |percentage=81.22% |change= {{increase}}1.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,59,656 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Baikunthpur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/CGAE_2013_stat_report.pdf |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 2013 To The Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712172504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/CGAE_2013_stat_report.pdf }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,471 |percentage=40.54% |change={{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bedanti Tivari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,402 |percentage=39.59% |change={{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Singh Kamro |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes=17,413 |percentage=15.52% |change={{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,265 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mani Lal Rajwade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,536 |percentage=2.26% |change={{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chintamani Sandil |party=Rashtriya Gondvana Party |votes=1,441 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramnarayan Sahu |party=Chattisgarh Swabhiman Manch |votes=899 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,069 |percentage=0.95% |change= {{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,12,162 |percentage=79.80% |change= {{increase}}8.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,656 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Baikunthpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,215 |percentage=39.40% |change={{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bedanti Tiwari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,679 |percentage=33.38% |change={{decrease}}8.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdular Singh Aayam |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes=9,428 |percentage=10.26% |change={{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Man Sai |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,165 |percentage=5.62% |change={{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gyan Prasad Khushwaha |party=Independent politician |votes=3,077 |percentage=3.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandit Anil Maharaj |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,024 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Kumar Sirdar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,169 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,536 |percentage=6.02% |change= {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,909 |percentage=68.97% |change= {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,33,352 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}24.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Baikunthpur<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramchandra Singh Deo|Dr. Ramchandra Singh Deo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,107 |percentage=41.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,137 |percentage=35.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Tiwari |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=10,319 |percentage=8.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamleshwar Prasad |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes=5,694 |percentage=4.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D L Bhaskar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,844 |percentage=3.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hira Lal Sahu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,763 |percentage=2.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balbhadra Pandey |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,703 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,970 |percentage=6.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,21,903 |percentage=69.45% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,583 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Koriya district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|23.28|82.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Koriya district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]

Déjà vu (2001 film)

2026-04-04T03:05:35Z

Mere Mentor: added a data more to come

{{short description|English-language psychological thriller film}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Déjà vu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Biju Viswanath]]
| writer = Biju Viswanath
| screenplay = Laura Andrews
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Saïd Alavi [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Paddy Fletcher
*Simon Binns
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Biju Viswanath
| editing = A. Sreekar Prasad
| music = [[Sharreth]]
| studio = Film Freaks
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2001|08| |[[Locarno Film Festival]]|2001|11| |[[Pusan International Film Festival]]}}
| runtime =
| country = India United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Déjà vu''''' is a 2001 English-language [[psychological thriller film]] directed and co-written by [[Biju Viswanath]] and starring Paddy Fletcher and Simon Binns.<ref name="Pr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bijuviswanath.com/news.php|title=To The Lighthouse|work=Preview|date=September–October 2000|access-date=2 May 2025|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205091012/https://bijuviswanath.com/news.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is about a frightened man who is trapped in a lighthouse.<ref name="Pe">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bijuviswanath.com/news.php|title=Off the beaten track|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=28 October 2001|first=Maria E.|last=Kallukaren|access-date=2 May 2025|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205091012/https://bijuviswanath.com/news.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Paddy Fletcher as the frightened man
*Simon Binns as the stranger

== Production ==
While in [[Zanzibar]] for a festival screening of his short film ''A Voyage'', he met a [[non-resident Indian|NRI]] named Saïd Alavi, who agreed to produce the film alongside [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] under the banner of Film Freaks. The film stars British actors Paddy Fletcher and Simon Binns. Since the film is about phobias, Fletcher had to face several of his fears including cockroaches, heights and water. The film was shot in [[Lundi]], Goa (including Vengurla lighthouse) and Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bijuviswanath.com/news.php|title=The global circuit beckons him|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 June 2000|first=K.|last=Santhosh|access-date=2 May 2025|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205091012/https://bijuviswanath.com/news.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pr"/> The film was shot using a [[Kodak]] 5289 800T and a 5246 250D and 90% of the film was shot in low lighting.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bijuviswanath.com/news.php|title=Transition to vision2|date=January–March 2006|page=22|work=Images|access-date=2 May 2025|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205091012/https://bijuviswanath.com/news.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was selected to be a part of the 54th [[Locarno Film Festival]] in August 2001 alongside ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicworld/paris-still-searching-record-label-for-sophomore-album_17414.html/amp|title='Deja Vu' selected for Locarno festival|work=[[Zee News]]|date=22 July 2001|access-date=2 May 2025|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008155443/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicworld/paris-still-searching-record-label-for-sophomore-album_17414.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/vijay-sethupathi-biju-viswanath-/articleshow/46335127.cms|title=Vijay Sethupathi's next avatar|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=22 February 2015|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> The film was also screened at [[Pusan International Film Festival]] in November of that same year in the New Wave section.<ref name="Pe"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bijuviswanath.com/news.php|title="오로지 강한 사람만이 다시 시작할 수 있다"|language=Korean|work=[[Pusan International Film Festival|PIFF Daily]]|date=16 October 2001|access-date=2 May 2025|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205091012/https://bijuviswanath.com/news.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The film has been screened at 20 film festivals worldwide.<ref name="Pe"/>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "The script written jointly by Laura Andrews and Biju Viswanath sustains the spirit of the movie mainly through two factors, the possession of a knife by the stranger and the strange language spoken by him. These are the two factors, which arouses fear in the lighthouse mechanic besides that police message. Masterly editing by Sreekar Prasad keeps the temper of the movie".<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Indian director's experiment in world cinema |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011213224551/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/index.html |archive-date=13 December 2001 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=indiainfo.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Biju Viswanath}}

[[Category:2001 English-language films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Biju Viswanath]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]

Soweto

2026-03-28T22:47:05Z

Mere Mentor: brief cleanup structure based on references further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Township in Metropolitan Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use South African English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Soweto
| other_name = ''South Western Townships''
| image_skyline = File:Soweto-002.jpg
| image_caption = [[Orlando Power Station|Orlando Towers]] in the [[Orlando, Soweto|Orlando]] suburb of Soweto in 2006
| pushpin_map = South Africa Gauteng#South Africa#Africa
| coordinates = {{coord|-26.26781|27.85849|format=dms|region:ZA-GP_source:geonames |display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="geonames">[{{geonameslink|gnid=953781|name=soweto}} Soweto] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref>
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|South Africa}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gauteng]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of municipalities of South Africa|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|City of Johannesburg]]
| subdivision_type4 = Main Place
| subdivision_name4 =
| established_title = Established
| leader_title = Councillor
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798026 |title = Main Place Soweto |work=Census 2011}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 200.03
| elevation_m = 1632
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="geonames"/>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" />
| population_total = 1271628
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Racial makeup (2011)
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]
| demographics1_info1 = 98.5%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Coloureds|Coloured]]
| demographics1_info2 = 1.0%
| demographics1_title3 = [[Indian South African|Indian/Asian]]
| demographics1_info3 = 0.1%
| demographics1_title4 = [[White South African|White]]
| demographics1_info4 = 0.1%
| demographics1_title5 = Other
| demographics1_info5 = 0.2%
| demographics_type2 = [[First language]]s (2011)
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" />
| demographics2_title1 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]]
| demographics2_info1 = 37.1%
| demographics2_title2 = [[Sotho language|Sotho]]
| demographics2_info2 = 15.5%
| demographics2_title3 = [[Tswana language|Tswana]]
| demographics2_info3 = 12.9%
| demographics2_title4 = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]
| demographics2_info4 = 8.9%
| demographics2_title5 = Other
| demographics2_info5 = 25.6%

| timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset1 = +2
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)
| postal_code = 1808
| postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]]
| postal2_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa#Number ranges|011]]
| website =
}}
{{Apartheid}}

'''Soweto''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|w|ɛ|t|oʊ|,_|-|ˈ|w|eɪ|t|-|,_|-|ˈ|w|iː|t|-}}){{refn|{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=3-12-539683-2 }}}}{{refn|{{Dictionary.com|Soweto}}}} is a [[Township (South Africa)|township]] of the [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality]] in [[Gauteng]], [[South Africa]], bordering the city's mining belt in the south. Its name is an English [[syllabic abbreviation]] for ''South Western Townships''.<ref>Pirie, G.H. Letters, words, worlds: the naming of Soweto. ''African Studies'', 43 (1984), 43–51.</ref> Formerly a separate municipality, it is now incorporated in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality since 2002 and is one of the [[suburbs of Johannesburg]].

==History==
George Harrison and George Walker are today credited as the men who discovered an outcrop of the Main Reef of gold on the farm Langlaagte in February 1886.<ref>MJ Viljoen & WU Reimold, An Introduction to South Africa's Geological and Mining Heritage, Mintek, Randburg, 1999, p. 33.</ref> The fledgling town of Johannesburg was laid out on a triangular wedge of "uitvalgrond" (area excluded when the farms were surveyed) named Randjeslaagte, situated between the farms [[Doornfontein]] to the east, [[Braamfontein]] to the west and [[Turffontein]] to the south.<ref>Viljoen & Reimold, supra, p.34.</ref>

Within a decade of the discovery of gold in Johannesburg, 100,000 people flocked to this part of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek in search of riches. They were of many races and nationalities.<ref>Cammack,D., The Rand at War, University of Natal Press, 1990, p. 1.</ref> In October 1887, the government of the [[South African Republic]] (ZAR) bought the south-eastern portion of the farm Braamfontein. There were large quantities of clay, suitable for brickmaking, along the stream. The government decided that more money was to be made from issuing brick maker's licences at five shillings per month.<ref>E.L.P. Stals (editor), Afrikaners in die Goudstad, Hollandsche Afrikaansche Uitgevers, Pretoria, 1978, p. 51</ref> The result was that many landless Dutch-speaking [[Dutch Burghers|burghers]] (citizens) of the ZAR settled on the property and started making bricks. They also erected their shacks there. Soon, the area was known either Brickfields or Veldschoendorp.<ref>Stals, supra, p. 52.</ref> Soon other working poor, [[Coloureds]], Indians and Africans also settled there. The government, who sought to differentiate the white working class from the black, laid out new suburbs for the Burghers (Whites), [[Coolie]]s (Indians), [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] (Coloureds) and Black Africans (Africans), but the whole area simply stayed multiracial.<ref>Cammack, supra, p. 9. Terms used then are now regarded as offensive.</ref>

Soweto was created in the 1930s, when the White government started separating Blacks from Whites, to create [[Township (South Africa)|black "townships"]]. Blacks were moved away from Johannesburg, to an area separated from White suburbs by a so-called ''cordon sanitaire'' (or sanitary corridor) which was usually a river, railway track, industrial area or highway. This was carried out using the infamous [[Pass laws|Urban Areas Act]] of 1923.

William Carr, chair of non-European affairs, initiated the naming of Soweto in 1949. He called for a competition to give a collective name to townships dotted around the South-west of Johannesburg. People responded to this competition with great enthusiasm. Among the names suggested to the city council was KwaMpanza, meaning Mpanza's place, invoking the name of Mpanza and his role in bringing the plight of Orlando sub tenants to the attention of the city council. The city council settled for the acronym SOWETO (South West Townships). The name Soweto was first used in 1963 and within a short period of time, following the 1976 uprising of students in the township, the name became internationally known.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tshwane |first1=Anthony |title=Soweto |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/places/soweto |website=South African History Online |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

Soweto became the largest Black city in South Africa, but until 1976, its population could have status only as temporary residents, serving as a workforce for Johannesburg. It experienced civil unrest during the Apartheid regime. There were serious riots in 1976, sparked by a ruling that Afrikaans be used in African schools there; the riots were violently suppressed, with 176 striking students killed and more than 1,000 injured. Reforms followed, but riots flared up again in 1985 and continued until the [[1994 South African general election|first non-racial elections]] were held in April 1994. In 2010, South Africa's oldest township hosted the [[2010 FIFA World Cup Final|FIFA World Cup Final]] and the attention of more than a billion soccer spectators from all over the world was focused on Soweto.

===Kliptown and Pimville===
[[File:Johannesburg dagsoom (copy).jpg|left|thumb|Klipspruit and [[Diepkloof]], South-west of Johannesburg, laid out on Randjeslaagte]]
In April 1904, there was a bubonic plague scare in the shanty town area of Brickfields. The town council decided to condemn the area and burn it down. Beforehand, most of the Africans living there were moved far out of town to the farm Klipspruit (later called Pimville), south-west of Johannesburg, where the council had erected iron barracks and a few triangular hutments. The rest of them had to build their own shacks. The fire brigade then set the 1600 shacks and shops in Brickfields alight. Thereafter, the area was redeveloped as Newtown.<ref>John R Shorten, The Saga of Johannesburg, John R Shorten (Pty) Limited, Johannesburg, 1970, p. 240.</ref> Pimville was next to [[Kliptown]], the oldest Black residential district of Johannesburg and first laid out in 1891, on land which formed part of Klipspruit farm. The future Soweto was to be laid out on Klipspruit and the adjoining farm called [[Diepkloof]].

In the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek and the subsequent [[Transvaal Colony]], it was lawful for people of colour to own fixed property.<ref>Tshewu v Registrar of Deeds, 1905 T.S. 130.</ref> Consequently, the township of [[Sophiatown]] was laid out in 1903 and Blacks were encouraged to buy property there. For the same reasons, [[Alexandra, Gauteng]] was planned for Black ownership in 1912. The subsequent [[Natives Land Act, 1913|Natives Land Act of 1913]] did not change the situation because it did not apply to land situated within municipal boundaries.<ref>Natives Land Act, No. 27 of 1913, section 8(1)(g) & (i).</ref>

===Orlando, Moroka and Jabavu===
In 1923, the Parliament of the Union of South Africa passed the [[Natives (Urban Areas) Act]]. The purpose of the Act was to provide for improved conditions of residence for natives in urban areas, to control their ingress into such areas and to restrict their access to intoxicating liquor. The Act required local authorities to provide accommodation for Natives (then the polite term for Africans or Blacks) lawfully employed and resident within the area of their jurisdiction. Pursuant to this Act, the Johannesburg town council formed a Municipal Native Affairs Department in 1927. It bought 1 300 morgen of land on the farm Klipspruit No. 8 and the first houses in what was to become Orlando Location were built there in the latter half of 1930. The township was named after the chairman of the Native Affairs committee, Mr. Edwin Orlando Leake.<ref>French, Kevin John, James Mpanza and the Sofasonke Party in the development of local politics in Soweto, unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1983, p. 28.</ref> In the end, some 10,311 houses were built there by the municipality. In addition, it built 4,045 temporary single-room shelters.<ref>Stark, Felix, Seventy Golden Years, 1886–1956, Municipal Public Relations Bureau, 1956, p. 525.</ref>

[[File:JM-House-2.jpg|thumb|[[James Mpanza House]] in Orlando]]
In about 1934, [[James Mpanza|James Sofasonke Mpanza]] moved to 957 Pheele Street, Orlando, and lived there for the rest of his life.<ref>French, supra, p. 37.</ref> A year after his arrival in Orlando, he formed his own political party, the Sofasonke Party. He also became very active in the affairs of the Advisory Board for Orlando.<ref>French, supra, p. 45.</ref> Towards the end of World War II, there was an acute shortage of housing for Blacks in Johannesburg. By the end of 1943, the Sofasonke Party advised its members to put up their own squatters' shacks on municipal property.<ref>French, supra, p.67.</ref> On Saturday 25 March 1944, the squat began. Hundreds of homeless people from Orlando and elsewhere joined Mpanza in marching to a vacant lot in Orlando West and starting a squatters camp.<ref>French, supra, p. 78.</ref> The city council's resistance crumbled. After feverish consultations with the relevant government department, it was agreed that an emergency camp, which could house 991 families, be erected. It was to be called Central Western Jabavu. The next wave of land invasions took place in September 1946. Some 30,000 squatters congregated west of Orlando. Early the next year, the city council proclaimed a new emergency camp. It was called Moroka. 10,000 sites were made available immediately.<ref>Bonner, Philip & Segal, Lauren, Soweto – A History, Maskew Miller Longman, 1998, p.27.</ref> Moroka became Johannesburg's worst slum area. Residents erected their shanties on plots measuring six metres by six metres. There were only communal bucket-system toilets and very few taps. The camps were meant to be used for a maximum of five years, but when they were eventually demolished in 1955, Moroka and Jabavu housed 89,000 people.<ref>Bonner & Segal, supra, p. 27.</ref>

===Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital===
In 1941, the British Government built a military hospital next to the road between Johannesburg and [[Potchefstroom]]. The place was to be at the 8th milestone near the old Wayside Inn, owned by a Cornishman called John Albert Baragwanath. It was called The [[Imperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath]]. After the war, the Transvaal Provincial Administration bought the hospital for £1 million. On 1 April 1948, the Black section of Johannesburg Hospital (known as Non-European Hospital or NEH) was transferred to [[Baragwanath Hospital]].<ref name="hospital">{{cite web|url=https://www.chrishanibaragwanathhospital.co.za/|title=The Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, South Africa – The World's 3rd Biggest Hospital, in South Africa – Contact Details (Address, Phone Numbers, Email Address) and Map|website=Chrishanibaragwanathhospital.co.za|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> In 1997, the facility was renamed Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital after former General Secretary of the [[South African Communist Party]], [[Chris Hani]].<ref name="hospital"/>

===Apartheid===
The [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] won the [[1948 South African general election|general election of 1948]] and formed a new government. The party's policy was called apartheid, the Afrikaans word meaning separateness. They thought they could separate the various racial groups in South Africa. In those days, the Johannesburg City Council did not support the National Party. The city council and the central government competed to control the Black townships of Johannesburg.

====1948 to 1976====
Following the election of the new government, some 7,000 new houses were built in the first two or three years, but very little was done thereafter. In 1952, there was a breakthrough. Firstly, the [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] came up with a standard design for low-cost, four-roomed, forty-square-metre houses. In 1951, the Parliament passed the [[Native Building Workers Act, 1951|Building Workers Act]], which permitted Blacks to be trained as artisans in the building trade. In 1952, it passed the Bantu Services Levy Act, which imposed a levy on employers of African workers and the levy was used to finance basic services in Black townships.<ref>Bonner & Segal, supra, p.28.</ref> In 1954, the City Council built 5,100 houses in Jabavu and 1,450 in Mofolo.<ref name="Stark, supra, p. 527">Stark, supra, p. 527.</ref>

The city council's pride and joy was its economic scheme known as Dube Village. It was intended "primarily for the thoroughly urbanised and economically advanced Native".<ref name="Stark, supra, p. 527"/> Stands, varying in size from fifty by hundred feet to forty by 70 feet, were made available on a thirty-year leasehold tenure. Tenants could erect their own dwellings in conformity with approved plans.

In June 1955, Kliptown was the home of an unprecedented [[Congress of the People (1955)|Congress of the People]], which adopted the [[Freedom Charter]].

From the onset, the Apartheid government purposed Soweto to house the bulk of the labour force which was needed by Johannesburg.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Riches |first1=Christopher |title=A Dictionary of Contemporary World History |last2=Palmowski |first2=Jan |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191890949 |edition=6 |publication-date=2021 |chapter=Soweto (South Western Townships)}}</ref> Africans used to live in areas surrounding the city, so the authorities felt it would be more expedient to concentrate black workers in one district that could be easily controlled.<ref name="wiredspace">{{cite web |last1=Tshwane |first1=Anthony |title=An African Village |url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/15664/chapter2.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead |access-date=1 November 2018 |website=Wiredspace.wits.ac.za}}</ref>

The new sub-economic townships took off in 1956, when Tladi, Zondi, Dhlamini, Chiawelo and Senoane were laid out providing 28,888 people with accommodation. Jabulani, Phiri and Naledi followed the next year. Sir Ernest Oppenheimer arranged a loan of £3 million from the mining industry, which allowed an additional 14,000 houses to be built.<ref>Bonner & Segal, supra, p. 29.</ref> It was decided to divide Soweto into various language groups. Naledi, Mapetla, Tladi, Moletsane and Phiri were for Sotho- and Tswana-speaking people. Chiawelo for Tsonga and Venda. Dlamini Senaoane, Zola, Zondi, Jabulani, Emdeni and White City were for Zulus and Xhosas.<ref>Bonner & Segal, supra, p. 41.</ref>

The central government was busy with its own agenda. The presence of Blacks with freehold title to land among Johannesburg's White suburbs irked them. In 1954, Parliament passed the [[Natives Resettlement Act, 1954|Native Resettlement Act]], which permitted the government to remove Blacks from suburbs like Sophiatown, Martindale, Newclare and Western Native Township. Between 1956 and 1960, they built 23,695 houses in Meadowlands and Diepkloof to accommodate the evicted persons. By 1960, the removals were more-or-less complete.<ref>Bonner & Segal, supra, p.30.</ref>

In 1959, the city council launched a competition to find a collective name for all the townships south-west of the city's centre. It was only in 1963 that the city council decided to adopt the name Soweto as the collective name. The name Soweto was officially endorsed by the municipalities' authorities only in 1963 after a special committee had considered various names.<ref name="wiredspace" /> The apartheid government's intention was for Soweto to house black people who were working for Johannesburg.<ref>Bonner & Segal, supra, p. 31.</ref> Other names considered included "apartheid Townships" and "Verwoerdstad".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pohlandt-McCormick |first=Helena |title="I Saw a Nightmare...": Doing Violence to Memory: The Soweto Uprising, June 16, 1976 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |language=en |chapter=Soweto: History, Geography, Society |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/pohlandt-mccormick/pmh02w.html}}</ref>

In 1971, Parliament passed the Black Affairs Administration Act, No. 45 of 1971. In terms of this Act, the central government appointed the West Rand Administration Board to take over the powers and obligations of the Johannesburg City Council in respect of Soweto.<ref>Mngomezulu & Others v City Council of Soweto, (1988) ZASCA 163.</ref> As chairman of the board it appointed Manie Mulder, a political appointment of a person who had no experience of the administration of native affairs.{{sfn|Grinker|2014|p=xii}}
Manie Mulder's most famous quote was given to the Rand Daily Mail in May 1976: "The broad masses of Soweto are perfectly content, perfectly happy. Black-White relationships at present are as healthy as can be. There is no danger whatever of a blow-up in Soweto."<ref>Bonner & Segal, supra, p. 56.</ref>

[[File:Soweto Housing, Johannesburg.jpg|thumb|Soweto housing (c. 2009)]]

[[File:Soweto1p.jpg|thumb|House in Soweto, December 1995]]

====Soweto uprising====
{{Main|Soweto uprising}}

Soweto came to the world's attention on 16 June 1976 with the [[Soweto uprising]], when mass protests erupted over the government's policy to enforce education in Afrikaans rather than their native language. Police opened fire in Orlando West on 10,000<ref>[http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheid/a/Soweto-Uprising-Pt1.htm Soweto Uprising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201061452/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheid/a/Soweto-Uprising-Pt1.htm |date=1 December 2010 }}, africanhistory.about.com</ref> students marching from [[Naledi High School]] to [[Orlando Stadium]]. The rioting continued and 23 people died on the first day in Soweto, 21 of whom were black, including the minor [[Hector Pieterson]], as well as two white people, including [[Melville Edelstein]], a lifelong humanitarian.

The impact of the Soweto protests reverberated through the country and across the world. In their aftermath, economic and cultural sanctions were introduced from abroad. Political activists left the country to train for guerrilla resistance. Soweto and other townships became the stage for violent state repression. Since 1991, this date and the schoolchildren have been commemorated by the [[International Day of the African Child]].

====Aftermath====
[[File:Diepmeadow Council, 1982.jpg|thumb|Diepmeadow Town Council, Greater Soweto]]
In response, the apartheid state started providing electricity to more Soweto homes, yet phased out financial support for building additional housing.<ref name="UNU-II-5">{{cite book|title=The Urban Challenge in Africa: Growth and Management of Its Large Cities|last1=Beavon |first1=Keith S. O. |editor1-last=Rakodi |editor1-first=Carole|publisher=[[United Nations University Press]]|year=1997|location=Tokyo |chapter=Part II: The "mega-cities" of Africa; Chapter 5, Johannesburg: A city and metropolitan area in transformation |pages= 150–191 |isbn=92-808-0952-0|url=https://archive.org/details/urbanchallengein0000unse|access-date=16 November 2009|url-access=registration}}</ref> Soweto became an independent municipality with elected black councilors in 1983, in line with the Black Local Authorities Act.{{sfn|Grinker|2014}}{{Page needed|date=July 2021}} Previously, the townships were governed by the Johannesburg council, but from the 1970s, the state took control.<ref name="UNU-II-5"/>

[[File:SowetoNewRevolution.png|thumb|A man takes a nap while riding in the bed of a pickup truck in Soweto, South Africa, Freedom Day, 2006.]]
Black African councilors were not provided by the apartheid state with the finances to address housing and infrastructural problems. Township residents opposed the black councilors as puppet collaborators who personally benefited financially from an oppressive regime. Resistance was spurred by the exclusion of blacks from the newly formed tricameral Parliament (which did include Whites, Indians and Coloreds). Municipal elections in black, coloured, and Indian areas were subsequently widely boycotted, returning extremely low voting figures for years. Popular resistance to state structures dates back to the Advisory Boards (1950) that co-opted black residents to advise whites who managed the townships.

===Further popular resistance: incorporation into the City===
In Soweto, popular resistance to apartheid emerged in various forms during the 1980s. Educational and economic boycotts were initiated, and student bodies were organized. Street committees were formed, and civic organizations were established as alternatives to state-imposed structures. One of the most well-known "civics" was Soweto's [[Soweto Civic Association|Committee of Ten]], started in 1978 in the offices of ''[[The Bantu World]]'' newspaper. Such actions were strengthened by the call issued by [[African National Congress]]'s 1985 Kabwe congress in [[Zambia]] to [[make South Africa ungovernable]]. As the state forbade public gatherings, church buildings like Regina Mundi were sometimes used for political gatherings.

In 1995, Soweto became part of the Southern Metropolitan Transitional Local Council,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cartwright|first1=Anton|last2=Marrengane|first2=Ntombini|date=2016|title=Urban Governance and Turning African Cities Around: City of Johannesburg.|url=http://www.pasgr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Urban-Governance-and-Turning-African-Cities-Around_City-of-Johannesburg.pdf|journal=Partnership for African Social and Governance Research|volume=Working Paper No. 017|pages=6}}</ref> and in 2002, was incorporated into the City of Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Kadt|first1=Julia|last2=van Heerden|first2=Alastair|last3=Richter|first3=Linda|last4=Alvanides|first4=Seraphim|date=2019|title=Correlates of children's travel to school in Johannesburg-Soweto—Evidence from the Birth to Twenty Plus (Bt20+) study, South Africa|journal=International Journal of Educational Development|volume=68|pages=59|doi=10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.04.007|s2cid=181419510|doi-access=free}}</ref> A [[2002 Soweto bombings|series of bombings]] occurred in 2002. The [[right-wing]] [[extremist]] group, [[Boeremag]] claimed responsibility for the attacks<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schönteich |first=Martin |date=Third Quarter 2003 |title=THE WHITE RIGHT |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC47660 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=journals.co.za}}</ref> that damaged buildings, [[railway line]]s, and killed one person.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-29 |title=White Supremacists Claim Responsibility for Bombing in South Africa - 2002-11-11 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2002-11-11-21-white-67252892/379101.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, 15 people [[2022 Soweto shooting|were killed]] in a [[mass shooting]] at a bar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thom |first1=Liezl |last2=Winsor |first2=Morgan |title=At least 21 killed in spate of shootings at South African bars, police say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/14-dead-injured-south-africa-tavern-shooting/story?id=86547921 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=abcnews.go.com/ |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Soweto's population is predominantly [[black people|black]] and the most common first language is [[Zulu language|Zulu]].<ref name="adrianfrith.com" /><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/detail/language-diversity-gauteng/ |title=Language diversity in Gauteng |last1=Khanyile |first1=Samkelisiwe |last2=Ballard |first2=Richard |date=2022 |publisher=Gauteng City-Region Observatory}}</ref>

===Census 2011===
* Area: {{convert|200.03|sqkm}}
* Population: 1,271,628: {{convert|6357.29|PD/sqkm}}
* Households: 355,331: {{convert|1776.42|/sqkm}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Gender
!Population
!%
|-
| Female
| 640,588
| 50.38
|-
| Male
| 631,040
| 49.62
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Race
!Population
!%
|-
| [[Bantu peoples in South Africa|Black]]
| 1,253,037
| 98.54
|-
| [[White South Africans|White]]
| 1,421
| 0.11
|-
| [[Coloureds|Coloured]]
| 13,079
| 1.03
|-
| [[Asian South Africans|Asian]]
| 1,418
| 0.11
|-
| [[Demographics of South Africa|Other]]
| 2,674
| 0.21
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[First language]]
!Population
!%
|-
| [[Zulu language|isiZulu]]
| 350,940
| 40.87
|-
| [[Xhosa language|isiXhosa]]
| 88,474
| 10.3
|-
| [[Afrikaans]]
| 5,639
| 0.66
|-
| [[Northern Sotho language|Sesotho sa Leboa]]
| 41,179
| 4.8
|-
| [[Tswana language|Setswana]]
| 106,419
| 12.39
|-
| English
| 3,047
| 0.35
|-
| [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]]
| 157,263
| 18.32
|-
| [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]]
| 62,157
| 7.24
|-
| [[Swazi language|siSwati]]
| 8,696
| 1.01
|-
| [[Venda language|Tshivenda]]
| 29,498
| 3.44
|-
| [[Southern Ndebele language|isiNdebele]]
| 2,801
| 0.33
|-
| [[Languages of South Africa|Other]]
| 2,531
| 0.29
|}

===Census 2001===
* Area: {{convert|106.44|sqkm}}
* Population: 858,644: {{convert|8066.81|PD/sqkm}}
* Households: 237,567: {{convert|2231.9|/sqkm}}<ref name="adrianfrith.com">{{cite web|url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798026|title=Census 2011: Main Place: Soweto|website=Census2011.adrianfrith.com|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Gender
!Population
!%
|-
| Female
| 437,268
| 50.93
|-
| Male
| 421,376
| 49.07
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Race
!Population
!%
|-
| [[Bantu peoples in South Africa|Black]]
| 852,649
| 99.3
|-
| [[White South Africans|White]]
| 325
| 0.04
|-
| [[Coloureds|Coloured]]
| 5,472
| 0.64
|-
| [[Asian South Africans|Asian]]
| 198
| 0.02
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[First language]]
!Population
!%
|-
| [[Zulu language|IsiZulu]]
| 469,873
| 37.07
|-
| [[Xhosa language|IsiXhosa]]
| 109,977
| 8.68
|-
| [[Afrikaans]]
| 16,567
| 1.31
|-
| [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]]
| 65,215
| 5.14
|-
| [[Tswana language|Setswana]]
| 163,083
| 12.87
|-
| English
| 29,602
| 2.34
|-
| [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]]
| 196,816
| 15.53
|-
| [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]]
| 112,346
| 8.86
|-
| [[Swazi language|SiSwati]]
| 9,292
| 0.73
|-
| [[Venda language|Tshivenda]]
| 29,498
| 3.44
|-
| [[Southern Ndebele language|IsiNdebele]]
| 56,737
| 4.48
|-
| [[Languages of South Africa|Other]]
| 14,334
| 1.13
|}

==Cityscape==
[[File:Soweto Cooling Towers.JPG|right|thumb|Orlando Power Station Cooling Towers]]

===Landmarks===
Soweto landmarks include:
* [[Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital|Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital]], Diepkloof
*Freedom Towers
*[[Mandela House]]
*[[Orlando Power Station|Orlando Towers]]
*[[Regina Mundi Catholic Church (Soweto)|Regina Mundi]], Rockville
* SAAF 1723, a decommissioned [[Avro Shackleton]] of the [[South African Air Force]] is on static display on the roof of Vic's Viking Garage, a service station on the [[R553 (South Africa)|Golden Highway]]
*Soweto Wall of Fame
* [[Tutu House]]
* Vilakazi Street
*[[Walter Sisulu Square]], Kliptown

==Climate==
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[subtropical highland climate|subtropical highland]] (Cwb).<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Soweto – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/523/|website=Climate-data.org|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Soweto
|single line = y
|metric first = y
|Jan high C=26.4
|Feb high C=25.8
|Mar high C=24.7
|Apr high C=22.1
|May high C=19.6
|Jun high C=16.9
|Jul high C=17.3
|Aug high C=20.3
|Sep high C=23.4
|Oct high C=25
|Nov high C=25.3
|Dec high C=26.1

|Jan mean C=20.4
|Feb mean C=19.8
|Mar mean C=18.5
|Apr mean C=15.5
|May mean C=12.1
|Jun mean C=9
|Jul mean C=9.2
|Aug mean C=12.1
|Sep mean C=15.7
|Oct mean C=18
|Nov mean C=19
|Dec mean C=19.9

|Jan low C=14.4
|Feb low C=13.9
|Mar low C=12.3
|Apr low C=8.9
|May low C=4.6
|Jun low C=1.2
|Jul low C=1.2
|Aug low C=4
|Sep low C=8
|Oct low C=11
|Nov low C=12.7
|Dec low C=13.7

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm=136
|Feb precipitation mm=101
|Mar precipitation mm=84
|Apr precipitation mm=63
|May precipitation mm=20
|Jun precipitation mm=8
|Jul precipitation mm=7
|Aug precipitation mm=7
|Sep precipitation mm=24
|Oct precipitation mm=73
|Nov precipitation mm=112
|Dec precipitation mm=115

|source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org'', altitude: 1667m<ref name="Climate-Data.org"/>
}}

==Transport==
[[File:Soweto-003.jpg|thumb|The [[N1 (South Africa)|N1]] next to Soweto]]
[[File:Soweto Highway-001.jpg|thumb|The [[Soweto Highway]] with dedicated taxiways]]
As a policy of [[Social apartheid|economic apartheid]], the suburb was not historically allowed to create employment centres within the area, so almost all of its residents are commuters to other parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Region D|url=https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/regions/Pages/Region%20D%20-%20Greater%20Soweto/about-us.aspx|website=City of Johannesburg}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[Metrorail Gauteng|Metrorail]] operates commuter trains between Soweto and central [[Johannesburg]]. Soweto train stations are at Naledi, Merafe, Inhlazane, Ikwezi, Dube, Phefeni, Phomolong, Mzimhlophe, New Canada, Mlamlankunzi, Orlando, Nancefield, Kliptown, Tshiawelo and Midway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrorail.co.za/IMG/MAP_WITS_W.gif|title=West Wits|publisher=[[Metrorail (South Africa)|Metrorail]]|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref>

===Road===
The [[N1 (South Africa)|N1 highway]] skirts the eastern boundary of Soweto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=http://www.transport.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=5qOHvOI4KuY%3d |title=South African Numbered Route Description and Destination Analysis |last=Falkner |first=John |date=May 2012 |publisher=National Department of Transport |pages=27–30 |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606100245/http://www.transport.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=5qOHvOI4KuY%3d |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is efficient road access for many parts of the region along busy highways to [[Johannesburg]] and [[Roodepoort, Gauteng|Roodepoort]], but commuters are largely reliant on trains and taxis.

The [[N12 road (South Africa)|N12]] (named the Moroka Bypass) forms the southern border of Soweto, separating it from [[Lenasia]].<ref name=":0" />

A new section of the [[N17 road (South Africa)|N17]] has been built, connecting Soweto with [[Nasrec]] as a four-lane dual carriageway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/construction-2009-06-26-1|title=R360m 'Nasweto' highway to be completed by year-end |date=26 June 2009|publisher=Engineering News (Creamer Media)|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref>

The [[M70 (Johannesburg)|M70]], also known as the Soweto Highway, links Soweto with central Johannesburg via [[Nasrec]] and [[Booysens, Gauteng|Booysens]]. This road is multi lane, passes next to [[Soccer City]] in Nasrec and has dedicated taxiway lanes from Soweto eastwards to Booysens and [[Johannesburg Central]].

The [[M68 (Johannesburg)|M68]], also known as the Old Potchefstroom Road, links Soweto with [[Johannesburg South]].

A major thoroughfare through the south-eastern part of Soweto ([[Eldorado Park, Gauteng|Eldorado Park]]) is the [[R553 (South Africa)|R553 Golden Highway]]. It provides access to the N1, N12 and [[M1 (Johannesburg)|M1]] highways.

[[Minibus taxi]]s are a popular form of transport. In 2000 it was estimated that around 2000 minibus taxis operated from the Baragwanath taxi rank alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joburg.org.za/content/view/901/159/|title=Bara taxi rank set for major upgrade |date=19 February 2003|publisher=City of Johannesburg|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref>

A [[Bus rapid transit]] system, ''[[Rea Vaya]]'', provides transport for around 16 000 commuters daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/portal/site/SABCNews/menuitem.5c4f8fe7ee929f602ea12ea1674daeb9/?vgnextoid=2fa743accf1c3210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&channelPath=South%20Africa%20%3E%3E%20Land%20Affairs|title=16 000 commuters use Rea Vaya daily|date=16 September 2009|publisher=[[SABC]]|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref>

[[PUTCO]] has for many years provided bus commuter services to Soweto residents.

==Housing==
The area is mostly composed of old "matchbox" houses, or four-room houses built by the government, that were built to provide cheap accommodation for black workers during [[apartheid]]. However, there are a few smaller areas where prosperous Sowetans have built houses that are similar in stature to those in more affluent suburbs. Many people who still live in matchbox houses have improved and expanded their homes, and the [[City Council (Johannesburg)|City Council]] has enabled the planting of more trees and the improving of parks and [[Open space reserve|green space]]s in the area.

[[Hostel]]s are another prominent physical feature of Soweto.<ref>da Silva, M & Pirie, G.H. Hostels for African migrants in greater Johannesburg. ''GeoJournal'', 12 (1986), 173–182.</ref> Originally built to house male migrant workers, many have been improved as dwellings for couples and families.

In 1996, the [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality]] awarded tenders to [[Conrad Penny]] and his company Penny Brothers Brokers & Valuers (Pty) Ltd. for the valuation of the whole of Soweto (which at the time consisted of over 325,000 properties) for rating and taxing purpose. This was the single largest valuation ever undertaken in Africa.<ref name="PennyBros">[http://pennybrothers.co.za/soweto.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726060224/http://pennybrothers.co.za/soweto.html|date=26 July 2013}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
===Media===
Being part of the [[urban agglomeration]]s of [[Gauteng]], Soweto shares much of the same media as the rest of Gauteng province. There are however some media sources dedicated to Soweto itself:
* Soweto Online is a geographical-based information-sharing portal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sowe2online.com|title=Visit the Soweto Online Portal|website=Sowe2online.com}}</ref>
* Soweto Internet Radio is a digital media network company established in 2008.
* [[Soweto TV]] is a community television channel, available on [[DStv]] channel 251. The channel is free-to-air in Gauteng province and it also broadcast to South African subscribers on the DStv pay TV service on channel 251. The channel studios are situated on Vilakazi Street, known for being the only street in the world to have the historical residences of two Nobel Prize winners, namely Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Soweto TV programming is mostly Sowetan content as per ICASA's regulations of over 60% local content.
* ''[[The Sowetan]]'' newspaper has a readership of around 1.6 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Account/196/23/1812.html|title=Sowetan introduces jobs online|website=Bizcommunity.com|date=17 January 2006|access-date=17 November 2009}}</ref>
* ''Kasibiz Mahala'' is a free community magazine that promotes local small businesses established in 2012.

[[File:Mandela museum soweto.jpg|thumb|[[Nelson Mandela National Museum]]]]

===Museums, monuments and memorials===
* [[Hector Pieterson Museum]], Orlando West
* [[Nelson Mandela National Museum]], Orlando West
* [[Regina Mundi Catholic Church (Soweto)|Regina Mundi]] church, Rockville
* Tsietsi Mashinini Memorial Arc Museum, Central Western Jabavu
* American rapper, [[Tupac Shakur]]'s ashes, final resting place.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=7 September 2006 |title=Rapper's ashes to be buried in Soweto |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/07/arts.southafrica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830184930/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/07/arts.southafrica |archive-date=30 August 2013 |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=6 September 2006 |title=Tupac to be given final resting place in Soweto |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2006-09-06-tupac-to-be-given-final-resting-place-in-soweto/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422195218/https://mg.co.za/article/2006-09-06-tupac-to-be-given-final-resting-place-in-soweto/ |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=Mail & Guardian}}</ref>

===Music===
[[File:Soweto Marimba Youth League-001.jpg|thumb|The ''Soweto Marimba Youth League'' during a public performance]]
Soweto is credited as one of the founding places for [[Kwaito]] and Kasi rap, which is a style of [[hip hop]] specific to South Africa.<ref>Magubane, Zine. "Globalization and Gangster Rap: Hip Hop in the Post-Apartheid City", in: Basu, Dipannita & Lemelle, Sidney J. (eds.) (2006) ''The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture''. London: Pluto Press; pp. 208–29</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://copac.ac.uk/search?rn=1&ti=Vinyl+Final&sort-order=rank|title=The Vinyl Ain't Final|last=Basu|first=Dipannita|access-date=13 August 2009}}</ref> This form of music, which combined many elements of [[house music]], American hip-hop, and traditional African music, became a strong force amongst black South Africans.

'''Early Career'''

The experiences of other developing nations were examined at the Soweto entrepreneurship conference, which looked for ways to help turn the economic tide in townships.
SOWETO'S entrepreneurs gathered at the University of Johannesburg Soweto Campus on 13 and 14 April to engage with experts from all over the globe about how to enhance skills and value-add in township economies.
The restrictions on economic activities were lifted in 1977, spurring the growth of the taxi industry as an alternative to Soweto's inadequate bus and train transport systems.
In 1994 Sowetans earned on average almost six and a half times less than their counterparts in wealthier areas of Johannesburg (1994 estimates). Sowetans contribute less than 2% to Johannesburg's rates Some Sowetans remain impoverished, and others live in shanty towns with little or no services. About 85% of Kliptown comprises informal housing. The Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee argues that Soweto's poor are unable to pay for electricity. The committee believes that the South African government's privatization drives will worsen the situation. Research showed that 62% of residents in Orlando East and Pimville were unemployed or pensioners.
There have been signs recently indicating economic improvement. The Johannesburg City Council began to provide more street lights and to pave roads. Private initiatives to tap Sowetans' combined spending power of R4.3 billion were also planned, including the construction of Protea Mall, Jabulani Mall, and the development of Maponya Mall, an upmarket hotel in Kliptown, and the Orlando Ekhaya entertainment center. Soweto has also become a Centre for nightlife and culture.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tswane |first1=Anthony |title=SOWETO ENTREPRENEURS TARGETED |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2013%20articles/2011%20&%202012%20%20Articles/Soweto-entrepreneurs-targeted.aspx |website=Joburg.org.za |publisher=City of Joburg |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

Well-known artists from Soweto, besides those mentioned above, include:

* The [[Soweto Gospel Choir]]. Songs and interview from NPR's ''All Things Considered'' Soweto Gospel Choir: 'Voices from Heaven', 4 February 2005.
*[[Soweto String Quartet]]
*Soweto Melodic Voices, the youth choir selected to sing at the [[2009 Confederations Cup]]. It has built its name in UK on Fringe festival in Edinburgh Scotland.

===Sport===
*Soweto is home to two football teams that play for the [[South African Premier Division|top South African football league]]: the [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] and the [[Moroka Swallows F.C.|Moroka Swallows]]. The [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]] originated from Soweto but moved to [[Houghton Estate|Houghton]], however still play the Original Soweto Derby against the Swallows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Original Soweto derby: How Swallows' rise highlights Orlando Pirates' demise {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/original-soweto-derby-how-swallows-rise-highlights-orlando-pirates-demise/q7lk3hay6koc19mithnbnjhnd |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> The Chiefs and the Pirates feud in the rivalry known as the [[Soweto derby]], widely recognised as one of the biggest in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where does Soweto Derby rank among Africa's biggest derbies? {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-tza/lists/where-does-soweto-derby-rank-among-africas-biggest-derbies/932m4s5ibvl413yx0ufgcpzl5#csd913376f674d37ea |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=5 of Africa's fiercest derby rivalries |url=https://trueafrica.co/lists/africa-biggest-derby-rivalries/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=TRUE Africa |language=en}}</ref>
*The [[Soweto Open]] tennis tournament, part of the [[ATP Challenger Tour|Challenger Tour]] is annually hosted in Soweto.
* The annual Soweto marathon is run over a {{convert|42.2|km|adj=on}} course through Soweto.
* The [[Soweto Panthers]] are the township's representative in the [[Basketball National League]].

===Festivals===
[[File:SowetoWineFestival.JPG|thumb|The Soweto Wine Festival 2009]]
The Soweto Wine Festival was started in 2004. The three-night festival is hosted at the [[University of Johannesburg]]'s Soweto Campus on Chris Hani Road in the first weekend of September. Organised by the Cape Wine Academy, the festival attracts over 6000 wine enthusiasts, over 100 of South Africa's finest wineries and well over 900 fine wines.

[[Soweto Pride]], an annual pride parade, is held in Soweto every year, on the last Saturday of September. The inaugural Pride was in 2004. The parade aims to celebrate black lesbian, queer and trans women plus non-binary people, and offer them space to voice issues affecting them.

===Stadiums===
* [[FNB Stadium]], South Africa's largest stadium; home ground of both the [[South African national football team|national team]] and the [[Kaizer Chiefs]]
* Eldorado Park Stadium
* [[Dobsonville Stadium]], home ground of [[Moroka Swallows F.C.|Moroka Swallows]]
* Jabavu Stadium
* Noordgesig Stadium
* [[Orlando Stadium]], home ground of [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]]
* Meadowlands Stadium

===Awards===
The Soweto Awards, which will become an annual event, honours those who have their roots in Soweto.
Former president Nelson Mandela received the Life Time Award from the first Soweto Awards in Johannesburg on 25 February 2001. The Legends Awards went to Gibson Kente, the "godfather" of township theatre, Felicia Mabuza-Suttle, a talk show host, Aggrey Klaaste, editor of the Sowetan newspaper and Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, MP and African National Congress Women's League president.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tshwane |first1=Anthony |title=Mandela gets Soweto Award |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Mandela-gets-Soweto-Award-20010224 |website=News24.com|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

==Suburbs==
By 2003, the Greater Soweto area consisted of 87 townships grouped together into Administrative Regions 6 and 10 of Johannesburg.<ref name="RSDF-2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2003/budget/idp/annex42.pdf|title=Regional Spatial Development Framework|date=June 2003|publisher=[[City of Johannesburg]]|access-date=16 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104171436/http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2003/budget/idp/annex42.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2006}}</ref>

Estimates of how many residential areas make up Soweto itself vary widely. Some counts say that Soweto comprises 29 townships,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saweb.co.za/townships/township/gauteng/soweto.html|title=Soweto|website=Saweb.co.za|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref> whilst others find 34.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08262004-130507/unrestricted/02chapter2.pdf|title=Background to the study area: Soweto|year=2004|publisher=[[University of Pretoria]]|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref> The differences may be due to confusion arising from the merger of adjoining townships (such as [[Lenasia]] and Eldorado Park) with those of Soweto into Regions 6 and 10. The total number also depends on whether the various "extensions" and "zones" are counted separately, or as part of one main suburb. The 2003 Regional Spatial Development Framework arrived at 87 names by counting various extensions (e.g. Chiawelo's 5) and zones (e.g. Pimville's 7) separately. The City of Johannesburg's website groups the zones and extensions together to arrive at 32, but omits Noordgesig and Mmesi Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suburbs |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/regions/Pages/Region%20D%20-%20Greater%20Soweto/suburbs.aspx |access-date=January 11, 2023}}</ref>

The list below provides the dates when some of Soweto's townships were established, along with the probable origins or meanings of their names, where available:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Sortable table | Suburbs of Soweto
! Name !! Established !! Origin of name
|-
| Braamfischerville|| ||
|-
| Tshiawelo|| 1956 || "Place of Rest" (Venda)
|-
| [[Diepkloof]] || 1959||
|-
| Dlamini|| 1956 || Unknown, Nguni family name. Michael Mabaso also comes from here. This is a township with a working class population who travel by train to work.
|-
| [[Dobsonville]] || || including Dobsonville Gardens
|-
| [[Doornkop]] || || "Hill of Thorns" (Afrikaans)
|-
| Dube|| 1948 || Named for John Langalibalele Dube (1871–1946), educator,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/southafrica/dube_john.html|title=Dube, John Langalibalele (Mafukuzela)|last=Millard|first=J. A.|year=1999|publisher=UNISA|access-date=16 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221040315/http://www.dacb.org/stories/southafrica/dube_john.html|archive-date=21 December 2009}}</ref> newspaper founder, and the first ANC president (1912–17)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/dube.html |title=John Langalibalele Dube |publisher=[[African National Congress]] |access-date=16 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419055146/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/people/dube.html |archive-date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| Emdeni|| 1958 || "A border, last township before Mogale City (then Krugersdorp Municipality)" (Xhosa), including extensions
|-
| Greenvillage
|-
| Jabavu || 1948 || Named after [[Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu]] (1885–1959), educator and author
|-
| Jabulani|| 1956 || "Rejoice" (Zulu)
|-
| Klipspruit|| 1904 || "Rocky Stream" (Afrikaans), originally a farm.
|-
| [[Kliptown]] || || "Rocky Town", constructed from Afrikaans for rock (klip), and the English word "town".
|-
| Lakeside|| ||
|-
| Mapetla|| 1956 || Someone who is angry (Setswana)
|-
| [[Meadowlands, Gauteng|Meadowlands]] || || Also nicknamed "Ndofaya"
|-
| Mmesi Park|| || Sesotho name for somebody who burns things on fire
|-
| Mofolo|| 1954 || Named for Thomas Mofolo (1876–1948), Sesotho author, translator, and educator
|-
| Molapo|| 1956 || Name of a Basotho tribe, Sesotho name for a small ravine/stream
|-
| Moletsane|| 1956 || Name of a Bataung chief, (Bataung is a Basotho clan named after the lion, 'tau')
|-
| Moroka|| 1946 || Named for Dr James Sebe Moroka (1891–1985),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/moroka-js.htm|title=Dr James Sebe Moroka|publisher=SAHistory|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref> later ANC president (1949–52) during the 1952 Defiance Campaign
|-
| Naledi|| 1956 || "Star" (Sotho/Pedi/Tswana), originally Mkizi
|-
| [[Noordgesig]] || || "North View" (Afrikaans)
|-
| [[Orlando, Soweto|Orlando]] || 1932 || Named for Edwin Orlando Leake (1860–1935), chairman of the Non-European Affairs Department (1930–31), Johannesburg mayor (1925–26)
|-
| Phefeni|| ||
|-
| [[Phiri, Soweto|Phiri]] || 1956 || "Hyena" (Sotho/Tswana)
|-
| Pimville|| 1934 || Named for James Howard Pim, councillor (1903–07), Quaker{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}, philanthropist, and patron of Fort Hare Native College {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}; originally part of Klipspruit
|-
| Power Park|| || In the vicinity of the power station
|-
| [[Protea Glen]] || || Unknown (The protea is South Africa's national flower)
|-
| Protea North|| ||
|-
| Protea South|| ||
|-
| Senaoane|| 1958 || Named for Solomon G Senaoane (−1942), first sports organiser in the Non-European Affairs Department
|-
| [[Tladi]] || 1956 || "Lightning" (Northern Sotho)
|-
| [[Zola, Soweto|Zola]] || 1956 || "Calm" (Zulu/Xhosa)
|-
| Zondi|| 1956 || Unknown family name (Zulu)
|}
Other Soweto townships include Phomolong and Snake Park.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

==Economy==
[[File:Soweto township.jpg|left|thumb|Slums, Soweto]]
Many parts of Soweto rank among the poorest in Johannesburg, although individual townships tend to have a mix of wealthier and poorer residents. In general, households in the outlying areas to the northwest and southeast have lower incomes, while those in southwestern areas tend to have higher incomes.

The economic development of Soweto was severely curtailed by the apartheid state, which provided very limited infrastructure and prevented residents from creating their own businesses. Roads remained unpaved, and many residents had to share one tap between four houses, for example. Soweto was meant to exist only as a dormitory town for black Africans who worked in white houses, factories, and industries. The [[1957 Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act]] and its predecessors restricted residents between 1923 and 1976 to seven self-employment categories in Soweto itself. Sowetans could operate general shops, butcheries, eating houses, sell milk or vegetables, or [[hawker (trade)|hawk]] goods. The overall number of such enterprises at any time were strictly controlled. As a result, informal trading developed outside the legally-recognized activities.<ref name="UNU-II-5"/>

By 1976, Soweto had only two cinemas and two hotels, and 83% of houses had electricity. Up to 93% of residents had no running water. Using fire for cooking and heating resulted in respiratory problems that contributed to high infant mortality rates (54 per 1,000 compared to 18 for whites, 1976 figures.<ref name="UNU-II-5"/>

The restrictions on economic activities were lifted in 1977, spurring the growth of the taxi industry as an alternative to Soweto's inadequate bus and train transport systems.<ref name="UNU-II-5"/>
[[File:Kliptown Development Project.jpg|upright|thumb|Housing development project, Kliptown]]
In 1994, Sowetans earned on average almost six and a half times less than their counterparts in wealthier areas of Johannesburg (1994 estimates). Sowetans contribute less than 2% to Johannesburg's rates.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Some Sowetans remain impoverished, and others live in [[shanty town]]s with little or no services. About 85% of [[Kliptown]] comprises informal housing.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee argues that Soweto's poor are unable to pay for electricity. The committee believes that the South African government's privatization drives will worsen the situation. Research showed that 62% of residents in [[Orlando, Soweto|Orlando East]] and [[Pimville]] were unemployed or pensioners.<ref name="SECC">{{cite web|url=https://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/Egan%20Wafer%20SECC%20Research%20Report%20Short.pdf|title=The Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee|year=2004|publisher=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]]|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref>

There have been signs recently indicating economic improvement. The Johannesburg City Council began to provide more street lights and to pave roads. Private initiatives to tap Sowetans' combined spending power of R4.3 billion were also planned{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}, including the construction of Protea Mall, Jabulani Mall, the development of Maponya Mall, an upmarket hotel in Kliptown, and the Orlando Ekhaya entertainment centre. Soweto has also become a centre for nightlife and culture.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

==In popular culture==
===Films===
The 1976 uprising is depicted in the film ''[[A Dry White Season]]'' (1989), starring [[Donald Sutherland]], [[Marlon Brando]], and [[Susan Sarandon]], who portray white South Africans pursuing justice for the deaths of black Soweto residents which followed the demonstrations.

The American film ''[[Stander (film)|Stander]]'' (2003) portrays the story of [[Andre Stander]], a rogue South African police Captain who rebelled against the corruption of [[Apartheid|South Africa under apartheid]] by becoming a bank robber. The [[Soweto uprising]] are depicted as Stander's breaking point in the film.

[[Sara Blecher]] and Rimi Raphoto's popular documentary, ''[[Surfing Soweto]]'' (2006), addresses the phenomenon of young kids "[[Train surfing|surfing]]" on the roofs of Soweto trains and the social problem this represents.

The film ''[[District 9]]'' (2009) was shot in Tshiawelo, Soweto.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-09-05-the-real-district-9|title=The real District 9|date=5 September 2009|newspaper=[[Mail & Guardian]]|access-date=10 March 2011}}</ref> The plot involves a species of aliens who arrive on Earth in a starving and helpless condition, seeking aid. The originally benign attempts to aid them turn increasingly oppressive due to the overwhelming numbers of aliens and the cost of maintaining them, and to increasing [[xenophobia]] on the part of humans who treat the intelligent and sophisticated aliens like animals while taking advantage of them for personal and corporate gain. The aliens are housed in shacks in a slum-like concentration camp called "District 9", which is in fact modern-day Soweto; an attempt to relocate the aliens to another camp leads to violence and a wholesale slaughter by South African mercenary security forces (a reference to historical events in [[District Six, Cape Town|"District Six", Cape Town]], a mostly Coloured neighborhood subjected to forced segregation during the apartheid years). The parallels to South Africa under apartheid are both deliberate and obvious, but are not explicitly remarked upon in the film.

Films that include Soweto scenes:

*''Tau ya Soweto'' (2005)
*''[[Sarafina! (film)|Sarafina]]'' (1992)
*''[[Hijack Stories]]'' (2000)

===Literature===
The marches by students in Soweto are briefly mentioned in Linzi Glass' novel, ''Ruby Red'', which was nominated for the [[Carnegie Medal (literary award)|Carnegie Medal]] in 2008.

Soweto is also mentioned in [[Sheila Gordon]]'s novel, ''[[Waiting for the Rain (novel)|Waiting for the Rain]]'' (1987).

The main protagonist from the [[Jonas Jonasson]] novel ''[[The Girl Who Saved the King of Sweden]]'' (2013), Nombeko Mayeki was born in 1961 in Soweto.
In his first Anthology of Poems titled "In Quiet Realm" South African Soweto Born poet Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu dedicated a poem called "Soweto My Everything" to honour the place of his birth.<ref>Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu, "In Quiet Realm" South Africa: Write-On Publishing, 2018 {{ISBN|978-0-6399359-5-9}}</ref>

[[Trevor Noah]], in his autobiographical comedy ''[[Born a Crime]]'' (2016), describes his early childhood and growing up in Soweto.<ref>{{cite web |title=Born a Crime: Trevor Noah charts his rise from South Africa's townships |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/25/born-a-crime-trevor-noah-south-africa-townships-daily-show |website=The Guardian |date=25 November 2016 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>

===Music===

[[PJ Powers]] has a song called "Soweto" which appears on her 2023 album ''Rightfully Mine''.

[[Clarence Carter]] has a song called "The Girl From Soweto" or "Where did the girl go, from Soweto".

Soweto is mentioned in the song "Burden of Shame" by the British band [[UB40]], on their album ''[[Signing Off]]'' (1980).

Singer–songwriter [[Joe Strummer]], formerly of [[the Clash]], referenced Soweto in his solo album ''Streetcore'' on the song "Arms Aloft", as well as in The Clash's track, "Where You Gonna Go (Soweto)", found on the album ''London Calling'' ''(Legacy Edition)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001DQIU2A|title=London Calling (Legacy Edition) |website=Amazon |access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref>

The UK music duo [[Mattafix]] have a song called "Memories Of Soweto" on their album ''[[Rhythm & Hymns]]'' (2007).

Soweto is mentioned in the anti-apartheid song "[[Gimme Hope Jo'anna]]" by [[Eddy Grant]]. The line, "While every mother in a black Soweto fears the killing of another son", refers to [[police brutality]] during apartheid.

[[Miriam Makeba]] has the song: "Soweto Blues".

[[Dr. Alban]]'s song "Free Up Soweto" was included in the album ''Look Who's Talking'' (1994).

The Mexican group [[Tijuana No!]] recorded the song "Soweto" for their first album ''No'', in reference to the city and the movements.

"Soweto" is the name of a song by the rap group [[Hieroglyphics (band)|Hieroglyphics]].

The American band [[Vampire Weekend]] refers to its own musical style, a blend of indie rock and pop with African influences, as "Upper West Side Soweto", based on the same description of [[Paul Simon]]'s album ''[[Graceland (album)|Graceland]].''

"Soweto" is the title of the opening track of the album ''Joined at the Hip'', by [[Bob James (musician)|Bob James]] and [[Kirk Whalum]].

Brazilian singer-songwriter [[Djavan]], in his 1987 album ''Não É Azul, mas É Mar'', recorded a song called ''Soweto''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.letras.mus.br/djavan/85914/|title=Soweto – Djavan|website=Letras.mus.br|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Also this song inspired the naming of Brazilian [[pagode]] group ''Soweto''.

The American group [[the Magnetic Fields]] mentions Soweto in their song "World Love" on the album ''[[69 Love Songs]]'' (1999).

==Notable people==
===Native Sowetans===
Soweto is the birthplace of:
* [[Yvonne Chaka Chaka]] (b. 1965), singer, songwriter, actress, entrepreneur, humanitarian and teacher
* [[Frank Chikane]] (b. 1951), anti-apartheid activist and lifelong resident
* [[Lasizwe Dambuza]] (b. 1998), television personality
* [[Zola (South African musician)|Bonginkosi Dlamini]] (b. 1977), popularly known as Zola 7, is a South African kwaito musician, actor, writer, TV presenter and poet.
* [[Lillian Dube]] (b. 1945), actress,TV presenter
* [[Morgan Gould]] (b. 1983), Association footballer playing for [[Supersport United F.C.]]
* [[Thulani Hlatshwayo]] (b. 1989), Supersport United and South African football player
* [[Howza]] (b. 1983), rapper, songwriter and actor
* [[Jabu Khanyile]] (1957-2006), musician and lead vocalist from the band Bayete
* [[Winnie Khumalo]] (1973–2025), singer and performer
* [[Abigail Kubeka]] (b. 1941), singer, songwriter and actress
* [[Basetsana Kumalo]] (b. 1974), 1994 [[Miss South Africa]] & 1994 [[Miss World]] 1st runner-up, television personality, businesswoman, and philanthropist
* [[Doctor Khumalo]] (b. 1967),a retired football player who played for Kaizer Chiefs F.C.
* [[Bakithi Kumalo]] (b. 1956), bass guitar player
* [[Jack Lerole]] (c. 1940 – 2003), musician, famous for penny whistle performance
* [[Kgosi Letlape]] (b. 1959), South Africa's first black ophthalmologist
* [[Lebo M]] (b. 1964), composer
* [[Tsakane Valentine Maswanganyi]] (b.1979), soprano
* [[Kabelo Mabalane]] (b. 1976), kwaito musician, songwriter and actor
* [[Sipho Mabuse]] (b. 1950), aka ''Hotstix'', musician
* [[Thuli Madonsela]] (b. 1962), former [[Public Protector]] of South Africa, advocate & law professor
* [[Arthur Mafokate]] (b. 1962), kwaito musician and producer
* [[Teboho MacDonald Mashinini]] (1957–1990), primary student leader of the June 1976 [[Soweto uprising]], that spread across South Africa
* [[Mandla Mandela]] (b. 1974), tribal chief of the [[Mvezo]] Traditional Council and the grandson of icon anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]]
* [[Zindzi Mandela]] (1960-2020), South African diplomat and poet, and the daughter of anti-apartheid activists and politicians [[Nelson Mandela]] and [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]
* [[Mandoza]] (1978–2016), kwaito musician
* [[Mike Mangena]] (b. 1960), former football player, Soccer analyst
* [[Richard Maponya]] (1920–2020), businessman and anti-apartheid activist
* [[Ephraim Mashaba]] (b. 1950), football manager and former player
* [[Khanyi Mbau]] (b. 1985), actress and television personality, raised in Mofolo
* [[Bonnie Mbuli]] (b. 1979), actress
* [[Letta Mbulu]] (b. 1942), jazz singer, songwriter
* [[Somizi Mhlongo]] (b. 1972), television presenter, radio personality, choreographer, actor and singer
* [[Andrew Mlangeni]] (1925–2020), political activist and [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] campaigner who, along with [[Nelson Mandela]] and others, was imprisoned after the [[Rivonia Trial]].
* [[Portia Modise]] (b. 1983), footballer
* [[Teko Modise]] (b. 1982), a retired football star
* [[Refilwe Modiselle]] (b. 1986), model and entertainer
* [[Jerry Mofokeng]] (b. 1956), stage and screen actor
* [[Khotso Motau]] (b. 1981), boxer, 2004 Olympian
* [[Kaizer Motaung]] (b. 16 October 1944), founder and chairman of [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs Football Club]]
* [[Kamo Mphela]] (b. 1999), singer & dancer
* [[Sophie Ndaba]] (b. 1973), actress
* [[Themba Ndaba]] (b. 1965), actor
* [[Duma Ndlovu]] (b. 1954), poet, filmmaker, producer, journalist and playwright
* [[Trevor Noah]] (b. 1984), comedian, television and radio host and actor, host of ''[[The Daily Show]]''
* [[Nandi Nyembe]] (b. 1950), actress
* [[Khabonina Qubeka]] (born 1981), actress, TV presenter, dancer
* [[Lucas Radebe]] (b. 1969), a retired [[Leeds United]] and national team captain
* [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] (b. 1952), lawyer, trade union leader, activist, politician and businessman, [[President of South Africa]]
* [[Manaka Ranaka]] (b. 1979), Actress known for playing her starring role as Lucy Diale for long-standing soap opera ''Generations: The Legacy''.
* [[Dineo Ranaka]] (b. 1983) radio and television presenter, actress, DJ and TV Producer)
* [[Thulani Serero]] (b. 1990), footballer
* [[Thembi Seete]] (b. 1977), actress, singer, rapper, television presenter and model.
* [[Tokyo Sexwale]] (b. 1953), businessman and former politician, anti-apartheid activist, and political prisoner
* [[Jomo Sono]] (b. 1955), star football player, later club owner and coach
* [[Samthing Soweto]] (b. 1988), musician
* [[Siphiwe Tshabalala]] (b. 1984), footballer playing for Kaizer Chiefs Football Club.
* [[Dingaan Thobela]] (b. 1966), former professional boxer, a former two-time lightweight world champion & a former super middleweight world champion, known as the ''Rose of Soweto''
* [[Mary Twala]] (c. 1939 – 2020), actress, mother of [[Somizi Mhlongo]]
* [[Sello Chicco Twala]] (b. 1963), musician and producer
* [[Zodwa Wabantu]] (b. 1985), socialite and dancer
* [[Benedict Vilakazi (footballer)]] (b. 1982), footballer
* [[Arthur Zwane]] (b. 1973), former football player, football coach
* [[Chidimma Adetshina]] (b. 2001), [[Miss South Africa]] 2024 finalist, [[Miss Universe Nigeria]] 2024, [[Miss Universe 2024]] 1st Runner-Up

===Other residents===
[[File:Mandela House, Soweto.JPG|thumb|right|Mandela's House in Orlando]]
* [[James Mpanza]] (1889–1970), civic leader, founder of [[Orlando Pirates F.C.]], known as 'the father of Soweto'
* [[Winnie Mandela]] (1936–2018), anti-apartheid activist and politician, ex-wife of Nelson Mandela
* [[Gibson Kente]] (1932–2004), playwright
* [[Irvin Khoza]] (b. 27 January 1948), South African football administrator, Chairman of [[Orlando Pirates]]
* [[Aggrey Klaaste]] (1940–2004), newspaper journalist and editor
* [[Nelson Mandela]] (1918–2013), President of South Africa, anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader and peace activist, spent many years living in Soweto; his Soweto home in Orlando is currently a major tourist attraction
* [[Hastings Ndlovu]] (1961–1976), another student to be killed during the 1976 [[Soweto uprising]]
* [[Lilian Ngoyi]] (1911–1980), anti-apartheid activist, who spent 18 years under house arrest in Mzimhlope
* [[Joe Mafela]] (1942–2017), Actor, writer, producer, director, singer, and businessman
* [[Mzwakhe Mbuli]] (b. 1959), Poet known as "The People's Poet, musician and actor
* [[Terry Pheto]] (b. 1981), actress best known for her leading role as Miriam in the 2005 Oscar-winning feature film [[Tsotsi]]
* [[Pallance Dladla]] (b. 1992), Actor
* [[Steven Pienaar]] (b. 1982), footballer with national team and [[Everton F.C.]]
* [[Hector Pieterson]] (1963–1976), the first student to be killed during the 1976 [[Soweto uprising]] who features in an iconic press photograph of the event; has a memorial and museum named after him in Orlando West
* [[Percy Qoboza]] (1938–1988), newspaper journalist and editor
* [[Gerard Sekoto]] (1913–1993), artist, lived in Kliptown before emigrating to France in 1947<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/arts/sekoto-album.htm|title=Gerard Sekoto's 'illustrious album'|last=Davie|first=Lucille|website=Southafrica.info|date=1 November 2004|access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref>
* [[Desmond Tutu]] (1931–2021), cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s through his opposition to apartheid

==See also==
{{Portal|South Africa}}
* [[Tembisa]]
* [[Katlehong]]
* [[The World (South African newspaper)|''The World'' (South African newspaper)]]
* [[Region 6 (Johannesburg)]]
* [[Soweto riots]]
* [[Norweto]]
* [[Stompie Moeketsi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|author1=Philip Bonner |author2=Lauren Segal |name-list-style=amp |title=Soweto: A History|publisher=Maskew Miller Longman|location=South Africa|year=1998|isbn=0-636-03033-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=Dumesani Ntshangase |author2=Gandhi Malungane |author3=Steve Lebelo |author4=Elsabe Brink |author5=Sue Krige |title=Soweto, 16 June 1976|publisher=Kwela Books |location=South Africa|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7957-0132-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Glaser |first=Clive|title= Bo Tsotsi – The Youth Gangs of Soweto|publisher=James Currey |location=United Kingdom|year=2000|isbn=978-0-85255-640-5}}
* {{cite book|first1=David |last1=Grinker |editor1-last=Gorelik |editor1-first= Boris |title=Inside Soweto: Memoir of an Official, 1960s-80s|publisher=Eastern Enterprises |location=Johannesburg |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-29186-599-8}}
* Harrison, Philip, and Kirsten Harrison (2014) "Soweto: A Study in Socio-Spatial Differentiation.” In Philip Harrison, Graeme Gotz, Alison Todes, and Chris Wray (eds) ''Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg after Apartheid'', Johannesburg: Wits University Press, pp 293–318. https://doi.org/10.18772/22014107656.19
*{{cite book|last=Holland |first=Heidi|title=Born in Soweto – Inside the Heart of South Africa|publisher=Penguin|year=1995|isbn=978-0-14-024446-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Hopkins|first=Pat|title=The Rocky Rioter Teargas Show|publisher=Zebra|location=Cape Town|year=1999|isbn=1-86872-342-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Stephen Laufer |author2=Matada Tsedu |title=Soweto – A South African Legend|publisher=Arnoldsche |location=Germany|year=2007|isbn=978-3-89790-013-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Tessendorf|title=Along the Road to Soweto: A Racial History of South Africa|publisher=Atheneum|year=1989|isbn=0-689-31401-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/alongroadtosowet00tess}}
* French, Kevin John, James Mpanza and the Sofasonke Party in the development of local politic in Soweto, unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1983.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Soweto}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820073513/http://www.sowetouprisings.com/ Soweto uprisings.com], an extensive map mashup with info on the events on 16
{{external media
| align =
| width = 30%
| image1 = [http://southafrica.usembassy.gov/uploads/k2/Bo/k2BoZZjDXZEJ04WRk1D-Gg/news_obama5.jpg Senator for Illinois, Barack Obama, at the Hector Pieterson Museum in August 2006]
| image2 =
| audio1 = [http://audio.theguardian.tv/sys-audio/Guardian/audio/2006/06/13/antoinette.mp3 Guardian Unlimited audio recording of Antoinette Sithole on the Soweto uprising]
| video1 = [https://archive.org/details/linktv_soweto20070321 Soweto Uprising (2007)] at the [[Internet Archive]]
| video2 = [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_2514000/2514467.stm BBC video of the Soweto uprisings]
}}

{{Greater Johannesburg|communities}}
{{City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|selected=regd}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Soweto| ]]
[[Category:Greater Johannesburg]]
[[Category:Johannesburg Region D]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1950]]
[[Category:Townships in Gauteng]]

Ahilyabai Holkar

2026-03-22T05:59:12Z

Mere Mentor:

{{Short description|Maharani of Indore from 1767 to 1795}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Copy edit|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English |date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = Noble
| name = Ahilyabai Holkar
| title =
| image = Ahilya Bai Holkar 2025 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Ahilyabai Holkar on a 2025 stamp of India
| reign = {{nowrap|1 December 1767 – 13 August 1795}}
| coronation = 11 December 1767
| succession = [[Maharani]] of [[Indore State|Indore]]
| predecessor = [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]
| successor = [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]]
| succession1 = Regent of Indore
| reign-type1 = Regency
| reign1 = 20 May 1766 – 5 April 1767
| regent1 = [[Malhar Rao Holkar II]]
| reg-type1 = Subedar
| spouse = [[Khanderao Holkar]]
| issue = [[Male Rao Holkar]] (son) Muktabai (daughter)
| issue-link =
| full name = Ahilya Bai Sahiba Holkar
| house = [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]
| father = Mankoji Shinde
| mother = Sushila Shinde
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1725|5|31}}
| birth_place = [[Chondi]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day [[Ahmednagar district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1795|8|13|1725|5|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rajwada]], [[Indore]], [[Indore State]], Maratha Empire (present-day, [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Ahilyabai Holkar''' ({{IPA|mr|əɦɪljɑbaɪ}}; 31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE8AAAAIAAJ&q=Ahilyabai+Holkar+Ahilya&pg=PA63|title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Hoshangabad|last=Pradesh (India)|first=Madhya|date=1827|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=64|language=en}}</ref> also spelled '''Ahalya Bai''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA57 |title=History of the Marathas |date=2004|page=57|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0394-8 |language=en}}</ref> was the [[Rajamata]] and later the ruling queen of [[Indore State|Indore]] within the [[Maratha Empire]]. She established [[Maheshwar]] (in [[Madhya Pradesh]]) as the seat of the [[Holkar Dynasty]].<ref name="DAUniv">{{cite web |date= |title=Rani Ahilyabai Holkar |url=https://www.dauniv.ac.in/ahilyabai |publisher=University of Indore}}</ref> She is renowned for good governance, [[social welfare]], and humanitarian work along with religious, educational, and cultural advancements.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baillie |first1=Joanna |url=http://archive.org/details/ahalyabaeepoem00bailrich |title=Ahalya Baee: a poem |last2=Spottiswoodes & Shaw. (1849) bkp CU-BANC |date=1849 |publisher=London, Printed for private circulation [Spottiswoodes and Shaw] |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> She contributed to the growth of [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]] through the commission of various [[temple]]s, [[Ghat]]s, and [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmshalas]]. Ahilyabai's ''[[Matha]]'', or charitable endowments, spread across India.<ref name="b1">{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=Karanataka Devi Shree Ahilyabai Holkar |date=2007 |pages=34–35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore |url=https://www.dauniv.ac.in/ahilyabai#:~:text=Rani%20Ahilyabai%20was%20a%20great,%20the%20Patil%20of%20the%20village. |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=www.dauniv.ac.in}}</ref> She is remembered as a ''[[Sadhu|Sadhvi]]'', or holy woman.

After the deaths of her husband [[Khanderao Holkar]], father-in-law [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], and son [[Male Rao Holkar]], Ahilyabai undertook the affairs of the [[House of Holkar|Holkar dynasty]]. She defended Indore against invasions and personally led armies into battle, with her brother-in-law [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] serving as her military commander.<ref name="DAUniv" />

==Early life and marriage==
Ahilyabai was born into a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Dhangar]] family to Mankoji Shinde and Sushila Shinde in [[Maharashtra]] in the village of Chandi, now [[Ahilyanagar district]]. Her father was a descendant of a respected [[Gadaria people|Gadaria caste]] family. Mankoji Shinde served as the [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of the village.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Khanolkar |first=D.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6aU4AAAAIAAJ&q=Mankoji+Sindhia,+a+scion+of+a+respectable+Dhangar |title=Marathwada University Journal – Volumes 17–18 |date=1979 |publisher=Marathwada University |page=67 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&dq=ahilyabai+holkar+dhangar&pg=PA40 |title=Education and the Disprivileged Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India |date=2002 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=9788125021926 |page=40 |language=en}}</ref> Ahilyabai had five brothers and was first educated at home.

