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B. Ravicoumar

2026-05-07T09:31:54Z

MercedesPeachey: put up info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = B. Ravicoumar
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]]
| predecessor = [[R. Siva]]
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[All India N. R. Congress]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''B. Ravicoumar''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[All India N. R. Congress]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]] constituency in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=B.Ravicoumar(All India N.R. Congress):Constituency- VILLIANUR(PUDUCHERRY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=130 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=B. RAVICOUMAR |url=https://pyinfo.in/candidates/b-ravicoumar/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Pondicherry Information Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=B.Ravicoumar, VILLIANUR constituency, AINRC, Puducherry Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Puducherry2026/b-ravicoumar-130/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravicoumar, B.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:All India NR Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2026–2031]]

Asalem Jarigindi

2026-04-28T19:07:39Z

MercedesPeachey: put up new details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Asalem Jarigindi
| image = Asalem Jarigindi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = NVR
| writer = Vasu (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Myneni Neelima Choudary King Johnson Koyyada
| starring =[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] [[Sanchita Padukone]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = NVR
| editing = Maddali Kishore
| music = Yelandhar Mahaveer (songs) S. Chinna (score)
| studio = Exodus Media
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|10|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Asalem Jarigindi''''' ({{Translation|What really happened?}}) is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language suspense thriller film directed by NVR and starring [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] and [[Sanchita Padukone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/asalem-jarigindhi-movie-trailer/0205/121061323|title=‘అసలేం జరిగిందో’ తెలుసుకోవాలనుందా|website=[[Eenadu]]|language=te|access-date=2023-11-26|archive-date=2023-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126003223/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/asalem-jarigindhi-movie-trailer/0205/121061323|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/telugu-news-success-Celebrations-Of-Asalem-Jarigindi/0201/121220056|title=Asalem Jarigindi: ఊహించని విజయమిది|language=te|website=[[Eenadu]]|access-date=2023-11-26|archive-date=2023-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126003147/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/telugu-news-success-Celebrations-Of-Asalem-Jarigindi/0201/121220056|url-status=live}}</ref>
The film was released on 22 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/asalem-jarigindi-starring-sriram-sanchita-padukone-to-release-on-october-22/c23c9ea5d3406|title=Asalem Jarigindi, starring Sriram, Sanchita Padukone, to release on October 22|website=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]]|date=21 October 2021|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126003149/https://www.ottplay.com/news/asalem-jarigindi-starring-sriram-sanchita-padukone-to-release-on-october-22/c23c9ea5d3406|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A woman leaves food inside a forest as part of a ritual and a mysterious man is seen eating the food.

Shiva, a veterinarian, arrives at a village for a free medical camp. Shiva and Kanna decide to stay in Shiva's friend's house till the medical camp ends. Shiva falls in love with his friend's sister. Shiva fights off some guys to save his friend while buying local liquor. The mysterious man digs a grave in the grave yard and a young man commits suicide. The mysterious man has sex with a young girl while she is asleep. The next day, a priest asks the young girl's family to leave the house to prevent a death.

Shiva's friend is Mahesh, Sarala is Mahesh's mother who runs a shop and chit fund business and Priya is Mahesh's sister. Priya's father is in a coma.

Many villagers including Kanna and a police officer die after drinking the local liquor which was poisoned. On a new moon night, Sarala leaves food inside a forest as part of a ritual and the mysterious man eats the food but Sarala can't see the mysterious man. Sarala runs in fear and falls to her death. Shiva consoles Priya. The villagers, who deposited money in Sarala's chit fund, demand their money back. Sarala's spirit informs Priya about the place where Sarala hid the money. Priya finds and gives the money back to the villagers. The mysterious man arrives and touches Priya but no one can see the mysterious man. The villagers discuss the recent deaths with a priest and the priest tells the villagers about similar events that happened 20 years ago.

In a flashback, Ramesh along with his friends disrespects a group of dancers. On a new moon night, another priest kills one of the dancers while leads to his wife committing suicide leaving her child alone.

At present, the priest asks the villagers to perform a ritual on a new moon night. The mysterious man arrives at Priya's house and chases Priya through the streets tackling the villagers. The mysterious man attacks Shiva and tries to take Priya but the mysterious man accidentally catches on fire. The mysterious man kills Ramesh.

The next day, the priest explains to the villagers about Karkotakan who was the other priest from the flashback. The child who was left alone in the flashback is revealed to be the mysterious man. The child had witnessed his parents' death and later killed Karkotakan. The child studied black magic using Karkotakan's book through which the child gained invisibility. The priest explains a way to see and kill the mysterious man. Based on the information from the priest, Shiva acquires Naga Dandam and the power to see the mysterious man. While Shiva fights the mysterious man, the invisibility wears off and the villagers are able to see the mysterious man. Shiva kills the mysterious man using the Naga Dandam.

== Cast ==
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] as Shiva
*[[Sanchita Padukone]]
*Ravi Kumar
*Chandu Koduri as Mahesh
*Karunya Chowdary

== Production ==
The film is based on real incidents that happened in Telangana during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/aslem-jarigindi-movie/|title=‘అసలేం జరిగింది!?’ ఈ నెల 22న తెలుస్తుంది!|date=11 October 2021|work=[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012073110/https://ntvtelugu.com/aslem-jarigindi-movie/|archive-date=12 October 2021|language=te}}</ref> The film began production in February of 2019 and was shot in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Telangana]] villages using a [[List of Red Digital Cinema cameras|MONSTRO 8K VV camera]]. The film was sixty percent complete in March of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/asalem-jarigindi-movie-updates-1165768|title=ఏం జరిగింది?|date=3 March 2019|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|language=te|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126071858/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/asalem-jarigindi-movie-updates-1165768|url-status=live}}</ref> Shooting finished in April of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/asalem-jarigindi-the-sriram-sanchita-padukone-starrer-goes-on-floors/articleshow/68020341.cms|title=‘Asalem Jarigindi’: The Sriram-Sanchita Padukone starrer goes on floors|date=16 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126003638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/asalem-jarigindi-the-sriram-sanchita-padukone-starrer-goes-on-floors/articleshow/68020341.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/asalem-jarigindi-the-sriram-sanchita-padukone-starrer-shoot-wraps-up/articleshow/68794590.cms|title='Asalem Jarigindi’: The Sriram-Sanchita Padukone starrer shoot wraps up|date=9 April 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126003146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/asalem-jarigindi-the-sriram-sanchita-padukone-starrer-shoot-wraps-up/articleshow/68794590.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sriram-talk-about-asalem-jarigindi-movie-1405761|title=అవ‌కాశాలొస్తే త‌ప్ప‌కుండా తెలుగు సినిమాలు చేస్తా: శ్రీరామ్‌|date=21 October 2021|language=te|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218173005/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sriram-talk-about-asalem-jarigindi-movie-1405761|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers were contemplating an OTT release in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/asalem-jarigindi-movie-to-release-in-ott/articleshow/76966419.cms|title=ఓటీటీలోకి ‘అసలేం జరిగింది?’.. తెలంగాణలో జ‌రిగిన య‌దార్థ సంఘ‌ట‌న‌లతో..!|website=[[The Times of India|Samayam Telugu]]|language=te|date=14 July 2020|first=Varaprasad|last=M.|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126065538/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/asalem-jarigindi-movie-to-release-in-ott/articleshow/76966419.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by Yelandhar Mahaveer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/asalem-jarigindi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1516799816|title=Asalem Jarigindi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2020}}</ref> The music was released under the [[Aditya Music]] label.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vennela Chirunavvayi
| length1 = 4:03
| lyrics1 = Chirauri Vijaykumar
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title2 = Mammaare Kallu
| length2 = 3:31
| lyrics2 = Chirauri Vijaykumar
| extra2 = Ramky
| title3 = Ninnu Choodakunda
| length3 = 4:01
| lyrics3 = Challa Bhagyalakshmi
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| title4 = Akkada Ikkada Ekkadayina
| length4 = 3:30
| lyrics4 = Chirauri Vijaykumar
| extra4 = Barghavi Pillai, Shivapriya
| title5 = Ningiloni Chandamaama
| length5 = 4:47
| lyrics5 = Venkatesh
| extra5 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| total_length = 19:52
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14053010}}
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Surya Siddhanta

2026-04-21T16:56:40Z

MercedesPeachey: added new page

{{short description|Sanskrit text on Indian astronomy}}
{{italic title}}

[[File:1st verse of the 1st chapter of the Surya Siddhanta Hindu astronomy, 1847 Sanskrit manuscript edition.jpg|thumb|Verse 1.1 (prayer to [[Brahman]])]]
The '''''Surya Siddhanta''''' ({{IAST3|Sūrya Siddhānta}}; {{Literal translation|Sun Treatise}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] treatise in [[Indian astronomy]], attributed to '''Lāṭadeva''',<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7 |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |date=2014 |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=978-1-4419-9916-0 |editor-last=Hockey |editor-first=Thomas |location=New York, NY |pages=1283 |language=en |chapter=Latadeva |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7 |bibcode=2014bea..book.....H |s2cid=242158697 |editor-last2=Trimble |editor-first2=Virginia |editor-last3=Williams |editor-first3=Thomas R. |editor-last4=Bracher |editor-first4=Katherine |editor-last5=Jarrell |editor-first5=Richard A. |editor-last6=Marché |editor-first6=Jordan D. |editor-last7=Palmeri |editor-first7=JoAnn |editor-last8=Green |editor-first8=Daniel W. E.}}</ref> a student of [[Aryabhata|Aryabhatta I]], and dated to somewhere between the end of the 4th and 9th centuries, and comprises fourteen chapters.<ref name=britsuryasiddhan>[[Menso Folkerts]], Craig G. Fraser, [[Jeremy John Gray]], John L. Berggren, [[Wilbur R. Knorr]] (2017), [https://www.britannica.com/topic/mathematics Mathematics], Encyclopaedia Britannica, Quote: "(...) its Hindu inventors as discoverers of things more ingenious than those of the Greeks. Earlier, in the late 4th or early 5th century, the anonymous Hindu author of an astronomical handbook, the ''Surya Siddhanta'', had tabulated the sine function (...)"</ref><ref name="Bowman2005p596"/><ref name=burgess/><ref name="Markanday551–561"/><ref name="Plofker2009p71-72">Plofker, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DHvThPNp9yMC&pg=PA71 pp. 71–72].</ref> The ''Surya Siddhanta'' describes the author's rules, within a [[Geocentrism|geocentric model]], to calculate the motions of the [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]], along with his estimate of their diameters, and the circumference of their assumed circular [[orbit]]s around the Earth.<ref name="Thompson2007p76" /><ref name="montgomery104" /> The text is known from a {{Nowrap|15th-century CE}} [[palm-leaf manuscript]], and several newer [[manuscripts]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Thompson|first=Richard L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC|title=The Cosmology of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa: Mysteries of the Sacred Universe|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2007|isbn=978-81-208-1919-1|pages=15–18|language=en}}</ref> It was composed or revised probably c. 800 CE from an earlier text also called the ''Surya Siddhanta''.<ref name="Plofker2009p71-72" /> The ''Surya Siddhanta'' text is composed of verses made up of two lines, each broken into two halves, or ''pãds'', of eight syllables each.<ref name=burgess/>

The second verse of the first chapter of the ''Surya Siddhanta'' attributes the words to an emissary of the [[solar deity]] of [[Hindu mythology|Hindu god]], [[Surya]], as recounted to an ''[[asura]]'' called [[Mayasura|Maya]] at the end of [[Satya Yuga]], the first golden age from Hindu texts, around two million years ago.<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Gangooly|1989|p=ix (Introduction)|ps=: Calculated date of 2163102 B.C. for "the end of the Golden Age (Krta yuga)" mentioned in Surya Siddhanta 1.57.}}

The text asserts, according to Markanday and Srivatsava, that the Earth is of a spherical shape.<ref name="Markanday551–561">{{cite book | last1=Markanday | first1=Sucharit | last2=Srivastava | first2=P. S. | title=Oceanography: The Past | chapter=Physical Oceanography in India: An Historical Sketch | publisher=Springer New York | year=1980 | isbn=978-1-4613-8092-4 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-8090-0_50 | pages=551–561}}, Quote: "According to Surya Siddhanta the earth is a sphere."</ref> It treats Earth as stationary globe around which then Sun and other planets orbit, and makes no mention of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard L. Thompson|title=Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oi64rTVwNMC|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1954-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9oi64rTVwNMC&pg=PA10 10]}}</ref> The calculations uses [[Yojana]], a unit estimated as between 8 – 15 km. Though astronomical dimensions had already been estimated with more accuracy by ancient Greek astronomers such as [[On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)|Aristarchus]] (c. 310–230 BCE) and [[Eratosthenes]] (c. 276–194 BCE), ''Surya Siddhanta'' calculated the Earth's diameter to be 1,600 Yojana (12,800 - 24,000 km, the known measure being 12,756 km),<ref name="Thompson2007p76" /> the diameter of the [[Moon]] as 480 Yojana (3,840 - 7,200 km, the known measure being 3,475 km), the diameter of the [[Sun]] as 6,500 Yojana (52,000 - 97,509 km, the known measure being ~ 1,392,000 km)<ref name="Thompson2007p76" /> and the [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|distance between the Moon and the Earth]] to be 51,600 Yojana<ref name="Thompson2007p76">{{cite book|author=Richard L. Thompson|title=The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&pg=PA76 |year=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1919-1|pages=16, 76–77, 285–294}}</ref> (412,800 - 774,000 km, the known elliptical range being {{convert|221500-252700|miles|km|abbr=off}}.<ref name="millimeter challenge">{{cite journal|last1=Murphy|first1=T W|date=1 July 2013|title=Lunar laser ranging: the millimeter challenge|url=http://physics.ucsd.edu/~tmurphy/papers/rop-llr.pdf|journal=Reports on Progress in Physics|volume=76|issue=7|page=2|arxiv=1309.6294|bibcode=2013RPPh...76g6901M|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/076901|pmid=23764926|s2cid=15744316}}</ref> The text is known for some of the earliest known discussions of fractions and [[trigonometric functions]].<ref name="britsuryasiddhan"/><ref name="Bowman2005p596">{{cite book|author=John Bowman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA596|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|page=596}}, Quote: "c. 350-400: The Surya Siddhanta, an Indian work on astronomy, now uses sexagesimal fractions. It includes references to trigonometric functions. The work is revised during succeeding centuries, taking its final form in the tenth century."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Evans|title=The Development of Mathematics Throughout the Centuries: A Brief History in a Cultural Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CPwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT60 |year= 2014|publisher= Wiley|isbn= 978-1-118-85397-9|page=60}}</ref>

The ''Surya Siddhanta'' is one of several astronomy-related Hindu texts. It represents a functional system that made reasonably accurate predictions.<ref name="pingree2292">David Pingree (1963), Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran, Isis, Volume 54, Part 2, No. 176, pages 229-235 with footnotes</ref><ref name="duke5632">{{cite journal|last=Duke|first=Dennis|year=2005|title=The Equant in India: The Mathematical Basis of Ancient Indian Planetary Models|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|publisher=Springer Nature|volume=59|issue=6|pages=563–576|doi=10.1007/s00407-005-0096-y|bibcode=2005AHES...59..563D|s2cid=120416134}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Pingree | first=David | title=On the Greek Origin of the Indian Planetary Model Employing a Double Epicycle | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=2 | issue=2 | year=1971 | doi=10.1177/002182867100200202 | pages=80–85| bibcode=1971JHA.....2...80P | s2cid=118053453 }}</ref> The text was influential on the [[Solar Year|solar year]] computations of the luni-solar [[Hindu calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA89 89]}}, Quote: "The solar calendar is based on the Surya Siddhanta, a text of around 400 CE."</ref> The text was translated into [[Arabic]] and was influential in medieval [[Islamic geography]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Canavas|first=Constantin|title=Geography and Cartography|date=2014|url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/154649/1/Optics%20and%20Optical%20Theories.pdf|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199812578.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-981257-8|access-date=2020-07-19}}</ref> The Surya Siddhanta has the largest number of commentators among all the astronomical texts written in India. It includes information about the mean orbital parameters of the planets, such as the number of mean revolutions per ''[[Yuga Cycle|Mahayuga]],'' the longitudinal changes of the orbits, and also includes supporting evidence and calculation methods.<ref name=burgess/>

==Textual history==
{{further|Jyotisha}}
In a work called the ''[[Pancha-siddhantika|Pañca-siddhāntikā]]'' composed in the sixth century by [[Varāhamihira]], five astronomical treatises are named and summarised: ''[[Paulisa Siddhanta|Paulīśa-siddhānta]]'', ''[[Romaka Siddhanta|Romaka-siddhānta]]'', ''[[Vasishtha Siddhanta|Vasiṣṭha-siddhānta]]'', ''Sūrya-siddhānta'', and ''Paitāmaha-siddhānta''.{{rp|50}} Most scholars place the surviving version of the text variously from the 4th century to the 5th century CE.<ref name="Bowman2005p5962">{{cite book|author=John Bowman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA596|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|page=596}}, Quote: "c. 350-400: The Surya Siddhanta, an Indian work on astronomy, now uses sexagesimal fractions. It includes references to trigonometric functions. The work is revised during succeeding centuries, taking its final form in the tenth century."</ref><ref name="BoyerMerzbach2011p1882">{{cite book|author1=Carl B. Boyer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bR9HAAAAQBAJ|title=A History of Mathematics|author2=Uta C. Merzbach|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-63056-3|page=188|author2-link=Uta Merzbach}}</ref>

According to John Bowman, the version of the text existed between 350 and 400 CE wherein it referenced fractions and trigonometric functions, but the text was a living document and revised through about the 10th century.<ref name="Bowman2005p5962" /> One of the evidence for the ''Surya Siddhanta'' being a living text is the work of medieval Indian scholar [[Utpala (astronomer)|Utpala]], who cites and then quotes ten verses from a version of ''Surya Siddhanta'', but these ten verses are not found in any surviving manuscripts of the text.<ref>Romesh Chunder Dutt, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CS8QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA208 A History of Civilization in Ancient India, Based on Sanscrit Literature]'', vol. 3, {{ISBN|0-543-92939-6}} p. 208.</ref> According to [[Kim Plofker]], large portions of the more ancient ''Sūrya-siddhānta'' was incorporated into the ''Panca siddhantika'' text, and a new version of the ''Surya Siddhanta'' was likely revised and probably composed around 800 CE.<ref name="Plofker2009p71-72"/> Some scholars refer to ''Panca siddhantika'' as the old ''Surya Siddhanta'' and date it to 505 CE.<ref name="Selin2008p10352">{{cite book|author=George Abraham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|publisher=Springer Science|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2|editor=Helaine Selin|pages=1035–1037, 1806, 1937–1938}}</ref>

=== Vedic influence ===
The ''Surya Siddhanta'' is a text on astronomy and time keeping, an idea that appears much earlier as the field of [[Jyotisha]] ([[Vedanga]]) of the Vedic period. The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious dates and times for Vedic rituals.<ref name="jameslochtefeldsca3262">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 326–327</ref> [[Vedic sacrifice]]s state that the ancient Vedic texts describe four measures of time – ''savana'', solar, lunar and sidereal, as well as twenty seven constellations using ''Taras'' (stars).<ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8cFAAAAQAAJ|title=On Ancient Hindu Astronomy and Chronology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1862|pages=37–60 with footnotes|bibcode = 1862ahac.book.....M|author-link=Max Müller}}</ref> According to mathematician and classicist [[David Pingree]], in the Hindu text ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (~1000 BCE or older) the idea already appears of twenty eight constellations and movement of astronomical bodies.<ref name="pingree2292" />

According to Pingree, the influence may have flowed the other way initially, then flowed into India after the arrival of [[Darius the Great|Darius]] and the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]] about 500 BCE. The mathematics and devices for time keeping mentioned in these ancient Sanskrit texts, proposes Pingree, such as the water clock may also have thereafter arrived in India from Mesopotamia. However, Yukio Ôhashi considers this proposal as incorrect,{{Sfn|Yukio Ôhashi|1999|pp=719–721}} suggesting instead that the Vedic timekeeping efforts, for forecasting appropriate time for rituals, must have begun much earlier and the influence may have flowed from India to Mesopotamia.{{Sfn|Yukio Ôhashi|1993|pp=185–251}} Ôhashi states that it is incorrect to assume that the number of civil days in a year equal 365 in both Indian (Hindu) and Egyptian–Persian year.{{Sfn|Yukio Ôhashi|1999|pp=719–720}} Further, adds Ôhashi, the Mesopotamian formula is different than Indian formula for calculating time, each can only work for their respective latitude, and either would make major errors in predicting time and calendar in the other region.<ref>{{cite book|author=Yukio Ôhashi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8X0iCQAAQBAJ|title=History of Oriental Astronomy|publisher=Springer Science|year=2013|isbn=978-94-015-9862-0|editor=S.M. Ansari|pages=75–82}}</ref>

Kim Plofker states that while a flow of timekeeping ideas from either side is plausible, each may have instead developed independently, because the loan-words typically seen when ideas migrate are missing on both sides as far as words for various time intervals and techniques.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DHvThPNp9yMC&pg=PA41 41–42]}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarma|first=Nataraja|year=2000|title=Diffusion of astronomy in the ancient world|journal=Endeavour|publisher=Elsevier|volume=24|issue=4|pages=157–164|doi=10.1016/s0160-9327(00)01327-2|pmid=11196987}}</ref>

=== Greek influence ===
It is hypothesized that contacts between the ancient Indian scholarly tradition and [[Hellenistic Greece]] via the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] after the [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]], specifically regarding the work of [[Hipparchus]] (2nd-century BCE), explain some similarities between ''Surya Siddhanta'' and [[Ancient Greek astronomy#Hellenistic astronomy|Greek astronomy]] in the [[Hellenistic period]]. For example, ''Surya Siddhanta'' provides table of [[sine]]s function which parallel the Hipparchian table of [[Chord (geometry)|chords]], though the Indian calculations are more accurate and detailed.<ref name="p. 1862">"There are many evident indications of a direct contact of Hindu astronomy with Hellenistic tradition, e.g. the use of epicycles or the use of tables of chords which were transformed by the Hindus into tables of sines. The same mixture of elliptic arcs and declination circles is found with Hipparchus and in the early Siddhantas (note: [...] In the Surya Siddhanta, the zodiacal signs are used in similar fashion to denote arcs on any great circle." Otto Neugebauer, ''The Exact Sciences in Antiquity'', vol. 9 of Acta historica scientiarum naturalium et medicinalium, Courier Dover Publications, 1969, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JVhTtVA2zr8C&pg=PA186 p. 186].</ref> According to Alan Cromer, the Greek influence most likely arrived in India by about 100 BCE.<ref name="p. 111">"The table must be of Greek origin, though written in the Indian number system and in Indian units. It was probably calculated around 100 B.C. by an Indian mathematicisn familiar with the work of Hipparchus." Alan Cromer, ''Uncommon Sense : The Heretical Nature of Science'', Oxford University Press, 1993, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8cT2C87tb-sC&pg=PA111 p. 111].</ref> The Indians adopted the Hipparchus system, according to Cromer, and it remained that simpler system rather than those made by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century.<ref>"The epicyclic model in the ''Siddnahta Surya'' is much simpler than Ptolemy's and supports the hypothesis that the Indians learned the original system of Hipparchus when they had contact with the West." Alan Cromer, ''Uncommon Sense : The Heretical Nature of Science'', Oxford University Press, 1993, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8cT2C87tb-sC&pg=PA111 p. 111].</ref>

The influence of Greek ideas on early medieval era Indian astronomical theories, particularly zodiac symbols ([[astrology]]), is broadly accepted by the Western scholars.<ref name="p. 1862"/> According to Pingree, the 2nd-century CE cave inscriptions of [[Nasik]] mention sun, moon and five planets in the same order as found in [[Babylon]], but "there is no hint, however, that the Indian had learned a method of computing planetary positions in this period".<ref name="pingree234">David Pingree (1963), Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran, Isis, Volume 54, Part 2, No. 176, pages 233-238 with footnotes</ref> In the 2nd-century CE, a scholar named Yavanesvara translated a Greek astrological text, and another unknown individual translated a second Greek text into Sanskrit. Thereafter started the diffusion of Greek and Babylonian ideas on astronomy and astrology into India.<ref name="pingree234" /> The other evidence of European influential on the Indian thought is ''Romaka Siddhanta'', a title of one of the Siddhanta texts contemporary to ''Surya Siddhanta'', a name that betrays its origin and probably was derived from a translation of a European text by Indian scholars in [[Ujjain]], then the capital of an influential central Indian large kingdom.<ref name="pingree234" />

According to mathematician and historian of measurement John Roche, the astronomical and mathematical methods developed by Greeks related arcs to chords of spherical trigonometry.<ref name="Roche1998p482">{{cite book|author=John J. Roche|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiQOqS-Q6EkC&pg=PA48|title=The Mathematics of Measurement: A Critical History|publisher=Springer Science|year=1998|isbn=978-0-387-91581-4|page=48}}</ref> The Indian mathematical astronomers, in their texts such as the ''Surya Siddhanta,'' developed other linear measures of angles, made their calculations differently, "introduced the versine, which is the difference between the radius and cosine, and discovered various trigonometrical identities".<ref name="Roche1998p482" /> For instance "where the Greeks had adopted 60 relative units for the radius, and 360 for circumference", the Indians chose 3,438 units and 60x360 for the circumference thereby calculating the "ratio of circumference to diameter [pi, π] of about 3.1414".<ref name="Roche1998p482" />
The ''Surya Siddhanta'' was one of the two books in Sanskrit that were translated into Arabic in the later half of the eighth century during the reign of Abbasid caliph [[Al-Mansur]].
{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

== Importance in history of science ==
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style=" background: transparent; "
|+Astronomical calculations: Estimated time per sidereal revolution{{r|burgess|pages=26–27}}
| width="60px" |Planet
| width="200px" style="background: #ffad66;" |''Surya Siddhanta''
| width="200px" |[[Ptolemy]]
| width="200px" |20th-century
|- style="text-align: center;"
|Mangala (Mars)
|686 days, 23 hours, 56 mins, 23.5 secs
|686 days, 23 hours, 31 mins, 56.1 secs
|686 days, 23 hours, 30 mins, 41.4 secs
|- style="text-align: center;"
|Budha (Mercury)
|87 days, 23 hours, 16 mins, 22.3 secs
|87 days, 23 hours, 16 mins, 42.9 secs
|87 days, 23 hours, 15 mins, 43.9 secs
|- style="text-align: center;"
|Bṛhaspati (Jupiter)
|4,332 days, 7 hours, 41 mins, 44.4 secs
|4,332 days, 18 hours, 9 mins, 10.5 secs
|4,332 days, 14 hours, 2 mins, 8.6 secs
|- style="text-align: center;"
|Shukra (Venus)
|224 days, 16 hours, 45 mins, 56.2 secs
|224 days, 16 hours, 51 mins, 56.8 secs
|224 days, 16 hours, 49 mins, 8.0 secs
|- style="text-align: center;"
|Shani (Saturn)
|10,765 days, 18 hours, 33 mins, 13.6 secs
|10,758 days, 17 hours, 48 mins, 14.9 secs
|10,759 days, 5 hours, 16 mins, 32.2 secs
|}

The tradition of Hellenistic astronomy ended in the West after [[Late Antiquity]]. According to Cromer, the ''Surya Siddhanta'' and other Indian texts reflect the primitive state of Greek science, nevertheless played an important part in the [[history of science]], through its translation in Arabic and stimulating the Arabic sciences.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-24|title=Surya Siddhanta the basis of space studies, says Governor|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/surya-siddhanta-the-basis-of-space-studies-says-governor/article30644090.ece|access-date=2021-09-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>Alan Cromer (1993), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8cT2C87tb-sC Uncommon Sense : The Heretical Nature of Science]'', Oxford University Press, pp. 111-112.</ref> According to a study by Dennis Duke that compares Greek models with Indian models based on the oldest Indian manuscripts such as the ''Surya Siddhanta'' with fully described models, the Greek influence on Indian astronomy is strongly likely to be pre-[[Ptolemy|Ptolemaic]].<ref name="duke5632"/>

The ''Surya Siddhanta'' was one of the two books in Sanskrit translated into Arabic in the later half of the eighth century during the reign of Abbasid caliph [[Al-Mansur]]. According to Muzaffar Iqbal, this translation and that of Aryabhatta was of considerable influence on geographic, astronomy and related Islamic scholarship.<ref name="Muzaffar Iqbal 2007 36–38">{{cite book|author=Muzaffar Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KVAmUrZ_bcC&pg=PA36|title=Science and Islam|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-33576-1|pages=36–38}}</ref>

==Contents==
[[File:Surya Siddhantha Mean Motion of Planets.ogv|thumb|The mean (circular) motion of planets according to the ''Surya Siddhantha''.]]
[[File:Surya Siddhantha True Position of Mercury.ogv|thumb|The variation of the true position of Mercury around its mean position according to the ''Surya Siddhantha''.]]
The contents of the ''Surya Siddhanta'' is written in [[classical Indian poetry]] tradition, where complex ideas are expressed lyrically with a rhyming meter in the form of a terse ''[[shloka]]''.<ref name="Gittleman1975p104"/> This method of expressing and sharing knowledge made it easier to remember, recall, transmit and preserve knowledge. However, this method also meant secondary rules of interpretation, because numbers don't have rhyming synonyms. The creative approach adopted in the ''Surya Siddhanta'' was to use [[Symbolic language (literature)|symbolic language]] with double meanings. For example, instead of one, the text uses a word that means moon because there is one moon. To the skilled reader, the word moon means the number one.<ref name="Gittleman1975p104">{{cite book|author=Arthur Gittleman|title=History of mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtbuAAAAMAAJ| year=1975| publisher=Merrill| isbn=978-0-675-08784-1|pages=104–105}}</ref> The entire table of trigonometric functions, sine tables, steps to calculate complex orbits, predict eclipses and keep time are thus provided by the text in a poetic form. This cryptic approach offers greater flexibility for poetic construction.<ref name="Gittleman1975p104"/><ref name="Mercier2004p53">{{cite book|author=Raymond Mercier|title=Studies on the Transmission of Medieval Mathematical Astronomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UW7vAAAAMAAJ |year=2004|publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-86078-949-9|page=53}}</ref>

The ''Surya Siddhanta'' thus consists of cryptic rules in Sanskrit verse. It is a compendium of astronomy that is easier to remember, transmit and use as reference or aid for the experienced, but does not aim to offer commentary, explanation or proof.<ref name="BoyerMerzbach2011p1882"/> The text has 14 chapters and 500 shlokas. It is one of the eighteen astronomical [[siddhanta]] (treatises), but thirteen of the eighteen are believed to be lost to history. The ''Surya Siddhanta'' text has survived since the ancient times, has been the best known and the most referred astronomical text in the Indian tradition.<ref name=montgomery104>{{cite book|author1=Scott L. Montgomery|author2=Alok Kumar|title=A History of Science in World Cultures: Voices of Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkLeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-43906-6|pages=104–105}}</ref>

The fourteen chapters of the ''Surya Siddhanta'' are as follows, per the much cited Burgess translation:<ref name="Markanday551–561"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Enrique A. González-Velasco|title=Journey through Mathematics: Creative Episodes in Its History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sTd4qJgOmsC&pg=PA28 |year=2011|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-0-387-92154-9|pages=27–28 footnote 24}}</ref>
# Of the Mean Motions of the [[Planet]]s<ref name=burgess>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Ebenezer |editor1-last=Gangooly |editor1-first=Phanindralal |title=Surya Siddhanta Translation |date=1935 |publisher=University of Calcutta |page=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/SuryaSiddhantaTranslation/surya_siddhanta_english?view=theater |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>
#On the True Places of the Planets{{r|burgess|p=53}}
#Of Direction, Place and Time{{r|burgess|p=108}}
#Of Eclipses, and Especially of Lunar Eclipses{{r|burgess|p=143}}
#Of Parallax in a Solar Eclipse{{r|burgess|p=161}}
#The Projection of Eclipses{{r|burgess|p=178}}
#Of Planetary Conjunctions{{r|burgess|p=187}}
#Of the Asterisms{{r|burgess|p=202}}
#Of Heliacal (Sun) Risings and Settings{{r|burgess|p=255}}
#The Moon's Risings and Settings, Her Cusps{{r|burgess|p=262}}
#On Certain Malignant Aspects of the Sun and Moon{{r|burgess|p=273}}
#Cosmogony, Geography, and Dimensions of the Creation{{r|burgess|p=281}}
#Of the Armillary Sphere and other Instruments{{r|burgess|p=298}}
#Of the Different Modes of Reckoning Time{{r|burgess|p=310}}
The methods for computing time using the shadow cast by a [[gnomon]] are discussed in both Chapters 3 and 13.