Ahilyabai rose to prominence when [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], a commander in the army of Maratha [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]] and ruler of [[Malwa]], stopped in Chandi on his way to [[Pune]] and saw her at a temple service. Impressed by the child's piety and character, Malhar advised his son, Khandojee, to marry her. They were wed in 1733 when he was nine or ten and she was seven or eight.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=Karanataka Devi Shree Ahilyabai Holkar |date=2007 |pages=3}}</ref> They had a son, Maloji Holkar, in 1745 and a daughter, Muktabai Holkar, in 1748.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

== Family's rise to prominence ==
By the time of Ahilyabai's marriage, her father-in-law [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] had already risen from a childhood of shepherding to ruling as [[Subahdar]] over a territory comprising thirty parganas yielding high revenues. From 1748, Malhar Rao's power in [[Malwa]] allowed him to play kingmaker in northern and central India and by 1750, he was the ''[[de facto]]'' ruler of the [[Maratha Confederacy]]. He regularly received grants, including [[Chauth|monetary tributes]], land, and [[Patil (title)|noble titles]], from the Peshwa government in recognition of his service to the empire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Divinely Gifted Queen Of Immortal Fame: Devi Ahilyabai Holkar |url=http://ahilyabaiholkar.blogspot.com/2014/04/a-divinely-gifted-queen-of-immortal.html |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> His land lay north of the Narmadha on both sides of Sahyadri.<ref name="b1" /> In 1751, he successfully mediated a major land agreement between the Peshwa and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] and by 1753, he was considered indispensable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=Karanataka Devi Shree Ahilyabai Holkar |date=2007 |pages=2}}</ref>

== Education and military expertise ==
Starting in 1754, Malhar Rao kept Ahilyabai actively involved in [[diplomacy]] debates, matters of the kingdom's finances, and other problems of both the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Peshwa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=Karanataka Devi Shree Ahilyabai Holkar |date=2007 |pages=4}}</ref> Throughout her married life, she was brought up by her mother-in-law, [[Gautama Bai Holkar]], who is credited for teaching Ahilyabai to have proper values. She trained her in administration, accounts, and politics and, in 1759, gave Ahilyabai her ''[[Jagir|khasgi]]'', or [[land grant]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nagrale|first=N.N.|title=Ahilyabai and Her Benevolent Administration |year=1979|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142013|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=40 |pages=700–706 |jstor=44142013 |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abhang|first=C.J.|title=The Religious Policy of the Marathas in Malwa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906264|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=2018 |volume=79 |pages=323–328 |jstor=26906264 |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>

Ahilyabai's trust from her father-in-law and her military expertise are both demonstrated by a 1765 letter he wrote her during an invasion of [[Punjab]] by a [[Durrani Empire]]-[[Rohilla dynasty]] coalition led by Emperor [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]. Malhar Rao, who was fighting in Delhi, commanded her to take heavy artillery on a military expedition to [[Gwalior]] and attack [[Gohad Fort|the fort at Gohad]]:<blockquote>"''...proceed to Gwalior after crossing the Chambal. You may halt there for four or five days. You should keep your big artillery and arrange for its ammunition as much as possible... The big artillery should be kept at Gwalior and you should proceed further after making proper arrangements for {{notatypo|i|t's}} expenses for a month. On the march you should arrange for military posts to be located for protection of the road."''</blockquote> Ahilbayai's attack was successful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=LIFE AND LIFE'S-WORK OF SHREE DEVI AHILYA BAI HOLKAR |date=2007 |pages=4 |trans-title=HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. I}}</ref>

== Khanderao's death and aftermath ==
In 1754, Khanderao and Malhar Rao, acting on orders from Mughal Grand Vizier [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III]], laid siege to the fort at [[Kumher]], then held by [[Jat people|Jat]] Raja [[Suraj Mal]]. Suraj Mal had sided with [[Safdar Jang]], another Mughal vazier who had rebelled against the emperor. Khanderao was inspecting his troops in an open [[Litter (vehicle)#In Asia|palanquin]] when he was killed by [[Round shot|cannon fire]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holkar |first1=Madhusudan Rao |date=16 March 2021 |title=Khande Rao Holkar ki 267 vi Punytithi (17 March ) |url=https://historyofbharat.com/khande-rao-holkar-ki-276-vi-punytithi-17-march/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727054500/https://historyofbharat.com/khande-rao-holkar-ki-276-vi-punytithi-17-march/ |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=historyofbharat.com/ |publisher=Madhusudan Rao Holkar}}</ref>

Devastated by Khanderao's death, Alhiyabai announced she would commit ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'', ritualistic suicide on his [[pyre|funeral pyre]]. Her dismayed subjects begged her to reconsider but she explained that she felt ''sati'' was the only way she could fulfill her husband's promise to accompany her all her life. Her father-in-law Malhar Rao begged:<blockquote>''"Daughter, my son left me whom I raised with a hope that he would support me in my old age. Now, will you also leave me, an old man, alone to be drowned in the fathomless ocean? ... Will you also leave me without any support? Still, if you don't want to change your mind, let me die first."''<ref name="kr2">{{cite book |author=Anne Feldhaus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YSU9Qp9w0MC&pg=PA184 |title=Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion |date=21 March 1996 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2838-2 |pages=184–}}</ref></blockquote>

This convinced her to choose to live and Malhar Rao thereupon began to train her in military affairs.<ref name="DAUniv" /><ref name="ahilyabaiholkar.com">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2020 |title=Ahilyabai Holkar Information in English {{!}} Ahilyabai Holkar |url=https://ahilyabaiholkar.com/ahilyabai-holkar/ |access-date=3 May 2020 |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> He died on 20 May 1766 in Alampur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=Karanataka Devi Shree Ahilyabai Holkar |date=2007 |pages=9}}</ref>

== Reign ==
[[File:Maheshwar Fort - Exterior 03.jpg|thumb|[[Maheshwar]] Fort]]
On 23 August 1766, Ahilyabai's only son, [[Male Rao Holkar]], became ruler of Indore at the age of 21 when he received investiture from the [[Peshwa]]. Male Rao had reigned for just over six months when he died on 5 April 1767.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} Malhar Rao's adopted son [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] was then made [[Subahdar]] on the payment of a large tribute of [[Indian rupee]]s and Ahilyabai became the ''de facto'' ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=LIFE AND LIFE'S-WORK OF SHREE DEVI AHILYA BAI HOLKAR |date=2007 |pages=11–12 |trans-title=HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. I}}</ref>

Historical records show that groups from neighboring states, particularly the [[Chundawat]] clan of [[Jaipur]], rebelled during this transfer of power, taking advantage of both Tukoji Rao's absence from the region and the widespread devastation wrought by the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and its aftermath. Ahilyabai led Maratha armies against these rebellions and, despite a lack of resources and aid, won every battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. I LIFE AND LIFE'S-WORK OF SHREE DEVI AHILYA BAI HOLKAR |date=2007 |pages=13}}</ref><ref name="kr3">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0RpUoGiou4C&pg=PA60 |title=Omkareshwar and Maheshwar: Travel Guide |publisher=Goodearth Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-80262-24-6 |pages=60–}}</ref><ref name="kr4">{{cite book |author1=R. V. Solomon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&pg=PA70 |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |author2=J. W. Bond |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=70–}}</ref>

In 1791, Ahilyabai's son-in-law, Yeshwantrao Fanse, died and her daughter Muktabai committed ''sati'' on his funeral pyre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=LIFE AND LIFE'S-WORK OF SHREE DEVI AHILYA BAI HOLKAR |date=2007 |pages=64 |trans-title=HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. I}}</ref>

==Administration==
In those times, the state's administration was two-sided, [[Military administration|military]] and [[Civil authority|civil]]. The military side was again bifurcated, [[Tukojirao Holkar|Tukoji Rao Holkar]] was the [[Subedar]], and he had to serve Maratha. Devi Ahilyabai was outspoken, proclaiming her power by declaring, "''I am the daughter-in-law of Malhar Rao''". The [[Saranjamdar]] system established by Malhar Rao was efficient and was recognized by the [[Peshwa|Puna]] authorities. Saranjamdar was a "camp within a camp" complete by itself. The state records involuntarily reveal the diplomatic and administrative skills exhibited by Devi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=LIFE AND LIFE'S-WORK OF SHREE DEVI AHILYA BAI HOLKAR |date=2007 |pages=95 |trans-title=HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. I}}</ref> Justice administration <ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=LIFE AND LIFE'S-WORK OF SHREE DEVI AHILYA BAI HOLKAR |date=2007 |pages=23–24 |trans-title=HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. I}}</ref> was soft but speedy, practical yet spiritual, restraining yet re-forming.

She transformed [[Indore]] into a progressive city, and built industries<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Maheshwar Textile Industry |url=https://heritagehackathon.weebly.com/maheshwar-textile-industry.html}}</ref> and [[University|universities]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore |url=https://www.dauniv.ac.in/ |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=www.dauniv.ac.in}}</ref> The government of India issued a stamp on 25 August 1996 in celebration of the 200th death anniversary.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Death Bicentenary of Ahilyabai Holkar (click for stamp information) ::: 1996–1997 » Commemorative Stamps » Stamps |url=http://www.indianphilatelics.com/stamps/commemorative-stamps/1996-1997/item/11192-death-bicentenary-of-ahilyabai-holkar-click-for-stamp-information.html |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=www.indianphilatelics.com}}</ref> The Indore airport is named after [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]]. The city of Indore named the university [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]]. Not merely in her State but indeed in other parts of India she is credited with promoting activities including repair and additions to several famous temples such as [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi Viswanath Mandir]] at [[Varanasi]], [[Somnath temple|Gouri Somnath Mandir]] at Chola and the construction of the famous [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]] at [[Varanasi|Banaras]].

== Charities and endowments ==
[[File:Rajwada Palace, Indore.jpg|thumb|The [[Rajwada|Rajwada Palace]] was the official residence of the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s during the reign of Ahilyabai. ]]
The Holkar family was known for avoiding using public cash to meet their personal and family expenses. They possessed their personal funds, which they had accumulated through their private property. Ahilyabai inherited personal funds estimated at sixteen crores rupees at that time. Ahilyabai donated money from her personal resources to charity.<ref>{{cite book |author=Arvind Javlekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voYn9a1EBkIC |title=Lokmata Ahilyabai |date=2002 |publisher=Ocean Books |isbn=978-81-88322-08-4 |page=62}}</ref> The charities of the Devi Ahilyabai in her territory as well as throughout the Bharata Kanda are too well known. A well-documented account of the expenditure can be found in the "Devasthan classification list 1923 by the Holkar government".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abhang |first=C.J. |date=2018 |title=The Religious Policy of the Marathas in Malwa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906264 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=79 |pages=323–328 |jstor=26906264 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The Holkar government appointed a "Devastahan officer" who travelled far and wide and collected information on the spot.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28391/download/31573/20_1921_HOL.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731095345/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28391/download/31573/20_1921_HOL.pdf | archive-date=2024-07-31}}</ref>

The arrangements made by Devi Ahilya at all the sacred were shown in the below table

'''Charities connected with the Jyotir-Lingas<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=LIFE AND LIFE'S-WORK OF SHREE DEVI AHILYA BAI HOLKAR |date=2007 |pages=34 |trans-title=HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. I}}</ref>'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |
|-
|'''Sl No'''
|'''Name of the Linga'''
|'''Geographical'''
'''situation.'''
|'''Description of'''
'''charity.'''
|'''Authority for'''
'''statement.'''
|-
|1
|[[Somnath Temple|Shree Somanath]]
|Kathiawad, on the sea side.
|In 1786 A. D. The idol was re-installed
|Maheshwar Durbar Batmipatre.
Part II, P.87
|-
|2
|[[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Shree Mallikarjuna]]
|Dist. Karnul Madras Presidency.
|Temple was built.
|State Record.
|-
|3
|[[Omkareshwar Temple|Shree Omkareshwar]]
|Central India (on the Narbada bank.)
|House for Drums, Flower-garden, Palanquin, Boat,
Silver-idol
|State Record.
|-
|4
|Shree Vaijnath
|Nizam's State
|In 1784 A. D. The temple was re-built.
|Bharat Itihasa Shanshodliak Mandal Report
Shak 1834, Bhadrapad Number.
|-
|5
|[[Nageshvara Jyotirlinga|Shree Nageshwar]]
|Nizam's State
|In 1784 A, D.
Annual payment of Rs. 81/- for 1 worship.
|State Record.
|-
|6
|[[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Shree Vishwanath]]
|Benares
|(1) [[Manikarnika Ghat|Mankarnikaghat]]
(2) Re-installation of Kashi- Vishwanath.
(3) 6 Private temples.
(4) Temple of the Ganges and 3 temples on the Ghat.
(5) Shree Tarkeshwar temple.
(6) [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]]
(7) Female Mankarnika Ghat
(8) Dharmashala Rameshwar
(9) Dharmashala Kapildhara
(10) 9 Private Bungalows
(11) Garden-field
(12) Plinth on Shitala Ghat
(13) Dharmashala Uttar Kashi
(14) Establishment of Bramha-puri
|State Record.
|-
|7
|[[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Shree Trimbakeshwar]]
|Nasik District.
|Bridge of Kushawarta-Ghat
|State Record.
|-
|8
|[[Grishneshwar Temple|Shree Grishneshwar]]
|Verul Nizam's State
|Re-built Shivalaya Tirth.
|Bharat I.S.M. R. Shak 1838,
|-
|9
|[[Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna|Shree Gokarna]]
|On the Western sea. Madras Presidency.
|(1) Alms-House.
|State Record.
|-
|10
|[[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Shree Mahakaleshwar]]
|[[Ujjain]] (Central India)
|Worship of the Linga on the Mahashivratra night, and food distribution on the day following.
|State Record.
|-
|11
|[[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Shree Rameshwar]]
|Madras Presidency.
|Alms-House. Wells. Shree Radha-Krishna temple.
|State Record.
|-
|12
|[[Bhimashankar Temple|Shree Bhima-Shankar]]
|Bombay Presidency.
|Alms-House,
|State Record.
|}

== Sapta Puri and Char Dham ==
''[[Sapta Puri]]'' (seven cities) and ''[[Char Dham]]'' (four quarters) were looked up eventually by Hindus of all castes and creeds in worship and pilgrimage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=LIFE AND LIFE'S-WORK OF SHREE DEVI AHILYA BAI HOLKAR |date=2007 |pages=36 |trans-title=HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. I |chapter=CHAPTER VI.The Devi's Administration ( continued ) Charities and endowments.}}</ref>

[[Dwarka]]: she built a [[Almshouse]]

[[Ujjain|Ujjain(Avantika)]]: she built four Mandir and a charitable building

[[Kanchipuram]]: [[Ganges|Ganga]] water annually sent

[[Mathura]]: she built a Mandir 2 Ghat and one charitable building

[[Ayodhya]]: She built 4 Ram Mandir and 3 charitable buildings

[[Haridwar|Haridwar(Maya)]]: a Ghat and a charitable house

[[Varanasi]]: Refer the above table

=== [[Char Dham]]a – four quadrants of Aryavarta ===
[[Badrinath]]: 5 Dharmashalas and eight charity buildings

[[Jagannath|Jagnath (Puri)]]: A temple, Almhouse and garden land

== Conclusion ==

Here we see the various charities of Devi Ahilyabai extending throughout the length and breadth of [[Bharatakhanda]]. In the book ''HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. II Life and Life's-Work of Devi Shree Ahilyabai ( 1725–1795 A. D.)''page 42 there are worship expenses<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thombre P.v. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199825 |title=LIFE AND LIFE'S-WORK OF SHREE DEVI AHILYA BAI HOLKAR |date=2007 |pages=42 |trans-title=HOLKAR STATE HISTORY VOL. I}}</ref>

Various temples Ghats and rest houses built during her time exhibit Indian architecture and the various features of different schools. They became so many training grounds for young Indian architecture. Not only in her territory but throughout the whole of India. The aspects of Devi Ahilyabai charity reveal and resuscitation of Thirthas and Kshetras.<gallery>
File:Kashi Vishwanath.jpg|Current [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] built by Ahilyabai in 1780.
File:Vishnupadh Temple.jpg|The current structure of [[Vishnupad Temple, Gaya|Vishnupad Temple]], Gaya, Bihar is built by Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar in 1787
File:Ahilya Ghat by the Ganges, Varanasi.jpg|Ahilya Ghat, [[Varanasi]]
File:Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 3.jpg|[[Manikarnika Ghat]] in varanasi
File:Ahilya Status Rajwada Indore 2014.jpg
File:16 sacred deeds of ahilyabai holkar in india (16673642718).jpg
File:Stamp of India - 1975 - Colnect 372806 - Ahilyabai Holkar 1725-1795 Chhatri at Maheshwar.jpeg
File:Guj21 Somnath Temple built by Ahilya Bai Holkar.jpg
File:Matri-rin Temple in Varanasi.jpg
</gallery>

==Death==
Ahilyabai died on 13 August 1795 at age 70. She was succeeded by her commander-in-chief and brother-in-law, [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]], who abdicated the throne in 1797 in favour of his son Kashi Rao Holkar.

==Legacy==
{{over-quotation|section|date=July 2024}}
[[File: Statue of Ahilybai Holkar, Maheshwar.jpg|thumb|Statue of Ahilybai Holkar, [[Maheshwar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]
{{Blockquote|text="The reign of Ahilyabai, of Indore in central India, lasted for thirty years. This has become almost legendary as a period during which perfect order and good government prevailed and the people prospered. She was a very able ruler and organizer, highly respected during her lifetime, and considered as a saint by a grateful people after her death."|author=[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]|source=''The Discovery of India'' (1946)<ref>Jawaharlal Nehru (1946) ''[[The Discovery of India]]''. Meridian Books. p. 304. {{ISBN|978-0-19-562359-8}}</ref>}}

{{Blockquote|
text="For thirty years her reign of peace, The land in blessing did increase; And she was blessed by every tongue, By stern and gentle, old and young. Yea, even the children at their mother's feet, Are taught such homely rhyming to repeat. In latter days from Brahma came, To rule our land, a noble Dame, Kind was her heart and bright her fame, And Ahilya was her honored name."|
author=Joanna Baillie|source=''English Poem'' (1849)}}

Collecting oral memories of hers in the 1820s, [[John Malcolm|Sir John Malcolm]], the British official most directly concerned with the 'settlement' of central India, seems to have become deeply enamored of her.

{{Blockquote|text="Ahilyabai's extraordinary ability won her the regard of her subjects and of the other [[Maratha Empire|Maratha chiefs]], including Nana Phadnavis. With the natives of Malwa ... her name is sainted and she has styled an avatar or Incarnation of the Divinity. In the soberest view that can be taken of her character, she certainly appears, within her limited sphere, to have been one of the purest and most exemplary rulers that ever existed."|author=[[John Malcolm]]|source=''A Memoir of Central India'' <ref>Malcolm, J., A Memoir of Central India, quoted in {{cite book|author=John Keay|title=India: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC|year=2000|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5|page=407}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote | text = "This great ruler in Indore encouraged all within her realm to do their best, Merchants produced their finest clothes, trade flourished, the farmers were at peace and oppression ceased, for each case that came to the queen's notice was dealt with severely. She loved to see her people prosper, and to watch the fine cities grow, and to watch that her subjects were not afraid to display their wealth, lest the ruler should snatch it from them. Far and wide the roads were planted with shady trees, and wells were made, and rest-houses for travelers. The poor, the homeless, the orphaned were all helped according to their needs. The Bhils who had long been the torment of all caravans were routed from their mountain fastnesses and persuaded to settle down as honest farmers. Hindu and Musalman alike revered the famous Queen and prayed for her long life. Her last great sorrow was when her daughter became a Sati upon the death of Yashwantrao Phanse. Ahalya Bai was seventy years old when her long and splendid life closed. Indore long mourned its noble Queen, happy had been her reign, and her memory is cherished with deep reverence unto this day." | author=[[Annie Besant]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Annie Besant|title=Children of the Motherland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VLatAEACAAJ|date= 2018|publisher=CHIZINE PUBN|isbn=978-1-377-17734-2|pages=290–291}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote | text ="From the original papers and letters, it becomes clear that she was the first-class politician, and that was why she readily extended her support to [[Mahadji Shinde]]. I have no hesitation in saying that without the support of Ahilyabai, Mahadji would never have gained so much importance in the politics of northern India."| author=Historian Judunath Sarkar}}

{{blockquote| text="Definitely no woman and no ruler are like Ahilyabai Holkar."| author = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]{{Which|date=February 2024}}}}

{{blockquote| text = "It reveals beyond doubt that all ideal virtues described by [[Plato]] and Bhattacharya were present in her personalities like Dilip, Janak, Shri Ram, Shri Krishna, and Yudhishthir. After thorough scrutiny of the long history of the world, we find only one personality of Lokmata Devi Ahilya that represents an absolutely ideal ruler." | author= Arvind Javlekar<ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind Javlekar|title=Lokmata Ahilyabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voYn9a1EBkIC|date=2002|publisher=Ocean Books|isbn=978-81-88322-08-4|page=140}}</ref>}}

[[John Keay]] called her 'The Philosopher Queen', a reference perhaps to the '[[Philosopher king]]' [[Bhoja|Bhoj]].

{{blockquote|"Ahilyabai Holkar, the 'philosopher-queen' of Malwa, had evidently been an acute observer of the wider political scene. In a letter to the Peshwa in 1772, she had warned against association with the British and likened their embrace to a bear-hug: "Other beasts, like tigers, can be killed by might or contrivance, but to kill a bear it is very difficult. It will die only if you kill it straight in the face, Or else, once caught in its powerful hold, the bear will kill its prey by tickling. Such is the way of the English. And in view of this, it is difficult to triumph over them."|author=[[John Keay]]| source = ''India: A History'' (2000)<ref>{{cite book|author=John Keay|title=India: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC|year=2000|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5|page=425}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|text="The Great [[Maratha]] lady who affords the noblest example of wisdom, goodness, and virtue. [[Akbar]] is among male sovereigns, and Ahilyabai is among female sovereigns".|author= An English writer quoted in the book ''Ahilya Bai Holkar'' by Khadpekar<ref>Quote of an English writer given in the book ''Ahilya Bai Holkar'' by Khadpekar</ref>}}

A [[commemorative stamp]] was issued in her honour on 25 August 1996 by the [[Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=25 August 1996 |title=Ahilyabai Holkar |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/A/AHILYABAI%20HOLKAR |access-date=17 September 2012 |publisher=Indianpost.com}}</ref>

As a tribute to the great ruler, Indore international airport has been named [[Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport|Devi Ahilyabai Airport]]. Similarly, Indore university has been renamed as [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]].<ref name="DAUniv" />

On 13 March 2024, the Maharashtra state government approved the renaming of [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]] to Ahilyanagar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=13 March 2024 |title=Maharashtra's Ahmednagar to be officially called 'Ahilyanagar' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtras-ahmednagar-to-be-officially-called-ahilyanagar/article67947010.ece |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* Former Lok Sabha Speaker [[Sumitra Mahajan]] has written a book "Matoshree" based on the life of Ahilyadevi Holkar<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Sumitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISs6DwAAQBAJ |title=Matoshree: Matoshree: सुमित्रा महाजन's Tale of Motherhood and Legacy |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5266-133-6 |language=hi}}</ref>
* A film titled Devi Ahilyabai was produced in 2002 featuring [[Mallika Prasad]] as Devi Ahilyabai, [[Shabana Azmi]] as Harkubai (Khanda Rani, Malhar Rao Holkar's wife) and also including [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Malhar Rao Holkar, Ahilyabai's father in law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/view_film.php?film_id=150&categories_id=5 |title=NFDC: Cinemas of India |publisher=Nfdcindia.com |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013172437/http://www.nfdcindia.com/view_film.php?film_id=150&categories_id=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lQLofQNN7U |title="DEVI" AHILYABAI Full Movie {{!}} Watch on EPIC ON |date=5 January 2022 |last=EPIC ON |access-date=31 July 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* In [[Thane]] City in [[Maharashtra]], a children's park has been named as 'Ahilyadevi Holkar Udyan' after her. Also, a road has been named after her in the same city.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGqQjWsVkVo |title=Ahilyabai Holkar Udhyan /अहिल्याबाई होळकर उद्यान/ Katraj Pune |date=13 December 2022 |last=Dr. Pritam V. Misale |access-date=1 August 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* The airport at [[Indore]] is named [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport]] in her honor.
* There are two universities named Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidyalaya in Indore, [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[University of Solapur|Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University]] in Solapur, [[Maharashtra]].
* In 2006, a statue of Ahilyabai was unveiled on the premises of the Parliament Library Building by Vice-president [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information | date=December 2006 | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764099/1/jpi_december_2006.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201014256/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764099/1/jpi_december_2006.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-01}}</ref>
* In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Ahilyabai's character was portrayed by [[Mrinal Kulkarni]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Great Maratha |date=1 February 1994 |type=Action, Biography, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2451878/ |access-date=1 August 2024 |others=Irrfan Khan, Mrinal Kulkarni, Mukesh Khanna}}</ref>
* In 2016, a TV serial titled ''Awaaz: Punyashlok Ahilybai Holkar'' aired on [[Colors Marathi]] starring Urmila Kothare as Ahilybai.
* The [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)]] has been renamed as Ahilyabai Road.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* In 2021, a Hindi TV series titled [[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]] aired on Sony TV, starring [[Aetashaa Sansgiri]] as Ahilyabai and Aditi Jaltare as a young Ahilyabai.
* Government Medical College in Baramati(Maharashtra) and Auraiya(Uttar Pradesh) has been named after her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=Auraiya medical college to be named after Ahilyabai: Yogi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/auraiya-medical-college-to-be-named-after-ahilyabai-yogi-101747935446411.html |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=संगई |first=मिलिंद |date=31 May 2023 |title=Baramati : शासकीय वैद्यकीय महाविद्यालयाचे पुण्यश्लोक अहिल्यादेवी होळकर शासकीय वैद्यकीय महाविदयालय होणार नामकरण |url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/baramati-government-medical-college-punyashlok-ahilyadevi-holkar-government-medical-college-nomenclature-pjp78 |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
* Government Engineering College in Mainpuri is named as Lokmata Devi Ahilya bai Holkar Rajkiya Engineering College,Mainpuri after her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2025 |title=Five engineering colleges renamed after icons, deities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/five-engineering-colleges-renamed-after-icons-deities-101751122209003.html |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Ahilyabai Holkar Stadium, Ramghat Road, Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh)<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2025 |title=स्टेडियम की सिल्वर जुबली पर सबसे बड़ा आयोजन|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/Aligarh-14652-6 |access-date=28 August 2013 |website=Hindustan Times |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Boda |first=Sharon La |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1994 |isbn=9781884964046}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Robert Montgomery |title=The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India: In Relation to Their Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, Fine Arts, Population, Religion, Education, Statistics, Etc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5sAdQq8b9wC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9781108046503}}

==Further reading==
; In [[Marathi language|Marathi]]

* List of [https://ahilyabaiholkar.in/shop/ahilyabai-holkar-books/ '''Ahilyabai Books in Marathi'''] - AhilyaStore
* ''Punyashlok Ahilya'' by R.W.Tikore-Kumthewale
* ''Ahilyabai'' by Hiralal Sharma
* ''Ahilyabai Charitra'' by Purshottam
* ''Ahilyabai Charitra'' by Mukund Vaman Barve
*[https://ahilyabaiholkar.in/dyat-adyant-ahilyabai-holkar-book-on-ahilyabai-holkar/ ''Dnyat Adnyat Ahilyabai Holakar'' by Vinaya Khadapekar]
* ''Pal Samaaj on Samaaj''
* ''Matoshree" by Sumitra Mahajan''

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.indiatogether.org/manushi/issue124/holkar.htm Ahilyadevi Holkar: A Magnificent Ruler, Saintly Administrator]
* {{official website|https://ahilyabaiholkar.in/}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holkar, Ahilyadevi}}
[[Category:1725 births]]
[[Category:1795 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian queens regnant]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Women in 18th-century warfare]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:People from Khargone]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:18th-century women rulers]]
[[Category:18th-century regents]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Indore State]]
[[Category:Women from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Queen mothers]]
[[Category:Holkar]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]

Kanger Valley National Park

2026-03-16T10:48:56Z

Mere Mentor:

{{short description|National Park near Jagdalpur}}
{{how-to|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kanger Valley National Park
| alt_name = Kanger Ghati National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = File:Kanger valley National Park.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Entrance of Kanger Valley National Park
| image_size =
| map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| location = [[Jagdalpur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Jagdalpur]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18|46|N|81|59|E|display=inline, title}}
| area_km2 = 200
| established = 1982
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Conservator of Forest
| url = https://www.kangervalley.cg.nic.in/
| relief = y
| mapframe = Yes
}}
'''Kanger Valley National Park''' (also known as '''Kanger Ghati National Park''') is a [[national park]] in the [[Bastar district|Bastar]] region of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]]. It came into existence in July 1982 and covers an area of approximately {{convert|200|km2}}. The park extends from the [[Teerathgarh Falls|Teerathagarh waterfalls]] in the west to the [[Kolab River|Kolab river]] ([[Odisha]] state boundary) in the east, spanning an average length of {{convert|33.5|km|abbr=on}} and an average width of {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} from north to south. It derives its name from the Kanger river, which flows centrally through it. Situated at a distance of {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Jagdalpur]] city, it is one of India's densest national parks and is known for its biodiversity, landscape, waterfalls, and subterranean geomorphologic limestone caves. It is also the home to the [[Common hill myna|Bastar hill myna]], the state bird of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>https://www.kangervalley.cg.nic.in/about.html#{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2025, the national park was included to the [[List of World Heritage Sites in India#Tentative list|tentative list]] of [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=बस्तर के इस उद्यान को मिली पहचान: विश्व धरोहर की सूची में शामिल हुआ छत्तीसगढ़ का पहला स्थल, जानें इसकी खासियत |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-news-kanger-valley-national-park-included-in-world-heritage-list-2025-03-13 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

The park is noted for its highly heterogeneous land formations, from low, flat areas to steep slopes, plateaus, valleys, and stream courses. Its vast, undulating terrain harbours habitats for diverse flora and fauna. It has a significant tribal population, and is a popular destination for hikers, wildlife enthusiasts and researchers.

==Flora and fauna in the park==

===Flora===

The flora in the park consists chiefly of mixed moist deciduous type of forests with predominance of sal, teak and bamboo trees. In fact, the Kanger Valley is the only region in the Peninsular India where one of the last pockets of virgin and untouched forests are still left.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=Kanger Ghati National Park {{!}} Wildlife in India Foundation |work=Wildlife in India Foundation |url=https://wildlifeinindia.in/kanger-ghati-national-park/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |language=en-US |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172403/https://wildlifeinindia.in/kanger-ghati-national-park/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to the survey done by the [[Botanical Survey of India]] and other research organizations, the national park has 553 floral species out of which 12 species are new to Chhattisgarh; 43 species are reported rare.

Floral diversity includes in situ [[gene bank]] of medicinal plants, [[Grass|grasses]], [[Vine|climbers]], [[Sugarcane|wild sugarcane]], [[Fern|ferns]], [[Epiphyte|epiphytes]], [[Shorea robusta|Sal]], [[teak]], [[bamboo]] and their rich associates.

===Fauna===
[[File:Nemacheilus evezardi.jpg|thumb|The blind and albinic cavefish (''[[Indoreonectes evezardi]]'') from [[Kotumsar Cave]], India]]

Major wildlife of the Kanger Valley National Park are [[Bengal tiger|tigers]], [[Indian leopard|leopards]], [[mouse deer]], [[Wildcat|wild cats]], [[chital]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[Muntjac|barking deer]], [[Jackal|jackals]], [[Colobinae|langurs]], [[rhesus macaque]], [[sloth bear]], [[Flying squirrel|flying squirrels]], [[wild boar]], [[striped hyena]], [[rabbit]]s, [[Pythonidae|pythons]], [[cobra]], [[Crocodile|crocodiles]], [[Monitor lizard|monitor lizards]] and [[Snake|snakes]]. The avian fauna at the park includes [[hill myna]], [[spotted owlet]], [[red junglefowl]], [[Racket-tailed Drongos|racket-tailed drongos]], [[Peafowl|peacocks]], [[Parrot|parrots]], [[Steppe eagle|steppe eagles]], [[red spurfowl]], phakta, bhura teeter, [[Treepie|treepies]] and [[Heron|herons]] among many others.

A few tributaries form marshy land in early dry season due to natural seepage. Ekta Jhodi, Kyam nullah, Karanji Jhodi, Rajamunda, Punji Jhodi, Komkel Jhodi forms good marshy areas which are good habitat of wild boar and sloth bear. Chital, barking deer, and panther are mainly found in this marshy area. Kariya Ama Nallah is a perennial marshy belt and is ideal habitat for the wild boar, sloth bear, chital, leopard and tiger.

The fauna that have been recorded in the national park include:
*49 species of [[mammal]]s
*144 species of [[bird]]s
*16 species of [[amphibian]]s
*37 species of [[reptiles]]
*56 species of [[fish]]
*91 species of [[Butterfly|butterflies]]
*26 species of [[Moth|moths]]
*113 species of [[spider]]s

==Human settlements in the park and adjoining areas==
The national park comprises two ranges viz: Kotamsar and Koleng Ranges. The Kotamsar Range, forming the western half on the park is dotted with revenue villages on its boundary and there is hardly any forest area outside the park for fuel wood, small wood, bamboo and other non-timber forest produce. So the Zone of Influence (Zl) for people in this range is 10 km. The Koleng Range forming the eastern half of the park has a lesser number of villages on its boundary and is comparatively free from biotic pressure. So in the central portion Zone of Influence is 10 km and on eastern boundary it is 5 km. All together there are 48 villages within 5 km radius of national park boundary and only one forest village (Kotamsar) is inside the national park.<ref name="Kvnp.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.kvnp.in |title=Kanger Valley National Park Bastar, kvnp, kvnp bastar, Kanger Ghati rashtriya udyan |publisher=Kvnp.in |access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref>

==Geology, rock, soil and terrain==
The national park has remarkable geological diversity. The national park has mainly Cuddapah group of rock formation and at some places [[Vindhyan]] group of rock formation, [[Shale|shales]] are the common rock formation of Cuddapah group, which are horizontally bedded, at many places [[calcareous]], the other rock formation is [[slate]].

In the northwestern part i.e. Tirathgarh, Kamanar, Kotamsar there is outcrop of [[limestone]], [[sandstone]], [[quartzite]] and [[Laterite|laterites]]. In northern middle part form Nagalsar to Radhanaras at many places limestone is well exposed and outcrops of quartzite and laterites. limestone caves of Kotamsar, Dandak, Devgiri, and Kailash are present in this part. In the northeastern part from Pulcha to [[Kolab River]], rock is shale and some quartzite with outcrops of [[granite]].

In the southwestern part, rock is of vindhyan group mainly granite and sandstone. At few places granite and [[mica]] are also present.
In the southern middle part, rock is of caddapah group of quartzite and granite. At many places mica [[schist]] are present. Shale and sandstone have also outcropped.

In the southeastern part, rock is primarily of cuddapah group of granite, shale, slate, sandstone and occasional quartzite outcrop. On slopes laterites are present. At some places vindhyan group of rock are also present.

===Soil===
Poor and rocky soil is found on the hill tops and slopes. Recent deposits are [[Alluvium|alluvial soils]], high and low level laterites, and ferruginous conglomerates. The soils are yellowish-brown, brownish red, reddish and brown in colour and mostly residual in nature. These soils are loamy, sandy and lateritic in nature. The thickness of soil varies from 4 to 6 feet. The soil is slightly acidic with PH value ranging from 5.3 to 7.0.

===Terrain===
The park is Valley of Kanger River. The river flows from NW to SE direction centrally through deep gorges. Both sides of the valley are very steep and are associated with hill ranges. The entire park area is hilly. The eastern half portion is very hilly; the western half is comparatively less hilly. There are small plateaus interspersed with hills. The entire park is full of seasonal [[nullah]]s and these nullahs join Kanger River from both sides. Major tributaries of Kanger river from north are Durmunda nullah, Champal Nallah, Kala Jhodi, Mama Bhancha Nallah, Jaraha Nallah, Matkal Jhodi, Kodri Bahar Nallah, Musari Nallah, Karanjr Jhodi, Bade Beda Nallah, Dudung Jhodi. Major tributaries joining Kanger from south are Munga Bahar Nallah, Ekta Jhodi, Karanjl Jhodi, Raja Munda Nallah, Kyam Nallah, Punji Jhodi, Kataguda Nallah, Komkel Jhodi, Kopang Nallah.

The altitude of the park varies from {{convert|338|to|781|m}} above mean sea level. Terrain on northeastern, eastern and southeastern sides is very hilly, steep, high and quite difficult for human intrusion. Kolab River on the eastern border is very rocky with dens and is difficult for human intrusion.

The national park is well known for the presence of subterranean limestone caves with dripstones and flowstones [Annexure-9]. The formations of [[stalactite]]s and [[stalagmite]]s are still growing. The caves in the national park provide shelter for various species of wildlife. The caves in the national park are inhabited by leopards, porcupines, hyenas, bears, bats, fishes, snakes, frogs, crickets etc.
The overhangs are mostly found in the western part (Tirathgarh) and eastern portion (Near Kolab River) of the national park which provide a good habitat for honeybees especially the rock bees. Dens are found on the rocky portions of the National park where wild dogs [[Dhole|(dholes)]], [[Jackal|jackals]], [[Wolf|wolves]], [[Fox|foxes]], mongoose, etc. occupy them for shelter and breeding.

Cliffs are present in Tirathgarh waterfall area and in the western portion of the national park along the Kanger River and Kolab River. They provide ideal habitat for bats, eagles, pigeons, swifts and some reptile species. The bouldery drainages can be seen at Tirathgarh waterfall region, Kanger Dhara and at points where the Kanger River flows from steep height.

Sand banks are observed along the Kanger River especially at points where the Kanger River takes a curve. Sand banks are seen at Bhainsadarha located on the eastern portion of the national park where mugger crocodiles (''[[Mugger crocodile|Crocodylus palustris]]'') use it for basking purposes. Smooth Indian otters are also found using this habitat.

===Kanger River===
Kanger River is among very few perennial rivers of [[Bastar district|Bastar]], and herein lies the importance of the river and the park. Kanger River is a lifeline and hills are its recharging reservoir; the whole national park is the catchment of Godavari River.

===Limestone caves===
The Kanger Valley National Park has huge limestone deposits where some of them are in the form of caves and the rest of it are in the form of layers or beds one upon the other. These deposits are present above the soil as well as under the ground level. The underground portions form the caves.

The national park is known for the long subterranean geomorphological limestone caves and is a major tourist attraction in the region. All limestone caves are present north of Kanger River between Madarkonta and Kodri Bahar. These are [[Kotamsar cave]], Kailash Cave, Dandak Cave, Devgiri Cave. Many other caves were also discovered in the national park. These caves have very fine structures of dripstones i.e. stalactites and stalagmites. Chemically these formations are recrystallized calcium carbonate. These structures have taken millions of years to form.

Kotamsar and Kailash caves are opened for tourists and other caves are closed for tourists. Only those caves which have openings have been discovered in the National park. There are many caves which have no opening and they are yet to be discovered.

==Places to visit==
The routes prescribed for tourism in the national park as follows:

# Kotamsar Barrier to Kotamsar (5 km)
# Kotamsar Barrier to Kanger Dhara (7 km)
# Kotamsar Barrier to Kotamsar cave (10 km)
# Tirathgarh barrier to Tirathgarh waterfalls (7 km)
# Netanar barrier to Kailash cave (5 km)
# Nature trail from Kamanar barrier to Tirathgarh waterfalls (3.0 km)
# Nature trail from Kailash cave to Kailash zheel (1.5 km)

===Tirathgarh Waterfalls===

[[Teerathgarh Falls|Tirathgarh Waterfalls]] can be termed as "Milky Fall" because of the white colour of the water as it descends down the rocky slope giving an impression as if milk is falling.

It is located around 38 km from Jagdalpur in the renowned ecotourism site of Kanger Valley National Park. The Tirathgarh Falls is one of the most visited waterfalls in [[Chhattisgarh]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Splashing streams of water come down at speed from a height of more than 100 feet on the river Mugabahar which originates in a lake not very far away from this point.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} The area surrounding the fall features green forests.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

The water flowing through the various streams and crossing numerous paths along the way in a zigzag manner and finally ending up in the falls is a treat to watch. Besides the natural environment associated with this place, Tirathgarh Falls is also an important religious place featuring a temple which is dedicated to Shiva Parvati.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Every year, thousands of tourists and devotees come here from within the state and across India for the views of Tirathgarh Falls as well as to offer prayers at the temple.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The best season to visit this place is in the months of October through February.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantravelguide.com/chhattisgarh/tirathgarh-falls.html |title=Chhattisgarh Waterfalls Guide - Tirathgarh Falls Jagdalpur - Kanger Valley National Park |publisher=Indiantravelguide.com |access-date=2012-03-28 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Kotumsar Caves===
[[Kotumsar Cave]]s are situated at a distance of about 40 km (25 mi) from [[Jagdalpur]]. [[Kotumsar Cave]]s are about 35 meters below ground level and around 1371 meters long.

[[Kotumsar Cave]] is a subterranean limestone cave located near the banks of Kanger River in the western portion of the national park. It was discovered by the local people around year 1900 and explored by a renowned geographer Shri Sankar Tiwari in 1951 and it is one of the best known caves in [[Chhattisgarh]] as well as in India.

The floor of the cave consists of soil/clay, pebbles, rocks and water pools with several lateral and downward passages. Perpetual darkness and constant temperature (28 °C + 1 °C) prevails inside the cave. For entry into the cave, cement concrete steps, Steel steps and railings are available near the entrance side.

These caves have got the distinction of being India's first most biologically explored cave. As they are underground, there is pitch-darkness inside. It features stalactite and stalagmite formations. Entry to the caves is through the narrow stairs and visitors have to pass through tall, narrow chambers for gaining access to the main hall that features superb acoustics. The caves feature five chambers having several blind wells. Many tribal tales are also associated with it and are also known as Gupanpal or Kutamsar Caves. The stalactites found inside the cave have been an interesting research topic for scientists and even arouse the curiosity among the visitors.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

[[Kotumsar Cave]] harbours a variety of fauna like [[Bat|bats]], [[Frog|frogs]], [[Snake|snakes]], [[Cricket (insect)|crickets]], [[Spider|spiders]], [[Fish|fishes]], [[Millipede|millipedes]], etc. Fishes and frogs are found in the ditches of the cave where as bats, spiders, crickets are found on the ceilings and walls of the cave. Dr. Jayant Biswas has well documented the biology of the cave organisms living in [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10531-009-9710-7/ Kotumsar] Cave

There is lack of oxygen when going deep into the caves. In view of which, for safety reasons, entry beyond certain points has been restricted.

The cave is closed from 15 June to 31 October during rainy season. The cave needs removal of debris before tourist season.<ref name="indiantravelguide1">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantravelguide.com/chhattisgarh/kotumsar-and-kailash-caves.html |title=Jagdalpur Travel Guide - Kotumsar and Kailash Caves - Kanger Valley National Park |publisher=Indiantravelguide.com |access-date=2012-03-28 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034402/http://www.indiantravelguide.com/chhattisgarh/kotumsar-and-kailash-caves.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Kailash Caves===
Kailash Caves are located in the Kanger Valley National Park area near Mikulwada. The caves are located around 40 km from [[Jagdalpur]]. Discovered recently in 1993, the caves are around 250 meters long and are situated at an altitude of 40 meters above the ground level. It features stalactite and stalagmite formations.

Access to the cave is through a narrow opening and at the end of the cave is a huge stalagmite formation in the shape of Shivlinga. The hollow walls of the cave, when struck by hand, make musical sounds.<ref name="indiantravelguide1"/>

===Bhainsa Darha===
Bhainsa Darha is located at a distance of 65 km from [[Jagdalpur]]. Kanger river is full of deep gorges so darha (water pools) maintain very hygienic quality of water. Crocodiles are mainly found in these darhas.

It is surrounded by mountains with thick greenery from all sides. The watch tower situated at Bhainsa Darha overlooks the lake. Bhainsa Darha lake has crocodiles and tortoises.

===Kanger Dhara===
Kanger Dhara is located inside the Kanger Valley National Park, 36 km from Jagdalpur.

Being in the laps of Kanger Valley, Kanger Dhara waterfalls is actually produced by the Kanger River due to presence of undulating rocks present there. Geologists suggest that the area was a sedimentary terrain, later intruded by Igneous rock bodies, due to which, the area has got such folded structures.

Just at the beginning of the downstream of Kanger river, when the river falls from undulating folded rocks, it presents a view of small cascades of water fall, which forms the Kanger Dhara.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

===Dandak Cave===
Similar to [[Kotumsar Cave]], one can see the stalactites and stalagmites.

==Best season to visit==
The best season to visit the Kanger Valley is November–June.

==How to reach the park==
Kanger Valley is well approachable from [[Jagdalpur]] in the [[Chhattisgarh]] state of [[India]] as can be seen on the [http://maps.google.co.in/maps?hl=en&q=Kanger+Valley+National+Park,+Bastar,+Chhattisgarh&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&biw=1280&bih=685&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl/ road network map] of the area.

Entry into the national park is permitted form Netanar and Kotamsar barriers. Netanar barrier is situated at 33 km from Jagdalpur on the road passing through village Sargipal, Bodal, Murma, and Netanar. The park starts after 3 km from the Netanar barrier. Main entry of the park is from Kotamsar barrier situated at 27 km from Jagdalpur on the Jagdalpur-Darbha road i.e. [[National Highway 221 (India)|NH 221]] (connecting [[Jagdalpur]] to [[Vijayawada]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]). Inside the park there is good network of Murram and Kutcha roads.

[[File:Kanger Valley National Park Entry Slip.jpg|thumb|Kanger Valley National Park Entry Slip]]

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Kanger valley1.JPG|Kanger Valley National Park Entrance
Image:Kanger valley2.JPG|Kotumsar Caves
Image:Kanger valley3.JPG|Kotumsar Caves
Image:Kanger valley4.JPG|Kotumsar Caves
Image:Kanger valley5.JPG|Kotumsar Caves
Image:Kanger valley6.JPG|Kotumsar Caves
Image:Kanger valley7.JPG|Kotumsar Caves
Image:Kanger valley8.JPG|Kotumsar Caves
Image:Kanger valley9.JPG|Kotumsar Caves
Image:Kanger valley10.JPG|Kotumsar Caves
Image:Kanger valley11.JPG|Tirathgarh Waterfalls
Image:Kanger valley12.JPG|Tirathgarh Waterfalls
Image:Kanger valley13.JPG|Tirathgarh Waterfalls
Image:Kanger valley14.JPG|Tirathgarh Waterfalls
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Cave research in India]]
* [[National parks of India]]
* [[Indravati National Park]]
* [[Jagdalpur]]
* [[Tourism in Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Tamda Ghumar]]
* [[Chitrakote Falls]]
* [[Kotumsar Cave]]
* [[Mendri Ghumar]]
* [[Indravati National Park]]
* [[Danteshwari Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-009-9710-7 Biswas Jayant 2010] Kotumsar Cave biodiversity: a review of cavernicoles and their troglobiotic traits
* [https://www.pensoft.net/journals/subtbiol/article/1224/abstract/dandak-a-mammalian-dominated-cave-ecosystem-of-india Biswas Jayant and Shrotriya Shivam 2011] Dandak: a mammalian dominated cave ecosystem of India

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://ustjdp.com/kanger-ghati-national-park/ kanger-ghati-national-park] {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060818112024/http://www.cave-biology.org/ cave-biology.org]}} Cave biology (biospeleology) in India
* [http://www.kvnp.in kvnp.in] Kanger Valley National Park
* [http://www.caves.res.in National Cave Research and Protection Organization, India]

{{Eastern Ghats}}
{{National Parks of India}}

[[Category:National parks in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Eastern Ghats]]
[[Category:Caves of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Northern dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Show caves in India]]

Construction of New Delhi

2026-03-15T12:08:49Z

Mere Mentor: added new article and citations

{{Short description|Planning and building of India's capital}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{see also|Lutyens' Delhi}}
The '''construction of New Delhi''' refers to the development of [[Delhi]] into the capital of the [[British Raj]], and creation of [[New Delhi]] in a mass-scale real estate development project before the [[Independence of India]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book
|last=Singh |first=Khushwant
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gf3gpwWXje4C&q=Truth+Love+and+a+Little+Malice
|title=Truth, Love and a Little Malice: An Autobiography
|year=2003
|publisher=Penguin Books India
|isbn=978-0-14-302957-1
|language=en
|page=
}}</ref><ref name=":3" >{{Cite book
|last=Dayal |first=Mala
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVJwAjsOBz0C&q=delhi+lectures+khushwant
|title=Celebrating Delhi
|year=2010
|publisher=Penguin Books India
|isbn=978-0-670-08482-1
|language=en
}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book
|last=Singh |first=Khushwant
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Td8JkhtCNMC&q=delhi+lectures+khushwant
|title=Delhi
|year=1990
|publisher=Penguin Books India
|isbn=978-0-14-012619-8
|language=en
}}</ref> Before the project, Delhi was known of as a large slum due to the unplanned settlements of [[Old Delhi]] or Shahjahanabad.<ref name=":2" /> The British proposed the project after the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi Durbar in 1911]], although due to [[World War I]], it was delayed by around ten years till the 1920s. The New Delhi Project continued till the 1940s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cybriwsky |first=Roman Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kzEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22sobha+singh%22+%22delhi+durbar%22&pg=PA209 |title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture |date=2013-05-23 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-61069-248-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Originally [[George V|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] announced the project, although it did receive major opposition from the European business community of [[Calcutta]], along with [[Lord Curzon]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":4" /> The project was fulfilled by architects [[Edwin Lutyens|Sir Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Sir Herbert Baker]].<ref>{{Cite web
|date=2022-04-03
|title=Team of 5, and some more, who built New Delhi
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/team-of-5-and-some-more-who-built-new-delhi-sobha-singh-7849906/
|access-date=2024-03-05
|website=The Indian Express
|language=en
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|title=Give the builders of New Delhi their due
|newspaper=Hindustan Times
|author=Khushwant Singh
|date=26 September 2011
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/give-the-builders-of-new-delhi-their-due/story-kdB9UKXKBw2JYRskrLDt3J.html
}}</ref>

[[File:Present_masterplan.jpg|1024px|center|thumb|2019 master plan of the Central Vista of New Delhi, illustrating road and building layout<ref name="hcp.co.in">HCP{{Cite web|title= central-vista masterplan|date=4 August 2021 |url=https://hcp.co.in/urbanism/29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016225809/https://hcp.co.in/urbanism/central-vista-masterplan/ |archive-date=2021-10-16 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Central-Vista-plan.png|1024px|right|thumb|New Central Vista Masterplan as of August 2025{{cn|date=February 2026}}]]

== Architecture, planning and early development ==
[[Edwin Lutyens|Sir Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker|Sir Herbert Baker]] were selected to design the area in a traditional Indian fashion.<ref name=":3" /> The architects decided that the area where the foundation stones of Delhi were planted, [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], was an unsuitable area.<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Shades of Blue: Connecting the Drops in India's Cities
| date=25 September 2023 | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | isbn=978-93-5708-280-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYHyEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22lutyens%22+%22yamuna%22&pg=PT24
}}</ref> They decided the village Malcha on [[Raisina Hill]], as it had a ridge which could quarry stone.<ref>{{Cite book
|last1=Asher |first1=Catherine Blanshard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDluAAAAMAAJ&q=%22lutyens%22+%22yamuna%22 |title=Perceptions of South Asia's Visual Past |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |date=1994 |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies, New Delhi, Swadharma Swarajya Sangha, Madras, and Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-204-0883-8 |language=en}}</ref> Lutyens and Baker toured the country trying to find the key to Indian architecture. They visited [[Hindu temple]]s, [[Stupa|Buddhist stupas]], the [[Taj Mahal]], and palaces in [[Bikaner]] and [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]].<ref name=":3" /> They came back disappointed and convinced that there was no "Indian style of architecture" and only mushrooming dynasties who built large buildings.<ref name=":3" /> They noted that the Indians of old knew how to build grand forts, palaces, mausoleums, tombs and durbar halls but not [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] houses, [[legislative assembly]] buildings, or buildings for commoners.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DIVISION |first=PUBLICATIONS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtuSDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22lutyens%22+%22yamuna%22&pg=PT53 |title=RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2998-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

The duo decided that they would give the buildings a façade of "Indianness", which would include the sunbreaker ([[chhajja]]), latticed window ([[jali]]) and dome ([[chhattri]]), while the rest of the architecture would be almost entirely British in nature.<ref name=":3" /> They elected to use stone used by the Mughals from the [[Vindhya Range]], marble from [[Makrana]] and [[Jaipur]] and both stone and marble from [[Dholpur]].<ref name=":4" /> The original Viceregal Lodge was meant to be made in white marble, and Lutyens had wanted the garden to be an [[English landscape garden]] rather than a Mughal garden.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cm2adPfh6IC&dq=%22lutyens%22+%22english+garden%22+%22mughal%22&pg=PA98 |title=Becoming Indian: The Unfinished Revolution of Culture and Identity |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341823-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Lutyens had made a grand plan for New Delhi, much larger than what had happened. His original plan was to dam the [[Yamuna]] behind [[Humayun's Tomb]], create a huge lake and a riverside boulevard around it and enclose the [[Purana Qila]] in a reflecting pool.<ref name=":3" /> Along with this he wished for the [[King's Way, New Delhi|Kingsway]] to be built from the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Viceregal Lodge]] through [[India Gate]] up to the Purana Qila and for another road to be built from the South Block up to the south entrance of the [[Jama Mosque, Delhi]].<ref name=":3" /> All these ideas had to be abandoned, the former two because of costs and the latter because the road would have gone through [[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib|Gurdwara Rakab Ganj]] and the [[Sikhs]] under [[Sardul Singh Kavishar]] were already in opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |date=2020-12-22 |title=Gurudwara Rakab Ganj, which PM Modi visited, sparked an anti-government agitation 100 years ago |url=https://scroll.in/article/981839/gurudwara-rakab-ganj-which-pm-modi-visited-sparked-an-anti-government-agitation-100-years-ago |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The Viceroy became peevish due to the costs of Lutyens' plans, to which Lutyens wrote, "the Viceroy thinks only of the next three years, I am thinking of the next three hundred years."<ref name=":5" >{{Cite book
|last=Dayal |first=Mala
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8Pg-d_3_M4C&dq=%22the+Viceroy+thinks+only+of+the+next+three+years%22&pg=PT18
|title=Celebrating Delhi
|year=2010
|publisher=Penguin UK
|isbn=978-81-8475-273-1
|language=en
|page=5
}}</ref>

Originally Lutyens wanted to use the [[Grid plan|gridiron pattern]] of city planning as was used in other cities like New York, but the hexagonal pattern was later preferred as it could break up the dust storms that swept the landscape; for that same reason, they included many roundabouts and hedges.<ref name=":5" /> Lutyens and Baker were mainly inspired by other capitals like [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[Canberra]] and [[Pretoria]].<ref name=":5" /> There were three other sites which Lutyens and Baker had selected, east of the Yamuna, north of [[Shahjahanabad]] and west of [[Malcha Mahal]].<ref name=":5" /> From 1914 to 1926 a temporary capital was built and occupied north of Old Delhi, including the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly#Assembly building|Delhi Assembly Building]].<ref name=":5" /> While Baker and Lutyens were designing the larger buildings, the connection between New Delhi and Old Delhi was designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]], and named [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]].<ref name=":5" />

The Viceroy, Lutyens and Baker were all in agreement on one idea, that India was going to be independent and they were making the city as the building blocks for the independent India.<ref name=":3" /> Although Lutyens and Baker did have disagreements, Lutyens wanted the Viceregal Lodge to be on a higher level than the civil servants' offices, whereas Baker thought that in an independent democratic India the ruler and servants should be on the same level.<ref name=":3" /> The King and Viceroy approved of Baker's idea.<ref name=":3" /> Another time Lutyens wanted the slope between the Viceregal Lodge and the two secretariats to be at a steeper angle, whereas Baker believed that a gentle incline would be better as it did not matter whether or not a pedestrian could see the lodge.<ref name=":3" /> Once again Lutyens was overruled.<ref name=":3" /> The duo were not on speaking terms anymore, although New Delhi continued to be built.<ref name=":3" />

During the early stages of modern Delhi's development after the Delhi Durbar, Sujan Singh and Sunder Singh Dhupia were the new capital's main real estate developers, although their work was stopped due to [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ralhan |first1=O. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sunder+singh+dhupia%22 |title=Documents on Punjab: Sikh politics (Guru-ka-Bagh Morcha) |last2=Sharma |first2=Suresh K. |date=1994 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-862-7 |language=en}}</ref> The foundation stones of Delhi were shifted from the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]] to [[Raisina Hill]] by Sobha Singh, the son of Sujan Singh.<ref name=":3" />

== Construction ==

=== Labour ===
The labour included mainly the Bagaris of [[Rajputana]]. A number of them were known as Sangtarash—descendants of the people who built great Indian monuments such as the [[Red Fort]], Old Fort, [[Taj Mahal]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and others.<ref >{{Cite book
|last=Singh |first=Khushwant
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gf3gpwWXje4C&dq=%22bagadis%22+%22delhi%22&pg=PA26
|title=Truth, Love and a Little Malice: An Autobiography
|year=2003
|publisher=Penguin Books India
|isbn=978-0-14-302957-1
|language=en
|page=26
}}</ref> There were also the Bandhanis of [[Punjab]] who were hired for their ability to carry larger loads. In total there were 30,000 workers at the height of construction, all working under a [[Scotsman]] named Cairn.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book
|last=Dayal |first=Mala
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVJwAjsOBz0C&dq=%22bandhanis%22+%22punjab%22&pg=PA6
|title=Celebrating Delhi
|year=2010
|publisher=Penguin Books India
|isbn=978-0-670-08482-1
|language=en
|page=6
}}</ref> Men were paid eight [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] a day whereas women were paid six annas a day.<ref name=":0" /> The contractors were almost all Sikhs, with the demographic makeup being 26 Sikhs, 3 Punjabi Muslims and 1 Sindhi Hindu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-19 |title=Delhi of the Sikhs |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/delhi-sikhs |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref>

After [[World War I]] had been put to an end, the British once again started concentrating on the development projects in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-12-30 |title=Amnesty Plan for Relics of the Raj (Published 2007) |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/arts/design/30kahn.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |language=en |last1=Kahn |first1=Jeremy }}</ref> The project was mainly done under five Sikhs (known locally as the Panj Pyare of Delhi) who were Sir Sobha Singh, Dharam Singh Sethi, Baisakha Singh, Narain Singh and Ram Singh Kabli. By 1929 all major buildings had been completed. Although there was opposition, many called it (specifically the Viceregal Lodge) a "British matron in a fancy dress."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masani |first=Zareer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm4FVb54_oUC&dq=British+matron+in+a+fancy+dress&pg=PA132 |title=Indian Tales of the Raj |date=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07127-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Construction work ===

==== Material ====
Dharam Singh Sethi had a monopoly on the marble and stone trade in North India. He transported the materials from [[Dholpur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news
|newspaper=The Indian Express
|date=3 April 2022
|title=Team of 5, and some more, who built New Delhi
|author=Subramaniam
|url=https://www.delhitelegram.com/2022/04/03/team-of-5-and-some-more-who-built-new-delhi-the-indian-express/
}}</ref> His house later became the office for the All India Congress Committee.<ref name=":1" /> Ram Singh Kabli had a monopoly over pottery and clay supplies and thus contributed some of them to almost all houses created in the project, including design and furniture.<ref name=":1" /> Sir Teja Singh Malik was the chief engineer who received a knighthood for helping in the construction of Delhi by supplying timber. He also heavily assisted Lutyens and Baker in their designs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lutyens' Legacy |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/06/20/072a.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Panjab Digital Library - Digitization of Sir Teja Singh Malik |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=24867&page=1&CategoryID=6&Searched= |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.panjabdigilib.org}}</ref>

==== Labour ====
Sir Sobha Singh had been given the role of chief contractor by the British, and had also become a subordinate architect. He was also involved in increasing commerce in Delhi, which at the time did not have any major markets. He was the driving force behind Connaught Place, his brainchild to make Delhi an economic hub. He had finalized the contracts for Janpath, Connaught Place, the Viceregal Lodge, [[Sujan Singh Park]], the Regal Building, Jaipur Column and many houses in the [[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]] including Scindia House, [[Kerala House|Kochin House]], [[Baroda House]] and others. He owned around half of Connaught Place at the time, becoming known in Delhi's folklore as "Adhi Dilli ka Malik", the God of Half of Delhi.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

Narain Singh (originally a peasant whose father was rumored to have been a [[Dacoity|dacoit]]) oversaw most of the road development for the new city and laid the foundation for the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Td8JkhtCNMC&q=truth+love+and+malice+%22oldsmobile%22 |title=Delhi |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-012619-8 |language=en}}</ref> [[The Imperial, New Delhi|The Imperial Hotel]] was built by him; it housed many meetings between [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]], Gandhi, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] and [[Lord Mountbatten|Mountbatten]] when they were finalizing the [[Partition of India]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Akoi |url=https://jatchiefs.com/jagir/akoi/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Jat Chiefs |language=en-US}}</ref> His son Ranjit Singh, who earned money off his sugar mills in [[Uttar Pradesh]], also helped.<ref name=":6" />

Baisakha Singh constructed various official residencies, including the [[Jinnah House]] and [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|North Block]] of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. He also supplied cement for roads and food supplies for the laborers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Anshika |date=2019-11-15 |title=The Indians who Built New Delhi |url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/places/the-indians-who-built-new-delhi |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=PeepulTree |language=en}}</ref> Sewa Singh continued the development of Delhi but also of neighboring zones. The [[Karol Bagh]] land auction was organized by him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title=The History Of Delhi's Iconic Sujan Singh Park — The Second Angle |url=https://thesecondangle.com/history-of-delhis-sujan-singh-park/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Manohar Singh, father of [[Patwant Singh]], was put in charge of supervising the North Block. [[Lachhman Singh Gill]], who later became the Chief Minister of Punjab, constructed large tracts in [[East Delhi]], which was originally barely inhabited in 1937 and would not be densely populated till 20 years later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-12-19 |title=LACHHMAN SINGH GILL - The Sikh Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/lachhman-singh-gill/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Lacchman Das and Seth Haroun Al-Rashid, both [[Sindhis]], constructed the [[Government House]] and the exterior of the North Block.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=Who was adhi dilli ka malik and was paid Rs 16 for a job well done? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/who-was-adhi-dilli-ka-malik-and-was-paid-rs-16-for-a-job-well-done-7571754/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Akbar Ali from [[Jhelum]] and Nawab Ali of [[Rohtak]], both [[Punjabi Muslims]], laid the foundation of the [[National Archives of India|National Archives]] and [[Mughal garden|Mughal Gardens]], respectfully.<ref name=":7" />

==== Plantation ====
As soon as Lutyens had marked the roads, his team got William Robertson Mustoe, the man in charge of [[Kew Gardens]], to set up a huge nursery.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=IP June 2011 {{!}} PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/71645582/IP-June-2011 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> It is next to [[Humayun's Tomb|Humayun's tomb]].<ref name=":9" /> He had 500 varieties of trees, [[Australia]]n, [[East Africa]]n and indigenous, shipped to Delhi while the roads were being laid. Along Rajpath, ''jamun'' trees were planted. [[Kigelia|Sausage tree]]s, [[gum tree]]s and [[Spathodea|African tulip tree]]s from [[East Africa]] were planted in other areas.<ref name="T1, 2011 476718">{{Cite web
|title=The City From Atop A Hill
|date=24 December 2011
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-city-from-atop-a-hill/cid/476718
|access-date=2024-03-07
|website=www.telegraphindia.com
|language=en
}}</ref> Sir Sobha Singh had once stated that those, "slow growing trees would provide shade to our great-great-great grandsons and their grandsons."<ref name="T1, 2011 476718" /> [[Queen Victoria]] had once before come and cut down all the gum trees and replaced them with cypress trees, but after Lutyens' protest the damage was undone.<ref name="TI, 20111224">{{Cite web
|title=Centenary of Lutyens' Delhi
|author=Khushwant Singh
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111224/saturday/above.htm
}}</ref>

The [[Delhi Ridge]] had been planted with [[Dalbergia sissoo|North Indian rosewood]], [[Pithecellobium dulce|Madras thorn]], Indian [[Albizia|siris]], Australian [[eucalyptus]] and Mexican [[mesquite]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prosopis juliflora or Vilayati Kikar, a legacy of British Raj will see its uprooting soon in Delhi – Education21 |url=https://education21.in/prosopis-juliflora-or-vilayati-kikar-a-legacy-of-british-raj-will-see-its-uprooting-soon-in-delhi/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The construction of New Delhi was one of the first times the British Raj started giving high positions to Indians instead of Englishmen.<ref name="TI, 20111224" /> [[Teja Singh Malik|Sir Teja Singh Malik]] was made the first Indian head of the [[Central Public Works Department]] and Sir Sobha Singh was made the first Indian to head the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]].<ref >{{Cite web
|title=The Art and Culture of the Diaspora {{!}} The Man Who Laid The Foundation Stone of New Delhi ... And Then Built It!
|url=https://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=2957
|access-date=2024-03-08
|website=www.sikhchic.com
}}</ref>

[[Uttam Singh Duggal]], an aristocratic [[Partition of India|Partition]] refugee, held a monopoly over construction work and real estate in [[Delhi]]. In the late 20th century he and his company built [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web
|title=I especially miss my horses and my bicycle
|work=The 1947 Partition Archive
|date=13 March 2019
|url=https://www.facebook.com/1947PartitionArchive/photos/a.184617944895257/2361511950539168/?type=3
}}</ref> Mohan Singh (known as Mohan Singh Coca-Cola) constructed the [[Embassy of the United States, New Delhi]], Friends' Colony and Mohan Singh Place.<ref name=":8" >{{Cite web
|title=Indian team for the American Embassy
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Indian-team-for-the-American-Embassy-Sardar-Mohan-Singh-seated-in-the-center-Deolalikar_fig3_353084669
}}</ref>

By the 2000s, development shifted to areas around the [[Delhi|Delhi Union Territory]] such as [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]] and [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], under companies such as the Wave Group and [[DLF (company)|DLF]]. These sister cities would remove industry and jobs from Delhi to their cities instead.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of New Delhi]]
[[Category:Works of Edwin Lutyens in India|Delhi]]

Olavu Moodidaga

2026-03-03T22:16:39Z

Mere Mentor: adjusted references for clarity and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Olavu Moodidaga
| image =
| caption =
| director = B. Mallesh
| writer = M. D. Sundar
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
| producer = Mohan Sharma
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = R. Chittibabu C. Mahendra
| editing = M. Umanath M. Mani
| studio = Varalakshmi Movies
| released = {{Film date|1984}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| language = [[Kannada]]
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Olavu Moodidaga''''' is a 1984 [[Kannada]]-language film directed by B. Mallesh and produced by Mohan Sharma. The story was written by M. D. Sundar. The film stars [[Anant Nag]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] and [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]].<ref>[http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/olavu-moodidaga.html Film cast & crew]</ref>

The film's score and songs were composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], whilst the dialogues and lyrics were written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].

== Cast ==
* [[Anant Nag]]
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Bharathi
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Prabhu
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
* [[Musuri Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Lohithaswa]]
* [[Dinesh (Kannada actor)|Dinesh]]
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]]
* [[Mysore Lokesh]]
* Shashikala
* [[Mandeep Roy]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by the [[Rajan–Nagendra]] duo, with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].<ref>[http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Olavu-Moodidaga-songs-K0000549 Olavu Moodidaga songs]</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aadi Lakshmi Gaja Lakshmi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| music1 =
| length1 = 04:32
| title2 = Manasu Kelide
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| music2 =
| length2 = 04:21
| title3 = Elle Nodu Ene Maadu
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| music3 =
| length3 = 04:26
| title4 = Buddhi Maatha Keli
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| music4 =
| length4 = 04:28
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.boxtv.com/movies/watch-olavu-moodidaga-online Olavu Moodidaga online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329094107/http://www.boxtv.com/movies/watch-olavu-moodidaga-online |date=29 March 2014 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Olavu Moodidaga}}
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Mallesh]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Allah

2026-03-03T21:11:06Z

Mere Mentor: cleanup section additionally

{{Short description|Arabic word for God}}
{{About|the Arabic word for God|the Islamic conception of God|God in Islam|other uses|Allah (disambiguation)}}
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[[File:Allah3.svg|thumb|right|The word 'Allah' in ''[[thuluth]]'' [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]]]]
{{Allah}}
'''Allah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|ə|,_|ˈ|ɑː|l|ə|,_|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː}} {{respell|A(H)L|ə|,_|ə|LAH}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/allah "Allah"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/allah|title=Allah|work=[[Oxford Learner's Dictionaries]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-18|title=Definition of ALLAH|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Allah|access-date=2024-04-08|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> {{langx|ar|الله}}, {{IPA|ar|ɑɫˈɫɑːh|IPA|Ar-allah.ogg}}) is the [[Arabic language]] term for [[God]], specifically the [[monotheistic]] [[God in Abrahamic religions|God of Abraham]]. Outside of Arabic languages, it is principally associated with [[God in Islam|Islam]] (in which it is also considered the proper name), although the term was used in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] and continues to be used today by Arabic-speaking adherents of any of the [[Abrahamic religions]], including [[God in Judaism|Judaism]] and [[God in Christianity|Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html|title=God|work=Islam: Empire of Faith|publisher=PBS|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html|archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref><ref>"Islam and Christianity", ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allāh''.</ref><ref name="gardet-allah">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047|title=Allah|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|first=L.|last=Gardet|access-date=2 May 2007|editor1-first=P.|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Th.|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=C.E.|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=E.|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-first=W.P.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|publisher=Brill Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Allah|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah|access-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420121231/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah|archive-date=20 April 2014|author=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> It is thought to be derived by contraction from ''[[Arabic definite article|al]]-[[Ilah|ilāh]]'' ({{Lang|ar|الاله|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|the god}}) and is linguistically related to other [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] God names, such as [[Aramaic]] ({{Lang|arc|ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ|rtl=yes}} {{Transliteration|arc|ʼAlāhā}}) and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ({{Lang|he|אֱלוֹהַּ|rtl=yes}} {{Transliteration|he|ʾĔlōah}}).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=2006|title=Allah|encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah|editor=Oliver Leaman|page=34|isbn=978-0-415-32639-1|author=Zeki Saritoprak}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Vincent J. Cornell|title=God: God in Islam|editor=Lindsay Jones|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=MacMillan Reference USA|volume=5|year=2005|page=724}}</ref>

The word "Allah" now conveys the superiority or sole existence of [[Monotheism|one God]],<ref name="Robin304">{{cite book|author=Christian Julien Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA304|title=Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity|publisher=OUP USA|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-533693-1|pages=304–305}}</ref> but among the [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia#Role of Allah|pre-Islamic Arabs]], [[Creator deity|Allah was a supreme deity]] and was worshipped alongside lesser deities in a [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]].<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Anthony S. Mercatante & James R. Dow|title=Allah|encyclopedia=The Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend|publisher=Facts on File|year=2004|page=53|isbn=978-1-4381-2685-2}}</ref> Many Jews, Christians, and [[early Muslims]] used "Allah" and "al-ilah" synonymously in [[Classical Arabic]]. The word is also frequently, albeit not exclusively, used by [[Bábism|Bábists]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Christianity in Indonesia|Indonesian Christians]], [[Christianity in Malta|Maltese Christians]], and [[Sephardic Jews]],<ref name="Britannica">
"Allah." [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref name="EncMMENA">Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, ''Allah''</ref><ref>Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer ''The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition'' Shambhala Publications 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8348-2414-0}} page 531</ref> as well as by the [[Gagauz people]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|author=Carl Skutsch|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|page=480}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{further|Ilah|Allahumma}}
The [[etymology]] of the word ''Allāh'' has been discussed extensively by classical Arab philologists.<ref name=EI2-Ilah>D.B. Macdonald. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ilah", Vol. 3, p. 1093.</ref> The majority of scholars [[Morphological derivation|consider it to be derived]] from a [[synalepha|contraction]] of the [[Arabic definite article]] ''al-'' and {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ilāh}} "[[deity]], god" to {{transliteration|ar|ALA|al-lāh}} meaning "the deity, the God"<ref name=EI2-Ilah/> as in the contraction of {{tlit|ar|al-ʾilāt}} to [[Al-Lat|''Allāt'']].{{Sfn|Al-Jallad|2025|p=2}} In some sources, the contracted and un-contracted forms are used interchangeably.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sinai|first1=Nicholas|title=Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry|date=2019|publisher=American Oriental Society|location=Atlanta, GA|isbn=978-1-948488-25-9|page=7}}</ref> Originally, ''ʾilāh'' was used as an epithet for the West Semitic creator god {{tlit|uga|ʾIlu}} (the [[Ugaritic]] version of [[El (deity)|El]]), before being adopted as the proper name itself for this god.{{Sfn|Al-Jallad|2025|p=3–4}}

[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] [[cognates]] of "Allāh" appear in Semitic languages,<ref name="autogenerated1">Columbia Encyclopaedia says: Derived from an old Semitic root referring to the Divine and used in the Canaanite ''[[El (deity)|El]]'', the Mesopotamian ''[[Ilah|ilu]]'', and the biblical ''[[Elohim]]'' and ''[[Eloah]]'', the word Allah is used by all Arabic-speaking Muslims, Christians, Jews, and other monotheists.</ref> such as the Aramaic {{tlit|arc|ʼElāh}} ({{lang|rtl=yes|arc|אלה}}) in the absolute form, and in its definite/emphatic form, {{transliteration|arc|ʼElāhā}} ({{lang|rtl=yes|arc|אלהא}}), as in reflected in [[Biblical Aramaic]]. Also Syriac {{lang|syc|ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ}} ({{transliteration|syc|ʼAlāhā}}), both meaning simply "god", or "deity", used by both monotheists and pagans.<ref name="cal">[http://cal1.cn.huc.edu The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon] – Entry for ''ʼlh'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018045941/http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/ |date=18 October 2013 }}</ref> Others are Akkadian {{tlit|akk|ʾilum}}, Ugartic {{tlit|uga|ʾilu}}, and Phoenician {{tlit|phn|ʾl}}. A minority hypothesis posits that ''Allah'' is a loanword from the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ''Alāhā''.<ref>[[Gerhard Böwering]]. [[Encyclopedia of the Quran]], Brill, 2002. Vol. 2, p. 318</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Gabriel Said|title=Allah: God in the Qur'an|date=2020|publisher=Yale university press|isbn=978-0-300-24658-2|location=New Haven|page=14}}</ref> A more likely theory is that, it is an adaptation of the word to the phonetic structure of Arabic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sinai |first1=Nicholas |title=Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry |date=2019 |publisher=American Oriental Society |isbn=978-1-948488-25-9 |location=Atlanta, GA |page=8}}</ref><ref>Kiltz, David. "The Relationship between Arabic Allāh and Syriac Allāha." Der Islam 88.1 (2012): 47.</ref>

Whether or not ''Allah'' can be considered as the personal name of God became disputed in contemporary scholarship.<ref name="ReferenceB">Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London {{ISBN|978-0-19-870206-1}} p. 478</ref> Islamic scholars have generally tried to explain the issue by rejecting approaches that associate this word with the names of other gods or that state it is derived from these names; grammarians of the [[Hasan of Basra|Basra school]] regarded it as either formed "spontaneously" ({{tlit|ar|murtajal}}) or as the determined form of ''[[llāh]]'' (from the verbal root ''lyh'' with the meaning suggesting of "lofty" or "hidden").<ref name=EI2-Ilah/> Other Muslims scholars proposed that the term derives from {{tlit|ar|wilah}} ('the object of mystery') since the nature of God is a mystery and incomprehensible for humans.<ref>Ibrahim, Zakyi. "To Use 'God' or 'Allah'?". ''American Journal of Islam and Society'' 26.4 (2009): v.</ref><ref name="Baydawi-2016">{{cite book |translator1-first=Gibril Fouad |translator1-last=Haddad |first=ʿAbd Allah |last=ibn ʿUmar al-Baydawi |date=2016 |title=The Lights Of Revelation And The Secrets Of Interpretation |publisher=Beacon Books and Media Limited |isbn=978-0-9926335-7-8}}</ref>{{rp|p=162}} In Islamic usage and theology, ''Allah'' is God's most unique, proper name,<ref>It is generally accepted that the word is not derived from any root and does not carry a dictionary meaning and constitutes the proper name of the real god, or even if it has a dictionary meaning, it loses this meaning when it becomes the name of the real god./Kelimenin herhangi bir kökten türemiş olmayıp sözlük mânası taşımadığı ve gerçek mâbudun özel adını teşkil ettiği, yahut sözlükte bir anlamı olsa bile gerçek mâbuda ad olunca bu anlamı kaybettiği genellikle benimsenmektedir. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/allah</ref> and referred to as {{tlit|ar|Lafẓ al-Jalālah}} ('the Word of Majesty'). [[Jahm bin Safwan]] claimed that ''Allah'' is a name God created for himself and that names belong to the things God created.<ref>Morris S. Seale ''Muslim Theology A study of Origins with Reference to the Church Fathers'' Great Russel Street, London 1964 p. 58</ref>

==History of usage==
=== Pre-Islamic Arabia ===
{{See also|Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities|Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia}}
{{Middle Eastern deities}}
Regional variants of the word ''Allah'' occur in both [[Paganism|pagan]] and Christian [[pre-Islamic Arabian inscriptions]].<ref name="Robin304"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Hitti|first=Philip Khouri|title=History of the Arabs|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1970|pages=100–101}}</ref>

According to [[Marshall Hodgson]], it seems that in the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]], some [[Arab Christians]] undertook pilgrimages to the [[Kaaba]], a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as the God the Creator.<ref>Marshall G. S. Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization'', [[University of Chicago Press]], p. 156</ref> [[Islamic Archaeology|Archaeological excavations]] have led to the discovery of pre-Islamic inscriptions and tombs made by Arab Christians in the ruins of a church at [[Umm el-Jimal]] in Northern [[Jordan]], which initially thought to be containing references to ''Allah'' by [[Enno Littmann]], as the proper name of God; however, this view was rejected by a second translation of the five-verse inscription made by Bellamy et al. (1985–88).<ref>James Bellamy, "Two Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions Revised: Jabal Ramm and Umm al-Jimal", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 108/3 (1988) pp. 372–378 (translation of the inscription) "This was set up by colleagues/friends of ʿUlayh, the son of ʿUbaydah, secretary/adviser of the cohort Augusta Secunda Philadelphiana; may he go mad/crazy who effaces it."</ref><ref>Enno Littmann, Arabic Inscriptions (Leiden, 1949)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Type and Spread of Arabic Script|last=Daniels|first=Peter T.|year=2014}}</ref> In an inscription of Christian martyrion dated to 512, references to al-ilah ({{lang|ar|الاله}})<ref name=Kugener>{{Cite book|title=M. A. Kugener, "Nouvelle Note Sur L'Inscription Trilingue De Zébed", Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, pp. 577-586.}}</ref> appear in both Arabic and Aramaic. The inscription opens with the phrase "By the Help of al-ilah".<ref>Adolf Grohmann, Arabische Paläographie II: Das Schriftwesen und die Lapidarschrift (1971), Wien: Hermann Böhlaus Nochfolger, Page: 6-8</ref><ref>Beatrice Gruendler, The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century according to Dated Texts (1993), Atlanta: Scholars Press, Page:</ref> [[Irfan Shahîd]] quoting the 10th-century encyclopedic collection [[Kitab al-Aghani]] notes that pre-Islamic Arab Christians have been reported to have raised the battle cry "''Ya La Ibad Allah''" (O slaves of Allah) to invoke each other into battle.<ref>Irfan Shahîd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, page 418.</ref> According to Shahid, on the authority of 10th-century Muslim scholar [[Al-Marzubani]], "Allah" was also mentioned in pre-Islamic Christian poems by some [[Ghassanid]] and [[Tanukhids|Tanukhid]] poets in [[Syria]] and Northern [[Arabia]].<ref>Irfan Shahîd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, Page: 452</ref><ref>A. Amin and A. Harun, Sharh Diwan Al-Hamasa (Cairo, 1951), Vol. 1, Pages: 478-480</ref><ref>Al-Marzubani, Mu'jam Ash-Shu'araa, Page: 302</ref>

Different theories have been proposed regarding the role of Allah in pre-Islamic [[Polytheism|polytheistic Meccan cults]].<ref name="EoI">L. Gardet, ''Allah'', Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. by [[Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb|Sir H.A.R. Gibb]]</ref><ref name="GodEoQ">Gerhard Böwering, ''God and his Attributes'', Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, ed. by [[Jane Dammen McAuliffe]]</ref> According to [[Ibn Kathir]], Arab idolaters considered Allah as an unseen God who created and controlled the Universe. Pagans believed worship of humans or animals who had fortunate occurrences in their life brought them closer to God. Pre-Islamic Meccans worshiped Allah alongside a host of lesser gods and those whom they called the "daughters of Allah".<ref name="auto"/> According to Islamic sources, the Meccans and their neighbors believed that the goddesses [[Al-lāt]], [[Al-‘Uzzá]], and [[Manāt]], and in some cases the [[Angel]]s, were the daughters of Allah. Some authors have suggested that polytheistic Arabs used the name as a reference to a [[creator god]] or a supreme deity of their [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]].<ref name="EoI"/><ref>Zeki Saritopak, ''Allah'', The Qu'ran: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Oliver Leaman, p. 34</ref> According to one Islamic hypothesis, the Kaaba was originally built by [[Abraham]] and his son [[Ishmael]] for the worship of a single supreme god, Allah, to whom people were called on pilgrimages. However, this place of worship was filled by the [[Quraysh]] with as many as 360 idols about a century before Muhammad's time.<ref name="Robin304"/> Some scholars have suggested that Allah may have represented a remote creator god who was gradually eclipsed by more particularized local deities.<ref name= Berkey>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Porter Berkey|title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800|url=https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58813-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk/page/42 42]}}</ref><ref name="Peterson2007">{{cite book|author=Daniel C. Peterson|title=Muhammad, Prophet of God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA21|date=26 February 2007|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|page=21}}</ref> There is disagreement on whether Allah played a major role in the Meccan religious cult.<ref name= Berkey/><ref name= Peters107>{{cite book|author=Francis E. Peters|title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OrCo4VyvGkC&pg=PA107|year=1994|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1875-8|page=107}}</ref> No iconic representation of Allah is known to have existed.<ref name= Peters107/><ref name="Zeitlin33">{{cite book|author=Irving M. Zeitlin|title=The Historical Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbhJJ7AOLL4C|date=19 March 2007|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-3999-4|page=33}}</ref> Muhammad's father's name was [[Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib|{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿAbd-Allāh}}]] meaning "the slave of Allāh".<ref name="GodEoQ"/> The interpretation that Pre-Islamic Arabs once practiced [[Abrahamic religions]] is supported by some literary evidence, being the prevalence of [[Ishmael]], whose God was that of [[Abraham]], in pre-Islamic Arab culture.<ref>The Treasury of literature, Sect. 437</ref><ref>The Beginning of History, Volume 3, Sect.10</ref><ref>The Collection of the Speeches of Arabs, volume 1, section 75</ref>

=== Islamic period ===
{{main|God in Islam}}

====Early Islam====
{{see also|Names of God in Islam}}
"The [[Quran|Qur'ān]] insists that [[Muhammad]] and his followers worship the same God as the Jews ({{Qref|29|46}}). The Qur'an's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with [[Abraham]]". [[Francis Edward Peters]] states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than [[Yahweh]], and as a universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows [[Israel]]ites.<ref name="Peters1">F.E. Peters, ''Islam'', p.4, Princeton University Press, 2003</ref> Since the first centuries of Islam, Arabic-speaking commentators of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic faith used the term ''Allah'' as a generic term for the supreme being.<ref name="auto1">Thomas, Kenneth J. "Allah in Translations of the Bible." The Bible Translator 52.3 (2001): 301-306.</ref> [[Saadia Gaon]] used the term ''Allah'' interchangeably with the term ''[[Elohim|ʾĔlōhīm]]''.<ref name="auto1"/> [[Theodore Abu Qurrah]] translates ''theos'' as ''Allah'' in his Bible, as in John 1:1 "the Word was with Allah".<ref name="auto1"/> Muslim commentators likewise used the term Allah for the Biblical concept of God. [[Ibn Qutayba]] writes "You cannot serve both Allah and [[Mammon]]."<ref name="auto1"/> However, Muslim translators of the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia rarely translated the [[Tetragrammaton]], referring to the supreme being in Israelite tradition, as ''Allah''. Instead, most commentators either translated [[Yahweh]] as either ''yahwah'' or ''[[rabb]]'', the latter corresponding to the Jewish custom to refer to Yahweh as ''[[Adonai]]''.<ref name="auto1"/>

In contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian [[polytheism]], as stated by [[Gerhard Böwering]], God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and [[jinn]].<ref name="EoQ">Böwering, Gerhard, ''God and His Attributes'', Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān, Brill, 2007.</ref> Pre Islamic Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, unstoppable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This was replaced with the Islamic belief of a powerful yet benevolent and merciful God's control over man's life.<ref name="Britannica"/> In the early periods of Islam, the concept of God was established as a [[personal deity]]<ref name="ReferenceA">Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009</ref> [[Hayy|living in the heavens]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=bir söyleşide yaptığı ilgili açıklama | website=[[YouTube]] | date=15 August 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> This understanding developed over time under the influence of [[Islamic theology]], acquiring a transcendent character.{{Sfn|Williams|2002}} However, in contrast to this transcendent and absolute conception of God established among the elite,{{Sfn|Cook|2024|p=140–141}} the public and [[Sufis]]{{efn|'''Tajalli''' ({{langx|ar|تَجَلِّي |tajallī|manifestation}}) is the appearance and disclosure of [[God in Islam|God]] as truth in [[Sufism]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FBXvfLySQwC|title=Ibn 'Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam|last=Knysh|first=Alexander D.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791439678|language=en}}</ref> Tajalli is believed to be a process by which God manifests himself in concrete forms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPT9uAypnOEC|title=Sufism and Taoism: A Comparative Study of Key Philosophical Concepts|last=Izutsu|first=Toshihiko|date=1984-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520052642|language=en}}</ref>}} maintained [[Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam|the traditional understanding on God]]. Also actions and attributes such as coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sadness etc. similar to humans used for this God in the Quran were considered {{transliteration|ar|[[mutashabihat]]}}—"no one knows [[Bila Kayf|its interpretation]] except God" ({{qref|3|7|b=y}})—by later scholars stating that God was [[Tanzih|free from resemblance to humans]] in any way.{{efn|[[Personal God|Human qualities which are attributed to Allah]] in the Quran such as coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sadness; "Allah has equipped them with words to bring them closer to our minds; in this respect, they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind and thus help the listener to clearly understand the idea he wants to express."<ref name="The Meaning">{{Cite web |first=Allamah |last=Tabatabai |author-link=Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai |title=Al-Mizan Discourses |url=https://almizan.org/Discourses/QD21.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208164643/http://almizan.org/Discourses/QD21.asp|website=Tafsir Al-Mizan <!-– Allamah Muhammad Hussein Tabatabai --> |archive-date=8 December 2008|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Tabatabaee">{{cite web|url=http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/beliefs/quran/05.htm|title=The Qur'an Possesses Revelation and Exegesis |website=Allamah Tabatabaee |publisher=Islamic Ma'aref Foundation Institute |date=1988 |pages=37–45 |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216015310/http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/beliefs/quran/05.htm |archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref>}}

====Islamic theology====
{{see also|Tawhid|Attributes of God in Islam|Tanzih}}
[[Islamic theology]] emphasises the absolute uniqueness and singularity of God in his essence, attributes, qualities, and acts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohammad Rafi-ud-Din|title=The Manifesto of Islam: An Exposition of Islam as the Inevitable World Ideology of the Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1014|date=1968|publisher=Din Muhammadi Press|page=145|isbn=9781597840002|quote=Islam emphasises the absolute oneness or uniqueness of the Creator in His person as well in His qualities and attributes...}}</ref> This emphasis was made despite a number of verses and hadiths that offer analogies for God, and it was gradually established over time.{{Sfn|Williams|2002}} Instead, the term "[[mutashabih]]" was used for these verses, and the approach of "believing in the essence, not searching for its meaning" ([[Bila Kayf]]) was adopted. Understandings and expressions contrary to these definitions ([[tanzih]]) were described as [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]], which is considered one of the [[Islamic views on sin|greatest sins in Islam]], and it was said that those who did so would [[blasphemy|leave the religion]].

[[Throne of God in Islam|God's Arsh]] (throne) and [[Throne Verse#Meaning of al-Kursī|Kursi]] (pulpit)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Köylü |first=Murat |date=2024-12-15 |title=Muslim Turcophobia: A Study of Two Missionary Authors |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cuid/issue/82842/1516405 |journal=Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1101–1123 |doi=10.18505/cuid.1516405 |issn=2528-9861}}</ref>—may appear as chair or footstool in direct translations, often confused and used interchangeably in Islamic terminology—are also evaluated within this scope in Islamic theology;<ref>https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kursi</ref>

"Indeed your Lord is Allah Who created the heavens and the earth in six Days, then established Himself on the Throne"<ref>https://quran.com/al-araf/54</ref>

"You will see the angels all around the Throne, glorifying the praises of their Lord...."<ref>https://quran.com/39</ref>

Named as the [[Ayat al-Kursi]] of [[Sura al-Baqarah|Surah al-Baqarah]] literally is this:<blockquote>"Allah! There is no god except Him, the Living, Sustaining. Neither drowsiness nor sleep overtakes Him. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. Who could possibly intercede with Him without His permission? He knows what is ahead of them and what is behind them, but no one can grasp any of His knowledge—except what He wills. His "Kursi" encompasses the heavens and the earth, and the preservation of both does not tire Him. He is High, Great."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Baqarah - Ayatul Kursi |url=https://quran.com/en/ayatul-kursi |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>Islamic teachings, in accordance with the principle of ''[[tawhid]]'', also condemn statements that imply God is something comparable to known and created things. This understanding is based on the expressions in the chapter 112 of the [[Quran]] ([[Al-Ikhlas|''Al-'Ikhlās'']], The Sincerity):<ref>[[Arabic script in Unicode]] symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, page 3, [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters]</ref> These expressions were also used in polemics as a response to understandings that described God through the metaphor as father;
<blockquote>قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ [[۝]] ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ۝ لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ ۝ وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌۢ ۝١
:[[۝]] Say, God is one God;
:۝ the eternal God:
:۝ He begetteth not, neither is He begotten:
:۝ and there is not any one like unto Him.<ref>[[Sale, G]] [[AlKoran]]</ref></blockquote>

Most Qur'anic [[Tafsir|commentators]], including [[al-Tabari]] (d. 923), [[al-Zamakhshari]] (d. 1143/44), and [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi|al-Razi]] (d. 1209), regard word ''Allah'' to be a proper noun i.e. ({{Transliteration|ar|ism' li-dhatih}}), while other names denote attributes or adjectives<ref name="auto2">Ibrahim, Zakyi. "To Use "God" or "Allah"?." American Journal of Islam and Society 26.4 (2009): i-vii.</ref> known as the [[99 Names of God|99 Names of Allah]] (''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|al-asmā' al-ḥusná}}'' lit. meaning: 'the beautiful names').<ref name="EncMMENA" /><ref name="Ben">{{cite book|last=Bentley|first=David|title=The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book|publisher=William Carey Library|date=September 1999|isbn=978-0-87808-299-5}}</ref><ref name="Tao-Islam">{{cite book|last=Murata|first=Sachiko|year=1992|title=The Tao of Islam: a sourcebook on gender relationships in Islamic thought|location=Albany NY USA|publisher=SUNY|isbn=978-0-7914-0914-5}}</ref> The most famous and frequently repeated names are "the Merciful" (''[[Rahman (name)|ar-Raḥmān]]'') and "the Compassionate" (''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ar-Raḥīm}}''),<ref name="EncMMENA" /><ref name="Ben" /> ''al-Aḥad'' ("the One") and Al Hayy (the living one). In a [[Sufi]] practice known as {{Transliteration|ar|dhikr Allāh}} ([[Arabic]]: <big>ذِكر الله</big>, lit. "Remembrance of God"), the Sufi chants and contemplates the name ''Allah'' or other associated divine names to Him while regulating his or her breath.<ref>Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, ''Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond'', Macmillan, p. 29</ref> [[Kalam|Islamic theology]] rejects definitions and expressions that [[tashbih|imply a comparison between God and His creations]], because He cannot be likened to His creations in any of His attributes. However, it is observed that many of these names are translated as "the most..." in a comparative mode, as in the expression ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Allāhu ʾAkbar}}'' ({{langx|ar|اللّٰهُ أَكْبَر}} {{IPA|ar|ʔaɫ.ɫaː.hu ʔak.bar|}}, {{lit|[[God in Islam|God]] is the greatest}}), which is also used as an Islamic [[slogan]].[[File:Dcp7323-Edirne-Eski Camii Allah.jpg|thumb|Allah script outside the [[Old Mosque, Edirne|Old Mosque]] in [[Edirne]], Turkey]]

=== Present day ===
==== Islam ====
The Islamic tradition to use ''Allah'' as the personal name of God became contested in contemporary scholarship, including the question, whether or not the word ''Allah'' should be translated as ''God''.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> [[Umar Faruq Abd-Allah]] encouraged English-speaking Muslims to use God instead of Allah for the sake of finding "extensive middle ground we share with other Abrahamic and universal traditions".<ref name="auto2"/>

Most Muslims use the Arabic phrase ''[[Insha'Allah|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|in shā'a llāh}}]]'' (meaning 'if God wills') untranslated after references to future events.<ref>Gary S. Gregg, ''The Middle East: A Cultural Psychology'', Oxford University Press, p.30</ref> Muslim devotional practices encourage beginning things with the invocation of ''[[Basmala|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|bi-smi llāh}}]]'' (meaning 'In the name of God').<ref>Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, ''Islamic Society in Practice'', University Press of Florida, p. 24</ref> There are certain other phrases in praise of God that are commonly used by Muslims and left untranslated, including "[[subhan'allah|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Subḥāna llāh}}]]" (Glory be to God), "[[Alhamdulillah|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|al-ḥamdu li-llāh}}]]" (Praise be to God), "[[Shahada|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|lā ilāha illā llāh}}]]" (There is no deity but God) or sometimes "{{Transliteration|ar|lā ilāha illā inta/ huwa}}" (There is no deity but ''You''/ ''Him'') and "[[Takbir|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Allāhu Akbar}}]]" (God is the Most Great) as a devotional exercise of remembering God ([[dhikr]]).<ref>M. Mukarram Ahmed, Muzaffar Husain Syed, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, p. 144</ref>

==== Christianity ====
{{Further|Names of God in Christianity}}
The [[Arab Christians|Christian Arabs]] of today have no other word for "God" than "Allah".<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite book|author1=Lewis, Bernard|author2=Holt, P. M.|author3=Holt, Peter R.|author4=Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford|title=The Cambridge history of Islam|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng|year=1977|page=32|isbn=978-0-521-29135-4}}</ref> Similarly, the [[Aramaic]] word for "God" in the language of [[Assyrian Christians]] is {{Transliteration|am|ʼĔlāhā}}, or ''{{Transliteration|am|Alaha}}''. (Even the Arabic-descended [[Maltese language]] of [[Malta]], whose population is almost entirely [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], uses ''Alla'' for "God".)

[[Arab Christians]] have used two forms of invocations that were [[affix]]ed to the beginning of their written works. They adopted the Muslim ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|bismillāh}}'', and also created their own [[Trinity|Trinitarian]] ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|bismillāh}}'' as early as the 8th century.<ref name="Thomas"/> The Muslim ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|bismillāh}}'' reads: "In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful." The Trinitized ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|bismillāh}}'' reads: "In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, One God." The [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Latin]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] invocations do not have the words "One God" at the end. This addition was made to emphasize the [[monotheism|monotheistic]] aspect of Trinitarian belief and also to make it more palatable to Muslims.<ref name="Thomas">Thomas E. Burman, ''Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History of the Mozarabs'', [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 1994, p. 103</ref>

==Pronunciation==
[[File:Component letters in Allah.svg|thumb|240px| The Arabic components that make up the word "Allah": {{ordered list |[[Aleph#Arabic|alif]] |[[Hamza#Hamzat al-waṣl (ٱ)|hamzat waṣl]] ({{lang|ar|همزة وصل}}) |[[lām]] |lām |[[shadda]] ({{lang|ar|شدة}}) |[[dagger alif|alif khunjāriyah]] ({{lang|ar|ألف خنجرية}}) |[[hāʾ]]}}]]
The word ''Allāh'' is generally pronounced {{IPA|[ɑɫˈɫɑː(h)]}}, exhibiting a heavy {{Transliteration|ar|lām}}, {{IPA|[ɫ]}}, a [[velarized alveolar lateral approximant]], a marginal phoneme in [[Arabic phonology|Modern Standard Arabic]]. Since the initial alef has no [[hamza]], the initial {{IPA|[a]}} is elided when a preceding word ends in a vowel. If the preceding vowel is {{IPA|/i/}}, the {{Transliteration|ar|lām}} is light, {{IPA|[l]}}, as in, for instance, the ''[[Basmala]]''.<ref name="ARABIC for NERDS">{{Cite news|url=https://www.arabic-for-nerds.com/2018/06/16/how-do-you-pronounce-allah-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-correctly/|title=How do you pronounce "Allah" (الله) correctly?|date=16 June 2018|work=ARABIC for NERDS|access-date=16 June 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617092853/https://www.arabic-for-nerds.com/2018/06/16/how-do-you-pronounce-allah-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-correctly/|archive-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>

==As a loanword==
===English and other European languages===
The history of the name ''Allāh'' in English was probably influenced by the study of [[comparative religion]] in the 19th century; for example, [[Thomas Carlyle]] (1840) sometimes used the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different from God. However, in his biography of Muḥammad (1934), [[Tor Andræ]] always used the term ''Allah'', though he allows that this "conception of God" seems to imply that it is different from that of the Jewish and Christian theologies.<ref name="Watt45">William Montgomery Watt, ''Islam and Christianity today: A Contribution to Dialogue'', [[Routledge]], 1983, p.45</ref>

Languages which may not commonly use the term ''Allah'' to denote God may still contain popular expressions which use the word. For example, because of the centuries long [[Al-Andalus|Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula]], the word {{lang|es|ojalá}} in the Spanish language and {{lang|pt|oxalá}} in the [[Portuguese language]] exist today, borrowed from [[Andalusi Arabic]] {{transliteration|xaa|law šá lláh}}<ref name="DRAE">{{cite book|title=Diccionario de la lengua española|date=2022|publisher=Real Academia Española - ASALE|edition=23.6 electronic|url=https://dle.rae.es/ojal%25C3%25A1|access-date=24 April 2023|language=es|chapter=ojalá}}</ref> similar to {{transliteration|ar|[[inshalla]]}} ({{langx|ar|إِنْ شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ}}). This phrase literally means 'if God wills'.<ref>Islam in Luce López Baralt, ''Spanish Literature: From the Middle Ages to the Present'', Brill, 1992, p.25</ref> The German poet [[Siegfried August Mahlmann|Mahlmann]] used the form "Allah" as the title of a poem about the ultimate deity, though it is unclear how much Islamic thought he intended to convey.

Some Muslims retain the name "Allāh" untranslated in English, rather than using the English translation "God".<ref>F. E. Peters, ''The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition'', [[Princeton University Press]], p.12</ref>

===Malaysian and Indonesian language===
{{main|Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v. Menteri Dalam Negeri|2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia}}

[[File:GKKA Banjarmasin.jpg|thumb|{{lang|id|{{ill|Gereja Kebangunan Kalam Allah|id}}}} (Word of God Revival Church) in [[Indonesia]]. {{lang|id|Allah}} is the word for "God" in the [[Indonesian language]] - even in {{lang|id|Alkitab}} (Christian [[Bible]], from {{langx|ar|الكتاب|translit=al-kitāb|label=none}} = the book) translations, while {{lang|id|[[wikt:Tuhan|Tuhan]]}} is the word for "Lord".|267x267px]]
[[File:Seremban-Annunciation-feast-3808.jpg|thumb|[[Christianity in Malaysia|Christians in Malaysia]] also use the word {{lang|zlm|Allah}} for "God".]]

Christians in Malaysia and Indonesia use {{lang|ms|Allah}} to refer to God in the [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language]]s (both of them standardized forms of the [[Malay language]]). Mainstream Bible translations in the language use {{lang|ms|Allah}} as the translation of Hebrew {{transliteration|hbo|[[Elohim]]}} (translated in English Bibles as "God").<ref>Example: [http://alkitab.sabda.org/verse.php?book=Mat&chapter=22&verse=32&search=allah&scope=all&exact=off Usage of the word "Allah" from Matthew 22:32 in Indonesian bible versions (parallel view) as old as 1733] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131019125828/http://alkitab.sabda.org/verse.php?book=Mat&chapter=22&verse=32&search=allah&scope=all&exact=off |date= 19 October 2013 }}</ref> This goes back to early translation work by [[Francis Xavier]] in the 16th century.<ref>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society Sneddon, James M.; University of New South Wales Press; 2004</ref><ref>The History of Christianity in India from the Commencement of the Christian Era: Hough, James; Adamant Media Corporation; 2001</ref> The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay by Albert Cornelius Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in 1650 (revised edition from 1623 edition and 1631 Latin edition) recorded {{lang|ms|Allah}}" as the translation of the Dutch word {{lang|nl|Godt}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&q=allah|title=Justus Heurnius, Albert Ruyl, Caspar Wiltens. "Vocabularium ofte Woordenboeck nae ordre van den alphabeth, in 't Duytsch en Maleys". 1650:65|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022172808/https://books.google.com/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&v=onepage&q=allah&f=false|archive-date=22 October 2013|year=1650|last1=Wiltens|first1=Caspar|last2=Heurnius|first2=Justus}}</ref> Ruyl also translated the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in 1612 into the Malay language (an early Bible translation into a non-European language,<ref>
But compare:
{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|chapter=Ge'ez Literature (Religious)|title=Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtIRbpUNp_oC|series=Africa in Focus|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2011|page=299|isbn=978-1-59884-257-9|access-date=15 February 2018|quote=Monasticism played a key role in the Ethiopian literary movement. The Bible was translated during the time of the Nine Saints in the early sixth century [...].}}
</ref> made a year after the publication of the [[King James Version]]<ref>Barton, John (2002–12). The Biblical World, Oxford, UK: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-27574-3}}.</ref><ref>North, Eric McCoy; Eugene Albert Nida ((2nd Edition) 1972). The Book of a Thousand Tongues, London: United Bible Societies.</ref>), which was printed in the Netherlands in 1629. Then he translated the [[Gospel of Mark]], published in 1638.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sejarah.sabda.org/sejarah/bio_ruyl.htm|title=Sejarah Alkitab Indonesia / Albert Conelisz Ruyl|website=sejarah.sabda.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514364/Albert-Cornelius-Ruyl|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Albert Cornelius Ruyl|encyclopedia=Britannica.com|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171117/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514364/Albert-Cornelius-Ruyl|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

For a time [[Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v Menteri Dalam Negeri|it became illegal]] for non-Muslims to use "Allah" after the country experienced a social and political upheaval in the face of the word being used by [[Christianity in Malaysia|Malaysian Christians]] and [[Sikhism in Malaysia|Sikhs]]. The [[government of Malaysia]] in 2007 prohibited usage of the term {{lang|zlm|Allah}} in any other but Muslim contexts, but the [[High Court of Malaya|Malayan High Court]] in 2009 [[Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v Menteri Dalam Negeri|overturned the law]], ruling it unconstitutional. While {{lang|ms|Allah}} had been used for the Christian God in Malay for more than four centuries, the contemporary controversy was triggered by usage of {{lang|zlm|Allah}} by the Roman Catholic newspaper [[The Herald (Malaysian Catholic Weekly)|''The Herald'']]. The government appealed the court ruling, and the High Court suspended implementation of its verdict until the hearing of the appeal. In October 2013 the court ruled in favor of the government's ban.<ref>{{cite news|title=No more 'Allah' for Christians, Malaysian court says|first=Simon|last=Roughneen|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/1014/No-more-Allah-for-Christians-Malaysian-court-says|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=14 October 2013|access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> In early 2014 the Malaysian government confiscated more than 300 bibles for using the word to refer to the Christian God in Peninsular Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25578348|title=BBC News - More than 300 Bibles are confiscated in Malaysia|publisher=BBC|date=2 January 2014|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125052310/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25578348|archive-date=25 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the use of {{lang|zlm|Allah}} is not prohibited in the two Malaysian states of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]].<ref name="settle">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=87900|title=Catholic priest should respect court: Mahathir|newspaper=[[Daily Express (Sabah)|Daily Express]]|date=9 January 2014|access-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110085352/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=87900|archive-date=10 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/03/29/worship-without-hindrance/|title=Worship without hindrance|author1=Jane Moh|author2=Peter Sibon|newspaper=[[The Borneo Post]]|date=29 March 2014|access-date=29 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329094134/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/03/29/worship-without-hindrance/|archive-date=29 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The main reason it is not prohibited in these two states is that usage has been long-established and local Alkitab ([[Bibles]]) have been widely distributed freely in East Malaysia without restrictions for years.<ref name="settle"/> Both states also do not have similar Islamic state laws as those in West Malaysia.<ref name="10-point"/> The ban was overturned in 2021.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10620032 Sikhs target of 'Allah' attack], Julia Zappei, 14 January 2010, ''The New Zealand Herald''. Accessed on line 15 January 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11139915 Malaysia court rules non-Muslims can't use 'Allah'], 14 October 2013, ''The New Zealand Herald''. Accessed on line 15 January 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-religion-idUSBREA010C120140102 Malaysia's Islamic authorities seize Bibles as Allah row deepens], Niluksi Koswanage, 2 January 2014, Reuters. Accessed on line 15 January 2014. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-religion-idUSBREA010C120140102]</ref><ref name="10-point" />{{Failed verification|date=December 2025}}

In reaction to some media criticism, the Malaysian government has introduced a "10-point solution" to avoid confusion and misleading information.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aliran.com/web-specials/bahasa-malaysia-bibles-10-point-solution/|title=Bahasa Malaysia Bibles: The Cabinet's 10-point solution|date=25 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/01/24/Najib-Kalimah-Allah/|title=Najib: 10-point resolution on Allah issue subject to Federal, state laws|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=24 January 2014|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> The 10-point solution is in line with the spirit of the [[18-point agreement|18]]- and [[20-point agreement]]s of Sarawak and Sabah.<ref name="10-point">{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/02/24/My-take-on-the-Allah-issue-10point-solution-is-key-to-managing-the-polarity/|title=The 'Allah'/Bible issue, 10-point solution is key to managing the polarity|author=Idris Jala|work=The Star|date=24 February 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|author-link=Idris Jala}}</ref>

==Typography==
[[File:Allah name in different languages.png|280px|thumbnail|The word ''Allah'' written in different [[writing system]]s]]
The word ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Allāh}}'' is always written without an [[aleph|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}]] to spell the ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}}'' vowel. This is because the spelling was established before Arabic spelling started regularly using ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}'' to spell ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ā}}''. However, in vocalized spelling, a [[Dagger alif|small diacritic ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}'']] is added on top of the ''[[shadda|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|shaddah}}]]'' to indicate the pronunciation.

In the pre-Islamic [[Zabad inscription]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Zebed Inscription: A Pre-Islamic Trilingual Inscription In Greek, Syriac & Arabic From 512 CE|url=http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/zebed.html|publisher=Islamic Awareness|date=17 March 2005}}
</ref> God is referred to by the term {{lang|ar|الاله}}, that is, alif-lam-alif-lam-ha.<ref name=Kugener/> This presumably indicates ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Al-'ilāh}}'' means "the god", without ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|alif}}'' for ''ā''.

Many Arabic type fonts feature special [[typographic ligature|ligatures]] for Allah.<ref name="Typ1">

* [http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicFonts.html Arabic fonts and Mac OS X] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310022047/http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicFonts.html |date=10 March 2008 }}
* [http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicProgsx.html Programs for Arabic in Mac OS X] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006005022/http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicProgsx.html |date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>

Since [[Arabic script]] is used to write other texts rather than Koran only, rendering ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}}'' + ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|lām}}'' + ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|hā'}}'' as the previous ligature is considered faulty which is the case with most common Arabic typefaces.

{{lquote|This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred.
:—[[SIL International]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Scheherazade New|url=//software.sil.org/scheherazade/design/|website=[[SIL International|SIL International]]|access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>}}

===Unicode===
[[Unicode]] has a code point reserved for ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Allāh}}'', {{Unichar|fdf2}},<ref>Unicode of Allah https://unicodeplus.com/U+FDF2</ref>
in the [[Arabic Presentation Forms-A]] block, which exists solely for "compatibility with some older, legacy character sets that encoded presentation forms directly";<ref>UnicodeThe Unicode Consortium. [https://www.unicode.org/faq/middleeast.html#5 FAQ - Middle East Scripts] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001110649/http://www.unicode.org/faq/middleeast.html#5 |date=1 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Uni">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf|title=''Unicode Standard 5.0'', p.479, 492|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428184606/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> this is not recommended for new text. Instead, the word ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Allāh}}'' should be represented by its individual Arabic letters, while modern font technologies will generate the desired ligature.

The calligraphic variant of the word used as the [[emblem of Iran]] is encoded in Unicode, in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] range, at code point U+262B<ref>[https://unicodeplus.com/U+262B Farsi Unicode]</ref> (☫). The [[#National flags with "Allah" written on them|flags that include the word]] are also present in the [[regional indicator symbol]]s of Unicode: 🇮🇶, 🇸🇦, 🇦🇫, 🇮🇷, 🇺🇿.

== Gallery ==

=== National flags with "Allah" written on them ===
<gallery widths="200" heights="140">
File:Flag of Iraq.svg|[[Flag of Iraq]] with the [[Takbir]] written on it
File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|[[Flag of Saudi Arabia]] with the [[Shahada]] written on it
File:Flag of the Taliban.svg|[[Flag of Afghanistan]] with the Shahada written on it
File:Flag of Iran.svg|[[Flag of Iran]] with the Takbir written on it
File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|[[Flag of Somaliland]] with the Shahada written on it
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[Outline of Islam]]
* [[Abdullah (name)]]
* [[Allah as a lunar deity]]
* [[Emblem of Iran]]
* [[Ismul Azam]]
* [[Names of God]]
* [[Names of God in Judaism]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== General and cited references ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Al-Jallad |first=Ahmad |date=2025 |title=Ancient Allah: An Epigraphic Reconstruction |url=https://academic.oup.com/jss/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jss/fgaf012/8129546 |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |pages=1–56}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Michael |title=A History of the Muslim World |date=2024 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* {{cite book|title=The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2015|isbn=978-0-06-222762-1|url=https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up|editor1-first=Seyyed Hossein|editor1-last=Nasr|editor2-first=C.K.|editor2-last=Dagli|editor3-first=Maria Massi|editor3-last=Dakake|editor4-first=J.E.B.|editor4-last=Lumbard|editor5-first=M.|editor5-last=Rustom|url-access=registration|author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr}}
* The Unicode Consortium, ''Unicode Standard 5.0'', Addison-Wesley, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-321-48091-0}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080304160907/http://www.unicode.org/book/aboutbook.html About the Unicode Standard Version 5.0 Book]
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Wesley |date=2002 |title=Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse |url=https://www.academia.edu/5259388 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=441–463|doi=10.1017/S0020743802003021 }}

== Further reading ==
=== Online ===
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah Allah Qur'ān], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by Asma Afsaruddin, Brian Duignan, Thinley

==External links==

{{EB1911 poster|Allah}}
{{sister project links|d=Q234801|c=|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
{{Wikisource}}
* [http://www.searchtruth.com/Allah/99Names.php Names of Allah with Meaning on Website, Flash, and Mobile Phone Software]
* [http://www.sultan.org/articles/god.html Concept of God (Allah) in Islam]
* [http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm The Concept of Allāh According to the Qur'an] by Abdul Mannan Omar
* [http://www.muslim.org/islam/allah.htm Allah, the Unique Name of God]

; Typography
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080310022047/http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicFonts.html Arabic Fonts and Mac OS X]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131006005022/http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicProgsx.html Programs for Arabic in Mac OS X]

{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Names of God}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allah| ]]
[[Category:Arabian deities]]
[[Category:Arabian gods]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern gods]]
[[Category:Names of God]]

Neethibathi

2026-03-03T05:16:29Z

Mere Mentor: cleanup lead further and corrected details

{{for|the 1955 film|Needhipathi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neethibathi 1983.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Krishnamoorthy]]
| story = Satyanand
| producer = Suresh Balaji
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| cinematography = K. S. Prasad
| editing = V.Chakkarapani
| music = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| studio = Suresh Arts
| released = {{Film date|1983|01|26|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Neethibathi''''' ({{translation|Judge}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] film<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Movie Recos: 15 courtroom dramas in Tamil you might want to watch |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/aug/07/movie-recos-15-courtroom-dramas-in-tamil-you-might-want-to-watch-419--11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019072108/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/aug/07/movie-recos-15-courtroom-dramas-in-tamil-you-might-want-to-watch-419--11.html |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=19 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |at=slide 11}}</ref> directed by [[R. Krishnamoorthy]] and produced by Suresh Balaji. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=231-240 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp24.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023425/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp24.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1982 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Justice Chowdary]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=298–299}}</ref> The film was released on 26 January 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=26 January 2019 |title=சிவாஜி... ஜனவரி 26... ரிலீஸ்! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/15882-sivaji-jan-26-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401163256/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/15882-sivaji-jan-26-2.html |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=1 April 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2023}}
Rajasekar is a skilled prosecutor with a wife named Radha, a police inspector son named Shankar, and a mute daughter named Geetha. Sattanathan is a defense attorney and a bitter professional rival of Rajasekar. He offers advice and guidance to Kalidas, the leader of a diamond smuggling gang. Rajasekar had earlier successfully argued for Kalidas's twin brother Ranjith to be hanged for his crimes, which had created animosity between them. Despite this, Rajasekar is appointed as a judge, bypassing Sattanathan. As a judge, Rajasekar sentences Kalidas's other brother Jagan to life imprisonment. This event triggers Sattanathan and Kalidas to plan to bring Rajasekar down.

Thyagu is a mechanic and car racer who is determined to build a large house for his imprisoned mother, Janaki. Janaki was a single mother who took the blame for a murder Thyagu committed as a child trying to protect her. Thyagu begins to work for Kalidas by driving getaway vehicles. He also falls in love with Devi, Sattanathan's daughter. When Devi learns of Thyagu's criminal activities, she convinces him to give up crime and start anew. However, just as he is ready to walk away from crime, Thyagu learns that his father, whom he believes abandoned Janaki, is none other than Rajasekar. This discovery enrages him, and he teams up with Kalidas and Sattanathan to destroy Rajasekar. Together, they plot to make Geetha's husband abandon her and have Shankar arrested on false charges. Meanwhile, Janaki is released from prison, and Rajasekar learns about the conspirators against him. He must now uncover deeply buried truths about his family and outsmart those against him.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Justice Rajasekar
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Radha
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Janaki
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Lawyer Sattanathan
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Arogyamary a. k. a Lucy
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Devi
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Thyagu
* [[R. N. Sudarshan]] as Kalidas and Ranjith
* [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Geetha
* [[Sathyakala]] as Uma
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Ramesh (guest role)
* [[Ceylon Manohar]] as Mano
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Anthony
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Boopathy
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Radha's father
* Natarajan Ramji as Raja's Son
* [[Silk Smitha]] dancer in the song "Muthedukkum Aasaiyile"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Gangai Amaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neethipathi Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Gangai Amaren |url=https://mossymart.com/product/neethipathi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-gangai-amaren/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019072109/https://mossymart.com/product/neethipathi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-gangai-amaren/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=19 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Muthedukkum Aasaiyile
| lyrics1 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Thanthai Naan
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Police Namakku
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Pasamalare
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Oru Devathai
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
| length5 =
}}

== Critical reception ==
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' called it yet another Ganesan film to be watched, enjoyed and disliked.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1983 |title=நீதிபதி |url=https://issuu.com/sudalai/docs/____________________________________da8c38a10b2861 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227040831/https://issuu.com/sudalai/docs/____________________________________da8c38a10b2861 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=11 May 2022 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |page=9 |language=ta |via=[[Issuu]]}}</ref> Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Ganesan but felt the film is not that flashy as much as the list of actors is flashy.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=13 February 1983 |title=நீதிபதி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1983-02-13/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230417132940/https://archive.org/details/kalki1983-02-13/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=17 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=62 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting, dialogues, music and humour but criticised the inclusion of an item number.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=30 January 1983 |title=நீதிபதி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_102/4.jp2/full/1000%2C1354/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614072035/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_102/4.jp2/full/1000,1354/0/default.jpg |archive-date=14 June 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s legal drama films]]
[[Category:1983 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Krishnamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gangai Amaran]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kadhai (film)

2026-03-03T02:57:36Z

Mere Mentor: Made basic stub w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2010}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Abhishek Shankar|Abhishek]]
| producer = Rajan Radhakrishnan
| writer = Abhishek
| starring = {{ubl|Shaan Kumar|[[Nivedhitha]]|[[Abhinay]]}}
| music = Paul Jacob
| cinematography = Abushah
| editing = R. R. Eashwar
| studio = Akash Akshai Raj Cine International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|1|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kadhai''''' ({{translation|Story}}) is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Abhishek Shankar|Abhishek]]. Produced by Rajan Radhakrishnan, the film stars newcomers Shaan Kumar and [[Nivedhitha]], along with [[Abhinay]] in the lead roles. [[Deepa Venkat]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], and [[Ganja Karuppu]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by newcomer Paul Jacob with cinematography by Abushah and editing by R. R. Eashwar. The film was released on 29 January 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2010 |title=Friday Fury- January 29 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-29-news-tamil-kkfqXlfbaia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221073957/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-29-news-tamil-kkfqXlfbaia.html |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie opens when Narain (Shaan), an acclaimed writer, becoming a winner of the Booker prize for one of his works. While he dedicates the honour to his wife Kavya ([[Nivedhitha]]), a flashback reveals some secrets in the couple's life.

Narain first sees Kavya playing her violin in a musical theatre. After the performance, Narain and Kavya meet, where he asks her to sign his violin. Narain and Kavya become friends soon after, and they fall in love. One day, when Kavya comes to Narain's home, she notices his awards for his books and realizes that he is an esteemed writer. Narain asks Kavya to marry him right there, and she agrees.

Coming to the present, the husband and wife are now in the United States, where they meet Anand ([[Abhinay]]), a childhood friend of Kavya. Narain soon starts to write another book, and when Kavya reads it, she finds out that it is about their personal life, including intercourse. When she confronts her husband, Narain replies that it will only look like a story to the outside world. Narain continues to write his book about how a husband tortures his wife. To truly understand how it feels, Narain tortures Kavya, asking how it felt each time. One day, Anand comes to their home, where he observes how Narain mistreats Kavya. Knowing that Anand knows his secrets, Narain attacks and kills him. Finally, Kavya tries to flee her husband but gets caught. Narain wants to do another "experiment" on her and hangs her from their ceiling fan. Just before death, Narain snaps the rope to ask how Kavya felt and when she did not reply, he decided to hang himself to see how it feels like. On doing so, Narain kills himself, and Kavya is left alone.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Shaan Kumar as Narain
* [[Nivedhitha]] as Kavya
* [[Abhinay]] as Anand
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Actress
* Crazy Kumar
* [[Deepa Venkat]] as Kavya's friend
* [[Ganja Karuppu]]
;Uncredited
* [[Singamuthu]]
* [[Nellai Siva]] as the police inspector
* [[Balamurali Krishna]] as himself
* [[Malgudi Subha]] as herself
* [[Chinnaponnu]] as herself
* Vijay Ganesh
}}

==Production==
In December 2008, the film was launched at the [[AVM Studios]] with a new cast and new crew, with [[Abhishek Shankar|Abhishek]], a noted television actor, launching his first directorial venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14813026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412045436/http://www.sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14813026 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2015 |title=Abhishek turns director with Kadhai |website=[[Sify]] |date=5 December 2008 |access-date=21 October 2010}}</ref> A song was shot in March 2009, with several prominent musicians appearing in the film, including [[Balamurali Krishna]], Chinnaponnu and Malgadi Subha.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 March 2009 |title=Notes and beats from different directions |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/12/stories/2009031258480200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316181745/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/12/stories/2009031258480200.htm |archive-date=16 March 2009 |access-date=21 October 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kadhai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Paul Jacob
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 January 2010
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:35
| label =Sony Music
| producer = Paul Jacob
| prev_title = [[365 Kadhal Kadithangal]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Kattradhu Kalavu]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
The soundtrack was composed by newcomer Paul Jacob.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kadhai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kadhai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/ciZMt-XTiQI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212143743/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kadhai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/ciZMt-XTiQI_ |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:35
| title1 = Phoonk Doonga
| extra1 = [[Blaaze]], [[Malgudi Shubha]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 4:47
| title2 = Theeradha Vilayaatu Pillai
| extra2 = [[Balamurali Krishna]], Chinnaponnu
| length2 = 7:36
| title3 = The Search (Instrumental)
| extra3 = Padma Shankar
| length3 = 4:38
| title4 = Idhu Thaan Vazhkaiya
| extra4 = [[Vasundhara Das]]
| length4 = 4:08
| title5 = Neethaaney
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]
| length5 = 5:26
}}

==Critical reception==

''[[The Hindu]]'' claimed that "a little more pace in the proceedings would have helped". In terms of performances it labelled Shaan Kumar as having "done a good job right from the beginning", but claimed that Nivedhitha was disappointing. Abinay was told to be "perfect for his role", whilst Nalini, 'Kanja' Karuppu and 'Crazy' Kumar "provide the laughs". Abhishek's direction received a mixed response with the review claiming that he has a "flair for story-telling. But if only he had cut certain unwanted shots, it would have made an interesting film".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-04 |title=Suspense drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Suspense-drama/article16812397.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251002014829/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Suspense-drama/article16812397.ece |archive-date=2025-10-02 |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "This thriller is worth your time; if you choose to excuse the low production values and hiccups in the histrionics department in favor of good story and decent story telling".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadhai |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14930276&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208215440/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14930276&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=2010-02-08 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Phamous

2026-03-02T09:48:05Z

Mere Mentor: improved article

{{short description|2018 film directed by Karan Lalit Butani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Phamous
| image = Phamous - Poster.jpg
| director = Karan Lalit Butani
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Raj Khatri
* Amitabh Chandra
* Sumit Jawadekar
* Nivedita Kothare
* [[Sarika Sanjot]]
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Puneet Sharma (writer)|Puneet Sharma]]
* Karan Lalit Butani
}}
| story = Karan Lalit Butani
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
* [[Shriya Saran]]
* [[Kay Kay Menon]]
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
* [[Jackie Shroff]]
* [[Mahie Gill]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs''' Krsna Solo Sundeep Gosswami Surya Vishwakarma '''Background Score''' Akash Prajapati
| cinematography = Chetan Vohra
| editing = Nayan H. K. Bhadra
| studio = Raj Khatri Filmz OM Reels
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|06|01}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Phamous''''' ({{translation|Famous}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[crime film]] directed by Karan Lalit Butani and produced by Raj Khatri, Vidisha Productions and Amitabh Chandra. The film stars [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Kay Kay Menon]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-always-wanted-to-shoot-in-chambal-says-kay-kay-menon-on-phamous/story-pDAc9VubRq7nSV8l4JtCDJ.html |title=I always wanted to shoot in Chambal, says Kay Kay Menon on Phamous |date=27 April 2018 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Mahie Gill]] in leading roles and was scheduled to a [[theatrical release]] in India on 1 June 2018. The Official Trailer of the movie was released on [[YouTube]] on 26 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaVJKdxwwNs |title=Official Trailer: Phamous |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story of ''Phamous'' is set in the Chambal region of [[Madhya Pradesh]] with a power struggle between the four principal characters forming the crux of its story.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/phamous-trailer-is-all-about-guns-and-power-struggle-watch-video/story-EmG0iBGad8F5PWQzNmi4SJ.html |title=Phamous trailer is all about guns and power struggle. |date=26 April 2018 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qENpJXVd10 |title=Trailer Launch of Film Phamous |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/phamous-trailer-jackie-shroff-kay-kay-pankaj-tripathi-let-their-wild-side-out-2103525.html |title=Phamous trailer: Jackie Shroff, Kay Kay, Pankaj Tripathi let their wild side out |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> ''Phamous'' is the fourth Indian film to be shot in the Chambal region, which is famous<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130407/jsp/7days/story_16756788.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609103901/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130407/jsp/7days/story_16756788.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2013 |title=The curse of Chambal |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/15/stories/1415212c.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2001-06-15 |title=A breeding ground for dacoits }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> for its association with [[Dacoity|dacoits]], the first being ''[[Mujhe Jeene Do (1963 film)|Mujhe Jeene Do]]'' which was shot in 1963, as well as [[Dacait]], [[Bandit Queen]] and [[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/en/phamous-is-another-bollywood-film-to-achieve-this-feat |title=Phamous is the third Bollywood Film to achieve this feat |date=7 August 2021 |publisher=Glamsham}}</ref>

Shambhu (Jackie) accidentally kills his own daughter on her wedding day while saving her from being kidnapped by Kadak Singh (Kay Kay), and his actions lands him in prison. He swears vengeance.

Radhe (Jimmy) idolises gun wielding, local politician Kadak Singh and dreams of possessing a weapon of his own. Kadak is indebted to Radhe who had saved his life as a young boy.

Kadak and Ram Vijay Tripathi (Pankaj Tripathi) are bedfellows in the political game. Kadak rules the roost with crooked politicians Tripathi and his brother Babban (Jameel Khan).

Radhe has an old grudge against Tripathi as years ago, Radhe as a student was infatuated with his teacher, Rosie (Mahie Gill). Tripathi, who was high on libido, raped and murdered Rosie teacher.

Kadak Singh still manages to work with both until Tripathi sets his lecherous eyes on Radhe's wife Lalli (Shriya Saran). Radhe has to make a choice and is forced to train his guns on Tripathi. What ensues is the battle of supremacy and a revenge drama, as Shambhu is back to avenge his daughter's death. Good prevails over evil, as the self proclaimed dhaakad Phamous Raavan meets his end.

== Cast ==
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Radhe Shyam
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Lalli
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Kadak Singh
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Ram Vijay Tripathi
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Shambhu Singh
* [[Mahie Gill]] as Teacher Rozy
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as cop
* [[Jameel Khan]] as Babban, Tripathi's brother
* [[Karan Patel]] as Goli, local goon and Radhe's friend
* [[Satyadeep Mishra]] as Lalli's ex-boyfriend
* [[Padmavati Rao]] as Lall's mother
* [[Anupam Tiwari]] as Radhe's friend (young)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was produced by Raj Khatri, Amitabh Chandra, Sunit Jawadekar and Nivedita Kothare under the banner of Vidisha Productions, Raj Khatri Filmz and OM Reels. The official trailer of the film was launched on 26 April 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Phamous trailer: Jackie Shroff, Kay Kay Menon, Pankaj Tripathi let out their wild sides as Chambal thugs |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/phamous-trailer-jackie-shroff-kay-kay-menon-pankaj-tripathi-let-out-their-wild-sides-as-chambal-thugs-4447091.html |accessdate=26 April 2018 |publisher=Firstpost}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The shooting of the film has been done in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The shooting of the film in Chambal has been done in Chambal Valley.<ref>{{cite news |title=The disarming dacoits of Chambal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 May 2018 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-disarming-gun-toters-of-chambal/article24038997.ece |accessdate=30 May 2018 |ref=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Phamous
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Krsna Solo]], Sundeep Gosswami & Surya Vishwakarma
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|05|19}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Phamous-2018/DaOXbXzUNXw_ |title=Phamous – 2018 – T-Series |date=11 May 2018 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:14
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|m8tdRYWmlbg|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack of ''Phamous'' consists of 3 songs composed by [[Krsna Solo]], Sundeep Gosswami & Surya Vishwakarma with the lyrics being written by Puneet Sharma and Naveen Tyagi.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = {{Duration|m=13|s=14}}
| title1 = Bandook
| extra1 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| lyrics1 = Puneet Sharma
| music1 = Krsna Solo
| length1 = 03:57
| title2 = Dil Beparwah
| extra2 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]] & [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| lyrics2 = Naveen Tyagi
| music2 = Sundeep Gosswami & Surya Vishwakarma
| length2 = 04:46
| title3 = Titri
| extra3 = Priyanka Negi & Sundeep Gosswami
| title4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| lyrics3 = Puneet Sharma
| music3 = Sundeep Gosswami
| length3 = 04:31
}}

== Release ==
This film was released on 1 June 2018 in India.

== Critical reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics; while some commentators praised the humour.
Shubhra Gupta of The [[Indian Express]] gave the film 1 stars out of 5; she wrote that For lack of a better descriptor, Phamous can be said to be about men and moustaches. The kind of men who lord over the arid hillocks of the Chambal, who shower more affection on their 'mooch' than their 'mashooka'. Or should we hazard the guess that their 'mooch' is their 'mashooka'?<ref>{{cite news |title=Phamous movie review: Much ado about nothing |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/phamous-movie-review-jimmy-sheirgill-pankaj-tripathi-star-rating-5199802/ |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/phamous-review-114-minutes-of-torture/20180601.htm|title=Phamous Review: 114 minutes of torture|website=Rediff}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt8338746}}
* {{URL|www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/phamous/|Phamous – Bollywood Hungama}}

[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:2018 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Films set in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Krsna Solo]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Contemporary Western films]]
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

One Night Stand (2016 film)

2026-03-02T09:42:20Z

Mere Mentor: small reworked lead per standard format

{{Short description|2016 film by Jasmine D'Souza}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = One Night Stand
| image = Sunny-leone-one-night-stand-1.jpeg
| caption = Theatposter
| director = [[Jasmine D'Souza|Jasmine Moses D'souza]]
| producer = {{Unbulleted list| Furquan Khan Pradeep Sharma }}
| story = [[Bhavani Iyer]]
| writer = [[Niranjan Iyengar]] ('''Dialogues''')
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|
|[[ Sunny Leone]]
| [[Tanuj Virwani]]}}
| cinematography = Rakesh Singh
| editing = Anukool Duvedi Premchandra Duvedi
| music = '''Songs:''' {{Unbulleted list| [[Jeet Gannguli]] | [[Meet Bros]] | [[Tony Kakkar]] | [[Vivek Kar]]}}'''Background Score: '''[[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| studio = Swiss Entertainment
| runtime = 99 minutes
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|05|06}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INRConvert|41.9|m}}[[India]]<ref name="BO">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-and-day-wise-breakup-of-one-night-stand/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of One Night Stand |author=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''One Night Stand''''' is a 2016 Indian Hindi [[erotic film|erotic]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama (genre)|drama film]] written by [[Bhavani Iyer]] and directed by [[Jasmine D'Souza]]. It features [[Tanuj Virwani]] and [[Sunny Leone]] in the lead roles. The film centers on a man who ends up becoming obsessed with a woman he has a [[one night stand]] with. [[Principal photography]] was wrapped up in 55 days and filming locations included [[Mumbai]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Pune]].<ref name="deccanchronicle1">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141216/entertainment-bollywood/article/sunny-leone-romance-tanuj-virwani-one-night-stand Sunny Leone begins rehearsing for her next film 'One Night Stand']. Deccanchronicle.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2016.</ref> The film was released on 6 May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sunny-leones-one-night-stand-release-date-postponed-675323 |title=Sunny Leone's 'One Night Stand' release date postponed |first=Sushmita |last=Sen |date=19 April 2016 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref> The film was also dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] .

== Plot ==
The movie starts off with a flashback that's being narrated by Urvil. It is the flashback and a series of events from his past that has defined his present. The flashback starts off with a fashion show organised by his event management agency in Phuket, Thailand. And after completing the event successfully, Urvil and his colleagues go drinking to celebrate. It is here that his friends challenge him to speak to a rank stranger for a few thousand rupees. An attempt to win the bet gets him introduced to the stranger who, in turn, introduces herself as Celina. What follows after that, is unlimited liquor drinking by the two of them, which ultimately lands them up in bed together. But, the very next day, when Urvil gets up, he finds out that Celina has already left the room, without leaving any details of her whereabouts. And when Urvil comes back to his home in Pune, he is welcomed by his beautiful and dutiful wife Simran. Things are absolutely smooth between the couple, until one day Urvil accidentally spots Celina in the same mall wherein he has gone for shopping with his wife Simran. That very sight of Celina freshens up his 'one night stand' with her, which, in turn, gets translated into his desperation to meet her again. Thereafter begins his unending quest to hunt down Celina from the length and the breadth of the world. Amidst all this, Urvil gets extremely busy with his company's big-budget event of a product launch.

It is here where he gets introduced to his rich client Adhiraj Kapoor and his family, which takes the daylights out of Urvil. The mysterious lady Celina is none other than Ambar, wife of Adhiraj, who, along with their young son Jahaan and Adhiraj's father Raghav, stay in their posh villa in Koregaon Park, Pune. Urvil loses interest in his job and wife and stalks Celina/ Ambar. His colleague David advises him to forget Ambar in order to save his marriage but he ignores his advice. Urvil tails Ambar continuously. Being fed up, she asks him to leave her alone and forget whatever happened between them as 'one night stand' but he refuses to do so and Urvil haunts her so much that he reaches their home and embarrasses Ambar. He rapes Simran, uttering Celina(Ambar)'s name. She picks up a fight with him and on the pretext of dropping him to his office, she races their car in the busy street asking Urvil to confess as to who is Celina and about their affair. He is terrified due to the rashly driven speeding car and admits to Simran about the illegitimate affair with Celina. She drops him on the road-side and tells him that it's all over between them. He returns home and begs her to pardon him for his folly but Simran is firm in refusing. Ultimately, Ambar calls Urvil to a spot on the highway to inform him that he should forget whatever happened between them and leave her alone. Urvil blames her for his marriage turmoil but she retorts that he was himself responsible. When Urvil threatens her that he would reveal the secret to Adhiraj, she informs him that she would do so herself irrespective of the consequence. She leaves him alone brooding about his future. The film ends with Urvil quitting his job and moving ahead in life in search of a new beginning.

== Cast ==
*[[Tanuj Virwani]] as Urvil Shekhar Raisingh
*[[Sunny Leone]] as Celina/Ambar Kapoor,
*[[Madhuurima|Nyra Banerjee]] as Simran Raisingh, Urvil's wife
*[[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Adhiraj Kapoor
*[[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Raghav Kapoor, Adhiraj's father
*[[Ninad Kamat]] as David
*Narendra Jetley as Azad Awasthi
*[[Shishir Sharma]] as Mr. Walia
*Kushagra Singh as Samar
*Kapil Punjabi as Dilip Shah
*Aamir Ahmed as Siddharth Ahuja aka Sid
*Farhana Fatema as Jyoti
*Ashai Sachdeva as Rohit
*Shatakshi Dubey as Tanya
*Kiyomi Mehta as Deepa, wife of David
*Rehan Pathan as Jahaan Kapoor, son of Adhiraj
*Geeta Bisht as Diya
*[[Raju]] as Shyam, help
*Kartik Damani as customer
*[[Elli AvrRam|Elli Avram]] as Sana

==Production==
[[Rana Daggubati]] was replaced by [[Tanuj Virwani]] due to the former's lack of dates as he was committed for his Telugu film ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]''. [[Sunny Leone]] started preparing for her role since December 2014.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/> Filming was wrapped up in 55 days.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/290316/one-night-stand-was-written-for-sunny-leone.html One night stand was written for Sunny Leone]. Deccanchronicle.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2016.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music for the film was composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Meet Bros]], Tony Kakkar and [[Vivek Kar]], while the [[Film score|background score]] was composed by [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]. The lyrics were penned by [[Kumaar]], [[Manoj Muntashir]] and [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]. The first song "Do Peg Maar" was released on 30 March 2016. The second song "Ijazat" released on 4 April 2016. The soundtrack was released on 6 April 2016 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/one-night-stand-original-motion/id1100649537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423182754/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/one-night-stand-original-motion/id1100649537 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2016 |title=One Night Stand (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Tony Kakkar, Vivek Kar, Meet Bros & Jeet Gannguli |work=[[iTunes Store]] |date=6 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref>
{{Track_listing
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| total_length= 26:55

| title1= Do Peg Maar
| extra1= [[Neha Kakkar]]
| music1= Tony Kakkar
| lyrics1= [[Kumaar]]
| length1= 3:58

| title2 = Ijazat
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Meet Bros]]
| music2= Meet Bros
| lyrics2= [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length2= 4:47

| title3= Ishq Da Sutta
| extra3= [[Jasmine Sandlas]], Meet Bros
| music3= Meet Bros
| lyrics3= Kumaar
| length3= 4:24

| title4 = Le Chala
| extra4 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| music4= [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| lyrics4= [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| length4= 4:48

| title5= Ki Kara
| extra5= [[Shipra Goyal]]
| music5= [[Vivek Kar]]
| lyrics5= Kumaar
| length5= 5:29

| title6= Tum Mere
| extra6= [[Dev Negi]]
| music6= Vivek Kar
| lyrics6= Kumaar
| length6= 3:23
}}

==Box office==

===India===
The film collected {{INR}} 60 [[Lakh|lacs]] on its opening day then it collected {{INR}} 61 lacs and {{INR}} 75 lacs on its second and third day respectively which bring film to weekend collection of {{INR}} 19.6 million.<ref name="BO"/> From fourth to seventh day film collected {{INR}} 1 crore, then its last six days collection of {{INR}} 6 lacs brings film to a total collection of {{INR}} 30.2 million in [[India]].<ref name="BO"/> The film reached to a lifetime grossing of {{INRConvert|41.9|m}} in India.<ref name="BO"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5358948}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_Ew8AVL1iw One Night Stand] at [[YouTube]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Indian erotic romance films]]
[[Category:2010s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]

Mângpawrha

2026-02-26T05:05:54Z

Mere Mentor: Data

{{Short description|Western Mizo chief}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mângpawrha
| image =
| title = Chief of Reiek {{lang|lus|Reiek Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Lallula]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = [[Suakpuilala]]
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1770}}
| birth_place = Lungchhuan
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Reiek]]
| spouse = [[Pi Buki]]
| spouse-type = Spouse
| consort =
| issue =
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = Lalphunga
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}
'''Mângpawrha''' was a Mizo chief of the Western Lushai Hills (now [[Mizoram]]). Mângpawrha was the son of Chief [[Lallula]] and consolidated Sailo rule in the Lushai Hills.

==Early life==
Mângpawrha was born to [[Lallula]] as the third son during Lallula's stay at Lungchhuan. His youngest brother [[Vuta|Vûta]] was born in 1776 hence making Mângpawrha precede the date. Lallula continued to migrate and found new settlements and [[jhum]] locations until Lallula became old and settled in Hreichuk. During this time, Mângpawrha separated from Lallula and ruled his own village of Bedo.{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=75}}
==Chieftainship==
His brother Lallianvunga was assigned the Eastern Lushai Hills and Mângpawrha was granted the right to expand westwards. However, western expansion required the confrontation of Palian and Zadêng chiefs.{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=75}}

===Mângpawrha's capture===
During this time period, the chief Palian opponent towards Mângpawrha's expansion was Lalrihua (father of [[Lalchukla|Lalsuthlaha]]), who clashed and went to war with Mângpawrha for cultivatable land. After the British annexed [[Kachari Kingdom]] in 1830 they began to invest in policies to curb Lushai raids in the new territories. Two Meitei villages were placed under authority of the Manipur's King's relatives Ram Singh and Tribumjit Singh. The British government provided guns and ammunitions to these frontier settlements. Lalrihua, the Palian chief coordinated with these frontier villages to attack Mângpawrha. The surprise attack succeeded and Mângpawrha was captured and taken as Lalrihua's captive. During captivity, Mângpawrha was coerced into making a promise to not conduct any raids on British territory. Mângpawrha was later freed after his villagers ransomed him.{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=76}}

===Palian conflict===
Mângpawrha began to scheme for revenge against Lalrihua. The opportunity came when the two frontier villages rebelled against the British to try and take the Manipur throne for Ram Singh and Tribumjit. Taking opportunity of the weakness of Lalrihua's lack of allies, Mângpawrha attacked Lalrihua. Lalrihua was unable to defend against Mângpawrha and was chased out to the northern part of the Hachhek range. After the defeat, Mângpawrha settled further west and founded Pakwachherre on the River Langkaih.{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=77}}

===Zadêng confrontation===
Mângpawrha migrated from the Hachhek range to Rulphuihlim. However, the Zadeng west of him did not allow him to gain full control of the Hachhek and Reiek ranges. Mângpawrha would often demoralise the Zadêng chiefs by composing {{lang|lus|hla}} ({{translation|song}}) about them.{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=77}} Mângpawrha used this to attract more settlers to his villages. He would sing the {{lang|lus|hla}} while holding a gun and shooting in the direction of enemy settlements. The Zadêngs had historically allied with the Palian chiefs to drive out the Hualngo; however, they turned on the Palian chiefs and destroyed them in 1830. The Zadêng chiefs operated on the belief that the King of [[Manipur kingdom|Manipur]] would come to their aid if they were invaded. When Mângpawrha attacked the Zadêng, no help was given to them. The Zadêng became increasingly routed ,and the last independent Zadêng chief died in 1857 at Chengpui.{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=78}} This consolidated uncontested Sailo rule in the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=79}}
==Later life==
Mângpawrha had three sons with his wife [[Pi Buki]]:{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=81}}
[[Suakpuilala]], Rûnphunga and Thâwmpâwnga.{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=79}} He also had two daughters namely, Routhangi and Banaitangi.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=82, 145}} Mângpawrha was seen as a benevolent leader who used force to achieve his goals during wartime but was endeared by his subjects.{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=79}} Mângpawrha died in [[Reiek]].{{sfn|Hmar|2010|p=77}}

==Genealogy==
{{Sukpilal family tree}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hmar |first1=Lalrinnunga |title=Mangpawrha's contribution in Mizo History |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2010 |volume=XI |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/historical-journal-mizoram-volume-XI-NOV-2010.pdf |access-date=29 August 2025}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Western Lushai chiefs]]

Timeline of the 2014 Gaza War

2026-02-24T04:01:06Z

Mere Mentor: formatting fix

{{short description|None}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}

The following is a '''timeline of the [[2014 Gaza War]]'''. Over 2014, [[Palestinians]] suffered the highest number of civilian casualties since the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, according to a [[United Nations]] report, given the July–August conflict, and rising tolls in the [[West Bank]] and [[East Jerusalem]]. A spike in Israeli casualties also occurred. 2,256 Palestinians and 85 [[Israelis]] died, while 17,125 Palestinians, and 2,639 Israelis suffered injuries.<ref>[http://www.maannews.com/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=760104 'UN says Palestinian death toll highest since 1967,'] [[Ma'an News Agency]] 26 March 2015.</ref><ref>[http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/annual_humanitarian_overview_2014_english_final.pdf ''Fragmented Lives: Humanitarian Overview,2014''] [[OCHA]] March 2015:'2014 witnessed the highest civilian death toll since 1967 due to the July–August hostilities in Gaza, and a significant increase in Palestinian fatalities in the West Bank. There was also a marked increase in Israeli casualties, as a result of Gaza hostilities and from tension in East Jerusalem.'.</ref>

For events pertaining to the conflict which occurred before 8 July 2014, see [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict#Background|Background of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]] and [[Operation Brother's Keeper]].
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Overview==
<section begin=Overview />
[[File:Btselem-south israel2.jpg|thumb|Israeli residents of [[Ashkelon]] run for shelter during a rocket alert]]

[[File:Map-of-rockets-launches-from-gaza-from-2014-07-08-to-2014-07-31 2.jpg|thumb|IDF-released map of rocket launch sites in Gaza]]

[[File:Armored Corps Operate Near the Gaza Border (14754144934).jpg|thumb|Israeli troops and tanks near the Gaza border]]<noinclude>

===Beginning of the conflict===
On the evening of 12 June 2014, [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers|three Israeli teenagers were kidnapped]] in the West Bank. Israeli leadership has placed the responsibility for their abduction on Hamas. On 30 June, corpses of the teenagers were found. Other commentators, such as Israeli historian [[Ilan Pappé]], and [[NBC]] reporter [[Ayman Mohyeldin]], queried the abduction and murder of the Israeli teenagers as being the real start of the chain of events leading to the major conflict. They saw parallels in the earlier killing of two Palestinian teenagers in the [[Beitunia killings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://israelandpalestine.org/tag/ilan-pappe/|title=Israel's incremental genocide in the Gaza ghetto|author=Professor Ilan Pappe|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article39102.htm|title=When Does the 'Cycle of Violence' Start?|author=Aldo Guerrero|publisher=Information Clearing House|date=15 July 2014|access-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084911/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article39102.htm|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Mohyeldin">{{cite web|url=https://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/violence-escalates-in-israel-and-gaza-299841091970|title=All In with Chris Hayes|date=8 July 2014|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref> The autopsy report confirming that live IDF fire had been the cause of death of one of the Palestinian teenagers had become public knowledge the day before the kidnapping of the Israeli teenagers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140612_autopsy_finds_nadim_nawarah_killed_by_live_ammunition|title=Use of live ammunition confirmed in Nawarah shooting|author=B'Tselem|year=2014}}</ref>

The operation was also preceded by the jailing of hundreds of Palestinians,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.btselem.org/statistics/detainees_and_prisoners|title=Statistics on Palestinians in the custody of the Israeli security forces|website=B'Tselem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-20-arab-israelis-arrested-at-violent-protests-1.5254558|title=Police arrests 20 protesters as riots spread to Arab towns|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/14-israeli-arabs-arrested-in-clashes-1.5254644|title=14 Israeli Arabs arrested in clashes over Palestinian teen's murder|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/idf-arrests-41-in-west-bank-raids-1.5252182|title=Israeli army arrests 41 Palestinians in overnight West Bank raids|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-crackdown-on-hamas-may-boomerang-1.5252302|title=Israel's crackdown on Hamas leaders, prisoners may boomerang|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> by air strikes on Gaza in which 3 Palestinians were killed and more than a dozen injured,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-israel-palestinians-idUKKBN0F40F220140629 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225071303/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-israel-palestinians-idUKKBN0F40F220140629 | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 December 2015 | work=Reuters | first=Nidal | last=al-Mughrabi | title=Israel bombs Gaza after rocket attacks, Hamas gunman killed | date=29 June 2014}}</ref> by the killing of at least 6 Palestinians, injuring of dozens, house demolitions and lootings in the West Bank,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v36/n15/mouin-rabbani/israel-mows-the-lawn|title=Israel mows the lawn|first=Mouin|last=Rabbani|journal=London Review of Books|date=30 July 2014|volume=36|issue=15|via=www.lrb.co.uk}}</ref> by the [[Kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir|kidnapping and killing of a Palestinian youth]], and by massive rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip to southern Israel. In June 2014, 66 rockets were fired in 30 attacks, wounding three people. In the eight first days of July, 250 missiles were fired in 104 attacks, injuring seven people. On 7 July, 80 rockets were fired from the Gaza Strip. On 7 July 2014, the [[Security Cabinet of Israel]] decided to begin a "counter-terrorist operation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingisraelnews.com/17813/idf-launches-operation-protective-edge-gaza-terror/|title=Netanyahu: "Gloves Are Off" against Hamas, Launches "Operation Protective Edge"|work=Breaking Israel News|date=2014-07-08}}</ref> After an airstrike killed seven Hamas militants in [[Khan Yunis]], Hamas itself assumed responsibility on 7 July for missiles fired from Gaza and launched 40 rockets towards Israel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gaza-Israel conflict: Is the fighting over?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28252155|access-date=17 October 2014|work=BBC|date=26 August 2014|quote=On 7 July, Hamas claimed responsibility for firing rockets for the first time in 20 months, after a series of Israeli air strikes in which several members of its armed wing were killed.}}</ref></noinclude>

===Phase 1: Air strikes===
As the Israeli operation began, and the IDF bombarded targets in the Gaza Strip with artillery and airstrikes, Hamas continued to fire rockets and mortar shells into Israel in response. A [[cease-fire]] proposal was announced by the Egyptian government on 14 July, backed by Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas;<ref name="ceasefire_support">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-egypt-hamas-idUSKBN0FN1LY20140718 |title=Egypt's Gaza truce move highlights bid to break Islamists|work=Reuters|date= 18 July 2014| access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> the Israeli government accepted it and temporarily stopped hostilities on the morning of 15 July, but Hamas rejected it in "its current form", citing the fact Hamas has not been consulted in the formation of the ceasefire and it omitted many of their demands.<ref name="pflp">{{cite web|url=http://pflp.ps/english/2014/07/15/pflp-proposal-for-calm-seeks-new-chains-on-the-resistance/ |title=PFLP: Proposal for "calm" seeks new chains on the resistance |publisher=Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724141904/http://pflp.ps/english/2014/07/15/pflp-proposal-for-calm-seeks-new-chains-on-the-resistance/ |archive-date=24 July 2014 |date=2014-07-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/israel-temporarily-halt-fire-gaza-strip-201471620212427540.html|title=Israel and Hamas to observe brief Gaza truce|publisher=Aljazeera.com|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> By 16 July, the death toll within Gaza had surpassed 200 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/new-isrannneli-air-strikes-bring-gaza-toll-to-200-medics/article/390129|title=Israel warns 100,000 Gazans to flee as truce efforts resume|publisher=Digitaljournal.com |date=15 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

===Phase 2: Ground invasion===
On 16 July, Hamas and [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] offered the Israeli government a 10-year [[truce]] with ten conditions centred on the lifting of the blockade and the release of prisoners who were released in the [[Gilad Shalit]] prisoner swap and were re-arrested; it was not accepted.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Okbi|first1=Yasser|last2=JPost Staff|last3=Hashavua|first3=Maariv|title=Report: Hamas proposes 10-year cease-fire in return for conditions being met By|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/What-are-Hamass-conditions-for-a-cease-fire-363011|access-date=7 August 2014|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=16 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713579|title=Report: Hamas, Islamic Jihad offer 10-year truce|publisher=Ma'an News Agency|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234716/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713579|archive-date=24 July 2014}}</ref> On 17 July, a five-hour humanitarian [[ceasefire]], proposed by the UN, took place. Approximately five and a half hours prior to the ceasefire's effect, the IDF sighted 13 armed Hamas militants emerging from a Gazan tunnel on the Israeli side of the Gaza border. IDF destroyed the tunnel's exit, ending the incursion.<ref name="Elior Levy">{{cite news|author=Elior Levy|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4545029,00.html|title=Gaza terror tunnel attack thwarted|work=YnetNews|date=17 June 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="John">{{cite web|last=John|first=Arit|url=http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/07/israel-thwarts-hamas-tunnel-attack-as-temporary-ceasefire-holds/374591|title=Rocket Fire Resumes After Temporary Ceasefire Holds|work=The Wire|access-date=17 July 2014|date=2014-07-17|archive-date=18 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718083125/http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/07/israel-thwarts-hamas-tunnel-attack-as-temporary-ceasefire-holds/374591/}}</ref> After the ceasefire, IDF began a ground offensive on the Gaza Strip focused on destroying [[Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip|tunnels crossing the Israel border]]. On 20 July, the Israeli military entered [[Shuja'iyya]], a populous neighborhood of [[Gaza City]], resulting in [[Battle of Shuja'iyya (2014)|heavy fighting]].