=== Description of Time ===
The author of ''Surya Siddhanta'' defines time as of two types: the first which is continuous and endless, destroys all animate and inanimate objects and second is time which can be known. This latter type is further defined as having two types: the first is ''Murta'' (Measureable) and ''Amurta'' (immeasureable because it is too small or too big). The time ''Amurta'' is a time that begins with an infinitesimal portion of time (''[[Truti]]'') and ''Murta'' is a time that begins with 4-second time pulses called ''Prana'' as described in the table below. The further description of ''Amurta'' time is found in [[Puranas]] where as ''Surya Siddhanta'' sticks with measurable time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Deva Shastri|first=Pandit Bapu|title=Translation of the Surya Siddhanta|pages=2–3}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Time described in ''Surya Siddhanta''<ref name=":0" />
!Type
!''Surya Siddhanta'' Units
!Description
!Value in modern units of time
|-
|''Amurta''
|Truti
|1/33750 seconds
|29.6296 micro seconds
|-
|''Murta''
|Prana
| -
|4 seconds
|-
|''Murta''
|Pala
|6 Pranas
|24 seconds
|-
|''Murta''
|Ghatika
|60 Palas
|24 minutes
|-
|''Murta''
|Nakshatra Ahotra
|60 Ghatikas
|One [[Sidereal day]]
|}
The text measures a ''savana'' day from sunrise to sunrise. Thirty of these ''savana'' days make a ''savana'' month. A solar (''saura'') month starts with the entrance of the sun into a [[Zodiac Sign|zodiac sign]], thus twelve months make a year.<ref name=":0" />

The text further states there are nine modes of measuring time. "Of four modes, namely solar, lunar, sidereal, and civil time, practical use is made among men; by that of Jupiter is to be determined the year of the cycle of sixty years; of the rest, no use is ever made".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Ebenezer |title=TRANSLATION OF THE SURYA-SIDDHANTA |date=1860 |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA |page=310 |edition=1935}}</ref>

===North pole star and South pole star===
''Surya Siddhanta'' asserts that there are two pole stars, one each at north and south [[celestial pole]]. ''Surya Siddhanta'' chapter 12 verse 43 description is as following:

<nowiki>
मेरोरुभयतो मध्ये ध्रुवतारे नभ:स्थिते।
निरक्षदेशसंस्थानामुभये क्षितिजाश्रिये॥१२:४३॥
</nowiki>

This translates as "On both sides of the Meru (i.e. the north and south poles of the earth) the two polar stars are situated in the heaven at their zenith. These two stars are in the horizon of the cities situated on the equinoctial regions".<ref name="Pundit Sastri">{{cite book |last1=Deva Sastri |first1=Pundit Bapu |title=The Translation of Surya Siddhanta |date=1861 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta |pages=80–81 |url=https://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/suryaEnglish.pdf}}</ref>

=== The Sine table ===
{{further|Āryabhaṭa's sine table}}
The ''Surya Siddhanta'' provides methods of calculating the sine values in chapter 2. It divides the quadrant of a circle with radius 3438 into 24 equal segments or sines as described in the table. In modern-day terms, each of these 24 segments has angle of 3.75°.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Deva Shastri|first=Pundit Bapu|title=Translation of the Surya Siddhanta|year=1861|pages=15–16}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+''Table of Sines'' {{r|burgess|pages=115}}
!No.
!Sine
!1st order
differences
!2nd order
differences
!No.
!Sine
!1st order
differences
!2nd order
differences
|-
|'''0'''
|0
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|'''13'''
|2585
|154
|10
|-
|'''1'''
|225
|225
|1
|'''14'''
|2728
|143
|11
|-
|'''2'''
|449
|224
|2
|'''15'''
|2859
|131
|12
|-
|'''3'''
|671
|222
|3
|'''16'''
|2978
|119
|12
|-
|'''4'''
|890
|219
|4
|'''17'''
|3084
|106
|13
|-
|'''5'''
|1105
|215
|5
|'''18'''
|3177
|93
|13
|-
|'''6'''
|1315
|210
|5
|'''19'''
|3256
|79
|14
|-
|'''7'''
|1520
|205
|6
|'''20'''
|3321
|65
|14
|-
|'''8'''
|1719
|199
|8
|'''21'''
|3372
|51
|14
|-
|'''9'''
|1910
|191
|8
|'''22'''
|3409
|37
|14
|-
|'''10'''
|2093
|183
|9
|'''23'''
|3431
|22
|15
|-
|'''11'''
|2267
|174
|10
|'''24'''
|3438
|7
|15
|-
|'''12'''
|2431
|164
|10
|
|
|
|
|}
The 1st order difference is the value by which each successive sine increases from the previous and similarly the 2nd order difference is the increment in the 1st order difference values. ''Burgess'' says, it is remarkable to see that the 2nd order differences increase as the sines and each, in fact, is about 1/225th part of the corresponding sine.<ref name=burgess />

=== Calculation of tilt of Earth's axis (Obliquity) ===
The tilt of the ecliptic varies between 22.1° to 24.5° and is currently 23.5°.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-03-24|title=Milutin Milankovitch|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Milankovitch/milankovitch_2.php#:~:text=Today,%20the%20Earth%27s%20axis%20is,know%20them%20can%20become%20exaggerated.|access-date=2020-08-15|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Following the sine tables and methods of calculating the sines, ''Surya Siddhanta'' also attempts to calculate the Earth's tilt of contemporary times as described in chapter 2 and verse 28, the obliquity of the [[Earth's Axis|Earth's axis]], the verse says "The sine of greatest declination is 1397; by this multiply any sine, and divide by radius; the arc corresponding to the result is said to be the declination".{{r|burgess|p=65}} The greatest declination is the inclination of the plane of the ecliptic. With radius of 3438 and sine of 1397, the corresponding angle is 23.975° or 23° 58' 30.65" which is approximated to be 24°.{{r|burgess|p=118}}

===Planets and their characteristics===
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Question: How Can the Earth Be a Sphere?'''
<poem>
Thus everywhere on the terrestrial globe (bhūgola),
people suppose their own place higher,
yet this globe (gola) is in space where there is no above nor below.
</poem>
|source = —''Surya Siddhanta, XII.53'' Translator: Scott L. Montgomery, Alok Kumar<ref name=montgomery104/>{{r|burgess|page=289|at=verse 53}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The text treats earth as a stationary globe around which sun, moon and five planets orbit. It makes no mention of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.<ref name=thompson10>{{cite book|author=Richard L. Thompson|title=Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oi64rTVwNMC&pg=PA10 |year=2004| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-1954-2|pages=10–11}}</ref> It presents mathematical formulae to calculate the orbits, diameters, predict their future locations and cautions that the minor corrections are necessary over time to the formulae for the various astronomical bodies.<ref name=burgess />

The text describes some of its formulae with the use of very large numbers for "''[[Yuga Cycle|divya-yuga]]''", stating that at the end of this ''[[yuga]]'', Earth and all astronomical bodies return to the same starting point and the cycle of existence repeats again.<ref name="thompson14">{{cite book|author=Richard L. Thompson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oi64rTVwNMC&pg=PA10|title=Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2004|isbn=978-81-208-1954-2|pages=12–14 with Table 3}}</ref> These very large numbers based on ''divya-yuga'', when divided and converted into decimal numbers for each planet, give reasonably accurate [[sidereal period]]s when compared to modern era western calculations.<ref name=thompson14/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Orbital period|Sidereal Periods]]<ref name="thompson14" />
!
!''Surya Siddhanta''
!Modern values
|-
|Moon
|27.322 days
|27.32166 days
|-
|Mercury
|87.97 days
|87.969 days
|-
|Mars
|687 days
|686.98 days
|-
|Venus
|224.7 days
|224.701 days
|-
|Jupiter
|4,332.3 days
|4,332.587 days
|-
|Saturn
|10,765.77 days
|10,759.202 days
|}

===Calendar===
{{See also|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar}}
The solar part of the luni-solar [[Hindu calendar]] is based on the ''Surya Siddhanta''.<ref name="Dalal2010p145">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA145 |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|page=145}}</ref> The various old and new versions of ''Surya Siddhanta'' manuscripts yield the same solar calendar.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |year=1896|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8MiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA53| publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company | pages=53–54}}</ref> According to J. Gordon Melton, both the Hindu and Buddhist calendars that are in use in South and Southeast Asia are rooted in this text, but the regional calendars adapted and modified them over time.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA161|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-205-0|pages=161–162}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Yukio Ôhashi| editor= Helaine Selin|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=PA354 |year=2008|publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2|pages=354–356}}</ref>

The ''Surya Siddhanta'' calculates the solar year to be 365 days 6 hours 12 minutes and 36.56 seconds.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lionel D. Barnett|title=Antiquities of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnoREHdzxt8C&pg=PA193|year= 1999|publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-442-2|page=193}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=V. Lakshmikantham|author2=S. Leela|author3=J. Vasundhara Devi|title=The Origin and History of Mathematics|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KaofAQAAIAAJ|year= 2005|publisher= Cambridge Scientific Publishers|isbn =978-1-904868-47-7|pages=41–42}}</ref> On average, according to the text, the lunar month equals 27 days 7 hours 39 minutes 12.63 seconds. It states that the lunar month varies over time, and this needs to be factored in for accurate time keeping.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ8iAVwA-yEC |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year= 1995 |pages=21 with footnote, cxii–cxv|isbn=9788120812079}}</ref>

According to Whitney, the Surya Siddhanta calculations were tolerably accurate and achieved predictive usefulness. In Chapter 1 of ''Surya Siddhanta'', "the Hindu year is too long by nearly three minutes and a half; but the moon's revolution is right within a second; those of Mercury, Venus and Mars within a few minutes; that of Jupiter within six or seven hours; that of Saturn within six days and a half".<ref>{{cite book|author=William Dwight Whitney|title=Oriental and Linguistic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfAcCY0xvqQC|year=1874|publisher=Scribner, Armstrong|page=368}}</ref>

The ''Surya Siddhanta'' was one of the two books in Sanskrit translated into [[Arabic]] during the reign of [[Abbasid Caliphate|'Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Mansur]] ({{Reign|754|775|era=CE}}). According to [[Muzaffar Iqbal]], this translation and that of [[Aryabhata]] was of considerable influence on geographic, astronomy and related Islamic scholarship.<ref name="Muzaffar Iqbal 2007 36–38"/>

==Editions==
*[https://archive.org/details/Bibliotheca_Indica_Series ''The Súrya-Siddhánta, an antient system of Hindu astronomy''] ed. FitzEdward Hall and Bápú Deva Śástrin (1859).
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=jpE7AAAAcAAJ ''Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix'' by Ebenezer Burgess] Originally published: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''6''' (1860) 141–498. Commentary by Burgess is much larger than his translation.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC ''Surya-Siddhanta: A Text Book of Hindu Astronomy'' translated by Ebenezer Burgess, ed. Phanindralal Gangooly] (1989/1997) with a 45-page commentary by P. C. Sengupta (1935).
* [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/suryaEnglish.pdf Translation of the ''Surya Siddhanta'' by Bapu Deva Sastri] (1861) {{ISBN|3-7648-1334-2}}, {{ISBN|978-3-7648-1334-5}}. Only a few notes. Translation of ''Surya Siddhanta'' occupies first 100 pages; rest is a translation of the ''Siddhanta Siromani'' by [[Lancelot Wilkinson]].

== Commentaries ==

The historical popularity of ''Surya Siddhanta'' is attested by the existence of at least 26 commentaries, plus another 8 anonymous commentaries.<ref>{{cite book |author=Amiya K. Chakravarty |title=The Sūryasiddhānta: The Astronomical Principles of the Text |year=2001 |publisher=Asiatic Society |page=viii |isbn=9788172361129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=atNfAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> Some of the Sanskrit-language commentaries include the following; nearly all the commentators have re-arranged and modified the text:<ref name="DP_1981">{{cite book |author=David Pingree |title=Jyotiḥśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature |series=A History of Indian Literature |year=1981 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |isbn=3-447-02165-9 |pages=23–24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0UIAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>

* ''Surya-siddhanta-tika'' (1178) by Mallikarjuna Suri
* ''Surya-siddhanta-bhashya'' (1185) by Chandeshvara, a [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithila Brahmana]]
* ''Vasanarnava'' (c. 1375–1400) by ''Maharajadhiraja'' Madana-pala of Taka family
* ''Surya-siddhanta-vivarana'' (1432) by [[Parameshvara Nambudiri|Parameshvara]] of Kerala
* ''Kalpa-valli'' (1472) by Yallaya of Andhra-desha
* ''Subodhini'' (1472) by Ramakrishna Aradhya
* ''Surya-siddhanta-vivarana'' (1572) by Bhudhara of Kampilya
* ''Kamadogdhri'' (1599) by Tamma Yajvan of Paragipuri
* ''Gudhartha-prakashaka'' (1603) by Ranganatha of [[Varanasi|Kashi]]
* ''Saura-bhashya'' (1611) by Nrsimha of Kashi
* ''Gahanartha-prakasha'' ([[IAST]]: Gūḍhārthaprakāśaka, 1628) by Vishvanatha of Kashi
* ''Saura-vasana'' (after 1658) by [[Kamalakara]] of Kashi
* ''Kiranavali'' (1719) by Dadabhai, a [[Chitpavan Brahmin|Chittpavana Brahmana]]
* ''Surya-siddhanta-tika'' (date unknown) by Kama-bhatta of southern India
* ''Ganakopakarini'' (date unknown) by Chola Vipashchit of southern India
* ''Gurukataksha'' (date unknown) by Bhuti-vishnu of southern India

Mallikarjuna Suri had written a [[Telugu language]] commentary on the text before composing the Sanskrit-language ''Surya-siddhanta-tika'' in 1178.<ref name="DP_1981"/> Kalpakurti Allanarya-suri wrote another Telugu language commentary on the text, known from a manuscript copied in 1869.<ref>{{cite book |editor=David Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=1 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1970 |page=47 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hindu units of measurement]]
*[[Indian science and technology]]
*[[Adityas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last=Gangooly|first=Phanindralal|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1989|isbn=9788120806122}}
*{{cite journal | last=Pingree | first=David |author-link=David Pingree| title=The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy | publisher=SAGE | volume=4 | issue=1 | year=1973 | pages=1–12 | doi=10.1177/002182867300400102 | bibcode=1973JHA.....4....1P | s2cid=125228353 }}
*{{cite book|last=Plofker|first=Kim|author-link=Kim Plofker|title=Mathematics in India|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-691-12067-6|title-link= Mathematics in India (book)}}
*{{cite book|last=Pingree |first= David | title= Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz| year= 1981| isbn= 978-3447021654 }}
* [[K. V. Sarma]] (1997), "Suryasiddhanta", [[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]] edited by [[Helaine Selin]], Springer, {{ISBN|978-0-7923-4066-9 }}
*{{cite book|author=Yukio Ôhashi|chapter=The Legends of Vasiṣṭha – A Note on the Vedāṅga Astronomy|editor=Johannes Andersen|title=Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-0-7923-5556-4}}
*{{cite journal|author=Yukio Ôhashi| title=Development of Astronomical Observations in Vedic and post-Vedic India| year=1993|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=28|number=3}}
*{{cite book| author=Maurice Winternitz| author-link=Moriz Winternitz| title=History of Indian Literature, Volume 1| year=1963| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 }}

==Further reading==
* [[Victor J. Katz]]. ''A History of Mathematics: An Introduction'', 1998.

==External links==
{{wikisource|sa|सूर्यसिद्धान्त|Surya Siddhanta (सूर्यसिद्धान्त): Sanskrit text}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/@ahargana Ahargana - The Astronomy of the Hindu Calendar] Explains the various calendric elements of the Hindu calendar by means of astronomical simulations created using [[Stellarium (software)|Stellarium]]. The definitions of the various calendric elements are obtained from Surya Siddhantha.
*[https://www.geogebra.org/m/DRhaaKPp ''Surya Siddhantha'' Planetary Model] A geometric model that illustrates the Surya Siddhantha model of the orbital movement of the planets. In this model, the asterism are not stationary but exhibit high-speed movement which is faster than the planets. As a result, the planets seem to "fall behind" thus creating orbital movement.
*[http://vedicreserve.mum.edu/jyotish/surya_siddhanta.pdf ''Surya Siddhanta''] Sanskrit text in Devanagari
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=NJpeAAAAcAAJ Remarks on the Astronomy of the Brahmins], John Playfair
*[https://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/~yanom/pancanga/ Online Surya Siddhanta panchanga ]
([http://sandhi.hss.iitb.ac.in/Sandhi/Mathematics%20and%20Astronomy%20articles/Playfair%20J/Playfair%20-%20On%20the%20Trignometry%20of%20%20Brahmins%20(1798).pdf Archive])

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[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
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All Bengal Students' Association

2026-04-19T22:17:10Z

MercedesPeachey: put up new article...

{{Short description|Student organization in India, 1928–1930s}}

{{notability|Org|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = All Bengal Students' Association
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1928|08|25}}, [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British Raj]]
| native_name = '''নিখিলবঙ্গ ছাত্র সমিতি'''
| native_name_lang = bn
| successor = [[All India Students' Federation]]
| founder = Pramod Ghosal [[:bn:রেবতী বর্মন|Rebati Barman]] Biren Dasgupta [[:bn:শচীন্দ্রনাথ মিত্র|Sachindranath Mitra]]
| dissolved = 1930s
| headquarters = 93/1F, Benu Office, Baithakhana Road, Calcutta.
| membership = 20000+<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=Pawan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRdBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Regional+student+federations+were+founded+in+the+Punjab%2C+in+Bengal%2C+and+in+other+areas.+The+All-Bengal+Students%27+Association+claimed+a+mem-+bership+of+twenty+thousand+in+1929.+The+Bombay+Presidency+%28provincial%29+Students%27+Federation%2C+formed+in+1936%2C+helped+to+bring+ideological+politics&pg=PA476 |title=A Half-Century of Indian Higher Education: Essays by Philip G Altbach |date=2012-11-13 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-81-321-1716-2 |language=en}}</ref>
| num_members_year = 1929
| leader_title = Provincial Committee
| main_organ = Chhatra
}}

The '''All Bengal Student Association (ABSA)''' was one of the first student organizations, founded during anti-colonial struggle of India in 1928.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Satyavrata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g9uAAAAMAAJ&q=But+till+late+twenties,+students+hardly+had+any+organisation+of+their+own.+It+was+in+Bengal+that+the+first+students'+body,+the+All+Bengal+Students+Association+(A.B.S.A)+was+formed+in+1928.+It+came+into+existence+as+the+direct+outcome+of+the+trouble+that+broke+out+in+Calcutta+on |title=Indian Struggle for Freedom |date=1988 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7018-464-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Preparatory Committee ==
This initiative to organize students was born out of the all-Bengal student strike of 3 February 1928, centered around the movement against the [[Simon Commission]]. Some student leaders were assaulted by the police while picketing in front of [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College]] and [[Scottish Church College]] in Calcutta. On February 17, 1928, a meeting was convened at the Albert Hall in Calcutta on account of those struggling students, from where another meeting was called on March 6. An organizing committee was formed there.<ref name=":1" /> They took the initiative to create a student organization throughout Bengal by holding a provincial student conference.
<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazumdar |first=Satyendra Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNQRAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97+%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |title=Āmāra biplaba-jijñāsā |date=1973 |publisher=Manīshā Granthālaẏa |language=bn}}</ref>

The organizing committee consisted of Pramod Ghoshal, Birendranath Dasgupta (engineering student of Jadavpur University), Sachindranath Mitra (Scottish Church) and Rebati Barman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hāsānaujjāmāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ro2AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8 |title=Āntarjātika prekshāpaṭe Bāṃlādeśera chātra āndolana |date=1984 |publisher=Ḍānā Prakāśanī |language=bn}}</ref>

== 1st Conference (Formation) ==

In September 1928, at the end of a four-day conference chaired by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the ''All Bengal Students' Association'' was established.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saha |first=Panchanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8xwDwAAQBAJ&dq=all+bengal+students+association&pg=PT276 |title=Sannyasin-Patriot and Marxist Revolutionary: Sons of Bhuvaneswari Devi |date=2017 |publisher=Parul Prakashani Private Limited |isbn=978-93-85555-99-2 |language=en}}</ref> 22nd to 25th, the conference held at Sradhhananda Park. Student delegates from different parts of Bengal came to the conference.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEJuAAAAMAAJ&q=all+bengal+students+association+ABSA |title=The Imperial Embrace: Society and Polity Under the Raj : Essays in Honour of Sunil Kumar Sen |date=1993 |publisher=Rabindra Bharati University |language=en}}</ref> Acting Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University Dr. Arkohat inaugurated the event. Among the guests of honor were [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] and many prominent academics. National leaders along with top student leaders, Pramod Ghoshal, Biren Dasgupta, Sachin Mitra etc. on stage.<ref name=":0" />

Nehru, in his inaugural speech, addressed: “The youth should be pioneer in building a new society, destroying the old... Youth will be able to create a new world only if they are driven by the ideals of anti-imperialism, social justice, social liberation, socialism and internationalism.<ref name=":0" />

In the conference, Pramod Ghoshal was elected as president, Biren Dasgupta as secretary and Sachin Mitra as vice-president.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Notebook |date=2021-04-20 |title=বাংলাদেশের ছাত্র আন্দোলনের ইতিহাস ১৮৩০ থেকে ১৯৭১ {{!}} ড. মোহাম্মদ হাননান |url=https://songramernotebook.com/archives/385472 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=সংগ্রামের নোটবুক |language=en-US}}</ref>

== 2nd Conference (ABSA-BPSA split) ==
It was decided to hold the second session in Mymensingh. This city was the stronghold of [[Jugantar|Jugantar Dal]]. Rebati Barman was the president of the reception committee. His inaugural speech contained strong references to [[Marxism–Leninism]]. In the President's speech, Dr. Alam paid tribute to [[Jatin Das]] in an emotional speech and urged the students of Bengal to prepare for the coming struggle. His speech reflected a sharp attack on communalism.<ref name=":0" />

The association included many non-partisan student activists and leaders, in addition to the workers Anushilan and Yugantar Dal. Most of the members of the executive committee were not members of any party and cannot be called supporters of any particular party. The All Bengal Student Association became the center of conflict between Anushilan Samiti and the Yugantar Party. At this conference it took an extreme form.<ref name=":0" /> On the second day, the organization split up. All Bengal Students Association (ABSA) on one side and Bengal Provincial Students Association (BPSA) on the other. The new organization was in control of [[Jugantar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Samanta |first=Amiya K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZDaAAAAMAAJ&q=Bengal+provincial+student+association&pg=PA998 |title=Terrorism in Bengal: Origin, growth and activities of the organisations like Anushilan Samiti, Jugantar Party, Dacca Shri Sangha and other such organisations |date=1995 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |language=en}}</ref> Almost all independents remained in the ABSA.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1928]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]

Akhil Bandhu Ghosh

2026-04-18T05:45:49Z

MercedesPeachey: put up pg...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Short description|Bengali musical artist (1920–1988)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Akhil Bandhu Ghosh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1920|10|20}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1988|03|20|1920|10|20}}
| death_place = [[SSKM Hospital]], [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Singer
}}
'''Akhil Bandhu Ghosh''' ({{langx|bn|অখিলবন্ধু ঘোষ}}; 20 October 1920 – 20 March 1988) was a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] singer from [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India. He is considered as one of the greatest exponents of Bengali classical based vocal music.<ref name="sangsad">{{cite book|editor-first=Subodh Chandra |editor-last=Sengupta | title = সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান | publisher= Sahitya Sangsad |year=2010 }}</ref>

== Early years==
Akhil Bandhu Ghosh was born to Sri Bamandas Ghosh and Smt. Manimala Ghosh of Kolkata. In the early years he was a shy and introvert boy. He studied in Bhabanipur Nasiruddin Memorial School of Kolkata. [[Hemanta Mukherjee]] was one of his close friends since his childhood days. He received the first lessons in music from his maternal uncle Sri Kalidas Guha. Later he took lessons from Nirapada Mukhopadhyay, [[Tarapada Chakraborty]] and [[Chinmoy Lahiri]].<ref name = "sandip">{{cite web| url= https://bangodarshan.com/madhur/madhur_stock/AKHIL_BANDHU_GHOSH.pdf | first= Sandip| last= Mukhopadhyay | title= অখিলবন্ধু ঘোষ - মার্জিত শোভন সুরসৃষ্টি | accessdate=2010-11-24}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married Dipali Ghosh in 1947 and led a very happy married life.<ref>[https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/100th-year-birth-anniversary-of-akhil-bandhu-ghosh-1.1217069 100th year birth anniversary of Akhil Bandhu Ghosh] (in Bengali) ''Anandabazar Patrika''. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> Dipali was Ghosh's disciple and a noted singer too. The childless couple devoted their life in teaching classical based vocal music to hundreds of disciples in their house located at 25, Turf Road, Bhabanipur, Kolkata.<ref name = "sandip" />