On 24 July, over 10,000 Palestinians in the West Bank protested against the Israeli operation; 2 Palestinian protesters were killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israel-hamas-show-no-signs-of-bowing-to-pressure-for-truce/2014/07/24/90213d90-1305-11e4-8936-26932bcfd6ed_story.html |title=At least 16 killed in attack on Gaza school, sparking massive protests in West Bank|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=24 July 2014| access-date= 28 July 2014|first=William|last=Booth}}</ref> 150 Hamas militants who surrendered to the IDF were being questioned about Hamas operations.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-150-hamas-terrorists-surrender-to-idf-1000957726|title=150 Hamas terrorists surrender to IDF – Globes|date=24 July 2014|website=en.globes.co.il}}</ref> On 25 July, an Israeli airstrike killed Salah Abu Hassanein, the leader of Islamic Jihad's military wing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israeli Strike Kills a Leader of Islamic Jihad|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/26/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-strip.html?_r=0|work=New York Times|date=25 July 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|first1=Isabel|last1=Kershner|first2=Michael R.|last2=Gordon}}</ref> On 26 July, another humanitarian ceasefire took place for twelve hours,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/gaza-crisis-humanitarian-cease-fire-between-israel-hamas-takes-effect/|title=Gaza crisis: Humanitarian cease-fire between Israel, Hamas takes effect|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=26 July 2014|access-date=26 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726215345/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/07/26/humanitarian-cease-fire-in-gaza-takes-effect/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> followed by a unilateral extension by Israel for another twenty-four hours, which was rejected by Hamas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel extends unilateral cease-fire as Gaza death toll tops 1,000|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/26/gaza-israel-hamas.html|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> The Palestinian death toll in the Gaza Strip topped 1,000.<ref>{{cite news|title=Palestinians Survey Devastation as Gaza Death Toll Tops 1,000|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/palestinians-survey-devastation-gaza-death-toll-tops-1-000-n165536|work=NBC News|date=26 July 2014}}</ref>

On 1 August, the US and UN announced that Israel and Hamas had agreed to a 72-hour ceasefire starting at 08:00. There was dispute about the terms of the ceasefire: Israel and the US stated that they allowed Israel to "continue to do operations to destroy tunnels that pose a threat to Israeli territory that lead from the Gaza Strip into Israel proper as long as those tunnels exist on the Israel side of their lines"; Hamas said that it would not accept such a condition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/ceasefire-gaza-strip-20148145731196790.html |title=Israeli military announces end to Gaza truce – Middle East |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="BluDeg" /> The ceasefire broke down almost immediately after it started. Israel blamed Hamas for violating the ceasefire, saying a group of Israeli soldiers were attacked by Palestinian militants emerging from a tunnel.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Palestinians said the IDF was the first to breach the ceasefire when at 08:30 it destroyed 19 buildings while undertaking work to demolish tunnels.<ref name="BluDeg" /> According to the [[PLO]], the [[Palestinian Authority]] and Gazan sources, Hamas attacked an Israeli unit, killing an Israeli officer (Hadar Goldin, who was initially thought to have been captured) while Israeli forces were still engaged in military activities in [[Rafah]] on Gaza's territory before the truce came into effect. Tweets reported the battle in Rafah before the deadline for the cease-fire.<ref name="BluDeg">[[Max Blumenthal]] and Allison Deger, [http://mondoweiss.net/2014/08/ceasefire-against-evidence.html 'Who broke the ceasefire? Obama blames Hamas against the evidence,'] [[Mondoweiss]] 2 August 2014.{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045817/http://mondoweiss.net/2014/08/ceasefire-against-evidence.html |date=8 August 2014 }}</ref> Hamas also killed two soldiers in a [[suicide bombing]] attack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4553298,00.html |title=ynet חשש: חמאס ניצל הפסקת האש וחטף קצין. שני לוחמים נהרגו. צה"ל: הפסקת האש קרסה – חדשות |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=1 August 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014|newspaper=Ynet |last1=לוי |first1=יואב זיתון }}</ref> Senior Hamas leader Moussa Abu Marzouk accused Israel of creating pretexts to undermine the Gaza ceasefire and said that Palestinian fighters abducted the officer and killed the two soldiers before the start of the humanitarian truce,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/367402--hamas-violates-gaza-truce-israeli-pm-tells-kerry|title=Israel using soldier's capture to 'cover up massacre': Hamas|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |date=1 August 2014|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> which a Hamas witness has stated began at 7:30 and lasted five minutes,<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4695315,00.html 'Hamas reveals first image of Shalit in captivity,'] [[Ynet]] 28 August 2015.</ref> while Israel said the event took place at 09:20, after the 08:00 start of the ceasefire.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-conflict.html?_r=0 Gaza Fighting Intensifies as Cease-Fire Falls Apart], Jodi Rudoren, and Isabel Kershneraug, 1 August 2014: "Israel said the attack, from under a house near the southern border town of Rafah, took place at 9:20 a.m., soon after the 8 a.m. onset of the temporary truce ..."</ref><ref name=necessary/><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/01/world/meast/mideast-crisis/ Captured, killed or missing? Fate of Israeli soldier remains unknown], by Mariano Castillo, Chelsea J. Carter and Salma Abdelaziz of CNN, 1 August 2014</ref>

=== Phase 3: Withdrawal of Israeli troops ===

On 3 August, IDF pulled most of its ground forces out of the Gaza Strip after completing the destruction of 32 tunnels built by Hamas and other militants.<ref name="withdrawal2">{{cite news|title=New Gaza cease-fire begins as Israel withdraws troops|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-israel-withdraws-troops-as-72-hour-gaza-truce-begins-20140805-story.html|date=5 August 2014 | work=Los Angeles Times|first=Batsheva|last=Sobelman}}</ref><ref name="withdrawal">{{cite news |author=Yossi Melman  |url=http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/diplomacy-defense/39097-140803-analysis-israel-s-victorious-withdrawal-from-gaza |title=Analysis: Israel's victorious withdrawal from Gaza |publisher=I24news.tv |date=3 August 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806011022/http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/diplomacy-defense/39097-140803-analysis-israel-s-victorious-withdrawal-from-gaza |archive-date=6 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://bigstory.ap.org/article/israeli-begins-redeploying-along-gaza-border Israel withdraws most troops from Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826211051/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/israeli-begins-redeploying-along-gaza-border |date=26 August 2014 }} ''[[Associated Press]]''</ref> On 5 August, Israel announced that it had arrested Hossam Kawasmeh on 11 July, and suspected him of having organized the killing of the three teenagers. According to court documents, Kawasmeh stated that Hamas members in Gaza financed the recruitment and arming of the killers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/palestinian-suspect-held-over-kidnap-murders-3-israelis-232132557.html|title=Palestinian suspect held over kidnap murders of 3 Israelis: police|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=5 August 2014|access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rabinovitch|first=Ari|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-gaza-arrests-idUSKBN0G529N20140805|title=Israel says it has arrested suspect in killing of 3 teenagers|publisher=Reuters|date=5 August 2014|access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>

On 10 August, another Egyptian proposal for a 72-hour ceasefire was negotiated and agreed upon Israeli and Palestinian officials, and on 13 August it was extended for another 120 hours to allow both sides to continue negotiations for a long-term solution to end the month-long fighting.<ref name="federman1">{{cite news|last=Daraghmeh |first=Mohammed |agency=Associated Press|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1501568/israel-accepts-egyptian-ceasefire-proposal/ |title=Israel accepts Egyptian ceasefire proposal |publisher=Globalnews.ca |date=10 August 2014 |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> On 19 August, a 24-hour ceasefire extension renewal was violated just hours after agreement with 29 Hamas rockets fired in 20 minutes, with IAF airstrikes in response, killing 9 Gazans. The Israeli delegation was ordered home from Cairo.<ref name="cnn.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/19/world/meast/mideast-crisis/index.html?hpt=wo_c1|title=29 rockets in 20 minutes: Israel, Hamas ceasefire breaks down|publisher=CNN |date=19 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref><noinclude>

On 20 August, a Hamas official in exile in Turkey,<ref>Orlando Crowcroft, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/21/hamas-kidnapping-three-israeli-teenagers-saleh-al-arouri-qassam-brigades 'Hamas official: we were behind the kidnapping of three Israeli teenagers'], [[The Guardian]], 21 August 2014.</ref> Saleh al-Arouri, claimed responsibility for the kidnapping and the murder<ref name=memri4437>{{cite web|url=http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/4437.htm |title=Hamas Leadership Acknowledges Responsibility for Kidnapping Three Israeli Teens |publisher=Memri.com |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fiske |first=Gavriel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/top-hamas-sheikh-admits-to-june-kidnapping-of-israeli-teens/ |title=Top Hamas sheikh admits to June kidnapping of Israeli teens |work=The Times of Israel |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> in an address he delivered on behalf of [[Khaled Mashal]] at the conference of the [[International Union of Muslim Scholars]] in [[Istanbul]], a move that might reflect a desire by Hamas to gain leverage.<ref name="HamasAcc">Jack Khoury, [https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.611676 Hamas claims responsibility for three Israeli teens' kidnapping and murder'], ''[[Haaretz]]'' 21 August 2014.</ref> In the address, he said: "Our goal was to ignite an [[wikt:intifada|intifada]] in the West Bank and Jerusalem, as well as within the 1948 borders... Your brothers in the [[Al-Qassam Brigades]] carried out this operation to support their imprisoned brothers, who were on a hunger strike... The [[mujahideen]] captured these settlers in order to have a swap deal."<ref name=memri4437/> Hamas leader Khaled Mashal accepted that members of Hamas were responsible, stating that he knew nothing of it in advance and that what the leadership knew of the details came from reading Israeli reports.<ref name="HamasAcc2">[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562328,00.html 'Mashal: Hamas was behind murder of three Israeli teens'], [[Ynet]], 22 August 2014.</ref> Meshaal, who has headed Hamas' exiled political wing since 2004, has denied being involved in the "details" of Hamas "military issues", but "justified the killings as a legitimate action against Israelis on "occupied" lands."<ref>{{cite web|last=Isikoff|first=Michael|url=https://news.yahoo.com/in-personal-plea--top-hamas-leader-calls-on-obama-to-stop--holocaust--in-gaza-180315615.html|title=In personal plea, top Hamas leader calls on Obama to stop 'holocaust' in Gaza|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=25 August 2014|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref></noinclude>

On 21 August, an Israeli airstrike in Rafah killed three of Hamas's top commanders: Mohammed Abu Shammala, [[Raed al Atar]] and Mohammed Barhoum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israeli air strike kills three Hamas commanders in Gaza|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-gaza-idUSKBN0GI12O20140821|date=21 August 2014 | work=Reuters}}</ref> During the period from 22 to 26 August, over 700 rockets and mortar shells fired into Israel, killing 3 Israelis. On 26 August, Israel and Hamas accepted another cease-fire at 19:00.<ref name="jpost2">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/palestinian-sources-gaza-cease-fire-to-be-announced-on-tuesday-evening-372386|title=Gaza cease-fire between Israel, Hamas goes into effect|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=26 August 2014 }}</ref>

===Result and post-conflict events===
On 16 September, a mortar shell was fired to Israel for the first time since the cease-fire commenced. Defense Minister [[Moshe Ya'alon]] reassured border town populations that fighting would not resume with the Gaza Strip at the end of this month, the same time of year as the [[Rosh Hashanah|Jewish new year]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.616147|title=Gaza mortar shell lands in Israel for first time since cease-fire|date=17 September 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref>

According to Palestinians on 1 October, Israeli forces entered the Gaza Strip and fired upon Palestinian farmers and farms. No injuries were reported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israeli military vehicles enter Gaza, soldiers open fire at farms|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=731192|work=Ma'an News|date=1 October 2014|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075552/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=731192}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/palestinians-report-idf-vehicles-enter-gaza-open-fire-376743|title=Palestinians report IDF vehicles enter Gaza, open fire|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=October 2014 }}</ref>

IDF reported that on 31 October a rocket or a mortar shell was launched from Gaza into southern Israel without causing harm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/gaza-rocket-hits-southern-israel-causing-no-damage-or-injuries-army/ar-BBckBaA |title=Gaza rocket hits southern Israel causing no damage or injuries: army |work=msn.com |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106100445/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/gaza-rocket-hits-southern-israel-causing-no-damage-or-injuries-army/ar-BBckBaA |archive-date=6 November 2014 }}</ref>

On 23 November, a Palestinian farmer was shot dead in Gaza, marking the first time a Palestinian from Gaza had been killed by Israeli fire since the seven-week war between Israel and Hamas militants ended with an Egyptian-brokered ceasefire on 26 August. The Israeli army said two Palestinians had approached the border fence and had ignored calls to halt, prompting troops to fire warning shots in the air. "Once they didn't comply, they fired towards their lower extremities. There was one hit," a spokeswoman said.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/11/israel-army-shoots-dead-palestinian-gaza-20141123103635597354.html|title=Israel army shoots dead Palestinian in Gaza|work=Al-Jazeera English|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><section end=Overview />

==Timeline, weeks 1–4 (7 July – 4 August)==

===Week 1===

====7 July====
After an [[Israeli Air Force]] strike killed 7 Hamas militants in the Gaza Strip the day before, Hamas responded by launching rockets and assumed responsibility for all rockets fired from Gaza.<ref>[[Scott McConnell]], [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/israel-runs-up-the-score/ Israel Runs Up the Score], [[The American Conservative]] 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Thrall|first=Nathan|author-link=Nathan Thrall|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances|title=Hamas's Chances|journal= [[London Review of Books]] |date=21 August 2014|volume=36 |issue=16 }}</ref><ref>[[Mouin Rabbani]] [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n15/mouin-rabbani/israel-mows-the-lawn ''Israel Mows the Lawn,''] [[London Review of Books]], Vol. 36 No 15 • 31 July 2014 page 8</ref><ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/118630/israel-palestine-murders-cause-criss-will-john-kerry-step ''John Kerry's First Peace Effort in Israel and Palestine Failed, But Now He Needs to Try Again,''] ''[[The New Republic]]'' 9 July 2014</ref><ref>David C. Hendrickson
[http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-thrasybulus-syndrome-israel%E2%80%99s-war-gaza-10968?page=show ''The Thrasybulus Syndrome: Israel's War on Gaza,''] [[The National Interest]] 29 July 2014</ref> In preparations for a potential escalation in fighting, the [[Israeli Defense Force]] (IDF) called up 1,500 reserves on 7 July. These reserves were positioned around southern Israel and were working on training in case of escalation.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603472|newspaper=Haaretz|title=Rockets bombard south, Hamas claims responsibility|access-date=8 July 2014|date=2014-07-08}}</ref><ref>Jim Zanotti, [CRS Insights:Israel and Hamas: Another Round of Conflict] Congressional Research Service, 15 July 2014:'Events on 6–7 July 2014, transformed periodic attacks between Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip and Israel's military into a larger conflict between Israel and the Gaza-based Islamist group Hamas.'</ref>

====8 July====
[[File:Israeli Air Forces bombing over Ansar site. 7.8.2014.jpg|thumb|Israeli Air Forces bombing over Ansar site, 8 July 2014]]
The IDF continued calling up additional reserves on 8 July, stating plans to call up 40,000 or more.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603677 |title=No doubt Hamas will try to target Tel Aviv next, says senior IDF official|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=8 July 2014|date=2014-07-08}}</ref> Due to the rocket fire from the [[Gaza Strip]] into Israel, the IDF [[Home Front Command]] closed all summer camps and banned gatherings of more than 300 people within 40 km of Gaza, while universities suspended studies and final exams, and people were cautioned to stay close to shelter.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Winer| first1=Stuart| url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-rocket-fire-summer-camps-closed-in-the-south/ | title=Amid rocket fire, summer camps closed in the south| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=8 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-hamas-in-gaza.html|title=Israel Steps Up Offensive Against Hamas in Gaza|work=The New York Times|access-date=8 July 2014|first1=Steven|last1=Erlanger|first2=Isabel|last2=Kershner|date=8 July 2014}}</ref> In Gaza, 37,000 students who had completed high school had their graduation delayed.<ref>Saud Abu Ramadan, [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-07/16/c_133486297.htm 'Feature: Israel's war on Gaza deprives students of celebrating graduation,'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204230458/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-07/16/c_133486297.htm |date=4 February 2016 }} [[Xinhuanet]], 15 July 2014.</ref><ref name="Times of Israel">{{cite web|last1=Sharon |first1=Itamar |last2=Newman |first2=Marissa |last3=Zion |first3=Ilan Ben |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/as-israel-grapples-with-homegrown-killers-violence-continues|title=Israel launches 'Protective Edge' counteroffensive on Gaza, Jewish suspects reenact teen's murder|work=Times of Israel|date=7 July 2014 |access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

In the early morning of 8 July, Israel announced it had struck at least 50 targets in Gaza overnight Monday,<ref>Spencer Ho and Yifa Yaakov [http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pounds-dozens-of-gaza-targets-in-major-counteroffensive/ 'Israel hits Hamas, Islamic Jihad leaders after rockets land north of Tel Aviv,'] [[The Times of Israel]] 8 July 2014</ref> injuring 17 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/viewdetails.aspx?id=710822|title=17 injured in Israeli airstrikes on Gaza overnight|publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]]|date=8 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232242/http://www.maannews.net/eng/viewdetails.aspx?id=710822|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> In the Central Gaza Strip, 13 [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] airstrikes, with 16 missiles, struck numerous targets. In [[Gaza City]], 9 airstrikes involving 11 missiles struck militant sites, agricultural plots and a blacksmith workshop. In the Northern Gaza Strip, 36 airstrikes using 45 missiles targeted numerous houses and militant training sites, and a poultry farm. In [[Khan Yunis]] 7 airstrikes using 18 missiles demolished 3 houses, with collateral damage to nearby homes. In [[Rafah]] 4 airstrikes involving 9 missiles hit 2 houses and agricultural sites.<ref>[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10453:serious-israeli-escalation-israeli-warplanes-launch-dozens-of-airstrikes-on-targets-in-the-gaza-strip-including-houses-27-palestinian-civilians-including-10-women-and-5-children-wounded&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 'Serious Israeli Escalation: Israeli Warplanes Launch Dozens of Airstrikes on Targets in the Gaza Strip, Including Houses; 27 Palestinian Civilians, Including 10 Women and 5 Children, Wounded Tuesday,' ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827025925/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10453:serious-israeli-escalation-israeli-warplanes-launch-dozens-of-airstrikes-on-targets-in-the-gaza-strip-including-houses-27-palestinian-civilians-including-10-women-and-5-children-wounded&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=27 August 2014 }} [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 8 July 2014.</ref>

A force of five Hamas naval commandos landed on a beach in Israel near kibbutz [[Zikim]] and advanced toward an IDF command post. Israeli infantry, aircraft, and a naval vessel engaged the Hamas commandos, killing all five.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4539871,00.html | title=IDF troops kill 5 terrorists attempting to infiltrate Israel by sea| newspaper=Ynetnews| date=9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/WATCH-Israeli-naval-vessel-helps-intercept-Hamas-commandos-who-stormed-beach-362079 | title=WATCH: Israeli naval vessel helps intercept Hamas commandos who stormed beach – Operation Protective Edge – Jerusalem Post| date=9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/IDF-kills-2-terrorists-attempting-to-infiltrating-from-the-sea-361983|title=WATCH: IDF kills 5 Hamas terrorists attempting to infiltrate from the sea|work=Jerusalem Post|date=8 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> A short while later, a parachute was found abandoned near [[Yad Mordechai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2014/07/08/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/hamas-terrorists-infiltrate-israel-by-sea|title=Hamas infiltrators killed in gunfight at Israeli army base|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=10 July 2014|date=2014-07-08}}</ref> and a Gaza tunnel exploded near [[Kerem Shalom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/08/israelis-near-southern-gaza-in-shelters-during-possible-terrorist-infiltration|title=Fearing Terror Infiltration, Officials Order Citizens of Israel's South to Remain in Bomb Shelters|work=Algemeiner|date=8 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref>

This was followed by [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] [[Binyamin Netanyahu]] instructing the IDF to "take their gloves off" against [[Hamas]] and instructed them to take any means necessary to restore peace to [[Israelis|Israeli citizens]]. As the afternoon progressed, the IDF continued their targeted retaliation, including the home of senior Hamas member Abdul Rahman Juda, which served as a command and control center.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.debka.com/article/24078/printversion|title = More than half of Israel under Hamas rocket attack – from Beersheba up to Greater Tel Aviv. No casualties. Hamas tries smuggling terrorists in by tunnels and sea|date = 8 July 2014|work = DEBKAfile Special Report|access-date = 10 August 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140807054607/http://debka.com/article/24078/printversion|archive-date = 7 August 2014}}</ref>

Additionally, the IDF targeted and killed Muhammad Sa'aban a commander of Hamas's naval commando unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/LIVE-BLOG-Israels-Operation-Protective-Edge-in-Gaza-361892|title=Israel's Operation Protective Edge in Gaza|work=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The IDF targeted the homes of Hamas members Eiad Sakik, Abdullah Hshash, Samer Abu Daka, and Hassan Abdullah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://7online.com/news/israel-launches-military-offensive-against-gaza/167489|title=Israel launches military offensive against Gaza|work=7online.com|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The Palestinians confirmed that all homes were called by the IDF prior to being hit, asking residents to leave.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Coren|first=Ora|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603677|type=live updates|title=Israel launches aerial offensive in Gaza|newspaper=Haaretz|date=8 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> The IDF assassinated [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] commander Hafez Hamad, who was a commander in its military wing in [[Beit Hanoun]], in an airstrike on his home.<ref name="iitc2" />

Late afternoon, Hamas announced that all Israelis are now legitimate targets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abu|first=Khaled|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Hamas-All-Israelis-now-targets-for-missile-attacks-361965|title=Hamas: All Israelis now targets for missile attacks|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=3 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Early evening, the [[Iron Dome]] Defense system shot down a rocket over [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Iron-Dome-intercepts-rocket-over-Tel-Aviv-361974|title=Iron Dome intercepts rocket over central Israel, sirens sound in Tel Aviv|work=Jerusalem Post|date=8 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref>

Hamas, in the evening, held a press conference to express their demands to stop their offense on Israel. Hamas demanded that Israel halt what it termed aggression in [[Jerusalem]]; the [[West Bank]]; and the Gaza Strip, re-release of the [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange|prisoners]] of the [[Gilad Shalit]] deal, and re-commit to all the terms of the Operation Pillar of Defense cease-fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/07/hamas-issues-demands-for-gaza-ceasefire-as-israel-prepares-for-possible-escalation|title=Hamas Issues Demands for Gaza Ceasefire as Israel Prepares for Possible Escalation|work=Algemeiner|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas claimed responsibility for rocket fire.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} In addition, the [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) claimed responsibility for 60 rockets, the [[Popular Resistance Committees]] asserted they had fired 17, and the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] claimed responsibility for three.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711034 |title=7 Palestinians killed, 25 injured in airstrike on southern Gaza |publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]] |date=8 July 2014 |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185426/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711034 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
[[File:Palestinian man with child during Operation Protective Edge.jpg|thumb|Palestinian man with child, 8 July]]

Late in the evening, a second rocket was shot down over Tel Aviv.<ref name="jpost.com">{{cite web|last=Lappin |first=Yaakov |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Iron-Dome-intercepts-second-rocket-over-greater-Tel-Aviv-361994|title=Hamas rockets reach Jerusalem and Tel Aviv |work=The Jerusalem Post|date=8 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Following this air sirens went off in [[Binyamina]] and Hamas stated that a rocket was fired at [[Haifa]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Dan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-haifa-idUSKBN0FD2A920140708|title=Hamas says fired rocket toward Haifa, northern Israel|publisher=Reuters|date=8 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> This was all followed by several rockets being fired at Jerusalem and two landing just outside Jerusalem.<ref name="jpost.com" /> Just before midnight, a rocket hit [[Hadera]], {{convert|28|mi|km}} north of Tel Aviv, making it the longest range rocket ever shot into Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182671|title=Fresh Rocket Salvo Hits as Far as Jerusalem|work=Israel national news|date=8 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Upon investigation of the shrapnel, Israel determined it was a [[Syria]]n-made M302 Rocket.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lappin|first=Yaakov|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Syrian-made-M302-rocket-fired-by-Hamas-at-Hadera-362008|title=Syrian-made M302 rocket fired by Hamas at Hadera|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=9 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref>

By the end of 8 July, [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) and the [[Israeli Navy]] had struck 435 targets in Gaza, resulting in the death of at least 23 Palestinians, including two children under five, and over 122 injuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/08/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-gaza-live-updates|title=Israel releases video of militants being shot down after emerging from sea|work=The Guardian|date=8 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4539668,00.html|title=Palestinian report: Islamic Jihad commander, 5 others killed in IAF attack in Beit Hanoun|work=Ynetnews|date=9 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Also, during the first day 225 rockets were fired from Gaza into Israel and 40 of out of 225 were intercepted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnem.com/story/25961162/israeli-military-masses-troops-along-gaza-border |title=Rockets hit Israeli heartland as offensive begins |publisher=WNEM.com |date=19 June 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143725/http://www.wnem.com/story/25961162/israeli-military-masses-troops-along-gaza-border |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4540136,00.html|title=Operation Protective Edge: 435 IDF attacks, 40 rockets intercepted|work=Ynet News|access-date=9 July 2014|date=9 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref>

Property damage in Israel totaled approximately 10 million [[Israeli new shekel|NIS]], from 35 vehicles, 52 buildings, 12 agriculture-related instances of damage reported.<ref>{{cite web|last=Elis |first=Niv |url=https://www.jpost.com/Business/Business-News/Rockets-cause-NIS-10-million-in-damage-businesses-across-South-close-361971|title=Rockets cause NIS 10 million in damage, businesses across South close|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=3 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref>

====9 July====
Just after midnight on 9 July, [[President of the State of Palestine|President]] [[Mahmoud Abbas]] announced he would convene an emergency meeting of the Palestinian leadership to discuss the escalation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Abbas-calls-for-emergency-meeting-of-Palestinian-leadership-Wednesday-362006|title=Abbas calls for emergency meeting of Palestinian leadership Wednesday|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=9 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> in addition to contacting [[President of Egypt|Egyptian President]] [[Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi]] to attempt to broker a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|last=Horovitz|first=David|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pounds-dozens-of-gaza-targets-in-major-counteroffensive/#at_00:00|title=Israel hits Hamas, Islamic Jihad leaders after rockets land north of Tel Aviv|work=The Times of Israel|date=23 December 2013|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref>

The IDF confirmed that overnight it struck 160 targets in Gaza, bringing the total to 435 sites that Israel has struck, while from Gaza 235 rockets have been fired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingisraelnews.com/17954/idf-strikes-major-blow-gaza-terrorists-rockets-reach-israels-north|title=IDF Strikes Major Blow to Gaza Terrorists|work=Breaking Israel News|date=2 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Overnight in Rafah 95 airstrikes, with 130 missiles, targeted houses, militant training sites and border tunnels. In Khan Yunis, 74 airstrikes struck 9 houses, 2 mosque minarets, and militant sites with 80 missiles. In the Central Gaza Strip, 20 airstrikes using 30 missiles destroyed 4 houses. Also targeted were militants and agricultural plots. 65 Palestinians were wounded. In Gaza City, 42 airstrikes, employing 75 missiles, struck various targets. In the Northern Gaza Strip 112 airstrikes were launched with 114 missiles, destroying 6 houses, killing 8 and injuring a further 89.<ref>[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10456:israeli-offensive-on-gaza-continues-for-the-second-consecutive-day-houses-destroyed-while-residents-inside-palestinian-deaths-rise-to-22-including-6-children-3-women-and-255-wounded-including-107-children-and-64-women-and-29-houses-destroyed&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 'Israeli Offensive on Gaza Continues for the Second Consecutive Day: Houses Destroyed While Residents inside; Palestinian Deaths Rise to 22, Including 6 Children 3 Women, and 255 Wounded, Including 107 Children and 64 Women; and 29 Houses Destroyed,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827025929/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10456:israeli-offensive-on-gaza-continues-for-the-second-consecutive-day-houses-destroyed-while-residents-inside-palestinian-deaths-rise-to-22-including-6-children-3-women-and-255-wounded-including-107-children-and-64-women-and-29-houses-destroyed&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=27 August 2014 }} [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]] Ref: 77/2014 9 July 2014.</ref> On the morning of 9 July the IDF confirmed that two further rockets had been shot down over Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shamah |first=David |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pounds-gaza-targets-after-rocket-barrage-hits-as-far-north-as-hadera/#at_08:51 |title=Abbas: Israel committing 'genocide' against Palestinians in Gaza |work=The Times of Israel|date=6 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

In an interview given to ''[[The Guardian]]'' published in the morning, a spokesperson for [[Medical Aid for Palestinians]] stated that at least seven children have died as a result of Israeli air strikes so far.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/09/israel-intercepts-gaza-rockets-heading-for-tel-aviv-live-updates|title=Abbas: Palestinian casualties mount as Israel intensifies Gaza offensive|newspaper=The Guardian|date=9 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014|last1=York|first1=Matthew Weaver Alan Yuhas in New}}</ref>

In the afternoon, the Iron Dome shot down a rocket over [[Zichron Yaakov]], 120 km (75 miles) from the Gaza border.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web| url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/gaza-missiles-reach-zichron-yaakov-in-northern-israel/2014/07/09|title=Gaza Missiles Reach Zichron Ya'akov in northern Israel|publisher=The Jewish Press|date=9 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> This was immediately followed by two rockets landing in the [[Mount Carmel]] region, just short of [[Haifa]]; Hamas said they were responsible,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182702 |title=Rockets Strike as Far North as Haifa |date=9 July 2014 |publisher=Israel national news|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> and that Gaza had been hit 500 times in the past two days.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> The IDF announced that they had struck 129 targets in Gaza including Palestinian militants, rocket launchers, weapons stores, tunnels and command centers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28233135 |work=BBC News|title=Israel 'to intensify Gaza attacks'|date=9 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

In the early evening two rockets, believed by Israel to have been aimed at Haifa, landed in an open field in [[Caesarea (modern town)|Caesarea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182702|title=Rockets Strike as Far North as Haifa|work=Israel national news|date=9 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> Israel struck a house in Gaza, killing a mother and her two children.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4540499,00.html|title=Woman, two children killed in IDF attack in Gaza Strip, Palestinians report|work=Ynet news|date=9 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Palestinians reported that the Islamic Jihad Communications Commander was killed in IAF strike on his house.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4540543,00.html|title=Palestinian report: Islamic Jihad Communications Commander killed in IAF strike|work=Ynet news|date= 9 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Following the Israeli attacks on Gaza, the death toll rose to 43; Abbas called the operation an Israeli genocide.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jul-09/263276-abbas-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza.ashx|title=Abbas: Israel committing 'genocide' in Gaza|journal=The Daily Star|date=9 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055238/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jul-09/263276-abbas-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza.ashx}}</ref> Within the first 36 hours of Operation Protective Edge, Israel hit more targets in Gaza than they had in the full eight days of Operation Pillar of Defense.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harel|first=Amos|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.604054|title=Top IAF officer: Israel struck more Hamas targets in 2 days than entire 2012 operation|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=11 July 2014|date=2014-07-09}}</ref>

As night fell, Hamas fired multiple rockets toward [[Dimona]], which they said were attempting to hit the nuclear reactors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Rocket-alert-sirens-sound-in-Zichron-Yaakov-120-km-north-of-Gaza-362087|title=Hamas: We attempted to hit the nuclear reactor in Dimona|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=9 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> Israel continued to strike Gaza; Palestinian casualties rose to 51 dead and 450 injuries<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711489 |title=53 Palestinians killed, over 450 injured in Gaza assault |publisher=Maan News Agency |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031073238/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711489 |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref> Over the same period, [[Magen David Adom]] reported that there had been no Israeli deaths and 68 injuries, 59 from shock and nine while running for shelter.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Skop|first=Yarden|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603913|title=Live updates blog, July 9: IDF expands Gaza offensive|newspaper=Haaretz|date=19 November 2012|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

As the second day came to an end, the IDF announced that it had hit over 550 targets in Gaza over the first two days.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lappin|first=Yaakov|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/IDF-strikes-80-Gaza-targets-in-under-thirty-minutes-362144|title=IDF strikes 80 Gaza targets in under thirty minutes|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=10 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas fired approximately 180 rockets into Israel during the second day. Palestinian casualties were 68 dead and 550 injured (some of them civilians).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/israeli-bombardment-gaza-escalates-20147973229699830.html |title=Scores killed as Israeli jets bombard Gaza |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=9 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

====10 July====
Shortly after midnight, the [[United Nations Security Council]] announced that it would hold a special meeting to discuss the current Israel–Palestinian conflict.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4540787,00.html|type=report|title=Security Council to convene tomorrow to discuss Israeli-Palestinian issue|work=Ynetnews|date=10 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Several hours later, [[Ban Ki-moon]] announced that he would be addressing the Security Council and that he had already spoken with several world leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/657369-gaza-on-knife-edge--ban-ki-moon.html |title=Gaza on 'knife edge' |publisher=New vision |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151836/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/657369-gaza-on-knife-edge--ban-ki-moon.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>

Throughout the night, Israel continued their targeted attacks on Gaza, hitting several sites, resulting in 14 additional deaths, including some women and children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711551 |title=Israel airstrikes kill 14 in Gaza on third day of campaign |publisher=Maan News Agency |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204807/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711551 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Overnight in the Northern Gaza Strip, 111 airstrikes, involving 120 missiles, struck 15 houses and other targets, with 9 deaths and 51 wounded. In Gaza City, 46 airstrikes, using 54 missiles, hit 14 houses, 2 security sites and a press vehicle, resulting in 10 fatalities and 70 injured. In the Central Gaza Strip, 30 airstrikes, with 33 missiles, demolished 9 houses and struck police stations, resulting in 7 fatalities and 25 wounded. In Khan Yunis, 57 airstrikes demolished 12 houses and a beach resort killing 19 civilians.<ref>[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10465:israeli-offensive-on-gaza-continues-69-palestinians-killed-of-whom-60-are-civilians-including-22-children-and-13-women-and-469-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-166-children-and-85-women-driver-of-press-vehicle-killed-70-houses-destroyed&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194Israeli Offensive on Gaza Continues: 69 Palestinians Killed, of Whom 60 Are Civilians, Including 22 Children and 13 Women, and 469 Others Wounded, Mostly Civilians, Including 166 Children and 85 Women; Driver of Press Vehicle Killed; 70 Houses Destroyed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827030500/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10465:israeli-offensive-on-gaza-continues-69-palestinians-killed-of-whom-60-are-civilians-including-22-children-and-13-women-and-469-others-wounded-mostly-civilians-including-166-children-and-85-women-driver-of-press-vehicle-killed-70-houses-destroyed&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194Israeli |date=27 August 2014 }} [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]] Ref: 78/2014 Thursday, 10 July 2014.</ref> Israel vowed to intensify the attacks as the operation enters its third day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711469|title=Netanyahu: Israel to 'further intensify' attacks on Gaza|publisher=Maan News Agency|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710011057/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711469}}</ref> Eight of those killed were members of the Kaware family. Israel announced that although the family was warned, and they did leave the house, they returned after the warning shot hit the house. They returned home moments after the second rocket was fired and it was too late to reprogram.<ref>{{cite news |title=By phone & leaflet, Israeli attackers warn Gazans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/by-phone-and-leaflet-israeli-attackers-warn-gazans.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 July 2014 |first1=Steven |last1=Erlanger |first2=Fares |last2=Akram}}</ref> In total 320 sites in Gaza were hit overnight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/israeli-air-raids-hit-320-hamas-targets-overnight-gaza-slides-towards-war-1612669.html |title=Israeli air raids hit over 320 Hamas targets overnight as Gaza slides towards war |work=First post |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

On the morning of 10 July, Gazan rockets were fired at Tel Aviv, Dimona, Mitzpe Ramon, Eshkol, Ashkelon, Netivot, Yeruham, and other locations. Finance Minister [[Yair Lapid]] warned that there would be an IDF ground operation if the rocket fire did not stop.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4540871,00.html |title=Iron Dome downs Gaza rockets over Tel Aviv; Dimona targeted |work=Ynetnews |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> During the morning of 10 July, an [[IDF Spokesperson's Unit|IDF Spokesman]] said that since the beginning of the operation in Israel 234 missiles had exploded and 61 rockets had been hit by the counter-rocket defense system Iron Dome. Israel additionally issued a warning to the 100,000 residents of Gaza near the border with Israel to evacuate their homes, leading many to believe that preparations for an Israeli ground offensive are underway.<ref>{{cite web|first=Renée|last=Lewis|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/10/gaza-israel-war.html|title=Apparent rocket fire from Lebanon hits near Israel's northern border |publisher=Al Jazeera America|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

In the early afternoon, at an IDF checkpoint on Highway 5, a car with Palestinian plates carrying Palestinians Arabs was stopped. The car contained two cooking gas tanks connected to what is believed to be a detonation device. [[Shin Bet]] is investigating what is believed to have been a car bomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/police-find-and-stop-car-bomb-on-route-5/2014/07/10/ |title=Police Find and Stop Car Bomb On Highway 5 [video]|date=10 July 2014 |publisher=The Jewish Press |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> One of the two suspects later confessed they intended to perpetrate a terror attack.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shamah|first=David|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-vows-harsher-strikes-on-defiant-hamas-as-conflict-enters-3rd-day/#at_15:16|title=Hamas defiant as Israel said to ready for Gaza ground operation|work=The Times of Israel|date=9 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

In the late afternoon, an Israeli airstrike killed three Islamic Jihad members, Mahmoud Walud, Hazm Balusha, and Alla'a Abd al-Nabi, whom Israel holds responsible for rockets fired at Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lappin|first=Yaakov|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/IDF-targets-3-Islamic-Jihad-terrorists-in-northern-Gaza-362283|title=IDF targets 3 Islamic Jihad terrorists in northern Gaza|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=10 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> With this strike, the total number of Palestinians killed in day three of the operation reached 33.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711567 |title=Israeli airstrikes kill dozens in Gaza |publisher=Maan News Agency |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914021346/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711567 |archive-date=14 September 2014 }}</ref> The IDF also announced that 96 rockets had been fired from Gaza on 10 July and that 442 rockets had been launched over the past three days.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shamah|first=David|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-vows-harsher-strikes-on-defiant-hamas-as-conflict-enters-3rd-day/#at_17:04|title=Hamas defiant as Israel said to ready for Gaza ground operation|work=The Times of Israel|date=9 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

In the early evening, siren went off around Jerusalem, for the second time in the three-day-old operation. Two rockets were shot down over Jerusalem by the Iron Dome and one landed in the Abu Ghosh area.<ref>{{cite news|first=Aron|last=Heller|agency=Associated Press|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-escalates-aerial-offensive-gaza-24503822|title=Lebanese Rockets Hit Israel in Offensive's 4th Day|work=ABC News|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

In the evening, the US Consulate General in Jerusalem announced aid for any US citizens in Gaza who wished to leave.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jerusalem.usconsulate.gov/sm071014.html|title=2014 Messages to U.S. Citizens|publisher=Consulate General of the United States|place=Jerusalem|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150655/http://jerusalem.usconsulate.gov/sm071014.html|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> The US Consulate announcement came as Israel announced it would intensify the strikes in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/246114/a-statement-from-pm-netanyahu-to-the-international-community.html|work=The Yeshiva World|title=A Statement from PM Netanyahu to the International Community|access-date=11 July 2014|date=2014-07-10}}</ref> Additionally, Israel announced that their goal is not a ceasefire, but that they want to fully dismantle Hamas's infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravid |first=Barak |url= https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.604375 |title= Israel's UN envoy: Goal is not cease-fire, but to dismantle Hamas rocket infrastructure |at= section "Diplomacy and Defense, Israel News" |newspaper= Haaretz |access-date= 11 July 2014 |date=2014-07-10}}</ref>

As in the past few nights, militants from Gaza chose to shoot a large number of rockets into Israel during the 20:00 news broadcast, with tonight's resulting in a number of injuries after a direct hit on a house.<ref name="israelnationalnews1">{{cite web |url= http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182755|title=At Least One Seriously Wounded from Terror Fire |first=Arutz |last=Sheva |work= Israel national news |date=10 July 2014 |access-date= 11 July 2014}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that an Israeli was killed when a rocket hit their car; however this was later proven to be untrue as the car was empty, and the Israeli death count remained at zero since the operation started.<ref name="israelnationalnews1" />

As the third day of fighting came to an end, Israel announced that 144 rockets had been shot at Israel on 10 July,<ref name="israelnationalnews1" /> and 442 since the operation started.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://main.omanobserver.om/?p=94581 |title=Death toll rises to 77 as Israel strikes Gaza |work=Oman Observer |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151303/http://main.omanobserver.om/?p=94581 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> This rocket fire has resulted in injuries to 123 people; one seriously, 21 moderately to lightly and 101 from shock.<ref name="HaaretzDay3">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.604161|title=Operation Protective Edge, day 3|newspaper=Haaretz|date=10 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> Israel had struck 201 targets In Gaza, resulting in 23 deaths<ref name="Yourkell">Karen Yourish, Josh Keller [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/15/world/middleeast/toll-israel-gaza-conflict.html 'The Toll in Gaza and Israel, Day by Day'], ''[[New York Times]]'', 16 July 2014; accessed 22 July 2014.</ref> and carried out almost 900 airstrikes on the Gaza strip since the start of the operation, killing at least 100 Palestinians (some of whom were civilians).<ref name="ToIDay4">{{cite news|last=Mullen|first=Jethro|title=Rocket fired into northern Israel from Lebanon as Gaza conflict continues|date=11 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/11/world/meast/mideast-tensions/ |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Hamas stated that they are ready for a long battle<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4541474,00.html|title=Hamas: 'We are ready for a long battle'|work=Ynet news|date=20 June 1995|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> and that they plan a ground operation to free Palestinian prisoners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4541475,00.html|title=Hamas: ground operation is only chance to release Palestinian prisoners|work=YnetNews|date=20 June 1995|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

====11 July====
[[File:Operation Protective Edge (14654759733).jpg|thumbnail|The remains of a building in [[Beersheba]] ([[Israel]]), after a direct hit from a rocket in the fourth day of the Operation, (11 July 2014)<ref>{{cite web|last=Borschel |first=Amanda |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/no-end-to-gaza-rocket-fire-israeli-air-strikes-on-day-5-of-hamas-conflict/ |title=IDF hits Gaza police chief's home, kills 15, warns of heavier strikes, after Hamas barrage on Tel Aviv |work=The Times of Israel |date=12 July 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>]]
Overnight, in the Northern Gaza Strip 45 airstrikes hit 5 houses, 7 offices, 2 security sites, and militants. UNRWA buildings were damaged. There were 4 fatalities and 36 wounded. In Gaza City there were 40 airstrikes, with ground and sea shelling. 5 houses, a site of the Naval Police, the Gaza fishing harbor, a security compound, the 4th floor of al-Wafaa' Rehabilitation Hospital and a monument to the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid|''Marmara'' ship martyrs]] were destroyed. In the Central Gaza Strip, 37 airstrikes struck militant sites, a motorbike, a charity office, destroying 9 houses. In Khan Yunis, 31 airstrikes destroyed 12 houses. In Palestinian calculations there were 19 civilian dead and 37 wounded.<ref>[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10468:a&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 'Another Family Killed under Debris of Their Targeted House in Rafah,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827094337/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10468:a&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=27 August 2014 }} [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], 11 July 2014 Ref: 80/2014.</ref> At approximately 03:30, the Iron Dome counter-rocket defense system shot down a rocket over Haifa, the first time a rocket from Gaza reached that far.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Missiles-fired-at-Haifa-Hadera-Zichron-Yaakov-362353|title=IDF examining whether missiles were fired at Haifa and area|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=11 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> An elderly woman running for cover when hearing the sirens collapsed and was pronounced dead at the scene.<ref name="ToIDay4" />

In the early morning, Hussein Izzat Atwe, a member of Al-Jamaa Al-Islamiya fired rockets at Israel,<ref>{{cite news|title=Al Jamaa member behind rockets fired at Israel|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Jul-12/263621-al-jamaa-member-behind-rockets-fired-at-israel.ashx|newspaper=The Daily Star|place=[[Lebanon|LB]]|date=12 July 2014|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814142522/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Jul-12/263621-al-jamaa-member-behind-rockets-fired-at-israel.ashx}}</ref> from the [[Hasbaya]] region of Lebanon. Only one projectile was reported to have hit Israel and caused little or no damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Jul-11/263499-two-rockets-fired-from-s-lebanon-towards-israel.ashx#axzz378Lgj8dG|title=At least one rocket fired from Lebanon hits Israel|work=The Daily Star|place=[[Lebanon|LB]]|date=23 May 2014|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711051927/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Jul-11/263499-two-rockets-fired-from-s-lebanon-towards-israel.ashx#axzz378Lgj8dG}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shamah|first=David|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/operation-protective-edge-israel-hamas-day-4|title=Rockets fired from Lebanon as attacks from Gaza continue|work=The Times of Israel|date=11 November 2013|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> When Lebanon investigated they found six additional rockets ready to be fired, including one which had exploded when fired.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Jul-11/263507-rocket-attack-from-lebanon-draws-israeli-fire.ashx|title=Suspects arrested in south Lebanon rocket attack|newspaper=The Daily Star|place=[[Lebanon|LB]]|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724174002/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Jul-11/263507-rocket-attack-from-lebanon-draws-israeli-fire.ashx}}</ref> One man was later arrested in connection with the rocket fire after police found blood in his car which matched blood found at the scene of the rocket launchers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/lebanese-police-arrest-abu-qais-suspicion-firing-rocket-israel-1625352|title=Lebanese Police Arrest Abu Qais In Suspicion of Firing A Rocket Into Israel|work=The IB Times}}</ref>

Israeli troops fired 25 artillery shells into Lebanon at the outskirts of the village of [[Kfarchouba|Kfar Shuba]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/limited-fire-exchange-lebanon-israel-border-1182183540|title=Limited fire exchange at the Lebanon-Israel border|newspaper=Middle East Eye}}</ref>

In the early evening, [[Egypt]] seized rockets that were being smuggled from Gaza into Egypt; it was believed these were to be used to fire on Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/106003/Egypt/Politics-/Egyptian-forces-seize-rockets-being-smuggled-from-.aspx|title=Egyptian forces seize rockets being smuggled from Gaza to Sinai|place=[[Egypt|EG]]|newspaper=Ahram|edition=online}}</ref>

After three and a half days of the operation, Israel had struck 1,090 sites in Gaza, while 525 rockets had been fired from Gaza at Israel.<ref name="maannews.net">{{cite news|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711990|title=Death toll passes 100 as Israel continues Gaza assault|publisher=Maan News Agency|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112005854/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711990|archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

In the evening, two Israeli soldiers were injured by anti-aircraft missiles near [[Nahal Oz]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4541832,00.html |title=Two soldiers wounded by anti-aircraft missiles at IDF in Nahal Oz area|date=11 July 2014|work=YnetNews}}</ref>
By the end of that day, Israel had struck 235 targets in Gaza, resulting in 23 deaths. From Gaza 137 rockets were fired toward Israel, causing no deaths.<ref name="Yourkell" />

====12 July====
[[File:Operation Protective Edge (14448440097).jpg|thumbnail|A house in Israel after a direct hit from a rocket in the fifth day of the operation, 12 July 2014]]
Overnight in the Northern Gaza Strip, 57 airstrikes, together with tank and gunboat fire, struck and shelled a variety of sites, destroying 10 houses and institutional offices, including a disability rehabilitation center. 77 people were wounded including 28 children and 21 women. In Gaza City, 43 airstrikes, combined with ground and sea shelling destroyed 11 houses, and hit security sites, and open land, with 11 killed and 30 wounded. In the Central Gaza Strip, 35 airstrikes demolished 9 houses, militant sites, open areas, and some charities and mosques. There were 6 fatalities and 41 wounded. In Khan Yunis, 39 airstrikes hit housing, demolishing 12 houses, open areas, a charity, and a bank. There were 9 fatalities. In Rafah 34 airstrikes targeted houses, destroying 8, and government offices and tunnels, and ground and sea artillery was all offices. There were 28 fatalities.<ref>[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10474:a&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 'On the 5th Day of the Offensive on the Gaza Strip, Israeli Warplanes Attack Civilian Facilities, Including Charities, Parks, Disabilities Rehabilitation Centers, Sport Clubs and Mosque, and Increasingly Target Houses], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827091220/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10474:a&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=27 August 2014 }} [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]] Ref: 81/2014, 12 July 2014.</ref> An IDF strike targeting Gaza police chief Tayseer Al-Batsah's home killed 21 people and wounded 45.<ref name="timesofisrael.com">{{cite web|last=Rettig |first=Haviv |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/21-said-killed-in-strike-on-gaza-police-chiefs-house|title=21 said killed in strike on Gaza police chief's house|work=The Times of Israel|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> The police chief's Gaza City house was nearly destroyed by two rockets.<ref name="haaretz live">{{cite news|title=LIVE UPDATES: 15 Palestinians killed in Israeli airstrike in Gaza City|work=Haaretz|date=13 July 2014|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.604570|access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="reutersgaza">{{cite news|last1=Al-Mughrabi|first1=Nidal|last2=Lubell|first2=Maayan|title=Gaza death toll rises; Hamas fires rockets at Tel Aviv|publisher=Reuters|date=12 July 2014|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-idUSKBN0FC0JP20140712|access-date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Many of those killed were leaving a mosque, next door to the home, at the time of the strike.<ref>{{cite news|last=Casey|first=Nicholas|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/death-toll-in-gaza-hits-121-1405154706 |title=Egypt Leader Meets Blair in Effort to End Conflict |work=Wall Street Journal|date=12 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

Just before dawn, an IDF missile hit a center for disabled people in northern Gaza killing two of its residents and injuring five more. A mosque which the IDF said was being used as an armory was also hit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-strip.html?_r=0|title=As Israel Hits Mosque and Clinic, Air Campaign's Risks Come Home|work=New York Times|access-date=14 July 2014|first=Steven|last=Erlanger|date=12 July 2014}}</ref>

Rockets were fired at [[Beersheba]] and [[Ashdod]] wounding ten people, one of them seriously. Ten rockets aimed at Tel Aviv were launched, for which Hamas claimed responsibility; no casualties were reported.<ref name="reutersgaza" /> At around 20:00 in the evening, Hamas convened a news conference and announced that at 21:00 they would fire J80 rockets into central Israel that would challenge the Iron Dome system. The Iron Dome system intercepted three of the rockets; the rest fell in open areas. there were no injuries and minor shrapnel damage. In response, the IDF launched a combined attack involving artillery, helicopters, and fighter jets on many targets throughout the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://reshet.tv/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA/news/Politics/zok_aitan/Article,156704.aspx |title=אחרי האיום בתקיפה: יירוט מעל שמי גוש דן |publisher=Reshet.tv |date=12 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824093601/http://reshet.tv/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA/News/Politics/zok_aitan/Article,156704.aspx |archive-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> Rockets were fired at [[Haifa]], where an elderly woman died of a heart attack while trying to reach a bomb shelter.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.com/operation-protective-edge-day-4-1.5255146 | title=LIVE UPDATES: Operation Protective Edge, Day 4| newspaper=Haaretz| date=2014-07-12}}</ref>

Later in the evening, three rockets were fired from Gaza toward the Jewish settlement of [[Efrat (Israeli settlement)|Efrat]], but all three landed in Palestinian neighborhoods; two in [[Bethlehem]] and one in [[Hebron]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712463|title=Rockets from Gaza land in Bethlehem, Hebron|publisher=Ma'an News Agency|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720203854/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712463|archive-date=20 July 2014}}</ref>

Around 23:00, two rockets were fired from Lebanon into western Galilee, causing no casualties; the IDF responded with artillery fire.<ref name="haaretz live" /> By day's end, Israel had struck 180 targets in Gaza, resulting in 51 deaths. From, Gaza 125 rockets were fired toward Israel, with no deaths.<ref name="Yourkell" />

====13 July====
[[File:Gaza Strip July 2014 a constant state of emergency 1.jpg|thumb|An elementary school in Gaza's Rimal neighborhood, where [[UNRWA]] is housing refugees who left their homes on orders from the Israeli military on the night between 12 and 13 July 2014]]
By the start of the sixth day, Israel had struck 1,320 sites within Gaza,<ref name="timesofisrael.com" /> resulting in 167 deaths and more than 1,000 injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712537|title=Gaza death toll at 167 as deadly Israeli strikes continue|publisher=Maan News Agency|access-date=17 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110204629/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712537|archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> During the same time frame, more than 600 rockets have been launched at Israel from Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/gaza-residents-told-leave-own-safety-195208661.html|title=Israel's Threat As Thousands Flee Northern Gaza|date=14 July 2014 |place=UK|publisher=Yahoo! News|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

In the early hours of the morning, Israeli naval commandos landed in Gaza on the al-Sudaniya beach, on a mission to raid a compound from which long-range rockets were being fired. The Israeli commandos encountered Hamas fighters during the raid, and a gunfight ensured. Three Hamas fighters were killed and four of the commandos were lightly wounded.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israeli-forces-carry-out-raid-on-rocket-base-in-gaza-strip/2014/07/12/92bf92b2-0a37-11e4-a0dd-f2b22a257353_story.html|title=Israeli forces carry out raid on rocket base in Gaza Strip|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Israel stated that their mission was successful, and it took out several long-range rocket launchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/rockets-israel-israeli-troops-enter-gaza/story?id=24539288 |title=More Rockets Into Israel After Israeli Raid Into Gaza |work=ABC News |date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

At 6:00am, 670 people living in Gaza who had dual citizenship were given a chance to be escorted by the IDF out of Gaza to their respective embassies in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/hundreds-of-us-and-european-arabs-leave-gaza/2014/07/13/ |title=Hundreds of US and European-Arabs Leave Gaza |publisher=The Jewish Press |date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> A 30-minute window was given to people wishing to leave; many people missed this opportunity and remained in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sheera|last=Frenkel|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/sheerafrenkel/hundreds-of-us-citizens-are-left-stranded-in-gaza-after-evac|title=Hundreds of US Citizens Are Left Stranded In Gaza After Evacuation Plan Fails Them|publisher=Buzzfeed |date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

Later in the morning, Israel began dropping leaflets, making telephone calls, and sending texts warning Palestinians in northern Gaza to evacuate by noon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/israeli-airstrikes-hit-mosque-palestinian-death-toll-rises-120-article-1.1864196|title=Israeli military orders Palestinians in northern Gaza Strip to evacuate 'for their own safety' as death toll rises|work=NY Daily News|access-date=17 July 2014|location=New York|date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Schools in Gaza have been opened to shelter those who are evacuating their homes; which can shelter up to 35,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712617|title=Thousands flee northern Gaza in fear of Israeli attack|agency=Maan News Agency|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014|archive-date=17 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717105557/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=712617}}</ref> Although Hamas discouraged people from following Israel's advice, it is believed that approximately 10,000 did, in fact, leave.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4542872,00.html|title=Some 10,000 Palestinians evacuate northern Gaza, arrive at UNRWA aid shelter|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=17 July 2014|last1=Levy|first1=Elior}}</ref> After Israel began striking their targets in the north the number of people who left their home was reported at 17,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182858#.U8Lgq2JdXDg|title=Over 17,000 Gazans Flee their Homes|publisher=Israelnationalnews.com|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> totaling about 25% of the town's 70,000 residents.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nidal al-Mughrabi and Jeffrey Heller|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-idUSKBN0FI04420140714|title=Egypt launches initiative to halt Israel-Palestinian conflict|publisher=Reuters|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

In the morning, Palestinians fired four rockets at [[Gush Dan]], the [[Shfela]], and Ashdod.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mako.co.il/news-military/security/Article-727cb2c1d5d2741004.htm?sCh=3d385dd2dd5d4110&pId=1898243326|title=הבוקר: רקטות יורטו מעל השפלה ואשדוד |publisher=Mako.co.il|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> A boy was seriously injured in an Ashkelon rocket attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/595/791.html|title=מטח רקטות לאשקלון: בן 16 נפצע קשה |publisher=Nrg.co.il|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> In the afternoon, Hamas fired a heavy barrage of [[Fajr-5]], [[Qassam rocket|M-75]] and [[LAR-160|M-160]] rockets to all parts of the country, including Ashkelon and Gush Dan. Iron Dome intercepted a rocket over [[Rishon Le-Zion]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1068686|title=תיעוד: כיפת ברזל מיירטת טיל מעל ראשון לציון|publisher=News.nana10.co.il|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014|archive-date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629044928/http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1068686}}</ref> the [[Sharon plain]] and Haifa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iba.org.il/bet/?entity=1025753&type=1 |title=מתקפת רקטות אל שטח ישראל|publisher=Iba.org.il |date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

In the evening, a rocket fired from Gaza hit the infrastructure in Israel that provides electricity to 70,000 Palestinians in Gaza, cutting off their power.<ref>{{cite news|last=Udasin|first=Sharon|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Gazan-rocket-knocks-out-power-for-70000-Gazans-362624|title=Gazan rocket knocks out power for 70,000 Gazans|work=Jerusalem Post|date=14 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> This was followed by a break from the rocket fire, which correlated with the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ben|first=Ariel|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/In-the-Arab-world-does-World-Cup-soccer-trump-the-Gaza-war-362626|title=In the Arab world, does World Cup soccer trump the Gaza war?|work=Jerusalem Post|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> [[2014 Gaza war Beach Bombing Incidents|An Israel missile killed 9 youths and wounded 15]] as they were watching the Argentine-Netherlands semi-final match in a beach café in Khan Younis,

By day's end, Israel had struck 173 targets in Gaza, resulting in 13 deaths. 130 rockets were fired from Gaza toward Israel, but there were no resulting fatalities.<ref name="Yourkell" />

====14 July====
By the start of day seven of the operation, there had been 1,320 strikes by Israel in Gaza,<ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28282291 |publisher=BBC|title=Thousands flee northern Gaza after Israel warnings|date=14 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014|work=BBC News}}</ref> and 940 rockets fired from Gaza at Israel.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Nidal|last1=al-Mughrabi|first2=Dan|last2=Williams|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-idUSKBN0FI04420140713|title=Israel holds off on escalating Gaza barrage; West wants truce|publisher=Reuters|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

Throughout the day, 115 rockets were fired from Gaza toward Israel, causing no fatalities. Israel struck 163 targets in Gaza, killing seven Hamas fighters<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538785,00.html|title=7 Hamas men killed in IAF strikes in Gaza; soldier lightly wounded from rock... – Israel News, Ynetnews|work=ynet|date=7 July 2014}}</ref> and raising the overall death toll to 185.<ref>{{cite news|last=Booth|first=William|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/after-a-week-of-fighting-between-israel-and-hamas-talk-turns-to-diplomacy/2014/07/14/c1bf9f84-0536-4dc5-93b7-cc51ba3e4aa3_story.html|title=Israel accepts truce plan; Hamas balks |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=13 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> The IDF said that after the first seven days they believed 3,000 of the 9,000 rockets in Gaza had been destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4543475,00.html|title=IDF: Hamas wants cease-fire; we've destroyed 3,000 rockets|work=Ynetnews|date=20 June 1995 |access-date=17 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref> 1,050 rockets had been fired at Israel,<ref>{{cite news|first=Ben|last=Lynfield|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-eu-pushes-for-ceasefire-but-israelis-back-benjamin-netanyahu-and-want-bombardment-to-continue-9605927.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-eu-pushes-for-ceasefire-but-israelis-back-benjamin-netanyahu-and-want-bombardment-to-continue-9605927.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Israel-Gaza conflict: EU pushes for ceasefire but Israelis back Benjamin Netanyahu and want bombardment to continue|newspaper=The Independent|place=UK|date=19 March 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> leaving roughly 5,000 remaining rockets as of that time and date.

In the early afternoon, the IDF announced it had utilized a [[MIM-104 Patriot]] missile to down a drone, near Ashdod, which came from Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2014/07/14/israel-says-its-downed-drone-along-southern-coast |title=Israel says it's downed drone along southern coast as Gaza conflict enters 7th day|work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas later took responsibility for this drone, stating they had sent six into Israel, which successfully completed three missions over IDF military bases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/israel-downed-drone-gaza-death-toll-climbs/story?id=24548970|title=Israel Says It Downed Drone as Gaza Death Toll Climbs|work=ABC News|access-date=17 July 2014|date=2014-07-15}}</ref>

In the early evening, Hamas said it destroyed an IDF [[Merkava]] tank stationed near Gaza with a [[9M133 Kornet|Kornet]] anti-tank missile; Israel confirmed that a missile had been fired at a tank, but said that the tank's [[Trophy (countermeasure)|Trophy Active Protection System]] destroyed the missile before it could cause any damage or injuries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rettig |first=Haviv |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/after-six-days-of-hamas-rocket-attacks-gazans-flee-threatened-new-israeli-strikes-operation-protective-edge-day-7/#liveblog-entry-1027851 |title=Cabinet to meet on Egyptian ceasefire plan Tuesday morning |work=The Times of Israel|date=13 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

As day seven of the operation came to an end, news broke that a ceasefire negotiated by Egypt was close to being announced, effective 9:00am the following day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abu|first=Khaled|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Egypt-proposes-Israel-Gaza-ceasefire-in-effect-as-of-Tuesday-morning-362771|title=Egypt proposes Israel-Gaza ceasefire for Tuesday morning|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=15 July 2014 |access-date= 17 July 2014}}</ref> This would be followed by negotiations in [[Cairo]] on 10 July.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/articles/202057/israel-cabinet-to-meet-on-gaza-ceasefire-plan|title=Israel Cabinet To Meet on Gaza Ceasefire Plan|work=Forward|date=14 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas acknowledged that negotiations were ongoing, however no agreements had been finalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713088|title=Hamas official: Gaza truce efforts ongoing, no deal yet|publisher=Maan News Agency|date=10 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715025833/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713088}}</ref>

===Week 2===

====15 July====
[[File:Operation Protective Edge (14687639573).jpg|250px|thumb|A school in [[Rishon LeZion]] damaged by Palestinian rocket on 15 July 2014]]
[[File:Operation Protective Edge (14608616451).jpg|thumb|Israeli civilians lying on the ground in order to defend themselves from a rocket attack.]]

During the night, for the first time during the operation, two rockets were fired at Eilat, from Egypt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Rocket-lands-in-Eilat-causing-light-injuries-and-damage-362796|title=Two rockets land in Eilat, cause light injuries and damage|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=15 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

At 07:00, Israel announced it had officially voted to accept the ceasefire proposed by Egypt for 09:00.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/15/world/meast/mideast-crisis|title=Cease-fire effort fails as rockets, airstrikes continue|publisher=CNN|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas rejected the ceasefire, claiming that it had not been consulted on it, and criticized it as an initiative of surrender rather than a truce, vowing that "our battle with the enemy will continue and will increase in ferocity and intensity."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/hamas-rejects-egypt-ceasefire-plan-gaza-201471543638311569.html | title=Hamas rejects Egypt ceasefire plan for Gaza | News | al Jazeera}}</ref> [[Ismail Haniyeh]], the deputy head of the Hamas political bureau, stated that although Hamas was contacted about the ceasefire, they would not accept it unless Israel fulfilled the "demands of the Palestinian people", such as ending the blockade.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hamas rejects Egypt ceasefire plan for Gaza|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/hamas-rejects-egypt-ceasefire-plan-gaza-201471543638311569.html|access-date=15 July 2014|agency=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Hamas fired 40 rockets into Israel within the first five hours of the proposed ceasefire timeframe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albawaba.com/news/hamas-ceasefire-590486 |title=Hamas: We were not consulted on ceasefire|publisher=Al Bawaba|date=19 March 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

At approximately 15:00, six hours after Israel announced it would accept the ceasefire, Netanyahu announced that, due to the continued rocket fire from Gaza, they would be renewing their strikes.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Ian |last1=Lee |first2=Jethro |last2=Mullen |first3=Ed |last3=Payne |agency=CNN |url=http://www.click2houston.com/news/israeli-cabinet-to-consider-ceasefire/26957062 |title='Failure not an option': Gaza peace elusive |publisher=Click 2 Houston |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718115201/http://www.click2houston.com/news/israeli-cabinet-to-consider-ceasefire/26957062 |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>

Netanyahu, on the evening of 15 July, fired Deputy Defense Minister [[Danny Danon]]. According to Netanyahu's associates, Danon lost his job for stating that Hamas had "humiliated" Israel.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hoffman|first=Gil|title=Netanyahu fires Deputy Defense Minister Danon for attacking him|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Netanyahu-fires-Deputy-Defense-Minister-Danon-who-was-highly-critical-of-Gaza-strategy-362930|access-date=15 July 2014|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

In the evening, eight days into the operation, an Israeli civilian, Dror Hanin,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/07/17/332205089/two-funerals-in-israel-and-gaza-each-side-mourns-its-dead|title=Two Funerals: In Israel And Gaza, Each Side Mourns Its Dead|newspaper=Parallels|publisher=NPR|date=17 July 2014}}</ref> a rabbi who was delivering food to Israeli soldiers, was killed in a mortar attack at the Erez crossing. He was the first Israeli directly killed in the war and the second Israeli death that was a result of it (the first being an elderly woman in [[Haifa]] who died of a heart attack while running to a bomb shelter).<ref name="jpost1">{{cite web|last=Lappin|first=Yaakov|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-Gaza-despite-Israels-acceptance-of-ceasefire-362839|title=First Israeli death of Gaza operation as mortar shell kills man at Erez Crossing|work=Jerusalem Post|date=15 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

On 15 July, Israel had struck 96 targets in Gaza, resulting in 16 deaths and 156 rockets had been fired toward Israel.
In eight days Israel had struck 1,603 targets in Gaza, causing 194 deaths. From Gaza 1,147 rockets were launched toward Israel, causing one Israeli death.<ref name="Yourkell" />

====16 July====
Around midnight, the start of day nine of fighting, Netanyahu vowed to intensify and expand Israeli strikes after accelerated rocket launches from Gaza during the six-hour Israeli cessation of hostilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28317312|title=Gaza conflict: Strikes will 'intensify', says Netanyahu|work=BBC News|date=15 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

During the night, Israeli warplanes bombed the house of senior Hamas leader [[Mahmoud al-Zahar]]. Israel also hit the homes of several Hamas leaders including Bassem Naim, Fathi Hammad and Ismail al-Ashqar, all four homes were reportedly empty at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/world/middle-east/story/israel-air-raid-targets-senior-hamas-leaders-home-officials-20140716|title=Israel air raid targets senior Hamas leader's home: officials|work=Straits Times|date=16 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Shortly after these attacks, it was announced the death toll within Gaza had surpassed 200 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/new-israeli-air-strikes-bring-gaza-toll-to-200-medics/article/390129|title=Israel warns 100,000 Gazans to flee as truce efforts resume|publisher=Digitaljournal.com |date=15 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> During the night, Israel sent pre-recorded messages to approximately 100,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4544344,00.html|title=Source: 100,000 Gaza told to evacuate|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> people in Gaza City to leave their homes by 8{{nbsp}}am.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4544347,00.html|title=Voice message to Gaza City residents: 'Evacuate by 8am'|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

Magen David Adom in the evening reported that they offered to transfer donated blood to help those injured in Gaza; however the Palestinian Authority rejected the blood and rejected their offer to help run blood drives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/abbas-refuses-israeli-blood-donation-as-idf-resumes-bombing-gaza/2014/07/15|title=Abbas Refuses Israeli Blood Donation as IDF Resumes Bombing Gaza|publisher=The Jewish Press |date=19 May 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

In the early afternoon, Hamas and the PIJ proposed a ten-year truce with Israel. The Palestinian terms for a truce included:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713579|title=Report: Hamas, Islamic Jihad offer 10-year truce|publisher=Maannews.net|date=16 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234716/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713579|archive-date=24 July 2014}}</ref>
* IDF moving their tanks further into Israel from Gaza
* Re-release of all prisoners freed in exchange for Gilad Shalit and arrested during Operation Brother's Keeper
* Remove blockage from all borders with the [[Israel–Gaza barrier|Rafah crossings]] on UN control
* Establish an airport in Gaza under UN control
* Expand fishing zone to 13 km
* Israel borders with Gaza controlled by the UN
* Israel cannot intervene in the Palestinian unity government
* Israel must give Gaza residents permission to visit Jerusalem and pray in [[Al-Aqsa]]

Later in the afternoon, four Palestinian boys from the Fatah-aligned<ref>[[Max Blumenthal]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=mhppCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 ''The 51 Day War: Ruin and Resistance in Gaza,''] Nation Books 2015 p.28.</ref> Bakr family, aged between 9 and 11, Ismail, Zachariah, Ahed and Mohammed Bakr, were [[2014 Gaza war Beach Bombing Incidents|killed on a Gaza beach by a shell fired by an Israeli naval gunboat as they were playing soccer]].<ref>Dan Cohen, [http://mondoweiss.net/2015/06/living-martyr-family 'The living martyr, a visit to the Bakr family in Gaza Israel/Palestine,'] [[Mondoweiss]] June 19, 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Staff|url=https://news.yahoo.com/four-children-killed-israeli-shelling-gaza-medical-officials-140109147.html|title=Four children killed by Israeli shelling in Gaza: medical officials|publisher=News.yahoo.com|date=20 April 2011|access-date= 17 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="BeachTragedy">{{cite news|title=Increasing number of children dying in Israeli Hamas conflict|url=http://www.israelherald.com/index.php/sid/223863915/scat/f81a4d9d561822ee/ht/Increasing-number-of-children-dying-in-Israeli-Hamas-conflict|access-date=18 July 2014|work=Israel Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725191911/http://www.israelherald.com/index.php/sid/223863915/scat/f81a4d9d561822ee/ht/Increasing-number-of-children-dying-in-Israeli-Hamas-conflict|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> A later Israeli criminal investigation closed the case stating the site was a Hamas Naval Police and Naval Force compound, which was shelled when several figures were observed entering it "at a running pace" and "the figures were not identified at any point during the incident, as children."<ref>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=765923 'No charges as Israel closes probe into deadly Gaza beach bombing,'] [[Ma'an News Agency]] 12 June 2015.</ref> A 2015 IDF internal report, published in 2018 by [[The Intercept]], concluded that the four were killed by missiles fired from a [[Elbit Hermes 450|Hermes 450 surveillance drone]] hovering above the beach, after the go-ahead was given by an Israeli air force commander at the Palmachim air base, south of Tel Aviv. One boy was said to be mistaken for a Hamas militant was killed, and as the other 3 fled, the drone operators asked their supervisors how far they could pursue the other three along the beach. Since no reply was given, the other three were then taken out. No charges were laid for criminal negligence since, in the view of the reviewing committee, it was impossible with air surveillance to identify the four as children.<ref>[https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5328114,00.html 'Report: Israel noted mistakes that led to death of 4 Gazan kids in 2014 airstrike,'] [[Ynet]] 13 August 2018</ref>

During the day, [[UNRWA]] discovered approximately 20 rockets hidden in a vacant school in the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/unrwa-strongly-condemns-placement-rockets-school|title=Strongly Condemns Placement of Rockets in School|publisher=UNRWA|date=17 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Israel claimed that the rockets were returned to Hamas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Horovitz|first=David|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-agency-handed-rockets-back-to-hamas-israel-says|title=UN agency handed rockets back to Hamas, Israel says|work=The Times of Israel|date=23 February 2011|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref> Christopher Gunness, the spokesperson of UNRWA, has denied this, saying that "According to longstanding UN practice in UN humanitarian operations worldwide, incidents involving unexploded ordnance that could endanger beneficiaries and staff are referred to the local authorities. Local authorities fall under the government of national consensus in Ramallah."<ref name="unrwaRocket">{{Cite news|last=Rogin|first=Josh|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/20/did-the-united-nations-give-rockets-to-hamas.html|title=Did the United Nations Give Rockets to Hamas?|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=20 July 2014|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="jpostunrwa">{{cite web|last=Rogin|first=Josh|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/UNRWA-denies-giving-rockets-found-on-its-premises-to-Hamas-368358|title=UNRWA denies giving rockets found on its premises to Hamas|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=21 July 2014|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

On 16 July Israel had struck 50 targets in Gaza, resulting in 17 deaths. From Gaza 94 rockets were fired toward Israel, resulting in no fatalities. {{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

====17 July====
[[File:Terror Tunnel Found in Gaza (14758106025).jpg|thumb|150px|right|Tunnel used to infiltrate Israel, 17 July]]
During the night, Israel agreed to a five-hour humanitarian ceasefire, proposed by the UN,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/israel-hamas-agree-to-5-hour-cease-fire-to-allow-humanitarian-aid-into-gaza/|title=Israel, Hamas agree to 5-hour cease-fire to allow humanitarian aid into Gaza|publisher=Fox News|date=1 October 2006|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> followed shortly by Hamas' acceptance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4544968,00.html|title=Turkish report: Hamas agrees to ceasefire|work=YnetNews|date=17 July 2014|author=Elior Levy|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> The ceasefire took place from 10:00 to 15:00, local time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/israel-accepts-humanitarian-ceasefire-after-deaths-four-palestinian-children-1456980|title=Israel Accepts Humanitarian Ceasefire After Deaths of Four Palestinian Children|work=IB Times|place=UK|access-date=17 July 2014|date=2014-07-16}}</ref>

Approximately five and a half hours prior to the ceasefire's effect, 13 armed Hamas fighters emerged from a tunnel on the Israeli side of the Gaza border near kibbutz [[Sufa, Israel|Sufa]]. The IDF detected the infiltrators, who went back to the tunnel shaft to escape back to Gaza after realizing they had been spotted. The IDF hit the tunnel shaft with an airstrike, killing five of the infiltrators.<ref name="Barak">Barak, Daphne-Richemond: ''Underground Warfare'' (2018)</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4545028,00.html|work=YnetNews|date=17 July 2014|author=Yoav Zitun|title=Gaza terror attack thwarted, IDF stop 13 terrorists attempting to enter Israel}}</ref> No Israeli casualties were sustained in this incident.<ref name="Elior Levy" /> Israeli Army Radio reported the men were carrying weapons and abduction-related equipment, including tranquilizers and handcuffs.<ref name="John" /> Subsequent searches of the tunnel uncovered ammunition, grenades, grenade-launchers, and military-grade vests.<ref name="Barak" />

Approximately two hours into the ceasefire, three rockets were fired from Gaza into Israel. Israel attributed them to Hamas, although responsibility for them was not claimed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/hamas-israel-trade-rocket-fire-as-humanitarian-cease-fire-window-expires|title=Militants in Gaza fire rocket at Israel as humanitarian cease-fire window expires|publisher=Fox News|date=1 October 2006|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> At exactly 15:00, at the end of the agreed upon five-hour ceasefire, sirens began ringing again in Israel, in the Ashkelon region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/gaza-militants-sneak-israel-ahead-cease-fire/story?id=24594286|title=Gaza Ceasefire Ends as Cairo Talks Simmer|work=ABC News|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

In the early evening, for the second time since the operation began, the IDF shot down a drone launched from Gaza into Israel, using an [[MIM-104 Patriot]] missile.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4545505,00.html|title=IDF intercepts another Hamas UAV|newspaper=YnetNews|date=17 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas later acknowledged having launched the drone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/israel-shoots-town-hamas-drone-190504746.html|title=Israel shoots town Hamas drone|publisher=Yahoo News|agency=AFP|date=17 July 2014|access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref>

At the beginning of the night, IDF artillery batteries fired hundreds of shells into the northern Gaza strip after warning civilians to leave the area. Hamas ordered civilians not to leave, and some were still present when the attack started. IDF ground forces then entered Gaza.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/IDF-intensifies-Gaza-attacks-with-artillery-fire-air-strikes-363289 IDF starts Gaza ground offensive], jpost.com; accessed 21 July 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4545459,00.html|publisher=Ynetnews.com|title=IDF begins ground operation in the Gaza Strip|newspaper=Ynetnews|date=17 July 2014|access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> The Egyptian government stated that it held Hamas responsible for the hostilities leading to Israel's ground operations, as Hamas had been offered but rejected a ceasefire.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Egypt-blames-Hamas-for-IDFs-ground-operation-363300 Egypt blames Hamas for IDF's ground offensive], jpost.com; accessed 21 July 2014.</ref> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the ground invasion's task was to disable the tunnels near the border used by Hamas to invade Israel.

Shortly after Israeli ground forces entered Gaza, Israeli tanks began shelling Wafa Hospital in Gaza.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713998 Director: Israeli tanks shelling Gaza rehab hospital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720234618/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713998 |date=20 July 2014 }}, Maan News Agency; accessed 21 July 2014.</ref> Israel said it had given the hospital multiple advance warnings to evacuate their 17 patients before attacking a weapons storage facility at the hospital.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-palestinians-israel-idUKKBN0FM2ME20140717 Israel launches ground offensive in Gaza Strip]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Reuters.com; accessed 21 July 2014.</ref>

====18 July====
[[File:Gaza War 18.07.2014.jpg|thumb|Operation Protective Edge, east of Gaza City, 18 July]]
Shortly after midnight, the IDF announced approval to call up 18,000 additional reserves,<ref>{{cite web|last=Lappin|first=Yaakov|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Cabinet-authorizes-call-up-of-an-additional-18000-IDF-reserves-363310|title=Cabinet authorizes call-up of an additional 18,000 IDF reserves|publisher=JPost|date=18 July 2014|access-date= 22 July 2014}}</ref> bringing the total reserves IDF allowed to call to 72,000. Overnight the IDF destroyed the home of PIJ leader Abdullah al-Shami.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4545705,00.html|title=IDF destroys home of Islamic Jihad leader Abdullah al-Shami in Gaza City|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

The IDF announced that 20 Hamas fighters were killed and 13 captured in the opening hours of the ground offensive. One Israeli soldier was killed during an operation against rocket launchers in [[Beit Hanoun]] on the early morning of July 18 after IDF troops came under fire, in an incident in which five other Israeli soldiers were injured.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/17-hamas-fighters-killed-13-captured-in-first-hours-of-ground-offensive/ | title=20 Hamas fighters killed, 13 captured in first hours of ground offensive| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=18 July 2014}}</ref> It was later established that he was killed by [[friendly fire]].

In the early afternoon, Israel announced that paratroopers had found eight tunnels<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4545986,00.html|title=Paratroopers uncover 8 shafts to smuggling tunnels while fighting in Gaza|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995 |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> and later announced that thirteen more tunnels had been discovered.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4546036,00.html|title=IDF troops uncover thirteen smuggling tunnels in Gaza|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

The IDF announced that it had hit 260 targets in Gaza and uncovered 21 tunnels so far.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4545757,00.html|title=IDF troops hit 260 targets in Gaza; soldiers uncover 21 smuggling tunnels|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|access-date=22 July 2014|date=19 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref> Hamas military commander Ali Jandiya was killed in an Israeli airstrike on his home in [[Shuja'iyya]].<ref name="estimate" /> Three militants were killed by Israeli tank shelling on the building they were positioned in after firing an anti-tank missile at an Israeli tank. A search of the building uncovered a stockpile of weapons that included [[anti-tank missile]]s. Separately, Israeli commandos of the [[Maglan]] unit destroyed a Hamas position with a precision missile, and an armored force hit a militant squad preparing to fire an anti-tank missile. The IDF announced that a militant had been killed by Israeli troops after requesting medical assistance, only to attempt a grenade attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4546055,00.html|title=Armored unit kills three militants in Gaza, find stockpile of anti-tank miss...|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=22 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4546120,00.html | title=צה"ל ממשיך לתקוף על הקרקע, השב"כ חוקר עשרות מחבלים שנתפסו; חמאס: "לא ניכנע"| newspaper=Ynet| date=2014-07-18| last1=Ynet| first1=כתבי}}</ref> An Israeli commando force of the Sayeret Rimon unit also ran into and killed a militant riding a motorcycle while combing a tunnel opening.