== Career==
Akhil Bandhu Ghosh published his first album in 1947 containing two songs in 78 RPM record; Ekti kusum jaabe and Amar kanone phutechhilo phul, though some of his unpublished songs were recorded much earlier.<ref name = "sandip"/> He was unparalleled in modern classical based Bengali songs and recorded many songs which became very popular. Some of these are: ‘আজি চাঁদিনি রাতি গো’ (Aji chadini rati go), ‘ওই যে আকাশের গায়ে, দূরের বলাকা ভেসে যায়’ (Oi je akasher gaye, durer balaka vese jay), ‘শিপ্রা নদীর বুকে সন্ধ্যা নামিল হায়’ (Shipra nadir buke sandhya namil hay), ‘তোমার ভুবনে ফুলের মেলা’ (Tomar bhubane fuler mela) etc.<ref name = "ebela">{{cite web| url= https://ebela.in/state/these-5-bengalis-became-famous-after-death-dgtl-1.693143| first= Anirban| last= Mukhopadhyay | title= মৃত্যুর পরে ক্রমশ বেঁচে উঠেছেন এই ৫ বাঙালি | date= 2017-10-20 |accessdate=2010-11-24}}</ref>

For several years he was associated with the Bengal Music College, founded by Nanigopal Bhattacharya in 1940.<ref name = "aajkaal">{{cite web| url= https://www.aajkaal.in/news/entertainment/tapan-roy-interview-58nc| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231117095747/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/entertainment/tapan-roy-interview-58nc| url-status= dead| archive-date= 17 November 2023| first= Sankarshan| last= Bandyopadhyay| title= লোকসঙ্গীতকে বি‌কৃত করছেন কিছু মানুষ | date= |accessdate=2010-11-24}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Incomplete list|date=April 2025}}
List of songs sung or composed by Akhil Bandhu Ghosh (in alphabetical order)
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Akhil Bandhu Ghosh discography
|-
! width="7%" |Year
! width="23%" |Song
! width="12%" |Singer
! width="12%" |Type
! width="12%" |Lyrics
! width="12%" |Music
! width="12%" |Record No./Other
! width="12%" |Record Speed
|-
| 1984 || ''Aaj noy kaal'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Sayd Abul Hasan || Prabir Majumder || 2226-1164 || EP
|-
| 1962 || ''Aaji chNadini raati go'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]]|| Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6134 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1947 || ''Aamar kanone phutechhilo phul'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Byomkesh Lahiri || Santosh Mukhopadhyay || JNG 5840 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1950 || ''Aamar somadhi pore'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pabitra Mitra || Sudhirlal Chakraborty || H 1488 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1977 || ''Aami keno rohilam (Darbari Kanada)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || Ratu Mukhopadhyay || Ratu Mukhopadhyay || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1963 || ''Aami kotha dile kotha rakhi'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6163 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1960 || ''Aami je piyasi'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Biswanath Bardhan || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6061 || 78 RPM
|-
| - || ''Aar toh chole na Radha'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Madhusudan Gupta || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || TN 507 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1965 || ''Abhimani cheye dekho'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Santosh Mukhopadhyay || JNG 6198 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1977 || ''Barosar megh bhese jay (Surdasi Malhar)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1960 || ''Bnashoriya bNashi bajaiyo na'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Shanti Bhattacharya || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6061 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1949 || ''Bol kemone jagai'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] || Anupan Ghatak || H 1440 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1949 || ''Chaiti godhuli jay'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] || Anupan Ghatak || H 1440 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1977 || ''Dekona taare (Shankara)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1947 || ''Ekti Kusum Jobe'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Santosh Mukhopadhyay || JNG 5840 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1961 || ''Emon dine Ma je amar'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Madhu Gupta || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6117 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1984 || ''Er naam ki bhalobasa'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Sayd Abul Hasan || Prabir Majumder || 2226-1164 || EP
|-
| - || ''Gokul chhariya Kala'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Shib Krishna Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || TN 507 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1985 || ''Guru mohe de gaye'' || Sandhya Mukhopadhyay || Bhajan || Kabir Das || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || ECSD 41567 || -
|-
| 1984 || ''Heso na jhore jaabe'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Sayd Abul Hasan || Prabir Majumder || 2226-1164 || EP
|-
| 1977 || ''Jaago jaago priyo (Vatiar)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || Madhu Gupta || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1980 || ''Jalete sundori koinya'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Sunilbaran || Rotu Bandyopadhyay || JNGS 6354 || SP
|-
| - || ''Jamuna kinare'' || Sandhya Mukhopadhyay || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || GE 25490 || 45
|-
| 1964 || ''Je tomay sadhu sajay'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6181 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1977 || ''Jete jete churi kore chay (Vairabi)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || Ratu Mukhopadhyay || Ratu Mukhopadhyay || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1973 || ''Jeno kichhu mone korona'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Dipali Ghosh || JNGS 6324 || SP
|-
| 1961 || ''Kaar milon chao birohi'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || [[Rabindranath Tagore]]|| Rabindranath Tagore || Matrix No. OJE 17532 (unpublished)|| Megaphone (republished 2003)
|-
| 1959 || ''Kabe achhi kabe nei'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6046 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1977 || ''Kemone janabo (Tilak Kamod)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1953 || ''Keno prohor na jete'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] || Dilip Sarkar || N 82547 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1971 || ''Keno tumi bodle gechho'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNGS 6295 || SP
|-
| 1965 || ''Koyelia jaane'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Santosh Mukhopadhyay || JNG 6198 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1952 || ''Madol baja ore baja'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh, Utpala Sen, Bani Sengupta || Film: Meghmukti || Tarit Kumar Ghosh || Umapati Sil || - || -
|-
| - || ''Mane nei mon'' || Sandhya Mukhopadhyay || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || GE 25490 || 45
|-
| 1977 || ''Marome mori go (Deshi Todi)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1950 || ''Maromia baNshi'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pabitra Mitra || Sudhirlal Chakraborty || H 1488 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1953 || ''Mayamrigo samo'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] || Durga Sen || N 82547 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1977 || ''Milano nishithe gele phire (Maj Khamaj)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || Indrani Bhattacharya || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1962 || ''Nahoy mon dite tumi parona'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6134 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1948 || ''Nutan Jiban Dekhao amare'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Dilip Sarkar || Dilip Sarkar || H 1301 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1961 || ''O dayal bichar karo'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6117 || 78 RPM
|-
| - || ''O Rai ki byadhi hoilo'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Suren Chakraborty || Pankaj Mallick || GE 25007 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1977 || ''O go Shyam bihone brindabone (Pilu)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Suren Chakraborty || Pankaj Mallick || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1977 || ''Aami keno rohilam (Darbari Kanada)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || Ratu Mukhopadhyay || Ratu Mukhopadhyay || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1971 || ''Oi jah aami bolte bhule gechhi'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNGS 6295 || SP
|-
| 1959 || ''Oi je akasher gay'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Shanti Bhattacharya || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6046 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1948 || ''Phaguner chaNd dube gelo'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || H 1301 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1954 || ''Piyal shakhar phNake othe'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || N 82606 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1973 || ''Sarati jibon ki je pelam'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Dipali Ghosh || JNGS 6324 || SP
|-
| 1980 || ''Se kemon nupur ogo'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Rotu Bandyopadhyay || JNGS 6354 || SP
|-
| 1977 || ''Se kuhu yamini (Jayjayanti)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || Madhu Gupta || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1964 || ''Sedin chNader alo'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6181 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1984 || ''Sesh hoye elo na'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Sayd Abul Hasan || Prabir Majumder || 2226-1164 || EP
|-
| 1954 || ''Shipra nodir teere'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Shanti Bhattacharya || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || N 82606 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1977 || ''Shono shono (Nag Ranjani)'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || Madhu Gupta || Arup Bhattacharya || JNLX 1021 || LP
|-
| 1949 || ''Shrabano rajani sheshe '' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Kamal Ghosh || Anupan Ghatak || H 1401 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1949 || ''Swapan parabarer teere'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Kamal Ghosh || Anupan Ghatak || H 1401 || 78 RPM
|-
| - || ''Swapane pohabe rajani'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Classical based || Tapan Bhattacharya || Dipali Ghosh || 31008 Sagarika || Cassette
|-
| 1963 || ''Tomar bhubane phuler mela'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || JNG 6163 || 78 RPM
|-
| 1961 || ''Tumi mor paonai porichoy'' || Akhil Bandhu Ghosh || Bengali Modern || Rabindranath Tagore || Rabindranath Tagore || Matrix No. OJE 17532 || Unpublished
|-
|}

==Legacy==
Akhil Bandhu Ghosh's songs had become synonymous with the romantic ode in Bengali. [[Kabir Suman]], an artist who initiated New wave in Bengali modern songs, mentioned Akhil Bandhu Ghosh in one of his compositions of 1970, বয়স আমার মুখের রেখায় (''Bayas amar mukher rekhay''), where it was said,<ref>Viewable on YouTube: {{YouTube|EsFOCeMe1Ys|বয়স আমার মুখের রেখায়}}</ref>
{|
|-
|
<div style="2em;font-size:1.1em">
<poem>
একলা লাগার সময় মানে
নিজের সঙ্গে কথা বলা
তারই ফাঁকে কোথায় যেন
অখিলবন্ধু ঘোষের গলা
</poem>
</div>
||
:''When lonely moments get lonelier,''
: ''And we sink into ourselves talking to our inner self,''
: '''Tis not hard to find, assuring and comforting as ever''
: ''The resonating voice of Akhil Bandhu Ghosh''
|}

==Death==
On March 20, 1988, Ghosh came back from [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] attending a musical soiree, feeling unwell. He was admitted to [[P G Hospital]] first, and shifted to Sambhunath Pandit Hospital. He died in the afternoon, survived by his wife.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Akhilbandhu}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Music of Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Bhowanipore]]

Venghai

2026-04-17T19:26:54Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{Short description|2011 film by Hari}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Venghai
| image = Venghai poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| producer = [[B. Venkatarama Reddy]]
| writer = Hari
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dhanush]]
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
*[[Rajkiran]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Ganja Karuppu]]
}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Productions]]
| distributor = Vijaya Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|07|8}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Venghai''''' ({{translation|[[Tiger]]}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]] and produced by [[B. Venkatarama Reddy]]. The film stars [[Dhanush]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in the lead roles, while [[Rajkiran]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Ganja Karuppu]] play supporting roles.<ref name="indiaglitz1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/54674.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225022053/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/54674.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2010 |title=Dhanush and Hari take 'Aruva' – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=23 February 2010 |access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] with cinematography by [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri Palanisamy]] and editing by [[V. T. Vijayan]].

''Venghai'' was released on 8 July 2011 to mixed reviews from critics and became an average grosser at the box office. It is dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Simha Putruudu''.

==Plot==
Veerapandi is a respected man in Pandiapuram, [[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai district]] who controls around 50% votes in his constituency. He is married to Thangam and has two children, Selvam and Selvi. Rajalingam is the corrupt incumbent local [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[ruling party]], who was elected with backing from Veerapandi. Rajalingam pretends to be loyal only for Veerapandi's support. One day, the [[district collector|DC]] organizes a meeting to decide the location of a new [[railway station]], where Rajalingam has already pre-fixed a town for bribe purpose, but Veerapandi thwarts Rajalingam's plan and convinces the meeting to set another small town as the location for the station. Rajalingam's men bomb a railway track to derail a train, but Selvam stops the train and catches the bombers.

Frustrated that Selvam screwed up the chance to catch the real perpetrator, Veerapandi sends Selvam to [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]] to stay with his uncle Mariyappan, a [[real estate]] agent, in order to protect him. In Trichy, Selvam meets his childhood friend Radhika and also makes Mariyappan return money to Radhika's uncle, who had bought land from Mariyappan, which then went to a civil struggle with the air force. Selvam also gets beaten up by a local thug Peter, due to an [[SMS]] joke by Radhika on Peter, who is filmed attacking Selvam by a professor, and he is imprisoned. Rajalingam tries to kill Selvam to weaken Veerapandi and uses Peter's local gang in Tirchy. Selvam saves a college professor from being assaulted by Peter's gang, and a fight ensures. Peter is beaten up and goes to bring Anburaj and his men.

Veerapandi learns of Selvam's issues and arrives at the college at the same time. Anbu understands that Selvam is Veerapandi's son, and begs for forgiveness. Veerapandi learns that Rajalingam is about to buy a huge plot of land with [[Indian black money|black money]], and catches him red-handed after the registration in Trichy and thrashes him. Selvam arrives there accidentally, and the father-son duo makes Rajalingam donate the land to Sivagangai Corporation. Veerapandi also commands Rajalingam to resign within a week or he will be killed, with both events causing a [[by-election]]. Rajalingam gets enraged and sends goons to kill Selvam again. When he is cornered, Selvam is forced to take an [[aruval]] and defend himself, which gets filmed by the crowd. Veerapandi arrives to save Selvam, but Selvam gets arrested and remanded for 15 days as his action has reached the press.

Veerapandi swears to kill Rajalingam once he returns from the [[Legislative session|legislature meeting]]. After seeing Selvam's violence, Radhika decides not to disclose her love. Selvam is released and plans to kill off Rajalingam, who has become a [[Central Public Works Department|PWD]] minister by using a [[political crisis]] and openly challenges to kill off Veerapandi in 30 days, as he does not need his support anymore. Selvam challenges Rajalingam that either Rajalingam will die within 30 days or Selvam will publicly apologize to him. Radhika learns that Selvam helped her uncle by recovering the money invested in the disputed land. After much hesitation, Radhika propose to Selvam, who accepts. Radhika introduces herself to Selvam's parents. Meanwhile, Rajalingam plans to kill Veerapandi, knowing about his train journey based on information from an anonymous caller.

However, Selvam arrives to the rescue and attacks the goons. Meanwhile, the truck sent to hit Veerapandi's car kills an innocent family, whose deaths causes Veerapandi to tell Rajalingam that the family's death will never leave unpunished. Later, Veerapandi realizes that he drank poisoned coffee and is rushed to the hospital, where his life is saved. Selvam is shocked to know that Radhika poisoned the coffee and was the one who informed Rajalingam about Veerapandi's travel plans. Selvam rushes to Radhika's home, where her mother Padmavathi and grandfather tells that Veerapandi killed Radhika's father Manickavel years ago, and they were waiting for an opportunity to exact vengeance. Veerapandi arrives at Radhika's home, overhearing their conversation and reveals the truth that it was the ruling party's goons, who killed Manickavel and not him.

Radhika's family feels guilty about their actions. Selvam feels betrayed that Radhika cheated him, but Radhika's family apologizes to Veerapandi, where he and Thangam forgive Radhika's mistake and urge Selvam to accept Radhika, which he does. Rajalingam hires 50 men from [[Rameswaram|Rameshwaram]] to kill both Veerapandi and Selvam, which was overheard by a driver working for Rajalingam, when he tries to alert Veerapandi, Rajalingam's goons kill him and one of Veerapandi's closest ally, which was seen by Veerapandi's caretaker and alerts them. Selvam hatches a plan with other villagers to burn [[hay]]fields and make it look like the job is already done, and leaves to kill Rajalingam. Selvam gets men to distract Rajalingam's goons and kills them one by one. The burnt haystacks cause the Rameshwaram goons to think that the job is done, and they leave. Selvam then lures Rajalingam to a place where he kills him, and escapes to [[Kuala Lumpur]]. After 6 months, Selvam returns to Pandiapuram, where he happily reunites with Radhika and his family.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dhanush]] as Selvam
** [[Sree Raam]] as Young Selvam
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Radhika, Selvam's love interest
* [[Rajkiran]] as Veerapandi, Selvam's father
* [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Member of Legislative assembly|MLA]] turned [[Central Public Works Department|PWD Minister]] Rajalingam
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Ganesan, Selvam's friend
* [[Srithika Saneesh|Srithika]] as Selvi, Selvam's sister
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Thangam, Selvam's mother
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Manickavel, Radhika's father
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Padmavathi, Radhika's mother
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Mariyappan, Selvam's uncle
* [[Paravai Muniyamma]] as Veerapandi's house cook
* [[Charle]] as Murugesan
* [[Y. G. Mahendra]] as a Tamil Professor
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Thangavelu, Selvam's friend
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Rajmohan
* [[Uma (Tamil actress)|Uma]] as Rajalingam's wife
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Anburaj
* [[A. C. Murali Mohan]] as [[District collector|DC]]
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Vasu, Selvam's friend
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Selvam's friend
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Rajalingam's henchman
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Veerapandi's associate
* [[G. Srinivasan (actor)|G. Srinivasan]] as Radhika's paternal grandfather
* Shivani as Jayanthi
* Azhagu as Gurusaamy, Veerapandi's advisor
* Rajadurai as Rajalingam's driver
* Nandha Saravanan as Peter, Anburaj's associate
* Rajendranath as Rajalingam's associate
* Anjali Devi as Radhika's aunt
}}

==Production==
Following the release of ''[[Singam]]'', it was announced in 2010 that Hari and Dhanush would collaborate. The title was said to be ''Aruva'', but Hari denied and instead the title was announced as ''Venghai''. Telugu cinematographer [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]] was appointed for cinematographer. The film started its shooting in November 2010 at [[Trichy]] and lasted until May 2011. The shooting took place in [[Karaikudi]], [[Courtallam|Kutralam]], and [[Munnar]]. The song sequences have been shot in [[Phuket Island|Phuket Islands]] and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/hari-to-work-with-dhanush/ |title=Hari to work with Dhanush ??? |publisher=Kollywood Today |date=16 March 2009 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220042735/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/hari-to-work-with-dhanush/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/dhanushs-next-with-hari-titled-aruva/ |title=Dhanush's next with Hari titled 'Aruva' |publisher=Kollywood Today |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220043822/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/dhanushs-next-with-hari-titled-aruva/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/title-change-for-hari%e2%80%99s-%e2%80%98aruva%e2%80%99/ |title=Title change for Hari's 'Aruva' |publisher=Kollywood Today |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220014850/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/title-change-for-hari%e2%80%99s-%e2%80%98aruva%e2%80%99/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiaglitz1"/><ref name="indiaglitz2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/61700.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122105725/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/61700.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2010 |title='Venghai' on floors – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/song-sequences-for-vengai-has-been-shot-in-phuket-islands/ |title=Song sequences for Vengai has been shot in Phuket Islands |publisher=Kollywood Today |date=28 May 2011 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011206/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/song-sequences-for-vengai-has-been-shot-in-phuket-islands/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Venghai'' was Hari's first collaboration with Dhanush and his second film with Vijaya Productions after ''[[Thaamirabharani|Thamirabharani]]''. This was Dhanush's second collaboration with Vijaya Productions and Tamannaah after ''[[Padikkadavan (2008 film)|Padikkathavan]]''.

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Venghai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Original CD Cover
| released = 10 June 2011
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:40
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Dhada]]
| next_year = 2011
}}
{{Music ratings
| rev1 = Behindwoods
| rev1Score = {{Rating|2|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/jun-11-02/vengai-music-review.html |title=Venghai Music Review – Venghai Music Review |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018095042/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/jun-11-02/vengai-music-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

The film's music was scored by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:40
| all_lyrics = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], except where noted
| title1 = Dhenam Dhenam
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Baba Sehgal]]
| note1 = Rap: Baba Sehgal
| length1 = 4:47
| title2 = Kaalangathale
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length2 = 5:12
| title3 = Yenna Solla Pore
| extra3 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Sibiranjith Nagesh
| note3 = Lyrics: [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| length3 = 4:26
| title4 = Orey Oru
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length4 = 3:58
| title5 = Pudikale Pudikudhu
| note5 =
| extra5 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Suchitra]]
| length5 = 4:17
}}

==Release==
''Venghai'' released theatrically on 8 July 2011.

The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/venghai/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549747684/channelid-10000000000570000/starttime-201804011500|title = TV Serial & New Episodes on – Latest News, Photos & Videos|website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 20 April 2018|archive-date = 22 September 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/venghai/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549747684/channelid-10000000000570000/starttime-201804011500|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office===
The film collected {{INRConvert|8.9|m}} worldwide on its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-july-11/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-venghai.html|title=Venghai – Behindwoods.com – Tamil Top Ten Movies – Venghai Theneer Viduthi 180 Pillaiyar Nootrenbadu Theru Kadaisi Veedu Udhayan Avan Ivan Aaranya Kaandam Azhagarsaamiyin Kudhirai Aanmai Thavarel Kanden Engeyum Kadhal Ko Vaanam|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-date=13 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713220653/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-july-11/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-venghai.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Venghai'' received generally mixed reviews from critics, who particularly criticized the predictability of the plot.

Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5, labelling it as "tedious" and "an overdose of rural action", further claiming that it was "so overlaid with unnecessary bloodshed, repetitive action and predictable plot twists, that after a point you lose interest".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-venghai/20110708.htm|title=Review: Venghai is tedious|date=8 July 2011|work=Rediff|access-date=11 July 2011|archive-date=15 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515153521/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-venghai/20110708.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave 2.5 out of 5 and deemed that ''Venghai'' was "another Hari film with his usual ingredients but sans his usual spirit and this film might work for people who seek action entertainers set in villages."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jul-11-01/venghai-review.html|title=VENGHAI REVIEW – VENGHAI MOVIE REVIEW|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-date=15 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515153523/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jul-11-01/venghai-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rohit Ramachandran of ''nowrunning.com'' rated it 1/5, calling it "cheap entertainment."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8370/tamil/venghai/3193/review.htm |title=Venghai Review – Tamil Movie Review by Rohit Ramachandran |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |archive-date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711124023/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8370/tamil/venghai/3193/review.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

''IBN Live'' gave 2.5 of 5 citing that the film was "typical Hari style formula movie [...] Despite the predictable story, Hari has managed to make the script interesting to some extent [...] The major flaw is that the story and screenplay have nothing new. Everything happens in a predictable manner."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-nothing-new-in-venghai/166447-8-68.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713172118/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-nothing-new-in-venghai/166447-8-68.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-13|title=Venghai film review|publisher=IBN Live.com}}</ref> ''KollyInsider'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, claimed it as a 'Masala Entertainer'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2011/07/venghai-review.html |title=Venghai Movie Review, Rating |date=8 July 2011 |publisher=KollyInsider.com |access-date=10 July 2011 |archive-date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711110442/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2011/07/venghai-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another portal, ''Indiaglitz'' said "''Venghai'' is an entertainer that is racy and pacy. At the same time, there is no denial that a section of the audience would grouse, alleging that the film has nothing new to offer. But they are not Hari's target..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/12847.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130204526/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/12847.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2010|title=Venghai – A Dejavu ride|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1987021}}
* {{official website|http://www.venghaimovie.com/}}

{{Hari (director)}}

[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hari (director)]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2011 action films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]

Vishal Bhardwaj (kabaddi)

2026-04-17T03:51:03Z

MercedesPeachey: added data

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Vishal Bhardwaj
| fullname =
| nickname = Ankle-Assassin
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|1|1|df=y}}
| alma_mater =
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country = India
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| event =
| league =
| team =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[kabaddi]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Kabaddi at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|Team}}
}}

'''Vishal Bhardwaj''' (born 1 January 1997) is an Indian professional [[Kabaddi]] player who plays in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]]. He is a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] who plays in the left corner. He is selected for the Indian team to represent at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou, China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> He is part of the Indian team<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> that won the gold medal in the 2022 Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=India win men's kabaddi gold after controversial final against Iran involving one hour stoppage |url=https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/38588943/asian-games-2022-india-win-gold-controversial-final-iran-involving-one-hour-stoppage |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> India defeated Iran 33-29 in a controversial final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games, Day 14 Live: Kabaddi, cricket Golds, Chess silvers take tally to 107 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2023/story/day-14-live-updates-medals-archery-india-vs-afghanistan-cricket-kabaddi-satwik-chirag-finals-2445671-2023-10-07 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=How Indian men's kabaddi team claimed Asian Games gold after refereeing farce, long suspension of final vs Iran |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-indian-mens-kabaddi-team-claims-gold-after-farce-and-long-suspension-of-final-against-iran-8972445/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vishal hails from a middle-class family from Una district, Himachal Pradesh. His mother Anju is a home maker and he has one sister, Kanika.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=8 April 2020 |title=Lockdown diaries: Vishal Bhardwaj relishes time with family |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/vishal-bharadwaj-telugu-titans-pro-kabaddi-league-coronavirus-lockdown/article31290104.ece |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> He is the first in the family to take up sports and he initially played basketball before switching to Kabaddi. After his junior days, he was selected for [[Telugu language|Telugu]] Titans in the PKL.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vishal Bharadwaj Bio & Stats {{!}} Telugu Titans {{!}} Pro Kabaddi Season 9 |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/player/vishal-bharadwaj-1000202 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Kabaddi Adda |language=en}}</ref> He is nick-named as 'Ankle-Assassin' as he specialises in ankle-hold<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal Bhardwaj Profile, Age, Career Stats, Biography, Pro Kabaddi 2019 Season 7 Team |url=https://www.news18.com/pro-kabaddi-2019/telugu-titans/vishal-bhardwaj-358/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=News18}}</ref> in the defence.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
He played for Telugu Titans in the Pro Kabaddi League for three seasons. He captained<ref name=":1" /> the team in Season 6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal Bhardwaj profile - Age, Raid Points, Tackles, Position, Team, Records, Profile - vivo Pro Kabaddi |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/players/vishal-bhardwaj-profile-3083 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=vivo Pro Kabaddi League |language=en}}</ref> He is part of the Indian team that won the gold in the final of the 2022 Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Indian men's kabaddi team reclaims Asian Games title after controversial final |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/indian-mens-kabaddi-team-reclaims-asian-games-title-after-controversial-final/articleshow/104239810.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{InterSportStats|3000578003|Vishal Bhardwaj}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Vishal}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League players]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Una district]]

Balagarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:43Z

MercedesPeachey: put up article...

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Balagarh
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Balagarh.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Balagarh Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
| constituency_no = 191
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Manoranjan Byapari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}+
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 207,702
}}

'''Balagarh Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 191 Balagarh Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Balagarh (community development block)|Balagarh]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Chandrahati I, Chandrahati II, Digsui and Mogra I [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Chinsurah Mogra]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Balagarh Assembly constituency is part of No. 28 [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Brindaban Chattopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bejoy Krishna Modak
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Brindaban Chattopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|H.K. Das
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Abinash Pramanick
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Biren Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|Abinash Pramanick
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="3"|Dibakanta Routh
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|2007^
|Bhuban Pramanick
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ashim Kumar Majhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Manoranjan Byapari]]
|}

*denotes ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Balagarh}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjan Dhara
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sumana Sarkar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bikash Goldar
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Biswas
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Balagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Byapari]]
|votes = 1,00,364
|percentage = 45.63
|change = {{decrease}}1.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subhash Chandra Halder
|votes = 94,580
|percentage = 43.00
|change = {{increase}}32.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mahamaya Mondal
|votes = 19,766
|percentage = 8.99
|change = {{decrease}}29.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 3,105
|percentage = 1.41
|change = {{decrease}}0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sukdeb Biswas
|votes = 2,142
|percentage = 0.97
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,784
|percentage = 2.63
|change = {{decrease}}6.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,19,957
|percentage = 84.94
|change = {{decrease}}0.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Balagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ashim Kumar Majhi]]
|votes = 96,472
|percentage = 47.36
|change = {{decrease}}4.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Panchu Gopal Mondal
|votes = 78,635
|percentage = 38.61
|change = {{decrease}}2.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subhash Chandra Halder
|votes = 20,757
|percentage = 10.19
|change = {{increase}}6.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 3,875
|percentage = 1.9
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Gautam Mondal
|votes = 1,718
|percentage = 0.84
|change = {{decrease}}0.52
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,837
|percentage = 8.75
|change = {{decrease}}2.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,03,683
|percentage = 85.59
|change = {{decrease}}2.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Balagarh<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=191| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164126/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=191| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Balagarh| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ashim Kumar Majhi]]
|votes = 96,254
|percentage = 52.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Bhuban Pramanick
|votes = 74,671
|percentage = 40.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bangshi Rauth
|votes = 6,223
|percentage = 3.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Monoj Mistri
|votes = 3,232
|percentage = 1.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Gautam Mondal
|votes = 2,493
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Sanjib Malik
|votes = 994
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,583
|percentage = 11.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,83,867
|percentage = 88.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977–2007===
The Balagarh seat fell vacant because of the death of the sitting MLA, Dibakanta Routh. In 2007 by-elections, Bhuban Pramanick of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] polled 60,101 votes to win the seat. Ashim Majhi of [[Trinamool Congress]] secured 51,691 votes, Bangshi Raut of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] secured 8,833 votes, Biswanath Malik of [[Indian National Congress]] secured 5,864 votes and Gautam Mandal of the CPI(ML) secured 4,530 votes.<ref name=vidhansabha2007by>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200801021422.htm | title = CPI(M) retains Balagarh assembly seat | access-date = 2 January 2008 | publisher = The Hindu News Update Service, 2 January 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080105105657/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200801021422.htm| archive-date= 5 January 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Dibakanta Routh of CPI (M) won the Balagarh (SC) assembly seat in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislativer Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> defeating his nearest rivals, Asim Patra of Trinamool Congress, Lakshmi Parui of Trinamool Congress and Biswanath Malik of Congress, in the respective years. Abinash Pramanik of CPI (M) won the seat in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1977<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> defeating his nearest rivals Biswanath Malik, Gopal Krishna Dhar, Nilmoni Mandal and Gauranga Halder, all of Congress, in the respective years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp188.htm |title =188 – Balagarh (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Biren Sarkar of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Abinash Pramanik of CPI(M) won in 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> H.K.Das of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Brindaban Chattopdhyay of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Bejoy Krishna Modak of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> the Balagarh seat was won by Brindaban Chattopdhyay of Congress.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Anil Aldrin

2026-04-13T05:09:43Z

MercedesPeachey: put up new stub...

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Anil Alexander Aldrin
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|8|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}
{{MedalTableTop | name = no }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Field Hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Field hockey at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|Team}}
{{MedalGold|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|[[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Anil Alexander Aldrin''' (born 22 August 1971) is a former Indian hockey player who played for the [[India men's national field hockey team|India national field hockey team]]. His family hailed from Kerala in a place named Murukanpuzha in Trivandrum. He played as a defender for India from 1992 to 1999 and captained the country during his last years in 1999. He competed in the [[Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|men's tournament]] at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] at Atlanta.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/anil-alexander-aldrin-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418103910/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/anil-alexander-aldrin-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Anil Alexander Aldrin Olympic Results |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> He also played in the [[Asian Games]] in 1994 and 1998, winning the gold in his second appearance at Bangkok, and he represented India in Champions Trophy in 1995 and 1996 at home in Madras.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Spirited Aldrin makes light of time - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/spirited-aldrin-makes-light-of-time/articleshow/72121119.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> He also played two World Cups<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hockey World Cup beckons, yet players wrestle with IHF that refuses to make them winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19980525-hockey-world-cup-beckons-yet-players-wrestle-with-ihf-that-refuses-to-make-them-winners-828226-1998-05-25|first=Rohit|last=Brijnath|orig-date=25 May 1998|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=23 May 2020|date=20 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1998: A bitter experience|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/world-cup-2018/history/hockey-history-first-person-account-sportstar-world-cup-special-1998-dhanraj-pillay-india-ninth-position/article25568987.ece|last=Pillay|first=Dhanraj|website=Sportstar|language=en|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> in 1994 in Sydney and under coach [[Vasudevan Baskaran]] in 1998 at Utrecht, the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Hockey's dream run at the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/indian-hockey-gold-bangkok-asiad|last=Kapadia|first=Novy|date=14 September 2014|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|access-date=23 May 2020}}. </ref> He serves as the Sports Director at [[Vidyashilp Academy]], Bengaluru, India.

==Career==
Aldrin had his schooling at [[St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore|St. Joseph's Boys High School]] in Bangalore and started his hockey career after joining the Sports Authority of India hostel for boys under well-known coach P. A. Rafael. He also completed his B.Com from St. Joseph's College, Bangalore. Anil Aldrin and Sandeep Somesh were in the class of 1988 at St. Joseph's school, along with Indian cricket player [[Rahul Dravid]], who also played hockey in his school days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reliving the golden days|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/602242/reliving-golden-days.html|date=20 March 2017|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Later, in his playing days, Aldrin was compared to Rahul Dravid and was called as the `Wall of Indian hockey' for his defending skills. Other hockey players who went on to play for India, like Sabu Varkey, Sandeep Somesh and Ravi Nayakkar, were his teammates in the hostel under the same coach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three veteran coaches make SAI, South Centre proud - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/three-veteran-coaches-make-sai-south-centre-proud/articleshow/60314192.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Class Hockey Tournament for School Kids Concluded, RDT Inclusive High School Emerge Champions|url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2012/11/11/world-class-hockey-tournament-for-school-kids-concluded-rdt-inclusive-high-school-emerge-champions/id-7971.html|date=11 November 2012|website=The Fans of Hockey|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> In the 1990s he was recruited by Indian Airlines which later became known as Air India, one of the top domestic outfits in India.<ref name=":0" /> In 2022, Aldrin secured a formidable leadership role at the prestigious [[Vidyashilp Academy]], training and leading over 2,500 young athletes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{India FH Squad 1994 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1998 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 1998 Asian Games}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aldrin, Anil Alexander}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Kerala]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:1994 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]

Romit Kumar

2026-04-11T23:05:52Z

MercedesPeachey: New.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| constituency = [[Atri]]
| party = Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)
| image = RomitKumar.jpg
| caption = Romit Kumar
| name = Romit Kumar
| education = B.tech (Electronics and Telecommunication)
| preceded = [[Ajay Kumar Yadav]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| parents = Arvind Kumar (Father) and Mina kumari (Mother)
}}

'''Romit Kumar'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Bihar2025/romit-kumar-2265/|title= Romit Kumar , ATRI candidate Bihar Election bio|website= The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]]. He is currently a member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Atri Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/atri-constituency/candidate-list/romit-kumar|title= Romit Kumar Performance in Bihar Assembly Elections 2025|website= India TV|language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Romit Kumar defeated Baijayanti Devi by a margin of 25,777 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-atri-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2025-rjd-vs-hindustani-awam-morcha-winner-loser-and-latest-update-40038097.html|title= ब‍िहार की अतरी सीट पर HAM के रोमि‍त कुमार जीते|website= Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/atri-assembly-seat-result-2025-who-will-win-rjd-baijayanti-devi-vs-ham-romit-kumar-election-counting-updates-201763080272343.html|title= अतरी सीट नतीजा, HAM के रोमित कुमार की बंपर जीत, RJD की बैजयंती देवी को हराया|website= Livehindustan|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/atri-constituency-233|title= Atri Assembly Election Result 2025 |website= Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref> from the [[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri Assembly Constituency]] and was elected for the first time to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] as a Member of the [[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]].<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Atri">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Atri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04233.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124051345/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04233.htm |archivedate=24 November 2025 |accessdate=24 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Atri Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Atri Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/atri |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124051419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/atri |archivedate=24 November 2025 |accessdate=24 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Romit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Amulya Sardar

2026-04-08T02:08:35Z

MercedesPeachey: put up a entry...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amulya Sardar
| image =
| birth_date = 23 August 1968
| birth_place = Bunudih, Harina, [[Potka]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date = 1 March 2017
| death_place = Bunudih, Harina, [[Potka]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| education = Matric.
| occupation = Social Service, Politician
| office = Member of Legislative Assembly, Government of Jharkhand
| constituency = [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]]
| term = 2005-2009
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| spouse = Kadmi Sardar
| father = Wakil Sardar
}}

'''Amulya Sardar''' (23 August 1968 – 1 March 2017) was an [[Indian politician]] who represented Potka Assembly constituency from 2005 to 2010 as a Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]. Sardar was a member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]], a political party. Sardar was elected MLA for the second assembly of Jharkhand in 2005 on the ticket of Jharkhand Mukti Morcha for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=415|title=Amulya Sardar(Independent(IND)):Constituency- POTKA (ST)(EAST SINGHBHUM ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sardar was born into a [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] tribal family on 23 August 1968 in Kundru Tola, Bunudih, Harina, [[Potka block|Potka]]. His father Wakil Sardar was a farmer. In Potka and surrounding areas, he was very famous in the name of ''Jhadphunk Wale Baba''. After winning the election, he stopped this work.

Sardar did his matriculation at B.P.M.S. High School, under B.S.E.B. Patna in the year 1988. He was married to Kadmi Sardar, and had five sons and two daughters in his family. He always liked to be among the public and was particularly influenced by the literature of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Sardar always lived a simple life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/singhbhum-east/950236|title=जमशेदुपर : पोटका के पूर्व विधायक अमूल्य सरदार का निधन|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2005, Amulya contested the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] elections for the first time from Potka assembly seat. In Potka and surrounding areas, he was very famous in the name of Jhadphunk Wale Baba. After winning the election, he stopped this work. Amulya Sardar got the party ticket in 2005 due to the then JMM MP [[Sunil Mahato]]. On 23 January 2005, on the day of nomination, he was arrested from the old court premises due to warrants in two old cases. During his stay in jail, Sunil Mahato had campaigned for election in Potka. Later he was released on 28 February.

In 2005, Sardar, who contested for the first time from Potka assembly seat, snatched this seat by defeating BJP MLA [[Maneka Sardar]]. Amulya Sardar got 53760 votes, while Maneka Sardar had to be satisfied with only 40,001 votes. He was the second MLA in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly after the then Speaker [[Inder Singh Namdhari]], who always wore a ''turban''. People used to call him in the organization by the name of the turbaned MLA.

In the 2009 elections, [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] once again gave ticket to Amulya Sardar as a sitting MLA. This time [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate Maneka Sardar, taking fierce revenge for her defeat, pushed Amulya Sardar to number three. Maneka Sardar got 44,095 votes, while third-ranked Amulya had to be satisfied on 24789 votes. [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate Subodh Sardar had secured the second position by getting 28305 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/singhbhum-east/950242|title=झारखंड : नहीं रहे जेल में रहकर विधायक बनने वाले बाबा अमूल्याे सरदार|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News}}</ref>

In the 2014 elections, the central leadership of JMM did not give ticket to Amulya Sardar, due to which he left the party in dismay. Contesting as an independent (on diesel pump symbol) from [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka assembly constituency]], he could not even save his deposit in this election. Amulya Sardar, who finished ninth, had to be satisfied with only 2116 votes.

== Death ==
Former JMM MLA Amulya Sardar died of [[cardiac arrest]] at his residence in Potka block of East Singhbhum district on 1 March 2017, at the age of 49. His last rites were performed in the day behind Harina, Bunudih ancestral residence. His son lit the fire. Many prominent people including former [[Jharkhand]] [[Chief Minister]] [[Raghuvar Das]] have expressed grief over his death. JMM Senior Vice-President [[Champai Soren]], who visited Sardar's home to pay his homage, said he played a major role in the statehood movement of Jharkhand. Soren said Sardar's death was an irreparable loss to the party as he was instrumental in increasing JMM's base in rural pockets of [[East Singhbhum district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-jmm-mla-amulya-sardar-passes-away-117030200410_1.html|title=Former JMM MLA Amulya Sardar passes away|agency=Press Trust of India|date=March 2, 2017|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Maneka Sardar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardar, Amulya}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Bhumij people]]
[[Category:Adivasi politicians]]

Moj

2026-04-06T15:54:47Z

MercedesPeachey: Created a info basic info

{{Short description|Indian video-sharing service}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}

{{Other uses}}{{Infobox software
| title = Moj
| name = Moj
| logo = Mojapp logo.png
| logo_size = 120px
| screenshot = Moj App on ArchOne Linux.jpg
| screenshot size = 350px
| collapsible = no
| caption = Moj app is playing a short video on [[Arch Linux]]
| author =
| developer = [[Mohalla Tech]]
| released = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|06|29}}
| discontinued = No
| ver layout = stacked
*[[iOS]]
*[[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| operating system = {{plainlist|
*[[iOS]]
*[[Android (operating system)|Android]]}}
| size = {{plainlist|
*263.8 [[Megabyte|MB]] ([[iOS]])
*104 [[Megabyte|MB]] ([[Android (operating system)|Android]])}}
| language = {{hlist|
[[Hindi]]| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]| [[Kannada]]| [[Malayalam]]| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]| [[Odia language|Odia]]| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]| [[English language|English]]}}
| language count = 12
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Social Media]]
*[[Video sharing]]
}}
| licence = [[Freeware]]
| website = {{URL|https://mojapp.in/}}
}}

'''Moj''' is an Indian [[Short-form content|short-form]] [[video-sharing]] [[social networking]] service owned by [[Mohalla Tech Pvt Ltd]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohalla Tech Pvt Ltd - Company Profile and News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1426659D:IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422205308/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1426659D:IN |archive-date=2022-04-22 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> the parent company of [[ShareChat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShareChat - Funny, Romantic, Videos, Shayari, Quotes {{!}} Messaging app |url=https://sharechat.com/sharechat.com/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=ShareChat |language=en}}</ref> Launched on 29 June 2020, shortly after the Government of India [[Censorship of TikTok#India|banned TikTok]] and several other Chinese apps, Moj quickly gained popularity as one of the leading domestic alternatives for short-form video content in India.

== History ==
Moj was introduced by Mohalla Tech, the [[Bengaluru]]-based parent company of ShareChat, within days of the [[TikTok]] ban in India in June 2020. The app targeted the growing demand for short-form video platforms in the country.

By early 2021, Moj had amassed over 100 million downloads on the [[Google Play Store]]. In February 2021, Mohalla Tech raised significant funding from investors like Tiger Global, Snapchat, and others, which supported both Moj and ShareChat’s growth.

In 2022, Moj partnered with several music labels to expand its licensed music library, competing directly with global platforms such as Instagram Reels and YouTube Shorts.

== Features ==

* Short Videos: Users can create and watch videos up to 15–60 seconds.
* Filters & Effects: The platform provides AR filters, editing tools, stickers, and music integration.
* Regional Language Support: Moj supports more than 15 Indian languages including Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Marathi.
* Music Integration: Users can add music tracks to their videos from licensed Indian and international music libraries.
* Creator Program: Moj launched initiatives to support influencers and creators, offering training, monetization, and promotional opportunities.

== Popularity ==

* By mid-2021, Moj reported over 160 million monthly active users.
* According to reports, Moj consistently ranked among the top social media apps in India in terms of downloads.
* The app gained traction in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities due to its multilingual support and focus on local content.

== Competitors ==
Moj competes with several other short video platforms in India, including:

* [[Instagram|Instagram Reels]] (Meta)
* [[YouTube Shorts]] (Google)
* Josh (Dailyhunt/VerSe Innovation)
* [[Roposo]] (InMobi)
* [[MX TakaTak]] (later merged with Moj in 2022)
* RedPost<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namdeo |first=Shivam |title=RedPost - A Global Stage for Indian Voices |url=https://redpost.in/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=RedPost |language=en}}</ref> (an emerging Indian social networking platform)

== Merger with MX TakaTak ==
In February 2022, Mohalla Tech announced that Moj would merge with [[MX TakaTak]], another leading short video app owned by Times Internet. The merger created one of the largest short-video ecosystems in India, with a combined user base of over 300 million monthly active users.

== See also ==

* [[ShareChat]]
* [[Josh (app)]]
* [[Instagram|Instagram Reels]]
* [[YouTube Shorts]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://mojapp.in/}}
* [https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/28/indian-start-up-sharechat-is-one-of-many-looking-to-fill-the-vacuum-left-by-tiktok-ban.html "Indian start-up ShareChat is one of many looking to fill the vacuum left by TikTok ban". ''CNBC'']
* [https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news-moj-surpasses-100mn-downloads-on-google-play-store-678381 "Moj surpasses 100mn downloads on Google Play Store". ''India TV''.]
* [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/mx-takatak-to-merge-with-sharechats-moj-to-create-indias-largest-short-video-platform/articleshow/89480061.cms?from=mdr "MX Takatak to merge with ShareChat’s Moj to create India's largest short video platform". ''Economic Times''.]
* [https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sharechat-s-tiktok-clone-moj-gets-10-million-downloads-within-6-days-of-launch-11594130368003.html "Sharechat’s TikTok clone, Moj, gets 10 million downloads within 6 days of launch". ''LiveMint''. ]

[[Category:Indian social networking websites]]
[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:2020 software]]
[[Category:Mobile applications]]

French and Indian War

2026-03-29T15:31:08Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{Short description|North American theater of the Seven Years' War}}
{{about|the conflict from 1754 to 1763|the series of conflicts between 1688 and 1763|French and Indian Wars}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| partof = the [[Seven Years' War]] and the [[Sixty Years' War]]
| conflict = French and Indian War{{efn|group=nb|The term ''Indian'' has been used in keeping with [[WP:NAMINGCRITERIA|article name guidelines]] because of the historical nature of the article and the precision of the name. The use of the name also provides relevant context about the era of the war, specifically one in which Indigenous peoples in North America were homogeneously referred to as Indians. Use of ''Indian'' is limited throughout the article to proper nouns and references to government legislation.<ref name=Indian>{{cite web |title=Terminology Guide Research on Aboriginal Heritage |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/Documents/Terminology%20Guide%20%20Aboriginal%20Heritage.pdf |publisher=library and Archives Canada - [[University of British Columbia]] |date=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214133244/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/Documents/Terminology%20Guide%20%20Aboriginal%20Heritage.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref>}}
| image = French and indian war map.svg
| caption = The war theater
| date = {{start and end dates|1754|5|28|1763|10|7|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=05|day1=28|year1=1754|month2=10|day2=7|year2=1763}})}}
| place = [[North America]]
| territory = France cedes [[New France]] east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, retaining [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], and transfers [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] to [[Spain]].
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
** [[British America]]
** Pro-British Indigenous nations
{{tree list/end}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Jeffery Amherst]]
*[[Edward Braddock]]{{KIA}}
*[[James Wolfe]]{{KIA}}
*[[John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun|John Campbell]]
*[[James Abercrombie (general)|James Abercrombie]]
*[[Edward Boscawen]]
*[[George Washington]]
*[[John Forbes (British Army officer)|John Forbes]]
*[[George Monro (British Army officer)|George Monro]]
*[[Sir William Johnson|William Johnson]]
*[[Tanacharison]]
*[[Sayenqueraghta]]}}
| strength1 = 46,500 regulars militia (peak strength, 1758)<ref name="BritStrength">Brumwell, pp. 26–31, documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg, Carillon, Duquesne, and West Indies.</ref>
| casualties1 = 3,000 regulars killed in action or died of wounds, 10,400 died of disease 11,000+ [[Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars|provincial troops]] and Native allies died of all causes '''Total: 25,000 dead'''<ref>Emma Hart, Marie Houllemare, Trevor Burnard. "The Oxford Handbook of the Seven Years' War." June 2024. Page 73. Essay "Resources" by Peter Wilson, chapter 4.</ref>
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}
** {{flagicon|New France}}[[New France]]
*** {{flagicon|New France}}[[Canada (New France)|Canada]]
** Pro-French Indigenous nations
{{tree list/end}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
*[[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm|Louis de Montcalm]]{{KIA}}
*[[Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal|Pierre de Rigaud]]
*[[François-Charles de Bourlamaque|François de Bourlamaque]]
*[[Chevalier de Lévis]]{{POW}}
*[[Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau|Jean Erdman]]{{POW}}
*[[François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery|François de Lignery]]{{KIA}}
*[[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville|Michel de Menneville]]
*[[Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu|Daniel de Beaujeu]]{{KIA}}
*[[Joseph Coulon de Jumonville|Joseph de Jumonville]]{{KIA}}
*[[Captain Jacobs]]{{KIA}}
*[[Pontiac (Ottawa leader)|Pontiac]]
*[[Shingas]]
*[[Bemino|Killbuck]]
}}
| strength2 = 10,000 regulars (''troupes de la terre'' and ''troupes de la marine'', peak strength, 1757) 15,000 militia<ref name="FrenchRegStrength">Brumwell, pp. 24–25.</ref>
| casualties2 = Unknown
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox French and Indian War}}
{{Campaignbox French and Indian War: Ohio Valley}}
{{Campaignbox French and Indian War: Maritimes}}
{{Campaignbox Seven Years' War}}
}}
The '''French and Indian War'''{{efn|Known by [[Francophone Canadians]] as '''{{lang|fr|La Guerre de la Conquête}}''' or ''War of the Conquest''}} (1754–1763) was a conflict in [[North America]] between [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]], along with their respective [[Indigenous peoples of North Ameria|Indigenous]] allies. Historians generally consider it part of the global [[Seven Years' War]], which lasted from 1756 to 1763, although in the [[United States]] it is often viewed as a distinct conflict unassociated with any larger European war.{{sfn|Taylor|1994|pp=39–48, 72–74}}

Although Britain and France were officially at peace following the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] in 1748, tensions over trade continued in North America, which culminated in a dispute over the [[Forks of the Ohio]], and the related French [[Fort Duquesne]] which controlled them. In May 1754, this led to the [[Battle of Jumonville Glen]], when [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]] militia led by [[George Washington]] ambushed a French patrol.{{sfn|Peyser|1996|p=221}}

In 1755, [[Edward Braddock]], the new [[Commander-in-Chief, North America]], planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded, while the [[Braddock Expedition]] ended in disaster at the [[Battle of the Monongahela]] on July 9, with Braddock himself dying of his wounds a few days later. From 1755 to 1757, further British operations in [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] and [[Province of New York|New York]] failed, but were offset by the British [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour|capture of Fort Beauséjour]] on the border between British [[Nova Scotia]] and French [[Acadia]]. Over the next nine years, [[expulsion of the Acadians|French settlers were expelled]] and replaced by those from New England.<ref>Eccles, ''France in America'', p. 185</ref>

The Seven Years' War began in 1756, and a number of disastrous campaigns in 1757, including the [[Louisbourg Expedition (1757)]] and [[Siege of Fort William Henry]] led to the fall of the British government. The new [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]], significantly increased British military resources in the colonies when France was struggling to support their limited forces in New France, preferring to concentrate their forces in Europe. Between 1758 and 1760, the British launched a campaign to capture [[Canada (New France)|French Canada]], taking [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|Quebec in 1759]], then [[Montreal Campaign|Montreal the following year]]. This largely ended fighting in North America.

In accordance with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]], France ceded its [[Canada (New France)|Canadian possessions]] to Britain, along with its claim to territories east of the [[Mississippi River]]. France also gave Spain [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]] west of the Mississippi in compensation for their loss of [[Spanish Florida]] to Britain. The French presence in North America was reduced to the islands of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power.

==Nomenclature==
[[File:SevenYearsWar.png|thumb|left|Belligerents during the [[Seven Years' War]]. Canadians and Europeans view the French and Indian War as a theater of the Seven Years' War, while Americans view it a separate conflict.]]
In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as [[King William's War]] or [[Queen Anne's War]]. There had already been a [[King George's War]] in the 1740s during the reign of [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]], so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents, and it became known as the ''French and Indian War''.<ref name="anderson crucible of war 747"/> This continues as the standard name for the war in the United States, although [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] fought on both sides of the conflict. It also led into the Seven Years' War overseas, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain that did not involve the American colonies; some historians make a connection between the French and Indian War and the Seven Years' War overseas, but most residents of the United States consider them as two separate conflicts—only one of which involved the American colonies,<ref>Jennings, p. xv.</ref> and American historians generally use the traditional name. Less frequently used names for the war include the ''Fourth Intercolonial War'' and the ''Great War for the Empire''.<ref name="anderson crucible of war 747">Anderson (2000), p. 747.</ref>

In Europe, the French and Indian War is conflated into the Seven Years' War and not given a separate name. "Seven Years" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756—two years after the French and Indian War had started—to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. The French and Indian War in America, by contrast, was largely concluded in six years from the [[Battle of Jumonville Glen]] in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.<ref name="anderson crucible of war 747"/> Canadians conflate both the European and American conflicts into the Seven Years' War ({{lang|fr|Guerre de Sept Ans}}).<ref name=ce>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seven-years-war|title=Seven Years' War|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=October 7, 2019}}: 1756–1763</ref> French Canadians also use the term "War of Conquest" ({{lang|fr|Guerre de la Conquête}}), since it is the war in which [[New France]] was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire. In Quebec, this term was promoted by popular historians [[Jacques Lacoursière]] and [[Denis Vaugeois]], who borrowed from the ideas of [[Maurice Séguin]] in considering this war as a dramatic tipping point of French Canadian identity and nationhood.<ref name="BucknerReid2012">{{cite book|author1=Brian Young|editor1=John G. Reid|title=Remembering 1759: The Conquest of Canada in Historical Memory|chapter=Below the Academic Radar: Denis Vaugeois and Constructing the Conquest in the Quebec Popular Imagination|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiOOuORbGpAC&pg=PT233|date=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-9924-3|pages=233–}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:François Mercier, voyageur canadien.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|The {{lang|fr|[[coureurs des bois]]}} were French-Canadian [[North American fur trade|fur traders]], who did business with natives throughout the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and [[St. Lawrence River|St. Lawrence watershed]].]]
At this time, North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France. Large areas had no colonial settlements. The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the [[St. Lawrence River]] valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day [[New Brunswick]] and parts of [[Nova Scotia]]), including [[Île-Royale|Île Royale]] ([[Cape Breton Island]]). Fewer lived in [[New Orleans]]; [[Biloxi, Mississippi]]; [[Mobile, Alabama]]; and small settlements in the [[Illinois Country]], hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local Indian tribes, and often married Indian women.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Powell |title=Encyclopedia of North American immigration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno0000powe |url-access=registration |year=2005 |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno0000powe/page/204 204] |isbn=0816046581 }}</ref> Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions.

British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1<ref>John Wade, "British History Chronologically Arranged, 2: Comprehending a Chamfied Analysis of Events and Occurencis in Church and State ... from the First Invasions by the Romans to A.d. 1847", p.46 [https://books.google.com/books?id=CA5oV-kN6NMC&pg=PA446]</ref> with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the Atlantic coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and the [[Colony of Newfoundland]] in the north to the [[Province of Georgia]] in the south.<ref>{{cite book |first=Francis D. |last=Cogliano |title=Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History |year=2008 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=32 |isbn=9780415964869 }}</ref> Many of the older colonies' land claims extended arbitrarily far to the west, as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted. Their population centers were along the coast, but the settlements were growing into the interior. The British captured Nova Scotia from France in 1713, which still had a significant French-speaking population. Britain also claimed [[Rupert's Land]] where the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] traded for furs with local Indian tribes.

[[File:5NationsExpansion.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Iroquois expansion, 1711. By the mid-18th century, the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] had expanded from Upstate New York to the [[Ohio Country]].]]
Between the French and British colonists, large areas were dominated by Indian tribes. To the north, the [[Mi'kmaq]] and the [[Abenaki people|Abenakis]] were engaged in [[Father Le Loutre's War]] and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the [[Canada, New France|province of Canada]], as well as much of Maine.<ref>Jennings, pp. 9, 176</ref> The [[Iroquois Confederation]] dominated much of upstate New York and the [[Ohio Country]], although Ohio also included [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]-speaking populations of [[Lenape|Delaware]] and [[Shawnee]], as well as [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]-speaking [[Mingos]]. These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements.<ref name=A2K_23>Anderson (2000), p. 23</ref> The Iroquois Confederation initially held a stance of neutrality to ensure continued trade with both French and British. Though maintaining this stance proved difficult as the Iroquois Confederation tribes sided and supported French or British causes depending on which side provided the most beneficial trade.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bleiweis |first1=Sam |title=The Downfall of the Iroquios |journal=Emory Endeavors in World History |date=2013 |volume=5 |pages=84–99 |url=http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-bleiweis.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-bleiweis.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking [[Catawba (tribe)|Catawbas]], [[Muskogean languages|Muskogee]]-speaking [[Creek (tribe)|Creeks]] and [[Choctaw]], and the Iroquoian-speaking [[Cherokee]] tribes.<ref>Jennings, p. 8</ref> When war broke out, the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes region]], which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British; these included the [[Wyandot people|Wyandots]], [[Mississaugas]], [[Ojibwas]], [[Winnebago (tribe)|Winnebagos]], and [[Potawatomi]].