====19 July====
[[File:Airstrike of a house in Gaza.jpg|thumb|Airstrike of a house in Gaza, 19 July]]
[[File:Weapons Seized in operation Protective edge.jpg|thumb|Equipment left behind by Hamas operatives who infiltrated Israel through a tunnel and engaged IDF troops]]
Shortly after midnight, the IDF said that more than 40 militants had been killed since the start of the ground operation, and an additional 21 militants had been captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Three-Israeli-soldiers-injured-in-Gaza-363416|title=Three Israeli soldiers injured in Gaza|date=19 July 2014 |publisher=JPost|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

In the late morning, nine Hamas militants entered Israel via a tunnel, wearing IDF uniforms and carrying weapons, handcuffs, syringes, and sedatives. They were met by IDF troops. One militant and two IDF soldiers were killed in the resulting exchange of fire. The remaining militants escaped through the tunnel, and several of them were later killed in Gaza by an Israeli airstrike.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lappin|first=Yaakov|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Two-IDF-soldiers-killed-in-clash-with-Hamas-tunnel-infiltrators-363470|title=Three soldiers slain in first days of Gaza ground assault|date=19 July 2014 |publisher=JPost|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas claimed to have killed five IDF soldiers in the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714530|title=Hamas armed wing: 5 Israeli soldiers killed in new cross-border attack|access-date=22 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721115122/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714530|archive-date=21 July 2014}}</ref>

During the day, an anti-tank missile was fired at an IDF position in Gaza, killing a soldier. In the evening, a Hamas fighter emerged from a tunnel in southern Gaza and opened fire at an Israeli unit, killing a soldier and wounding another. The soldiers returned fire, killing the attacker.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two more soldiers killed in two separate incidents in Gaza|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/two-more-soldiers-killed-in-two-separate-incidents-in-gaza|newspaper=The Times of Israel}}</ref>

In the afternoon, a rocket fired from Gaza at Israel landed on a tent of an Israeli [[Bedouin]] family, killing a man, critically injuring a 4-month-old, and injuring two others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714395|title=Israeli killed, 3 injured as rocket falls near Dimona|publisher=Maannews.net|access-date=22 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721115023/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714395|archive-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> By that night the IDF had uncovered 34 tunnels within Gaza, and was dismantling them.<ref>{{cite web|author=KARIN LAUB and TIA GOLDENBERG|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israeli-military-seek-destroy-gaza-tunnels-24634834|title=Scores Dead in First Major Ground Battle in Gaza|work=ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

On 19 July, over 94 rockets were fired from Gaza at Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/prayer-rally-at-western-wall-and-gaza-updates/2014/07/20|title=Prayer Rally at Western Wall and Gaza Updates|publisher=The Jewish Press|date=15 July 2014|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> That day the IDF hit 140 sites in Gaza, bringing the total to 260 since the ground operation started,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ejpress.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49829&catid=25|title=Two Israeli soldiers killed in terrorist infiltration |publisher=Ejpress.org|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> causing 49 deaths and bringing the total number of Palestinian deaths during the operation to 348.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-154390-Toll-in-Gaza-hits-343-on-day-12-of-Israel-campaign|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140725074947/http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-154390-Toll-in-Gaza-hits-343-on-day-12-of-Israel-campaign|archive-date=25 July 2014|title=Toll in Gaza hits 348 on day 13 of Israel campaign|publisher=thenews.com.pk|date=15 July 2014|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

In the evening, the [[Battle of Shuja'iyya (2014)|Battle of Shuja'iyya]] began. The IDF launched a preemptive bombardment of the [[Shuja'iyya]] neighborhood of Gaza City, prior to a ground incursion. According to the IDF, at least 15 Palestinian militants were killed in the preemptive bombardment.<ref name="2 killed, 4 hurt in mortar strike o">{{cite web | last1=Zion| first1=Ilan Ben| url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/1-killed-5-hurt-in-mortar-strike-on-southern-kibbutz/ | title=2 killed, 4 hurt in mortar strike on southern kibbutz| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=26 August 2014}}</ref> An IDF force spearheaded by the [[Golani Brigade]] then entered Shuja'iyya. Late on 19 July, forward elements of the Golani Brigade met Hamas units and fierce combat broke out, with Hamas fighters emerging from tunnels and bunkers to engage the Israelis, employing sniper fire, automatic weapons, and anti-tank missiles, pinning down some Israeli formations.

====20 July====
[[File:IDF Paratroopers Operate Within Gaza.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Israeli paratroopers operate within Gaza.]]
[[File:IDF Soldiers Uncover Tunnels in Gaza (14513059999).jpg|thumb|right|200px|An Israeli soldier overlooks an uncovered Hamas tunnel]]
The [[Battle of Shuja'iyya (2014)|Battle of Shuja'iyya]], which had begun the previous day, continued as Israeli troops and Hamas fighters continued to battle in Shuja'iyya. On the morning of 20 July, seven Israeli soldiers were killed when an Israeli [[M113 armored personnel carrier]] was hit by an anti-tank missile.<ref name="July20">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4547088,00.html|title=IDF begins naming 13 soldiers killed in Gaza on Sunday|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=22 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref> Hamas fighters managed to seize the body of Staff Sergeant [[Death and ransoming of Oron Shaul|Oron Shaul]], one of the soldiers killed in the attack on the armored personnel carrier. IDF engineering forces later reached the wreck of the APC and towed it back to Israel.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-releases-details-on-shejaiya-battle-in-which-7-soldiers-died/ | title=IDF releases details on Shejaiya battle in which 7 soldiers died July 20| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=22 August 2014}}</ref> In the following hours, three more Israeli soldiers were killed in clashes with Hamas fighters, and three others were killed when an anti-tank missile hit a building where soldiers were setting up a command center. The IDF brought in [[IDF Caterpillar D9|D9 armored bulldozers]] to destroy enemy positions. In one case, a few Hamas fighters were killed when an IDF bulldozer destroyed a tunnel they were in. After particularly heavy fire was laid down on Israeli forces in Shuja'iyya, the IDF launched a massive artillery barrage and series of airstrikes after ordering the infantry into armored personnel carriers, with artillery fire landing within 100 meters of Israeli forces. According to the IDF, 37 Hamas fighters were killed in the bombardment, and all firing ceased afterward.

In total, at least 72<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/More-bodies-recovered-in-Shejaia-say-Palestinian-officials-as-death-count-rises-363627|title=More bodies recovered in Shejaia, say Palestinian officials, as death count rises|date=21 July 2014 |publisher=JPost|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> and up to 120 Palestinians, including civilians, were killed in the battle, in what local medical authorities,<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714820 '100 killed in Israeli assault on Sunday alone'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730054343/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714820 |date=30 July 2014 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]] 20 July 2014.</ref> along with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas, called a massacre. The IDF stated that Shuja'iyya had been the site of 8% of the rocket launches since 8 July, and that residents had been warned to leave two days earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4547139,00.html|title=More than 65 killed in Israeli shelling in Gaza City|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

Hamas requested via the [[Red Crescent]] a humanitarian ceasefire for the Shuja'iyya neighborhood to allow the evacuation of wounded from the area. The IDF agreed, and the ceasefire began at 13:30; however, only an hour into the truce, IDF troops came under fire and responded.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4546861,00.html|title=Israel extends Gaza humanitarian truce after rocky start|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995 |access-date=22 July 2014|last1=Lev|first1=Elior}}</ref>

In total, the IDF confirmed that 13 IDF soldiers were killed during the fighting in Shuja'iyya.<ref name="July20" /> Another 56 soldiers were wounded and scores were hospitalized, including the commander of the Golani Brigade, Colonel [[Ghassan Alian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/24764/Default.aspx|title=Israel Today;IDF Brigade Commander Wounded Leading Troops Into Battle|publisher=Israeltoday.co.il|date=9 July 2014|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> The IDF claimed that more than 100 Palestinian militants were killed in Gaza during the night.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4546718,00.html|title=Bloody Sunday: Over 100 Palestinians killed on 13th day of operation|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=22 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref> In one airstrike aimed at a Hamas member, 25 members of one family were killed along with the target. During the overnight fighting, the IDF uncovered ten more tunnel systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/israel-ready-significant-expansion-ground-attack-gaza/story?id=24614737 |title=Israel Begins Dismantling 'Underground Gaza' Labyrinth|publisher=Abcnews.go.com|date=18 July 2014|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

The military wing of Hamas claimed to have killed at least 32 Israeli soldiers since 19 July. Hamas also claimed captured an Israeli soldier named Shaul Aron.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28392636|title=Gaza crisis: 13 Israeli soldiers, scores of Gazans killed|work=BBC News|date=20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714871|title=Hamas says it has kidnapped Israeli soldier in Gaza|publisher=Ma'an News Agency|location=Gaza City|date=20 July 2014|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119075955/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714871|archive-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> However, [[Ron Prosor]], the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations, denied the report.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Levs|first1=Josh|last2=Brumfield|first2=Ben|last3=Penhaul|first3=Karl|title=Hamas claims it captured an Israeli soldier; Israel says no|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/20/world/meast/mideast-crisis/index.html|access-date=21 July 2014|work=CNN|date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Israel confirmed that Staff Sergeant Oron Shaul was missing, but eventually declared him dead.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-staff-sgt-oron-shaul-declared-dead-1.5256843 | title=IDF Determines Staff Sgt. Oron Shaul, Previously Considered Missing, is Dead| newspaper=Haaretz| date=2014-07-25| last1=Cohen| first1=Gili}}</ref>

====21 July====
[[File:401st armoured brigade of the Armored Corps Operate Near the Gaza Border-20-july-2014-.jpg|thumb|An Israeli armored column including [[Merkava|Merkava 4m]] [[tank]]s and [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[armored bulldozer]]s of the [[401st Brigade (IDF)|401st Armored Brigade]] operating near the Israel-Gaza border]]
Since the beginning of the operation, IDF has struck some 2,800 targets in Gaza,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4547287,00.html|title=VIDEO: IDF forces kill 10 terrorists infiltrating into Israel|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=22 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref> while 1,497 rockets have been fired from Gaza at Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183084|title=Hamas Rocket Hits Egypt, Rafah Border Crossing|date=19 July 2014 |publisher=Israelnationalnews.com|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

During the night, two cells of Palestinian militants attempted to infiltrate Israel using tunnels. While the Israeli Air Force directly hit the first cell, ground troops engaged the second.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/22/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-conflict.html?_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Jodi | last=Rudoren | title=Israel Is Facing Difficult Choice in Gaza Conflict | date=21 July 2014}}</ref> At least ten militants were killed in the two incidents.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mezzofiore|first=Gianluca|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/israel-gaza-conflict-israel-kills-10-palestinian-militants-082522605.html#EzDT8Nd|title=Israel-Gaza Conflict: Israel Kills 10 Palestinian Militants Entering From Gaza|publisher=Uk.news.yahoo.com|date=20 April 2011|access-date=22 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812172957/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/israel-gaza-conflict-israel-kills-10-palestinian-militants-082522605.html#EzDT8Nd|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> During one attack, 10 Palestinians exited the tunnel wearing full IDF uniforms.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lappin|first=Yaakov|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Four-IDF-soldiers-killed-by-terrorist-squad-that-infiltrated-Israel-from-Gaza-368343|title=Seven more IDF soldiers and officers killed in clashes with Hamas|date=21 July 2014 |publisher=JPost|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> Four IDF soldiers were killed in the attack when an anti-tank missile hit their jeep.<ref>{{cite web|last=Horovitz|first=David|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/kerry-heads-to-cairo-for-ceasefire-bid-as-israel-names-soldiers-killed-in-gaza/#liveblog-entry-1032814|title=Kerry in region for truce bid after day of bitter fighting raises IDF toll to 25|work=The Times of Israel |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> Another three Israeli soldiers were killed in heavy fighting in Shuja'iyya, during which the Israeli Air Force dropped 120 one-ton bombs on the neighborhood, striking within 250 meters of ground troops.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART2/599/869.html|title=קצין בכיר: "שג'אעיה בשליטה, פגענו במערך שלם של חמאס"|website=makorrishon.co.il|date=23 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Katsman|first=Aaron|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Seven-IDF-soldiers-officers-killed-army-says-368353 |title=Seven IDF soldiers, officers killed, army says|date=21 July 2014 |publisher=JPost|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="mfa">{{cite web| url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Pages/IDF-soldiers-killed-in-Operation-Protective-Edge.aspx| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140731003226/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Pages/IDF-soldiers-killed-in-Operation-Protective-Edge.aspx| archive-date = 2014-07-31| title = IDF soldiers killed in Operation Protective Edge}}</ref> Israeli commandos of the [[Egoz Unit]] killed 10 Palestinian militants in Shuja'iyya, including one who was carrying an explosive belt. The commander of the Egoz Unit was seriously wounded in the fighting.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4547830,00.html | title=הותר לפרסום: מפקד יחידת אגוז נפצע קשה בעזה| newspaper=Ynet| date=2014-07-22| last1=זיתון| first1=אילנה קוריאל ויואב}}</ref> Two other Israeli soldiers were killed in fighting elsewhere in Gaza. An Israeli officer commanding a paratrooper unit in the Khan Yunis area was fatally shot by a sniper, and would die of his injuries in January 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4902874,00.html | title=Paratroopers' officer critically wounded in Protective Edge passes away| newspaper=Ynetnews| date=4 January 2017| last1=Zitun| first1=Yoav| last2=Dabush| first2=Isaac| last3=Beno| first3=Goel}}</ref>

An Israeli airstrike in Gaza City killed Islamic Jihad commander Sha'ban Suleiman al-Dahdouh, a commander in the Islamic Jihad's battalion in [[Zeitoun, Gaza|Zeitoun]].<ref name="iitc2" />

Reports from Gaza in the afternoon stated that the IDF shelled a hospital, killing five and injuring many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/deaths-as-israeli-tanks-shell-gaza-hospital-2014721124111171397.html|title=Deaths as Israeli tanks shell Gaza hospital|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> The IDF commented on the situation stating that their target was a stock of anti-tank missiles which was stored in the immediate vicinity of the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28399292|title=Gaza conflict: Five dead at hospital hit by Israeli strike|publisher=Bbc.com|access-date=22 July 2014|work=BBC News|date=2014-07-22}}</ref>

At the Erez Border Crossing, the IDF set up a field hospital for injured Palestinians from Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/idfonline/14522987330/in/photostream|title=IDF Field Hospital on Gaza Border|publisher=Flickr|access-date=22 July 2014|date=2014-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=מערכת דוקטורס אונלי |url=http://doctorsonly.co.il/2014/07/81773/ |title=צה"ל הקים בית חולים שדה במעבר ארז לטיפול בפלשתינאים | דוקטורס אונלי Doctors Only|publisher=Doctorsonly.co.il|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

A 21 July CNN report stated that more than 83,000 Palestinians have sought refuge in U.N. facilities with more than 2,000 rockets fired at Israel since the start of the Operation, the latter information from the IDF. That day as well, [[President of the United States]] [[Barack Obama]] called for a return to the Gaza-Israel cease-fire agreement while also expressing regret at the civilian casualties both in Israel and in Palestine.<ref name="CNN-crisis">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/21/world/meast/mideast-crisis/|title=Deaths mount in Gaza and Israel as U.S. pushes cease-fire|publisher=CNN.com|date=21 July 2014|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

===Week 3===
[[File:Histogram of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel per day, 2014.png|thumb|Histogram of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel per day, 2014]]

====22 July====
Shortly after midnight, the [[United Arab Emirates]] announced it would be giving $41 million in aid to Gazans<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4547902,00.html|title=United Arab Emirates pledges $41m aid for Gaza reconstruction|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Ynetnews.com|date=20 June 1995|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> and the U.S. government announced $47 million in aid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/news/politics/article/Kerry-returns-to-Mideast-to-push-for-cease-fire-5634687.php |title=US urges global push for Israeli, Hamas cease-fire |work=Houston Chronicle |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728090257/http://www.chron.com/news/politics/article/Kerry-returns-to-Mideast-to-push-for-cease-fire-5634687.php |archive-date=28 July 2014 }}</ref>

A night raid by an Israeli force of the Nahal Brigade killed eight Palestinian fighters. In the morning, a battle took place between an Israeli paratrooper unit and Hamas fighters in which 15 Hamas operatives and an Israeli soldier were killed. Two Israeli tank officers were also killed in fighting in Gaza. A tank company commander was killed by a Hamas sniper in Shuja'iyya, and a tank platoon commander was killed by enemy fire during combat in Beit Hanoun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/boruch-dayan-emmes/249194/baruch-dayan-haemmes-2-soldiers-killed-in-overnight-battle-in-gaza.html|title=2 More Israeli Soldiers Killed in Gaza: Death Toll Of Soldiers Now At 27|publisher=Theyeshivaworld.com|access-date=22 July 2014|date=2014-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Winer| first1=Stuart| url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/two-idf-tank-officers-killed-overnight/ | title=Two IDF tank officers killed overnight| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=23 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="mfa" /> Senior Hamas operative Muhammad Majed Abu Kamil was killed in an Israeli airstrike in [[Juhor ad-Dik]]. Another Hamas member was killed in an airstrike on his home in the Khan Yunis area.<ref name="estimate" />

In the late morning, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] stated their office was currently under attack by the IDF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/gunshots-fired-at-al-jazeera-bureau-gaza-2014722829152765.html|title=Gunshots fired at Al Jazeera bureau in Gaza|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> IDF denied this, but could not rule out indirect damage from nearby targets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeremy|first=Yonah|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/IDF-denies-any-direct-attack-on-Al-Jazeera-or-other-press-offices-in-Gaza-368432|title=IDF denies any direct attack on Al Jazeera or other press offices in Gaza|date=22 July 2014 |publisher=JPost|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

In the afternoon, the IDF released additional information about the infiltrators from Gaza the day before. Details included the announcement that at least three were children, including a 13- and 14-year-old who were both wearing [[suicide vest]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Horovitz|first=David|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/16-year-old-gaza-terrorist-treated-in-israeli-hospital|title=16-year-old Gaza terrorist treated in Israeli hospital|work=The Times of Israel|date=23 February 2011|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

In the evening, the EU released a statement condemning the firing of rockets from Gaza at Israeli civilians, the use of human shields, and called for the disarming of Hamas, the PIJ and all other militant groups in Gaza. The EU added that although Israel has the right to defend itself, they were appalled at the loss of human life in Gaza and asked Israel to try harder to limit civilian casualties.<ref>{{cite web|last=Keinon|first=Herb|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/EU-calls-on-Hamas-to-disarm-condemns-use-of-civilians-as-shields-368509|title=EU calls on Hamas to disarm, condemns use of civilians as shields|publisher=JPost|date=3 July 2014|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/foraff/144092.pdf consilium.europa.eu]; accessed 22 July 2014.</ref>

Late in the evening, the UNRWA announced that for the second time in a week, during a routine inspection, rockets were found in one of their schools.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/unrwa-condemns-placement-rockets-second-time-one-its-schools|title=Condemns Placement of Rockets, for a Second Time, in One of Its Schools|newspaper=UNRWA|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

====23 July====
[[File:D9-Protective-Edge-(14569537040).jpg|thumb|An Israeli [[IDF Caterpillar D9|D9 armored bulldozer]] operating on the Israel-Gaza border]]
During the night, a number of reports began circulating that the IDF was shelling the Al-Wafa hospital. The IDF later commented that, on several occasions, they were under direct fire from the hospital, a violation of international law; they also stated that they had been warning the hospital for several days to move the patients.<ref>[http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/hospital-abused-by-hamas-terrorists-struck-by-idf/2014/07/23 Hospital struck by IDF], jewishpress.com; accessed 23 July 2014.</ref> A doctor from the hospital, Dr. Basman Alashi, confirmed that the hospital had been evacuated prior to the strike.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/07/22/in-the-fight-between-israel-and-hamas-gazas-hospitals-are-in-the-middle "Gaza's hospitals in the middle between Israel and Hamas"], washingtonpost.com; accessed 23 July 2014.</ref> The IDF released a video showing firing from the hospital, IDF's warning calls and finally the airstrike which triggered secondary explosions from weapons cached inside the hospital.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8O9AHzUKYk8 Warning Call to Wafa Hospital Before IDF Targets Site], IDF Official [[YouTube]] Channel, 23 July 2014.</ref>

In the early morning, Hamas claimed to have shot down an F-16 over Gaza;<ref>[http://www.abna.ir/english/service/middle-east-west-asia/archive/2014/07/23/626071/story.html "Hamas claims to have shot down an F-16 over Gaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728112031/http://www.abna.ir/english/service/middle-east-west-asia/archive/2014/07/23/626071/story.html |date=28 July 2014 }}, abna.ir; accessed 23 July 2014.</ref> however, Israel neither confirmed nor denied this claim.

In the afternoon, the IDF announced that it had recently discovered a new tunnel in Gaza in which IDF uniforms, maps, and weapons were found.<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183250#.U8-4nWJdXDg "New tunnel with uniforms, maps and weapons found in Gaza"], israelnationalnews.com; accessed 23 July 2014.</ref> In total, the IDF had uncovered 28 tunnel systems and over 60 tunnel openings since the beginning of the operation.<ref>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/13004-israeli-army-rained-down-120-one-tonne-bombs-onto-shujaya "Israeli Army rained down one tonne bombs onto Shujaya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809233452/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/13004-israeli-army-rained-down-120-one-tonne-bombs-onto-shujaya |date=9 August 2014 }}, middleeastmonitor.com; accessed 23 July 2014.</ref>

The IDF assassinated Mahmoud Awad Ali Ziadeh, a senior Islamic Jihad commander, in an attack on his home in the [[Jabaliya Camp]]. Ziadeh had served as a battalion commander in Islamic Jihad's northern Gaza Strip brigade.<ref name="iitc2" />

A force of IDF paratroopers was attacked after entering a booby trapped house in Khan Yunis. Hamas operatives detonated the explosives that the house was rigged with, collapsing portions of the building, and opening fire. Three soldiers were killed, and a fourth was fatally wounded and died of his injuries on 31 August.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4548968,00.html|title=IDF publish names of two IDF soldiers and officer killed today in Gaza Strip|work=ynet|date=23 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Sterman| first1=Adiv| url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/soldier-injured-in-gaza-succumbs-to-wounds/ | title=Soldier injured in Gaza succumbs to wounds| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=31 August 2014}}</ref>

====24 July====
[[File:IDF Soldiers Operate in the Gaza Strip (14708696876).jpg|thumb|Israeli soldier armed with [[Tavor X95]] in Gaza]]
During the night, 150 Palestinian militants, mostly Hamas operatives, were taken prisoner in raids in Khan Yunis and Rafah. Of them, 70 who were suspected of involvement in terror attacks were transferred to military intelligence and [[Shin Bet]] facilities for interrogation, while the remainder were later released.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Sterman| first1=Adiv| url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/150-palestinians-surrender-to-idf-in-gaza/ | title=150 Palestinians surrender to IDF in Gaza| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The IDF announced that it had killed 15 militants within the past 24 hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4549134,00.html|title=Troops exchange fire with terrorists in northern Gaza|work=ynet|date=24 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav|last2=Kais|first2=Roi}}</ref>

An UNRWA school in [[Beit Hanoun]], being used as a shelter, was struck resulting in 11 being killed, including 7 children and two women,<ref name="ThurFri24-25Ju">[http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10536:on-the-18th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-israeli-warplane-attack-shelter-of-displaced-civilians-killing-11-and-wounding-dozens-israeli-forces-attack-medical-crews-and-ambulances-israeli-forces-attack-gaza-from-the-air-the-sea-and-the-ground-m&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 'On the 18th Day of the Israeli Offensive on Gaza: Israeli Warplane Attack Shelter of Displaced Civilians Killing 11 and Wounding Dozens; Israeli Forces Attack Medical Crews and Ambulances; Israeli Forces Attack Gaza from the Air, the Sea and the Ground,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910065354/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10536:on-the-18th-day-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-israeli-warplane-attack-shelter-of-displaced-civilians-killing-11-and-wounding-dozens-israeli-forces-attack-medical-crews-and-ambulances-israeli-forces-attack-gaza-from-the-air-the-sea-and-the-ground-m&catid=36:pchrpressreleases&Itemid=194 |date=10 September 2014 }} [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]] 25 July 2014.</ref><ref name="cnn247">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/24/world/meast/mideast-crisis/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|title=CNN – U.N. shelter in Gaza hit, 16 dead (24 July 2014)|date=24 July 2014|work=CNN}}</ref> and UN staff,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2014/07/24/gaza-fighting-rages-amid-cease-fire-efforts|title=UN school in Gaza caught in cross-fire; 15 killed – US News|work=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> and some 110 civilians, including 55 children and 31 women, were wounded.<ref name="ThurFri24-25Ju" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28468526|title=BBC News – Gaza UN school shelter hit, 'killing 15' (24 July 2014)|newspaper=BBC News|date=2014-07-25}}</ref> While Israel has not admitted responsibility for the attack, a senior Israel military officer has admitted that the school shelling could have been caused by Israeli forces,<ref>[http://www.itv.com/news/update/2014-07-24/israels-errant-fire-could-have-caused-school-shelling/ Israel's 'errant fire could have caused school shelling'] ITV. 25 July 2014.</ref> Additionally several other Gaza rockets have landed in [[Beit Hanoun]] and the IDF has not ruled out one of these rockets landing on the school.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.607138|title=Source of deadly attack on Gaza UNRWA school remains unclear|date=24 July 2014|work=Haaretz.com|last1=Cohen|first1=Gili|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Gaza authorities however said that the school was shelled by Israeli forces.<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/24/un-school-gaza-shelled_n_5616956.html UN School In Gaza Hit By Shells, At Least 15 Dead (UPDATED)] Reuters. 24 July 2014. Accessed 25 July 2014</ref> Both the UN and Fatah stated that they were investigating the incident and was unaware of who struck the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/us-state-department-unrwa-school-shelling-underscores-need-to-end-violence-in-gaza-368833|title=IDF: Terrorists opened fire from vicinity of UN-run Gaza school|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=24 July 2014 }}</ref> The school was used as a shelter, and about 800 people were inside at the time it was hit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-gaza-ceasefire-remains-elusive-20140724-story.html|title=Palestinians say they were waiting to evacuate when UN shelter was hit|date=24 July 2014|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

In the morning, Palestinian militants fired an anti-tank missile at IDF troops from Wafa Hospital. The IDF returned fire and killed two militants. A militant waiting in ambush was killed by IDF Paratroopers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183335 | title=Watch: IDF Paratroopers Foil Ambush in Gaza| date=25 July 2014}}</ref> During the night, an Israeli unit was engaged by Hamas fighters, and an Israeli infantry officer was fatally wounded in the firefight. He died of his injuries two days later.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/IDF-Captain-Liad-Lavi-laid-to-rest-369202 | title=IDF Captain Liad Lavi laid to rest – Operation Protective Edge – Jerusalem Post| date=28 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Friends-family-mourn-soldiers-who-fell-in-Gaza-369120 | title=Friends, family mourn soldiers who fell in Gaza – Operation Protective Edge – Jerusalem Post| date=28 July 2014}}</ref> A grenade explosion outside of combat wounded five Israeli soldiers, one of whom also died of his injuries two days later.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/content/protective-edge-5-soldiers-killed-friendly-fire | title=Protective Edge: 5 Soldiers Killed by Friendly Fire | Israel Defense| work=Israel Defense| date=22 February 2015}}</ref>

During the evening, over 10,000 Palestinians in the West Bank protested the current operation at the [[Kalandia|Qalandia]] border crossing, resulting in at least 2 Palestinian deaths after Al-Aqsa Brigades members opened fire on Israeli forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israel-hamas-show-no-signs-of-bowing-to-pressure-for-truce/2014/07/24/90213d90-1305-11e4-8936-26932bcfd6ed_story.html|title=At least 16 killed in attack on Gaza school, sparking massive protests in West Bank|newspaper=Washington Post | first=William|last=Booth|date=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=12168|title=Al-Aqsa Brigades Open Fire on Israeli Forces at the Qalandia Checkpoint.|author=The Real News Network|access-date=26 July 2014|archive-date=3 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803030655/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=12168}}</ref> This protest was the largest since the [[Second Intifada|second intifada]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2014/jul/25/gaza-crisis-israel-strike-un-shelter-palestinian-protesters-west-bank-live-updates|title=Gaza crisis: Kerry says ceasefire deal remains out of reach|author=Peter Walker|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2014-07-25}}</ref> Following these protests and several riots over the past few weeks, Hamas called for more, including a third [[wiktionary:Intifada|intifada]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/10990215/Israel-Gaza-conflict-Hamas-calls-for-third-intifada-after-violent-riots-in-Jerusalem-and-West-Bank.html|title=Israel-Gaza conflict: Hamas calls for 'third intifada' after violent riots in Jerusalem and West Bank|date=25 July 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk|location=London|first=Inna|last=Lazareva}}</ref>

====25 July====
[[File:Israel Navy Strike Gaza from the Sea (14737264901).jpg|thumb|250px|An [[Israeli Navy]] patrol boat firing at targets in Gaza]]
Palestinian officials have called for 25 July to be a "Day of Rage" in the West Bank and within Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/israel-braces-day-rage-after-deadly-overnight-protests-n164666|title='Day of Rage' Protests Erupt in Jerusalem and the West Bank|author=Lawahez Jabari|work=NBC News|date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In preparation of the expected protests and riots, the IDF and police have been stationed in critical points across Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/07/25/israel-gaza-conflict/13147175/|title=Reports: 'Extremely short' cease-fire in Gaza|author=Yousef Al-Helou and Jabeen Bhatti, Special for USA TODAY|date=25 July 2014|work=USA Today}}</ref> It was reported that 3,000–4,000 police officers would be stationed around Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/25/world/meast/mideast-crisis/|title=Deaths increase in Israel-Hamas conflict - CNN.com|date=25 July 2014|work=CNN}}</ref>

The IDF confirmed that three soldiers were killed during fighting in Gaza. One of them was killed in the course of a failed abduction attempt during which a Palestinian militant was also killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1071535|title=הותר לפרסום: סוכל ניסיון חטיפת חייל במרכז הרצועה|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727002545/http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1071535}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/idf-soldier-killed-in-central-gaza-on-friday-identified-as-guy-levy-368944|title=IDF soldier killed in central Gaza on Friday identified as Guy Levy|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Two soldiers from the [[Nahal Brigade]] were wounded in battle and seven others were injured by a bomb when they entered a booby trapped house. During the night, the IDF announced that a division commander was injured when a wall collapsed in one of the tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/golani-division-commander-injured-in-tunnel-collapse/2014/07/25/|title=The Jewish Press » » Golani Platoon Commander Injured in Tunnel Collapse|author=Jewish Press News Briefs|work=The Jewish Press|date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> The IDF claimed that six Hamas fighters were killed by Israeli paratroopers. The Israeli Air Force, acting on intelligence from [[Shin Bet]], assassinated Islamic Jihad operative Salah Abu Hassanein, a member of the military council of the [[Al-Quds Brigades]] and head of Islamic Jihad's information department. His two children were also killed in the attack.<ref name="iitc2">{{cite web|url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il//Data/articles/Art_20711/E_158_14_1902322402.pdf|title=War of the Casualties: The PIJ reported that 123 of its operatives were killed in Operation Protective Edge, including several senior commanders. Hamas continues its policy of concealing the number of casualties|website=terrorism-info.org.il|date=14 September 2014}}</ref>

Overall, the Gazan death toll rose to 867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/Eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716245l|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140731010710/http://www.maannews.net/Eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716245l|archive-date=2014-07-31|title=.:: Maan News Agency ::.}}</ref> Rockets were fired at central Israel, and communities near the Gaza border continued to come under fire. One rocket was intercepted by an Iron Dome system. One person in Israel was moderately injured by a rocket.

Hamas claimed to have killed at least 10 Israeli soldiers in fighting in Gaza on July 25.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

In the afternoon of 25 July, both Israel and Hamas stated that they were reviewing John Kerry's proposal, which would call for an immediate ceasefire followed by meetings in Cairo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/kerry-presents-gaza-cease-fire-proposal-to-israel-and-proxies-for-hamas/2014/07/25/e56775b2-13b4-11e4-9285-4243a40ddc97_story.html|title=Israel and Hamas agree to a 12-hour cease-fire|newspaper=Washington Post | first=Sudarsan|last=Raghavan|date=25 July 2014}}</ref> Discussions would consist of:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Issacharoff |first1=Avi |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/kerry-terms-would-see-immediate-ceasefire-followed-by-talks-in-cairo/|title=Kerry terms would see 'immediate ceasefire followed by talks in Cairo' – The Times of Israel|work=The Times of Israel |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref>
 '''Palestinian Demands'''
* Opening the Gaza and Israeli border crossings,
* Opening the Egypt and Gaza Rafah border crossing,
* Release Shalit prisoner exchange Palestinians rearrested during Operation Brother's Keeper,
* Release prisoners from the collapsed Israeli–Palestinian peace talks,
* Widen the Palestinian fishing barrier, and
* Establish both an airport and a seaport in Gaza<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/diplomacy-defense/37961-140723-liveblog-no-gaza-ceasefire-in-sight|title=LiveBlog: Hamas calls for third Intifada in West Bank|work=i24news}}</ref>
Israel announced in the evening that they had rejected the ceasefire, and would not accept any ceasefire that does not include destroying the Hamas tunnels.<ref name="jpost3">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/diplomacy-and-politics/report-kerry-cautiously-optimistic-cease-fire-deal-could-be-struck-friday-368935|title=Israel, Hamas to observe 12-hour cease-fire in Gaza|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=26 July 2014 }}</ref> Israel, however, stated they would agree to a 12-hour humanitarian ceasefire in good faith.<ref name="jpost3" />

Also on 25 July, anonymous sources within the Shin Bet claimed that the war had prevented 'a catastrophic event on an apocalyptic magnitude such as the Yom Kippur war', citing evidence said to have been uncovered of a planned September attack during [[Rosh Hashanah]], in which 200 militants would have simultaneously infiltrated Israel through dozens of tunnels beneath Gaza, thousands of Hamas militants dressed in IDF fatigues would have swarmed over Israel to seize kibbutzim and murder or abduct as many Israeli citizens as possible.<ref>Aryeh Savir,[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4550733,00.html 'Hamas' mega-attack through Gaza terror tunnels exposed,'][[Ynet]] 27 July2014.</ref> However, IDF [[Army Radio]] later quoted an unnamed "senior military official" as saying "all the tunnels were aimed at military targets and not at the Gaza-vicinity communities".<ref>[http://glz.co.il/1064-47425-he/Galatz.aspx "Can complete the destruction of tunnels within 48 hours"], ''[[Galei Tzahal]]'', 14 August 2014: "A senior military official estimated tonight (Thursday) in a conversation with Army Radio that the IDF can complete the task of destroying the tunnels within 48 hours. The military official said: 'all the tunnels were aimed at military targets and not at the Gaza-vicinity communities'..."</ref> In April 2015 intelligence sources stated that Mohammad Deif had planned such an operation, whose execution had been cancelled by the Hamas political leadership. Attempts by the Qassam Brigades nonetheless to conduct the operation during the war then failed, according to IDF assessments, because of the presence of large numbers of Israeli troops within the Strip.<ref name="ToI29April" />

====26 July====
An Israeli unit operating in [[Beit Hanoun]], Battalion 931 of the [[Nahal Brigade]], encountered a force of Hamas fighters and engaged them in a 17-minute battle, killing 15 Hamas fighters while losing 2 dead and 10 wounded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/209303|title=17 דקות בגיהנום|website=israelhayom.co.il|date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Another Nahal Brigade soldier was killed when an anti-tank missile struck his position in Gaza, and an Israeli Engineering Corps soldier was killed in a mortar attack on an IDF assembly zone in Israel near the Gaza border. The IDF announced that Ismail Muhammad Saad Akluk, a senior Hamas member who had been involved in Hamas' weapons development and research programs, particularly in rocket and drone production, was killed when the Israeli Air Force bombed his vehicle, acting on intelligence provided by [[Shin Bet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/hamass-drone-and-rocket-development-chief-killed-in-iaf-strike-369048|title=Hamas's drone and rocket development chief killed in IAF strike|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=27 July 2014 }}</ref>

Both Israel and Hamas agreed to a 12-hour humanitarian ceasefire from 08:00 to 20:00.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/26/world/meast/mideast-crisis/|title=Israel OKs cease-fire extension in Gaza; Hamas rejects - CNN.com|date=26 July 2014|work=CNN}}</ref> Although they stated that no shots would be fired, the IDF announced that they would continue to demolish tunnels during the ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/israel-continue-neutralizing-tunnels-cease-fire/story?id=24711526|title=Israel Will Continue 'Neutralizing' Tunnels During Cease-Fire|work=ABC News|date=2014-07-25}}</ref> The IDF stated that by the end of the ceasefire, only 9 rockets had been shot at Israel so far on 26 July, all before the ceasefire started.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yaakov |first1=Yifa |last2=Ben-David |first2=Ricky |last3=Zion |first3=Ilan Ben |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/day-19-after-israel-rejects-his-ceasefire-deal-kerry-says-pm-okays-12-hour-time-out-idf-death-toll-35/#liveblog-entry-1036297|title=IDF toll rises to 42 with 2 more deaths; Hamas breaches truce, resumes rocket fire|work=The Times of Israel |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref>

Just prior to the expiration of the 12 hour ceasefire, Israel agreed to another four-hour extension of the ceasefire.<ref name="Fox News">{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/israel-extends-cease-fire-for-24-hours-despite-fresh-rocket-fire-from-gaza/|title=Israel extends cease-fire for 24 hours despite fresh rocket fire from Gaza|work=Fox News | date=26 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas, however, rejected the extension, and began firing rockets into Israel again, though Israel did not retaliate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/World/2014/07/26/21834271.html |title=Gaza militants fire rockets after Israel extends truce |author=Canoe inc. |work=canoe.ca |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140731010728/http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/World/2014/07/26/21834271.html |archive-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref>

The Palestinian death toll rose above 1,000 as 150 bodies were found during the ceasefire.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28507951|title=BBC News – Israel agrees to 24-hour Gaza ceasefire|newspaper=BBC News|date=2014-07-27}}</ref> Additionally, the IDF death toll reached 42 after 2 soldiers who were previously injured died from their wounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/idf-confirms-three-more-deaths-bringing-death-toll-to-40-368982|title=IDF soldier killed by mortar shell near Gaza Strip border|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=27 July 2014 }}</ref> It was also determined that the Oron Shaul had been killed in action, though his body remained missing and was presumably in the hands of Hamas.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/world/middleeast/losing-support-from-abroad-netanyahu-finds-a-wealth-of-backing-at-home.html?_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Jodi | last=Rudoren | title=Amid Outcry Abroad, a Wealth of Backing in Israel for Netanyahu | date=26 July 2014}}</ref>

====27 July====
[[File:IDF Artillery Corps in Gaza (14752483091).jpg|thumb|Israeli artillery shells targets in Gaza]]
The four-hour ceasefire extension ended at midnight, and, despite the continued rocket fire from Gaza, Israel agreed to an additional ceasefire throughout all of 27 July;<ref name="Fox News" /> however, Hamas rejected it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/world/2014/07/27/israel-extends-gaza-ceasefire-for-24-hours-hamas-rejects-terms/714969|title=Israel extends Gaza ceasefire for 24 hours, Hamas rejects terms |author= |work=MalayMail |date=27 July 2014 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> Hamas stated that they would not agree to any ceasefire that does not include a pullout of IDF troops.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.local10.com/news/ceasefire-between-hamas-israel-starts/27159652 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808203806/http://www.local10.com/news/ceasefire-between-hamas-israel-starts/27159652 |archive-date=8 August 2014|title= Hamas rejects cease-fire extension in Gaza|website=local10.com|date=6 August 2014}}</ref>

Several hours after Israel respected UN's call to continue the humanitarian ceasefire, Hamas began firing a heavy barrage of rockets which was intercepted by the Iron Dome; in response, the IDF resumed attacks on military targets in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4550403,00.html|title=Hamas launches rockets on Israeli towns, IDF resumes strikes|work=ynet|date=27 July 2014|last1=Tzuri|first1=Matan}}</ref>
Later, Hamas requested another 24-hour ceasefire via the UN, but continued firing and took responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4550611,00.html|title=Rockets fired on Israel after Hamas agrees to humanitarian truce|work=ynet|date=27 July 2014}}</ref>

As Israel continued the demolition of tunnels between Gaza and Israel, Egypt announced that they had destroyed 13 tunnels connecting Gaza to Egypt, bringing the total number of tunnels destroyed on the Egyptian border to 1,639.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716586|title=Egypt army destroys 13 more Gaza tunnels|work=Maan News Agency|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729155947/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716586|archive-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

Israel's Health Ministry offered humanitarian aid which included medical equipment and blood donations worth millions of shekels to the Gaza Strip, but the Palestinian Authority refused to accept it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4550862,00.html|title=Israel offered medical aid to Gazans, but the PA refused to accept it|work=ynet|date=27 July 2014|last1=Gal|first1=Dr Itay}}</ref>

The IDF later announced that they had concluded their investigation into the UNRWA deaths. They stated that one mortar bomb had landed in a courtyard of the school but caused no injuries, and that the damage that caused the casualties was not caused by the IDF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/27/israel-says-deaths-in-unrwa-school-were-not-caused-by-idf-fire/|title=Israel Says Deaths in UNRWA School Were Not Caused by Israeli Fire - Jewish & Israel News Algemeiner.com|work=Algemeiner.com}}</ref> The UN stated that they will be conducting their own investigation as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/27/world/meast/mideast-crisis/|title=Israeli rejects blame for deaths at U.N. shelter|author=Karl Penhaul |author2=Steve Almasy |author3=Ralph Ellis |author4=Sara Sidner |date=27 July 2014|work=CNN|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

That afternoon, Israel announced for the second time in three weeks that a car bombing had been thwarted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183394|title=Border Police Officer Tells How He Foiled Car Bomb – Defense/Security – News – Arutz Sheva|work=Arutz Sheva|date=27 July 2014 }}</ref> The car contained electrically connected gas canisters, a pipe bomb, and a switch.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.607460|title=Alleged terror attack thwarted near Jerusalem|date=27 July 2014|work=Haaretz.com|last1=Levinson|first1=Chaim}}</ref>

In the evening, Barack Obama called Netanyahu and reaffirmed his support for Israel's right to defend itself against rockets and tunnels, but expressed concern about the civilian death toll in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/obama-netanyahu-discuss-gaza-situation-by-phone-1406495551|title=Obama, Netanyahu Discuss Gaza Situation by Phone|date=27 July 2014|work=WSJ|first=Amy|last=Harder}}</ref> Obama called for a disarmed and demilitarized Gaza in any ceasefire proposal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-what-now-for-gaza-israel-nears-moment-of-truth-in-war-with-hamas-9631788.html |title=Israel-Gaza conflict: President Obama presses Netanyahu to call 'immediate and unconditional' Gaza ceasefire |work=The Independent |location=London |first=Ben |last=Lynfield |date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728102709/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-what-now-for-gaza-israel-nears-moment-of-truth-in-war-with-hamas-9631788.html |archive-date=28 July 2014 }}</ref>

====28 July====
Despite the unified Palestinian government, Fatah spoke out during the night against Hamas and their recent arrests of Fatah members within Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Miller |first1=Elhanan |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-said-to-kill-over-30-suspected-collaborators-with-israel/|title=Hamas said to kill over 30 suspected collaborators with Israel|work=The Times of Israel |date=28 July 2014 }}</ref>

At 07:00, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting to issue a statement calling for both sides to have an immediate and indefinite humanitarian ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/28/world/meast/mideast-crisis/|title=Gaza says children dead after camp hit - CNN.com|date=28 July 2014|work=CNN}}</ref> The statement did not mention Hamas or Israel; instead, it only referenced the conflict in Gaza and requested that Egypt mediate a permanent ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20140727-u.n.-security-council-agrees-on-demand-for-gaza-cease-fire.ece|title=U.N. Security Council adopts demand for Gaza cease-fire at emergency meeting|date=2014-07-28|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728191658/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20140727-u.n.-security-council-agrees-on-demand-for-gaza-cease-fire.ece}}</ref>

In the afternoon, there were reports of an explosion at the [[Al-Shifa Hospital]] that resulted in dozens of injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/dozens-hurt-strikes-near-gazas-shifa-hospital-refugee-camp-n166571|title=Strikes Near Gaza's Shifa Hospital, Refugee Camp Kill at Least 10|author=Ayman Mohyeldin|work=NBC News|date=28 July 2014 }}</ref> Initial reports from Gaza stated the Israeli F-16 planes fired missiles at the hospital,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716699|title=10 Palestinians killed as Israel bombs Gaza playground|work=Maan News Agency|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729162736/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716699|archive-date=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/29/israel-pounds-gaza-after-netanyahu-promises-prolonged-battle|title=Gaza pounded by Israel after Netanyahu promises prolonged battle|author=Harriet Sherwood|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2014-07-29}}</ref> but Israel stated that they believed the explosion was caused when militants attempted to fire a Fajr-5 rocket at Tel Aviv and it malfunctioned and exploded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1308990/israeli-missile-hits-gaza-hospital-compound|title=Israel Blames Hamas For Gaza Children's Deaths|work=Sky News}}</ref> Hamas stated that neither they nor the PIJ had anything to do with the explosion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4551335,00.html|title=Gaza officials: Israel lying about apparent rocket fire on hospital, refugee... – Israel News, Ynetnews|work=ynet|date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

In the evening, several Hamas members infiltrated Israel through a tunnel and attacked an IDF base near [[Nahal Oz]]. According to the IDF, five soldiers and at least one of the infiltrators were killed, and the rest of the infiltrators escaped.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4551343,00.html|title=Four terrorists infiltrated Israel, IDF kills at least one|work=ynet|date=28 July 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/five-idf-soldiers-killed-during-attempted-terror-tunnel-infiltration-369241|title=Five IDF soldiers killed during attempted terror tunnel infiltration from Gaza|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> The infiltrators attempted unsuccessfully to take an IDF soldier's body back with them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdjewishworld.com/2014/07/29/gaza-war-july-28-29/|title=The Gaza War: July 28–29, 2014 – San Diego Jewish World|work=[[San Diego Jewish World]]|date=29 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas claimed that the infiltrators killed 10 IDF soldiers and all returned safely.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-infiltration-idUKKBN0FX1KY20140728|title= Palestinian gunmen infiltrate Israeli village near Gaza: TV|website=Reuters|date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

In a separate incident, four IDF soldiers of the [[7th Brigade (Israel)|7th Armored Brigade]] were killed by Hamas mortar fire toward Israel's Eshkol region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/national_world/article_7d5eb982-1682-11e4-9c21-001a4bcf887a.html|title=Four Israelis killed in mortar attack from Gaza|work=Cleveland Jewish News|date=28 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4551415,00.html|title=Five IDF soldiers killed in the Gaza Strip on Monday|work=ynet|date=28 July 2014}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the IDF warned via text messages and phone calls the residents of [[Jabalia]], [[Zeitoun, Gaza|Zeitoun]] and Shejaiya to evacuate their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183442#.U9aDZGJdXDg|title=IDF Begins Shelling All Along Northeastern Gaza|work=Arutz Sheva|date=28 July 2014 }}</ref> Soon after the warnings, Zeitoun and Jabalia came under fire by the IDF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183442#.U9aJ3GJdXDg|title=IDF Begins Shelling All Along Northeastern Gaza|work=Arutz Sheva|date=28 July 2014 }}</ref> The IDF later extended the evacuation warnings to Beit Hanoun and [[Beit Lahia|Beit Lahiya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716715|title=Israel army tells all north Gaza residents to flee their homes|work=Maan News Agency|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729181334/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716715|archive-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

In Gaza, an Israeli soldier was killed when an anti-tank rocket hit the [[IDF Caterpillar D9|D9 armored bulldozer]] he was driving. The militant squad that fired the RPG then withdrew into a nearby building that was then demolished by an IDF bulldozer, killing eight militants. Two others were found alive and taken prisoner by [[Givati Brigade]] troops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=19105|title=Israel Hayom – 10 IDF soldiers fall in battle, no cease-fire in sight|website=israelhayom.com}}</ref>

Hamas said that its fighters managed to kill 19 Israeli soldiers on Monday alone in three separate attacks. "Ten were killed in a behind-enemy-lines operation in eastern Gaza City, six killed in mortar attack on Israeli troops in eastern Khan Younis, and two in clashes in northern Gaza Strip," the group said.<ref name="ANADOLUAGENCYJULY29">{{cite news|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/gaza/365969--110-israeli-troops-killed-in-gaza-war-hamas|title=110 Israeli troops killed in Gaza war: Hamas|publisher=Anadolu Agency|access-date=29 July 2014|date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

Israel criticized John Kerry's proposed ceasefire, stating that it favors Hamas and its continuity. Furthermore, Israel informed other nations that no ceasefire deal will be accepted without the destruction of the tunnels leading from Gaza to Israel and the demilitarization of the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3049366/israel-hamas-conflict-differences-over-calls-to-demilitarize-gaza/|title=Israel-Hamas Conflict: Differences Over Calls To Demilitarize Gaza|author=[[Ilene Prusher]] / Jerusalem|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

===Week 4===

====29 July====
Shortly after midnight, [[France]] announced that it had agreed to transfer 8 million Euros to Gaza in aid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/299992#.U9eYNmJdXDg|title=France to Transfer 8 Million Euros to Palestinian Authority – Latest News Briefs – Arutz Sheva|work=Arutz Sheva|date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> In Israel, Guy Meroz reported that Israeli supermarket magnate Rami Levy was providing food to the families of Israeli soldiers who were killed in action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/rami-levy-quietly-helping-families-of-the-fallen/2014/07/29/|title=Rami Levy Quietly Helping Families of the Fallen|author=Shalom Bear|work=The Jewish Press|date=29 July 2014 }}</ref>

Overnight, over 100 were killed in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4551835,00.html|title=Gaza official: At least 100 killed Tuesday in Gaza|work=ynet|date=29 July 2014}}</ref> Israel targeted 70 locations within Gaza, including the home of a senior political leader of Hamas, [[Ismail Haniyeh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/articles/203006/furious-israel-barrage-kills-dozens-after-lull-g/?|title=Furious Israel Barrage Kills Dozens After Lull — Gaza Leader Ismail Haniyeh Targeted|date=29 July 2014|work=The Jewish Daily Forward}}</ref> Additionally, Israeli forces targeted the building containing Hamas' media offices for [[Al-Aqsa TV]] and radio.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-heaviest-night-of-strikes-hits-hamas-leaders-house-and-tv-headquarters-9634403.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-heaviest-night-of-strikes-hits-hamas-leaders-house-and-tv-headquarters-9634403.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Israel-Gaza conflict: Over 100 killed after heaviest night of strikes hit only power plant, Hamas leader's house and TV headquarters|work=The Independent | location=London|first=Heather|last=Saul|date=29 July 2014}}</ref> The PIJ announced that Ahmed Najam Abu Hamda, the commander of its forces in [[Rafah]], was one of 32 killed by Israel overnight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/heavy-airstrikes-pound-gaza-after-soldiers-deaths/|title=Heavy airstrikes pound Gaza after soldiers' deaths – The Times of Israel|work=The Times of Israel |date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> Fuel tanks located outside the only Gazan power plant were also struck overnight, causing massive blackouts across Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/israel-strikes-fuel-tanks-gazas-only-power-plant-n167291|title=Israel Strikes Fuel Tanks at Gaza's Only Power Plant|author=Ayman Mohyeldin|work=NBC News|date=29 July 2014 }}</ref>

In [[Rafah]], Israeli [[Givati Brigade]] troops of the Sayeret Rimon commando unit who were serving as lookouts for other Israeli troops on an anti-tunnel mission were attacked by a squad of five Hamas fighters while positioned in a building. All five of the militants were killed. Four were killed by a single Israeli soldier who ignored his commander's order to take cover and returned fire, and the fifth was killed by another soldier after running to a nearby mosque.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lone-idf-soldier-awarded-leadership-prize-for-actions-in-2014-gaza-conflict/ | title=US-born lone soldier wins leadership prize for actions in 2014 Gaza conflict| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Chief-of-staff-approves-25-citations-to-soldiers-from-Gaza-conflict-388236 | title=Chief of staff approves 25 citations to soldiers from Gaza conflict – Israel News – Jerusalem Post| date=19 January 2015}}</ref>

In the early evening, a squad of five Hamas fighters infiltrated into Israel from a tunnel in the southern Gaza Strip. IDF Givati Brigade troops identified them as they emerged from the tunnel and killed all five without sustaining any casualties. A subsequent search of the tunnel shaft from which they had emerged uncovered numerous weapons.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.walla.co.il/item/2770446 | title=כוח גבעתי חיסל 5 מחבלים שיצאו ממנהרה בדרום הרצועה| date=2014-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4551863,00.html|title=Givati forces eliminate five terrorists that exited tunnel in Gaza Strip|work=ynet|date=29 July 2014}}</ref> The militants were carrying a large amount of explosives and weapons for what the IDF believed was for a suicide mission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/alert-idf-eyes-foil-new-tunnel-terror-infiltration-attempt/2014/07/29/|title=Alert IDF Eyes Foil New Tunnel Terror Infiltration Attempt|author=Hana Levi Julian|work=The Jewish Press|date=29 July 2014 }}</ref>

In the early morning, it was announced that Egypt agreed to have Hamas and PIJ representatives be part of the Palestinian delegation set to meet on 29 July in Cairo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/107309/World/Region/Hamas,-Islamic-Jihad-officials-head-to-Cairo-for-G.aspx|title=Hamas, Islamic Jihad officials head to Cairo for Gaza talks – Region – World|website=Ahram Online}}</ref> In the afternoon, the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]] said that a 3-day unilateral ceasefire would be announced shortly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/07/hamas-will-reportedly-declare-three-day-truce/375219/|title=Update: Hamas Rejects Latest Ceasefire Bid, Fighting Intensifies|author=Adam Chandler|work=The Wire|date=2014-07-29|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730001349/http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/07/hamas-will-reportedly-declare-three-day-truce/375219/}}</ref> Hamas however rejected the ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.co.uk/AllNews.asp?code=59robxvs&headline=Hamas_Denies_Truce_After_Deadliest_24_Hours_In_Middle_East_Fighting|title=Hamas Denies Truce After Deadliest 24 Hours In Middle East Fighting|date=2014-07-29}}</ref> Later in the evening, it was again announced that all sides had agreed to a ceasefire, though no official word was given.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/report-israel-and-hamas-reach-agreement-to-end-gaza-hostilities-369315|title=Report: Israel and Hamas reach agreement to end Gaza hostilities|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=29 July 2014 }}</ref>

Waddah Abu Amer, a political leader of the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (DFLP), his wife, and five children were killed when the army fired a missile into their home in Khan Younis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716775|title=Maan News article|work=Maan News Agency|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730080927/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=716775|archive-date=30 July 2014}}</ref>

As of 29 July, 200,000 of Gaza's 1.6 million residents were seeking shelter in UNRWA schools.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4551934,00.html|title=UNRWA: 200,000 Palestinians being sheltered by UN in Gaza|work=ynet|date=29 July 2014}}</ref> Additionally 1,190 Palestinians have been killed through 22 days of the conflict.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4551963,00.html|title=Over 100 deaths in Gaza bring total Palestinian deaths to over 1,190|work=ynet|date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

====30 July====
[[File:Idf-paratroopers-operate-in-gaza-operation-protective-edge.jpg|thumb|Israeli paratroopers operating in Gaza]]
During the night, the PIJ stated that no Palestinian group had been formally invited to Egypt to discuss a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4552049,00.html|title=Islamic Jihad: Palestinian envoy to Cairo still hasn't been built|work=ynet|date=30 July 2014|last1=Kais|first1=Roi}}</ref>

A UNRWA school was once again hit overnight resulting in 19 Palestinian deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/07/30/336497615/gaza-conflict-shell-strikes-un-school-killing-up-to-19-who-sought-shelter|title=Gaza Conflict: Shell Strikes U.N. School, Killing Up To 19 Who Sought Shelter|date=30 July 2014|work=NPR.org|last1=Peralta|first1=Eyder}}</ref> Israel admitted that one of their rockets hit the school when they were returning fire after being shot at from the vicinity of the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/rockets-found-at-unrwa-school-for-third-time-369358|title=IDF accuses Palestinians of firing from vicinity of UNRWA school, says probing deaths|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=30 July 2014 }}</ref>

Israel agreed to a four-hour humanitarian ceasefire from 15:00 to 19:00, however stated that it did not apply to areas they were currently operating in, and residents were requested to not return home.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3057517/israel-humanitarian-ceasefire-gaza-hamas/|title=Israel Announces 4-Hour Humanitarian Cease-fire|author=Mirren Gidda|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas rejected the ceasefire, calling it a media stunt by Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/world/141623/israel-declares-4-hour-humanitarian-truce-in-gaza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044316/http://www.worldbulletin.net/world/141623/israel-declares-4-hour-humanitarian-truce-in-gaza|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Israel declares 4-hour humanitarian truce in Gaza – Middle East – Worldbulletin News|work=World Bulletin}}</ref>

The IDF announced that nine militants were killed in clashes with IDF troops throughout the day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/idf-strikes-gaza-power-plant-haniyehs-home-369353|title=IDF strikes 80 Hamas and Islamic Jihad targets across Gaza, steps up offensive|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Three IDF soldiers from the [[Maglan]] commando unit were killed and fifteen wounded after entering an explosives-rigged building near Khan Yunis that was subsequently blown up on top of them. The building, which was allegedly a UNRWA health clinic, had an entry shaft to a tunnel the soldiers were sent in to eliminate. IDF soldiers evacuating the casualties were fired on by Palestinian militants.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharon |first1=Itamar |last2=Berman |first2=Lazar |last3=Newman |first3=Marissa |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/day-23-us-and-israel-deny-report-of-harsh-obama-netanyahu-call-rockets-fired-on-ta-confusion-over-truce/#liveblog-entry-1039316|title=Government resolves to intensify Gaza offensive, after 3 soldiers killed|work=The Times of Israel |date=29 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Ginsburg| first1=Mitch| url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/3-idf-soldiers-killed-in-booby-trapped-unrwa-clinic/ | title=Militants 'blow up UNRWA clinic,' killing 3 soldiers| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4552444,00.html|title=Cleared for publication: Three IDF soldiers killed in Gaza Strip|work=ynet|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> UNRWA later announced that this building was not their property and they did not have a health center at this location.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ginsburg |first1=Mitch |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/3-idf-soldiers-killed-in-booby-trapped-unrwa-clinic/|title=Militants 'blow up UNRWA clinic,' killing 3 soldiers – The Times of Israel|work=The Times of Israel |date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> Hamas claimed that at least 15 Israeli soldiers were killed in this attack.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

====31 July====
The US announced that they agreed to transfer a number of arms to Israel, including rocket launchers, mortar rounds, grenades and other arms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/u-resupplies-israel-munitions-gaza-offensive-rages-205214960.html|title=U.S. resupplies Israel with munitions as Gaza offensive rages|date=30 July 2014|work=Yahoo News}}</ref> For many years, the US has stored weapons in Israel for their use, under the [[War reserve stock|War Reserves Stock]] Allies-Israel program,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-us-is-stockpiling-a-huge-cache-of-weapons-in-israel-2012-4|title=The US Is Stockpiling A Huge Cache Of Weapons In Israel|date=23 April 2012|work=Business Insider}}</ref> however they have agreed to transfer these to Israel for their use.

In the early morning the IDF the call-up of an additional 18,000 reservists,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/israel/article/focus_on_the_tunnels_kerry_tells_netanyahu|title=Focus on the tunnels, Kerry tells Netanyahu – Israel|work=Jewish Journal|date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> bring the total to 84,000.

Five Israeli soldiers of the [[188th Armored Brigade]] were killed in a mortar attack on their position in Israel's [[Eshkol Regional Council]], near the border with Gaza. Three other soldiers were wounded by sniper fire in Gaza. There were a number of clashes between the IDF and militants in Gaza during which 15 Palestinian militants were killed, including one where Golani Brigade troops killed an armed Palestinian emerging from a tunnel and another where a paratrooper squad identified about five militants and called in an airstrike which killed them. According to [[Magen David Adom]], 26 people were injured by rocket fire, most of them suffering from shock. A man was seriously injured in [[Kiryat Gat]] by shrapnel after a rocket was intercepted over the city, and two soldiers were injured by rocket fire in [[Sderot]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-mortar-fire-kills-5-soldiers-in-staging-area-near-strip-1.5257713 | title=Mortar Fire Kills 5 Soldiers in Staging Area Near Strip| newspaper=Haaretz| date=August 2014| last1=Cohen| first1=Gili}}</ref><ref name="mfa" />

The Palestinian Authority announced that it plans to sue Israel in the [[International Criminal Court]] for war crimes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ahren |first=Raphael |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/pa-to-sign-rome-statute-of-international-criminal-court/|title=PA to sign Rome Statute of ICC|work=The Times of Israel |date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> The PA chose to join the ICC and sue Israel despite the risk of knowing it can be sued back by Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183549#.U9pNmmJdXDg|title=Despite Risks, PA Says Its Ready to Join ICC|work=Arutz Sheva|date=31 July 2014 }}</ref>

Israel and Hamas agreed to a 72-hour humanitarian cease-fire set to begin on 1 August at 08:00. The United States Secretary of State, John Kerry, stated "this is a respite. It is a moment of opportunity, not an end." Furthermore, Netanyahu, stated that Israel will continue to destroy Hamas' tunnel network with or without a ceasefire. Delegates from Israel, the US, the UN, and other parties agreed to meet in Cairo to discuss terms during the ceasefire. Egypt was to stand in as the mediator for the indirect talks as both the United States and Israel refused to negotiate directly with Hamas due to its designation as a terrorist organization.<ref name=BE14>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-vows-destroy-hamas-tunnels-24787811 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140808144906/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-vows-destroy-hamas-tunnels-24787811 | archivedate = 2014-08-08 |title=35 Palestinians Killed, Israeli Officer Missing| date = 1 August 2014 | first1 = Ibrahim | last1 = Barzak | first2 = Daniel | last2 = Estrin |work=ABC News}}</ref>

The cease-fire comes after the death toll in Gaza rose to at least 1,441, surpassing the casualties of the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Gaza War]] that occurred in late 2008 through early 2009.<ref name=BE14/>

====1 August====
Hours before the 72-hour ceasefire was announced, US Secretary of State John Kerry announced that "... Israel will be able to continue its defensive operations that are behind its lines, and Palestinians will be able to receive food, medicine and additional humanitarian assistance."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/middleeast/100000003033425/kerry-announces-cease-fire.html|title=Kerry Announces Cease-Fire|date=1 August 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

Overnight 29 July–August 1, Israel and Hamas agreed to a 3-day ceasefire, to come into force at 08:00hrs. Forces were to remain in place. Israel declared it would continue search and destroy operations on tunnels within its lines: Hamas agreed not to fire over the border, but said it would not tolerate continued operations against their tunnels during the period.<ref name="BFAI">[https://blackfriday.amnesty.org/report.php 'Black Friday,'] [[Amnesty International]] 29 July 2015</ref>

Hamas fighters emerged from a tunnel in Rafah and attacked an Israeli reconnaissance unit of the Givati Brigade. A suicide bomber exploded among the soldiers while gunmen exchanged fire with them. Three Israeli soldiers were killed, including the reconnaissance unit's commander and his radio operator. Hamas fighters managed to seize the body of one of the soldiers, Second Lieutenant Hadar Goldin, before escaping. A Hamas fighter wearing an Israeli uniform was also reportedly killed in the clash. According to the IDF, the unit was attacked 90 minutes after the ceasefire came into effect.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-what-happened-in-rafah-on-black-friday-1.5258612 | title=What Happened in Gaza's Rafah on 'Black Friday'?| newspaper=Haaretz| date=2014-08-08| last1=Harel| first1=Amos| last2=Cohen| first2=Gili}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Ginsburg| first1=Mitch| url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/army-releases-video-taken-by-soldier-killed-in-gaza/ | title=A sliver of war, as seen through the eyes of a fallen Israeli soldier| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/08/01/operation-%E2%80%98protective-edge%E2%80%99-day-25-israeli-soldier-hadar-goldin-23-kidnapped-by-hamas-in-ceasefire-breach-live-updates/|title=OPERATION 'PROTECTIVE EDGE' DAY 25: Obama Condemns Abduction of IDF Soldier; Hamas Claims it Has Lost Contact With Fighters (LIVE UPDATES)|work=Algemeiner.com}}</ref><ref name="Bregman" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ginsburg|first1=Mitch|title=IDF searches for officer kidnapped in Rafah attack that also killed 2 soldiers|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-searches-frantically-for-soldier-kidnapped-in-rafah/|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> Israel adopted the [[Hannibal Directive|Hannibal Protocol]]. Colonel Ofer Winter, the commander of the Givati Brigade, on the night the ceasefire was brokered, ordered a search and destroy operation for a suspected tunnel or related infrastructure 2 km northwest of Israel's border, in an area Israel had earlier searched and then withdrawn from. At the time of the brokered ceasefire it lay beyond Israel's lines. The orders foresaw making "a big boom before the ceasefire" came into effect.<ref name="BFAI" /> At 07:30 am, Hamas's military wing tweeted that battles were taking place in east Rafah, causing casualties for the IDF. Palestinian casualties started arriving at the al-Najjar hospital by 08:00 am, and Hamas declared it had captured a Lieutenant Hadar Goldin. After 08:00 Palestinians, hearing of the ceasefire, began to return to their homes in the area.<ref name="BFAI" /> No warning was given to Rafah residents: for three hours, massive firepower was trained on the area. The IDF fired around 800 artillery shells and 260 mortar shells, while combat planes bombed about 20 targets and combat helicopters bombed another 14.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-black-friday-probe-use-of-firepower-was-proportionate-1.5351005 | title=Probe of Gaza Op's 'Black Friday': Soldiers Faced 'Unreasonable' Situation| newspaper=Haaretz| date=2015-04-14| last1=Cohen| first1=Gili}}</ref> By day's end, the munitions expended had reached 2,000. Bulldozers flattened houses in which people were hiding. Cars in which Palestinians tried to flee were shot at. Survivors described jets, drones, helicopters and artillery raining fire at pedestrians and vehicles, including ambulances either returning for the ceasefire or fleeing the renewed onslaught.<ref name="BFAI" /> According to Palestinian sources, about 130 Palestinians were killed and hundreds wounded.<ref name="Bregman">[https://theconversation.com/un-war-crimes-panel-must-investigate-israeli-colonel-who-brought-holy-war-to-gaza-30630 UN war crimes panel must investigate Israeli colonel who brought 'Holy War' to Gaza], The Conversation 18 August 2014.</ref> An IDF investigation concluded that 42 Palestinian militants and 72 civilians were killed in the bombardment.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Gross| first1=Judah Ari| url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-clears-troops-in-massive-deadly-bombardment-during-2014-gaza-war/ | title=IDF clears troops in massive deadly bombardment during 2014 Gaza war| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Throughout the day, Israel kept up fire on the al-Najjar hospital and its vicinity, causing further casualties, and it had to be evacuated when the fire became too intense, at 15:30 pm.<ref name="BFAI" />

The White House Press Secretary, [[Josh Earnest]] called the capture of the IDF soldier a barbaric violation of the ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/742986/us-calls-hamas-attack-barbaric-violation-of-gaza-ceasefire/|title=US seeks urgent Qatari, Turkish help to free Israeli soldier|date=August 2014}}</ref> The US [[Deputy National Security Advisor]], [[Tony Blinken]] also commented calling the capture outrageous and demanding the immediate return of the soldier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/us-abduction-israeli-outrageous-24803679|title=Politics|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}</ref> John Kerry called the incident outrageous and called for the immediate and unconditional release of the soldier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/5fcd69565a484d00aaa2c96a84e9ab34|title=US cites 'outrageous,' 'barbaric' actions in Gaza|website=Associated Press|date=2 August 2014}}</ref> Ban Ki-moon stated that he placed full blame for the truce violations on Hamas and ordered the immediate release of Goldin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/4f8c1aebbe74468285c899148345cc71|title= UN chief blames Hamas for breaking cease-fire |website=Associated Press|date=1 August 2014}}</ref> Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] called the capture and breaking of the ceasefire "disgraceful and repugnant" and stated that Hamas has lost all credibility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/baird-condemns-hamas-as-ceasefire-crumbles/|title=Gaza conflict: Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister Baird condemns Hamas as ceasefire crumbles – CTV News|work=CTVNews|date=August 2014 }}</ref> [[Turkey]] [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Foreign Minister]] [[Ahmet Davutoglu]] stated that although a ceasefire is the number one priority they are willing to help Israel in any way they can find Goldin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-01/265794-turkey-offers-help-on-captured-israeli-says-gaza-ceasefire-priority.ashx#axzz39AXlYdBN|title=Turkey offers help on captured Israeli, says Gaza ceasefire priority|work=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon|date=August 2014 |access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=2 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802002320/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-01/265794-turkey-offers-help-on-captured-israeli-says-gaza-ceasefire-priority.ashx#axzz39AXlYdBN}}</ref>

At around 10:00 at least 15 Hamas rockets were fired from Gaza, seven reportedly intercepted by Iron Dome.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/palestinian-report-3-killed-20-others-wounded-in-israeli-artillery-attack-369706|title=Fighting in Gaza continues as truce collapses|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=August 2014 }}</ref> Otherwise, Hamas did not engaged in any further combat clashes with the Israeli forces that day in Rafah. By day's end, at least 2,201 houses were destroyed or damaged.<ref name="BFAI" />

====2 August====
At around 02:30 A.M. Hamas military wing, [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|Qassam Brigades]], denied holding Hadar Goldin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.608331|title=LIVE UPDATES: Operation Protective Edge, day 25|date=1 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref> It also acknowledged that it had lost contact soon after the firefight with group that was thought to have clashed with Goldin and the other soldiers. It presumed that Goldin and the militant squad which had taken him were all killed by Israeli airstrikes and artillery fire.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/mobile/1.608426?v=C2449B0D1814376D32BB5D7B0BE1A1A1|title=LIVE UPDATES: Operation Protective Edge, day 26|newspaper=Haaretz|date=2014-08-03}}</ref> That morning Israeli forensic investigators concluded Goldin had died the day before. Israel continued through to 3 August to lay waste greenhouses, homes, fields and orchards, turning the outskirts of Rafah into a wasteland.<ref name="BFAI" />

According to officials within the Gaza Health Ministry, intense bombardment in the area where Goldin was thought to have been abducted caused at least 112 Palestinian casualties.<ref name=necessary>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hamas-says-missing-israeli-soldier-in-gaza-hadar-goldin-is-likely-dead/2014/08/02/92562694-56cd-48c0-921b-b851fb2eca09_story.html|title=Netanyahu says Israeli military 'will take as much time as necessary' in Gaza|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 August 2014|author1=Griff Witte|author2=Sudarsan Raghavan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2014/08/02/gaza-death-toll-rises-to-1644|title=Gaza's death toll rises to 1712 – MidEast – Daily Sabah|work=dailysabah.com|date=2 August 2014 }}</ref>

====3 August====
As morning unfolded on the 27th day of the conflict, Israel targeted Gaza as air raids and tank shelling resumed in the southern and central part of Gaza. At around 09:30–10:00 The Al-Zafer 9 tower, and many other buildings in central Gaza was subject to heavy Israeli fire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gaza Blog|url=http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Gaza_Blog/123076852|work=AJE Live Events}}</ref>

Al-Aqsa TV initially reports that at around 11:00 a UN school in Rafah is under Israeli fire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gaza Blog|url=http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Gaza_Blog/123077350|work=AJE Live Events}}</ref> Various reports, including reports from the Palestinian health ministry have reported that at least seven people were killed in the attack and more than 30 injured.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28628682|title=BBC News – Gaza crisis: Deadly strike 'at UN school in Rafah'|newspaper=BBC News|date=2014-08-03}}</ref> Latest reports suggest that "...an explosion just outside the school gates.", were witnessed at around 10:30<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2014/aug/03/gaza-conflict-un-school-israeli-airstrike-live?CMP=twt_gu#block-53ddfb7de4b0a2344ae6ef45|title=Gaza conflict: UN school struck in Rafah by Israeli air strike|author=Alexandra Topping|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2014-08-03}}</ref> Further reports suggest that "... It was not immediately clear whether the strike was the result of Israeli or Palestinian fire."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-pulls-back-tanks-troops-gaza-war-24819497|title=International|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}</ref> Israel released a statement, stating Israeli military surveillance video showed that the IDF had targeted three militants who were near the school on a motorcycle. The IDF is still investigating the incident further. The death toll in Gaza topped 1,800.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/mobile/1.608548?v=CF95BE01F43B1FDCB832D5632E4FF41F|title=LIVE UPDATES: Operation Protective Edge, day 27|newspaper=Haaretz|date=2014-08-04}}</ref>

The IDF announced that it believed 2nd Lt. Hadar Goldin to have been killed in action, after Israel employed its "[[Hannibal Directive]]," which dictates that Israel bombard the area where the soldier was taken captive, even at the risk of the soldier, in order to ensure that he is not taken captive into enemy territory.<ref name="haaretz.com" /> The IDF continued to make significant progress in destroying dozens of cross border tunnels discovered during the operation, however Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared that Israel's operation in Gaza to restore security would continue, and made it clear that Israel would not negotiate ceasefires with Hamas due to the latest breaches in the ceasefire. The Israeli government maintained the position that Israel would withdraw its forces only once it had deemed security to have been restored.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-israel-gaza-hamas-missing-soldier-20140802-story.html|title=Israel says missing soldier was killed in Gaza, not captured|date=2 August 2014|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Batsheva|last=Sobelman}}</ref>

Ahmad al-Mabhouh, a Hamas commander who was an engineering and sabotage expert in a Hamas unit in the [[Jabaliya Camp|Jabaliya refugee camp]], was killed in an Israeli airstrike based on intelligence provided by [[Shin Bet]]. Mabhouh, who was a nephew of Hamas commander [[Mahmoud al-Mabhouh]], had participated in rocket attacks on Israel and the preparation of complex explosive charges to be used by Hamas.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4554340,00.html | title=חוסל אחיינו של מחמוד אל-מבחוח| newspaper=Ynet| date=2014-03-08| last1=זיתון| first1=יואב}}</ref> Four other militants were killed when the building they were positioned in was shelled by the IDF and collapsed. Givati Brigade soldiers discovered and seized quantities of weapons and munitions, and discovered the entrance to a tunnel. Three militants were spotted emerging from the tunnel, and fled under heavy IDF shelling to a nearby home. All three were killed when the home was shelled. The tunnel was subsequently destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/idf-wipes-out-remaining-known-hamas-tunnels-in-gaza-369953|title=IDF wipes out remaining known Hamas tunnels in Gaza|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=4 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4554346,00.html|title=IDF, Shin Bet kill nephew of senior Hamas figure Mahmoud al-Mabhouh|work=ynet|date=3 August 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref> Palestinian militants fired at least 119 rockets at Israel throughout the day, eight of which were shot down by the Iron Dome.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4554243,00.html|title=At least 119 rockets fired at Israel on Sunday|work=ynet|date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

The IDF began redeploying ground forces, including the removal of many of their forces, however Israel Cabinet Minister, [[Amir Peretz]], clarified, saying, "It's not a withdrawal. It's setting up a new line that is a more controlled line with the air force doing its work."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2014/08/03/israeli-begins-redeploying-along-gaza-border?page=2|title=Israel Withdraws Most Troops From Gaza – US News|work=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref>

====4 August====
Israel declared a seven-hour humanitarian ceasefire, except for Rafah, starting from 10:00–17:00 to allow aid for civilians.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel declares partial Gaza ceasefire but fighting goes on in Rafah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/04/israel-declares-truce-fighting-in-rafah|date=4 August 2014}}</ref> A few hours before the ceasefire was due to start, an Israeli airstrike killed senior Islamic Jihad commander Danial Mansour in northern Gaza, and rocket fire from Gaza continued to hit Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-withdraws-troops-gaza-24826484|title=International|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4554464,00.html|title=Rocket fire, attacks on Gaza amid ceasefire|work=ynet|date=4 August 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref><ref name="iitc2" /> The IDF stated that this incident occurred just prior to 10:00.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/gaza-airstrike-kills-child-palestinian-officials-say-1407151901|title=Israel and Hamas Start 72-hour Ceasefire in Gaza – WSJ|date=5 August 2014|work=WSJ|first1=Nicholas|last1=Casey|first2=Adam|last2=Entous|first3=Joshua|last3=Mitnick}}</ref> According to news reporters, just 6 minutes after the beginning the ceasefire, an [[Air-to-surface missile|ASM]] missile was fired at a three-story house in the [[Al-Shati (camp)|Shati refugee camp]], killing a Palestinian eight-year-old girl.<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20140804-israel-declares-seven-hour-partial-ceasefire-gaza-strip/ Child killed, dozens injured during 7-hour Gaza 'ceasefire'] ''[[France 24]]''</ref>

In the early afternoon, a man named Mohammad Jabbis,<ref name="haaretz.com" /> in downtown Jerusalem, driving an industrial digger, hit a pedestrian, bus, and car; before the driver was shot and killed by police.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4554671,00.html|title=Terror in Jerusalem: One killed, six hurt when terrorist goes on rampage in ... – Israel News, Ynetnews|work=ynet|date=4 August 2014|last1=Dvir|first1=Noam 'Dabul'}}</ref> The victim, a 25-year-old male, died after resuscitation attempts failed. The bus was empty at the time of the incident minimizing the casualties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/construction-vehicle-slams-jerusalem-bus-suspected-attack-police-110812447.html|title=Jerusalem rocked by two suspected Palestinian attacks|date=4 August 2014|work=Yahoo News}}</ref> Israel later announced that the tractor driver's cousin's house was destroyed by the IDF two weeks ago, and this is believed to be a revenge attack.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zion |first1=Ilan Ben |last2=Gur |first2=Haviv Rettig |last3=Sharon |first3=Itamar |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/day-28-hamas-wants-egypt-to-press-israel-on-ceasefire-demands-hadar-goldin-laid-to-rest/#liveblog-entry-1042255|title=After day of terror in J'lem, rocket attacks, Israel and Hamas agree to 72-hour ceasefire – The Times of Israel|work=The Times of Israel |date=3 August 2014 }}</ref>