The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois [[Iroquois Confederacy|Six Nations]] and also by the Cherokees, until differences sparked the [[Anglo-Cherokee War]] in 1758. In 1758, the [[Province of Pennsylvania]] successfully negotiated the [[Treaty of Easton]] in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations. Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamer |first1=P. M. |title=Anglo-French Rivalry in the Cherokee Country, 1754–1757 |journal=The North Carolina Historical Review |date=July 1925 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=303–322 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23514555 |access-date=29 March 2024 |publisher=North Carolina Office of Archives and History |jstor=23514555 |issn=0029-2494 |oclc=9973993536}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Three Cherokee.jpg|thumb|Three [[Cherokee]] chiefs, c. 1762. The Cherokee were subject to diplomatic efforts from the British and French to gain their support or neutrality in the event of a conflict.]]
At this time, Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern America. It controlled Cuba and other territories in the [[West Indies]] that became military objectives in the Seven Years' War. Florida's European population was a few hundred, concentrated in [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Corbett|first=Theodore G.|title=Population Structure in Hispanic St. Augustine, 1629–1763|publisher=Florida Historical Society|year=1976|issue=3|volume=54|journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly|page=264|jstor=30151286|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30151286}}</ref>
[[File:General-james-wolfe.jpg|thumb|General James Wolfe, British commander]]
There were no French regular army troops stationed in America at the onset of war. New France was defended by about 3,000 [[troupes de la marine]], companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. The British had few troops. Most of the British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, but they did not have any standing forces. Virginia, by contrast, had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

When hostilities began, the British colonial governments preferred operating independently of one another and of the government in London. This situation complicated negotiations with Indian tribes, whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies. As the war progressed, the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

===Céloron's expedition===
New France's Governor-General [[Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière]] was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as [[George Croghan]]. In June 1747, he ordered [[Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville|Pierre-Joseph Céloron]] to lead a military expedition through the area. Its objectives were:
[[File:La Galissonière-French school 18th century img 3172.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière]], Governor of New France, sent an expedition in 1749 into the Ohio Country in an attempt to assert French sovereignty.]]
* to reaffirm to New France's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France
* to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed
* to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes
* to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion, unauthorized trading expeditions, and general trespass against French claims<ref name=A2K_26>Anderson (2000), p. 26.</ref>

Céloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 [[Troupes de la marine]] and 30 Indians, and they covered about {{convert|3000|mi|km}} between June and November 1749. They went up the St. Lawrence, continued along the northern shore of [[Lake Ontario]], crossed the portage at Niagara, and followed the southern shore of [[Lake Erie]]. At the [[French Portage Road|Chautauqua Portage]] near [[Barcelona, New York]], the expedition moved inland to the [[Allegheny River]], which it followed to the site of [[Pittsburgh]]. There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country.<ref name=A2K_26/> Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur-traders, he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.<ref name=A2K_26/>

Céloron's expedition arrived at [[Logstown]] where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French.<ref name="fowler 14">Fowler, p. 14.</ref> He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the [[Great Miami River|Miami]] rivers, which lay just south of the village of [[Pickawillany]], the home of the [[Miami tribe|Miami]] chief known as "[[Old Briton]]". Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists, but Old Briton ignored the warning. Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749.<ref name="ParkLoram">[http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/parks/magazinehome/magazine/sprsum2006/parkspotlight/tabid/310/Default.aspx "Park Spotlight: Lake Loramie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017104252/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/parks/magazinehome/magazine/sprsum2006/parkspotlight/tabid/310/Default.aspx |date=2013-10-17 }}, ''Ohio State Parks Magazine'', Spring 2006</ref>

Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report. "All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French," he wrote, "and are entirely devoted to the English. I don't know in what way they could be brought back."<ref name="fowler 14"/> Even before his return to Montreal, reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken. [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]] governor [[William Shirley]] was particularly forceful, stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present.<ref name="fowler 15">Fowler, p. 15.</ref>

===Negotiations===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|European colonies in North America, c. 1750. Disputes over territorial claims persisted after the end of [[King George's War]] in 1748.]]
The [[War of the Austrian Succession]] ended in 1748 with the signing of the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]], which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission, but it reached no decision. Frontier areas were claimed by both sides, from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south. The disputes also extended into the [[Atlantic Ocean]], where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]] off [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

In 1749, the British government gave land to the [[Ohio Company of Virginia]] for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country.<ref>Alfred P. James, ''[[The Ohio Company: Its Inner History]]'' (1959) pp. 26–40</ref> The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection. But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims.<ref>Jennings, p. 15</ref> In 1750, [[Christopher Gist]] explored the Ohio territory, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company, and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown.<ref>Jennings, p. 18</ref> He completed the [[Logstown#Treaty of Logstown, 1752|1752 Treaty of Logstown]] in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their "Half-King" [[Tanacharison]] and an Iroquois representative. These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the [[Monongahela River]] on the modern site of [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania.<ref>Anderson (2000), p. 28</ref>

===Escalation in Ohio Country===
Governor-General of New France [[Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière|Marquis de la Jonquière]] died on March 17, 1752, and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil. His permanent replacement was to be [[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville|the Marquis Duquesne]], but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post.<ref>Anderson (2000), p. 27</ref> The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of [[Charles Michel de Langlade]], an officer in the Troupes de la Marine. Langlade was given 300 men, including [[French-Canadians]] and warriors of the [[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa tribe]]. His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British. On June 21, the French war party [[Raid on Pickawillany|attacked the trading center]] at Pickawillany, capturing three traders<ref name="ParkLoram"/> and killing 14 Miami Indians, including Old Briton. He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party.

====Construction of French fortifications====
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Fort Le Boeuf.jpg|thumb|[[Fort Le Boeuf]] in 1754. In the spring of 1753, the French began to build a series of forts in the Ohio Country.]]
In the spring of 1753, [[Paul Marin de la Malgue]] was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians. His orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier. Céloron, however, had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates, whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts. He first constructed [[Fort Presque Isle]] on Lake Erie's south shore near [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], and he had a road built to the headwaters of [[LeBoeuf Creek (Pennsylvania)|LeBoeuf Creek]]. He then constructed a second fort at [[Fort Le Boeuf]] in [[Waterford, Pennsylvania]], designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. As he moved south, he drove off or captured British traders, alarming both the British and the Iroquois. [[Tanaghrisson]] was a chief of the [[Mingo]] Indians, who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion. He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father. He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action, which Marin contemptuously dismissed.<ref name="fowler 31">Fowler, p. 31.</ref>

The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of [[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet|William Johnson]] in upstate New York, who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond. Johnson was known to the Iroquois as ''Warraghiggey'', meaning "he who does great things." He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the [[Iroquois|Iroquois Confederacy]] in the area, and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia.

The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor [[George Clinton (Royal Navy officer)|George Clinton]] and officials from some of the other American colonies at [[Albany, New York]]. [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] [[Chief Hendrick]] was the speaker of their tribal council, and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations{{which|date=April 2017}} and block French expansion. Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, and Hendrick said that the "[[Covenant Chain]]" was broken, a long-standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown.

====Virginia's response====
[[File:Washington 1772.jpg|thumb|upright|In 1754, [[George Washington]] of the [[Virginia Regiment]] was dispatched to warn the French to leave Virginian territory.]]
Governor [[Robert Dinwiddie]] of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which stood to lose money if the French held their claim.<ref>O'Meara, p. 48</ref> He ordered 21-year-old Major [[George Washington]] (whose brother was another Ohio Company investor) of the [[Virginia Regiment]] to [[George Washington in the French and Indian War|warn the French to leave Virginia territory]] in October 1753.<ref name=A2K_42_3>Anderson (2000), pp. 42–43</ref> Washington left with a small party, including [[Jacob Van Braam]] as an interpreter, [[Christopher Gist]] (a company surveyor working in the area), [[Guyasuta]] (a [[Mingo]] warrior), Jeskakake (a [[Cayuga people|Cayuga]] chief), Kaghswaghtaniunt (a [[Seneca people|Seneca]] leader),<ref>[https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/kaghswaghtaniunt_3E.html William A. Hunter, “KAGHSWAGHTANIUNT (Coswentannea, Gaghswaghtaniunt, Kachshwuchdanionty, Tohaswuchdoniunty) (Belt of Wampum, Old Belt, Le Collier Pendu, White Thunder),” in ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography,'' vol. 3, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed May 2, 2025]</ref> and Tanaghrisson. On December 12, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf.<ref>Anderson (2000), p. 43</ref><ref>Jennings, p. 63</ref>

[[Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre]] succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29, and he invited Washington to dine with him. Over dinner, Washington presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country. Saint-Pierre said, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it."<ref name="fowler 35">Fowler, p. 35.</ref> He told Washington that France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]] had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.<ref name="ellis 5">Ellis, ''His Excellency George Washington'', p. 5.</ref>

Washington's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] on January 16, 1754. He stated in his report, "The French had swept south",<ref name="fowler 36">Fowler, p. 36.</ref> detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area, and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers.<ref>O'Meara, pp. 37–38.</ref>

==Course of war==
Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under [[William Trent]] to that point where they began construction of a small [[stockade]]d fort in the early months of 1754.<ref>O'Meara, p. 41</ref> Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under [[Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur]] to relieve Saint-Pierre during the same period, and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754.<ref>O'Meara, pp. 43–45</ref> These forces arrived at the fort on April 16, but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent's small company to withdraw. He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became [[Fort Duquesne]].<ref>Jennings, p. 65</ref>

===Early engagements===
Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work, and Washington learned of Trent's retreat while he was en route.<ref>Anderson (2000), p. 50</ref> Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British, so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him. He then learned of a French scouting party in the area from a warrior sent by Tanaghrisson, so he added Tanaghrisson's dozen Mingo warriors to his own party. Washington's combined force of 52 ambushed 40 ''[[Canadiens]]'' (French colonists of [[New France]]) on the morning of May 28 in what became known as the [[Battle of Jumonville Glen]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Fred |title=Crucible of War |date=200 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=9780307425393 |pages=52–53}}</ref> They killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer [[Joseph Coulon de Jumonville]], whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk. Historian [[Fred Anderson (historian)|Fred Anderson]] suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships. One of Tanaghrisson's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire.<ref name="AndersonCrucible51_9">Anderson (2000), pp. 51–59.</ref> Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America, and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley.
[[File:The Night Council At Fort Necessity from the Darlington Collection of Engravings.PNG|thumb|Washington with his war council during the [[Battle of Fort Necessity]]. After deliberations, it was decided to withdraw, and surrender the [[Fort Necessity National Battlefield|fort]].]]
Following the battle, Washington pulled back several miles and established [[Fort Necessity National Battlefield|Fort Necessity]], which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jumonville's brother at the [[Battle of Fort Necessity]] on July 3. Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms. One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by [[Shawnee]], [[Delaware]], and Mingo warriors—just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence.<ref name="AndersonCrucible59_65">Anderson (2000), pp. 59–65.</ref>

News of the two battles reached England in August. After several months of negotiations, the government of [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|the Duke of Newcastle]] decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French.<ref name="Fowler52">Fowler, p. 52.</ref> They chose Major General [[Edward Braddock]] to lead the expedition.<ref>Lengel p. 52.</ref> Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America. In response, King [[Louis XV]] dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of [[Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau|Baron Dieskau]] in 1755.<ref>O'Meara, p. 113.</ref> The British sent out their fleet in February 1755, intending to blockade French ports, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Edward Hawke]] detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them.
[[File:Capture des flutes Alcide et Lys en 1755 pres de Louisbourg.jpg|thumb|In June 1755, the British [[Action of 8 June 1755|captured]] French naval ships sent to provide war [[matériel]] to the [[Acadian]] and Mi'kmaw militias in Nova Scotia.]]
In a second British action, Admiral [[Edward Boscawen]] fired on the [[French ship Alcide (1743)|French ship ''Alcide'']] on June 8, 1755, [[Action of 8 June 1755|capturing her]] and two troop ships.<ref name="Fowler74_5">Fowler, pp. 74–75.</ref> The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755, seizing ships and capturing seamen. These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756.<ref name="Fowler98">Fowler, p. 98.</ref>

An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the [[Albany Congress]] in June and July, 1754. The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with the Indians, since the allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding. The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved by the Crown. Nevertheless, the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the [[American Revolutionary War|War of Independence]].

===British campaigns, 1755===
The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755. General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne,<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9580/ |title = The Battle of the Monongahela |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1755 |access-date = 2013-08-03 }}</ref> while Massachusetts governor [[William Shirley]] was given the task of fortifying [[Fort Oswego]] and attacking [[Fort Niagara]]. [[Sir William Johnson]] was to capture [[Fort St. Frédéric]] at [[Crown Point, New York]],<ref>O'Meara, pp. 110–111.</ref> and Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Monckton]] was to capture [[Fort Beauséjour]] to the east on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia.<ref>O'Meara, p. 163.</ref>
[[File:Indians ambush British at Battle of the Monongahela.jpg|thumb|British forces under fire from the French and Indian forces at [[Battle of the Monongahela|Monongahela]], when the [[Braddock expedition]] failed to take [[Fort Duquesne]].]]
Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on the [[Braddock expedition]] in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne, with George Washington as one of his aides. The expedition was a disaster. It was [[Battle of the Monongahela|attacked]] by French regulars, [[Canadian Militia]]men, and Indian warriors ambushing them from hiding places up in trees and behind logs, and Braddock called for a retreat. He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.<ref name="WDL"/> The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia, led by Washington. Washington and [[Thomas Gage]] played key roles in organizing the retreat—two future opponents in the [[American Revolutionary War]].

The British government initiated a plan to increase their military capability in preparation for war following news of Braddock's defeat and the start of parliament's session in November 1755. Among the early legislative measures were the [[Recruiting Act 1756]],<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/statutesatlarge57britgoog#page/n364 ''An act for the speedy and effectual recruiting of his Majesty's land forces and marines.''], p. 318</ref> the [[Commissions to Foreign Protestants Act 1756]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/statutesatlarge57britgoog#page/n376 ''An act to enable his Majesty to grant commissions to a certain number of foreign Protestants who have served abroad as officers, or engineers, to act and rank as officers, or engineers, in America only, under certain restrictions and qualifications.''], p.331</ref> for the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps|Royal American Regiment]], the [[Navigation Act 1756]],<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/statutesatlarge57britgoog#page/n416/search/America ''An act for the better supply of mariners and seamen to serve in his Majesty's ships of war, and on board merchant ships, and other trading ships and vessels.''], p. 370</ref> and the [[Continuance of Laws Act 1756]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/statutesatlarge57britgoog#page/n500 ''An act for extending (the Navy Act 1748, 22 Geo. 2 c. 33) (for amending, explaining, and reducing into one act of parliament the laws relating to the government of his Majesty's ships, vessels and forces by sea) to such officers, seamen, and others, as shall serve on board his Majesty's ships or vessels employed upon the lakes, great waters, or rivers, in North America.''], p. 457</ref> England passed the Naval Prize Act 1756 following the proclamation of war on May 17 to allow the capture of ships and establish privateering.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/statutesatlarge57britgoog#page/n524/search/America ''An act for the encouragement of seamen, and the more effectual manning of his Majesty's navy.''] p. 481</ref>

The French acquired a copy of the British war plans, including the activities of Shirley and Johnson. Shirley's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions. In conjunction, he was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara. As a response, he left garrisons at Oswego, [[Fort Bull]], and Fort Williams, the last two located on the [[Oneida Carry]] between the [[Mohawk River]] and [[Wood Creek]] at [[Rome, New York]]. Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara.

Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's, which was noticed by New France's governor the [[Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal|Marquis de Vaudreuil]]. Vaudreuil had been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio, and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat. Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at [[Fort Edward (village), New York|Fort Edward]] at the upper end of navigation on the [[Hudson River]], but Johnson had strongly fortified it, and Dieskau's Indian support was reluctant to attack. The two forces finally met in the bloody [[Battle of Lake George]] between Fort Edward and [[Fort William Henry]]. The battle ended inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field. Johnson's advance stopped at Fort William Henry, and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point, where they began the construction of [[Fort Carillon]] (later renamed [[Fort Ticonderoga]] after the British captured it in 1759).
[[File:A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grymross, by Thomas Davies, 1758.JPG|thumb|British raid on the Acadian settlement of Grimross. Efforts to undermine the French [[Fortress of Louisbourg]] resulted in the [[Expulsion of the Acadians|forcible removal of the Acadians]].]]
Colonel Monckton [[Battle of Fort Beausejour|captured Fort Beauséjour]] in June 1755 in the sole British success that year, cutting off the French [[Fortress Louisbourg]] from land-based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Charles Lawrence]] ordered the deportation of the French-speaking [[Acadian]] population from the area. Monckton's forces, including companies of [[Rogers' Rangers]], [[Great Upheaval|forcibly removed]] thousands of Acadians, chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities. Cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise.<ref>{{cite book |last=Patterson |first=Stephen E. |chapter=1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples |editor1-first=Phillip |editor1-last=Buckner |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Reid |title=The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1994 |page=152 |isbn=0802005535 }}</ref> The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff, in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq, with ongoing frontier raids against [[Raid on Dartmouth (1751)|Dartmouth]] and [[Raid on Lunenburg (1756)|Lunenburg]], among others. The only clashes of any size were at [[Battle of Petitcodiac|Petitcodiac]] in 1755 and at [[Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)|Bloody Creek]] near [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia|Annapolis Royal]] in 1757, other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the [[Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)|Bay of Fundy]], on the [[Petitcodiac River Campaign|Petitcodiac]] and [[St. John River Campaign|St. John]] rivers, and [[Île Saint-Jean Campaign|Île Saint-Jean]].

===French victories, 1756–1757===
{{See also|Franco-Indian alliance}}
[[File:NSRW Siege of Quebec.png|thumb|Map of Quebec with the distribution of French and British]]
Following the death of Braddock, William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America, and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755. He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point, and Duquesne, with attacks on [[Fort Frontenac]] on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the [[District of Maine|Maine district]] and down the [[Chaudière River]] to attack the [[Quebec City|city of Quebec]]. His plan, however, got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others, including William Johnson and New York's Governor [[Charles Hardy|Sir Charles Hardy]], and consequently gained little support.
[[File:4thEarlOfLoudoun.jpg|thumb|upright|In January 1756, [[John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun|John Campbell]] was named as the new British [[Commander-in-Chief, North America]].]]
Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with [[John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun|Lord Loudoun]], with Major General [[James Abercrombie (general)|James Abercrombie]] as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America.<ref name="Fowler98"/> French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] and seconded by the [[Chevalier de Lévis]] and Colonel François-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. On May 17, 1756, Britain formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the [[Seven Years' War]].

Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief, in addition to his role as governor, and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the [[Battle of Fort Bull]], French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action.
[[File:Fort Oswego.jpg|thumb|In August 1756, French soldiers and native warriors led by [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] successfully [[Battle of Fort Oswego|attacked Fort Oswego]].]]
[[File:Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham.jpg|thumb|General [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]]]]
The new British command was not in place until July. Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them, and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia. He built on Vaudreuil's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic [[feint]] by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the [[Battle of Fort Oswego|successful attack on Oswego]] in August. In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects. The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables, which angered the Indians.

Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander, and he planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France's capital of [[Quebec]]. He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec. He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt, the [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department|Secretary of State]] responsible for the colonies. The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia]], in early August. In the meantime, French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast, and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet. Faced with this strength, Loudoun returned to New York amid news that [[Battle of Fort William Henry|a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry]].
[[File:Montcalm trying to stop the massacre.jpg|thumb|Montcalm attempts to stop native warriors from attacking the British. A number of British soldiers were killed after the [[Siege of Fort William Henry]].]]
French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January, they [[Battle on Snowshoes (1757)|ambushed British rangers]] near Ticonderoga. In February, they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification. In early August, Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort, which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole. When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves. The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of [[smallpox]] into remote Indian populations, as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward. Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers, although no proof exists.<ref>Nester, pp. 53–61</ref>

===British conquest, 1758–1760===
{{see also|Great Britain in the Seven Years' War#Conquest of Canada (1758–60)}}
Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757, a difficult winter, and the allegedly corrupt machinations of [[François Bigot]], the [[Intendant of New France|intendant of the territory]]. His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates. A massive outbreak of [[smallpox]] among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758. The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle;<ref name="Fowler138">Fowler, p. 138.</ref> yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing "bad medicine" as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry.

Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg, while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years.<ref name="Fowler139">Fowler, p. 139.</ref> The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland, his principal military advisor.
[[File:General Wolfe at the siege of Louisbourg, 1758.svg|thumb|British forces [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|besieging]] the Fortress of Louisbourg. The French fortress fell in July 1758 after a 48-day siege.]]
Newcastle and Pitt [[Pitt–Newcastle ministry|joined in an uneasy coalition]] in which Pitt dominated the military planning. He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun. He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757. Pitt's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias, aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France. Two of the expeditions were successful, with [[Battle of Fort Duquesne|Fort Duquesne]] and [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|Louisbourg]] falling to sizable British forces.

====1758====
The [[Forbes Expedition]] was a British campaign in September–October 1758, with 6,000 troops led by General [[John Forbes (British Army officer)|John Forbes]] sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country. The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley.<ref>{{cite book |first=Fred |last=Anderson |title=Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 |year=2000 |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |pages=[https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwarsev00ande_0/page/267 267–285] |isbn=0375406425 |url=https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwarsev00ande_0/page/267 }}</ref> The great French fortress at [[Fortress of Louisbourg|Louisbourg]] in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege.<ref>William, Wood, ''The Great Fortress: A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720–1760'' ([https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6026] Online from [[Project Gutenberg]])</ref>
[[File:La victoire des troupes de Montcalm à Carillon.JPG|right|thumb|A British expedition sent to invade [[Canada (New France)|Canada]] was repulsed by the French at the [[Battle of Carillon]] in July 1758.]]
The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the [[Battle of Carillon]], in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia, and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga. Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent [[John Bradstreet]] on an expedition that successfully [[Battle of Fort Frontenac|destroyed Fort Frontenac]], including caches of supplies destined for New France's western forts and furs destined for Europe. Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by [[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Jeffery Amherst]], victor at Louisbourg.

The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war. The new foreign minister was the [[Étienne François, duc de Choiseul|duc de Choiseul]], and he decided to focus on an [[Planned French Invasion of Britain (1759)|invasion of Britain]] to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland. The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain's mainland ally of Prussia, while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at [[Battle of Lagos|Lagos]] and [[Battle of Quiberon Bay|Quiberon Bay]]. In one piece of good fortune, some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast.

====1759–1760====
{{see also|Conquest of 1760}}
[[File:PlainsOfAbraham2007.jpg|thumb|After a three-month siege of Quebec City, British forces captured the city at the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|Plains of Abraham]].]]
The British proceeded to wage a campaign in the northwest frontier of Canada in an effort to cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south. They [[Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)|captured Ticonderoga]] and [[Battle of Fort Niagara|Fort Niagara]], and they defeated the French at the [[Battle of the Thousand Islands|Thousand Islands]] in the summer of 1759. In September 1759, [[James Wolfe]] defeated Montcalm in the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] which claimed the lives of both commanders. After the battle, the French [[Articles of Capitulation of Quebec|capitulated the city]] to the British.

In April 1760, [[François Gaston de Lévis]] led French forces to launch an attack to retake Quebec. Although he won the [[Battle of Sainte-Foy]], Lévis' subsequent [[Siege of Quebec (1760)|siege of Quebec]] ended in defeat when British ships arrived to relieve the garrison. After Lévis had retreated he was given another blow when a British [[Battle of the Restigouche|naval victory at Restigouche]] brought the loss of French ships meant to resupply his army. In July [[Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Jeffrey Amherst]] then led British forces numbering around 18,000 men in a [[Montreal Campaign|three pronged attack on Montreal]]. After eliminating French positions along the way all three forces met up and surrounded Montreal in September. Many Canadians deserted or surrendered their arms to British forces while the Native allies of the French sought peace and neutrality. De Lévis and the [[Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal|Marquis de Vaudreuil]] reluctantly signed the [[Articles of Capitulation of Montreal]] on September 8 which effectively completed the British conquest of New France.

===Sporadic engagements, 1760–1763===
Most of the fighting ended in America in 1760, although it continued in Europe between France and Britain. The notable exception was the French seizure of [[St. John's, Newfoundland]]. General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew [[William Amherst (British Army officer)|William Amherst]], who regained control of Newfoundland after the [[Battle of Signal Hill]] in September 1762.<ref>Anderson (2000), p. 498</ref> Many of the British troops who were stationed in America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies, including the [[Battle of Havana (1762)|capture of Spanish Havana]] when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France, and a [[British expedition against Martinique (1762)|British expedition against French Martinique]] in 1762 led by Major General [[Robert Monckton]].<ref name=Cave21>Cave, p. 21</ref>

==Peace==
[[File:Capitulation Montreal.jpg|thumb|French authorities surrendering Montreal to British forces in 1760.]]
Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal [[Articles of Capitulation of Montreal|negotiated a capitulation]] with [[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|General Amherst]] in September 1760. Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their [[Roman Catholic]] tradition, to own property, and to remain undisturbed in their homes. The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers, and [[French Army|French regular troops]] were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://frenchandindianwar.info/treatyofparis.htm|title= Treaty of Paris February 10, 1763|website= FrenchandIndianWar.info|access-date= January 21, 2015}}</ref>

General Amherst also oversaw the transfer of French fortifications to British control on the western frontier. The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Natives and contributed to the outbreak of [[Pontiac's War]] in 1763,<ref>Jennings, p. 439</ref> in which a series of Native attacks on frontier forts occurred, such as that on [[Fort Miami (Indiana)|Fort Miami]] which effectively brought a nearly half-century long period of European garrisoning at [[Kekionga]] to an end. The frontier settlements required the continued deployment of British forces, and the conflict was not fully concluded until 1766.<ref>Anderson (2000), pp. 617–632</ref>

Beginning from the 1750s and lasting until the 1760s, a smallpox outbreak devastated several Native communities throughout the [[Midwestern United States|American Midwest]]. The outbreak was brought on in part by victorious Native warriors who had fought on the side of the French bringing home [[Prize of war|prizes of war]] which had been infected with the disease; the [[Ojibwe]], [[Odawa]] and [[Potawatomi]] peoples were most affected by the outbreak. An [[Oral tradition|oral account]] from Odawa tribal leader and historian [[Andrew Blackbird]] claimed that the outbreak had "entirely depopulated and laid waste" to [[L'Arbre Croche|Waganagisi]], a large Odawa settlement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karamanski |first=Theodore J. |url=http://archive.org/details/blackbirdssongan0000kara |title=Blackbird's song : Andrew J. Blackbird and the Odawa people |date=2012 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |isbn=978-1-61186-050-4 |location=East Lansing |pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Otto, Simon |author2=Cappel, Constance |title=The smallpox genocide of the Odawa tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: the history of a Native American people |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7734-5220-6 }}</ref>

The war in North America, along with the global Seven Years' War, officially ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]], which had been occupied by the British. France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area. They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent. French philosopher [[Voltaire]] referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than [[a few acres of snow]]. The British, however, were happy to take New France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue (though the absence of that threat caused many colonists to conclude they no longer needed British protection). Britain also had ample places from which to obtain sugar. Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba, but they also gained Louisiana from France, including New Orleans, in compensation for their losses. Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the [[Mississippi River]] was to be open to vessels of all nations.<ref>Anderson (2000), pp. 505–506</ref>

==Consequences==
[[File:NorthAmerica1763-A.png|thumb|upright=1.5|The resulting peace dramatically changed the political landscape of North America, with [[New France]] ceded to the British and the Spanish.]]
The war changed economic, political, governmental, and social relations among the three European powers, their colonies, and the people who inhabited those territories. France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war, with significant long-term consequences.

Britain gained control of [[Canada (New France)|French Canada]] and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The [[Expulsion of the Acadians|deportation of Acadians]] beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south. The British resettled many Acadians throughout its American provinces, but many went to France and some went to New Orleans, which they expected to remain French. Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as [[French Guiana]] and the [[Falkland Islands]], but these efforts were unsuccessful. The Louisiana population contributed to founding the [[Cajun]] population. (The French word "Acadien" changed to "Cadien" then to "Cajun".)<ref name="Calloway161_164">Calloway, pp. 161–164</ref>

[[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] issued the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] on October 7, 1763, which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory, and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of Canada and the [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]]. Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]] to its Indian population,<ref>Anderson (2000), pp. 565–566</ref> a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers.<ref>Anderson (2000), pp. 636–637</ref> The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians.<ref>Anderson (2000), p. 568</ref>

[[File:Québec Act, 1774.jpg|thumb|upright|A copy of the [[Quebec Act]] passed in 1774 which addressed a number of grievances held by French Canadians and Indians, although it angered American colonists|alt=]]

The [[Quebec Act 1774]] addressed issues brought forth by Roman Catholic French Canadians from the 1763 proclamation, and it transferred the [[Indian Reserve (1763)|Indian Reserve]] into the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]]. The Act maintained French Civil law, including the [[Seigneurial system of New France|seigneurial system]], a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the [[French Revolution]]. The Quebec Act was a major concern for the largely Protestant [[Thirteen Colonies]] over the advance of "popery". It is typically associated with other [[Intolerable Acts]], legislation that eventually led to the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The Quebec Act served as the constitutional document for the province of Quebec until it was superseded by the [[Constitutional Act 1791]].

The Seven Years' War nearly doubled Great Britain's national debt. The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies. These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance, until troops were called in to enforce the Crown's authority, and they ultimately led to the start of the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref>Anderson, Fred. "[http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2005/6/2005_6_75.shtml The Real First World War and the Making of America] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131072213/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2005/6/2005_6_75.shtml |date=2010-01-31 }}" ''American Heritage'', November/December 2005.</ref> France attached comparatively little value to its American possessions, apart from the highly profitable sugar-producing [[Antilles]] islands which it retained. Minister [[César Gabriel de Choiseul|Choiseul]] considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris, and [[Voltaire]] wrote that Louis XV had lost [[a few acres of snow]].<ref name=Cave52>Cave, p. 52</ref> However, the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the French monarchy and contributed to the advent of the [[French Revolution]] in 1789.<ref name=Cavexii>Cave, p. xii</ref>

The elimination of French power in America meant the disappearance of a strong ally for some Indian tribes.<ref name=Cavexii /> The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes.<ref>Anderson (2000), p. 525</ref> The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769, and it had modest repercussions. The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them. This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies who were competing for land.<ref name="Calloway133_138">Calloway, pp. 133–138</ref> The change of control in Florida also prompted its Catholic population to leave. Most went to Cuba, although some Christianized [[Yamasee]] were resettled to the coast of Mexico.<ref name="Calloway152_156">Calloway, pp. 152–156</ref>

France returned to America in 1778 with the establishment of a [[Franco-American alliance]] against Great Britain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], in what historian [[Alfred A. Cave]] describes as French "revenge for Montcalm's death".<ref name=Cave82>Cave, p. 82</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 |last=Anderson |first=Fred |year=2000 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-375-40642-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vMxLslZopgC&pg=PR1 |ref=Anderson2000}}
* {{Cite book |title=The War that Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War |last=Anderson |first=Fred |year=2005 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-03454-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/warthatmadeameri00ande |ref=Anderson2005 }} – Released in conjunction with the 2006 [[PBS]] miniseries ''[[The War that Made America]]''.
* {{Cite book|title=Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755–1763|first=Stephen|last=Brumwell|ref=Brumwell|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEZfYRuZLJQC&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-0-521-67538-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America|first=Colin G|last=Calloway|ref=Calloway|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtxG369-VHQC&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-0-19-530071-0}}
* {{Cite book|title=The French and Indian War|last=Cave |first=Alfred A.|year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut; London|isbn=978-0-313-32168-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiZoWyv77qQC&pg=PP1 |ref=Cave}}
* [[Allan W. Eckert|Eckert, Allan W]]. ''Wilderness Empire''. Bantam Books, 1994, originally published 1969. {{ISBN|0-553-26488-5}}. Second volume in a series of historical narratives, with emphasis on Sir William Johnson. Academic historians often regard Eckert's books, which are written in the style of novels, to be unreliable, as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional.
* {{Cite book|title=His Excellency George Washington |last=Ellis |first=Joseph J. |author-link=Joseph Ellis |year=2004 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-3253-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdrjRMhV5PcC&pg=PP1 |ref=Ellis}}
* {{Cite book|title=Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America, 1754-1763 |last=Fowler |first=William M. |author-link=William M. Fowler |year=2005 |publisher=Walker |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8027-1411-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/empiresatwarfren00fowl |ref=Fowler}}
* Gipson, Lawrence H. ''The Great War for the Empire: The Years of Defeat, 1754–1757'' (1948); ''The Great War for the Empire: The Victorious Years, 1758–1760'' (1950) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe.
* Jacobs, Wilbur R. ''Diplomacy and Indian Gifts: Anglo-French Rivalry Along the Ohio and Northwest Frontiers, 1748–1763'' (1949) [https://www.amazon.com/Diplomacy-Indian-Gifts-Anglo-French-Northwest/dp/1258181320?asin=B07VHG1Q7X&revisionId=&format=2&depth=1 excerpt]
* {{Cite book|title=Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years' War in America |last=Jennings |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Jennings |year=1988 |publisher=Norton |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-30640-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsBPyRfdHEAC&pg=PP1 |ref=Jennings}}
* {{cite journal|jstor = 2701135|title = The French and Indian War, the American Revolution, and the Counterfactual Hypothesis: Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy|journal = Reviews in American History|volume = 1|issue = 3|pages = 307–318|last1 = Murrin|first1 = John M.|year = 1973|doi = 10.2307/2701135}}
* {{cite book|last=Nester|first=William R|title=The first global war: Britain, France, and the fate of North America, 1756–1775|location=Westport, CT|publisher=Praeger|year=2000|isbn=978-0-275-96771-0|oclc=41468552}}
* Nester, William R. ''The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France'' (2015). [https://www.amazon.com/French-Indian-War-Conquest-France/dp/0806151897/ excerpt]
* {{cite book|last=O'Meara|first=Walter|title=Guns at the Forks|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ|year=1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UpMrXR3rvwC&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-0-8229-5309-8}}
* [[Francis Parkman|Parkman, Francis]]. ''Montcalm and Wolfe: The French and Indian War''. Originally published 1884. New York: Da Capo, 1984. {{ISBN|0-306-81077-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Peyser |title=Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre: Officer, Gentleman, Entrepreneur |publisher=Michigan State University Press |year=1996|isbn=978-0870134180}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=M. Brook|title=Canadian History: a Reader's Guide: Volume 1: Beginnings to Confederation|year=1994|publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0802068262}}
* West, Doug (2016) ''French and Indian War – A Short History'' [https://www.amazon.com/French-Indian-War-History-Minute-ebook/dp/B01JJISWBW/ 30 Minute Book Series]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.militaryheritage.com/7yrswar.htm The French and Indian War Website]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/lakota_sioux_and_comanche_indians/13783359425/sizes/o/in/photostream/ Map of French and Indian War. French and British forts and settlements, Indian tribes.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131221124712/http://ns1763.ca/remem/7yw-timeline-w.html Seven Years' War timeline]
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14517/14517-h/14517.htm ''Montcalm and Wolfe'', by Francis Parkman] at Gutenberg

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Alwarthirunagari Permual Temple

2026-03-28T04:42:34Z

MercedesPeachey: put up new place...

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Alwarthirunagari Perumal Temple
| image = Azhwar Thirunagari9.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|36|25.6|N|77|56|17.9|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| location = [[Alwarthirunagiri]]
| elevation_m = 44
| deity = Adi Nathar ([[Vishnu]]), Polinthu Nindra Piran Adi Natha Valli ([[Lakshmi]])
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Brahma Theertham
| tower = Govinda Gopuram
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Alwarthirunagari Permual Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to the god [[Vishnu]], in [[Alwarthirunagiri|Alwarthirunagari]], a town in [[Thoothukudi district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located 26 km from [[Tirunelveli]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alwar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divya Desam]]s'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Adinathar and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Adinathanayaki.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=1993}}.</ref> The temple is also classified as a [[Nava Tirupati|Navatirupathi]], the nine temples revered by [[Nammalvar]] located in the banks of [[Thamirabarani River|Tamiraparani]] river. The temple is the most prominent among the nine [[Nava Tirupati|Navatirupathi]] temples. The temple is one of the Navagraha temples in [[Vaishnavism]], associated with [[Jupiter]], also known as [[Brihaspati]].

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and two of its three bodies of water. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, is {{convert|95|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall. The temple is considered the birthplace of [[Nammalvar]], considered the most prominent among the twelve Alvars Saints. The temple follows [[Sri Vaishnavism|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the ten-day annual Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (April - May) and the Nammalvar birth celebrations with Garudasevai with all nine temple of Navatirupathi, being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Azhwar Thirunagari3.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Hall near the sanctum]]
Alwar Tirunagari is believed to be the largest town in the time of [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] kings. The distinguishing name, with ''[[Alvars|Alvar]]'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] prefixed to ''Thirunagari'' means the people who spoke languages first and speaks correct language.<ref>''Annual report of the Archaeological Department, Southern Circle, Madras''. By Archaeological Survey of India.</ref> The temple is considered the birthplace of [[Nammalvar]], considered the most prominent among the twelve [[Alvars]] Saints. Nammalvar has contributed more than thousand verses out of the four thousand in ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] canon.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|pages=6–7}}</ref>

According to traditional scriptures, Nammalvar was born in 43rd Kali of 3059 BCE.<ref name="Srinivasachariar1974">{{cite book|author=M. Srinivasachariar|title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature: Being an Elaborate Account of All Branches of Classical Literature, with Full Epigraphical and Archaeological Notes and References, an Introduction Dealing with Language, Philology, and Chronology, and Index of Authors & Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA278|year=1974|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|isbn=978-81-208-0284-1|pages=278–}}</ref> He was born in a Vellalar family at Thirukurukur (modern day [[Alwarthirunagiri]]) in the southernmost region of the Tamil country.<ref name="Sadaranganip28">{{cite book |title=Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact |first=Neeti M. |last=Sadarangani |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2004 |isbn=9788176254366 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVQrKJbJ2JIC |page=28}}</ref><ref name="Carmanp64">{{cite book |title=Majesty and Meekness: A Comparative Study of Contrast and Harmony in the Concept of God |first=John B. |last=Carman |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1994 |isbn=9780802806932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyVfKEmEK2QC |pages=64–65}}</ref> According to legend, as a child he responded to no external stimuli and his parents left him at the feet of the deity of Sri Adhinathar of Nagar tribe in [[Alwarthirunagiri|Alwarthirunagari]]. The child then got up and climbed into a hole in a [[tamarind]] tree, sat in the [[lotus position]], and began to meditate. It appears he was in this state for as long as sixteen years when a [[Tamils|Tamil]] poet and scholar in Madurai named [[Madhurakavi Alvar|Madhurakavi Alwar]] saw a bright light shining in the south, and followed it until he reached the tree where the boy was residing. Unable to elicit any reaction from the child, he asked him a riddle: "If the small is born in a dead's body (or stomach), what will it eat and where will it stay?" meaning, if the subtle soul is embodied in the gross body, what are its actions and thoughts? Nammalvar broke his lifelong silence and responded, "That it will eat, it will rest!" meaning that if the soul identifies with the body, it will be the body but if it serves the divine, it will stay in [[Vaikuntha]] and eat (think) of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas| last=Swami |first=Parmeshwaranand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxPCBCk3wVIC&q=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Puranas+%2B+nammalwar&pg=PA908|page=908|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2001|isbn=9788176252263}}</ref> [[Madhurakavi Alvar|Madhurakavi Alwar]] realized the divinity of this child and became a devotee of the child. The works of Nammalwar were compiled by Madhurakavi as four different works, the ''Tiruvaymoli'' (1102 verses), ''Thiruviruttam'' (100 verses), ''Thiruvaasiriam'' (7 verses) and ''Periya Thiruvanthadi'' (87 verses). The works of Nammalwar contributed to the philosophical and theological ideas of Vaishnavism. Along with the three Samaya Kuravargal, the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] [[Nayanars]] Appar, Sundarar and Sambandar, they influenced the ruling [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] kings and queens, changing the religious geography from [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to [[Hinduism]].<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, pp. 47-48</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literatures: Beginnings-1850 Volume 1 of A Dictionary of Indian Literature, A Dictionary of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=poygai&pg=PA15|page=15|last=Mukherjee|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1999|isbn=9788125014539}}</ref><ref name="Garg">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: Ak-Aq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&q=poygai&pg=PA352|pages=352–354|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|last=Garg|first=Gaṅgā Rām|year=1992|isbn=9788170223757}}</ref>

==Architecture==
A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and two of its three bodies of water. The [[gopuram|rajagopuram]], the temple's gateway tower, is 95 ft (29 m) tall. Vishnu is worshipped here as Aathinathan or Aathipiran. The Svamyabhu Murti of Vishnu faces east and is in standing posture. The feet of the murti are buried under earth. Lakshmi and Bhumi are worshipped here as Aathinathanayaki and Thirukkurukornayaki. The shrine is located on the banks of Thamiraparani River. The [[Sacred waters|sacred water body]] in the temple is known as Brahma [[Theertham|Tirtha]]. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=244|access-date=9 October 2021|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temples houses a number of paintings depicting various scenes of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. There are composite pillars in the temple numbering 48 which has remarkable sculptures. There is a tamarind tree on the precincts of the temple, which is believed to have been the birth place of Nammalvar. Devotees take strips of the trees for medicinal purposes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=piranmalai&pg=PA106|page=16|last=Pillai|first=S. Subramania|publisher=MJP Publisher|year=2019|isbn=978-81-8094-432-1}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Azhwar Thirunagari6.jpg|250px|thumb|Hall near the [[gopuram]]]]
''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' one of the eighteen sacred texts of Hinduism and written by [[Vyasa]] contains a chapter called Navatirupati Mahatmyam. The second part of the chapter refers to Alwar Thirunagari.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=155–159|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref> The temple is revered in ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Nammalvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu and Lakshmi temples that are mentioned in the book. The temple is also classified as a [[Nava Tirupati|Navatirupati]], the nine temples revered by Nammalvar located in the banks of [[Thamirabarani River|Thamirabarani]] river. The temple is the most prominent among the nine [[Nava Tirupati|Navatirupati]] temples.<ref name=M/><ref name="dinamalar"/> Nammalvar makes a reference about the temple in his works in ''[[Tiruvaymoli]]''. During the 18th and 19th centuries CE, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupati Anthati'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar. The temple also forms a series of Navagraha temples where each of the nine planetary deities of one of the temples of Navatirupathi. The temple is associated with the planet [[Jupiter]], also known as [[Brihaspati]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazing posture at Srivaikuntam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501310400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030129161601/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501310400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2003|date=15 November 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jothirlingam: The Indian Temple Guide|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781482847864|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CE55CgAAQBAJ&q=navathirupathi&pg=PT100|last=Suriya}}</ref><ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=33–43|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

==Festival and religious practices==
[[File:Azhwar Thirunagari7.jpg|left|250px|thumb|A hall with [[yali (mythology)|yali]]s]]
The ''[[Garuda]] Sevai utsavam'' (festival) in the month of Vaikasi (May–June) witnesses nine ''Garudasevai'', a spectacular event in which festival image idols from the Nava Tirupathis shrines in the area are brought on ''Garuda [[vahana]]'' (sacred vehicle). An idol of Nammalvar is also brought here on an ''Anna Vahanam'' (palanquin) and his ''paasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these nine temples are recited. The ''[[Utsava murti|utsavar]]'' (festival deity) of Nammalvar is taken in a palanquin to each of the nine temples, through the paddy fields in the area. The ''pasurams'' (poems) dedicated to each of the nine Divya Desams are chanted in the respective shrines. This is the most important of the festivals in this area, and it draws thousands of visitors.

The temple follows the traditions of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Tenkalai]] sect of Vaishnavite tradition and follows ''Pancharathra aagama''. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the Tamil Brahmin [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community.The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Adinathar and Athinathanayagi. During the last step of worship, ''[[Nadaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[thavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred texts) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the temple mast. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Aadinaathan temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=683|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&q=poygai&pg=PA47|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|last1=B. S.|first1=Chandrababu|last2=S.|first2=Ganeshram|last3=C.|first3=Bhavani|isbn=9789380325910|ref=B.S.}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Nava Tirupathi}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thoothukudi district]]

Bhumika Chawla

2026-03-19T06:27:08Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhumika Chawla
| image =Bhumika Chawla at the red carpet of 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Chawla in 2024
| birth_name = Rachna Chawla
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1978|08|21}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|Bharath Thakur|2007}}
| children = 1
| years_active = 2000–present
}}

'''Bhumika Chawla''' (born '''Rachna Chawla'''; 21 August 1978) is an Indian actress known primarily for her work in [[Telugu cinema]], along with a few [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2008 |title=Nandi awards 2007 announced – Telugu cinema news |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531021540/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2007.html |archive-date=31 May 2015 |access-date=16 April 2012 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> She made her acting debut with the film ''[[Yuvakudu]]'' (2000) and subsequently became one of the leading female stars of Telugu cinema during the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |date=15 September 2018 |title='Missamma' enjoys her second innings |url=https://telanganatoday.com/missamma-enjoys-her-second-innings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617085239/https://telanganatoday.com/missamma-enjoys-her-second-innings |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=14 March 2020 |newspaper=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> Her notable films include [[Kushi (2001 film)|''Kushi'']] (2001), ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003), [[Simhadri (2003 film)|''Simhadri'']] (2003), ''[[Tere Naam]]'' (2003), ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' (2005), ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'' (2006), [[Badri (2001 film)|''Badri'']] (2001), and ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' (2017).<ref name="Nuvvu Nenu wins 4 Filmfare awards">{{cite news |date=6 April 2002 |title=Filmfare Awards South Winbes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-06/hyderabad/27122602_1_filmfare-film-award-actor-award |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=20 October 2009 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=SIIMA 2018 Winners List For Telugu Movies |url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013193738/https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Bhumika Chawla's Been Doing In The 20 Years Between Tere Naam And Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/remember-tere-naam-s-bhumika-chawla-here-s-what-she-s-been-up-to-3939081 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chawla was born on 21 August 1978 to a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] family in [[New Delhi]], India and completed her schooling there.<ref name=Chawla2015>{{cite web |title=About Me |url=http://bhumikachawla.co.in/AboutfBhumika |year=2015 |website=Bhumika Chawla |access-date=26 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325205212/http://bhumikachawla.co.in/AboutfBhumika |archive-date=25 March 2015}}</ref> Her father is a retired Army officer.<ref name=Chawla2015/> Bhumika has two siblings, an elder brother and an elder sister.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

She moved to [[Mumbai]] in 1997 and started her career with [[Television advertisement|Ad films]] and Hindi [[music video]] albums. She appeared in the [[Zee TV]] series ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]'' and ''Star Best Sellers – Fursat Mein''.

==Career==
Chawla's career began in 1998 with her first music video, "Yuhi Kabhi Mila Karo" performed by [[Zubeen Garg]], which was her first on-screen appearance. She made her debut in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]], starring in the feature film ''[[Yuvakudu]]'' (2000) alongside actor [[Sumanth]]. Her second release, ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' (2001), in which she starred opposite [[Pawan Kalyan]] was a box office success, winning her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] following which she acted in several films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], including ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003)<ref name="hindu.srihari.2003">{{Cite news |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-okkadu.html |title=Movie review – Okkadu |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |last1=Srihari |first1=Gudipoodi |via=Idlebrain |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203225324/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-okkadu.html |url-status=live}}</ref> opposite [[Mahesh Babu]] and ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite news |title=Telugu mid-year report |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/24/stories/2003072400060202.htm |date=24 July 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506212549/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/24/stories/2003072400060202.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> Meanwhile, she made her debut in the [[Tamil film industry]] as well, starring in the film ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' (2001) opposite actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], which was followed by her second Tamil film ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' (2002).

After a number of critically and commercially successful films in the South, Chawla starred in her first [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[Tere Naam]]'' (2003), alongside [[Salman Khan]]. The film was one of the year's highest grossers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India Total Nett Gross 2003 – - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2003&pageId=4 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=11 May 2020 |archive-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717214613/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2003&pageId=4 |url-status=live}}</ref> and won the Best Debut trophy at the [[Zee Cine Awards]] ceremony.<ref name="FF">{{cite news |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/477404.cms?&fright=1&right=1 |title=Nominees for the 49th Manikchand Filmfare Awards 2003 |date=March 2008 |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712081107/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/477404.cms?&fright=1&right=1 |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>

Subsequently, she starred in a number of Hindi films including ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]'' (2004), ''[[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa]]'' (2004), ''[[Silsiilay]]'' (2005) and ''[[Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...]]'' (2005). She returned to Telugu, acting in the films ''[[Naa Autograph]]'' (2004) and ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' (2005).

In 2006, Chawla appeared in the Tamil film ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'', alongside real-life couple [[Surya Sivakumar|Surya]] and [[Jyothika]] which became a big hit worldwide. The same year she appeared in the Hindi film ''[[Family - Ties of Blood]]'' and the Telugu film ''[[Mayabazar (2006 film)|Mayabazar]]''. Following this, she acted in the Hindi film ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' as Gulab Gandhi and played the title roles in the Telugu films ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/bhumikachawla.html |title=Interview with Bhumika Chawla |publisher=idlebrain.com |access-date=6 August 2009 |archive-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104234748/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/bhumikachawla.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Anasuya (2007 film)|Anasuya]]'', a [[crime thriller]].

In 2008, she made her debut in the [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi film industry]], starring in ''[[Yaariyan (2008 film)|Yaariyan]]'', opposite [[Gurdas Maan]], following which she debuted in [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] as well, starring in ''[[Bhramaram]]'' alongside [[Mohanlal]]. Later she was seen in ''[[Yagam (2010 film)|Yagam]]'' and [[Thangar Bachan]]'s ''[[Kalavadiya Pozhudugal]]''. She also appeared in the 2016 movie ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''. She portrayed the character of MS Dhoni's sister in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everybody Deserves to Know Dhoni's Inspiring Story: Bhumika Chawla |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/everybody-deserves-to-know-dhonis-inspiring-story-bhumika-chawla-1296814.html |date=29 September 2016 |website=News18 |access-date=11 May 2020 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201903/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/everybody-deserves-to-know-dhonis-inspiring-story-bhumika-chawla-1296814.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Chawla acted in the sports action movie ''[[Seetimaarr]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2021 |first=Shivam |last=Parashar |title=Gopichand and Tamannaah starrer Seetimaarr to release on April 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gopichand-and-tamannaah-starrer-seetimaarr-to-release-on-april-2-1763543-2021-01-28 |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308064508/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gopichand-and-tamannaah-starrer-seetimaarr-to-release-on-april-2-1763543-2021-01-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, she starred in the comedy-drama ''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]'', directed by [[M. Rajesh]]. The film was released in theaters on October 31, 2024, and later premiered on the [[ZEE5]] OTT platform on November 29, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2024-11-27 |title=Jayam Ravi starrer Brother gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/27/jayam-ravi-starrer-brother-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=JR30: M Rajesh's project starring Jayam Ravi, Priyanka Mohan officially launched; details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jr30-m-rajeshs-project-starring-jayam-ravi-priyanka-mohan-officially-launched-details-inside/40fecd74af141 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810214152/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jr30-m-rajeshs-project-starring-jayam-ravi-priyanka-mohan-officially-launched-details-inside/40fecd74af141 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chawla married her long-time boyfriend and [[yoga]] teacher, Bharat Thakur, on 21 October 2007 at [[Devlali]], [[Nashik]] in a Gurdwara.<ref name="BT">{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=17566 |title=Bhumika Chawla weds yoga guru Bharat |access-date=21 October 2007 |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124212050/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=17566 |archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref> The couple have a son.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugu.cinemalead.com/news-id-bhumika-chawla-laddu-babu-28-02-143014.htm |title=Bhumika delivered a baby boy – Bhumika Chawla- Laddu Babu- Allari Naresh- Ravi Babu- Misama- Khushi – Cinemalead.com – |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303071716/http://www.telugu.cinemalead.com/news-id-bhumika-chawla-laddu-babu-28-02-143014.htm |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/2014/02/28/Actress-Bhumika-Chawla-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/news/3396 |title=Actress Bhumika Chawla blessed with a baby boy |author=iQlik Movies |work=iQlikmovies |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422224536/https://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2014/02/28/Actress-Bhumika-Chawla-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/3396 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Bhumika Chawla film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2000 ||''[[Yuvakudu]]'' || Sindhu || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001 || ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || Janaki || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' || Madhumitha / Bujji || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Snehamante Idera]]'' || Yuvarani Padmini ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' || Mano || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vasu (film)|Vasu]]'' || Divya || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2003 || ''[[Okkadu]]'' || Swapna Reddy ||<ref name="hindu.srihari.2003"/>
|-
| ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'' || Meghana ||
|-
| ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' || Indu ||
|-
| ''[[Tere Naam]]'' || Nirjara Bharadwaj || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aadanthe Ado Type]]'' || Surya's lover || Telugu || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004 || ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]'' || Jahnvi Choudhry || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' || Nandu || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Autograph]]'' || Divya ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa]]'' || Dhani || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Silsiilay]]'' || Zia Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...]]'' || Dr. Gayarti Pandey ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' || Neelima || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'' || Ishwarya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Family (2006 film)|Family]]'' || Dr. Kavita Bhatia || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Mayabazar (2006 film)|Mayabazaar]]'' || Anupama || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007 || ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' || Gulab Gandhi || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]'' || Satyabhama || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Gangotri (2007 film)|Gangotri]]'' || Gangotri || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ||
|-
| ''[[Anasuya (film)|Anasuya]]'' || Anasuya || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Swagatam]]'' || Vidhya KK ||
|-
| ''[[Mallepuvvu]]'' || Malleshwari "Malli" Kanneganti ||
|-
| ''[[Yaariyan (2008 film)|Yaariyan]]'' || Simran || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''[[Bhramaram]]'' || Jaya || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Style Veru]]'' || Parvati || rowspan="5" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Amaravathi (2009 film)|Amaravathi]]'' || Amaravathi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Yagam (2010 film)|Yagam]]'' || Nandini ||
|-
| ''[[Thakita Thakita]]'' || Vishali || Also producer
|-
| ''[[Collector Gari Bharya]]'' || Indira Gautam ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]'' || Herself || [[Kannada]] || Special appearance in the song "Aalapane Mellane"
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Buddy (2013 film)|Buddy]]'' || Padma || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Chithirayil Nilachoru]]'' || Mentally challenged person || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Laddu Babu]]'' || Madhuri || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[April Fool (2014 film)|April Fool]]'' || Swapna || Cameo<ref>{{cite news |title=''April Fool'' Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/april-fool/movie-review/34966891.cms |date=10 May 2014 |website=Entertainment Times (Times of India) |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505112533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/april-fool/movie-review/34966891.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Luv U Alia]]'' || Bhoomi || Kannada ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' || Jayanti Gupta || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' || Jyothi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kalavaadiya Pozhuthugal]]'' || Jayanthi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]'' || Maya || Tamil Telugu || Bilingual film<ref>{{cite news |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |title=Bhumika is waiting for the right turn |url=https://telanganatoday.com/bhumika-is-waiting-for-the-right-turn |date=10 September 2018 |newspaper=[[Telangana Today]] |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225235720/https://telanganatoday.com/bhumika-is-waiting-for-the-right-turn |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]'' || Siri || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[Khamoshi (2019 film)|Khamoshi]]'' || Mrs. Desai || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Kolaiyuthir Kaalam]]'' || Mrs. Sawant || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]'' || Niranjana Prasad || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
| ''[[Idhe Maa Katha]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
|''[[Paagal]]'' || Prem's deceased mother || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Seetimaarr]]'' || Bhumi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| Operation Romeo (film) |''[[Operation Romeo (film)|Operation Romeo]]''|| Chhaya || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|Mrinalini Sharma
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YWT4GtvLPk?si=JCNK3nuiXWXjNhqe | title=Bhumika Chawla first look from Sita Ramam | website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Butterfly (2022 film)|Butterfly]]''
| Advocate Vaijayanthi
|Released on [[Disney+Hotstar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Kannai Nambathey]]'' || Kavita / Savita || Tamil || Dual role<ref name="toi.kannai-nambathey.review">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kannai-nambathey/movie-review/98723417.cms |title=Kannai Nambathey Movie Review: Kannai Nambathey falters despite a thrilling setup |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etmoviedetailshowtimes.cms?movieid=93208553&detailid=93208553&city_name=Mumbai&city_id=2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/udhay-and-aathmika-pair-up-for-kannai-nambathey-news-tamil-tcfknJdagdadf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210222900/http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/udhay-and-aathmika-pair-up-for-kannai-nambathey-news-tamil-tcfknJdagdadf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2019 |title=Udhay and Aathmika pair up for 'Kannai Nambathey' |website=[[Sify]] |language=en |access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/News/Cinema/2019/02/05094404/1024233/Udhayanidhi-Stalin-new--movie-Kannai-Nambathey.vpf |title=உதயநிதி நடிக்கும் 'கண்ணை நம்பாதே' |date=5 February 2019 |website=ThanthiTV.com |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222043637/https://www.thanthitv.com/News/Cinema/2019/02/05094404/1024233/Udhayanidhi-Stalin-new--movie-Kannai-Nambathey.vpf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]'' || Gundamaneni Anandini || Hindi || <ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2023 |title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Movie Review: KISI KA BHAI KISI KI JAAN is a perfect Eid gift for Salman Khan's fans. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/critic-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-is-a-perfect-eid-gift-for-salman-khans-fans/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422224503/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/critic-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-is-a-perfect-eid-gift-for-salman-khans-fans/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]'' || Anandhi Aravind|| Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2023 |title=The first look of Jayam Ravi's film with M Rajesh to arrive on September 10 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-first-look-of-jayam-ravis-film-with-m-rajesh-to-arrive-on-september-10/articleshow/103390172.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918163808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-first-look-of-jayam-ravis-film-with-m-rajesh-to-arrive-on-september-10/articleshow/103390172.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naam (2024 film)|Naam]]'' || Pooja || Hindi ||Delayed release, Filmed in 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=AJAY DEVGN - ANEES BAZMEE: 'NAAM' TRAILER OUT NOW... 22 NOV RELEASE... (Taran Adarsh) |url=https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1854401424337387524|access-date=2024-11-08 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[School (2025 film)|School]]'' || Anbarasi|| Tamil ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Narayani |title=School Movie Review: Too many subjects in a forgettable horror flick |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/May/23/school-movie-review-too-many-subjects-in-a-forgettable-horror-flick |work=Cinema Express |date=23 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2026
|''[[Euphoria (2026 film)|Euphoria]]''
|Vindhya Vemulapalli
|Telugu
|
|-
|TBA
| ''Kesar Singh'' || Kesar Singh || Hindi ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Arbaaz Khan, Bhumika Chawla to star in slice-of-life drama film titled ‘Kesar Singh’ |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/arbaaz-khan-bhumika-chawla-to-star-in-slice-of-life-drama-film-titled-kesar-singh/ |website=Lokmat Times |publisher=Lokmat Media Pvt Ltd |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Bhumika Chawla television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bhram (web series)|Bhram]]'' || Ankita Paul || Hindi || Debut Web Series
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
|+ List of Chawla's music video appearances
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 18em;" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;" scope="col" | Performer(s)
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;" scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;" scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|1998
! scope="row"| "Yuhi Kabhi Mila Karo"
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |Unnamed
| ''Yuhi Kabhi''
|
|-
| 2004
! scope="row"| "Maahiya"
| [[Adnan Sami]]
| ''Teri Kasam''
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Bhumika Chawla awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2002
| [[49th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name="Nuvvu Nenu wins 4 Filmfare awards"/>
|-
| 2003
| [[Nandi Awards of 2003|Nandi Awards]]
| [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2003.html |title=Nandi Awards 2003 Winners |work=Idlebrain |date=28 September 2004 |access-date=18 April 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015051347/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2003.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2004
| [[51st Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms 51st Annual Manikchand Filmfare Award South Winners] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150126140422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms |date=26 January 2015 }} ''Times of India'' Retrieved 28 September 2017</ref>
|-
|2003
|[[Zee Cine Awards|7th Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Tere Naam]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bollywoodproduct.in/7th-zee-cine-awards-2004/|title=7th Zee Cine awards 2004 winners|work=bollywood product|date=28 September 2004|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413050248/https://bollywoodproduct.in/7th-zee-cine-awards-2004/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|[[48th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]]
|[[Filmfare Best Actress Award]]
|Nominated
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress#2000s|Star Screen Award]]
|Best Actress
|Nominated
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 2007
| [[54th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=54th Filmfare Awards South Winners |url=http://indiainteracts.in/gossip/2007/08/08/2483/54th-Filmfare-Awards-South-Winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215921/http://indiainteracts.in/gossip/2007/08/08/2483/54th-Filmfare-Awards-South-Winners/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| [[Nandi Awards of 2007|Nandi Awards]]
| [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
| ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |script-title=te:నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020 |language=te |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008
| [[55th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Anasuya (film)|Anasuya]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards-south2008.html 55th Filmfare Awards South (2008), serves it up, and how!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106194451/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards-south2008.html |date=6 November 2012 }} ''Idlebrain'' Retrieved 26 December 2018</ref>
|-
| [[Santosham Film Awards|6th Santosham Film Awards]]
| [[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2008.html |title=Santosham awards 2008 and 6th anniversary - Telugu cinema function |access-date=13 August 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318213357/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2008.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617071126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |date=17 June 2018 }} ''Times of India'' Retrieved 20 November 2018</ref>
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2017|title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhumika Chawla}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0154653}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Actress}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu}}
{{Nandi Special Jury Award}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Bollywood|Films|India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chawla, Bhumika}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Kankanawadi