At approximately 16:00 an IDF soldier was shot in the stomach just outside [[Mount Scopus]] at [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|Hebrew University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/national-news/motorcycle-riders-open-fire-near-hebrew-university-in-jerusalem-seriously-wounding-1-person-370016|title=IDF soldier in serious condition after shots fired in Jerusalem's Mount Scopus tunnel|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=4 August 2014 }}</ref> After the soldier was shot, the shooter jumped on his motorcycle heading toward the Arab village of [[Wadi al-Joz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183711#.U9-YNGJdXDg|title=Soldier Shot in Jerusalem|work=Arutz Sheva|date=4 August 2014 }}</ref>

In the late evening it was announced that once again both Hamas and Israel has agreed to a 72-hour ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2014/08/04/police-excavator-rams-israeli-bus-amid-gaza-war|title=Israel, Hamas accept Egyptian cease-fire plan – US News|work=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Netanyahu has previously stated he wouldn't explore a ceasefire until the tunnels were all destroyed, which was finishing earlier on 4 August.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Davidovich |first1=Joshua |last2=Ahren |first2=Raphael |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-hamas-agree-to-egypt-proposal-for-72-hour-truce/|title=Israel, Hamas agree to Egypt proposal for 72-hour truce|work=The Times of Israel |date=4 August 2014 }}</ref>

==Timeline, weeks 5–8==

===Week 5===

====5 August====
Shortly after midnight, hours before the ceasefire, Obama signed ''The Iron Dome Bill'' providing $225 million in additional funding for the Iron Dome.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stoil |first1=Rebecca Shimoni |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/obama-approves-225-million-in-iron-dome-funding/|title=Obama approves $225 million in Iron Dome funding|work=The Times of Israel |date=4 August 2014 }}</ref>

In the early afternoon a security guard was stabbed at the entrance to [[Ma'ale Adumim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clickondetroit.com/news/israel-pulling-out-of-gaza-ahead-of-truce/27310898 |access-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050603/http://www.clickondetroit.com/news/israel-pulling-out-of-gaza-ahead-of-truce/27310898 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |title= Israel sending delegation for talks in Cairo|work=CNN|via=clickondetroit.com|date=6 August 2022}}</ref> The security guard then opened fire on the stabber who was able to flee on foot toward Kfar Azaria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/300794#.U-DWg2JdXDg|title=Stabbing Attack in Ma'ale Adumim, Police Combing Area – Latest News Briefs – Arutz Sheva|work=Arutz Sheva|date=5 August 2014 }}</ref>

As day 29 ended, both sides had held their fire, and were engaged in negotiations for a long-term truce through Egyptian mediation in Cairo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/8/6/gaza-ceasefire-sets-stage-for-cairo-talks|title=Gaza ceasefire sets stage for Cairo talks|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>

====6 August====
After 30 hours of silence in southern Israel, false alarm sirens rang out along the Gaza border.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/rocket-sirens-heard-in-south-prove-to-be-false-alarms-as-tenuous-cease-fire-holds-370221|title=Rocket sirens heard in South prove to be false alarms as tenuous cease-fire holds|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=6 August 2014 }}</ref>

In the evening Egypt proposed an extension of the cease fire from Friday morning until Sunday morning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/egypt-proposes-cease-fire-extension-to-120-hours/2014/08/06/|title=The Jewish Press » » Egypt Proposes Cease Fire Extension to 120 Hours|author=Hana Levi Julian|work=The Jewish Press|date=6 August 2014 }}</ref> Israel later announced that they accepted the extension.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183795#.U-J4emJdXDgM|title=Report: Israel Accepts, Hamas Rejects Truce Ext. – Defense/Security – News – Arutz Sheva|work=Arutz Sheva|date=6 August 2014 }}</ref>
Hamas later responded by saying there was no agreement to extend the ceasefire and would renew fire if their demands were not met.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4555803,00.html|title=Israel agrees to extend current Gaza ceasefire; Hamas vows to renew fire|work=ynet|date=6 August 2014|last1=Kais|first1=Roi}}</ref>

====7 August====
As permanent ceasefire talk progressed, the main separation point held with Hamas demanding the lifting of the blockade, while Israel demanded Hamas demilitarization.<ref>{{cite news |title= Israel Hamas dig in as Gaza talks go on in Cairo |url= http://www.seattlepi.com/news/world/article/Israel-Hamas-dig-in-as-Gaza-talks-go-on-in-Cairo-5673606.php |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140807120848/http://www.seattlepi.com/news/world/article/Israel-Hamas-dig-in-as-Gaza-talks-go-on-in-Cairo-5673606.php |archive-date=7 August 2014 }}</ref> Israel agreed that it will terminate the blockade and expand the Gaza fishing zone, on the condition that all the groups in Gaza demilitarize.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183814#.U-N2uGJdXDg|title=Report: Israel to Lift Travel Restrictions on Gaza – Middle East – News – Arutz Sheva|work=Arutz Sheva|date=7 August 2014 }}</ref>

In the evening it was announced that the body of [[Ayman Taha]], a Hamas official, was found in Shuja'iyya ruins.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4556224,00.html |date= 7 August 2014 |title= Report: Body of senior Hamas member Ayman Taha recovered from Saja'yya ruins |work= Ynetnews }}</ref> It is believed that he was executed for spying for Egypt.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4556236,00.html |title=Palestinian officials: Hamas member Ayman Taha executed, accused of spying f... – Israel News, Ynetnews |work=ynet |date=7 August 2014|last1=Levy |first1=Elior }}</ref> Additionally Hamas admitted that a number of collaborators with Israel had been executed.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/253552/hamas-executes-palestinians-for-collaborated-with-israel.html |title= The Yeshiva World – Hamas Executes Palestinians for Collaborated With Israel {{!}} Frum Jewish News |date=2014-08-07}}</ref>

An armed Palestinian man on a bus, who was in the country illegally, was arrested in [[Beit Shemesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/301027#.U-PJfmJdXDg|title=Bus Driver Spots Suspicious Passenger, Police Find Knife – Latest News Briefs – Arutz Sheva|work=Arutz Sheva|date=7 August 2014 }}</ref>

====8 August====
Amid the stalemate regarding the negotiations in Cairo, hours before the end of the 72-hour cease-fire, Israel announced fire from southern Gaza into Israel resumed, however Hamas denied it. At 04:02, rocket sirens sounded in southern Israel, and at 04:35, mortar rounds landed in southern Israel as well. No injuries were reported.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/mobile/1.609323?v=385276172EC036F7E4CF9DE6903CF905|title=LIVE UPDATES: Operation Protective Edge, day 31|newspaper=Haaretz|date=2014-08-08}}</ref>

At 08:00, at the end of the ceasefire, rockets from Gaza were fired at Ashkelon, with one rocket downed by the Iron Dome.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183850|title = Sirens Sound as Cease-Fire Breaks|last = Dvorin|first = Tova|date = 8 August 2014|work = Arutz Sheva|access-date = 8 August 2014}}</ref> Within the first few hours after the ceasefire's end, over 35 rockets were fired from Gaza at Israel,<ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/israel-air-strikes-rockets-gaza-ceasefire-ends|title=Israel resumes air strikes after rockets fired from Gaza as ceasefire ends|author=Jason Burke|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2014-08-08}}</ref> resulting in two injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/two-injured-in-israel-by-gaza-rocket-370494|title=Iron Dome intercepts two rockets over Beersheba; Three Israelis hurt in south|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=8 August 2014 }}</ref>

After several hours of rocket fire, Netanyahu ordered Israel to respond and resume targeted strikes in Gaza.<ref name="theguardian.com" /> Israel announced that their troops were still positioned along the Gaza border and were prepared for any necessary action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/idf-airstrikes-pound-hamas-after-rocket-attacks-mark-end-of-truce-370488|title=Five Palestinians dead, at least 30 hurt as IAF strikes terrorist targets in Gaza|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=8 August 2014 }}</ref>

The Israeli delegation left Cairo, stating they would not negotiate any long term ceasefire while under fire.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Israeli-delegation-leaves-Egypt-Gazans-flee-eastern-neighborhoods-again-370485|title = Israeli delegation leaves Egypt; Gazans flee eastern neighborhoods, again|last = Keinon|first = Herb|date = 8 August 2014|work = The Jerusalem Post|access-date = 12 August 2014|agency = Reuters}}</ref>

The IDF stated that since resuming fighting, over 57 rockets were fired from Gaza, and the IDF struck 51 targets in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-gaza-idUSKBN0G70JY20140808|title = Israel strikes Gaza after militants resume rocket fire|last1 = al-Mughrabi|first1 = Nidal|date = 8 August 2014|work = Reuters|access-date = 12 August 2014|last2 = Heller|first2 = Jeffrey}}</ref>

====9 August====
Senior Hamas official Moaaz Zaid was killed when an airstrike hit a mosque in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.foxnews.com/world/senior-hamas-member-reportedly-killed-in-gaza-after-fighting-resumes/|title = Senior Hamas member reportedly killed in Gaza after fighting resumes|date = 9 August 2014|work = Fox News|access-date = 10 August 2014}}</ref> Two other Hamas operatives were killed in an airstrike on the motorcycle they were riding in the [[Maghazi (camp)|Maghazi refugee camp]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/airstrikes-resume-as-gaza-three-day-truce-ends/2014/08/09/a25cc4de-1f9e-11e4-ab7b-696c295ddfd1_story.html|title = Airstrikes, rocket launches continue after Gaza truce crumbles|last1 = Raghavan|first1 = Sudarsan|date = 9 August 2014|newspaper = The Washington Post|access-date = 10 August 2014|last2 = Booth|first2 = William}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/10-killed-in-gaza-over-weekend-as-fighting-rages-on/ | title=Ten killed in Gaza over weekend as fighting rages on| website=[[The Times of Israel]]| date=9 August 2014}}</ref> The IDF claimed to have attacked 60 targets and killed nine militants in targeted killings. Two Hamas operatives were killed in fighting with the IDF in [[Al-Qarara]] when they emerged from a tunnel and attacked an Israeli tank.<ref name="estimate">{{cite web|url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20841/E_105_15_1379706052.pdf|title=Estimate of the number of Hamas operatives killed in Operation Protective Edge (Part Eleven)|website=terrorism-info.org.il|date=20 July 2015}}</ref>

Over 30 rockets were fired at Israel,<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://fox2now.com/2014/08/09/more-strikes-on-gaza-more-rockets-into-israel-as-blame-game-continues/|title = More strikes on Gaza, more rockets into Israel as blame-game continues|date = 9 August 2014|work = Fox2Now|access-date = 10 August 2014|agency = CNN}}</ref> and 49 targets were struck in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2014/08/09/3239543/rockets-airstrikes-after-gaza.html?sp=/99/164/252/ |title=Israel, Hamas war enters second month |last=Greenberg |first=Joel |date=9 August 2014 |work=Columbus Ledger Enquirer |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811200908/http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2014/08/09/3239543/rockets-airstrikes-after-gaza.html?sp=%2F99%2F164%2F252%2F |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>

====10 August====
After Israel has previously stated they will not negotiate while under rocket fire, Hamas and the PIJ stated they would leave Cairo on 10 August if Israel did not attend negotiations.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Palestinian-delegation-to-leave-Cairo-cease-fire-negotiations-370609|title = Palestinian delegation to leave Cairo cease-fire talks unless Israelis return|date = 10 August 2014|work = The Jerusalem Post|access-date = 10 August 2014}}</ref> Later it was announced that Israel and the Palestinian factions accepted a three-day ceasefire, beginning midnight.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/egyptian-brokered-ceasefire-set-to-begin-at-midnight/|title = Egyptian-brokered ceasefire set to begin at midnight|date = 10 August 2014|work = The Times of Israel|access-date = 10 August 2014|agency = AFP}}</ref>

In the afternoon, the [[Kerem Shalom border crossing]] was closed, due to rocket fire landing in the area, for the protection of the workers.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Israel-closes-Kerem-Shalom-crossing-due-to-rocket-fire-370660|title = Israel closes Kerem Shalom crossing due to rocket fire|date = 10 August 2014|work = The Jerusalem Post|access-date = 11 August 2014}}</ref> Much of the food and aid that enters Gaza goes through this crossing, and were unable to be transferred during that time.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/253689/kerem-shalom-crossing-closed-due-to-rocket-fire.html|title = Kerem Shalom Crossing Closed Due to Rocket Fire|date = 10 August 2014|work = The Yeshiva World News|access-date = 11 August 2014}}</ref> Later, the IDF discovered and attacked six militants attempting to use the crossing to enter Israel, killing all of them.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/day-34-anti-war-protesters-gather-in-tel-aviv-as-israel-hamas-conflict-presses-on/#liveblog-entry-1046202|title = After heavy rocket attacks on south, ceasefire takes effect|date = 10 August 2014|work = The Times of Israel|access-date = 11 August 2014}}</ref>

Turkey announced in the evening that they would utilize the 72 hour ceasefire to evacuate wounded Palestinians to their hospitals.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Erdogan-Turkey-to-evacuate-wounded-Palestinians-for-treatment-370699|title = Erdogan: Turkey to evacuate wounded Palestinians for treatment|date = 11 August 2014|work = The Jerusalem Post|access-date = 11 August 2014|agency = Reuters}}</ref>

Before midnight, as in the other ceasefire, both sides took final shots at each other. Israel successfully targeted and killed Faraj Abu Raviah, a Hamas militant who was active in the tunnel network of northern Gaza Strip, while in a tunnel in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4557347,00.html|title = IDF killed militant in Hamas tunnel in north Gaza before ceasefire|last = Zitun|first = Yoav|date = 11 August 2014|work = Ynetnews|access-date = 11 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Before-start-of-truce-IDF-kills-Hamas-terrorist-active-in-tunnel-networks-370705|title = Before start of truce, IDF kills Hamas terrorist active in tunnel networks|date = 11 August 2014|work = The Jerusalem Post|access-date = 11 August 2014}}</ref> A series of rockets was fired from Gaza at various locations around Israel, including Eshkol,<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4557345,00.html|title = Five rockets exploded near Eshkol community few minutes before ceasefire|date = 11 August 2014|work = Ynetnews|access-date = 11 August 2014}}</ref> Ashdod, Gush Dan, and Tel Aviv.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Rockets-fired-on-Israel-shortly-before-start-of-72-hour-truce-with-Hamas-370698|title = Rocket barrage on Israel shortly before start of 72 hour truce with Hamas|last = Keinon|first = Herb|date = 11 August 2014|work = The Jerusalem Post|access-date = 11 August 2014}}</ref>

====11 August====
In the morning, as the ceasefire appeared to hold, Egypt's foreign ministry announced that they opened the Rafah border crossing to allow aid into Gaza, although some Gaza residents claimed the crossing was still closed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/08/11/foreign-ministry-denies-rafah-border-closure/ |title=Foreign ministry denies Rafah border closure |last=Abaza |first=Jihad |date=11 August 2014 |work=Daily News Egypt |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210858/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/08/11/foreign-ministry-denies-rafah-border-closure/ |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref> Hamas official Izzat al-Risheq, a member of the Hamas negotiating team in Cairo, announced that Hamas does not object to Fatah policemen manning the Rafah crossing.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/In-first-Hamas-says-will-not-oppose-Palestinian-Authority-forces-at-Rafah-crossing-370774|title = Hamas: We'll let the PA monitor Rafah crossing|last1 = Abu Toameh|first1 = Khaled|date = 11 August 2014|work = The Jerusalem Post|access-date = 12 August 2014|last2 = Keinon|first2 = Herb}}</ref>

In the afternoon, the UN announced a [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|fact finding mission]], whose members will be [[William Schabas]], [[Amal Clooney]] and [[Doudou Diène]]. Later, Clooney turned down the offer, due to other commitments.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/un-names-gaza-war-crimes-probe-panel-2014811231432316350.html|title = UN names Gaza war crimes probe panel|date = 12 August 2014|work = Al Jazeera English|access-date = 13 August 2014|agency = Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/gaza/11027430/Amal-Alamuddin-turns-down-Gaza-investigation-role.html|title = Amal Alamuddin turns down Gaza investigation role|last = Ensor|first = Josie|date = 11 August 2014|work = The Telegraph|access-date = 13 August 2014|location=London}}</ref> Israel claimed that the committee, and particularly the chairman Schabas, is biased against Israel, pointing to previous comments by Schabas, including calls for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to be tried before the International Criminal Court.<ref name="jpostSchabas">{{Cite news|url = https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Head-of-UNHRCs-Gaza-probe-disputes-claims-hes-anti-Israeli-370850|title = UNHRC investigator Schabas stays mum on Hamas as 'terror group'|last = Lazaroff|first = Tovah|date = 12 August 2014|work = The Jerusalem Post|access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Israel referred to the inquiry as a [[kangaroo court]].<ref name="jpostSchabas" /><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.interaksyon.com/article/93141/un-panel-to-probe-gaza-war-crimes-but-israel-derides-kangaroo-court|title = UN panel to probe Gaza war crimes but Israel derides 'kangaroo court'|last1 = Nebehay|first1 = Stephanie|date = 12 August 2014|work = Interaksyon|access-date = 13 August 2014|agency = Reuters|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203718/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/93141/un-panel-to-probe-gaza-war-crimes-but-israel-derides-kangaroo-court|archive-date = 12 August 2014}}</ref> Canadian Foreign Minister John Baird called the UN Human Rights Council a "sham" for appointing the committee, and said the committee is a "shame" and will do nothing to promote peace.<ref name="jpostSchabas" />

===Week 6===

====12 August====
The [[IHH (Turkish NGO)|Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation (IHH)]] announced a new attempt to breach the Israeli naval blockade of Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.newsweek.com/new-turkish-humanitarian-flotilla-set-defy-gaza-blockade-263825|title = New Turkish Humanitarian Flotilla Set to Defy Gaza Blockade|last = Sharkov|first = Damien|date = 11 August 2014|work = Newsweek|access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>

As talks in Cairo continued, varying reports stated that progress was being made toward a long term ceasefire, although Israel still did not agree to building a seaport or an airport in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/gaza-strip-crisis-israel-agree-ease-blockade-territory-reach-hamas-truce-1460787|title = Gaza Strip Crisis: Israel Agree to Ease Blockade of Territory to Reach Hamas Truce|last = Moore|first = Jack|date = 12 August 2014|work = International Business Times|access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>

Hamas claimed that the Israeli Navy violated the ceasefire and fired at Gaza. Israel maintains that a fishing boat attempted to leave the permitted fishing zone, and that the Navy then fired warning shots at the boat.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/navy-fired-warning-shots-at-gaza-boat-nearing-prohibited-waters/2014/08/12/|title = Navy Fired Warning Shots at Gaza Boat Nearing Prohibited Waters|last = Ben-Gedalyahu|first = Tzvi|date = 12 August 2014|work = The Jewish Press|access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=720052|title = Israeli warships open fire at fishermen near Rafah|date = 12 August 2014|work = Ma'an News Agency|access-date = 13 August 2014|archive-date = 12 August 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203341/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=720052}}</ref>

====13 August====
During the night, the UK announced that if the fighting in Gaza continued after the ceasefire, they would suspend their military sales to Israel, while investigating whether they have been used properly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/12/british-arms-exports-israel-gaza-block-suspension|title=UK government to block arms exports to Israel if military action resumes|author=Rupert Neate|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2014-08-12}}</ref>

In the late morning, Al-Aqsa radio again reported that Israel was in violation of the ceasefire, by firing on Beit Lahiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/13-Aug-2014/italian-journo-three-bomb-disposal-experts-two-others-killed-in-gaza|title=Italian journalist among six killed in Gaza's Beit Lahiya town|work=Daily Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814001453/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/13-Aug-2014/italian-journo-three-bomb-disposal-experts-two-others-killed-in-gaza|archive-date=14 August 2014}}</ref> Later reports from Gaza medical facilities corrected the earlier reports, stating 6 were killed in an attempt to disable Israeli missiles that had not exploded.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/13/gaza-blast-israeli-missile-dead-journalist-associated-press|title=Gaza blast leaves several dead during attempt to disable Israeli missile|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2014-08-13|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> [[Deaths of Simone Camilli and Ali Shehda Abu Afash|Two journalists were killed]] in Beit Lahiya along with three Hamas police engineers and three other people by an unexploded Israeli bomb that detonated as a police engineering team was working to neutralize it. The two journalists, who had been reporting on the efforts to defuse the bomb, were Simone Camilli, an [[Italy|Italian]] video journalist working for the [[Associated Press]], and Ali Shehda Abu Afash, a Palestinian journalist who had been working with Camilli.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-conflict-journalist-simone-camilli-among-6-killed-after-gaza-bomb-disposal-goes-wrong-1.2735053 | title=Journalist among 6 killed after Gaza bomb disposal goes wrong | CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnd.com/2014/08/13/3347722/ap-video-journalist-killed-in.html? |title=Metro-east news from Belleville, IL – Belleville News-Democrat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814224337/http://www.bnd.com/2014/08/13/3347722/ap-video-journalist-killed-in.html |archive-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

Hamas originally scheduled a press conference for 21:30,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/hamas-breaks-ceasefire-with-three-rocket-attacks/2014/08/13/|title=The Jewish Press » » Hamas Breaks Cease-Fire with Three Rocket Attacks|author=Tzvi Ben-Gedalyahu|work=The Jewish Press|date=13 August 2014 }}</ref> when they were expected to announce that the ceasefire talks failed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4558493,00.html|title=Hamas source: Negotiations have failed; Palestinian delegation will announce... – Israel News, Ynetnews|work=ynet|date=13 August 2014}}</ref> Israel however has agreed to extend the ceasefire an additional 72 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=720455|title=Ceasefire falls apart in final hours with no renewal in sight|work=Maan News Agency|access-date=13 August 2014|archive-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814014241/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=720455}}</ref> At 21:45, few hours prior to the end of the ceasefire, sirens were heard in Ashkelon,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/code-red-sirens-sound-in-ashkelon-coast-region-371014|title=Code Red sirens sound in Ashkelon Coast region|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=13 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/rocket-sirens-sound-in-southern-israel-hours-before-end-of-temporary-cease-fire-371015|title=Rocket fire targets southern Israel hours before temporary cease-fire deadline|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com |date=13 August 2014 }}</ref> in which the rocket landed in an open area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4558501,00.html|title=Gaza rocket hits open area in Hof Ashkelon Regional Council|work=ynet|date=13 August 2014}}</ref> Israeli police later confirmed that an additional rocket from Gaza landed in Sha'ar HaNegev.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4558505,00.html|title=Police: Gaza rocket hits open area in Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council|work=ynet|date=13 August 2014}}</ref> Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri denied any rocket fire.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL6N0QJ50020140813|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814032337/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL6N0QJ50020140813|archive-date=14 August 2014|title=Hamas spokesman denies any rockets fired from Gaza at Israel| work=Reuters|date=13 August 2014}}</ref>

The Palestinian factions, shortly before the ceasefire expired, announced the extension of the ceasefire by five days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4558549,00.html|title=Palestinian envoy: Ceasefire extended by 5 days|work=ynet|date=13 August 2014}}</ref> Despite the ceasefire extension announcement, shortly before midnight the Iron Dome intercepted a rocket over Netivot, while two more landed in open areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4558556,00.html|title=Irone Dome intercepts rocket over Netivot; 2 hit open area|work=ynet|date=14 August 2014}}</ref>

====14 August====
During the night, despite the ceasefire still in effect, Netanyahu ordered the IDF to retaliate for the rocket fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/gaza-truce-extended-looks-fragile-1.1735028|title=Gaza truce extended, looks fragile|author=Independent Newspapers Online|work=Independent Online}}</ref> Israel struck four targets in Gaza, followed by two more rockets fired from Gaza into Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arynews.tv/en/renewed-israel-palestinian-truce-off-to-shaky-start/|title=Gaza Massacre: Renewed Israel, Palestinian truce off to shaky start – ARY NEWS|work=ARY News|date=2014-08-14}}</ref>

The US confirmed that it has suspended the sale of [[AGM-114 Hellfire|Hellfire Missiles]] to Israel due to the current conflict.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Newman |first1=Marissa |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-official-confirms-us-nixed-missile-sale-pm-blamed-for-soured-ties/|title=Israeli official confirms US nixed arms shipment; pols argue over who's to blame – The Times of Israel|work=The Times of Israel |date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

====15 August====
PIJ officer Ziad al-Nakhaleh stated that even if a lasting agreement isn't achieved by Monday, the ceasefire will continue, in addition to confirming that the seaport and airport talks have been postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/defense/security-cabinet-convenes-to-discuss-cease-fire-amid-conflicting-reports-of-progress-made-371195|title=Islamic Jihad official: There will be a cease-fire, even without an agreement|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=15 August 2014 }}</ref>

A report by [[al-Shorouk]] stated that the 11 terms of the ceasefire are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=15082014&id=d62d271b-f6a5-43a1-9a50-125085c67fbe|title=الشروق» تنفرد بنشر 11 بندًا بلورتها مصر لتثبيت الهدنة بين إسرائيل وغزة – بوابة الشروق|website=www.shorouknews.com}}</ref>

* Israel will halt military actions in Gaza by land, air or sea.
* All Palestinian factions in Gaza will stop all attacks against Israel by land, air or sea.
* The openings between Israel and Gaza for the transfer of goods to rebuild Gaza will be determined between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.
* Israel and PA will coordinate all issues of funds related to Gaza's reconstruction.
* The elimination of the buffer zones along the security fence, in stages, with the deployment of PA troops.
* The fishing zone in stages will be extended to 12 miles, coordinated by Israel and the PA.
* Israel will assist the PA in rebuilding infrastructure destroyed in Gaza as well as assisting those whose homes were destroyed.
* International aid groups will provide the basic products needed to rebuild Gaza.
* Egypt implores the international community to provide swift humanitarian and monetary assistance for Gaza's reconstruction.
* The exchange of prisoners and remains will also be discussed at a later time.
* The seaport and airport will be discussed at a later time

====16 August====
Palestinians in Cairo tell Israel to meet their demands or "face a long war."{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Israeli officials stated that if talks in Cairo fail, it will be up to the UN Security Council to negotiate a truce.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.610872|title=Israeli officials: If Cairo talks fail, Western powers will seek Gaza truce via UN Security Council|date=17 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com|last1=Ravid|first1=Barak}}</ref>

====17 August====
Israel responded to Palestinian demands by saying that no demands will be met without security being guaranteed in Israel, including the demilitarization of Gaza.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} As a sign of good faith, Israel removed the fishing blockade and allowed Gazan fishermen to fish up to the three miles out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pnn.ps/index.php/politics/7992-israel-announces-the-expansion-of-the-fishing-zone-in-gaza-as-a-goodwill-gesture |title=Israel announces the expansion of the fishing zone in Gaza as a 'goodwill gesture' |author=Amaia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818202502/http://english.pnn.ps/index.php/politics/7992-israel-announces-the-expansion-of-the-fishing-zone-in-gaza-as-a-goodwill-gesture |archive-date=18 August 2014 }}</ref>

====18 August====
In the evening, as the five-day ceasefire neared an end, Netanyahu stated that they are prepared for any scenario in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2014/8/18/headlines/netanyahu_says_israel_prepared_to_renew_assault_as_ceasefire_deadline_looms|title=Netanyahu Says Israel Prepared to Renew Assault as Ceasefire Deadline Looms|work=Democracy Now!}}</ref> In preparation for possible restart of violence, the train to Sderot was canceled, so they could be fortified to protect against anti-tank missile attacks on them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/184144|title=Rockets Imminent? Train to Sderot Cancelled|work=Arutz Sheva|date=18 August 2014 }}</ref>

Israel arrested 93 Hamas activists, who were planning a third intifada by overthrowing the PA, according to the Shin Bet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560000,00.html|title=Abbas: Hamas plot against PA threatens unity govt|work=ynet|date=19 August 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref>

Later in the evening, reports began circulating that Israel and the Palestinian factions had agreed to a long term ceasefire, which would be signed and announced at 23:00.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=721457|title=Ceasefire deal prepared in Cairo|work=Maan News Agency|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084229/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=721457}}</ref> The Palestinians later confirmed they had accepted the ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560058,00.html|title=Palestinian envoy: Agreement reached for permanent ceasefire, waiting for Is... – Israel News, Ynetnews|work=ynet|date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

===Week 7===

==== 19 August ====

Overnight news leaked that the US and Israel came to an agreement over the blockade of Gaza. Israel agreed to ease the blockade and in exchange, the US will use their international influence to prevent Hamas from rearming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-us-secretly-agreed-on-gradual-easing-of-gaza-blockade/|title='Israel, US secretly agreed on gradual easing of Gaza blockade' – The Times of Israel|work=The Times of Israel |date=19 August 2014 }}</ref>

In the afternoon, shortly before 16:00, three rockets fired from Gaza exploded outside of Be'er Sheva, breaking the ceasefire with the first action by either side in nearly 6 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/184196#.U_NNWWJdXDg|title=Three Rockets Fired at Be'er Sheva, IDF to Respond – Defense/Security – News – Arutz Sheva|work=Arutz Sheva|date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> Shortly before the rocket fire, Hamas spokesman Fawzi Barhoum stated "If Netanyahu doesn't understand … the language of politics in Cairo, we know how to make him understand," possibly hinting at the rocket fire,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islandpacket.com/2014/08/19/3265132/israel-rockets-fired-from-gaza.html |title=Latest breaking news from Hilton Head & Beaufort, SC – The Island Packet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820053644/http://www.islandpacket.com/2014/08/19/3265132/israel-rockets-fired-from-gaza.html |archive-date=20 August 2014 }}</ref> although Hamas denied involvement in the rocket fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/hamas-israel-is-escalating-the-situation-to-influence-cairo-truce-talks-371522|title=Hamas: Israel is escalating the situation to influence Cairo truce talks|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> Netanyahu ordered the IDF to retaliate against the renewed fire,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/idf-says-3-gaza-rockets-land-in-beersheba-despite-cease-fire-371496|title=IDF strikes in Gaza after 3 rockets fired at Beersheba despite cease-fire|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> and ordered the negotiators to return from Cairo due to the violations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/254807/rocket-fire-towards-beersheva.html|title=The Yeshiva World Rocket Fire Towards Beersheva [UPDATED 16:39 IL] " " Frum Jewish News|date=2014-08-19}}</ref>

At about 18:30 the Iron Dome intercepted two rockets over Netivot,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560430,00.html|title=Iron Dome downs 2 rockets over Netivot|work=ynet|date=19 August 2014}}</ref> its first interception in over a week. Later, two rockets were shot down over Sderot and another two over Be'er Sheva,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560586,00.html|title=Iron Dome downs 2 rockets over Sderot, 2 over Be'er Sheva|work=ynet|date=19 August 2014}}</ref> as well as several fired at Tel Aviv, which Hamas took credit for.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560576,00.html|title=Hamas: We fired M75, Fajr 5 rockets on central Israel|work=ynet|date=19 August 2014}}</ref>

Hamas announced that they blame Israel for the ending of the ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560507,00.html|title=Hamas: Netanyahu responsible for the collapse of peace talks|work=ynet|date=19 August 2014|last1=Levy|first1=Elior}}</ref> The US however has stated that they hold Hamas responsible for breaking the ceasefire and reiterated Israel's right to defend itself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560504,00.html|title=US: Hamas broke ceasefire, Israel has right to defend itself|work=ynet|date=19 August 2014|last1=Benhorin|first1=Yitzhak}}</ref> According to a senior Fatah official Qatar threatened Hamas' political bureau chief Khaled Mashal that it would expel him if Hamas accepts the Egyptian ceasefire deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560750,00.html|title=Report: Qatar threatened to expel Mashal|work=ynet|date=20 August 2014|last1=Kais|first1=Roi}}</ref>

Israel attempted to assassinate the chief commander of Hamas' military wing, [[Mohammad Deif]], in an airstrike on his house in the [[Sheikh Radwan]] district of Gaza City, killing his wife and two children.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-gaza-idUKKBN0GI12R20140820|title=Gaza war rages on, Hamas says Israel tried to kill its military chief| work=Reuters|date=20 August 2014}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-21/267987-body-of-deifs-daughter-3-pulled-from-gaza-rubble.ashx#axzz3B22Iezk2|title=Body of Deif's daughter, 3, pulled from Gaza rubble|work=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821231613/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-21/267987-body-of-deifs-daughter-3-pulled-from-gaza-rubble.ashx#axzz3B22Iezk2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Israeli intelligence concluded in April 2015 that Deif had survived the assassination attempt, the fifth Israeli attempt to assassinate him.<ref name="ToI29April">[http://www.timesofisrael.com/hamass-chief-of-staff-alive-and-active-israel-confirms/ 'Hamas's chief of staff alive and active, Israel confirms,'] [[The Times of Israel]] 29 April 2015.</ref>

In total 50 rockets were fired from Gaza at Israel, and Israel struck 30 targets in Gaza, on 19 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/184218#.U_Sa02JdXDg|title=IDF: 50 Rockets Were Fired on Tuesday|work=Arutz Sheva|date=20 August 2014 }}</ref>

====20 August====

In the morning, reports leaked that Qatar threatened to expel Khaled Mashaal if Hamas accepted the Egyptian ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/report-qatar-threatened-to-expel-mashaal-if-hamas-okayed-egypt-proposed-truce-371622|title=Report: Qatar threatened to expel Mashaal if Hamas okayed Egypt-proposed truce|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=20 August 2014 }}</ref>

Hamas threatened to fire additional rockets at Ben Gurion on 21 August as 06:00. Their warning stated that all airlines should cancel their flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/184251#.U_XvA2JdXDg|title=Hamas Threatens Ben-Gurion Airport – Global Agenda – News – Arutz Sheva|work=Arutz Sheva|date=20 August 2014 }}</ref>

On 20 August from Gaza 168 rockets were fired at Israel, a record since the operation began,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4560729,00.html|title=Gaza rocket fire hits new heights: 168 launched in one day|work=Ynetnews|date=20 August 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref> accounting for over 200 rockets since the conflict resumed. In response, Israel carried out 92 attacks into Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/gaza-truce-deadline-passes-without-renewal-211419938.html|title=Israel steps up air strikes as Gaza buries dead|date=20 August 2014|work=Yahoo News}}</ref>

====21 August====
In the morning the IDF killed three Hamas commanders in an airstrike:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fox17online.com/2014/08/21/3-senior-hamas-military-leaders-killed-in-israeli-airstrike/|title=3 senior Hamas military leaders killed in Israeli airstrike|work=Fox17|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>
*[[Raed al Atar]] – The commander of Hamas' Rafah company and member of its high military council; participated heavily in attacks against Israel, including the kidnapping of Gilad Shalit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/israel-kills-top-hamas-commander-raed-al-attar/2014/08/21/|title=The Jewish Press » » Israel Kills Top Hamas Commander Raed Al-Attar|author=Hana Levi Julian|work=The Jewish Press|date=21 August 2014 }}</ref>
*[[Muhammad Abu Shamala]] – The head of its southern command, believed by Israel to have been involved in every attack from Rafah since 2001.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Issacharoff |first1=Avi |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/killing-of-hamas-chiefs-will-spark-desperate-terror-attempts-against-israel/|title=Killing of Hamas chiefs will spark desperate attacks against Israel|work=The Times of Israel |date=21 August 2014 }}</ref>
*Mohammed Barhoum – Commander of the southern sector
All three were also heavy involved with the cross-border tunnels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/hamas-says-three-top-commanders-killed-by-israeli-airstrike-in-gaza/|title=Hamas says three top commanders killed by Israeli airstrike in Gaza|work=Fox News | date=21 August 2014}}</ref> Attar and Abu Shamaleh were also believed to have been involved in the attack in which Hadar Goldin was killed and his body seized. Hamas said that Israel would not break their resistance, and would pay a heavy price for their crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/israel-vows-continue-bombing-gaza-201482154350149949.html|title=Israel kills three top Hamas commanders|author=Al Jazeera and agencies}}</ref>

The IDF in the afternoon called up 10,000 reservists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/idf-mobilizing-10000-reservists-after-israel-targets-senior-hamas-commanders-371848|title=IDF mobilizing 10,000 reservists after Israel targets senior Hamas commanders|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=21 August 2014 }}</ref>
Hamas killed 3 Palestinians and seven were arrested.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4561996,00.html | title=Hamas executes 18 for 'collaboration' with Israel| newspaper=Ynetnews| date=22 August 2014| last1=Levy| first1=Elior}}</ref>

====22 August====
In the morning Hamas shot dead 11 Palestinians it suspected of being informants for Israel at an abandoned police station, and another seven near a mosque.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/hamas-kills-18-suspected-israel-informants/|title=Hamas kills 18 suspected Israel informants|work=Fox News | date=22 August 2014}}</ref> Hamas warned that others would soon be killed.<ref name="bbc20140822" />

Violence in the south continued. A Grad rocket fired from Gaza hit a synagogue in Ashdod, injuring three civilians<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kan.org.il/live/radio.aspx?stationid=3|title=כאן ב – שידור חי ותוכניות מוקלטות להאזנה אונליין | כאן|website=www.kan.org.il}}</ref> In the afternoon Grad rockets were fired toward Gush Dan. In Sha'ar Hanegev a 4 year old Israeli child was killed in a mortar attack on kibbutz [[Nahal Oz]]. The Israeli Prime Minister said that military operations would intensify in response. At least 130 rockets were reported to have been fired, of which some were intercepted; others caused some damage and injuries. A rocket attack on [[Gan Yavne]] fatally wounded an IDF soldier who was on home leave from his unit after having served in the war. He died of his injuries a week later. Five others were also injured in the attack, including the soldier's younger brother.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Victims/Pages/Netanel-Maman.aspx| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141202153050/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Victims/Pages/Netanel-Maman.aspx| archive-date = 2014-12-02| title = Netanel Maman}}</ref><ref name="bbc20140822">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28900098|title=BBC:Gaza conflict: Israeli boy's death 'will intensify ops', 22 August 2014|work=BBC News | date=22 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562008,00.html|title=1 critically wounded after rocket hits street in Ashdod area|work=ynet|date=22 August 2014|last1=Curiel|first1=Ilana}}</ref> The IDF initially carried out about 30 airstrikes in Gaza, killing seven people according to the Gaza Health Ministry. Later, an Israeli airstrike destroyed a building in Gaza. The Palestinians reported at least 12 dead and dozens wounded.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news1.co.il/Archive/001-D-352977-00.html | title=News1 | 12 הרוגים בתקיפת מבנה מדרום לעזה}}</ref> It was reported that 20 militants were killed and 50 wounded in the attack.

====23 August====
In the early afternoon the IDF stated that more than 100 rockets and mortars were fired into Israel since midnight.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562346,00.html|title=At least five rockets were fired from Syria at northern Golan Heights|work=ynet|date=24 August 2014}}</ref>

Hamas killed four more Palestinians for collaborating with Israel, saying that they had been tried based on evidence. An aid to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas condemned the executions as "provocative," illegal, and without a fair trial. Amnesty International said "Hamas must also remember that the [[right to a fair trial]] before a competent court remains in force during times of armed conflict".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562519,00.html|title=ynetnews: Hamas executes four more 'collaborators' in Jabaliya, 23 August 2014|work=ynet|date=23 August 2014|last1=Levy|first1=Elior|last2=Kais|first2=Roi}}</ref>

An apartment complex, known as Al Zafer Tower 4,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/world/middleeast/israeli-strike-destroys-apartment-tower-in-gaza.html?_r=0|title=Israeli Strike Destroys Apartment Tower in Gaza|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=24 August 2014|first1=Isabel|last1=Kershner|first2=Fares|last2=Akram|date=23 August 2014}}</ref> collapsed after an Israeli strike which was preceded by [[roof knocking]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/08/24/israel-destroys-13-storey-building-in-gaza-air-strike.html|title=Israel destroys 13-story building in Gaza air strike|work=[[Reuters]] via [[CNBC]]|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> to warn the residents. According to the IDF, the building was used as one of the headquarters for Hamas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2014/0823/Israeli-missiles-collapse-Gaza-apartment-building-wounding-at-least-22|title=Israeli missiles collapse Gaza apartment building, wounding at least 22|author=Karin Laub and Peter Enav|date=23 August 2014|work=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref>

An unnamed Israeli army intelligence officer said that Hamas had over 2,000 short-range rockets and many dozens of mid-range rockets left, less than 30% of those they had before the operation started.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.612036|title=LIVE UPDATES: Operation Protective Edge, day 47|date=23 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref>

====24 August====

Israel assassinated senior Hamas official Mohammed al-Ghoul, who was Hamas' payroll head, in an airstrike on his car in northern Gaza. He had just taken $13 million from a contact who had smuggled it into Gaza from the Sinai which was to be used to pay the salaries of Hamas fighters. The cash he had taken was destroyed, which severely impacted Hamas' ability to pay salaries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Operation-Harpoon-How-the-Mossad-and-an-Israeli-NGO-destroyed-terrorist-money-networks-513622 | title=How did the Mossad and an Israeli NGO destroy terrorist money networks? – Israel News – Jerusalem Post| date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/08/24/israel-airstrike-gaza-hamas/14523473/|title=Israeli airstrike levels 7-story building in Gaza|agency=Associated Press|date=24 August 2014|work=USA Today}}</ref>

In the afternoon a mortar wounded three Israeli Arabs who worked as taxi drivers tasked with taking a group of Gazans from the crossing into Israel for medical care.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562669,00.html|title=Three Israeli Arabs wounded by Gaza mortar attack|work=ynet|date=24 August 2014|last1=Zitun|first1=Yoav}}</ref> About 135 rockets and mortar shells were fired on 24 August; five fell in built-up areas, ten were intercepted, and the remainder exploded in Israeli territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/world/746470|title=TASS: World – Gaza radicals launch 135 missiles on Israel|work=TASS}}</ref>

Five rockets from south Lebanon were fired into northern Israel early in the morning, the Lebanese Army later located the launcher used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/rockets-from-syria-land-in-golan-heights-after-lebanese-katyusha-strikes-israel-372043|title=Rockets from Syria land in Golan Heights after Lebanese Katyusha attack|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> The rockets caused an electrical power failure<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerusalemonline.com/news/politics-and-military/military/rocket-fire-also-from-lebanon-and-syria-7580|title=Israel News – Rocket Fire Also from Lebanon and Syria – JerusalemOnline|author=Avraham|work=JerusalemOnline|date=2014-08-24|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115254/http://www.jerusalemonline.com/news/politics-and-military/military/rocket-fire-also-from-lebanon-and-syria-7580|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> and injuries in two kids.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Aug-24/268283-army-finds-rocket-launching-pad-in-south-lebanon.ashx#axzz3BK1a81rU|title=Army finds rocket launch pads in south Lebanon|work=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon|date=24 August 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824120411/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Aug-24/268283-army-finds-rocket-launching-pad-in-south-lebanon.ashx#axzz3BK1a81rU}}</ref> Israel did not return fire but appealed to the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] to investigate.<ref name="TOI24" />

Five rockets were fired from Syria into the Israeli-occupied [[Golan Heights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103654/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Syria – The World Factbook|website=www.cia.gov|date=23 September 2021}}</ref> The IDF later assessed that rocket fire was unintentional and was a stray rocket from the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref name="TOI24">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-from-syria-land-in-golan-heights/|title= Mortar shells from Syria land in Golan Heights |website=Times of Israel|date=4 September 2014}}</ref>

The Israeli Prime Minister said "I call on the inhabitants of Gaza to vacate immediately every site from which Hamas is carrying out terrorist activity. Every one of these places is a target for us."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/operation-protective-edge-day-48-1.5260676|title= LIVE UPDATES: Operation Protective Edge, Day 48|date=25 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref>

====25 August====
In the early morning hours news began to leak of Abbas's new plan for an independent Palestinian state, which would be announced on 26 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/184363#.U_s-WGJdXDg|title=Abbas to Submit 'Surprising' Proposal to Kerry|work=Arutz Sheva|date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> In the first stage of the plan, Abbas would request from the UN a deadline for Israeli withdrawal to the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 borders]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=19655|title=Israel Hayom – Abbas seeks a deadline for Israeli withdrawal from West Bank}}</ref> The response from the Israeli Prime Minister's office indicated that Israel would oppose a withdrawal<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.612288|title=Haaretz: live updates|date=25 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref>

Hamas, one day after Iran claimed it down an Israeli drone, claimed it as well had downed an Israeli drone over Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/hamas-claims-it-seizes-israeli-reconnaissance-drone-in-gaza-372243|title=Hamas claims it seizes Israeli reconnaissance drone in Gaza|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=25 August 2014 }}</ref>

In the afternoon, according to an unnamed Palestinian source said to be familiar with the issue, the Palestinian factions would agree to a monthlong ceasefire proposed by Egypt in order to restart truce talks in Cairo. Egyptian mediators were awaiting Israeli approval before formally announcing the plan on Monday evening<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2014/08/25/gaza-groups-agree-to-onemonth-ceasefire-proposal|title=Gaza groups agree to one-month ceasefire proposal – MidEast – Daily Sabah|work=dailysabah.com|date=25 August 2014}}</ref>

Hamas POWs interrogated by the IDF revealed that Hamas does in fact use mosques in Gaza for military operations. They also revealed that their tunnels were strategically built near kindergartens and clinics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.612455|title=Mosques used for military operations, say Hamas POWs|date=26 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com|last1=Cohen|first1=Gili}}</ref>

In the late evening, a rocket once again was fired from Lebanon into Israel, landing in the [[Upper Galilee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/rocket-sirens-sound-in-central-israel-372280|title=Rocket fire strikes North again, Gaza belt under continued mortar barrage|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=25 August 2014 }}</ref> The IDF returned fire toward the source of the rocket launch.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-returns-fire-after-rockets-shot-at-galilee-from-lebanon/|title = Israel returns fire after rockets shot at Galilee from Lebanon|date = 25 August 2014|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = Israel returns fire after rockets shot at Galilee from Lebanon|publisher = Times of Israel}}</ref>

More than 120 rockets and mortars have been fired from the Gaza Strip.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.612468|title=LIVE UPDATES: Operation Protective Edge, day 50|date=27 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref>

===Week 8===

====26 August====

Gazan sources reported that overnight Israel struck a 13-story building in Gaza known as the Italian Tower, after firing three warning shots into the building, which contained a mix of residences, offices (including the Ministry of Public Works), and retail stores. Two were reported killed, about 20 injured, and most of the complex was destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/gaza-high-rise-hit-israeli-rockets-2014825213929205207.html|title=Gaza high-rise hit by Israeli strikes|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref> Hamas fired at sick Gazans as they tried to leave the Strip for treatment<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564025,00.html|title=Hamas 'fires at sick Gazans trying to leave for medical treatment|work=ynet|date=1 September 2014|last1=Kamar|first1=Assaf}}</ref> Three Salafist militants in Rafah were killed in an Israeli airstrike as they fired rockets at Israel.<ref name="estimate" />

The head of the Palestinian delegation to the Cairo cease-fire talks, said that difference of opinion among different Palestinian groups was delaying an agreement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.612541Fatah|title=official: Haaretz:'Hidden hands' stopped signing of Cairo accord, 26 August 2014|newspaper=Haaretz }}</ref> Hamas stated that the wording in the new Egyptian ceasefire proposal was acceptable to them,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Senior-Hamas-leader-Language-of-Egyptian-ceasefire-proposal-acceptable-372346|title = Hamas official: Language of Egyptian cease-fire proposal 'acceptable'|date = 26 August 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = Jerusalem Post}}</ref> stating "we're prepared to discuss at a later stage the various controversial issues: the sea port, the prisoners and the airport, what's important at this stage is ending the Israeli aggression, opening the crossings and rebuilding the Strip."<ref name="JA">{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/top-us-general-in-israel-for-post-ceasefire-talks/|title = Top US general in Israel for post-ceasefire talks|date = 26 August 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = Times of Israel}}</ref> In hopes to restart future peace talks, the US sent [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] general [[John R. Allen|John Allen]] to Israel as a negotiator.<ref name="JA" />

During the day, rockets hit a house<ref name="ynetnews.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564195,00.html|title='Our lives are a gift,' says woman whose house was hit with rocket|work=ynet|date=26 August 2014|last1=Tzuri|first1=Matan|last2=Ben-Zur|first2=Raanan}}</ref> and kindergarten playground.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4563939,00.html|title=Rocket hits kindergarten playground, no one hurt|work=ynet|date=26 August 2014|last1=Curiel|first1=Ilana|last2=Tzuri|first2=Matan}}</ref> Two Israeli civilians were killed and four were injured in a mortar attack on kibbutz [[Nirim]].<ref name="2 killed, 4 hurt in mortar strike o"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564574,00.html|title=Israelis killed by mortar before ceasefire named|work=ynet|date=27 August 2014|last1=Curiel|first1=Ilana}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564339,00.html|title=Two killed, one wounded by Gaza mortar fire on Eshkol|work=ynet|date=26 August 2014|last1=Tzuri|first1=Matan}}</ref> A border crossing used by Gazans seeking medical treatment in Israel, among others, was under frequent rocket fire.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564025,00.html Ynet News:'Hamas fires at ill Gazans as they try to leave Strip for treatment', 26 August 2014]. Report of a visit, date of visit not specified</ref> Power lines were damaged in the Eshkol Region.<ref name="israelnationalnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/302762#.U_y51Pl_ufY|title=8 Rockets Explode in Eshkol Region, Power Lines Damaged – Latest News Briefs – Arutz Sheva|work=Arutz Sheva|date=26 August 2014 }}</ref>

Hamas, and Islamic Jihad accepted an Egyptian ceasefire draft at 19:00 for a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4563989,00.html|title=Report: Hamas, Islamic Jihad accept Egyptian ceasefire draft|work=ynet|date=26 August 2014|last1=Kais|first1=Roi}}</ref> Hamas claimed it was accepted by both sides, and that they were waiting for a Cairo to determine the zero hour for implementation. Israel approved the ceasefire.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The ceasefire was infringed.<ref name="jpost2" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="ynet">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564287,00.html|title='Open-ended' Israel-Hamas ceasefire takes hold|work=ynet|date=26 August 2014|last1=Kais|first1=Roi}}</ref> Egypt agreed to open the Israel–Gaza barrier.

It was reported that the cease-fire was accepted by Netanyahu without a cabinet vote,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.612623|title=Israel, Hamas agree to unlimited Gaza cease-fire|date=26 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com|last1=Ravid|first1=Barak|last2=Lis|first2=Jonathan}}</ref> leading Bennett to call for a vote on the proposed Gaza ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564465,00.html|title=Bennett calls for vote on Gaza ceasefire, says cabinet opposes deal|work=ynet|date=26 August 2014|last1=Somfalvi|first1=Attila}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=19697|title=Israel Hayom – Cease-fire deal not brought for Diplomatic-Security Cabinet vote}}</ref>

In Gaza, Hamas declared victory during a news conference, and television showed Palestinians celebrating in the streets, with some waving the Hamas flag and others waving the Palestinian Authority flag.<ref name="npr20140826">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbur.org/npr/343401929/reports-hamas-says-it-has-reached-ceasefire-deal-with-israel|title=NPR: Hamas, Israel Reach Long-Term Cease-Fire Deal, 26 August 2014|work=WBUR |date=26 August 2014 }}</ref> The truce came into effect at 19:00 on 26 August; in the previous day over 182 rockets and mortar bombs were fired at Israel, 143 of them falling in open areas and five in residential areas, while 27 were intercepted. Since the collapse of a ceasefire the week before, over 1,045 rockets and mortars were fired at Israel, 141 of which were intercepted.<ref name="ynn20140827">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564561,00.html|title=Ynet News, Quiet night in southern Israel as Gaza ceasefire holds, 27 August 2014|work=ynet|date=27 August 2014}}</ref>

==Status following start of August 26 cease-fire==

{{As of|2014|8|26}}, when a month-long ceasefire was agreed to by both parties, nearly 2,000 people had been killed in Gaza,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564444,00.html|title=Gaza residents celebrate Hamas 'victory' over Israel|work=ynet|date=26 August 2014|last1=Kais|first1=Roi}}</ref> as well as 69 Israelis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564456,00.html|title=Gaza truce deal: Crossings to open under Israeli supervision|work=ynet|date=26 August 2014|last1=Somfalvi|first1=Attila}}</ref> It was estimated that reconstruction in the Gaza Strip after damage suffered in this conflict would take 10 years.<ref name="ynn20140826" /> After Hamas had declared victory,<ref name="npr20140826" /> Israeli sources said that the IDF had struck 5,200 "terror targets" in Gaza and killed 1,000 "terrorists", that Hamas had received "the worst blow in its history",<ref name="ynn20140826">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564456,00.html|title=Ynet News:Gaza truce deal: Crossings to open under Israeli supervision, 26 August 2014|work=ynet|date=26 August 2014|last1=Somfalvi|first1=Attila}}</ref> and that over 4,500 rockets had been fired into Israel.<ref name="ynn20140827" /> The UN estimated that at least 100,000 Gazans had been internally displaced following Operation Protective Edge.<ref name="ynn20140826" />

==Political status==

===Israel===
After the first comments of Netanyahu on August,<ref name="ynetnews1">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564922,00.html|title=Netanyahu: Hamas was 'hit hard,' won few concessions in ceasefire|work=ynet|date=27 August 2014|last1=Dvir|first1=Noam 'Dabul'}}</ref> opinions differ. Hamas wants to persuade the Gazans that it has won a victory, but others wonder if the costs of the battle were worth it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.612655|title=Hamas trying to sell 'victory' to Gazans|date=27 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com|last1=Hass|first1=Amira}}</ref>

The cost of the war was economically and socially expensive as the Governor Karnit Flug states that she agrees with an increase the budget deficit for 2015 from 2.5% to 3% provided it stems from one-time requirements for covering the costs of Operation Protective Edge and its results.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-flug-lends-support-to-raising-deficit-1000967175|title=Karnit Flug lends support to raising deficit – Globes|date=27 August 2014|website=en.globes.co.il}}</ref>
Some will said that the war started after Israel opposed to the unity government of Palestinian Authority with Fatah and Hamas and as result, the negotiations plunged into crisis.<ref name="ynetnews2">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4512399,00.html|title=Instead of making peace with Israel, Abbas making peace with Hamas|work=ynet|date=23 April 2014|author= |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> Supposedly, those actions gave a validated to Hamas to kidnapping and kill the three teenage boys, which end, in fact, with an agreement with Hamas about ceasefire.

Other said that Hamas is a terrorist argumentation that uses the suffer and the pain in Gaza for his own purpose. Netanyahu by himself told, all ready, that Hamas is adamantly opposed to negotiations with Israel,<ref name="ynetnews2" /> and that the reason why so soon, after the sign deal, they were shooting from Gaza towards Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4512606,00.html|title=Netanyahu: Abbas chose Hamas over peace with Israel|work=ynet|date=23 April 2014|last1=Somfalvi|first1=Attila}}</ref> Even after the fighting ends Hamas warned that this was only an interlude in Hamas' fight against Israel.<ref name="ynet" />
Therefore, the agreement with Hamas let for nothing, not only Israel had loss money and lives, she also get nothing because Hamas still control in Gaza and become even stronger in Gaza. The head of the Central Committee of Netanyahu's Likud party told "We promised the voters we would be decisive against Hamas, but when we had the chance we hesitated. It's only a matter of time until we will have to face Hamas again."<ref name="ynetnews3">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4565042,00.html|title=Prime minister's support plummets as fighting ends|work=ynet|date=28 August 2014}}</ref> The fact that Netanyahu didn't call the cabinet for a vote show that he was afraid of the opposition.<ref name="ynetnews3" />

Netanyahu's right flank in the government has been sharpening its knives even before the fighting with Hamas began and by the middle of the fighting, Minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] reported to the media that Likud Yisrael Beiteinu dismantles partnership with Likud-Beiteinu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.603492|title=Lieberman ends partnership with Netanyahu, dismantles Likud-Beiteinu|date=7 July 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref> Liberman reported that "Israel can't ensure safety of citizens in the South as long as Hamas rules Gaza", in additional he said, "It is impossible and forbidden to trust lowly murderers. Therefore, we are against a cease-fire that allows Hamas to rearm and wage another battle against Israel whenever it finds it comfortable...A real peace process and a strategic breakthrough will only be possible after we succeed in freeing the Middle East and the Palestinians from the threat of Hamas (and no one else will do so in our place)"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/liberman-israel-cant-ensure-the-safety-of-its-citizens-in-the-south-as-long-as-hamas-rules-gaza-372499|title=Liberman: Israel can't ensure safety of citizens in the South as long as Hamas rules Gaza|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=27 August 2014 }}</ref> Others have sniped at Netanyahu for his handling of the crucial US-Israel relationship, "He shouldn't have gone into a direct confrontation with the Americans," Israeli Knesset member David Tzur.<ref name="ynetnews3" />

In response, on 27 August, Netanyahu, in his first comments, told that Hamas was hit hard and won few concessions.<ref name="ynetnews1" /> He also said that the goal of the opening [[Operation Protective Edge]] was not brings down Hamas but a long-term calm and inflicting substantial damage to "terrorist infrastructure".<ref name="israelhayom.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=19699|title=Israel Hayom – Gaza cease-fire: 'Israel's goals met, Hamas achieved nothing'|website=israelhayom.com}}</ref> Israeli officials emphasized that there were no direct talks with Hamas because the Palestinian delegation was headed by a Palestinian Authority official. Israel already open the border crossings reopen. In addition Israel prevent many attacks.<ref name="israelhayom.com" /> A source close to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said "not an arrangement; it is a cease-fire…a comprehensive deal will be possible only after the two sides discuss the various demands in a month's time."<ref name="israelhayom.com" /> On 28 August, at the Morning Show, "Keshet – Morning" it was reported that Israel also respected the requests of the Arab countries which worried to citizens of Gaza.

Skeptical citizens in the South said that they lost there trust in the Government.<ref name="jpost4">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/southern-regional-council-heads-skeptical-of-cease-fire-372467|title=Leaders in southern Israel skeptical of Gaza cease-fire|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=27 August 2014 }}</ref> Many believe that the goods planned to enter Gaza under international supervision<ref name="israelhayom.com" /> will fall into the hands of Hamas. Eshkol Regional Council Mayor: "We'll see what happens in the coming days, I don't think the cease-fire will last,"<ref name="jpost4" /> Although Netanyahu standing that Israel would not accept any further rocket fire, and if the attacks resumed, Israel would react with even more force.<ref name="ynetnews1" />

On 1 September, it was reported by BBC that Israel intended to "[[Gva'ot#2014 land reclassification|expropriate 4 sq km]] (1.5 sq miles) of Palestinian land in the occupied West Bank". The [[Israeli Civil Administration|military-run local administration]] said it was a response to the kidnapping and killing of three Jewish teenagers in the area in June.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29008045|title=BBC News – Israel to take over West Bank land|newspaper=BBC News|date=September 2014}}</ref>

On 7 July, political source warns Hamas rebuilding Gaza warfare tunnels despite the ceasefire. Lieberman response that he does not believe it is possible to demilitarize Gaza. Meantime, Mahmoud al-Zahar continues to threaten, "If the Palestinian resistance in the West Bank held a quarter of the tools at the disposal of the resistance in Gaza – Israel would be demolished in a day."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4568482,00.html|title=Senior source: Hamas rebuilding Gaza terror tunnels|work=ynet|date=7 September 2014|last1=Somfalvi|first1=Attila}}</ref>

===Gaza and PA===
The celebration took hold for two days. Two men were killed during the celebration. Abu Obeida, a spokesman for the Hamas military wing, stood over an Israeli flag as he addressed the crowd.
"Gaza achieved victory because it has done what major armies failed to do. It forced the enemy to retreat," he said. "We must know that no voice is louder than the voice of the resistance."
,<ref name="ynetnews1" /> "We are here today to declare the victory of the resistance, the victory of Gaza, with the help of God, and the steadfastness of our people and the noble resistance," Hamas spokesman Sami Abu said in a news conference at Gaza's Shifa Hospital.<ref name="ynet" /> Zuhri also said that their main goal is to liberating Jerusalem.<ref name="ynet" />

Abbas associates said that the PA would take legal action against Israel in The Hague, home to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice.<ref name="israelhayom.com" /> on 1 September,

It appears that the unity government of Hamas Fatah is in crisis. There were allegations that Hamas abused Fatah members during Gaza war. They harassed, beaten and in some cases even killed Fatah members. Fatah source said, "they are just closed minded, unethical racist people who discriminate against non-Hamas people"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4566940,00.html|title=Hamas accused of abusing Fatah members during Gaza war|work=ynet|date=2 September 2014}}</ref> In addition, on 1 September, Abbas told that Mashaal is a liar because Hamas worked to bring down the PA ever since its establishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/abbas-hamas-leader-mashaal-is-a-liar-374113|title=PA chief Abbas: Hamas leader Mashaal is a liar|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=September 2014 }}</ref> As mentioned, on 18 August Israel arrested 93 Hamas men, which tried to carry out a coup of the Palestinian Authority.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.611175|title=Israel arrested 93 Hamas men in West Bank over terror network targeting PA, Israel|date=18 August 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref>

Abbas was quoted as saying, "Hamas's goal is to destroy the West Bank and create chaos in order to stage a coup against us. Hamas wants to drive me crazy. Since the kidnapping of [IDF soldier] Gilad Schalit they have been contacting the Americans and Israelis and Europeans and others. They have been doing things behind our backs." He also point out about the murder of the three youths, "When I asked Mashaal [about the murder of the three youths] he replied: 'I don't know.' Then he told me, 'I neither deny nor confirm.' Lies and beating around the bush." Abbas pointed out that Saleh Arouri, later confirmed that his movement had been behind the murder of the youths. Mashaal denied the claim. After [[Operation Protective Edge]], support for Hamas rises, 61 percent of Palestinians say they would vote for Hamas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4566784,00.html|title=Poll finds support for Hamas rises after Gaza war|work=ynet|date=2 September 2014}}</ref>

On 6 September,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.614481|title=Abbas in sharp message to Hamas: Shape up or Palestinian unity government will fail|date=7 September 2014|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref> there were made first hints for the ending of the unity government. Abbas called in the media that "We won't accept the continuation of the situation with Hamas as it is now and in this shape. There must be one authority and one regime." He also reported that Hamas killed 120 men who defied because the house arrest imposed on them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/abbas-hints-pa-close-to-ending-unity-deal-with-hamas-374626|title=Abbas hints PA close to ending unity agreement with Hamas|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=7 September 2014 }}</ref>
Meanwhile, U.S. opposed for Abbas' diplomatic plan since it is a unilateral Palestinians say,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.614454|title=U.S. raps Abbas' diplomatic plan as 'unilateral,' Palestinians say|date=6 September 2014|work=Haaretz.com|last1=Khoury|first1=Jack|last2=Ravid|first2=Barak}}</ref> Herzog asked Abbas to avoid unilateral moves at the United Nations "that might hamper the chances for an agreement." Herzog added that he supports "real negotiations based on security and the fixing of borders as a first step." Despite this Abbas would be expected to bring the plan for a vote in the [[United Nations General Assembly]] but in any case, the General Assembly resolutions are not binding.

On 7 September, during the speech at Arab League, Abbas interrupted after he mention the revolution made by Hamas in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=686239|title=ääÔÑ äÕ ßáãÉ "ÔßÑí" ÃãÇã ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏæá ÇáÚÑÈíÉ ÈÚÏ ÞØÚ ßáãÉ "ÃÈæãÇÒä"|date=7 September 2014|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907213130/http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=686239}}</ref><ref>News [[Channel 10 (Israel)|channel 10]], 8 July 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/abbas-speech-at-arab-league-interrupted-journalists-asked-to-leave-374667|title=Abbas speech at Arab League interrupted, journalists asked to leave|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=7 September 2014 }}</ref> It reported that the session was planned to be closed to media. Hamas officials responded to Abbas's allegations by urging him to stop "inciting" against them. The Palestinian Ma'an News Agency reported today that in a speech given to Fatah Party on Sunday, Abbas said that the Egyptian government offer to the PA 618-square mile area of the Sinai adjacent to Gaza. Abbas rejected the offer.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Miller |first1=Elhanan |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-rejects-egyptian-offer-to-settle-refugees-in-sinai/|title=Abbas rejects Egyptian offer to settle refugees in Sinai|work=The Times of Israel |date=3 September 2014 }}</ref>

===Arab countries===
Qatari media which knows that [[Foreign relations of Qatar|Qatar's support of Hamas]] calling Hamas' efforts a victory.<ref name="ynetnews4">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564980,00.html|title=Arab media reports on Gaza Ceasefire|work=ynet|date=28 August 2014|last1=Kais|first1=Roi}}</ref>

On Al-Akhbar, Lebanese media, reported as the end of the firecaese that "Israel in shock: Intelligence failure in handling the rockets", and other media say that Israel had caved to Hamas' demands.<ref name="ynetnews4" />

Egypt which has a strong opponent of the Muslim Brotherhood condemns Israeli action in Gaza but thoughts that the actions of Hamas lead for nothing, only to more pain and suffering of the citizens's Gaza, while "The Hamas movement continues listening to voices from Qatar and Khaled Mashal who stays there and enjoys his time at the gym of one of the most luxurious hotels in Qatar"<ref name="ynetnews4" />

===United States===
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said Tuesday that the United States welcomed the newly announced cease-fire. "We strongly support today's cease-fire agreement, and call on all parties to fully and completely comply with its terms. ... We are all aware that this is an opportunity, not a certainty."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-gaza-idUKKBN0GP0X820140826|title=Gaza ceasefire takes hold as focus turns to longer term| work=Reuters|date=26 August 2014}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]]
* [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2014]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*Timelines of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140720114319/http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/08/breaking-idf-commences-operation-protective-edge-against-hamas/ first] and [http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/18/live-updates-ground-operation-gaza second] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723075735/http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/18/live-updates-ground-operation-gaza/ |date=23 July 2014 }} phases of operation, idfblog.com; accessed 23 July 2014.

{{2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}}
{{Israel–Gaza conflict}}
{{Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Arab–Israeli armed engagements}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of the 2014 Gaza War}}
[[Category:2014 Gaza War|*]]
[[Category:2014 in Israel]]
[[Category:2014 in the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Timelines of 21st-century military conflicts|Gaza, 2014]]
[[Category:Timelines of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|War (2014)]]

AIR Manjeri FM

2026-02-19T18:10:04Z

Mere Mentor: stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox radio station
| country = IN
| name = AIR Manjeri FM 102.7
| logo = File:MANJERI F.M 102.7.jpg
| logo_size = 
| logo_alt = 
| caption = Entrance of AIR Manjeri FM
| city = [[Manjeri]], Kerala
| area = 3550 [[Sq km]] '''Fully Covered:''' [[Malappuram]] '''Partially Covered:''' [[Kozhikode]], [[Wayanad]], [[Palakkad]], [[Nilgiris]]<ref name="Manjeri FM station to be upgraded">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Manjeri-FM-station-to-be-upgraded/articleshow/18140310.cms |title=Manjeri FM station to be upgraded |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
| branding =
| frequency = {{Frequency|102.7|MHz}}
| translator =
| repeater =
| airdate = 28 January 2006<ref name="air">{{Cite web |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Station/MANJERI/Pages/default.aspx |title=AIR MANJERI |publisher=[[All India Radio]]}}</ref>
| last_airdate =
| format = [[News]], [[Radio drama]], [[Music]]
| language = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| power =
| erp =
| haat =
| class =
| facility_id =
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|7|3.14|N|76|7|58.45|E}}
| callsign_meaning =
| former_callsigns =
| former_frequencies =
| affiliations =
| operator =
| owner = [[All India Radio]]
| licensee =
| sister_stations =
| webcast = [https://akashvani.gov.in/radio/live.php?channel=137 Listen live]
| website = {{URL|http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Station/MANJERI/Pages/default.aspx}}
}}
'''AIR Manjeri FM 102.7''' is an [[FM radio]] station located in [[Manjeri]], operated by [[All India Radio]]. It broadcasts programs varying from [[news]] to entertainment and its broadcast area covers the [[Malappuram]] district, major parts of [[Kozhikode]], [[Wayanad]], [[Palakkad]], some areas of [[Thrissur]] and the [[Nilgiris]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=AIR's Manjeri FM station to begin 17-hour broadcast {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/airs-manjeri-fm-station-to-begin-17-hour-broadcast/articleshow/69549716.cms |accessdate=31 May 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issue=29 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> According to the statistics of All India Radio, there are approximately 80 lakh listeners.<ref name="air"/>

==History==
It was inaugurated on 28.1.2006 by the former Minister of State for External Affairs, [[E. Ahammed]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/air-fm-station-at-manjeri/article3244255.ece |title=AIR FM station at Manjeri |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 January 2006 }}</ref> At the time, when it launched, the station was named as ''Dreamz FM'' and it functioned as a [[Broadcast relay station|relay station]] of All India Radio, Kozhikode.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.airtvm.com/AIR_COMMISSIONING-Date.pdf |title=Miscellaneous |publisher=All India Radio, TVM |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610104509/http://www.airtvm.com/AIR_COMMISSIONING-Date.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/fm-station-goes-on-air/article3246397.ece |title=FM station goes on air |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2006 }}</ref> D. Pradeep Kumar was the first Programme Executive.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} The first transmission executive was Mathew Joseph and the first announcer was R. Kanakambaran.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Broadcast timings==
The station broadcasts programs without break from 05.53 AM to 11.22 PM Till 25 January 2017, transmission was restricted from 3.55 PM to 10 PM.<ref name="Manjeri FM station to be upgraded">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Manjeri-FM-station-to-be-upgraded/articleshow/18140310.cms |title=Manjeri FM station to be upgraded |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> On 26 January 2017, as part of celebrating the 11th anniversary of the launch, the station started morning broadcast from 6.30 AM to 1.20 PM.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/malayalam-news/mancheri-1.1678523 |title=മഞ്ചേരി എഫ്.എം. പ്രഭാതപ്രക്ഷേപണം 26 ന് തുടങ്ങും |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=Malayalam |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605065843/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/malayalam-news/mancheri-1.1678523 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/local-news/malappuram/2017/jan/24/243716 |title=മാറ്റത്തിന്റെ പാതയിലേക്ക് കാൽവെപ്പ് |publisher=[[Madhyamam]] |language=Malayalam}}</ref> In 2019, it was announced that station will start a 17-hour continuous transmission from 5.53 AM to 11.06 PM without break. Thus, from 2 June onwards, it became the first and only AIR station in Kerala to have continuous transmission.<ref name="times"/>

==See more==
*[[List of Malayalam-language radio stations]]
*[[Vividh Bharati]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|allindiaradiomanjeri|Manjeri FM}}

[[Category:Radio stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:All India Radio]]

Nagaon Medical College and Hospital

2026-02-18T07:42:08Z

Mere Mentor:

{{Short description|Indian medical college}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Nagaon Medical College and Hospital
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2023}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[medical school]]
| motto =
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng =
| image = Nagaon medical College 02.jpg
| caption = Nagaon medical college front view
| city =
| state = Diphalu, Mohkhuli, [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| principal = Dr. Bishnu Ram Das<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://nagaonmch.assam.gov.in/department-highlights-level-three/principal-cum-chief-superintendent/administration/college|title= Principal-Cum-Chief Superintendent | Nagaon Medical College & Hospital | Government of Assam, India}}</ref>
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad = 100
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| campus = Sub Urban
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord| 26.3666|92.7144|display= inline, title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| affiliations = [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]] [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://nagaonmch.assam.gov.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nagaon Medical College and Hospital''' is an Indian medical college with an attached hospital located in [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]],<ref name="NMC" >{{Cite web|url= https://nagaonmcassam.org/
|title= Nagaon Medical College |date=|website=Nagaon Medical College|language=en|access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref> that started functioning in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/academic-activities-at-nagaon-nalbari-kokrajhar-medical-colleges-from-october-506739-2023-02-02|title= Academic activities at Nagaon, Nalbari, Kokrajhar medical colleges from October|date=2 February 2023|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref>

== Background ==
The college operates under the State Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Assam. It is permitted by [[National Medical Commission]] and affiliated with [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]], [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/nagaon-medical-college-and-hospital-gets-nmc-approval-638730 |title= Nagaon Medical College gets NMC approval |date=23 February 2023|website=News Live|language=en|access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref> Currently the college has an intact capacity of 100 undergraduate students, from the academic year 2023–24.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/nmc-approves-100-mbbs-seats-for-nagaon-medical-college
|title= NMC Approves 100 MBBS Seats for Nagaon Medical College
|date=|website=Pratidin Times|language=en|access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref>

On 14 April 2023, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the college and Hospital, along with [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati]] and two other medical colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-dedicates-northeasts-1st-aiims-3-new-medical-colleges-in-assam-3947632
|title= PM Modi Dedicates Northeast's 1st AIIMS, 3 New Medical Colleges In Assam
|date=|website=NDTV|language=en|access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref>

==Location==
Nagaon Medical College is situated in Laukhowa Road, Diphalu, Mohkhuli, Nagaon, Assam. [[Nagaon]] is well connected to the rest of the Assam through Roads and is situated 120 km from [[Guwahati]].<ref name="NMC"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Affiliates of Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]

John Aspinall (zoo owner)

2026-02-17T22:53:30Z

Mere Mentor: Made new bio first draft.

{{Short description|English zoo owner & casino owner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Aspinall
| image = John Aspinall zoo owner (1b).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = John Aspinall, in 1993
| birth_name = John Victor Aspinall
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1926|6|11}}
| birth_place = Delhi, [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2000|6|29|1926|6|11}}
| death_place = [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], London, England
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names = Aspers
| known_for = Gambling [[Crown London Aspinalls|Aspinalls]] [[Howletts Zoo]] [[Port Lympne Zoo]] [[John Aspinall Foundation]] association with [[Lord Lucan]]
| education = [[Rugby School]]
| alma_mater = [[Jesus College, Oxford]]
| occupation = [[Bookmaker]] [[Gambler]] [[Zoo keeper]]
| years_active = 1950–2000
| party = [[Referendum Party]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Jane Gordon Hastings|1956|1966|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|Belinda Mary Musker|1966|1972|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|Lady Sally Curzon|1972}}
}}
| children = 3, including [[Damian Aspinall|Damian]]
| relatives = [[Sir George Francis Osborne, 16th Baronet]] (stepfather) [[Sir Peter Osborne, 17th Baronet]] (half-brother) [[George Osborne]] (half-nephew) [[Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe]] (father-in-law)
| website = http://www.aspinallfoundation.org/
}}

'''John Victor Aspinall''' (11 June 1926 – 29 June 2000) was an English zoo and casino owner. From upper class beginnings he used gambling to move to the centre of British high society in the 1960s.<ref>Wright, Jade, ''Expect fireworks'', [[Liverpool Echo]], 23 February 2009</ref> He was born in Delhi during the [[British Raj]], and was a citizen of the United Kingdom.

==Early life==
John Victor Aspinall, known to all his friends as "Aspers", was born in [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]] on 11 June 1926, Robert Stivala Aspinall (1895–1954), a [[British Army]] surgeon of British parentage and Maltese origin; he had added ''Aspinall'' to his original surname ''Stivala'' after joining the Indian Medical Service, being known for some time as Robert Aspinall-Stivala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32095/page/10248/data.pdf|title=THE LONDON GAZETTE|date=22 October 1920|page=10248|quotation=... and on all occasions he intended to use and subscribe the said name of Robert Stivala Aspinall as his name...|website=Thegazette.co.uk|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref><ref>Who was who: A Cumulated Index 1897–2000, A. & C. Black, 2002, p. 27</ref><ref>Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615–1930, vol. 2: 1800–1930, ed. Lt-Col D. G. Crawford, W. Thacker & Co., 1930 (reprinted 2012), p. 580</ref><ref>The Gamblers, John Pearson, Century, 2005, p. 7</ref>

His mother was Mary Grace Horn (died 1987), the daughter of engineer Clement Samuel Horn, of [[Goring-by-Sea]], Sussex.<ref>Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 2, page 3032.</ref>

Years later, when he pressed his father for money to cover his gambling debts, he discovered that his biological father was George Bruce, a soldier of Nordic descent.<ref name="NYT1">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/01/world/john-aspinall-gambler-and-zoo-owner-dies-at-74.html|title=John Aspinall, Gambler and Zoo Owner, Dies at 74|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 July 2000|access-date=2 May 2009 | first=Warren | last=Hoge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.findmypast.com/BirthsMarriagesDeaths.jsp|title=Deaths England and Wales 1984–2006|website=Findmypast.com|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=4 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104084417/http://www.findmypast.com/BirthsMarriagesDeaths.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Aspinall attended [[Felsted School]] in 1939 but after his parents divorced, his stepfather [[Sir George Francis Osborne, 16th Baronet|Sir George Osborne]] sent him to [[Rugby School]], from which he was expelled for inattention. Aspinall later went to [[Jesus College, Oxford]], but on the day of his final exams he feigned illness and went to the [[Ascot Gold Cup|Gold Cup]] at [[Ascot racecourse]] instead. As a consequence, he never earned a degree.<ref name="NYT1"/>

==Gambling impresario==
Aspinall became a [[bookmaker]]; at that time the only gambling permitted by UK law was with cash and credit on the premises of racecourses and dog tracks, with credit by an account with a bookmaker, and on [[football pools]]. Casino gambling was not permitted at the time. However, between races Aspinall returned to London and hosted private gaming parties. He believed that games of [[Baccarat#Chemin_de_fer|Chemin de Fer]], known as Chemie (Chemmy), were within the law in certain circumstances, and on average the owner of the house was able to make a 5% profit on the turnover of games.