2026-03-17T18:02:52Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kankanawadi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.48|N|74.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Raybag
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13303
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Kankanawadi ''' is a village in the northern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 26700 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoomaps India : Kankanawadi, Belgaum, Karnataka |access-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archive-date=2008-12-18 }}</ref> It is located in the [[Raybag]] [[taluk]] of [[Belagavi district]] in Karnataka.

'''Kankanavadi is located in Raibag taluk of Belgaum district in the state of Karnataka. Kankanavadi was upgraded from a Gram Panchayat to a Town Panchayat in 2015-16. As per the 2011 census, the population of Kankanavadi is 16318 and the area is 34.13 km². The urban area covers 3800 properties. Kankanavadi water body has a total of 4 OHT tanks, borewells and 3 pure drinking water units.'''

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Kankanawadi had a population of 13303 with 6760 males and 6543 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==See also==
* [[Belagavi]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Belgaum.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Raybag-geo-stub}}

Raveena Tandon

2026-03-16T15:01:16Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1972)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raveena Tandon
| image = Raveena Tandon at IFFI 2021.jpg
| caption = Tandon in 2021
| alt =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|10|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai), [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1991–present
| works = [[Raveena Tandon filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Anil Thadani|2004}}
| children = 4 (2 adopted)<ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena Tandon's daughter Rasha says it was 'complete and utter madness' growing up with actor's adopted daughters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raveena-tandon-daughter-rasha-complete-and-utter-madness-growing-up-with-adopted-daughters-9859136/ |work=The Indian Express |date=27 February 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
| father = [[Ravi Tandon]]
| mother =
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Rakhee Tandon (actress)|Rakhee Tandon]] (sister-in-law)|[[Mac Mohan]] (uncle)|[[Manjari Makijany]] (cousin)|[[Kiran Rathod]] (cousin)}}
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)
| website =
}}

'''Raveena Tandon''' (born 26 October 1972)<ref name="rediff1972"/><ref name="jiotalks1972"/> is an Indian actress primarily known for her work in [[Hindi films]]. Considered as one of the leading actresses of the 1990s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Silver Screen Queens: Ranking top 10 bollywood actresses with most successful films since 1990 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/silver-screen-queens-ranking-top-10-bollywood-actresses-with-most-super-hit-films-since-1990-8124727.html |access-date=29 August 2023 |work=News18 |archive-date=10 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910190717/https://www.news18.com/movies/silver-screen-queens-ranking-top-10-bollywood-actresses-with-most-super-hit-films-since-1990-8124727.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Tandon is a recipient of several awards, including a [[National Film Award]], two [[Filmfare Awards]] and a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]]. In 2023, she was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian honour]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Roy |first1=Lachmi |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} Raveena Tandon on Padma Shri honour and the success of SRK's Pathaan |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raveena-tandon-on-the-padma-shri-honour-i-do-roles-that-suit-my-age-12057892.html/amp |access-date=30 May 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=27 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522190717/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raveena-tandon-on-the-padma-shri-honour-i-do-roles-that-suit-my-age-12057892.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

The daughter of director [[Ravi Tandon]], she made her acting debut in the 1991 action film ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]'', which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]. Tandon established herself by playing the leading lady in the commercially successful action films ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]'' (1994), ''[[Mohra]]'' (1994), ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996), and ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1997).<ref name="RaveenaBOI">{{cite web |work=Box Office India |title=Top Actresses |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |access-date=28 November 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104144753/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> She earned a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her role in the 1994 drama ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]'' and in the late 1990s, she collaborated with [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] in several successful comedies, including ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' (1998), ''[[Dulhe Raja]]'' (1998) and ''[[Anari No.1]]'' (1999). She also played against type in the crime dramas ''[[Ghulam-E-Mustafa]]'' (1997) and ''[[Shool]]'' (1999).

In the 2000s, Tandon ventured into [[arthouse|arthouse cinema]] with roles in the 2001 films ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman]]'' and ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'', both of which garnered her critical acclaim, winning the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for the former and a [[Filmfare Special Performance Award]] for the latter. Post her marriage with film distributor [[AA Films|Anil Thadani]], Tandon took a break from films. She intermittently appeared on television with shows like the [[Sahara One]] drama ''[[Sahib Biwi Gulam]]'' (2004), the dance reality show ''[[Chak De Bachche]]'' (2008), and talk shows ''Isi Ka Naam Zindagi'' (2012) and ''Simply Baatien with Raveena'' (2014). After several years of hiatus, Tandon starred in the thriller ''[[Maatr]]'' (2017) and received praise for her leading role in the [[Netflix]] crime thriller series ''[[Aranyak (TV series)|Aranyak]]'' (2021), winning a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Actress.<ref name="Aranyak Review: The Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title='Aranyak' season one review: Raveena Tandon aces Netflix whodunit, aided by the fantastic writing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranyak-season-one-review-raveena-tandon-aces-netflix-whodunit-aided-by-the-fantastic-writing/article38003206.ece |access-date=21 June 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210102148/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranyak-season-one-review-raveena-tandon-aces-netflix-whodunit-aided-by-the-fantastic-writing/article38003206.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Tandon had a supporting role in her highest-grossing release, ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'' (2022).<ref name="TNM_Oct2020"/>

Tandon is also an environmentalist and has worked with [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] since 2002. Tandon has four children, two adopted and two with her husband.

==Early life and background==
Tandon was born on 26 October 1972<ref name="rediff1972">{{cite web |title=Raveena Tandon |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/13pop.htm |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218102210/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/13pop.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jiotalks1972">{{cite web |title=Raveena Reveals Her True Age {{!}} Raveena Tandon{{!}} JioTalks | date=16 May 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyVnAs45LVE |via=YouTube |publisher=JioTalks |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527190604/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyVnAs45LVE |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai) to filmmaker [[Ravi Tandon]] and Veena Tandon.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Khud-daar' director Ravi Tandon, father of Raveena, passes away|url=https://ianslive.in/news/_khud_daar_director_ravi_tandon_father_of_raveena_passes_away-849326/ENTERTAINMENT/15|access-date=11 February 2022|work=IANS|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211181733/https://ianslive.in/news/_khud_daar_director_ravi_tandon_father_of_raveena_passes_away-849326/ENTERTAINMENT/15|url-status=live}}</ref> Tandon is a niece of character actor [[Mac Mohan]] and thus a cousin of [[Manjari Makijany]], his daughter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parkar |first1=Shaheen |title=Raveena and cousin Manjari have their films screened on the same day |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/raveena-and-cousin-manjari-have-their-films-screened-on-the-same-day/180557 |access-date=7 July 2019 |work=Mid-Day |date=8 September 2012 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707042240/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/raveena-and-cousin-manjari-have-their-films-screened-on-the-same-day/180557 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has a brother Rajiv Tandon, who was married to actress [[Rakhee Tandon (actress)|Rakhee Tandon]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Rakhi Vijan: I am keen to get married again but i don't want to have kids |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rakhi-vijan-i-am-keen-to-get-married-again-but-i-dont-want-to-have-kids/articleshow/58496768.cms |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=4 May 2017 |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615043150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rakhi-vijan-i-am-keen-to-get-married-again-but-i-dont-want-to-have-kids/articleshow/58496768.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She is also a cousin of actress [[Kiran Rathod]].<ref name="Bhaskar">{{cite news |title=PICS: इस राजस्थानी ने अपने अंदाज से साउथ को बनाया अपना दीवाना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JAI-kiran-rathod-bold-pics-jaipur-rajsthan-4489997-PHO.html |access-date=7 July 2019 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=11 January 2014 |language=hi |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707080104/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JAI-kiran-rathod-bold-pics-jaipur-rajsthan-4489997-PHO.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tandon received her education at [[Jamnabai Narsee School]] in [[Juhu]] and attended [[Mithibai College]] in Mumbai. Tandon started her career as a model,<ref>{{cite news |title=Modelling can't make anybody a successful actor, says Raveena Tandon in Indore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/modelling-can-t-make-anybody-a-successful-actor-says-raveena-tandon-in-indore/story-8h3WoDIDt5058j7hR08N7H.html |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 November 2014 |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326111222/https://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/modelling-can-t-make-anybody-a-successful-actor-says-raveena-tandon-in-indore/story-8h3WoDIDt5058j7hR08N7H.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but during her internship at Genesis PR, she got her first film offer.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

In an interview with ''Rediff'' Tandon stated, "I never thought I would become an actress. I was an intern at Genesis PR, helping ad-man [[Prahlad Kakkar]], when friends and people around me started complimenting my looks. But photographer-director [[Shantanu Sheorey]] gave me the first break. He called and said he wanted to shoot with me. That was the time when models were becoming actors. I refused film offers. Prahlad kept saying millions of people are waiting for this chanc,e and you keep refusing it. So I thought there was nothing to lose. Then Patthar Ke Phool happened."<ref name="rediff20054">{{cite web |title=Raveena Tandon: I am like a dog, faithful and loyal |date=25 June 2004 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/25raveena.htm |accessdate=11 September 2007 |archive-date=20 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020044032/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/25raveena.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
{{Main|Raveena Tandon filmography}}

=== Early work (1991–1993) ===
Tandon made her acting debut in 1991, with the film ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]'' opposite [[Salman Khan]], which was a box office hit.<ref name="Debut">{{cite web |title=boxofficeindia.com |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1991.htm |access-date=25 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206183734/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1991.htm |archive-date=6 December 2006}}</ref> The film earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Filmfare Award for Lux New Face of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Patthar Ke Phool (1991) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508307 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901060714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508307 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref> This was followed by a series of box office failures including ''[[Jeena Marna Tere Sang]]'', ''[[Divya Shakti]]'', ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]'' and ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1993 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' among others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeena Marna Tere Sang (1992)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5699/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514054505/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5699/index.html|archive-date=14 May 2009|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Divya Shakti (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534222 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221011714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534222 |archive-date=21 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506267 |title=Parampara (1993) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905123753/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506267 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>

=== Commercial success and recognition (1994–1999) ===
[[File:RaveenaTandon5.jpg|thumb|Tandon at an event]]

The year 1994 proved to be a turning point in her career with ten releases.Of these ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]'' opposite [[Ajay Devgn]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilwale (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201719 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906224132/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201719 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire]]'' opposite [[Sanjay Dutt]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Aatish (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538714 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926130516/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538714 |archive-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]'' opposite [[Anil Kapoor]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Laadla (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539752 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022231634/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539752 |archive-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref> and ''[[Mohra]]'' opposite [[Akshay Kumar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title=Happy birthday Raveena Tandon: Her 5 top dance numbers that made her the mast-mast girl |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-raveena-tandon-her-5-top-dance-numbers-that-made-her-the-mast-mast-girl/story-MJUD6FBQCzst8Zme6zrthK.html |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-raveena-tandon-her-5-top-dance-numbers-that-made-her-the-mast-mast-girl/story-MJUD6FBQCzst8Zme6zrthK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> emerged as the highest grossing films of the year.<ref name="boxofficeindia1994">{{cite web |title=1994 box office report |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1994.htm |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629024211/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1994.htm |archive-date=29 June 2007}}</ref> ''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]'' opposite [[Aamir Khan]] underperformed at the box office, but developed a cult following over the years since its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/from-flop-to-cult-film-the-journey-of-andaz-apna-apna-1477407.html|title=From flop to cult film: The journey of Andaz Apna Apna|last=Chintamani|first=Gautam|work=Firstpost|date=12 April 2014|access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> Among these, ''Mohra'' became Tandon's breakthrough particularly due to her dance in the songs, "Too Cheez Badi Hain" and "Tip Tip Barsa Pani".<ref>{{Cite web | title = Raveena Tandon, Mohra | work = Rediff.com | date = 9 March 2009 | access-date = 21 July 2016 | url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/09sli9-when-big-b-and-priyanka-got-lucky.htm}}</ref>

In 1995, Tandon starred opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]] for the first time in ''[[Zamaana Deewana]]''; the film failed to do well.<ref>{{cite web |title=1995 box office report |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1995.htm |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825045427/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1995.htm |archive-date=25 August 2007}}</ref> Her 1996 film ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' opposite Akshay Kumar, was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |title=KKK: A Hit |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1996.htm |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827200725/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1996.htm |archive-date=27 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIlaAAAAIBAJ&q=Akshay+and+Rekha+a+winning+formula&pg=PA21&article_id=3765,1574471#v=onepage | title=New Straits Times }}</ref> That year, she also appeared in the song "Shahar Ki Ladki", in ''[[Rakshak]]'' alongside [[Suniel Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19961231-movie-review-rakshak-starring-sunil-shetty-karisma-kapoor-sonali-bendre-833344-1996-12-30|title=Movie review: Rakshak, starring Sunil Shetty, Karisma Kapoor, Sonali Bendre|website=India Today|date=31 December 1996 }}</ref> Tandon appeared in two successful films in 1997: ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]'' opposite [[Sunny Deol]] and ''[[Ghulam-E-Mustafa]]'' opposite [[Nana Patekar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ziddi: A Hit |work=1997 box office chart |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1997.htm |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824132012/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1997.htm |archive-date=24 August 2007}}</ref> Her other releases that year ''[[Daava]]'' and ''[[Vinashak – Destroyer]]'' – failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |author-link=Shoma A. Chatterji |date=12 March 2010 |title=Man of TODAY |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/man-of-today/588723/0 |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711201247/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/man-of-today/588723/0 |archive-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>

Tandon further achieved success as a leading actress in 1998 with two films opposite [[Govinda]]: ''[[Dulhe Raja]]'' and ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'', both of which emerged as the highest-grossing films of the year.<ref name="boxofficeindia1998">{{cite web |title=1998 box office chart |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1998.htm |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902051229/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1998.htm |archive-date=2 September 2007}}</ref> She received praises for her comic timing.<ref>{{cite book | author1 = C. Dionne | author2 = P. Kapadia | date = 17 December 2015 | title = Bollywood Shakespeares | publisher = [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] | pages = 167– | isbn = 978-1-137-37556-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JdNCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 | quote = }}</ref> That year, Tandon had several other commercial successes such as–''[[Salaakhen (1998 film)|Salaakhen]]'' opposite [[Sunny Deol]], ''[[Gharwali Baharwali]]'' opposite Anil Kapoor and ''[[Aunty No. 1]]'' opposite Govinda.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=22 June 1998 |title=Absurd Comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980622-film-review-of-gharwali-baharwali-starring-anil-kapoor-raveena-tandon-rambha-825323-1998-06-21 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203002044/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980622-film-review-of-gharwali-baharwali-starring-anil-kapoor-raveena-tandon-rambha-825323-1998-06-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> However ''[[Keemat – They Are Back]]'' and ''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]'' opposite Akshay Kumar, and ''[[Pardesi Babu]]'' opposite Govinda failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barood (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538956 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905173904/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538956 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>

In 1999, Tandon appeared opposite Govinda in ''[[Anari No.1]]'', a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/apr/10ana.htm|title=Entertainer No 1|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=10 April 1999|first=Sharmila|last=Taliculam|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704165607/https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/apr/10ana.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> She then appeared in the Kannada film ''[[Upendra (film)|Upendra]]'' opposite [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], which also became a box office success.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suri |first1=Rishabh |title=Raveena Tandon: KGF 2 will be my second Kannada film after Upendra 22 years ago |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raveena-tandon-kgf-2-will-be-my-second-kannada-film-after-upendra-22-years-ago-101613569741536.html |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220070500/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raveena-tandon-kgf-2-will-be-my-second-kannada-film-after-upendra-22-years-ago-101613569741536.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' stated, "Raveena is adequate in her role and adds glamour to her role with rich costumes.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=6007370&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Review: Upendra|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111204014/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=6007370&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=11 January 2005|access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref> Tandon then received praises for her portrayal in ''[[Shool]]'' opposite [[Manoj Bajpayee]], which later became a cult film.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=20 March 2021 |title=Manoj Bajpayee: 'Shool' has become quite a game changer |url=https://telanganatoday.com/manoj-bajpayee-shool-has-become-quite-a-game-changer |access-date=11 June 2023 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611170153/https://telanganatoday.com/manoj-bajpayee-shool-has-become-quite-a-game-changer |url-status=live }}</ref> Anil Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' was appreciative of Tandon's "subdued and convincing no-frills job".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/02shool.htm |title=A fuzzy vitality |last=Nair |first=Anil |date=2 November 1999 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=8 May 2024 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506224243/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/02shool.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical acclaim, hiatu,s and television (2000-2015) ===

In the 2000s, Tandon ventured into arthouse productions, to learn a realistic way of acting, and rejected several mainstream film offers. Tandon worked in films such as ''Bulandi'' (2000) and ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'' (2001), which won her critical acclaim. She won several awards as well as the [[Filmfare Special Performance Award]] for her performance in [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]'s ''Aks''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena wins Special Performance award |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368739.cms |access-date=12 September 2007 |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709023301/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368739.cms |archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "Raveena comes up with a gripping portrayal of a bar girl".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200223.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203081458/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2018 |title=Film Review: Aks |date=20 July 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Her years in the industry paid off when she won the coveted [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for her performance in [[Kalpana Lajmi]]'s ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]'' (2001), where she played a battered wife to an abusive husband.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena wins National Film Award |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1247986.stm |access-date=12 September 2007 |work=BBC News |date=28 March 2001 |archive-date=15 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115021204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1247986.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> She surprised critics and audiences with her performance in the film and received appreciation for her work. Critic [[Taran Adarsh]] said: "Raveena Tandon lends credibility to the role of a battered wife and walks away with the honours. The pathos she conveys through her expressions makes you realise that she's a performer of substance".<ref>{{cite web |title=Raveena steals the show |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6736/index.html |access-date=12 September 2007}}</ref>

Since then, she has starred in several critically acclaimed films, such as ''[[Satta (2003 film)|Satta]]'' (2003)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sept01/ent4.htm |title= All fire & rain ahead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021202204205/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sept01/ent4.htm |archive-date=2 December 2002 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 September 2002 |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> and ''[[Dobara]]'' (2004), but has not had much box office success. Her role as a middle-class woman thrust into the world of politics in the former was praised. Critic Taran Adarsh wrote: "Raveena Tandon delivers a bravura performance. The actress takes giant strides as a performer, giving the right touches to her character. Here's a performance that's bound to be noticed".<ref>{{cite web |title=Raveena's performance in Satta |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7065/index.html |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-date=11 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811011307/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7065/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her role as a schizophrenic in ''Dobara'' was also praised with one critic saying: "Raveena is in sync with her character, playing her part with elaan".<ref>{{cite web |title=Raveena's performance in Dobara |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7233/index.html |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-date=28 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028103837/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7233/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tandon also worked in the [[Sahara One]] television series ''[[Sahib Biwi Gulam]]'', based on the 1953 [[Bengali literature|Bengali]] novel ''[[Saheb Bibi Golam]]'' by [[Bimal Mitra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Television: फिल्मों की तरह टीवी पर नहीं चला था सोनाली बेंद्रे का जादू, ये हीरोइन भी रही थीं असफल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/bollywood-actress-who-got-flop-in-tv-industry-from-sonali-bendre-to-raveena-tandon-news-in-hindi?pageId=3 |access-date=21 June 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |date=29 May 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621103128/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/bollywood-actress-who-got-flop-in-tv-industry-from-sonali-bendre-to-raveena-tandon-news-in-hindi?pageId=3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her only release in 2006 was ''[[Sandwich (2006 film)|Sandwich]]'' which opened to poor reviews and reception. After doing several films, she took a break from actively appearing in films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disaster for Sandwich |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7259/index.html |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-date=22 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822214436/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7259/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During this period, her only major appearance was in the Telugu film ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]'' opposite [[Mohan Babu]], which was a box office success.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/raveena-tandon-teams-up-with-mohan-babu-for-telugu-film/1119164/ Raveena Tandon teams up with Mohan Babu for Telugu film - Indian Express]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2014/pandavulu-pandavulu-tummeda-turn-big-money-spinner-131373.html|title=Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda Turns A Big Money Spinner At Box Office|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|date=6 February 2014|accessdate=9 February 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222025803/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2014/pandavulu-pandavulu-tummeda-turn-big-money-spinner-131373.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During her break from films, Tandon actively appeared on television. In 2014, she judged season 1 of ''CEO's Got Talent'' on [[CNBC TV18]] with [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and Raj Nayak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolly |first=Freak |date=9 March 2020 |title=Raveena Tandon and Mahesh Bhatt become judges of 'CEOS of India Got Talent'. |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/raveena-tandon/raveena-tandon-mahesh-bhatt-become-judges-ceos-got-talent |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713205206/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/raveena-tandon/raveena-tandon-mahesh-bhatt-become-judges-ceos-got-talent |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=Pinkvilla }}</ref> She later hosted ''Issi Ka Naam Zindagi'' and ''Simply Baatien with Raveena''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raveena Tandon to host Issi Ka Naam Zindagi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Raveena-Tandon-to-host-Issi-Ka-Naam-Zindagi/articleshow/11927252.cms|work=The Times of India|date=17 February 2012|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130015149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Raveena-Tandon-to-host-Issi-Ka-Naam-Zindagi/articleshow/11927252.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raveena Tandon: My show connects with people from all walks of life|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Raveena-Tandon-My-show-connects-with-people-from-all-walks-of-life/articleshow/44784223.cms|author=Maheshwri, Neha|work=The Times of India|date=12 October 2014|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023002836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Raveena-Tandon-My-show-connects-with-people-from-all-walks-of-life/articleshow/44784223.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, she made a comeback to Bollywood in longtime friend [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s magnum opus ''[[Bombay Velvet]]''. Playing a sultry jazz singer, her brief performance was highly praised by critics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revealed: Raveena Tandon's Bombay Velvet Look |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pic-raveena-tandon-bombay-velvet-look/article1-1339864.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422161440/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pic-raveena-tandon-bombay-velvet-look/article1-1339864.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 April 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |date=22 April 2015}}</ref> Following this, Tandon became a judge for ''[[Sabse Bada Kalakar]]'' and ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sabse-bada-kalakar-judge-raveena-tandon-judging-a-kids-reality-show-is-easy-4599724/|title=Sabse Bada Kalakar judge Raveena Tandon: Judging a kids reality show is easy as they are uncomplicated|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|date=4 April 2017|access-date=25 May 2017|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511015738/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sabse-bada-kalakar-judge-raveena-tandon-judging-a-kids-reality-show-is-easy-4599724/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-photos-nach-baliye-9-govinda-reunites-with-raveena-tandon-on-salman-khan-s-show-wife-sunita-accompanies-too-2779853|title=PHOTOS! Nach Baliye 9: Govinda reunites with Raveena Tandon on Salman Khan's show, wife Sunita accompanies too|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=7 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807154410/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-photos-nach-baliye-9-govinda-reunites-with-raveena-tandon-on-salman-khan-s-show-wife-sunita-accompanies-too-2779853|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Intermittent work and streaming projects (2017-present) ===
Following a tthree-yearhiatus from films, Tandon had two releases in 2017. In ''[[Maatr]]'', she played a mother who seeks revenge for her daughter's rape. Udita Jhunjhunwala noted, "Tandon internalises the horror and conveys the pain through her eyes, which turn fiery once she tastes first blood. She’s most convincing as the caring mother and teacher."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maatr-movie-review-riveting-as-raveena-tandons-performance-is-the-plot-is-terribly-convenient-3396666.html |title=Maatr movie review: Riveting as Raveena Tandon's performance is, the plot is terribly convenient |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |publisher=Firstpost |date=22 April 2017 |access-date=23 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424173846/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maatr-movie-review-riveting-as-raveena-tandons-performance-is-the-plot-is-terribly-convenient-3396666.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 }}</ref> It emerged a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/080417/maatr-is-not-made-just-for-indians-it-is-for-global-audience-michael-pellico.html |title=Maatr is not made just for Indians, it is for global audience: Michael Pellico |date=8 April 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> Her next release of the year was Onir's ''Shab'', where she plays a socialite.<ref>{{cite web |title=I Play a Diva in Shab: Raveena Tandon |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-play-a-diva-in-shab-raveena-tandon/article1-1309889.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123141101/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-play-a-diva-in-shab-raveena-tandon/article1-1309889.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015 |date=23 January 2015}}</ref> In 2019, she appeared in the song "Sheher Ki Ladki" from ''[[Khandaani Shafakhana]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/suneil-shetty-raveena-tandon-in-new-sheher-ki-ladki-bring-back-the-90s-1502774291.html|title=Suniel Shetty, Raveena Tandon in new 'Sheher Ki Ladki' bring back the 90s|publisher=The Statesman|date=5 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809054238/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/suneil-shetty-raveena-tandon-in-new-sheher-ki-ladki-bring-back-the-90s-1502774291.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Tandon made her web debut with ''[[Aranyak (TV series)|Aranyak]]'', where she played a police officer.<ref name="Aranyak Review: The Hindu"/> [[Shubhra Gupta]] stated, "Raveena is unafraid of appearing uncouth and crude, and can toughen up and soften when the occasion demands, even if the unsophisticated accent slips".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=Aranyak review: Raveena Tandon is at the front and centre of this inconsistent Netflix series |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/aranyak-review-raveena-tandon-inconsistent-netflix-series-7667074/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115153727/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/aranyak-review-raveena-tandon-inconsistent-netflix-series-7667074/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tandon made her debut in Kannada films with ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'', playing the Prime Minister. A commercial success, it became [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|third highest-grossing Indian film]] of all time.<ref name="TNM_Oct2020">{{cite news |title=Raveena Tandon's look as Ramika Sen in 'KGF 2' released |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raveena-tandon-s-look-ramika-sen-kgf-2-released-136161 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321165420/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raveena-tandon-s-look-ramika-sen-kgf-2-released-136161 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=KGF Chapter 2 Closing Collections : యశ్ కేజీఎఫ్ ఛాప్టర్ 2 క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని వందల కోట్ల లాభం అంటే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/yash-prashanth-neel-kgf-chapter-2-total-world-wide-box-office-closing-collections-ta-1327904.html |access-date=14 June 2022 |work=News18 Telugu |date=9 June 2022 |language=te |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611062505/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/yash-prashanth-neel-kgf-chapter-2-total-world-wide-box-office-closing-collections-ta-1327904.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Janani K felt that she delivers an "earnest performance".<ref>{{cite web|title=KGF Chapter 2 Movie Review: Yash and Sanjay Dutt steal the show in this terrific action flick|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-yash-and-sanjay-dutt-steal-the-show-in-this-terrific-action-flick-1937234-2022-04-14|website=[[India Today]]|date=14 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414040854/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-movie-review-yash-and-sanjay-dutt-steal-the-show-in-this-terrific-action-flick-1937234-2022-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, she played a gynaecologist whose husband cheats on her in ''[[One Friday Night]]'', opposite [[Milind Soman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2023 |title=Director Manish Gupta on One Friday Night: Me and Raveena Tandon had some creative differences |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/manish-gupta-on-one-friday-night-raveena-tandon-101690036300585.html |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Abhishek Srivastava noted, "Raveena's portrayal of Lata is commendable with a sincere performance, but one wonder why she didn't lend her voice to the film."<ref>{{Cite news |title=One Friday Night Review : Friday night dud: Where is the zest? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/one-friday-night/ottmoviereview/102190238.cms |access-date=2 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Tandon appeared in two films and one series in 2024. She first played a lawyer opposite [[Manav Vij]] in ''[[Patna Shuklla]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Patna Shuklla Review: Raveena Tandon Tries Her Best To Propel The Film But It Is A Losing Battle |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/patna-shuklla-review-raveena-tandon-tries-her-best-to-propel-the-film-but-it-is-a-losing-battle-1-5-star-5332808 |access-date=29 March 2024 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=29 March 2024}}</ref> In her next film ''[[Ghudchadi]]'', she appeared opposite [[Sanjay Dutt]], playing a mother who falls in love with her daughter's boyfriend's father.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sanjay-dutt-and-raveena-tandon-team-up-for-ghudchadi-372649 |title=Sanjay Dutt and Raveena Tandon team up for Ghudchadi |website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=VERMA |first1=SUKANYA |title=Ghudchadhi Review: Sanju-Ravs Reunite For Old Times' Sake |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ghudchadhi-review/20240809.htm |website=Rediff |language=en |access-date=9 August 2024 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809095207/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ghudchadhi-review/20240809.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She then appeared in the series ''[[Karmma Calling]]'', playing the lead.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-announces-raveena-tandon-led-series-karmma-calling-2812708 | title=Disney+ Hotstar announces Raveena Tandon-led series 'Karmma Calling' | access-date=21 December 2023 | archive-date=21 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221072409/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-announces-raveena-tandon-led-series-karmma-calling-2812708 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/raveena-tandon-disney-hotstar-revenge-india-adaptation-karmma-calling-1235837818/ | title=Raveena Tandon Headlines Disney+ Hotstar 'Revenge' India Adaptation 'Karmma Calling' (EXCLUSIVE) | date=15 December 2023 | access-date=21 December 2023 | archive-date=21 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221074524/https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/raveena-tandon-disney-hotstar-revenge-india-adaptation-karmma-calling-1235837818/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, she played a police officer's wife opposite Suniel Shetty in ''[[Inn Galiyon Mein]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title='Inn Galiyon Mein' movie review: In the lanes of love and tolerance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/inn-galiyon-mein-movie-review-vivaan-shah-avantika-dasani-javed-jaaferi/article69330026.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=14 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Off-screen work==
[[File:Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad, the Union Minister of State ( Independent Charge) for Information & Broadcasting is addressing the press regarding the activities of Children Film Society of India (CFSI) in Mumbai on 15, 2003.jpg|thumb|left|Tandon with Union Minister [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] in 2003]]