Aspinall targeted his events at the rich, sending out embossed invitations.<ref name="Telg1">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/4735580/The-Real-Casino-Royale-gangsters-in-a-class-of-their-own.html|title=The Real Casino Royale: gangsters in a class of their own |work=The Daily Telegraph|date=24 February 2009|access-date=2 May 2009 | location=London | first=John | last=Hiscock}}</ref> Gambling houses were defined then in British law as places where gambling had taken place more than three times. With his Irish-born accountant John Burke, Aspinall rented upper class flats and houses, never used them more than three times, and had his mother pay off local [[Metropolitan Police]] officers.

Among the gamblers were the [[Queen Elizabeth II|Queen]]'s racehorse trainer [[Bernard van Cutsem]],<ref name="Telg1"/> who brought with him friends including the [[Edward Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby|Earl of Derby]] and the [[Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire|Duke of Devonshire]]. The standard bet was £1,000, which would be £25,000 accounting for inflation in 2007 figures. Chemie games were quick and played every 30 seconds, with £50,000 changing hands per game. On his first such event Aspinall made a profit of £10,000, a sum roughly equivalent to £300,000 in 2017 money.

In 1958, Aspinall was living at [[Howletts Zoo]], in [[Kent]]; at one point his mother Mary (Lady Osborne) had forgotten to pay off corrupt police officers, so the police raided his game that night.

Aspinall, John Burke and Lady Osborne were all charged with gaming offences but won the subsequent court case, the outcome of which is known as ''Aspinall's Law''. The win created a vast increase in Chemie games, during which:
*The landowner, [[Edward Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby]], lost over £20,000; and then returned on another night and lost £300,000.<ref name="Telg1"/>
*William Stirling, older brother of the founder of the [[Special Air Service]], [[David Stirling|Colonel Sir David Stirling]], lost £173,500 on Aspinall's tables, writing out an [[IOU (debt)|IOU]] at the end of the night.

In response to Aspinall's win in court, the [[British Government]] brought forward the [[Betting and Gaming Act 1960]], which when enacted allowed commercial [[Bingo (Non-US)|bingo hall]]s to be set up, provided they were established as members-only clubs and made their profit from membership fees and charges, and not from a percentage of the money staked. [[Casino]]s were required to operate under the same rules, with a licence from the Gaming Board of Great Britain (now the [[Gambling Commission]]), and to be members-only. The passing of these laws brought Aspinall's Chemie-based 5% business model to a close, and he had to find a new business.

===Casinos===
In 1962, Aspinall founded the [[Clermont Club]] in London's [[Mayfair]]. The club was named after [[William Fortescue, 1st Earl of Clermont|Lord Clermont]], a gambler who had previously owned the building in [[Berkeley Square]].<ref>[[The Times]], ''{{'}}Woolly' ACT Turned Out To Be ACE of Clubs'', 19 September 1966</ref> The club's original members included five [[duke]]s, five [[marquess]]es, twenty [[earl]]s and two [[cabinet minister]]s. Overheads were higher, and under the new laws, Aspinall was required to pay tax, only making a table charge which produced much smaller revenue for the house.<ref name="Telg1"/>

In Douglas Thompson's book ''The Hustlers'', and the later documentary on [[Channel 4]], ''The Real Casino Royale'', the club's former financial director John Burke and gangster [[Billy Hill (gangster)|Billy Hill]]'s associate [[John McKew]], claimed that Aspinall worked with Hill to employ criminals to cheat the players. Some of the wealthiest people in Britain were swindled out of millions of pounds, thanks to a gambling con known as "the Big Edge".<ref name="Telg1"/>

John Burke quit in late 1965, a year into the scam.<ref name="Telg1"/> After two years operation the Big Edge was closed. Hill respected Aspinall's decision and the two parted. The passing of the [[1968 Gaming Act]] boosted profits, and he sold The Clermont in 1972.<ref name="NYT1"/>

The need for revenue to support his zoos prompted Aspinall to return to running gambling clubs in London, and he set up two new successful ones in [[Knightsbridge]] (in 1978) and [[Mayfair]].<ref name="NYT1" /><ref name="ST2010">{{cite news|last=Goodman|first=Matthew|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/sale-on-cards-for-aspinalls-casino-j08mhwxbf8h|title=Sale on cards for Aspinalls casino|work=The Sunday Times|date=5 December 2010|access-date=20 July 2021}} {{subscription required}}</ref> In 1983, he made $30 million from their sale, but a decade later he was in financial difficulties once more, and in 1992 he set up yet another gambling spot, [[Crown London Aspinalls|Aspinalls]],<ref name="NYT1" /><ref name="ST2010" /> which is now known as Wynn Mayfair.

==Animal parks==
In his years at Oxford, Aspinall had loved the book ''[[Nada the Lily]]'' by [[H. Rider Haggard]], about an illegitimate [[Zulu people|Zulu]] prince who lived outside his tribe among wild animals. In 1956, Aspinall moved into an [[Eaton Place]] apartment with his first wife. In the back garden, Aspinall built a [[garden shed]] housing a [[capuchin monkey]], a 9-week-old tiger, and two [[Himalayan brown bear]]s.<ref name="NYT1"/>

Later that year, with proceeds from his gambling, Aspinall purchased Howletts country house and estate near [[Canterbury]], Kent. He lived in the house and set up a private zoo, [[Howletts Zoo]], in the grounds. In 1973, because of need for further space for his collection of animals, Aspinall bought Port Lympne near [[Hythe, Kent]]. He opened Howletts to the public in 1975, and [[Port Lympne Zoo]] in 1976. He embarked on a 10-year programme to restore [[Port Lympne Mansion]] previously owned by Sir [[Philip Sassoon]]. Both Howletts and Port Lympne have been run by [[The Aspinall Foundation]] since 1984.

The zoos are known for the encouragement of close personal relationships between staff and animals,<ref name="AnthropologyTodayApr07">Jonathan Benthall ''[https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8322.2007.00494.x Animal liberation and rights] '' [[Anthropology Today]] Volume 23 Issue 2 p. 1 – April 2007.</ref> for their breeding of rare and endangered species and for the deaths of keepers who have been killed by the animals in their care.<ref>{{cite news |title=Keeper crushed by elephant |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/feb/08/paulkelso | work=The Guardian | location=London | last=Kelso | first=Paul | date=8 February 2000 | access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524120539/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/feb/08/paulkelso |archive-date=24 May 2016}}</ref>

==Politics==
Aspinall ran unsuccessfully for Parliament at the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]] as the candidate of Sir [[James Goldsmith]]'s single-issue (against Britain's involvement in the [[European Union]]) [[Referendum Party]] in the [[Folkestone and Hythe (UK Parliament constituency)|Folkestone and Hythe]] constituency, where he was defeated by senior Conservative [[Michael Howard]].<ref name="NYT1"/> Aspinall received over 4,000 votes and 8% of the vote (thus saving his deposit), which was one of the Referendum Party's best results.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/results_constituencies/constituencies/256.stm|title=BBC NEWS | VOTE 2001 | RESULTS & CONSTITUENCIES | Folkestone & Hythe|website=News.bbc.co.uk|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

In private, Aspinall would express [[antisemitic]] views, including hatred towards Jews, and an admiration for [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name="Thompson 2012 p. 173">{{cite book | last=Thompson | first=D. | title=The Hustlers: Gambling, Greed and the Perfect Con | publisher=Pan Macmillan | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-330-53878-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lhihZvMR1EC&pg=PA173 | access-date=13 May 2018 | page=173}}</ref> He was known to enjoy being provocative and believed an outrageous remark could provoke full-blooded responses and spirited debate,<ref name="Masters 1988 p. 140">{{cite book | last=Masters | first=Brian. | title=The Passion of John Aspinall | publisher=Coronet Books | year=1988 | isbn=0-340-50060-3 | page=140}}</ref> something he very much enjoyed. In Douglas Thompson's book ''The Hustlers'' former Clermont Club financial director John Burke states: {{Blockquote|text=It's amazing how much he owed to Jimmy Goldsmith and people like Sydney Summer. Eddie Gilbert, of course, was a Jew. I don't think John really meant it at all. It was probably more of an act to impress people, to startle people. John was a superb actor.<ref name="Thompson 2012 p. 174">{{cite book | last=Thompson | first=D. | title=The Hustlers: Gambling, Greed and the Perfect Con | publisher=Pan Macmillan | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-330-53878-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lhihZvMR1EC&pg=PA173 | access-date=2018-05-13 | page=174}}</ref>}}

==Lucan connection==
[[File:JohnAspinall-memorial.jpg|thumb|right|250px|John Aspinall's grave and memorial]]

Aspinall claimed that [[John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan|Lord Lucan]], whose 1974 disappearance remains unresolved, had committed suicide by scuttling his motorboat and jumping into the English Channel with a stone tied around his body.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/641300.stm |work=BBC News| title=Lucan 'committed suicide' | date=13 February 2000 | access-date=6 May 2010}}</ref> According to the journalist [[Lynn Barber]], in an interview in 1990, Aspinall made a slip of the tongue indicating Lucan had remained Aspinall's friend beyond the date of the alleged suicide.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jul/02/lynnbarber.theobserver | work=The Observer | location=London | title=Lord Lucan's last secret goes to the grave among gorillas| last=Barber | first=Lynn | date=2 July 2000 | access-date=6 May 2010}}</ref>

On 18 February 2012, Glenn Campbell of [[BBC News]] reported that John Aspinall's ex-secretary (using the pseudonym of Jill Findlay) had disclosed that she was invited into meetings where Aspinall and Goldsmith discussed Lucan.<ref name="BBC20120219">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-17076512 |work=BBC News| title=Witnesses reveal Lord Lucan's 'secret life in Africa'| date=18 February 2012 | access-date=19 February 2012}}</ref> She further said, that on two occasions, between 1979 and 1981, Aspinall instructed her to book trips to Kenya and [[Gabon]] for Lucan's children. The arrangement was so Lucan could see his children from a distance, but he was not to meet them or speak to them.<ref name="BBC20120219" />

==Marriages and family==
In 1956, he married Jane Gordon Hastings, a Scottish model (sister of [[Pye Hastings]] and [[Jimmy Hastings]]); the couple had one son, [[Damian Aspinall]]. Aspinall divorced her in 1966. In the same year, on 13 December, he married his second wife Belinda Mary Musker (b. 27 November 1942), daughter of [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] Anthony Dermot Melloney Musker (killed in a motor racing accident on 8 August 1959) and wife (m. 2 November 1940) The Hon. Mary Angela FitzRoy, without issue.<ref>Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, page 1046-7.</ref>

In 1972, he divorced his second wife and married Lady Sarah-Marguerite "Sally" Curzon (25 January 1945 - 17 June 2025), daughter of [[Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe]], and Sybil Boyter Johnson. She was a widow who was previously married to the racing driver [[Piers Courage]].<ref>{{cite news|title=For the love of a dangerous man|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3608233/For-the-love-of-a-dangerous-man.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|year=2003}}</ref> John and Sally had a son Bassa Wulfhere Aspinall (b 1972).<ref>Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition, volume 1, page 1046.</ref><ref>Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 2, page 1988.</ref> He also had a daughter, Amanda, and two stepsons, Jason and Amos Courage.<ref name="NYT1"/> Amanda was married to musician [[Daryl Hall]] (of the musical duo [[Hall & Oates]]); she died in 2019 from alcohol intoxication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/amanda-hall-death-inquest-aspinall-16614641|title=Author and ex-wife of 80s rock star Daryl Hall died after lethal dose of alcohol|last=Peracha|first=Qasim|date=2019-07-19|website=Mylondon.news|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>

Through his stepfather [[Sir George Francis Osborne, 16th Baronet]], he is step-uncle to [[George Osborne]], former [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] of the UK, who is in line to inherit the title of the Osborne baronets of Ballintaylor and Ballylemon from his father, Sir George's son, [[Sir Peter Osborne, 17th Baronet]].

Aspinall died of cancer,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/812032.stm|title=Zoo keeper Aspinall dies|work=BBC News|access-date=2 May 2009 | date=29 June 2000}}</ref> in [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], London, on 29 June 2000, aged 74.<ref name="NYT1" />

==Media==
A 1977 documentary, ''Echo of the Wild'', by Roy Deverell<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6daa4f97 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713022950/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6daa4f97 | archive-date=13 July 2023 | title=This page no longer exists }}</ref> told the story of the Aspinall Foundation and featured Damian and John Aspinall. Another Deverell documentary, 1983's ''A Passion to Protect''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e004b63 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713021409/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e004b63 | archive-date=13 July 2023 | title=This page no longer exists }}</ref> chronicled Aspinall's life up to that point. A book that same year, "The Passion of John Aspinall," was written by Brian Masters.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/passionofjohnasp0000mast | isbn=978-0-224-02353-5 | title=The passion of John Aspinall | date=1988 | last1=Masters | first1=Brian | publisher=J. Cape }}</ref>

Aspinall was portrayed by [[Christopher Eccleston]] in the 2013 TV series ''[[Lucan (2013 TV series)|Lucan]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|John Victor Aspinall}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180405165823/http://www.totallywild.net/ Zoo website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aspinall, John}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford]]
[[Category:English gamblers]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in England]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Westminster]]
[[Category:Referendum Party politicians]]
[[Category:Zoo owners]]

Mathabhanga II

2026-01-26T10:56:08Z

Mere Mentor: basic enhanced information for consistency

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mathabhanga II
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Mathabhanga-II in Cooch Behar (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3855649|N|89.2294121|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 309.99
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 227397
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mathabhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mathabhanga]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mathabhanga II''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Mathabhanga subdivision]] of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Angarkata Paradubi, a constituent panchayat of this block, is located at {{coord|26.3855649|N|89.2294121|E|format=dms|}}.

Topographically Cooch Behar district is generally plain land which is low and marshy at some places. “Considering the nature of general surface configuration, relief and drainage pattern, distribution of different types of soil, climatic condition, the formation of geology and forest tracts, the district Koch Bihar falls under [[Barind Tract]]. The physiology of this area consists of alluvial soil, generally blackish brown in colour and composed of sand, clay and silt. The soils are loose and sandy throughout the district.” The Himalayan formations in the north end beyond the boundaries of this district. There are no hills/ mountains here. It has a large network of rivers flowing from north-west to south and south-east. The [[Teesta River|Teesta]] flows through Mekhliganj CD block before entering [[Bangladesh]]. The [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] and its connected river-streams form a large catchment area in the district. It virtually divides the district into two unequal parts and meets the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh. The Himalayan rivers flowing through Cooch Behar district change courses from time to time. In 1876, [[W.W. Hunter]] mentioned the [[Dharla River|Dharla]] and the [[Torsha River|Torsha]] as the same stream with two names. However, since the advent of the 20th century, these are two different streams meeting the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 22 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Koch Bihar district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 22 July 2020}}</ref>

The hill-streams of Cooch Behar carry debris and silt from the Himalayas and are shallow. During the
monsoons the speed of flow of the rivers almost doubles and the rivers overflow the banks causing floods and devastation. The Dudua, Gilandi, Jaldhaka, Torsha, Bura Torsha and Mansai are the major rivers causing floods in the Mathabhanga II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 18, 22| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 22 July 2020}}</ref>

The Mathabhanga II CD block is bounded by the [[Dhupguri]] CD block in Jalpaiguri district and [[Falakata (community development block)|Falakata]] CD block in Alipurduar district on the north, the [[Cooch Behar II]] CD block on the east, the [[Cooch Behar I]] CD block on the south, the [[Mathabhanga I]] and [[Mekhliganj (community development block)|Mekhlihanj]] CD blocks on the west.<ref name="map"/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/jalpaiguri.html | title = Jalpaiguri CD Block/ Tehsil Map| publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/alipurduar.html| title = Alipurduar CD Block/ Tehsil Map| publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref>

The Mathabhanga II CD block has an area of 309.99 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 168 gram sansads (village councils), 93 [[mouza]]s and 92 inhabited villages. [[Ghoksadanga#Police station|Ghoksadanga]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Matiar Kuthi]].<ref name="map"/>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Mathabhanga II block/ panchayat samiti are: Angerkata Paradubi, Bara Soulmari, Fulbari, [[Ghoksadanga]], Latapata, Nishiganj I, Nishiganj II, Premerdnga, Ruidanga and Unishbisha.<ref name=admin>{{cite web | url = http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/District_Administration.html| title = Relation between Blocks & Gram Panchayats (GPs) | publisher = Cooch Behar District Administration| access-date = 2011-03-20}}</ref>

[[File:ADMINISTRATIVE MAP.jpg|thumb|650px|left|Community development blocks in Cooch Behar district]]

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Mathabhanga II CD block had a total population of 227,397, all of which were rural. There were 117,100 (51%) males and 110,297 (49%) females. There were 29,174 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 147,625 (64.92%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 2,974 (1.31%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Mathabhanga II block had a total population of 196,256, out of which 100,933 were males and 95,323 were females. Mathabhanga II block registered a population growth of 16.31 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_3.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4 |access-date=21 July 2020 |work=Cooch Behar District (03) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_3.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Mathabhanga II CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Runibari (4,937), Chakiar Chhara (4,446), Baraibari (4,194), Ksheti (5,182), Phulbari (14,631), Singijani (5,296), Bara Saulmari (9,558), Ramthenga (6,269), Lotapota (6,587), Dwarikamari (4,894), Dauaguri (5,732), Rangamati (4,821), Angarkata Paradubi (9,475), Ruidanga Pratham Khanda (6,161), Chhota Simulguri (4,485), Bara Simulguri (11,466), Unish Basa (8,818), Bhogmara (5,126) and Khatimari (4,054), .<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Mathabahanga II CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Mukuldanga (3,951) and [[Matiar Kuthi]] (1,592).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Mathabhanga II CD block was 144,069 (72.68% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 81,033 (79.40% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 63,036 (65.55% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.85%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Cooch Behar district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Mathabhanga II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.46}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|15.26}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus (192,054) formed 84.46% of the population of Mathabhanga II CD block. Muslims (34,692) formed 15.26% and Christians (413) 0.18% of the population. Others numbered 238 and formed 0.10% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Mathabhanga II CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 91.02 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = 'Other' Bengali |value2 = 4.36 |color2 = mediumpurple
|label3 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value3 = 2.82 |color3 = plum
|label4 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value4 = 0.91 |color4 = burlywood
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.89 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 91.02% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 2.82% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] and 0.91% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] as their first language. 4.36% were recorded as speaking 'Other' under Bengali.<ref name="languages"/>

==Rural poverty==
Based on a study of the per capita consumption in rural and urban areas, using central sample data of NSS 55th Round 1999-2000, Cooch Behar district had a rural poverty ratio of 25.62%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 23 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 20-26% of the population of Cooch Behar, Birbhum, Nadia and Hooghly districts were below poverty line, marginally higher than the level of poverty in West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Mathabhanga II CD block'''
|value1 = 34.25
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 39.06
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.64
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 24.05
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Mathabhanga II CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 30,968 and formed 34.25%, agricultural labourers numbered 35,321 and formed 39.06%, household industry workers numbered 2,383 and formed 2.64% and other workers numbered 21,745 and formed 24.05%.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 90,417 and formed 39.76% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 136,980 and formed 60.24% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 35 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 92 inhabited villages in the Mathabhanga II CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Cooch Behar, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 91 villages (98.25%) have drinking water supply. 20 villages (21.74%) have post offices. 81 villages (88.04%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 36 villages (39.13%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 33 villages (35.87%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (2.17%) have agricultural credit societies and 12 villages (13.04%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 86, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Agriculture is the primary mode of living in the district. The entire Cooch Behar district has fertile soil and around half of the cultivated land in the district is cropped twice or more. Paddy (rice) and jute are the largest producing crops, followed by potatoes, vegetables and pulses. There are 23 tea gardens on glided slopes. There are some [[coconut]], [[areca nut]] and [[Betel|betel leaf]] plantations. 77.6% of the land holdings are marginal.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 23-26 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

In 2012-13, there were 60 fertiliser depots, 1 seed store and 40 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Mathabahnga II CD block.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 July 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2012–13, the Mathabhanga II CD block produced 52,530 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 23,992 hectares, 14,380 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 4,948 hectares, 100 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 75 hectares, 281 tonnes of wheat from 147 hectares, 657 tonnes of maize from 270 hectares, 86,286 tonnes of jute from 5,133 hectares and 140,323 tonnes of potatoes from 4,973 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2013/>

In 2012-13, the total area irrigated in the Mathabhanga II CD block was 5,597 hectares, out of which 240 hectares were irrigated by private canal water, 320 hectares by tank water, 793 hectares by river lift irrigation, 40 hectares by deep tube wells, 3,246 hectares by shallow tube wells, 103 hectares by open dug wells, 855 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2013/>

===Pisciculture===
Being a river-bound district, pisciculture is an important economic activity in Cooch Behar district. Almost all the rivers originating in the Himalayas have a lot of fish. The net area under effective pisciculture in 2010-11 in Mathabhanga II CD block was 295.00 hectares. 8,890 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 15,796 quintals.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 27-28: Fishery | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2012-13, Mathabhanga II CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2013/>

==Transport==
{{New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section|collapse=y}}
Mathabhanga II CD block has 1 ferry service and 8 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station from the block headquarters was 8 km away.<ref name=handbook2013/>

The [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]] of the [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] passes through this block and there is a stations at Ghoksadanga.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-rangiya-new-jalpaiguri-passenger-55714/7767/1374/444| title = Rangiya New Jalpaiguri Express | work= Time Table| publisher = IndiaRailInfo |access-date = 10 August 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2012-13, Mathabhanga II CD block had 152 primary schools with 16,213 students, 15 middle schools with 15,011 students, 4 high schools with 3,150 students and 13 higher secondary schools with 21,235 students. Mathabhanga II CD block had 2 general degree colleges with 673 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 122 students and 381 institutions for special and non-formal education with 23,212 students.<ref name=handbook2013/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Mathabhanga II CD block, among the 92 inhabited villages, 5 villages did not have schools, 51 villages had two or more primary schools, 33 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 20 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 547-48, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

[[Madhusudan Hore Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2011 at [[Nishiganj]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://mhm.ac.in/ |title = Madhusudan Hore Mahavidyalaya |publisher= MHM | access-date = 16 January 2020 }}</ref>

[[Ghoksadanga Birendranath Mahavidyalaya|Ghoksadanga Birendra Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2011 at [[Ghoksadanga]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://gkdbm.in/ | title = Ghoksadanga Birendra Mahavidyalaya| publisher = GBM |access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2013, Mathabhanga II CD block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 primary health centres with total 36 beds and 8 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 33 family welfare subcentres. 7,801 patients were treated indoor and 44,225 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block. There is a hospital, with 201 beds, in Mathabhanga municipal area (outside the CD block).<ref name=handbook2013/>

Ghoksadanga Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Ghoksadanga]], is the major government medical facility in the Mathabhanga II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Angarkata Paradubi (PO Paradubi) (with 6 beds), Khetifulbari (PO Fulbari) (with 10 beds) and [[Nishiganj]] (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =29 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 July 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Cooch Behar topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Cooch Behar district]]

Girish Chandra

2026-01-23T05:40:42Z

Mere Mentor:

'''Girish Chandra''' (also spelled as '''Girishchandra''') is a masculine [[Hindu]] name in India which means "moon of [[Shiva]]".

People with the given name include:
* [[Girish Chandra (politician)]], Former MP
* [[Girish Chandra Bose]], Bengali educator and botanist
* [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]], Bengali theater artist
* [[Girish Chandra Gupta]], Bengali judge
* [[Girish Chandra Murmu]], Santali civil servant
* [[Girish Chandra Roy]], Bengali philanthropist
* [[Girish Chandra Saxena]], former governor of Jammu and Kashmir state in India
* [[Girish Chandra Sen]], Bengali Brahmo Samaj missionary
* [[Girish Chandra Tripathi]], Indian vice chancellor
* [[Girish Chandra Yadav]], Indian minister

==See also==
*[[Girish]]
*[[Chandra (disambiguation)]]

{{given name}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]

Dhivara

2026-01-19T18:17:48Z

Mere Mentor: added new info w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Dhivara
| cover = Dheevara Baahubali.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Cover of the song featuring actress [[Tamannaah]]
| type =
| artist = Ramya Behara, Deepu
| album = [[Baahubali: The Beginning (soundtrack)|Baahubali: The Beginning]]
| released = 31 May 2015
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[folk-rock]], [[pop-folk]]
| length = 5:53
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| writer = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|F67EVY_sg4E|"Dheevara"}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Dhivara'''" is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] song from the soundtrack of the 2015 film ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''. Sung by [[Ramya Behara]] and Deepu, the song was composed by [[M.M. Keeravani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmelon.com/movies/baahubali-the-beginning/news/baahubali-the-beginning-updates-dheevara-song-baahubali-the-beginning|title=Dheevara Song - Baahubali - The Beginning|access-date=24 June 2017|work=filmelon}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> with lyrics penned by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyricsol.com/dheevara-lyrics-english-baahubali/|work=Lyricsol|access-date=24 June 2017|title=Dheevara Lyrics (English) Baahubali|date=30 August 2015|archive-date=18 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618023715/http://www.lyricsol.com/dheevara-lyrics-english-baahubali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of the lyrics of the song were written in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/what-do-the-sanskrit-lyrics-in-dhivara-song-in-baahubali-mean|access-date=24 June 2017|work=Saddahaq|title=What do the Sanskrit lyrics in Dhivara song in Baahubali mean?|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053630/https://www.saddahaq.com/what-do-the-sanskrit-lyrics-in-dhivara-song-in-baahubali-mean|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The music video of the track features [[Prabhas]] as Sivudu alias Mahendra Baahubali and [[Tamannaah]] as Avantika. In this song, Sivudu completes the task of climbing the waterfall which was earlier thought to be impossible to do, inspired by the sight of Avantika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/baahubali-song-dheevara-prabhas-and-tamannaahs-romance-by-the-waterfall-is-a-visual-treat/|work=Bollywood Life|access-date=24 June 2017|title=Baahubali song Dheevara: Prabhas and Tamannaah's romance by the waterfall is a visual treat!|date=4 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arkamediaworks.com/blog/guest-writer-gunnam-gangaraju/|access-date=25 June 2017|work=[[Arka Media Works]]|title=Guest Writer Gunnam Gangaraju|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926230231/http://arkamediaworks.com/blog/guest-writer-gunnam-gangaraju/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song was shot at Orvakal Rock Gardens located at [[Kurnool]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Athirappilly Falls]] in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]] and [[Western Ghats]] in [[Mahabaleshwar]], [[Maharashtra]].

==Release==
The audio of the song released on 31 May 2015 along with other tracks in the album.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXA6xZtyhvk|title=Dheerava Audio Song|date=31 May 2015}}</ref> The music video of the song released on 25 September 2015, through the YouTube channel of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] Telugu.<ref name=youtube>{{citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F67EVY_sg4E|title=Dheevara Video Song|date=25 September 2015}}</ref> The song has received more than 58 million views on YouTube.<ref name=youtube/> The song was released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Deerane'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-tamil/id1011776339|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306155500/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-tamil/id1011776339|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|title=Baahubali – The Beginning (Tamil) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]|last=M. M. Keeravani|work=iTunes|date=24 June 2015 |access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> In [[Hindi]] as ''Khoya Hain''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungama.com/song/manohari/15001601/|access-date=24 June 2017|work=[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]]|title=Manohari Hindi song}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-hindi/id1014309546|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703170741/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-hindi/id1014309546|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2015|title=Baahubali – The Beginning (Hindi) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]|last=M. M. Keeravani|work=iTunes|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> and in [[Malayalam]] as ''Njan Chendena''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Zb8nqhxnEg|title=Baahubali (Malayalam) - All songs audio JukeBox|last=Manorama Music Songs|date=4 July 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Baahubali}}{{M. M. Keeravani}}{{authority control}}
[[Category:2015 songs]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Folk rock songs]]
[[Category:Macaronic songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Songs from Baahubali (franchise)]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Jharkhand

2026-01-05T02:54:29Z

Mere Mentor: started a data - done

{{Short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|inactive|parent=India|type=geo|sc1=WP:INJH}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Jharkhand/Header}}

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}

Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Jharkhand]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Jharkhand/to do|to-do list]] there.

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The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Jharkhand]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Jharkhand]] and [[:Category:India]]

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# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Jharkhand-related articles.
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*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
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Joseph Macwan

2025-12-31T07:59:28Z

Mere Mentor: minor edit

{{distinguish|Yoseph Macwan}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Joseph Macwan
| image = JosephMacwanPic.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Joseph Ignas Macwan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|10|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tranol, [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|2010|3|28|1936|10|9}}
| death_place = [[Nadiad]], [[Gujarat]]
| resting_place =
| occupation = Novelist, biographer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = Master of Arts
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Novel, biography
| subjects = [[Literary realism|realism]]
| movement = [[Dalit literature]] in India
| notableworks =
* ''Vyathana Vitak'' (Agony of Suffering; 1985)
* ''Angaliyat'' (The Step Child; 1986)
| spouse = {{marriage|Reginaben|1955}}
| children =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1989)
* [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] (1990)
}}
| signature = Joseph Macwan autograph.svg
| years_active = 1956–2010
}}

'''Joseph Ignas Macwan''' (9 October 1936 – 28 March 2010) was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] novelist, short story writer and essayist from [[Gujarat]], India. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1989 for his novel ''Angaliyat'' (1986). He was also a recipient of the [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] (1990). His significant works include: ''Vyathana Vitak'' (Agony of Suffering; 1985), ''Angaliyat'' (The Step Child; 1986) and ''Mari Paranetar'' (1988). He died on 28 March 2010, in [[Nadiad]] following kidney failure.<ref name="BBN 2010">{{cite news | last=Paul | first=Fr. Varghese | title=WELL KNOWN GUJARATI WRITER JOSEPH MACWAN PASSES AWAY | website=BBN | date=29 March 2010 | url=http://vijaymacwan.blogspot.com/2010/03/well-known-gujarati-writer-joseph.html | language=la | access-date=25 May 2016 | editor1-last= Macwan | editor1-first=Vijay | location=Anand }}</ref><ref name= "jm">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Topiwala |first=Chandrakant |encyclopedia=Gujarati Vishwakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature) |title=Macwan Joseph Ignas |language=gu |year=1990 |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |volume=2 |location=Ahmedabad |pages=493 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Macwan's grandfather was a [[Hindu]], but he adopted Christianity in 1892. Macwan was born on 9 October 1936 in Tranol, a small village of Kheda [[Tehsil|taluka]], [[Anand district]], Gujarat. His family were natives of [[Ode, Gujarat|Oad]], a small village nearby. He was born in the village of Tranol. He was born there because his father Ignas, or Dahyalal was working with a Christian mission there. His father was also known as a master in his village. His childhood passed in poverty and lack of maternal care. His mother Hiriben (Hira) died when he was young. His father soon married another woman who was cruel to him.<ref name=solanki>{{cite thesis|last=Solanki|first=Vipul|title=A Translation of Joseph Macwan's Vyathana Vitak from Gujarati Into English with a Critical Study|date=2016|publisher=[[Saurashtra University]]|place=Rajkot|type=PhD|chapter=Chapter 1|hdl=10603/130572}}</ref>

Macwan was a [[Child prodigy|prodigy]]. He was admitted to school when he was five years old because of his reading and writing skills. Which were more advanced than those of most students of the usual admitting age of seven years. At that time it was unusual to study in school in his community. He had good memory skills and he could remember poems by listening to his brother who used to recite poems to his ill mother.<ref name=solanki/> He studied in the Missionary School of Oad village until fourth grade, then he did two grades at a local board school. He passed the vernacular final exam at the I P Mission School of [[Nadiad]] in 1950.

Due to poverty, he joined the Christian Missionary School at Khamloj as a teacher when he was fourteen. Later he was transferred to Missionary School, Nadiad as a Deputy PTC (Primary Teacher's Collage) in 1955. In the same year, he passed [[matriculation]] with 72%. He also completed ''Vinit Visharad'' and ''Rashtrabhasha Ratna'' during the same period. In 1957, he joined St. Xavier's School in [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] as a teacher of [[Hindi language]]. He passed a Master of Arts in Hindi by studying in weekend classes while working as a teacher. He served as a visiting lecturer of Hindi at the College of [[Dakor]] from 1971 to 1972 and at M B College, [[Vallabh Vidyanagar|Vidyanagar]] from 1972 to 1977. Later, he resigned from his visiting lecturer posts and continued to teach at the St. Xavier's School until his retirement in 1994.<ref name=solanki/>

He married Reginaben in November 1955, and they had four daughters and four sons.<ref name= "mj">{{cite book |last1=Vaghela |first1=Agnes |last2=Vaghela |first2=Ramesh |year=2004 |title=Chakdo |series=Collection of Writings of Joseph Macwan |location=Gandhinagar |publisher=Joseph Macwan Foundation }}</ref>

He died on 28 March 2010, in [[Nadiad]] following kidney failure.<ref name="BBN 2010"/>

==Literary career==
{{expand section|date=July 2016}}
Macwan's writing is inspired by his real life experiences.<ref name=solanki/>

His first novel ''Angaliyat'' (The Stepchild) was published in 1986, followed by ''Lakshman Ni Agni Pariksha'' (1986), ''Mari Parnetar'' (1988), ''Manakhani Mirat'' (1992), ''Bij-Trij Na Tej'' (1995), ''Ajanma Aparadhi'' (1995), ''Dada Na Deshma'' (1996), ''Mavatar'' (1996), ''Amar Chandalo'' (2002), ''Dariya'' (2006), ''Sangavato'', ''Bhini Mati Kora Man'' (2004), ''Apano Paras Aap'' (2005) and ''Charushila'' (2011). Macwan depicted the life of the [[Charotar]] region in his novels. ''Vyathana Vitak'', is a biographical work published in 1985, followed by ''Vahalna Valkha'' (1987), ''Prit Pramani Pagle Pagle'' (1987) and ''Mari Bhillu'' (1989). ''Sadhna Ni Aaradhna'' (1989) is a short story collection.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shukla |first=Kirit |year=2008 |title=Gujarati Sahityakosh |location=Gandhinagar |publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Akadami |page=524 |isbn=9789383317028 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Kher |first=Prafulla |date=6 August 2015 |title=Joseph Makvan and Jagdishchandra's Novels : A comparative study |type=Ph.D |chapter=Chapter 8 |publisher=Saurashtra University |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/46011/13/13_chapter%208.pdf }}</ref>

==Translations and adaptations==
His novel ''Angaliyat'' has been translated into English by [[Rita Kothari]] as ''The Stepchild'' in 2004. His ''Lohino Sambandh'' has been adapted as the film ''Bas Yari Rakho'' (English title: ''My Little Devil'') and ''Baheru Aayakhu Mungi Vyatha'' has been adapted as a tele-film.<ref name="The Hindu 2004">{{cite web | author=Shant Gokhale | title=Literary Review / Book Review : Saga of struggle | date=3 October 2004 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2004/10/03/stories/2004100300310500.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150903101105/http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2004/10/03/stories/2004100300310500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 September 2015 | website=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=solanki/>

== Recognition ==
He won [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Gujarati language in 1989 for his novel ''Angaliyat''. He won [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1990.<ref name= "jm"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author1=Joseph Macwan|author2=Rita Kothari|title=The Stepchild: Angaliyat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoFzMAEACAAJ|date=31 January 2013|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-809030-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vaghela Agnes|author2=Vaghela Ramesh |title=Chakdo: Joseph Macwanno Sahitya Samput-1|year=2004|publisher=Joseph Macwan Foundation|oclc=61479747}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macwan, Joseph}}
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Anand district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

List of Marathi films of 1958

2025-12-29T13:17:49Z

Mere Mentor: fixed issues

{{Short description|None}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{Marathi films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
A list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in [[Maharashtra]] in the year 1958.

==1958 Releases==
A list of Marathi films released in 1958.

{| class ="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! style="width: 05%;" |Year
! style="width: 15%;" |Film
! style="width: 15%;" |Director
! style="width: 40%;" class="unsortable" |Cast
! style="width: 10%;" |Release date
! style="width: 15%;" class="unsortable" |Notes
! style="width: 15%;" class="unsortable" |Source
|-
| rowspan=8 align="center" | 1958
| ''Matevin Bal''||[[Madhav Velankar]] || [[Master Vithal]], [[Hansa Wadkar]]|| ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0881282/|title=Matevin Bal (1958)|work=IMDb}} {{unreliable?|date=August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dhakti Jaaoo''||[[Anant Mane]] ||Sulochana, Smita, Vimala Vasishtha || ||Won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] in 1958||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0238163/|title=Dhakti Jaao (1958)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sudamache Pohe''||[[Keshavrao Dhaiber]] ||[[Shahu Modak]], Ratnamala, [[Bhalji Pendharkar]] || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0214170/|title=Sudamache Pohe (1958)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Punarjanma''||[[Prabhakar Naik]] || || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0248331/|title=Punarjanma (1958)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Padada''||[[Shantaram Athavale]] || || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154987/|title=Padada (1958)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sukhache Sobti''||[[Raja Bargir]] || [[Lalita Pawar]]|| ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0156111/|title=Sukhache Sobti (1958)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Don Ghadicha Daav''||Anant Mane || || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0238188/|title=Don Ghadicha Daav (1958)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Choravar More''||Yeshwant Pethkar || || ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0252321/|title=Choravar More (1958)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{1958 films|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Films Of 1958}}
[[Category:Lists of 1958 films by language]]
[[Category:1958 in Indian cinema| Marathi]]
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|1958]]
[[Category:1950s Marathi-language films| ]]

Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022–23

2025-12-23T20:44:28Z

Mere Mentor: Made initial post nd citations.

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022
| team1_image = Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| team1_name = Bangladesh
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 4
| to_date = 26 December 2022
| team1_captain = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] (Tests) [[Litton Das]] (ODIs)
| team2_captain = [[KL Rahul]] (Tests) [[Rohit Sharma]]<ref name="Rahul" group="n">[[KL Rahul]] captained India in the third ODI.</ref> (ODIs)
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 2
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1998)|Zakir Hasan]] (186)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (222)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Mehidy Hasan]] (11)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (8)
| player_of_test_series = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Mehidy Hasan]] (141)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Ishan Kishan]] (210)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] (9) [[Ebadot Hossain]] (9)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Washington Sundar]] (6) [[Mohammed Siraj]] (6)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Mehidy Hasan]] (Ban)
}}

The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured Bangladesh to play two [[Test cricket|Tests]] and three [[One Day Internationals]] (ODIs) in December 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/india-to-tour-bangladesh-for-two-tests-and-three-odis-in-2022/|work=Crictracker|title=India to tour Bangladesh for two Tests and three ODIs in 2022|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/cricket-team-indias-schedule-for-2021-23-world-test-championship-cycle-393816|work=Wion News|title=Cricket: Team India's schedule for 2021-23 World Test Championship cycle|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref> The Test series formed part of the [[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/india-s-schedule-for-wtc-2nd-edition-announced-nz-to-tour-india-in-november-1465663|work=ABP News|title=India's Schedule For WTC 2nd Edition Announced; NZ To Tour India In November|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref> On 20 October 2022 [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] (BCB) confirmed the fixture.<ref>{{cite news |title=India tour of Bangladesh to begin on December 4 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/124190/india-tour-of-bangladesh-to-begin-on-december-4-cricbuzzcom |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> However, on 23 November, the venue of the third ODI was shifted from [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium|Mirpur]] to [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium|Chittagong]] due to political reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh moves third ODI against India from Dhaka to Chittagong after protest threat |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/bangladesh-moves-india-match-from-dhaka-to-chittangong-protest-threat/article66175577.ece |access-date=24 November 2022 |work=sportstar.thehindu.com |date=23 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Bangladesh won the ODI series by 2–1 margin and it was their second successive ODI series win against India at home.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh win nailbiter against India clinching ODI series |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/cricket/bangladesh-win-toss-and-choose-bat-first-search-odi-series-win-against-india-546962 |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=The Business Standard |date=7 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

India won the first Test match comprehensively by 188 runs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brar |first1=Hemant |title=Kuldeep Yadav, Axar Patel share seven wickets to wrap up big India win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1340842/bangladesh-vs-india-1st-test-1340848/match-report-5 |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In the second Test, while chasing 145 India lost 7 wickets for 74, but a 71-run partnership between [[Shreyas Iyer]] and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] for the eighth wicket lead India to a 3 wicket win and India eventually winning the Test series by 2–0 margin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Vishal |title=Shreyas Iyer and R Ashwin make it 2-0 for India in close finish |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1340842/bangladesh-vs-india-2nd-test-1340849/match-report-4 |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|{{cr|BAN}}
!colspan=2|{{cr|IND}}
|-
!Tests<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1348586.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 December 2022 |title=Mushfiqur and Taskin return for first Test against India}}</ref>
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web |title=Shakib Al Hasan returns to Bangladesh squad for ODIs against India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-2022-23-shakib-al-hasan-returns-to-bangladesh-squad-for-odis-against-india-1346220 |access-date=24 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!Tests<ref name="IndSquad">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-in-bangladesh-december-2022-rohit-kohli-and-rahul-to-return-for-tests-and-odis-1342669 |title=Rohit, Kohli and Rahul to return for Bangladesh tour in December |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date= 31 October 2022}}</ref>
!ODIs<ref name="IndSquad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Litton Das]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Khaled Ahmed]]
* [[Nasum Ahmed]]
* [[Taskin Ahmed]]
* [[Yasir Ali (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Yasir Ali]]
* [[Mehidy Hasan]]
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1998)|Zakir Hasan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mahmudul Hasan Joy]]
* [[Anamul Haque]]
* [[Mominul Haque]]
* [[Ebadot Hossain]]
* [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]]
* [[Shoriful Islam]]
* [[Taijul Islam]]
* [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rejaur Rahman Raja]]
|
* [[Litton Das]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
* [[Nasum Ahmed]]
* [[Taskin Ahmed]]
* [[Yasir Ali (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Yasir Ali]]
* [[Mehidy Hasan]]
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Anamul Haque]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Afif Hossain]]
* [[Ebadot Hossain]]
* [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]]
* [[Shoriful Islam]]
* <s>[[Tamim Iqbal]]</s>
* [[Hasan Mahmud (cricketer)|Hasan Mahmud]]
* [[Mahmudullah]]
* [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
|
* <s>[[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])</s>
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[K. S. Bharat]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* <s>[[Ravindra Jadeja]]</s>
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Axar Patel]]
* <s>[[Navdeep Saini]]</s>
* <s>[[Mohammed Shami]]</s>
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* <s>[[Yash Dayal]]</s>
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* <s>[[Ravindra Jadeja]]</s>
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Umran Malik]]
* <s>[[Rishabh Pant]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])</s>
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Rajat Patidar]]
* [[Kuldeep Sen]]
* <s>[[Mohammed Shami]]</s>
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Rahul Tripathi]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|}
Prior to the series, [[Ravindra Jadeja]] was ruled out of the ODI series as he was yet to recover from knee surgery and he was replaced by [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]. [[Yash Dayal]] was ruled out due to a lower back injury and was replaced by [[Kuldeep Sen]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jadeja, Dayal ruled out of Bangladesh ODIs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-tour-of-bangladesh-2022-23-ravindra-jadeja-and-yash-dayal-ruled-out-of-bangladesh-odis-1346083 |access-date=24 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[Shoriful Islam]] was added to the Bangladesh's ODI squad as cover for injured [[Taskin Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamim Iqbal ruled out of ODI series due to groin injury |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/tamim-iqbal-ruled-out-of-odi-series-due-to-groin-injury-8301209/ |access-date=1 December 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh's captain [[Tamim Iqbal]] was also ruled out of the ODI series due to a groin injury.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamim Iqbal out of Bangladesh's ODI series against India, in doubt for Tests |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-2022-tamim-iqbal-out-of-bangladesh-s-odi-series-against-india-in-doubt-for-tests-1347709 |access-date=1 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 2 December, [[Litton Das]] was named captain of Bangladesh for the ODI series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liton Das to lead Bangladesh in ODIs against India |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/124692/liton-das-to-lead-bangladesh-in-odis-against-india |access-date=2 December 2022 |work=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> A day before the first ODI, India's [[Mohammed Shami]] was ruled out from the ODI series due to a shoulder injury, with [[Umran Malik]] named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Injured Mohammed Shami ruled out of ODIs against Bangladesh, doubtful for Tests |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-2022-indias-mohammed-shami-ruled-out-of-odis-against-bangladesh-doubtful-for-tests-1347904 |access-date=3 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On the day of 1st ODI, [[Rishabh Pant]] was released from India's ODI squad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rishabh Pant released from ODI squad in Bangladesh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-odi-series-rishabh-pant-released-from-india-odi-squad-in-bangladesh-1348037 |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> India's [[Deepak Chahar]], [[Kuldeep Sen]] and [[Rohit Sharma]] were ruled out of the last ODI due to their respective injuries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rohit, Chahar and Sen ruled out of third ODI against Bangladesh with injuries |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-2nd-odi-rohit-sharma-sent-for-x-ray-after-left-thumb-injury-deepak-chahar-walks-off-with-stiff-hamstring-1348401 |access-date=8 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Ahead of the third ODI, [[Kuldeep Yadav]] was added to the India's ODI squad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kuldeep Yadav returns, BCCI names revised squad for 3rd ODI vs Bangladesh after Rohit, Chahar, Sen ruled out out |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/kuldeep-yadav-returns-bcci-names-revised-squad-for-3rd-odi-vs-bangladesh-after-rohit-chahar-sen-ruled-out-out-101670565877720.html |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]] was added to India's Test squad on 9 December.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-1st-test-abhimanyu-easwaran-to-join-india-s-test-squad-in-chattogram-1348836 |title=Easwaran to join India's Test squad in Chattogram |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> [[Jaydev Unadkat]] was also added to India's Test squad after Mohammed Shami was confirmed to be ruled out of the Test series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-test-series-india-call-up-jaydev-unadkat-as-mohammed-shamis-replacement-for-tests-in-bangladesh-1348900 |title=Unadkat replaces Shami for Tests in Bangladesh |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> On 11 December, Ravindra Jadeja was ruled out of test series with [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] and [[Navdeep Saini]] both were added to India's Test squad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-2022-1st-test-rohit-sharma-ruled-out-of-first-test-against-bangladesh-1349220 |title=Rohit Sharma ruled out of first Test against Bangladesh |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> Rohit Sharma was also ruled out of the first Test with [[KL Rahul]] being named as captain of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555960/team-india-updates-for-the-test-series?type=Latest |title=Team India updates for the Test series |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> [[Nasum Ahmed]] was included in Bangladesh's squad for the 2nd test while [[Shoriful Islam]] and [[Ebadot Hossain]] were ruled out due to their respective injuries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Chaitanya |title=BAN vs IND: Bangladesh announce 15-member squad for 2nd Test in Dhaka |url=https://www.crictracker.com/social-tracker-cricket/ban-vs-ind-bangladesh-announce-15-member-squad-for-2nd-test-in-dhaka/ |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=CricTracker |date=18 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
On 20 December, Navdeep Saini and Rohit Sharma were also ruled out of the second Test.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-bangladesh/india-vs-bangladesh-rohit-sharma-and-navdeep-saini-ruled-out-of-second-test-confirms-bcci/articleshow/96366173.cms |title=India vs Bangladesh: Rohit Sharma and Navdeep Saini ruled out of second Test, confirms BCCI |work=Times of India |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref>

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 December 2022
| time = 12:00
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 186 (41.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 73 (70)
| wickets1 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 5/36 (10 overs)
| score2 = 190/9 (46 overs)
| runs2 = [[Litton Das]] 41 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 3/32 (10 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 1 wicket
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1340845.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]]
| umpires = [[Tanvir Ahmed (umpire)|Tanvir Ahmed]] (Ban) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Mehidy Hasan]] (Ban)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Litton Das]] [[List of Bangladesh national cricket captains#One-Day International captains|captained Bangladesh]] for the first time in ODIs.
* [[Kuldeep Sen]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
}}

Batting first, India were bowled out at 186 with [[Shakib Al Hasan]] picking his [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Shakib Al Hasan|fourth five wicket haul in ODIs]]. In reply, Bangladesh were reduced to 136/9 from 128/4. But [[Mehidy Hasan]] with [[Mustafizur Rahman]] added 51 runs for the last wicket partnership, which is the highest tenth wicket partnership for Bangladesh while chasing and overall fourth highest, to achieve the target with 24 balls to spare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mehidy the hero as Bangladesh script thrilling win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1340842/bangladesh-vs-india-1st-odi-1340845/match-report |access-date=5 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 December 2022
| time = 12:00
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 271/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mehidy Hasan]] 100[[not out|*]] (83)
| wickets1 = [[Washington Sundar]] 3/37 (10 overs)
| score2 = 266/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 82 (102)
| wickets2 = [[Ebadot Hossain]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 5 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1340846.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Masudur Rahman (umpire)|Masudur Rahman]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Mehidy Hasan]] (Ban)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Mehidy Hasan]] (Ban) scored his maiden ODI century,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh vs India: Mehidy Hasan Miraz scores maiden ODI century to pull off epic fight-back in 2nd ODI|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bangladesh-vs-india-2nd-odi-mehidy-hasan-miraz-century-record-umran-malik-rohit-sharma-mohammed-siraj-2306383-2022-12-07 |access-date=7 December 2022 |work=India Today}}</ref> and become only second batter to score a century batting at Number 8 or lower.<ref name="Stats"/>
* The 148-run stand between [[Mahmudullah]] and [[Mehidy Hasan]] for the seventh wicket, is the highest partnership for any wicket for Bangladesh against India,<ref name="Stats">{{cite news |title=Stats - Mehidy equals highest score by a No. 8 in ODIs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-2nd-odi-stats-mehidy-hasan-miraz-equals-highest-score-by-a-no-8-in-odis-1348457 |access-date=8 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and the highest seventh wicket partnership for any team against India.<ref name="2nd ODI"/>
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) became the only second batter to hit 500 sixes in international cricket.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rohit Sharma becomes first Indian batsman to hit 500 sixes in international cricket |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-bangladesh/rohit-sharma-becomes-first-indian-batsman-to-hit-500-sixes-in-international-cricket/articleshow/96076704.cms |access-date=8 December 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
}}

Bangladesh were at 69/6 at the end of 19 overs. But the record-breaking stand between [[Mahmudullah]] and [[Mehidy Hasan]] helped Bangladesh to reach to 271 for the loss of 7 wickets at the end of 50 overs with the latter scoring his maiden ODI century. In reply, India were in trouble after being reduced to 65/4, then 107-run stand between [[Shreyas Iyer]] and [[Axar Patel]] gave them some resistance. At the end, the skipper [[Rohit Sharma]] who could not bat at his regular position due to finger injury, coming to bat at Number 9, hit a blistering knock of 51 off 28 balls which kept them on track. India needed 20 off the final over and 6 runs off the final ball, but Rohit Sharma could manage only 14 runs and eventually Bangladesh won by 5 runs.<ref name="2nd ODI">{{cite news |title=Mahmudullah and Mehidy script cross-generational tale of strength in crisis |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-ind-2nd-odi-mahmudullah-and-mehidy-hasan-miraz-script-cross-generational-tale-of-strength-in-crisis-1348498 |access-date=8 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 December 2022
| time = 12:00
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 409/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 210 (131)
| wickets1 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 2/68 (10 overs)
| score2 = 182 (34 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 43 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/30 (5 overs)
| result = India won by 227 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1340847.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Gazi Sohel]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Ishan Kishan]] (Ind)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ishan Kishan]] (Ind) scored his maiden and also the fastest ODI double-hundred off 126 balls. He becomes the first cricketer to convert his maiden hundred into a double ton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2022 |title=Ishan Kishan becomes first batsman to covert maiden ODI ton into a double hundred. Cricket News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-bangladesh/ishan-kishan-becomes-first-batsman-to-covert-maiden-odi-ton-into-a-double-hundred/articleshow/96129742.cms |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was also the youngest (24 years 145 days) and least experienced player (9 ODIs) to get a double ton in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 December 2022 |title=Ishan Kishan: fastest, youngest, and very, very entertaining|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-ishan-kishan-double-century-ban-vs-ind-2022-23-3rd-odi-1348968 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Virat Kohli|72nd century]] in international cricket,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 December 2022 |title=Virat Kohli scores 72nd international century, surpasses Ricky Ponting’s record|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/virat-kohli-scores-72nd-international-century-surpasses-ricky-ponting-8317082/ |work=Indian Express}}</ref> and surpassed [[Ricky Ponting]]'s record of the second-most centuries scored across formats in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 December 2022 |title=Bangladesh vs India: Virat Kohli goes past Ponting to become No.2 in list for most international hundreds|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bangladesh-vs-india-virat-kohli-goes-past-ponting-to-become-no2-in-list-for-most-international-hundreds-2307582-2022-12-10 |work=India Today}}</ref>
* This was [[Shikhar Dhawan]]'s last international match.
}}

==Test series==

===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 14–18 December 2022
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 404 (133.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 90 (203)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mehidy Hasan]] 4/112 (31.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 150 (55.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] 28 (58)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 5/40 (16 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 258/2[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (61.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 110 (152)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Khaled Ahmed]] 1/51 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 324 (113.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1998)|Zakir Hasan]] 100 (224)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Axar Patel]] 3/77 (32.2 overs)

| result = India won by 188 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1340848.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1998)|Zakir Hasan]] (Ban) made his Test debut.
* ''[[Shubman Gill]] (Ind) scored his maiden century in Test cricket.''<ref>{{cite news |title=Shubman Gill scores first Test century |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/shubman-gill-scores-maiden-test-cricket-century-first-hundred-india-vs-bangladesh-day-3-chattogram/article66270272.ece |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=sportstar.thehindu.com |agency=The Hindu |publisher=Sportstar |date=16 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1998)|Zakir Hasan]] (Ban) became the fourth Bangladeshi batter to score a [[List of centuries scored on Test cricket debut|century on Test debut]].''<ref>{{cite news |title=Zakir’s debut ton one of perseverance |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/zakirs-debut-ton-one-perseverance-3198941 |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=The Daily Star |date=18 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 12, Bangladesh 0.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 22–26 December 2022<ref name="Days" group="n">While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, the second Test reached a result in four days.</ref>
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 227 (73.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mominul Haque]] 84 (157)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 4/25 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 314 (86.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 93 (105)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Taijul Islam]] 4/74 (25 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 231 (70.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Liton Das]] 73 (98)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Axar Patel]] 3/68 (19.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 145/7 (47 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 42[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mehidy Hasan]] 5/63 (19 overs)

| result = India won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1340849.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]]
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Only 81.5 overs of play was possible on day 1 due to poor lighting.
| notes = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind) appeared in a Test match after 12 years and 2 days. In between his 2 Test appearances, he missed 118 tests, second most by any player and the most by any Indian player.<ref>{{cite web |title=12 years after playing his first Test match for India, Jaydev Unadkat had to wait 118 matches to play his second|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/12-years-after-playing-his-first-test-match-for-india-jaydev-unadkat-had-to-wait-118-test-matches-to-play-his-second-463456 |work=The Tribune |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jaydev Unadkat Creates Rare Indian Record With His Test Appearance After 12 Years|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/bangladesh-vs-india-2022-23/jaydev-unadkat-creates-rare-indian-record-with-his-test-appearance-after-12-years-3628190 |work=NDTV Sports |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 12, Bangladesh 0.
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] became the eighth Indian batter to complete 7000 test runs
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="n"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1340842 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]
* [https://badshahnews.com/asia-cup-2023/ Asia Cup 2023 Series Bangla Team]

{{2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship}}
{{International cricket tours of Bangladesh}}
{{International cricket in 2022-23}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022-23}}
[[Category:2022 in Bangladeshi cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2022–23]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Bangladesh|2022-23]]

Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line

2025-12-04T13:49:30Z

Mere Mentor: started new pg - done

{{Short description|Railway route in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Sealdah–Naihati–Gede line {{small|including Naihati–Bandel and Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta branch lines}}
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Halisahar railway station in North 24 Parganas.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Halisahar railway station
| type = Suburban Railway
| system = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| start = {{rws|Sealdah}}
| end = {{rws|Gede}}
| stations = 45
| routes =
| daily_ridership = 1 Million
| open = {{Start date and age|1862}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway Zone (India)|Eastern Railway]]
| character = At grade
| depot = Narkeldanga EMU Carshed Ranaghat EMU Carshed
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|117|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = Quadruple line: Sealdah–Naihati 

Triple Line: Naihati–Kalyani 

Double line: Naihati–Bandel, Kalyani–Ranaghat–Gede

Single line: Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = 25 kV overhead line
| speed = up to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| website = {{url|http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in|Eastern Railway}}
| map = {{Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line|inline=yes|collapsed=yes}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line''' connects the [[Sealdah|Sealdah Main and North terminus]] of [[Kolkata]] and [[Gede, Nadia|Gede]] of [[Nadia district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]], with Naihati and Ranaghat serving as major junction points. Once a part of the old Calcutta–Siliguri main line, today it is a busy suburban section of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Kolkata Suburban Railway's]] [[Sealdah Main and North section|Sealdah North section]] connecting the [[North 24 Parganas]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] districts with Kolkata. It is under the jurisdiction of the [[Sealdah railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name=":0">[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,452 Brief Detail of Sealdah Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625120205/http://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,452|date=2018-06-25}}, ''Eastern Railway''</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Division System Map|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597667046291-Sys%20Map%20SDAH%202020.pdf|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

The Naihati Jn –Bandel Jn branch line connects this line with the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]] and [[Bandel–Katwa line]] through the [[Sampreeti Bridge]], and previously the [[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]], over the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly river]]. The Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta branch line caters to the [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani town and industrial area]] of the Nadia district.<ref name=":1" />

== Services ==
Once a part of the old Calcutta–Siliguri main line with prestigious trains such as [[Darjeeling Mail]], [[East Bengal Express]] and [[East Bengal Mail]] running through it, today the section is primarily a suburban section with a total of 231 daily and 187 Sunday EMU services serving the Sealdah–Ranaghat section.<ref name=":142">{{Cite web|title=Details of Operating Department: Sealdah Division, Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,471|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> A further 40 EMU services also run between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Gede railway station|Gede]] via [[Ranaghat Junction railway station|Ranaghat junction]].<ref name=":142"/> A majority of the services are served by 9-car [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] rakes from the Narkeldanga EMU Carshed.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=Highlights of TRS Organisation, Sealdah division, Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,2269 |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> They are also served with a few 12-car EMU rakes from the Ranaghat EMU Carshed as well.<ref name=":62"/>

[[Gede railway station]] serves as a major international transit point for freight and passengers to [[Bangladesh]] with the [[Darshana railway station|Darsana railway station]] serving as its [[Bangladesh–India border|Bangladeshi counterpart]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhaka looks to unlock export potential thru' rail|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/dhaka-looks-unlock-export-potential-thru-rail-349228|access-date=23 January 2022|website=The Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh Railway earns record revenue carrying freight at India-Bangladesh interchange points|url=https://newsonair.com/2021/08/04/bangladesh-railway-earns-record-revenue-carrying-freight-at-india-bangladesh-interchange-points/|access-date=23 January 2022|website=NewsOnAIR}}</ref> [[Maitree Express]], the direct international service connecting [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] with the [[Kamalapur railway station|Kamalapur station]] of [[Dhaka]], the capital of [[Bangladesh]], stops at Gede which previously served as an immigration checkpoint before crossing over to Darsana in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Excitement mounts over train link|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7338284.stm|access-date=23 January 2022|website=BBC}}</ref>

[[Gunny bag|Gunny bales]], a major freight export commodity handled in this section, are loaded in [[Titagarh]] and [[Naihati]], two historically important centres for jute mills in the area.<ref name=":142"/> Containers for export are loaded at the Cossipore Road Goods Shed which is connected to the line via the [[Kolkata Circular Railway]].<ref name=":142" /> The major import commodities handled by this line are cement, fertilizer, food grains, containers, POL and coal for thermal power plants.<ref name=":142" /> Transportation and heavy engineering equipment are other major export commodities handled by this line with companies such as [[Electrosteel Castings]], [[Titagarh Wagons]] and [[Texmaco Rail & Engineering]] having sidings along the line.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-01|title=Operative Goods Sheds and Sidings over Eastern Railway as on 01.11.2019|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1574855802354-Actvegood.pdf|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Eastern Railway}}</ref> The primary manufacturing unit of the [[Titagarh Wagons]] company is also located in [[Titagarh]] and has a capacity to produce 4100 wagons per year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rolling Stock Suppliers {{!}} Railway Wagon Manufacturers Italy & India {{!}} Titagarh Wagons|url=https://titagarh.in/service/railway-freight|access-date=2022-02-24|website=titagarh.in|language=en}}</ref>

The Naihati–Bandel branch line connects [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] with the west bank of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] and thus the rest of the country and acts as a transit route for major long-distance trains such as the [[Tirhut Express]], [[Mithilanchal Express]] and [[Purvanchal Express]] bound to and from [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] railway stations.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=IndiaRailInfo - Naihati Junction - Departures|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/naihati-junction-nh/958?tt=6|access-date=25 January 2022|website=IndiaRailInfo}}</ref> The branch line is also served by 38 Daily EMU services between [[Naihati Junction railway station|Naihati]] and [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel junctions]].<ref name=":142"/>

==History==

=== Eastern Bengal Railway ===
{{See also|Eastern Bengal Railway}}
The [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] {{Reporting mark|:EBR}} company was formed in 1857 for the construction and working of a line from [[Calcutta]] to [[Dacca]], with a branch to [[Jessore]].<ref>"Money Market and City Intelligence", ''The Times'', Wednesday, 15 June 1859, #23333, 7a.</ref> The construction of the {{Convert|112|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] line began in 1859 and was completed in stages up to [[Kushtia]] by 1864 but the planned branch to [[Jessore]] was not built.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Administration Report on Railways 1918|url=https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n55mode/1up|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=":4">[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228649/8330.pdf H.M. Government “Statute Law Repeals: Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill; April 2012"; pages 127-8, paragraphs 3.51 - 3.55] Retrieved on 2 Jun 2016</ref>
The Calcutta terminus of the line was initially constructed as a tin roof shed in [[Sealdah]], a neighbourhood of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1862.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|author=R.P. Saxena|title=Indian Railway History timeline|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|archive-date=14 July 2012|access-date=2012-02-10|publisher=[[IRFCA]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1869 the original station building at Sealdah, designed by Walter Granville was built and opened.<ref name="timeline" />

The company also acquired a steam vessel service operating between [[Kushtia]] and [[Dhaka|Dacca]] on the [[Padma River|Padma river]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1871 the line was extended from Poradaha to a new ferry terminal at [[Goalundo|Goalundo Ghat]], about {{Convert|45|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} east of [[Kushtia]] and reducing the river trip to [[Dacca]]. and becoming the [[Main line (railway)|main line]] of the Eastern section of EBR.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=History Of Indian Railways, constructed and in progress', 31 March 1937 by 'The Government of India - Railway Department'|url=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650/2015.36650.India-Railway-Board-History-Of-Indian-Railways-Constructed-And-In-Progress.pdf|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> With the successful construction and opening of the [[Hardinge Bridge]] in 1915 and gauge conversion of the [[Chilahati–Parbatipur–Santahar–Darshana line|Santahar–Parbatipur–Siliguri line]] from 1924 to 1926, the Calcutta–Siliguri broad gauge line was completed and became the main line of the Eastern section of EBR.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

The Eastern Bengal Railway, which operated east of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], was linked with the [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]], which operated west of the river, when [[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]], linking [[Bandel]] and [[Naihati]] was opened in 1887 as part of the Naihati Branch railway of the [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1932 a shorter route to [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Barddhaman]] from [[Sealdah railway station|Calcutta]] was realised through the construction of the [[Calcutta Chord link line]] via the [[Vivekananda Setu|Willingdon Bridge]] (now renamed as Vivekananda Setu) over the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly river]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Vivekananda Setu in Bally|url=https://www.ballyonline.in/city-guide/vivekananda-setu-in-bally|access-date=12 November 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112044417/https://www.ballyonline.in/city-guide/vivekananda-setu-in-bally|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A vivid description of the railway system of the [[Nadia district]], including the Sealdah–Gede line is provided in the Bengal District Gazetteer of 1910 as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|date=1910|title=Bengal District Gazetteers - Nadia|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228155/page/n111/mode/2up|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Internet Archive|page=100}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=J.H.E.Garrett|title=Nadia, Bengal District Gazetteers (1910)|url=http://irfca.org/docs/history/nadia.html|access-date=2012-02-10|publisher=[[IRFCA]]}}</ref><blockquote>"The district is now (1909) very well served with railways. About 170 miles of the Eastern Bengal State Railway, all broad gauge, lie within its borders. The main line from Calcutta to Siliguri passes through the district, roughly from south to north; the distance from Kanchrapara on the southern boundary to Damukdia on the Padma is about 92 miles, and this section has 21 stations. The Lal Gola branch takes off from Ranaghat junction; it passes in a north-westerly direction; the portion within the district is about 48 miles in length, and there are 8 stations upon it. This branch traverses the Kalantar, which is the tract that is most liable to famine in the district and generally contains the lowest stock of food grains. In the 1896-97 famine the supply of food suddenly gave out in this tract, and, in the absence of the railway, which had not then been constructed, the greatest difficulty was experienced in importing enough grain to prevent deaths from starvation. If another famine should unfortunately occur, this line will save the District Officer much of the anxiety which his predecessors had to bear. The central branch of the Eastern Bengal State Railway also takes off from Ranaghat junction; only about nine miles of it (with two stations) lies within the boundaries of the district; it passes in an easterly direction through the Ranaghat subdivision into the Bangaon subdivision of the Jessore district. The Goalundo branch takes off from Poradah"</blockquote>With the establishment of the first jute mill in India, the [[Acland Mill]] in [[Rishra]] in 1855 to having around 38 companies operating 30,685 looms, exporting a billion yards of cloth and over 450 million bags by 1910, the growth of the jute trade and industry around [[Kolkata]] was rapid. As a result, numerous jute mill sidings popped up around the line. By 1939, there were 68,377 looms, concentrated mainly on the areas near the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] like [[Titagarh]], [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]], [[Bauria railway station|Bauria]], [[Kankinara railway station|Kankinara]], [[Naihati]], [[Shyamnagar, West Bengal|Shyamnagar]], [[Jagatdal|Jagaddal]] and [[Budge Budge]] and these mills alone proved able to supply the world demand.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=History of Jute Industry|url=http://www.worldjute.com/about_jute/juthist.html#:~:text=The%20first%20jute%20mill%20was,were%20operating%20with%20950%20looms.|access-date=2022-02-24|website=www.worldjute.com}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=History of Jute industry development|url=https://divulgejute.com/history-of-jute-industry-development/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Divulge Jute|language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Kanchrapara Railway Workshop]] was established by EBR in 1863. It was developed as an integrated shop to carry out periodic repairs and overhauls to steam locomotives, wooden body carriage and wagons.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=History of Kanchrapara Workshop|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,265,446,2053|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Eastern Railway}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 373.|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_379.gif|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>

In 1942, EBR was merged with the [[Assam Bengal Railway]] {{Reporting mark|:ABR}} to form the Bengal and Assam Railway {{Reporting mark|:B&AR}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Railway|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Banglapedia – National Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh}}</ref> In 1947, with the [[partition of India]], B&AR was divided into three parts with the {{Track gauge|5ft 6in}} broad gauge lines in [[West Bengal]] being transferred to the [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]] under the [[Sealdah railway division]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7"/> [[Gede railway station]] became the terminus of the line on the Indian side whereas [[Darshana railway station|Darsana railway station]] became the terminus on the East Pakistani side.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7"/>

The Calcutta terminus was renamed as the [[Sealdah railway station]] post the independence of India in 1947.<ref name="timeline" />

=== Eastern Railway ===
[[File:Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line map.svg|thumb|right|Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line map]]
{{See also|Eastern Railway zone}}On 14 April 1952, with the reorganisation of the various railway zones under [[Indian Railways]], the [[Eastern Railway zone]] was formed with the [[Sealdah railway division|Sealdah division]] coming under its jurisdiction.<ref name=":0" />

With the electrification of the line, starting from 1962, the [[Kanchrapara Railway Workshop]] was remodeled for Periodic Overhauling (POH) of electric locomotives and suburban EMU trains, with the first of such overhauled locomotive & EMU units being turned out at 1965.<ref name=":5" />

Post the partition of India the jute industry suffered a major setback as most of the jute fields for producing raw jute was located in East Pakistan whereas most of the jute mills for processing the raw jute were located near Kolkata in India thus leading to the slow decline of the jute mills of the area.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

Even after partition, two rail services namely the [[East Bengal Express]], from [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] to [[Goalundo Ghat]] and [[East Bengal Mail]] from [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] to [[Parbatipur Junction railway station|Parbatipur Junction]], carrying both freight and passengers continued, with Gede and Darsana serving as custom check points, till 1965 when the services were snapped following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Thapliyal, Sangeeta. "India-Bangladesh Transportation Links: A Move for Closer Cooperation". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-mar9-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001012050222/http://idsa-india.org/an-mar9-8.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 October 2000|access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=India, Bangladesh reintroduce rail link|website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/india-bangladesh-reintroduce-rail-link/article27912008.ece|access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

While freight services were briefly restored for a period of 2 years from 1972 following the [[liberation of Bangladesh]], passenger services were not restored.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":02" />

In 1979, the Chandmari Halt railway station was renamed as the [[Kalyani railway station]] and the Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta branch line was opened for traffic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Railways Budget Speech 1979-80|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1979-80.pdf|access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 13, 2015|title=সামরিক শহরের স্মৃতি নিয়ে বেড়ে উঠেছে কল্যাণী|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nodia-murshidabbad/%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A7%9C-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A0-%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%A3-1.104947|access-date=June 14, 2017|website=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn}}</ref>

To offset the heavy traffic of long-distance trains bound to Sealdah, the Chitpur railway station, a part of the [[Kolkata Circular Railway]], was remodeled and merged with the Ultadanga Road railway station to build the [[Kolkata railway station]]. It was opened for traffic on 30 January 2006.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Railway Stations in Kolkata|url=https://www.trainspread.com/india/stations-in-kolkata/|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Trains Spread}}</ref>

As a result of talks that were held between the Indian and Bangladeshi governments to revive passenger service between the two countries via the Gede–Darsana route since 2001, the [[Maitree Express]] service between [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] and [[Kamalapur railway station|Dhaka]] was started on the occasion of the [[Bengali New Year]] ({{langx|bn|পয়লা বৈশাখ}}) on 14 April 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Report from Dhaka to Kolkata on the first operation day|publisher=BBC News, watching available by Windows Media Player|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/media/avdb/news/world/video/166000/bb/166080_16x9_bb.asx?ad=1&ct=50|access-date=20 April 2008}}</ref>

==Tracks==
The Sealdah–Naihati section of the line is a quadruple line section, the Naihati-Kalyani sections is a triple line section, where as the Naihati–Bandel and Ranaghat–Gede sections are double line sections respectively. The Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta branch line is a single line section. The Kalyani–Ranaghat section is planned to be upgraded to a triple line section.<ref name=":142"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://thestatesman.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=316619&catid=42&show=archive&year=2010&month=1&day=8&Itemid=66 |title = Mamata flags off railway project at Ranaghat | publisher= The Statesman, 8 January 2011| access-date = 2012-02-10 }}</ref>

The Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede track is classified as a C-class track, which is not a speed classification but one used for suburban sections of metropolitan areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHAPTER II MODES OF INVESTIGATION OF RAILWAY PROJECTS|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/EngCode/chapter-ii.htm|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Indian Railways Code for the Engineering Department}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html |title =Permanent Way – Track Classification| publisher=[[IRFCA]] | access-date = 2012-02-10 }}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Sealdah–Ranaghat section of the line was electrified by October 1963. The Bandel–Naihati section was electrified in 1965.<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian|url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802133149/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html|archive-date=2012-08-02|access-date=2012-02-10|publisher=railindia}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification| publisher= [[IRFCA]]| access-date = 2012-02-10 }}</ref> The Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta branch line was electrified right away after construction in 1979–80.<ref name=":9" /> The Ranaghat–Gede section of the line was electrified in 1997-98 beginning EMU services on the line.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railway Electrification|url=http://www.ireeindia.org/RE%20Booklet.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624142745/http://www.ireeindia.org/RE%20Booklet.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2015|access-date=2012-02-10|publisher=ireeindia}}</ref>

== EMU Carshed ==
The Sealdah–Ranaghat section of the line is primarily served by 9-car [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] rakes from the Narkeldanga EMU Carshed.<ref name=":62"/> They are also served with some few 12-car EMU rakes from Ranaghat EMU Carshed especially in the Ranaghat–Gede section.<ref name=":62" />

While the section was initially served by the Narkeldanga EMU carshed which opened on 1963, due to the increasing traffic requirements in the Ranaghat–Gede, [[Ranaghat–Bangaon line|Ranaghat–Bangaon]], [[Lalgola and Gede branch lines|Ranaghat–Shantipur–Krishnanagar City]] and [[Ranaghat–Lalgola line|Ranaghat–Lalgola]] sections the Ranaghat EMU carshed was commissioned in 2007.<ref name=":62" />

As of January 2024, the Narkeldanga carshed had 28 9-car EMU rakes, a few of which served the [[Sealdah South section]] mostly via the [[Kolkata Circular Railway|Circular line]], while rest served the [[Sealdah Main and North section|Sealdah North section]] lines. The Ranaghat EMU carshed, as of January 2022 contains 1 9-car EMU rake, 16 12-car EMU rakes (of which 1 is a 3 phase EMU) and 8 12-car [[MEMU]] rakes. Four of the 12-car MEMU rakes are ICF three phase [[IGBT]] based rakes while the rest are the RCF conventional rakes.<ref name=":62" />

Now conventional and 3 phase Emu rakes of Ranaghat, Barasat and Narkeldanga Carshed served this section.

317** series :- Ranaghat Gede Local (UP and DN)
319** series :- Sealdah Gede Local (UP and DN)

== Routes and stations ==
===Stations===
:''Names in '''bold''' indicate that the station is a major stop or an important interchange/terminal station.''

==== Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede main line ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%;"
! colspan="6" |'''Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede main line'''
|-
! style="max-width:1%;" |#
! style="max-width:1%;" |Distance from Sealdah Main and North (km)
! style="max-width:5%;" |Station Name
! style="max-width:1%;" |Station Code
! style="max-width:1%;" |Connections
![[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|Station Category]]<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Category of stations - Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624521405374-.4%20Category_wise%20Stations%20ZZZ.pdf|access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|1
|0
|'''{{rws|Sealdah|3=Sealdah Main and North}}'''
|SDAH
|[[Sealdah South section]]
|NSG-1
|-
|2
|2
|Kankurgachi Road Junction
|KGK
|[[Kolkata Circular Railway|Circular line]]
|HG-3
|-
|3
|5
|'''{{rws|Bidhannagar Road}}'''
|BNXR
|–
|SG-2
|-
|4
|8
|'''{{rws|Dum Dum Junction}}'''
|DDJ
|[[Sealdah–Bangaon line]] / [[Calcutta Chord link line]] / [[Kolkata Metro Blue Line]] ([[Dum Dum metro station]])
|SG-2
|-
|5
|13
|{{rws|Belgharia}}
|BLH
|–
|SG-2
|-
|6
|15
|{{rws|Agarpara}}
|AGP
|–
|SG-3
|-
|7
|17
|{{rws|Sodpur}}
|SEP
|–
|SG-2
|-
|8
|20
|{{rws|Khardaha}}
|KDH
|–
|SG-2
|-
|9
|22
|{{rws|Titagarh}}
|TGH
|–
|SG-3
|-
|10
|24
|'''{{rws|Barrackpore}}'''
|BP
|–
|SG-2
|-
|11
|26
|{{rws|Palta}}
|PTF
|–
|SG-3
|-
|12
|28
|{{rws|Ichhapur}}
|IP
|–
|SG-3
|-
|13
|31
|'''{{rws|Shyamnagar}}'''
|SNR
|–
|SG-2
|-
|14
|34
|{{rws|Jagaddal}}
|JGDL
|–
|SG-3
|-
|15
|36
|{{rws|Kankinara}}
|KNR
|–
|SG-3
|-
|16
|39
|'''{{rws|Naihati Junction}}'''
|NH
|Naihati–Bandel branch line
|NSG-2
|-
|17
|43
|{{rws|Halisahar}}
|HLR
|Naihati–Bandel branch line
|SG-3
|-
|18
|45
|{{rws|Kanchrapara Workshop Gate}}
|KPAW
|–
|HG-3
|-
|19
|46
|{{rws|Kanchrapara}}
|KPA
|–
|SG-3
|-
|20
|49
|'''{{rws|Kalyani}}'''
|KYI
|Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta branch line
|SG-3
|-
|21
|54
|{{rws|Madanpur}}
|MPJ
|–
|SG-3
|-
|22
|58
|{{rws|Simurali}}
|SMX
|–
|SG-3
|-
|23
|61
|{{rws|Palpara}}
|PXR
|–
|SG-3
|-
|24
|63
|'''{{rws|Chakdaha}}'''
|CDH
|–
|SG-2
|-
|25
|69
|{{rws|Payradanga}}
|PDX
|–
|SG-3
|-
|26
|74
|'''{{rws|Ranaghat Junction}}'''
|RHA
|[[Ranaghat–Bangaon line]] / [[Lalgola and Gede branch lines|Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line]]
|SG-2
|-
|27
|78
|{{rws|Bankim Nagar|3=Bankimnagar Halt}}
|BNKA
|–
|HG-3
|-
|28
|80
|Panchberia Halt
|PNCB
|–
|HG-3
|-
|29
|83
|{{rws|Aranghata}}
|AG
|–
|SG-3
|-
|30
|87
|{{rws|Bahirgachhi Halt}}
|BHGH
|–
|HG-3
|-
|31
|89
|{{rws|Shantinagar Halt}}
|SNTR
|–
|HG-3
|-
|32
|91
|{{rws|Bhayna|3=Bhayna Halt}}
|BHNA
|–
|HG-3
|-
|33
|94
|{{rws|Bagula}}
|BGL
|–
|SG-3
|-
|34
|97
|{{rws|Mayurhat|3=Mayurhat Halt}}
|MYHT
|–
|HG-3
|-
|35
|100
|{{rws|Taraknagar|3=Tarak Nagar Halt}}
|TNX
|–
|HG-3
|-
|36
|106
|{{rws|Majhdia}}
|MIJ
|–
|SG-3
|-
|37
|112
|{{rws|Banpur}}
|BPN
|–
|SG-3
|-
|38
|114
|{{rws|Harish Nagar Halt}}
|HRSR
|–
|HG-3
|-
|39
|117
|'''{{rws|Gede}}'''
|GEDE
|–
|SG-3
|}

==== Naihati–Bandel branch line ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%;"
! colspan="6" |'''Naihati–Bandel branch line'''
|-
! style="max-width:1%;" |#
! style="max-width:1%;" |Distance from Naihati (km)
! style="max-width:5%;" |Station Name
! style="max-width:1%;" |Station Code
! style="max-width:1%;" |Connections
![[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|Station Category]]<ref name=":15" />
|-
|1
|0
|'''{{rws|Naihati Junction}}'''
|NH
|Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede main line
|NSG-2
|-
|2
|3
|{{rws|Garifa}}
|GFAE
|–
|SG-3
|-
|3
|4
|{{rws|Hooghly Ghat}}
|HYG
|–
|SG-3
|-
|4
|8
|'''{{rws|Bandel Junction}}'''
|BDC
|[[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]] / [[Bandel–Katwa line]]
|NSG-3
|}

==== Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta branch line ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%;"
! colspan="6" |'''Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta branch line'''
|-
! style="max-width:1%;" |#
! style="max-width:1%;" |Distance from Kalyani (km)
! style="max-width:5%;" |Station Name
! style="max-width:1%;" |Station Code
! style="max-width:1%;" |Connections
![[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|Station Category]]<ref name=":15" />
|-
|1
|0
|'''{{rws|Kalyani}}'''
|KYI
|Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede main line
|SG-3
|-
|2
|2
|{{rws|Kalyani Silpanchal}}
|KLYS
|–
|SG-3
|-
|3
|4
|{{rws|Kalyani Ghoshpara}}
|KLYG
|–
|SG-3
|-
|4
|7
|'''{{rws|Kalyani Simanta}}'''
|KLYM
|–
|SG-3
|}

== Planned extensions ==
The Aranghata–Duttapulia extension between [[Aranghata]] and [[Duttapulia]] of [[Nadia district]] was proposed in the railway budget of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Advantage Bengal, but others gain too|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/advantage-bengal-but-others-gain-too/|access-date=28 January 2022|website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ONGOING PROJECTS ON NEW LINES, GAUGE CONVERSION AND DOUBLING|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1591266376881-ERSM2020%20-2021%20cor-04.06-Model.pdf|access-date=28 January 2022|website=Indian Express}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Dumdum Junction.jpg|{{rws|Dum Dum Junction}} platform board
File:Naihati Rail Station by Piyal Kundu2.jpg|A suburban EMU train arriving at {{Rws|Naihati Junction}}
File:Ranaghat Junction Railway Station.jpeg|Station Board at {{Rws|Ranaghat Junction}}
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Nadia topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sealdah - Ranaghat line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1862]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]

Ispat Autonomous College, Rourkela

2025-11-19T06:51:25Z

Mere Mentor: rework intro further and fixed typos per standard format

{{unreferenced|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Ispat Autonomous College, Rourkela
| image_name =
| caption = Ispat Autonomous College, Rourkela
| motto = "सत्य मेव जयते"
| motto_lang = or
| mottoeng = "Satya Mevah Jayate"
| established = 6 September 1978, 1980 (as a degree college)
| type = Aided
| student =
| campus = Ved Vihar, Sector-16, Rourkela-769003
| city = [[Rourkela]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Sambalpur University]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.ispatcollegerkl.com/}}
}}

'''Ispat Autonomous College''' is a co-ed educational institute in [[Rourkela]], in the north-west part of Odisha. The courses of the college at the higher secondary level are affiliated to [[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha|CHSE]], Odisha, and under-graduate and post-graduate level courses are offered in affiliation with [[Sambalpur University]], Odisha. It is a private autonomous college recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] and [[Department of Higher Education, Odisha]].

==Departments==
The college runs with three streams, both +2 and +3 level.


===Faculty in Arts===

===Faculty in Commerce===

===Faculty in Science===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Subject !! Honours
|-
| Physical Science || Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics
|-
| Biological Science || Botany, Zoology
|}

==Courses offered==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl. no. !! Course !! Year started !! Type
|-
| 1 || B.A || 1980 || UG
|-
| 2 || B.Com. || 1980 || UG
|-
| 3 || B.Sc. || 1981 || UG
|-
| 4 || BBA || 2009 || UG
|-
| 5 || Skill Oriented || 2009 || -
|-
| 6 || BCA || - || UG
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Rourkela}}
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
{{coord|22.269122|84.843367|display=title}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Autonomous Colleges of Odisha]]
[[Category:Business schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Rourkela]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Orissa]]

Love Story (Indian TV series)

2025-11-17T07:13:05Z

Mere Mentor: redirected

#REDIRECT [[List of programmes broadcast by Sony SAB]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from television program}}
{{R printworthy}}
{{R to list entry}}
}}

Prahlad Rai Agarwala

2025-10-23T06:41:04Z

Mere Mentor: Creating New Entry!

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Prahlad Rai Agarwala
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1938|05|11}}
| birth_place = [[Shekhawati]], [[India]]
| education = [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| organization = Rupa & Company
| known_for = Manufacturing and export of a range of clothing and other products
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] in 2022
| website = {{URL |https://rupa.co.in/ }}
| spouse = Shanti Devi Agarwal
| children = 2 (Ramesh Agarwal, Suresh Agarwal)
}}

'''Prahlad Rai Agarwala''' is an Indian [[businessman]] based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], engaged in the manufacturing and export of a range of clothing and other products including inner wear, casual wear, kids wear, winter wear and footwear.

== Early life and education ==
Agarwala was born in 1938 and the obtained a bachelor's degree in law from [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupa Garments: The Inside Story |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/marwari-power/rupa-garments-the-inside-story/37383/1 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Agarwala founded the "Rupa" brand of knit wear owned by the hosiery company [[Rupa Company]] along with Ghanshyam Prasad Agarwala and Kunj Bihari Agarwal in 1968. It became one of India's largest knitwear brands.<ref name="R2">{{cite web |title=50 years of successful Rupa brand journey |url=https://www.indiantextilemagazine.in/50-years-of-successful-rupa-brand-journey/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.indiantextilemagazine.in/50-years-of-successful-rupa-brand-journey/ |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|website=The Textile Magazine |publisher=The Textile Magazine |access-date=11 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="R3">{{cite news |last1=Samar Srivastava |title=Rupa Garments: The Inside Story |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/marwari-power/rupa-garments-the-inside-story/37383/1 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/marwari-power/rupa-garments-the-inside-story/37383/1 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|access-date=11 February 2022 |publisher=Forbes India |date=18 March 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 1962, Prahlad Rai Agarwala sett up Binod Hosiery, however it proved to be unsuccessful.

== Recognition ==
In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Agarwala for his distinguished service in the field of trade and industry.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "textile business leader, flag bearer of [[Make in India]] running Rupa & Co, one of India's largest clothing manufacturer and exporter".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

He is also the Honorary Consul of Republic of Columbia. In 2011, Agarwala was awarded the lifetime achievement award in the 7th Reid & Taylor awards for retail excellence organized by the Asia Retail Congress.<ref name="R1">{{cite web |title=Board Members: Mr. Prahlad Rai Agarwala |url=https://rupa.co.in/board-members/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://rupa.co.in/board-members/ |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|website=Rupa |publisher=Rupa & Co. Ltd. |access-date=11 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}

[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]

M. M. Nazrul Islam

2025-10-16T18:25:29Z

Mere Mentor: updated page

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = M. M. Nazrul Islam
| constituency_MP1 = Bakerganj-3
| term_start1 = 2 April 1979
| term_end1 = 24 July 1982
| constituency_MP2 = [[Bhola-4]]
| term_start2 = 5 March 1991
| term_end2 = 17 September 1992
| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|10|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = Madrasha Bazar, [[Lord Harding Union]], [[Lalmohan Upazila]], Bhola
| death_date = {{death date and age|1992|09|17|1943|10|16|df=y}}
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| relatives = [[Abdullah Al Islam Jakob]] (son)
}}

'''M. M. Nazrul Islam''' (16 October 1943 – 17 September 1992) was a Bangladeshi academic and politician from [[Bhola District|Bhola]] belonging to the [[Bangladesh Awami League]]. He was elected twice as a member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]]. He was the father of [[Abdullah Al Islam Jakob]].<ref name=a/>

==Biography==
Nazrul Islam was born on 17 October 1943 at Chandpur in [[Lalmohan Upazila|Lamohan]] of [[Bhola District|Bhola]].<ref name=b/> After completing primary, secondary and higher secondary studies he graduated from [[Brojomohun College]] in 1964.<ref name=c/> Later, he received a postgraduate degree in economics from the [[University of Dhaka]] in 1966.<ref name=b/>

Nazrul Islam was a teacher at Kashimpur High School of [[Barisal District|Barisal]] and Dularhat High School of [[Char Fasson Upazila|Char Fasson]].<ref name=c/> Later, he joined Char Fasson T. B. High School as the headmaster of that institution.<ref name=b/> In 1968 he joined [[Charfashion College|Char Fasson College]] as the founding principal of that institution.<ref name=c/> He was an organizer of the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]].<ref name=b/>

Nazrul Islam was elected as a member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] from Bakerganj-3 in 1979.<ref name="1979results">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |title=List of 2nd Parliament Members |website=Jatiya Sangsad |language=bn |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904090815/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> Later, he was elected as a member of the Jatiya Sangsad from [[Bhola-4]] in 1991.<ref name="1991results">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/5th.pdf |title=List of 5th Parliament Members |website=Jatiya Sangsad |language=bn |access-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731123459/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/5th.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

Nazrul Islam died on 17 September 1992 at a hospital in [[Dhaka]] at the age of 48.<ref name=a>{{cite news|url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/সাবেক-এমপি-অধ্যক্ষ-নজরুলের-মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী-আজ/79172|script-title=bn:সাবেক এমপি অধ্যক্ষ নজরুলের মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী আজ|date=17 September 2019|access-date=24 January 2020|website=Ekushey Television|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/news/91265/অধ্যক্ষ-নজরুল-ইসলামের-মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী-আজ
|script-title=bn:অধ্যক্ষ নজরুল ইসলামের মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী আজ
|date=17 September 2018|access-date=24 January 2020|newspaper=Jugantor|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=c>{{cite news|script-title=bn:অধ্যক্ষ নজরুল ইসলামের ২৬তম মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী আজ
|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/news/2018/09/17/681105
|date=17 September 2018|access-date=24 January 2020|newspaper=Kaler Kantho|language=bn}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazrul Islam, M. M.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Lalmohan Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bhola District]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi educators]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Heads of schools in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Brojomohun College alumni]]
[[Category:Academics from Barisal Division]]

{{Barisal-AL-politician-stub}}

List of bands from Goa

2025-10-12T16:19:41Z

Mere Mentor: Added

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
This is a list of musical bands from the region of [[Goa]], which is a prominent musical center in [[South Asia]]. In music, a musical ensemble or '''band''' is a group of musicians that works together to perform music.
[[File:Orquestra Sinfonica de Goa 1952.jpg|thumb|Orquestra Sinfonica de Goa. Founded in 1952.]]
Goa, which sits on the Arabian Sea in southwest [[India]] and is the nation's smallest state, was a territory of [[Portugal]] from 1510 to 1961. While its official language is the [[Konkani language]], until 1961, most [[Goans]] were educated in Portuguese. Today, many Goans are Catholic, speak Portuguese and have Portuguese names. Between the Portuguese colonization and the 19th century influx of the British and other westerners, Goa was the most westernized area of India. It is where western music took root and most of India's jazz musicians came from Goa.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dorin |first1=Stéphane |title=Swingin' India: The Colonial and Postcolonial Diffusion of Jazz in India, May 2012 |url=https://www.cairn-int.info/revue-l-homme-2012-2-page-169.htm |website=cairn-int.info |publisher=Cairn International Edition |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>

Aparupa Mazumder has written that, in 1934, "[[Goan]] musicians formed the Bombay Symphony and in 1947, they formed the [[Bombay Madrigal Singers]] Organization".<ref name="Sakal">{{Cite web|date=20 June 2020|title=Goa's evergreen live music culture: A treat to your ears and mind|url=https://www.sakaltimes.com/lifestyle/goa%E2%80%99s-evergreen-live-music-culture-treat-your-ears-and-mind-52029|access-date=21 September 2020|website=www.sakaltimes.com|language=en}}</ref> She also notes that Goa has "given birth to famous artists" like [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], [[Chic Chocolate]] and [[Lorna Cordeiro|Lorna]] "though many got their break in [[Mumbai]]".<ref name="Sakal" />

Brass bands have also been popular in the region but are now dying out.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Nov 6, 2019|title=Now, Goa's 'dying brass band tradition' on celluloid {{!}} Goa News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/now-goas-dying-brass-band-tradition-on-celluloid/articleshow/71930376.cms|access-date=21 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Benddkaar – The Musician' heralds revival of interest in Goan brass bands|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/%E2%80%98Benddkaar-%E2%80%93-The-Musician%E2%80%99-heralds-revival-of-interest-in-Goan-brass-bands/153489|access-date=21 September 2020|website=oHeraldo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaz|first=Armstrong Augusto|date=22 September 2020|title=Goan brass band playing at a village feast in Cansualim|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ci93RayFI4g|website=YouTube}}</ref>

Following is a list of bands, compiled from various sources, some print<ref name="NT">{{Cite web|date=18 July 2020|title=Striking the right note: Goa's Bands|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/07/19/magazines/panorama/striking-the-right-note-goas-bands/|access-date=21 September 2020|website=The Navhind Times|language=en-US}}</ref> and also online, such as the WhatsApp-based Bands in Goa groups which as of September 2020 link around 200+ musicians connected to [[Goa]]

==Brass band==
* Don Bosco's, Panjim, had school brass band from 1968 onwards, from memory, trained and conducted by Mestre Santana Cota of Mercês. Among the players, Darryl Figueiredo played the trumpet and Ian Figueiredo (then a student) played the saxophone.
* Ultra Brass Sound (Rui Lobo)
* The Rubber Band, headed by A D Deniz, active around 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Musicians of brass (Maria Cabral Fernandes, in Gomantak Times)|url=https://goanet-news.goanet.narkive.com/Izxkfymb/musicians-of-brass-maria-cabral-fernandes-in-gomantak-times|access-date=21 September 2020|website=goanet-news.goanet.narkive.com}}</ref>
* Manovikas High School Brass Band<ref name="Jazz">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Aug 19, 2011|title=Big band comes to Goa {{!}} Goa News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Big-band-comes-to-Goa/articleshow/9654217.cms|access-date=21 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Christian band==
* Band of Priests<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rockin' Fathers {{!}}|url=https://goastreets.com/rockin-fathers/|access-date=22 September 2020|website=goastreets.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Prudent Media Mankam with Band of Priests Part 1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3PbbBzbbCk|access-date=21 September 2020|website=YouTube}}</ref>
* Faith, [[Margao]]-based band<ref name="Gospel">{{Cite web|title=Goa ForGiving {{!}} Art of Giving and Forgiving|url=http://goaforgiving.org/otherprojects/worship.html|access-date=21 September 2020|website=goaforgiving.org}}</ref>
* Olavo Rodrigues, [[Konkani language|Konkani]] Gospel<ref name="Gospel" />
* Shepherd's Voice

== Choir==
* All For Jesus
* Celebration, Since 1991
* Divind Harmony Choral Ensemble
* [[Goa University]] Choir, founded in August 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa University Choir|url=https://choralnation.com/choirs/goa-university-choir/|access-date=21 September 2020|website=ChoralNation|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa University shines at The Global Virtual Choir – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/goa-university-shines-at-the-global-virtual-choir/articleshow/76324900.cms|access-date=21 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> no longer extant
* Goencho Nad directed by Fr. Camilo Xavier.
* Harmonics-Chandorchim Motiam
* Harmonizers, led by Alvaro Pereira (Utorda)
* Heavenly Voices Choir
* Holy Spirit Choir
* Our Lady of Lourdes Choir
* Sanctus
* [[Santa Cecilia Choir]]
* Santa Cruz parish choir. Led by José Santana Cota. Feasts, weddings, funerals
* Seraphic Voices
* [https://weddingsdegoa.com/wdglisting/st-elizabeth-choir-ucassiam/ St Elizabeth Choir Ucassaim]
* God's Love In Harmony, Porvorim


== Cover band==
* A26<ref>{{Cite news|last=Murthy|first=Neeraja|date=15 September 2018|title=Goan spring in your step|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/goan-band-a26-on-bringing-their-irresistible-music-to-hyderabad/article24953653.ece|access-date=21 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A26 : Welcome to the Official Website|url=http://www.a26india.com/index.html|access-date=21 September 2020|website=www.a26india.com}}</ref>
* Alcatrazz
* [https://amazersband.wordpress.com/ Amazers Band] (Margao-Goa)
* Aqua Strings (Panjim)
* Aquatech
* Archies Band (Verna)
* Artwork
* Audacity (Margao)
* Aztecs
* [https://weddingsdegoa.com/wdglisting/band-ambassadors/ Band Ambassadors]
[[File:Pop star Remo Fernandes, at his recording studio in Siolim.jpg|left|thumb|Pop star Remo Fernandes, at his recording studio in Siolim]] * Beat 4 (1960s and 1970s)<ref name="BeatFour">{{Cite web|author=Joseph Zuzarte|date=Apr 25, 2015|title=Calangute attempts an ambitious return to 60s {{!}} Goa News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Calangute-attempts-an-ambitious-return-to-60s/articleshow/47044658.cms|access-date=21 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Beat 4 was led by Remo Fdes, composed of late Alexandre do Rosario, late Caetano Abreau, tony Godinho/Steve Sequeira. Their rivals were Beethovens and later on Brood of Vipers, Scorpions of Africa, etc. for the annual Simla Beat Contest qualifiers.
* Beatovens from South Goa. Dr. Roy Sales Andrade from Margao (now in Brazil) led the band. Among others were late Nobby Noronha from Seraulim and Chris Dias from Navelim.
* Bees
* [[Big Country]] Band (Panjim)
* Billy Rangers
* Billy n De Kids
* Black IN White
* Black Slade
* Bliss
* Blue Note Trio (with [[George Fernandes]], pianist)
* Blue Orange
* Blue Turtle
* Blue Waves
* Boyfriends
* Brood of Vipers<ref name="BeatFour" />
* Brothers in Arms (Taleigao)
* Cascades (Caranzalem)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cascades Band Goa|url=https://www.facebook.com/cascadesbandgoa/|access-date=21 September 2020|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Chocolate Highway
* Civilians
* [https://weddingsdegoa.com/wdglisting/clayjars Clayjars]
* Climax
* Cloudburst
* Cream
* Crusaders
* Crimson Tide (Panjim)
* Crossroads. 1991 to 2001. Margao. Winners of the [[Kala Academy]] All Goa Pop, Rock and Jazz contest first prize in 1993.
* Cyclones
* Deep Red
* Diamonds
* Ebony
* Ecstacy
* Electric Fire (Aldona – Cyril, Elen, Cosme Fernandes), 1989–1994. Performed at FABR and THV (Sinquerim), Colonia Santa Maria (Baga), weddings.
* Emiliano and The Gay Caballeros<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Britto|first1=Nigel|date=May 16, 2015|first2=Jonathan |last2=Rodrigues |title=Emiliano, who serenaded Goa and the world, dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Emiliano-who-serenaded-Goa-and-the-world-dies/articleshow/47302858.cms|access-date=21 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=May 17, 2015|title=Á Deus, Emiliano {{!}} Goa News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/-Deus-Emiliano/articleshow/47313212.cms|access-date=21 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa's beloved Caballero calls it a day on his legendary life|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Goa%E2%80%99s-beloved-Caballero-calls-it-a-day-on-his-legendary-life/88588|access-date=21 September 2020|website=oHeraldo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adeus Emiliano: Goa bids farewell to its minstrel|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Adeus-Emiliano-Goa-bids-farewell-to-its-minstrel/88555|access-date=21 September 2020|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>
* Entertainers, at FABR in 1990
* Excellence
* Fantasy
* Footprints. Aldona. Started in 2019. Marino de Souza and team.
* Forefront (Chapora)
* Funk 49
* Genesis
* Goa Amigos (Dona Paula)
* Gold Dust
* Harmony
* Headlines
* Hard Rock
* Heaven 7
* Heritage Jazz (Campal)<ref name="Jazz" />
* Horizon (Loutolim)
* Human Touch (South Goa)
* Imagination
* Impact
* India (Goa Velha)
* Indiana with Remo, Bondo, Lala and Abel
* Jazz 5, Carlos Monteiro's band (with Avelino, Douglas, Anthony, Caji, Crispin, Tino, Ivo
* Jazz Junction
* Jazz Messengers
* Jazz Quartet
* [https://www.k7bandgoa.com K7 Band Goa]
* Karma
* L'ace (Panjim)
* La Scala
* Lemongrass Acoustic Trio,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lemongrass Acoustic Trio |url=https://lemongrassgoa.com}}</ref> consisting of Joy Dawson on guitar and voice; Anand Lobo on [[mandolin]], [[viola]], [[Cajón|cajon]], and voice; and Malaika de Souza as the lead vocalist
* Legends
* Les Vandals
* Luis & His Melodians
* Lynx (see Link below)
* Limits
* Link (formed by Xisto, Georgie, Ponos. Agusto joined later. There was another bass player before Agusto. Terry was the additional fifth member who joined them just one year before the Oberoi contract. In 1981 Darryl Rodrigues joined the Link and in 1983 Bangdo joined. In 1989, Conny and Miller joined them at Oberoi's after Bangdo and Darryl left. Later Conny, Agusto and Terry formed Lynx with James Rebello and Jude Vaz. Xisto carried on with the Link at Oberoi's. We still have the Lynx uptil now, Sept 2020. The Band of the Sand with Sandy on the lead vocals.)
* Magnum Opus (with Black Michael)
* Manpower
* Mark Revlon The Band*
* Men Machine
* Moderates
* Modulators (Led by Babush)
* Microwave Papudums<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Concert That Rocked Goa – Remo Fernandes|url=https://www.remofernandes.com/2003/05/10/the-concert-that-rocked-goa/|access-date=23 September 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Milestones (Benaulim 1997 - Lead Derick Pereira, Terrence Fernandes, Harish, Julios, Michael Carvalho* )
* Music Company
* Muzik Mann
* New Generation
* New Human Touch, 1986–90
* Nexus
* NH17
* Obligato
* Obsession
* Oramins & Orabeats were Don Bosco Oratory Panjim bands started by Fr. Edward. Oramins had Bondo on drums, Abel on Bass, Darryl Figueredo on Rhythm guitar, Zito Menezes on Lead guitar and Henry Pinheiro on vocals.
* Pirates
* Phoenix
* Pure Magic
* Purple Rain (Ribandar)
* Raagas to Riches
* Radio Serenaders, possibly mid-1950s till 1970s.
* Rainstorm with Diana
* Remo & Bondo
* Ringers, 1950s–1970s, played for weddings, Colva and Margao clubs and radio Emissora de Goa, Carnival, serenading, cabaret dances. Led by Emercio Rodrigues (guitar, violin, vocals) with members Stephen Dias (Bass on [[rabeca]]), Crescencio Dourado (mandolin), Luis Joao Rodrigues (''gumott'', violin, guitar, vocals) and Domingos (guitar). Played Portuguese, Konkani songs, mandos, Spanish, Brazilian numbers, and a few Hindi songs.
* Rocking Beats
* Rolling Beats
* Rome of the East
* Ronnie M in Bombay in the 1980s led by Ronnie Monserrate
* Royal Symphony, Varca, with Dominic
* Rhythm and Blues
* Seby N The Wings
* Shades (Curtorim)
* Santimano Family Band. Parents and eight children. Performed at Panjim gardens, mando festival, Clube Nacional and Clube Vasco da Gama.
* Silk Route
* Silver Lining
* Silver Strings, Margao-based early 1990s
* Silvia and the Beat Route Jam
* Simplicity
* Sixth Sense
* Sky
* Sky High
* Smooth
* Sonia and Fausta
* Sparks
* Spiders
* Square Heads
* Status 4
* Sting (also called The Sting, with August, Alex, Savio, Donny—later Darryl R.)
* Strangers
* Surya, fusion band, at FABR
* Taan-Trikz
* Tidal Wave
* [[Sadu (musician)|The Aryans]]
* The Band
* The Bassman's Band
* The Big City Band
* The Big Country Band
* The Bliss
* The Brood of Vipers
* The Clique
* The Coffee Cats
* The Comets
* The Cream
* The Crest
* The Darts
* The Diamonds
* The Drifters (Errol) Chris Perry's son formed this around 1995 with the Silva Sisters
* The Earth Stage (Fusion) Elvin, Rumian and Cosme Fernandes
* The Forefront
* The Foremost
* The Greensleeves, 1970s
* The Hijackers
* The Jazz Messengers
* The Legends (Saligao)
* The Limits
* The Music Company
* The Musicians
* The New Faces
* The News
* The Oromines
* The Squad
* The Symphony
* The Syndicate
* The Voices
* The Renegades
* The Revelation
* The Trix
* The Usual Suspects<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the originals|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Meet-the-originals/124669|access-date=21 September 2020|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>
* The Valadares Sisters<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lucineprod|date=22 September 2020|title=Zeca Camargo Aqui se Fala Português|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ff8b8Ao-h8#t=213s|website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Folha de S.Paulo – Turismo – As irmãs Valadares – 30/01/2014|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/turismo/149923-as-irmas-valadares.shtml|access-date=21 September 2020|website=Folha online}}</ref> (Ruth, Jacinta, Lucia)
* Three Tale Trio
* Tidal Wave

* Tomorrow's People
* Triad
* [https://www.truebluegoa.com True Blue]
* Typhonns
* Symphony
* The Hijackers<ref name="BeatFour" />
* The Lynx (Chicalim)
* Under The Bridge
* Unfair Dead
* V4
* Vagabonds Cry
* Valentinos
* Vampires
* Ventures
* Victor Shreeves' band
* Vultures, around 1974–76.



* ELEMENTS

== Girl group==
* Casual Encounters, mainly from Moira, circa 1990s.<ref name="Girls">{{Cite web|title=[Goanet] A village, the nineties... and an all-girl band from Goa (FN)|url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg139557.html|access-date=21 September 2020|website=www.mail-archive.com}}</ref>
* Poison Ivy, circa 1990s.<ref name="Girls" />




== Jazz band==
* Blues Power
* Goa Grooves
* Lounge Jazz
* Jazz Goa Trio<ref>{{Cite web|title=[Goanet-News] Goanet Reader: Jazzing it up... (Pamela D'Mello, SoundBox)|url=http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-news-goanet.org/2011-September/010336.html|access-date=21 September 2020|website=lists.goanet.org}}</ref>
* Smoking Chutney
* Latin Connection
* The Bassman's Band
* The Brown Indian Band
* The Suburban Jazz Ensemble




* Three Tale Trio

==One-Man and Duo Bands==
* Clifton One Man Band https://goaweddingdirectory.com/clifton-one-man-band-solo-artist-live-performer-in-goa.php
* Bondo
* Bosco Dsouza (Goan drummer and percussionist)
* Chico Fonseca (Portuguese, Konkani, etc)<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHICO FONSECA- A CHRONICLER OF HISTORY THROUGH FADO|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/CHICO-FONSECA-A-CHRONICLER-OF-HISTORY-THROUGH-FADO/149132|access-date=23 September 2020|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>
* Crossroads
* Danny One Man Band https://weddingsdegoa.com/wdglisting/danny-one-man-band/
* Elvis One Man Band
* Valentinos (duo band), founded in 2000 by Elv
is and Edgar DeSouza, Ribandar.
*Jukebox Duo (Tania and Andre)
* Haydn Dsouza (RETROLICIOUS)
https://instagram.com/music_man_haydn?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=

== Orchestra==
* Goa Choral Symphony<ref>{{Cite web|title=For the love of music|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/For-the-love-of-music/157459|access-date=22 September 2020|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>
* Goa State Symphony Orchestra<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 11, 2002|title=Western classical strikes a chord with Goa's orchestra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Western-classical-strikes-a-chord-with-Goas-orchestra/articleshow/24893306.cms|access-date=22 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* Orquestra Sinfónica de Goa (Goa Symphony Orchestra), first orchestra to be launched in 1952 under the baton of Maestro [[António Fortunato de Figueiredo]].<ref name="PeAntonio">{{Cite web|title=[Goanet] Musicians of another era... Goa in the 20th century (Pe. Antonio DaCosta)|url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg140084.html|access-date=21 September 2020|website=www.mail-archive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardo|first=Susana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLdt7Aga4BkC&dq=Orquestra+Sinf%C3%B3nica+de+Goa&pg=PA132|title=Guerras de Jasmim e Mogarim|date=2 June 2011|publisher=Leya|isbn=978-972-47-4351-6|language=pt}}</ref>
* Panjim Open Philharmonic<ref>{{Cite web|last=fredericknoronha|date=9 November 2009|title=POP — the Panjim Open Philharmonic|url=https://fredericknoronha.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/pop-the-panjim-open-philharmonic/|access-date=21 September 2020|website=FN: The View From My Window|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 April 2012|title=Panjim Open Philharmonic-Concert in the park|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3Q8akVsUzY|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=YouTube}}</ref>
* The Goa Strings Orchestra<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2020|title=The Goa Strings Orchestra: Konkani music arranged by Anthony Calisto Vaz|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yNfk8i3e5Y|website=YouTube}}</ref>






==Early-to-mid 20th century Goan bands==
Following bands were known in the past, but are no longer extant.
* Johnson and His Jolly Boys, from Siolim, prominent all over Goa. Also known as Orquestra Johnson de Siolim and Joãozinho e o seu Conjunto Alegre.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Correia|first=Joaquim|title=A última dança em Goa: música popular nos últimos anos do estado da Índia portuguesa.|publisher=Ideias com História|year=2018|isbn=978-98998201-9-7|location=Lisbon, Portugal|pages=35–37}}</ref><ref name="NT" />
* The Miranda Brothers of Loutulim, charmed audiences in Pangim.<ref name="PeAntonio" />
* Mestre Pedro Fernandes of Ilhas (Tiswaddi), sought after band from 1928.<ref name="PeAntonio" />
* Mestre Caetano Varela Caiado from Merces conducted Banda Municipal de Pangim.<ref name="PeAntonio" />
* Mestre José Santana Cota, from Santa Cruz.<ref name="PeAntonio" />
* Mestre Sebasteão Cota, from Pangim.<ref name="PeAntonio" />
* Mestre Paulo Dias from Divar nicknamed the ''Lotachem Band''.<ref name="PeAntonio" />
* Mestre Manuelinho Menezes, from Divar, and the ''Danddeachem Band''.<ref name="PeAntonio" />
* Merry Makers, Saligao
* Ignatius and his Swinging Boys
* Joe and his Havana Boys
* John Moonlight
* Jolly Brothers of Andrew
* Cuban Boys Serenate

==Goan bands outside Goa==
* AudioCITY (Dubai), July 2019 till mid-2020. First line up: Blythe Rodrigues vocals, guitar. Denzil: vocals keyboards. Anselm: drums. Ryan Simoes: vocals, bass. Rodney: vocals, lead guitar. Second line up: Anselm Noronha on drums; Ryan Simoes on Bass; Denzil on keyboards; Shane on vocals, rhythm; Rodney Vaz on lead guitar. All in Dubai
* Top Ranks (Goan Band in Kuwait)
* Stepping Stones (Goan Band in Kuwait)
* Goans may have had an influence, and indeed a band or two, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A Gomes (perhaps the father of Prof. Alberto Gomes) was a pianist there. Theresinha Gonsalves from my neighbourhood was a pianist in Malaysia for many years.
* Canadian rock band ''Billy Talent'' has Ian D'Sa<ref>{{Cite web|last=Duncan|first=Seymour|date=26 September 2020|title=Rig Tour With Billy Talent's Ian D'sa|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xe1pz6fGHYk|website=YouTube}}</ref> as its lead guitarist. The band from Mississauga, Ontario was formed in 1993 and formerly called ''Pezz''. ''Billy Talent'' has sold over 900,000 physical albums in Canada alone and nearly 3 million albums internationally. It was among the top 10 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada.
* Bombay Music Lovers

==Miscellaneous music initiatives==
* Music Circle

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of bands]]

Satsar Lake

2025-09-24T19:01:50Z

Mere Mentor: started pg - done

{{Short description|Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Satsar Lake
| image = Satsar Lakes.jpg
| alt = View of Satsar Lake
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Satsar lake within Jammu and Kashmir
| location = [[Ganderbal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[India]]
|coords = {{Coord|34.461709|N|74.997935|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
|lake_type = [[Alpine climate|alpine lakes]]
|inflow = Melting of glaciers
|outflow = A stream which flows underground
|area = {{convert|4|km2|abbr=on}} (total area)
|length = {{convert|3.2|km|mi}} (from 1st to 7th)
|width = {{convert|0.9|km|mi}} (width of the valley)
|elevation = {{convert|3610|m|ft}}
|frozen =
}}

The '''Satsar Lake''' , '''Sat Sar''' or '''Sath Sar''' ({{lit|seven lakes}}) consists of a group of seven small [[Alpine climate|alpine]] lakes situated in [[Ganderbal district]] of the [[Kashmir Valley]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref name=satsaar>{{cite web|title=Hidden Lakes of Kashmir|url=http://www.indiantrekking.com/hidden-lakes-of-kashmir.html|publisher=IndianTrekking.com|accessdate=10 July 2012|archive-date=24 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924034518/http://www.indiantrekking.com/hidden-lakes-of-kashmir.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Satsar.jpg|left|thumb|Alpine flowers at Satsar]]
The lakes are situated in a narrow alpine valley stretching from north to south and spread over {{convert|4|km|mi}} distance with a width of {{convert|1|km|mi}}. It also serves a natural mountain pass between [[Tulail Valley]] and [[Sind Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmRqCgAAQBAJ&q=satsar|title=Walking the Himalayas: An adventure of survival and endurance|last=Wood|first=Levison|date=4 January 2016|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=9781473626270|language=en}}</ref>
The lakes of [[Gangabal Lake|Gangabal]] and [[Nundkol]] lie on the opposite side of Zajibal pass ({{convert|4041|m|ft}}). The Satsar Lakes are surrounded by lush green meadows which are home to shepherds during summer and serve as a camping site for tourists. [[Naranag, Jammu and Kashmir|Naranag]] is the nearest settlement and serves as the base camp for trekking to the lake in the summer.<ref name=Satsar>{{cite book|first=Allan|last=Stacey|title=Visiting Kashmir|year=1988|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=9780870525681|page=111}}</ref><ref name=satsar>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Shiv|title=India – A Travel Guide|year=2008|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd|isbn=9788128400674|page=212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA212}}</ref>

The Satsar Lake is mainly fed by melting snow. During the late summer and autumn, two or three lakes usually dry up, depending upon the precipitation. These lakes give rise to a stream which disappears and flows underground, from the sideby glacier a stream originates and flows down southwards and falls into Wangath Nallah through Churnar which is the major right tributary of the [[Sind River]].<ref>{{cite book|title=J & K Yearbook & Who's Who|year=1970|publisher=Rabir Publications|page=486}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
During the winter, the Satsar Lakes are covered by heavy snow. The basin of the lake is surrounded by a sheet of alpine flowers in the summer; the [[geum]], [[blue poppy]], [[potentilla]] and [[gentian]] are relatively common. [[Hedysarum]] flowers are found in late spring throughout the area around the lake.<ref name=sattsar>{{cite web|title=Know your Kashmir|url=http://www.comradeinn.com/kashmir.html|publisher=Comrade Inn|accessdate=10 July 2013|archive-date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708214816/http://www.comradeinn.com/kashmir.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

All seven lakes are stocked with trout, mainly [[brown trout]]. Licensed anglers are permitted to fish in the lakes, although permission has to be obtained from [[Srinagar]] in advance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Angling and Sport Fishing|url=http://www.goadventuresports.com/angling_and_sport_fishing.html|publisher=Go Adventure Sports|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref>

==Access==
The Satsar Lakes are accessible only during the summer; during the winter, the treks are closed because of the heavy snowfall. Satsar can be reached from [[Srinagar]], via a 65 km motorable road which leads through Ganderbal and [[Wayil, Jammu and Kashmir|Wayil]] to the Naranag trekking camp. The alpine meadows of Trunakhul and Badpathri and the lakes of Nundkol and Gangabal lie along the route. An alternate trek starts from Chattergul village, 10 km to the west of Naranag, which leads through the meadows of Mahlish. The lake can also be accessed through [[Bandipora]] and the six-day trekking starting point is Arin. It can also be accessed through [[Gurais]] via [[Tulail]]. Tourists prefer to take the Naranag trek and return via [[Gadsar Lake]], [[Vishansar Lake]] and [[Sonamarg]] or vice versa to cover most alpine lakes of the area.<ref name=satsaar/><ref name=satsar/><ref name="sat sar">{{cite book|last=Kohli|first=M. S.|title=The Himalayas: Playground of the Gods – Trekking, Climbing and Adventures|year=1983|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871078|page=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4knycWWbqgC&pg=PA45}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Kashmir Valley}}

[[Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Geography of Ganderbal district]]

Lalchhanhima Sailo (rabbi)

2025-09-15T09:53:33Z

Mere Mentor: New

{{Short description|Indian Jewish leader (1955–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=January 2011}}
{{Cleanup-reorganize|date=March 2018}}
}}

'''Lalchhanhima Sailo''' (22 November 1955 – 4 April 2007) was the founder<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/caught-between-frontiers/cid/1444066|title=Caught between frontiers|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> of Chhinlung Israel People Convention (CIPC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/mizoram-group-upholds-demand/cid/784939|title=Mizoram group upholds demand|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> and a leader in the [[Bnei Menashe]] community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20070409/630992.html|title=Mizo-Israel leader dies|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054640,00.html|title=Lost Tribe of Israel?|last=Staff|first=TIME|date=1999-09-06|magazine=Time|access-date=2019-09-21|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> in [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. His widow, Lalthlamuani, contested in the [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)#General Election 2019|Lok Sabha Election 2019]] from the [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] as an [[Independent (politician)|Independent]], but lost to [[C. Lalrosanga]] of the [[Mizo National Front]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/16866/Meet-Mizorams-First-Ever-Woman-Candidate-to-Contest-for-Lok-Sabha|title=Meet Mizoram's First Ever Woman Candidate to Contest for Lok Sabha|last=gani|first=abdul|website=The Citizen|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4400957.stm Rabbi backs India's 'lost Jews'] BBC News — 1 April 2005
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811161812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-21/india/27156329_1_blood-samples-bnei-menashe-mizos] DNA test — Are Mizos descendants of the lost tribes
*[https://archive.today/20130702100038/http://portal.bsnl.in/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/hotnews/hotnews40945.html] The chief of the Chhinlung Israel People's Convention (CIPC), Lalchhanhima Sailo, is reiterating a decades-old claim that a section of Mizos are descended from the Bnei Menashe clan, one of the legendary lost tribes
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604003337/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054640,00.html] An aspiring politician and businessman, Lalchhanhima Sailo
*[https://archive.today/20131119021441/http://www.indiarightsonline.com/Sabrang/ethnic3.nsf/4bd19d316ee5cbbae5257713005d02c8/8fcde43656fb8bede5256d5a002fc0d9?OpenDocument] Sailo said that Mizo were the lost tribe of Manasi Ephrain of Israel which crossed the Red Sea in 720 BC. They crossed Gajon river of Afghanistan and entered upper part of Jammu and Kashmir through which they went to China. He claimed that there was historic evidence that their forefather were participated in Great Wall of China and participated war for China emperor She Wang Ti. Later on one group migrated to Japan and one towards western Myanmar. From Myanmar they have settled in Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Bangladesh and Mizoram. Sailo said that during British regime they were called as Chin Kuki Lusai, which was never a part of British India and British Burma but originally they should be called as Chhin Lung Chhuak which mean man came out from cave. He even claimed that Mizo have the song and rituals where it has similar with Hebrew as for example song of crossing Red Sea, Sacrification, Ekhat Adoni etc.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sailo, Lalrin}}
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]

{{Mizoram-politician-stub}}

Project Malabaricus

2025-06-26T15:35:58Z

Mere Mentor: Creating Pg!

{{Short description|Indian Music Band}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| current_members =
| origin = Kerala, India
| years_active = 2017–present
| background = group_or_band
| genre = [[Indian rock]]
| website =
| image = Project_Malabaricus.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = Members (From Left): Ajay Krishnan, Midhun Paul, Vijo Job, [[Sithara Krishnakumar]], Liboy Praisly Kripesh and Srinath Nair
}}

'''Project Malabaricus''' is an Indian [[indian rock]] band from [[Kerala]] formed in 2017 by popular playback singer [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]. The band has been noted for exploring socially and culturally relevant narratives through their music. They have performed at over 250 stages, globally, since their inception. The band's debut indie project Rithu has the distinction to be the first album in [[Malayalam]] mixed in Dolby Atmos.<ref>{{Citation| last = Nagarajan| first = Saraswathy| title = Sithara Krishnakumar's band Project Malabaricus comes up with a song and a campaign for the environment| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sithara-krishnakumars-project-malabaricus-croons-to-save-the-environment/article34230737.ece| access-date = 3 April 2021}}</ref>

==Formation==
Over the years Sithara Krishnakumar has collaborated with various popular musical bands in Kerala as well as collaborated in many stage shows, which include international shows as well. In 2014, she formed a musical band Eastraga, which focuses on a mix of female-oriented songs backed by a team of renowned musicians.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sithara-and-eastraga/article5868934.ece|title=Sithara and Eastraga|website=The Hindu|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> Following a series of successful performances and covers with Eastraga, Sithara formed Project Malabaricus in 2017 with Liboy Praisly Kripesh to explore the horizons her interest in folk and fusion. Project Malabaricus, the 6 member band, is an independent venture that features contemporarised folk and classical songs. Collaborating with popular lyricists in the Malayalam music industry, Project Malabaricus releases originals that also explore various pertinent narratives such as women empowerment, Malabar folklore, environmental conservation, human resilience and cultural diversity. The band debuted with their album ''Rithu'' as ''Music Mojo'' ''Originals''.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==Members==
*[[Sithara Krishnakumar]] – Lead vocalist & founder
*Srinath Nair – Keyboard & vocals
*Liboy Praisly Kripesh – Rhythm guitar & founder
*Ajay Krishnan – Bass guitar
*Vijo Job – Lead guitar
*Midhun Paul – Drums

==Notable Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Lyricist
!Notes
|-
|2017
|Rithu
|B K Harinarayanan
|Music Mojo Original
|-
|2018
|Iniyenthinu
|[[Manu Manjith]]
|Music Mojo Original
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|Arutharuthu
| rowspan="2" |B K Harinarayanan
| rowspan="3" |
Debut Project named ''Rithu''. 
First Songs in Malayalam to be mixed on Dolby Atmos.<ref name="theindianmusicdiaries">{{cite web|url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/sitharas-rock-act-project-malabaricus-releases-ep-rithu-malayalams-first-in-dolby-atmos/|website=theindianmusicdiaries.com|title=Sithara's Rock Act Project Malabaricus, Releases EP 'Rithu', Malayalam's First In Dolby Atmos {{pipe}}|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="onmanorama">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2021/03/20/sithara-krishnakumar-music-video-environment-exploitation.html|website=onmanorama.com|title=Sithara's latest song 'Arutharuthu' is a warning against environmental exploitation|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="manoramaonline">{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/03/20/arutharuthu-song-by-sithara-krishnakumar-and-project-malabaricus.html|title=നല്ല ഭൂമിക്കായി സിത്താരയുടെ പാട്ട്; പ്രേക്ഷകഹൃദയങ്ങളിൽ കയറിക്കൂടി 'അരുതരുത്' {{pipe}} Arutharuthu song by Sithara Krishnakumar and Project Malabaricus|website=manoramaonline.com|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

|-
|Pilleranu<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/singer-sitharas-band-launches-ividam/articleshow/78424754.cms|title=Singer Sithara's band launches 'Ividam' {{pipe}} Malayalam Movie News|website=Times of India|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

|-
|Chaayapattu<ref name="filmibeat">{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/songs/sithara-krishnakumar-s-chayapattu-video-trending-in-social-media-067639.html|title=Sithara Krishnakumar's chayapattu video trending in social media|website=Malayalam Filmibeat|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
|[[Muhsin Parari]]
|-
|2020
|Viswamake
|[[Manu Manjith]]
|
COVID-19 Lock Down Project. Also known as ''Song of Valor''.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/covid-19-sithara-krishnakumar-and-friends-come-up-with-song-of-valor/articleshow/74908182.cms|title=#Covid-19: Sithara Krishnakumar and friends come up with Song of Valor {{pipe}} Malayalam Movie News|website=Times of India|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes3">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/sithara-back-in-recording-studio-with-song-projects/articleshow/76571968.cms|title=Sithara back in recording studio with song projects {{pipe}} Malayalam Movie News|website=Times of India|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="onmanorama2">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2020/04/02/coronavirus-kerala-lockdown-musicians.html|title=Kerala's popular musicians croon to beat coronavirus lockdown blues {{pipe}} Kerala News|website=Onmanorama|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/sithara-krishnakumar-project-malabaricus-new-song-against-corona-covid19-1.4675703|website=mathrubhumi.com|title=ഇപ്പോൾ എന്തിനീ പാട്ടെന്ന ചോദ്യത്തിന് സിത്താരയുടെ മറുപടി ഈ പാട്ടാണ്; പ്രതിരോധമാണ് പ്രതിവിധി, project malabaricus band, sithara krishnakumar, sithara band, sithara new song|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|Kurayunilla
| rowspan="2" |Kabir Ibrahim
| rowspan="2" |
''Thodi'' project
|-
|Paribhavam
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| rowspan="2" |Mohabbat
|Malayalam by B K Harinarayanan
| rowspan="2" |
Bilingual Song<ref name="indiatimes4">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/love-with-pride-without-prejudice-says-sithara-about-her-album-mohabbat/articleshow/101403843.cms|title=Love with pride, without prejudice, says Sithara about her album Mohabbat {{pipe}} Malayalam Movie News|website=Times of India|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="rollingstoneindia">{{cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rsdailymusic-playlist-project-malabaricus-sithara-krishnakumar-vineet-singh-hukmani-g-deep-michael-dias-indie-songs/|website=rollingstoneindia.com|title=New Indian Indie Project Malabaricus, Sithara Krishnakumar, Vineet Singh Hukmani, G-Deep, Michael Dias|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

|-
|Tamil by Sangeeth Ravindran
|-
|Onam Thiruvonam<ref name="businessdigestmagazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdigestmagazine.org/index.php/general/item/4963-eastern-welcomes-onam-with-the-song-onam-thirivonam-nallonam|title=Eastern welcomes Onam with the song Onam, Thirivonam, Nallonam|website=Business Digest|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
|B K Harinarayanan
|-
|2024
|Bhagavathi
|Dr. Sajish M
|
|}

==Notable Shows==
*Dubai Expo 2020<ref name="virtualexpodubai">{{cite web|url=https://virtualexpodubai.com/listen-watch/events/india-sitharas-project-malabaricus-ft-niranj-suresh-and-mithun-jayaraj|title=India: Sithara's Project Malabaricus {{pipe}} World Expo|website=virtualexpodubai.com|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
*Indiegaga Music Festival 2019<ref name="indiegaga">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiegaga.com/sitharasmalabaricus|title=Sithara's Malabaricus|website=Indiegaga|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
*South Side Story music Festival 2022 & 2023<ref name="news18">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/sithara-krishnakumar-on-her-career-my-journey-has-been-rooted-in-my-desire-to-find-my-true-voice-exclusive-8578645.html|title=Sithara Krishnakumar On Her Career: My Journey Has Been Rooted In My Desire To Find My True Voice {{pipe}} Exclusive|website=News18|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
*Kochi Biennale Closing Ceremony 2023<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/three-more-days-for-the-kochi-muziris-biennale-to-close/article66711273.ece|title=Three more days for the Kochi-Muziris Biennale to close|website=The Hindu|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
*High on music - USA, Canada, Australia, Uk, Ireland
*Urdu Festival<ref name="thehindu3">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/six-day-urdu-heritage-festival-opens-today/article29827240.ece|title=Six-day Urdu Heritage Festival opens today|website=The Hindu|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
*International Indie Music Festival Kovalam 2022<ref name="indiatimes5">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kerala-to-host-1st-international-indie-music-festival-from-november-9/articleshow/95277235.cms?from=mdr|title=indie: Kerala to host 1st international Indie music festival from November 9|website=The Economic Times|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="curlytales">{{cite web|url=https://curlytales.com/attend-keralas-first-ever-international-indie-music-festival-at-kovalam-crafts-village-this-november/|website=curlytales.com|title=Attend Kerala's First Ever International Indie Music Festival At Kovalam Crafts Village This November|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Indian folk music groups]]
[[Category:Culture of Kochi]]

Patan Junction railway station

2025-06-17T18:16:16Z

Mere Mentor: Creating Info!

{{short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = '''Patan Railway Station'''
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Patan Junction.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Patan, Gujarat]]
| country = India
| elevation =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.853084|72.131481|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line =[[Mahesana]]-[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] line [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]-[[Bhildi]] line [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] - [[Palanpur]] line (Working)
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 2
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PTN
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ahmedabad}}
}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning (WiFi enabled)
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Patan Junction
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Patan railway station''' is a major railway station in [[Patan district]], [[Gujarat]], India on the Western line of the [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] network.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/patan-ptn-station |title=Patan Railway Station (PTN) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |publisher=[[NDTV]] |location=India |access-date=2018-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|
url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/patan-ptn/6475| title=PTN/Patan| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Patan railway station is 40 km far away from {{stnlnk|Mahesana Junction}}. Patan is well connected by rail to {{stnlnk|Mahesana Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhildi Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/ahmedabad-news/pending-issue-last-six-decades-of-railway-line-in-patan-solved-3043347/| title=Pending issue last six decades of railway line in patan solved, 02-07-2018| website=Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/61| title=Rani ki Vav, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Patan| website=Gujarat Tourism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=PTN| title=PTN:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Ahmedabad| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationTimeTable.jsp?stncode=PTN| title=PTN/Patan| website=Raildrishti}}</ref>

Patan is 108 km from [[Ahmedabad railway station]]. It is also connected by rail to [[Mehsana]], [[Mumbai]], [[Jodhpur]] and [[Okha, India|Okha]]. Work is in progress on Patan and [[Palanpur]] railway sections.

== Trains ==

The following trains halt at Patan railway station in both directions:

* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Bandra Terminus Express (via Bhildi)]]
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Sabarmati Intercity Express]]
* Patan Mehsana Junction Passenger
* [[Sabarmati–Patan DEMU]]
* Patan–Ahmedabad Passenger
* Mumbai Dadar–Bhagat Ki Kothi Festival Special
* Dadar–Bikaner Festival Special
* [[Bhavnagar Terminus-Haridwar Express]]
* 12997/98 [[Bandra Terminus - Barmer Humsafar Express (12997/98)|Bandra Terminus - Barmer Humsafar Express]]
* 21901/02 [[Bandra Terminus - Barmer Humsafar Express (21901/02)|Bandra Terminus - Barmer Humsafar Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Patan district]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad railway division]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Ponnur Malai Jain temple

2025-05-24T16:43:09Z

Mere Mentor: Creating New Place!

{{short description|Jain temple in the state of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| image = File:PONNUR MALAI JAIN TEMPLE (cropped).jpg
| alt = Ponnur Malai Jain temple
| caption = Ponnur Malai Jain temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|30|05.8|N|79|31|26.9|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = Ponnur Hills, [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Rishabhanatha]]
| established =
| creator =
| governing_body =
| materials =
| temple_quantity =
| architecture_style =
}}
'''Ponnur Malai Jain temple''' is an ancient [[Jain]] pilgrimage center located in Ponnur Hills in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] in India.

== History ==
Ponnur Hill marks the place of birth for [[Acharya (Jainism)|Jain Acharya]] [[Kundakunda]].{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=72}} According to [[Jainism|Jain]] beliefs, he visited Videha Kshetra and ascended to [[Heaven]] from here.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== Temple ==
The temple enshrines an idol of [[Rishabhanatha]] inside the [[Mandapa|mukhya-mandapa]].{{sfn|Nandi|1973|p=155}} An idol of Jwalamalini was installed inside the temple in 1733 CE. The temple is noted for the worship of the [[tutelary deity]] [[Jwalamalini]], who is popular among devotees.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1988|p=315}}{{sfn|Umamaheshwari|2018|p=198}}{{sfn|Nandi|1973|p=155}} On Sundays, there is a tradition of carrying the image of Jwalamalini to the shrine of Helacharya, the originator of Jwalamalini [[Tantra#Jainism and other religions|tantric]] practices, in [[Nilgiri Mountains]].{{sfn|Reddy|1979|p=498}}{{sfn|Settar|1969|p=310}}

The temple houses the footprints, which are annually anointed.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=72}}{{sfn|Jain|2023|p=85}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Ponnur Hills - Visagacharya Tabo Boomi.jpg|Idol of Kundakunda
File:Ponnur Hills - Visagacharya Tabo Nilayam Temple.jpg|Rishabhanatha
File:Ponnur Hils.jpg|Entrance
</gallery>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf | author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=The Cult of Draupadi, Mythologies: From Gingee to Kuruksetra | volume=1 |url={{Google books|kAjvBBzI_2sC|page=315|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=1988 |isbn=9780226340463 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Pankaj |title=Modern Jainism: A Historical Approach |url={{Google books|e1LKEAAAQBAJ|page=85|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |date=2023 |isbn=9789819924851 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt | last2=Bruhn | first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=72|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Nandi |first=Ramendra Nath Nandi |title=Religious Institutions and Cults in the Deccan, C. A.D. 600-A.D. 1000 |url={{Google books|7HRgstuWe6EC|page=155|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=1973 |isbn=9780842605649 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Reddy | first=A. R. Ramachandra | title=Bangaramma Of Alaganipadu | journal=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=40 | year=1979 | pages=496–500 | jstor=44141991 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44141991 | access-date=4 August 2023 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Settar | first=S. | author-link=Shadakshari Settar | title=The Cult of Jvālāmālinī and the Earliest Images of Jvālā and Śyāma | journal=[[Artibus Asiae]] | volume=31 | issue=4 | year=1969 | pages=309–20 | jstor=3249339 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249339 | doi=10.2307/3249339 | access-date=4 August 2023 | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Umamaheshwari |first=R. |title=Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation | volume=2 | series=Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures |url={{Google books|TRxJDwAAQBAJ|page=198|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |date=2018 |isbn=9788132237563 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commonscatinline|Ponnur Hills}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Jain temples and tirthas]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hills of Tamil Nadu]]

{{Jainism-stub}}

Christian ashram movement

2025-04-17T01:40:56Z

Mere Mentor: added some data w/ sources

{{Short description|Religious movement in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

The '''Christian ashram movement''' is a movement within Christianity in India that embraces [[Vedanta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ecerkva.com/articles/religions/1259-exploring-the-harmonious-convergence-of-christian-vedanta|title=Exploring the Harmonious Convergence of Christian Vedanta|website=[[Ecerkva]]|accessdate=2023-09-03}}</ref> and the teachings of the East, attempting to combine the Christian faith with the Hindu [[ashram]] model and [[Christian monasticism]] with the Hindu ''[[sannyasa]]'' tradition.

==Origin and spread==
The "father" of the Christian ashram movement was 17th-century Italian [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] priest [[Roberto de Nobili]], a Christian missionary to India who decided to overcome the cultural obstacles to his mission by adopting the various forms of a Hindu ''sannyāsi''.{{sfn|Trapnell|2001|p=219}}{{sfn|Coward|Goa|2004|p=87}} He was followed in this – more than two centuries later – by [[Brahmabandhab Upadhyay]], who was not a foreign missionary but an Indian [[Bengal]]i [[Brahmin]] who converted to [[Catholicism]]. His writings publicized several ideas in the movement, including the identification of the [[Satcitananda|Saccidananda]] with the Christian [[Holy Trinity]],{{sfn|Trapnell|2001|p=220}}{{sfn|Coward|Goa|2004|p=87}} an identification coined by [[Keshub Chandra Sen]] in 1882.{{sfn|Collins|2007|p=83–84}} He also founded an ashram, [[Kasthalic Matha]], although it did not last long.{{sfn|Trapnell|2001|p=220}}{{sfn|Coward|Goa|2004|p=87}}

In the footsteps of Upadhyay and Sen (second half of the 20th century) came French [[Catholic Priest|priest]] [[Jules Monchanin]] (who was later to adopt the name Parma Arupi Anananda), and French [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] monk [[Abhishiktananda|Henri le Saux]] (who was later to adopt the name Abhishiktananda), the co-founders of [[Saccidananda Ashram]] (also called Shantivanam), an ashram founded in 1950 at [[Tannirpalli]] in [[Tiruchirapalli District]] and still surviving into the 21st century.{{sfn|Trapnell|2001|p=220}}{{sfn|Coward|Goa|2004|p=87}} Upadhyay was also an influence upon [[Bede Griffiths]],{{sfn|Trapnell|2001|p=220}} who co-founded [[Kurisumala Ashram]] with Belgian [[Trappist]] [[Francis Acharya|Francis Mahieu]] and who took over leadership of Saccidananda Ashram after Monchanin's death and le Saux's decision to leave for his hermitage in the Himalayas.{{sfn|Coward|Goa|2004|p=87–88}}

In the late seventeenth, early eighteenth, century, P. [[Charles François Dolu]] and Jean-Venance Bouchet designed Catholic ceremonies that integrated Hindu traditions. Bouchet became a noted scholar of Hinduism and adopted Hindu dress, ascetic practices, and vegetarianism.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Many other Christian ashrams now exist in India. By 2004, there were at least 50 of them, including: Saccidananda Ashram (aforementioned), [[Kurisumala Ashram]] (aforementioned), [[Ernest Forrester Paton#Christukula Ashram|Christukula Ashram]] (located in [[Tiruppattur, Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]] and also founded by [[Ernest Forrester Paton]] and S. Jesudasan, but by [[Anglicans]] rather than Roman Catholics, in the 1930s), [[Christa Prema Seva Ashram]] (located in [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]] (near [[Pune]]) and founded in 1927 by Anglican John "Jack" Winslow), [[Jyotiniketan Ashram]] (in [[Bareilly]]), and Christi Panti Ashram (in [[Varanasi]]).{{sfn|Oldmeadow|2004|p=234–235}}{{sfn|Bryant|2003|p=60}}{{sfn|von Brück|Rajashekar|1999|p=551}} Other ashrams founded by the movement include [[Sat Tal Ashram]] (founded by Methodist [[E. Stanley Jones]]) and Nava Jeeva Ashram, Founded by Pradhan Acharya John Thannickal in Bangalore.{{sfn|Bryant|2003|p=60}}{{sfn|Melton|2005|p=50}}

Whilst Saccidananda and others were founded by Catholics, with some 80 Catholic ashrams existing by 2005, Christa Prema Seva and Christukula were the first two of the (surviving) Protestant ashrams.{{sfn|Coward|Goa|2004|p=87}}{{sfn|Melton|2005|p=50}} Backed by the experience of a multisecular [[Christian monasticism|monastic tradition]] the Catholic ashrams have proven more successful than the Protestant. In addition to their greater number, the continuance of Saccidananda Ashram under Bede Griffiths contrasts strikingly with the problems that Protestant ashrams have had under second-generation leadership, as exemplified by the faltering of Christa Prema Seva Ashram (and indeed by the Protestant ashram founded in 1917 by [[N. V. Tilak]] at [[Satra]], possibly the very first Protestant ashram, which collapsed upon his death in 1919). [[Stanley Samartha]] reported in 1980 that the movement had "almost dried up".{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=56}}{{sfn|Collins|2007|p=79}}

==Conflicts==
The movement has not been without interreligious friction. Although there was [[Interreligious dialogue|dialogue]] between [[Hinduism]] and Christianity in general in the 1960s, this broke down as few were willing to engage in common meditation or social work practice.{{sfn|von Brück|Rajashekar|1999|p=551}} The Christian ashram movement, specifically, came under attack from some factions of Hinduism, as can be witnessed from a series of letters exchanged between Bede Griffiths and [[Swami Devananda]] – more on which can be found in ''Catholic Ashrams'' {{harv|Goel|1988}}.{{sfn|Oldmeadow|2004|p=235}} Such criticism from (some) Hindus has been severe; but criticism has also been levelled from the Christian side, where conservative groups within the Catholic Church have regarded the Hindu influences upon Christian ashrams with some suspicion. The view of Indians as a whole appears to be that the Christian ashram movement is mainly "for foreigners"; however the view remains that the movement, at least the Catholic side, will continue in existence and provide (in the words of one commentator quoted by [[George Soares-Prabhu]] in 1994) "an important point of contact for dialogue with Hinduism".{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=56–57}}

{{Citation needed span|text=Griffiths hoped to restore Christianity to what he considered its roots where meditation and direct experience of God was emphasized, as with the [[Desert Fathers]]. Proponents consider this spiritual wisdom to be found in the [[New Testament]], but believe that has been de-emphasised throughout much of Christian history.|date=December 2010}}

{{Citation needed span|text=While never losing sight of the fact that Jesus is the way to [[salvation]], in the movement the idea (from the [[New Testament]]) that "the [[Kingdom of God]] is within [''or'' among] you" (Luke 17:21) is married to the Hindu concept of the [[Atman (Hinduism)|atman]]. By allying Christianity with mysticism, the movement seeks to ground [[faith]] in direct experience and wisdom arising from the mystical experience of [[Nondualism (spirituality)|nonduality]] and thus allow Christianity to return to being a more inwardly-directed religion.|date=December 2010}}

The [[Second Vatican Council]], in its Declaration on Non-Christian Religions, said that "the Church rejects nothing that is true and holy in these religions".{{sfn|Elnes|2004}} In Christian sannyasa, Hindu holy texts such as the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]] are considered to be gifts from God.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} Brother John Martin Sahajananda summarizes this Roman Catholic teaching as, "All the sacred scriptures are a gift of God to humanity."{{sfn|Sahajananda|2009}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite encyclopaedia|
encyclopedia=The encyclopedia of Christianity|
volume=2|
editor1-first=Erwin|editor1-last=Fahlbusch|
editor2-first=Geoffrey William|editor2-last=Bromiley|
article=Hinduism and Christianity|
first1=Michael|last1=von Brück|
first2=J. Paul|last2=Rajashekar|
publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|
year=1999|
isbn=978-90-04-11695-5}}
* {{cite encyclopaedia|
encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of community: from the village to the virtual world|
article=ashrams|
first=M. Darrol|last=Bryant|
volume=1|
editor1-first=Karen|editor1-last=Christensen|
editor2-first=David|editor2-last=Levinson|
edition=2nd|
publisher=SAGE|
year=2003|
isbn=978-0-7619-2598-9}}
* {{cite book|
title=Christian inculturation in India|
series=Liturgy, worship, and society|
first=Paul M.|last=Collins|
publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|
year=2007|
isbn=978-0-7546-6076-7}}
* {{cite book|
title=Mantra: hearing the divine in India and America|
author-first1=Harold G. |author-last1=Coward| authorlink1=Harold Coward|
author-first2=David J.|author-last2=Goa|
edition=2nd|
publisher=Columbia University Press|
year=2004|
isbn=978-0-231-12961-9}}
* {{cite web|
url=http://www.scucc.com/sabbatical/days53-55.cfm|
title=June 25–27, Days 53–55: Shantivanam Ashram|
work=Eric's Sabbatical Journal|
first=Eric|
last=Elnes|
publisher=Scottsdale Congregational United Church of Christ|
year=2004|
access-date=5 March 2010|
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022815/http://www.scucc.com/sabbatical/days53-55.cfm|
archive-date=16 July 2011|
url-status=dead}}
* {{cite encyclopaedia|
encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Protestantism|
article=ashrams, Christian|
editor1-first=J. Gordon|editor1-last=Melton|
publisher=Infobase Publishing|
year=2005|
isbn=978-0-8160-5456-5}}
* {{cite book|
title=Journeys East: 20th century Western encounters with Eastern religious traditions|
series=The library of perennial philosophy|
first=Harry|last=Oldmeadow|
publisher=World Wisdom, Inc.|
year=2004|
isbn=978-0-941532-57-0}}
* {{cite book|
title=Christians meeting Hindus: an analysis and theological critique of the Hindu-Christian encounter in India|
chapter=Ashrams and Interreligious centres|
first=Bob|last=Robinson|
publisher=OCMS|
year=2004|
isbn=978-1-870345-39-2}}
* {{cite journal|
title=Guidelines for Interreligious Dialogue|
first=John Martin|
last=Sahajananda|
issue=Bulletin 82|
date=January 2009|
url=http://monasticdialog.com./a.php?id=878|
journal=Monastic Interreligious Dialogue|
url-status=dead|
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219060836/http://monasticdialog.com/a.php?id=878|
archive-date=19 December 2010}}
* {{cite book|
title=Bede Griffiths: a life in dialogue|
series=SUNY series in religious studies|
first=Judson B.|last=Trapnell|
publisher=SUNY Press|
year=2001|
isbn=978-0-7914-4871-7}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite book|
first=Sita Ram|last=Goel|author-link=Sita Ram Goel|
year=1988|
title=[[Catholic Ashrams]]: Adopting and Adapting Hindu Dharma|
location=New Delhi|publisher=Voice of India}}
* {{cite book|
title=Bede Griffiths: an introduction to his interspiritual thought|
first=Wayne|last=Teasdale|author-link=Wayne Teasdale|
publisher=SkyLight Paths Publishing|
year=2003|
isbn=978-1-893361-77-5}}
* {{cite book|
title=Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern|
volume=2|
chapter=Indian Christian Spirituality; The Christian Ashram Movement|
first=J.|last=Valiamangalam|
pages=520–523|
editor1-first=K. R.|editor1-last=Sundararajan|
editor2-first=Bithika|editor2-last=Mukerji|
publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|
year=2003|
isbn=978-81-208-1937-5}}
* {{cite book|
title=The Guru in Indian Catholicism: Ambiguity Or Opportunity of Inculturation|
volume=6|
series=Louvain Theological and Pastoral Monographs|
first=Catherine|last=Cornille|author-link=Catherine Cornille|
publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|
year=1992|
isbn=978-0-8028-0566-9}}
* {{cite book|
title=Christian ashrams: a new religious movement in contemporary India|
volume=20|
series=Studies in religion and society|
first=Helen|
last=Ralston|
location=Lewiston, NY|
publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|
year=1987|
isbn=978-0-88946-854-2|
url-access=registration|
url=https://archive.org/details/christianashrams00rals}}
* {{cite book|
title=Christian ashrams: a movement with a future?|
editor1-first=Vandana|editor1-last=Mataji|
publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|
year=1993|
isbn=978-81-7214-130-1}}

[[Category:Christian ashram movement| ]]

Khan Pur Dhani

2025-03-29T18:05:47Z

Mere Mentor: Made some post initial version.

{{Orphan|date=January 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khan Pur Dhani
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = Delhi
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North East Delhi|North East]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,994
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/63974-khan-pur-dhani-delhi.html|title=Census 2011, Khan Pur Dhani town Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khan Pur Dhani''' is a [[census town]] in [[North East Delhi|North East district]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|territory]] of Delhi.<ref name=censusindia>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.co.in/towns/khan-pur-dhani-population-north-east-delhi-63974 | title=Khan Pur Dhani town | publisher=censusindia.co.in | accessdate=3 November 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North East Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

A. Lakshmisagar

2025-03-21T22:33:28Z

Mere Mentor: new - done

{{Short description|Former Karnataka minister}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Lakshmisagar
| office = Minister of Law & Parliamentary Affairs [[Government of Karnataka]]
| birth_name = Chikkakondappa
| birth_date = 8 December 1927
| birth_place = Lakshmisagar, near Varalakonda, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|09|12|1927|12|08}}
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Chickpet Assembly constituency]]
| term_start2 = 1978
| term_end2 = 1989
| office3 = Corporator
| constituency3 = [[Chickpet Assembly constituency]]
| term_start3 = 1972
| term_end3 = 1975
| office4 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start4 = 1996
| term_end4 = 2002
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha Member]]
| term_start5 = 2007
| term_end5 =
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| education = Law degree
| portfolio = Law and Parliamentary Affairs, Housing, Revenue and Public Grievances, and Urban Development
| profession = Advocate and professor of law
| minister =
}}
'''A. Lakshmisagar''' was an Indian politician, advocate, and professor of law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-01 |title=Will complete my term, says Siddaramaiah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/will-complete-my-term-says-siddaramaiah/article8545472.ece |access-date=2024-07-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Janata Party]] and served as the [[Minister (government)|Law Minister]] in the [[First Hegde ministry|Ramakrishna Hegde cabinet]]. He also served as a [[Councillor|corporator]] from 1972 to 1975. He was elected three times consecutively as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Chickpet Assembly constituency|Chikpet constituency]] in 1978, 1983 and 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chickpet Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.oneindia.com/chickpet-assembly-elections-ka-169/ |website=One India}}</ref> During his career, he held multiple portfolios including Law and Parliamentary Affairs, Housing, Revenue and Public Grievances, and Urban Development. He once served as the Chief Minister's representative (acting Chief Minister) when [[Ramakrishna Hegde|Ramakrishna]] went on an official trip abroad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-12 |title=ಪ್ರೊ.ಎ.ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀಸಾಗರ್: ಅಪ್ಪಟ ಗಾಂಧೀವಾದಿ, ರಾಜಕಾರಣದ ಸ |url=https://cknewsnow.com/2021/09/12/a-lakshmisagar-pro-a-lakshmisagar-former-minister-janata-dal-jds-varalakonda-gudibande-chikkaballapura-karnataka-india-politics/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=cknewsnow |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2021-09-12 |title=ಪ್ರೊ.ಎ.ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀಸಾಗರ್: ಅಪ್ಪಟ ಗಾಂಧೀವಾದಿ, ರಾಜಕಾರಣದ ಸ |url=https://cknewsnow.com/2021/09/12/a-lakshmisagar-pro-a-lakshmisagar-former-minister-janata-dal-jds-varalakonda-gudibande-chikkaballapura-karnataka-india-politics/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=cknewsnow |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Lakshmisagar was born on 8 December 1927, in [[Lakshmisagar]] village near [[Varalakonda]]. His original name was Chikkakondappa, which was later changed to Lakshmisagar after the village's name. He finished his primary education in Varalakonda and [[Beachaganahalli]] and then went to [[Bangalore]] for higher and legal education. While still in college, he started working part-time jobs to cover his education and living expenses. He also tutored children and used that money to pay for his studies. He obtained a law degree from Bangalore and later started working as a lecturer.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Lakshmisagar began his political career in the 1970s and was elected as a Bangalore City Municipal Councilor from the Chikkapet ward. He later contested elections from Chikkapet in 1978,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-29 |title=Why Bengaluru politicos fail to reach CM's gaddi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/why-bengaluru-politicos-fail-to-reach-cms-gaddi/articleshow/62688234.cms |access-date=2024-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 1983, and 1985 and was elected as an MLA for three consecutive terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chickpet Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/chickpet.html |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> He also served as the [[Leader of the Opposition|opposition leader]] in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from 1982 to 1983 during [[Gundu Rao ministry|Gundu Rao's government]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw1DAAAAYAAJ&q=%22A.+Lakshmisagar%22+died |title=Janata |date=1983 |language=en}}</ref> He was also a member of the [[State legislative councils of India|Vidhan Parishad]] from 1996 to 2002.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Lakshmisagar died on 12 September 2008 at the state-run [[Bowring Hospital]] in Bangalore at the age of 80 after a cardiac arrest. Lakshmisagar was a bachelor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K'taka: Ex- Minister Laskhmisagar passes away |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/09/12/former-ktaka-minister-lakshmisagar-passes-away-1221214382.html |website=One India}}</ref> During his political tenure, he established government schools in Varalakonda and Somenahalli with his special grant in 2007 when he was a [[Rajya Sabha]] member. In recognition of his contributions, a statue in his honor was erected on the school campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=ಮಾಜಿ ಸಚಿವ ಪ್ರೊ ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀಸಾಗರ್‌ ಪುತ್ಥಳಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಭಗ್ |url=https://cknewsnow.com/2021/10/08/a-lakshmisagar-pro-a-lakshmisagar-former-minister-janata-dal-jds-varalakonda-gudibande-chikkaballapura-karnataka/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=cknewsnow |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmisagar, A.}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]

National Highway 561A (India)

2025-02-28T17:22:41Z

Mere Mentor: adjust lead further and fixed typos

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 561A
| length_km = 301
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q56242298|title=National Highway 561A|zoom = 7 |frame-lat=17.99|frame-long=75.23 |text= Map of National Highway '''561A''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = [[Ahmednagar]]
| terminus_b = [[Bijapur]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 61
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 61 
| next_route = 52 
| states = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 561A''', commonly referred to as '''NH 561A''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173465.pdf|title=New national highways notifications dated Jan, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=23 Aug 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=23 Aug 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 61 (India)|National Highway 61]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=23 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-561A traverses the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] in India.

== Route ==

[[Ahmednagar]], Mirajgaon, Karmala, Jeur, Tembhurni, [[Karkamb]], Pandharpur, Mangalwedha, Umadi, Balgaon [[Bijapur]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/174498.pdf|title=National highways substitution notification.|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=23 Aug 2018}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|61|country=IND}} and {{jct|NH|561|country=IND}} Terminal near Ahmednagar.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|65|country=IND}} near Tembhurni.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|965|country=IND}} and {{jct|NH|965C|country=IND}} near Pandharpur.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|166|country=IND}} near Mangalwedha.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} Terminal near Bijapur.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/6857261 NH 561A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH61 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Ajaz Ahmed Jan

2025-02-19T21:19:40Z

Mere Mentor: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Shah Mohammad Tantray]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Ajaz Ahmed Jan''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Poonch Haveli, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Ajaz Ahmed Jan wins Poonch Haveli with 41807 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/poonch-haveli-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612968-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=NC's Ajaz Ahmed Jan Wins Against BJP's Ghani In Jammu And Kashmir's Poonch Haveli Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/poonch-haveli-election-result-2024-live-update-9077474.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Ajaz Ahmed Jan was first elected to legislative assembly in 2009 assembly elections. He lost 2014 assembly elections to Shah Mohammad Tantary of JKPDP. His father Ghulam Mohammad Jan had also represented Poonch Haveli constituency twice from 1996 to 2008.

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||42.72%||Choudhary Abdul Ghani||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||21.39%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Lost}}||20.96%||Shah Mohammed Tantray||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||25.57%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||39.62%||Chaudhary Bashir Ahmed Naaz||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25.71%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jan, Ajaz Ahmed}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:People from Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Majhraut (Ahir)

2024-10-04T10:57:05Z

Mere Mentor: redirected

#REDIRECT [[Ahir clans#Majhraut]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Historicity of the Ramayana

2024-06-17T08:55:50Z

Mere Mentor: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ramayana#Dating]]

[[Category:Historicity of religion]]