Tandon was the chairperson of the [[Children's Film Society of India]] from 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mib.nic.in/ShowContent.aspx?uid1=4&uid2=22&uid3=0&uid4=0&uid5=0&uid6=0&uid7=0|title={{sic|nolink=y|Childern's}} Film Society|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] website|access-date=6 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524054606/http://www.mib.nic.in/ShowContent.aspx?uid1=4&uid2=22&uid3=0&uid4=0&uid5=0&uid6=0&uid7=0|archive-date=24 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> but from 2004 the actress began to get complaints that she did not attend the organisation's meetings and that she was not involved with the activities set up by the society. In September 2005, Tandon resigned from her post citing personal reasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raveena Tandon resigns from Children Film Society of India |date=7 January 2006 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2005/09/06/5777/index.html |access-date=11 September 2007 |work=Indiafm |archive-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025023331/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2005/09/06/5777/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2005, Tandon sued the websites, ''Shaadi.com'' and ''Shaaditimes.com'', claiming that they were using unauthorised images of her to promote the site. She also sued the owner of Satyanet Solutions, as they claimed that Tandon and her husband had met through the website.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive - Raveena Tandon files case |date=7 January 2006 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2005/11/01/6138/index.html |access-date=11 September 2007 |work=Indiafm |archive-date=19 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819050545/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2005/11/01/6138/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2002, Tandon sang to support [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petaindia.com/about-peta/|title=People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|website=petaindia.com|access-date=10 December 2017|archive-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903224218/http://www.petaindia.com/about-peta/?|url-status=live}}</ref> She has posed in many advertisement campaigns joining the likes of [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] and [[Amisha Patel]]. On the issue of [[cow]]s being slaughtered for their skin, she said "Their abuse at the hands of corrupt skin and meat traders must be stopped".<ref>{{cite news|title=Raveena Tandon joins PETA; speaks about cow being slaughtered for their skin|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1047735,prtpage-1.cms|access-date=13 September 2007|work=The Times of India|archive-date=1 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001152723/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1047735,prtpage-1.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As part of her charity work, she appeared in the music video "Betiyaan" (Save the Girl Child), sung by [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] and [[Sonu Nigam]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/musical-campaign-for-girl-child-news-lifestyle-ngku5sbffcesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823162943/http://www.sify.com/news/musical-campaign-for-girl-child-news-lifestyle-ngku5sbffcesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2017 |title=Musical campaign for girl child |date=10 June 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref> In 2023, she became the first person from the entertainment industry, chosen to be a delegate at W20, the Women's empowerment engagement wing at [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 New Delhi]] summit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena Tandon becomes the first person from the entertainment industry to be a delegate at W20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raveena-tandon-becomes-the-first-person-from-the-entertainment-industry-to-be-a-delegate-at-w20/articleshow/97283253.cms |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=23 November 2020 |title=India to host G20 Summit in 2023, year after 2022 meeting in Indonesia: Grouping's declaration |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-year-after-2022-meeting-in-indonesia-groupings-declaration-9042481.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Firstpost |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123033338/https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-year-after-2022-meeting-in-indonesia-groupings-declaration-9042481.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tandon adopted two girls, Pooja and Chhaya, as a single mother in 1995 when they were 11 and 8-years-old, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Tandon was scared to talk about her adopted daughters because she was unmarried |work=Outlook India |date=27 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/raveena-tandon-was-scared-to-talk-about-her-adopted-daughters-because-she-was-unmarried-news-47829 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127082537/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/raveena-tandon-was-scared-to-talk-about-her-adopted-daughters-because-she-was-unmarried-news-47829 |url-status=live }}</ref> During late 90s, Tandon was dating actor [[Akshay Kumar]] and had announced him as her boyfriend. Although they were engaged, they later parted ways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Tandon says she is friends with Akshay Kumar: I think of him very highly |work=India Today |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=20 May 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/raveena-tandon-says-she-is-friends-with-akshay-kumar-i-think-of-him-very-highly-2381274-2023-05-19 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522045219/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/raveena-tandon-says-she-is-friends-with-akshay-kumar-i-think-of-him-very-highly-2381274-2023-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Tandon talks about her broken engagement with Akshay Kumar in viral video, says 'He wanted...' |work=News18 India |date=13 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/raveena-tandon-talks-about-her-broken-engagement-with-akshay-kumar-in-viral-video-says-he-wanted-7807873.html |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513195200/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/raveena-tandon-talks-about-her-broken-engagement-with-akshay-kumar-in-viral-video-says-he-wanted-7807873.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tandon began dating film distributor Anil Thadani, during the making of her film ''[[Stumped (film)|Stumped]]'' (2003). Their engagement was announced in November 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spouse Special: Anil Thadani on wife Raveena Tandon |work=Filmfare |author=Karishma Loynmoon |access-date=20 January 2015 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/spouse-special-anil-thadani-on-wife-raveena-2773.html |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715133053/https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/spouse-special-anil-thadani-on-wife-raveena-2773.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She married Thadani on 22 February 2004 in [[Jag Mandir|Jag Mandir Palace]], [[Udaipur, Rajasthan]] according to [[Punjabi culture|Punjabi Khatri]] and [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] traditions.<ref name="Rediff 2004">{{cite web |title=Raveena Tandon's wedding will now be a movie |website=Rediff.com |date=25 February 2004 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raveena/20040225.htm |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909090301/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raveena/20040225.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Tandon gave birth to her daughter Rasha, in March 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Tandon shares pics from her daughter's graduation dinner, fan calls Rasha 'Twin Tandon' |work=Mid Day |date=21 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/raveena-tandon-shares-pics-from-daughters-graduation-dinner-fan-calls-rasha-twin-tandon-23287832 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715133053/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/raveena-tandon-shares-pics-from-daughters-graduation-dinner-fan-calls-rasha-twin-tandon-23287832 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2008, she gave birth to her son Ranbirvardhan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena gives birth to baby girl |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/16ravs.htm |access-date=17 November 2019 |work=Rediff.com |date=16 March 2005 |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707041739/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/16ravs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena Tandon shares daughter's boxing video, says no one messes with her little Mary Kom |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/raveena-tandon-shares-daughter-s-boxing-video-says-no-one-messes-with-her-little-mary-kom/story-ikP7ZGCLSCvYTd5WiUE5CO.html |access-date=7 July 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 January 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707041737/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/raveena-tandon-shares-daughter-s-boxing-video-says-no-one-messes-with-her-little-mary-kom/story-ikP7ZGCLSCvYTd5WiUE5CO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In the media==
[[File:Raveena Tandon at Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2022 (5).jpg|thumb|upright|Tandon in 2022]]

Tandon has often been regarded as one of the most popular and great actresses of the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/aishwarya-karisma-to-preity-90s-bollywood-actresses-then-and-now |title=Raveena, Karisma to Sonali: 90s Bollywood actresses, then and now |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608041942/https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/aishwarya-karisma-to-preity-90s-bollywood-actresses-then-and-now |url-status=live }}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated, "Tandon was one of the most vivacious actresses to have graced the silver screen."<ref name="THERT">{{Cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/raveena-tandons-best-dance-numbers-30882.amp |title=Raveena Tandon: Best dance numbers of the 90s queen |author=Devesh Sharma |website=Filmfare |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115225012/https://m.filmfare.com/features/raveena-tandons-best-dance-numbers-30882.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] noted, "Ravishing and Raveena are synonymous with each other."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/13sotw.htm |title=Star of the Week: Raveena Tandon |work=Rediff.com |access-date=20 November 2019 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/13sotw.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Outlook India]]'' noted, "Tandon's filmography boasts of commercial entertainers as well as offbeat movies."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Tandon: I've always tried to do films which have social relevance |work=Outlook India |date=10 April 2023 |access-date=20 April 2023 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/raveena-tandon-i-ve-always-tried-to-do-films-which-have-social-relevance-news-277469 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420045410/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/raveena-tandon-i-ve-always-tried-to-do-films-which-have-social-relevance-news-277469 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Times Now]] termed the actress "ravishing and rebellious".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life, Padma win, pay disparity, social issues: Raveena Tandon speaks it out - Exclusive Interview |work=Times Now News |date=4 April 2023 |access-date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/mirror-now/urban-debate/life-padma-win-pay-disparity-social-issues-raveena-tandon-speaks-it-out-in-exclusive-interview-video-99248947 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405164503/https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/mirror-now/urban-debate/life-padma-win-pay-disparity-social-issues-raveena-tandon-speaks-it-out-in-exclusive-interview-video-99248947 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout her career, Tandon was widely known for her dance numbers. Praising her dance, ''Filmfare'' noted, "A natural dancer who radiated oomph by the bucket, Raveena literally set the silver screen on fire with her moves".<ref name="THERT" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andaz Apna Apna to Daman: Actress Raveena Tandon's top five films |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/andaz-apna-apna-to-daman-raveena-tandon-s-top-5-films-101635243595542-amp.html |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129062350/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/andaz-apna-apna-to-daman-raveena-tandon-s-top-5-films-101635243595542-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tandon termed her performance in ''Shool'' and ''Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence'', as the films that changed the perception of the audience. She added, "People took me seriously as an actor after ''Shool'' and ''Daman''. I was being perceived only as a 'pretty face' until these films showcased my acting capabilities."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/raveena-tandon-recalls-how-shool-and-daman-proved-she-was-more-than-a-beautiful-face-7505425.html |title=Raveena Tandon recalls how Shool and Daman proved she was more than a 'Beautiful Face' |website=News18 India |access-date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409192141/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/raveena-tandon-recalls-how-shool-and-daman-proved-she-was-more-than-a-beautiful-face-7505425.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the highest paid actress of the 90s, Tandon appeared on ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actresses" list of 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Actresses |work=Box Office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/topactresses.htm |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825103923/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/topactresses.htm  |archive-date=25 August 2007}}</ref> She appeared on ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list of 2019, ranking 89th, with an estimated annual income of {{INRConvert|24|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/1 |title=2019 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/1 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Rediff.com'' placed Tandon in their "Best Bollywood Actresses" list of 2002 and 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/27sld1.htm |title=Actresses Best and Worst, 2002 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/27sld1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-best-actresses-of-2021/20211231.htm |title=The BEST ACTRESSES of 2021 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 August 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/the-best-actresses-of-2021/20211231.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Times of India'' placed her at 10th position in its "50 Beautiful Faces" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos - 50 Beautiful Faces: 100 years of Indian Cinema |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 December 2021 |url=https://m.photos.timesofindia.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19713289.cms}}</ref> Tandon is a celebrity endorser for brands including iAir, [[Lux (soap)|Lux]], [[7 Up]] and [[Emami]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/iair-ropes-in-raveena-tandon-as-brand-ambassador/729028/?amp |title=iAir ropes in Raveena Tandon as their brand Ambassador |website=The Print |date=6 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523042144/https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/iair-ropes-in-raveena-tandon-as-brand-ambassador/729028/?amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/as-a-celebrity-there-is-certainly-a-moral-responsibility-raveena-tandon/47699533 |title=As a celebrity, there is certainly a moral responsibility: Raveena Tandon |website=Ecocomic Times |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515024634/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/as-a-celebrity-there-is-certainly-a-moral-responsibility-raveena-tandon/47699533 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Rapper [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] used Tandon's name in his song "Kar Gayi Chull", from the film ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Raveena Tandon thanked Badshah for using her name in 'Kar Gayi Chull' song |work=Mid Day |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=26 February 2018 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/raveena-tandon-badshah-name-kar-gayi-chull-song-kapoor-and-sons-18140182 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715133054/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/raveena-tandon-badshah-name-kar-gayi-chull-song-kapoor-and-sons-18140182 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, she was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actresses" list.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sharma |first=Sudhirendar |date=16 August 2022 |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |magazine=Outlook India |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the [[Government of India]] honoured Tandon with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award, for her contribution to [[Hindi cinema|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclysive - Padma Shri honour encapsulates my entire body of work: Raveena Tandon |work=The Print |access-date=20 February 2023 |url=https://theprint.in/features/padma-shri-honour-encapsulates-my-entire-body-of-work-raveena-tandon/1338264/%3famp }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
===Film awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 1992
| [[37th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Patthar Ke Phool Awards: List of Awards won by Hindi movie Patthar Ke Phool |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/patthar-ke-phool/movieawards/61332369.cms |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505084239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/patthar-ke-phool/movieawards/61332369.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1995
| [[40th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/Filmfare-Apr-1995-Shah-Rukh-Madhuri-Nana-Patekar-Shammi-Kapoor-Waheeda-Jackie/133641382647? |title=40th Filmfare Awards: A Dream Come True! |magazine=Filmfare |date=10 April 1995 |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1999
| rowspan="2"|[[People's Choice Awards India|People's Choice Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|Favourite Actress
| ''[[Shool]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Raveena Tandon: Awards & Nominations|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10641/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529195548/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10641/index.html|archive-date=29 May 2009|access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001
| rowspan="2"|''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[48th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raveena Tandon wins the National Award |url=https://m.rediff.com/broadband/2001/mar/29lead.htm |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2002
| [[47th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Special Performance Award|Special Performance Award]]
| rowspan="6"|''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Check Out The Complete Filmfare Awards Winners List From 1953 to 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095338/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=People who don't win create controversy: Raveena on Akshay's National Award debate |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/190417/people-who-dont-win-create-controversy-raveena-on-akshays-national-award-debate.html |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Critics Award Female|Best Actress (Critics)]]
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="RTAwards">{{Cite news |title=Raveena Tandon: List of awards and nominations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Raveena-Tandon/awards |access-date=22 October 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Awadh Samman]]
| Awarded by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/winlist02.htm |title=69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007 |publisher=Bfjaawards.com |access-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227071405/http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/winlist02.htm |archive-date=27 December 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="RTAwards" />
|-
| 2005
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Satta (2003 film)|Satta]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patil |first=Vimla |date=16 February 2003 |title=Satta promises stunning reality bites! |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030216/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=22 October 2020 |newspaper=The Tribune}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2022
| [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Actress (Drama Series)
| rowspan="2"|''[[Aranyak (TV series)|Aranyak]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/filmfare-ott-awards-winners-list-rocket-boys-gullak-tabbar-panchayat-win-big-101671681454880.html |title= Filmfare OTT Awards winners list: Rocket Boys dominates, Gullak, Tabbar and Panchayat also win big |website= Hindustan Times |date= 22 December 2022 |access-date= 22 December 2022 |language= en-In |archive-date= 22 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221222043159/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/filmfare-ott-awards-winners-list-rocket-boys-gullak-tabbar-panchayat-win-big-101671681454880.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
| Best Actress in a Series
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2022 full list of winners: Ranveer Singh, Shefali Shah and Vaani Kapoor win big, 83 best film|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 August 2022|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-awards-2022-full-list-of-winners-ranveer-singh-and-shefali-shah-win-big-101660556816330-amp.html|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815130113/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-awards-2022-full-list-of-winners-ranveer-singh-and-shefali-shah-win-big-101660556816330-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Scroll of Honour
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITA Awards 2022 complete winners list: Varun Dhawan, Nakuul Mehta, Pranali Rathod, The Kashmir Files win big |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=Indian Express |date=12 December 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2022-complete-winners-list-varun-dhawan-nakuul-mehta-the-kashmir-files-win-big-8320262/lite/ |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409015858/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2022-complete-winners-list-varun-dhawan-nakuul-mehta-the-kashmir-files-win-big-8320262/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
| Most Stylish Timeless Icon
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/ananya-panday-rashmika-mandanna-and-shraddha-kapoor-steal-the-show-in-glamorous-avatars-at-lokmat-awards-all-pics-101664419129164-amp.html|title=Photos - Lokmat Stylish Awards 2022|website=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016173104/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/ananya-panday-rashmika-mandanna-and-shraddha-kapoor-steal-the-show-in-glamorous-avatars-at-lokmat-awards-all-pics-101664419129164-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Eternal Diva
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |title=Check Out The Complete List of Winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| [[Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest]]
| Inspirational Showbiz Icon of the Year
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bollywood-hungama-ott-awards-2024-panchayat-heeramandi-win-big-star-studded-event/ |title=Bollywood Hungama India Entertainment Awards 2024: Panchayat and Heeramandi win big at the star-studded event |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 October 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Other recognitions===
* 2023: Tandon received the [[Padma Shri]] for her contribution in the field of arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/raveena-tandon-says-it-was-all-worth-it-after-receiving-padma-shri-in-front-of-her-kids-and-husband-exclusive-2358047-2023-04-10 |title=Exclusive - Raveena Tandon says 'it was all worth it' after receiving Padma Shri in front of her kids and husband |website=India Today |date=10 April 2023 |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410080536/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/raveena-tandon-says-it-was-all-worth-it-after-receiving-padma-shri-in-front-of-her-kids-and-husband-exclusive-2358047-2023-04-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|display=Raveena Tandon|wikt=no|c=Raveena Tandon|commonscat=yes|n=no|q=yes|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q2001803|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no|position=right}}
* {{IMDb name|0849199}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|raveena-tandon}}
* {{Instagram|officialraveenatandon}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Raveena Tandon
| list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActress}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Raveena}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Jedhe Shakawali

2026-03-12T19:25:59Z

MercedesPeachey: further expand layout to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting based on references

{{short description|Historical document}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Jedhe Shakawali
| image = File:Shakawali First Page.jpg
| caption = The starting page of ''The Jedhe Shakawali Pune''
| country = [[Maratha Empire]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in [[Modi script|Modi]] script
| subject = Historical document
| release_date = 1618–1697
}}

The '''''Jedhe Shakawali'''''. or ''Jedhe Chronology'', is a bare record of events from 1618 to 1697, kept by the [[Jedhe]] Deshmukhs of Kari village, near Bhor in the [[Pune]] district. It is a valuable source for the political history of the formative period of [[Maratha Empire]]. It was first edited by [[B.G. Tilak]] and published by [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]], Pune, in 1916.

==Background==
The Jedhes, the Khopades, the Bandals and the Naik-Nimbalkars were the prominent Deshmukhs of [[Maval]]. Out of these, Jedhes of Kaari, in modern-day Bhor, were the Deshmukhs of 'Rohid Khora', which includes the forts of Raireshwar and Rohideshwar, in the Maval region of the modern Pune district, which is near Bhor about 48 km towards south of Pune. Being the leaders of their region, they were privileged persons and enjoyed a high status in political, social and economic life of the region. Kanhoji Jedhe is regarded as the real founder of the Jedhe family as he and his son Baji, popularly known as Sarjerao Jedhe, brought their family to prominence by rendering valuable services to [[Shivaji]], the founder of [[Maratha Empire]] in the 17th century.

==Contents==
The ''Jedhe Shakawali'' consists of yearly data from 1618 (birth of [[Aurangzeb]]) to 1697 (the besiege of the [[Gingee]] fort). The years are reckoned by the [[Shaka era]] (approximately 78 years behind ''[[anno domini]]''), alongside a short description.

==Select events ==
{{Expand section|date=November 2022}}
(Unless specified otherwise, the dates below use [[Julian calendar]].)
*Shaka 1540 – ''[[Kārtika (month)|Kartik]] Vadya'' 1 (Saturday, 24 October 1618 ) – Birth of [[Aurangzeb]]
*Shaka 1550 (1628) – Sultan Khurram became Emperor of Delhi under the title of [[Shah Jehan]]
*Shaka 1551 – [[Phalgun]] Vadya 3 (Friday, 19 February 1630) – Birth of Shivaji at Fort [[Shivneri]]
*Shaka 1579 – ''[[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]] Shuddha'' 12 (14 May 1657) – A son, [[Sambhaji]], was born to Shivaji
*Shaka 1581 – ''[[Margashirsh]] Shuddha'' 7 (Thursday, 10 November 1659) – [[Afzalkhan]] killed by Shivaji near Fort [[Pratapgad]]
*Shaka 1582 – ''[[Ashadha|Ashadh]] Vadya'' 1 (13 July 1660) – Shivaji escaped from fort [[Panhala]] and fled to fort [[Vishalgad]]
*Shaka 1585 – [[Chaitra]] ''Shuddha'' 8 (Sunday, 5 April 1663) – Shivaji attacked [[Shaista Khan|Shahiste Khan]] in Pune and cut off his hand.
*Shaka 1587 – Ashadh ''Shuddha'' 10 (12 June 1665) – Shivaji made peace with [[Jai Singh I]]
*Shaka 1588 – Jyeshtha ''Shuddha'' 2 (25 May 1666) – Shivaji in Aurangzeb's court
*Shaka 1588 – [[Shravan month|Shravan]] ''Vadya'' 12 (26–27 Aug 1666 Gregorian calendar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/phasescat/phases1601.html |title=Phases of the Moon: 1601 to 1700 |website=astropixels.com |access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>) – Shivaji escaped from [[Agra]]
*Shaka 1596 – Jyeshtha ''Shuddha'' 12 (6 June 1674) – Shivaji ascended the throne
*Shaka 1602 – [[Chaitra]] ''Shuddha'' 15 (Saturday, 3 April 1680) – Shivaji died at fort [[Raigad fort|Raigad]] at mid-day
*Shaka 1602 – Shravan ''Shuddha'' 5 (20 July 1680) – Sambhaji ascended the throne
*Shaka 1603 – Kartik ''Shuddha'' 13 (Sunday, 13 November 1681) – Sambhaji met rebel prince Akbar at Patshahpur.
*Shaka 1605 – Kartik ''Vadya'' 7 (1 November 1683) – Sambhaji fought with [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and raised the siege of fort Banda
*Shaka 1610 – [[Magha (month)|Magh]] ''Vadya'' 7 (Friday, 1 February 1689) Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash captured by Shaikh Nizam at Sangameshwar
*Shaka 1610 – Phalgun ''Vadya'' 30 (11 March 1689) – Aurangzeb beheaded Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash at Tulapur
*Shaka 1611 – Kartik ''Vadya'' 11 (28 October 1689) – [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] reached [[Jinji fort]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*'Jedhe Shakawali – Karina' ([[Modi script|Modi]] / [[Marathi language|Marathi]] / English) by Dr. A.R.Kulkarni, 1999 Edition.
*'Source Book of Maratha History' by R.P.Patwardhan, Bombay 1929.
*'Shivaji Souvenir' by [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]], Bombay 1926.
*

[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]

Sujan Mukherjee (actor)

2026-03-08T07:49:34Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sujan Mukherjee
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| other_names = Neel Mukherjee
| occupation = Actor, Director
| father = Arun Mukherjee
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nibedita Mukherjee]]|1998}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=I play a police officer in Kamaleswar Mukherjee's next: Sujan Mukherjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-play-a-police-officer-in-kamaleswar-mukherjees-next-sujan-mukherjee/articleshow/76340374.cms |access-date=24 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=12 June 2020}}</ref>
| children =
| relatives = [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]] (brother)
| family =
}}

'''Sujan Mukherjee''' (also known as '''Neel Mukherjee''') is an Indian actor who works in [[Bengali language]] [[Cinema of West Bengal|films]], television, and [[Bengali theatre|theatre]].<ref name="Neel Mukherjee profile Gomolo">{{cite web|title=Neel Mukherjee profile|url=http://www.gomolo.com/about-neel-mukherjee/798|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> In 2012, he made his directorial debut with the film ''Ghete Gho''.<ref name="Interview: Singer Actor Director NEEL MUKHERJEE on Bangla Movie GHENTE GHAW ... EKTU ONYOROKOM (2012) & Other Upcoming Projects">{{cite web |publisher=WBRi |title=Interview: Singer Actor Director NEEL MUKHERJEE on Bangla Movie GHENTE GHAW ... EKTU ONYOROKOM (2012) & Other Upcoming Projects |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34297112-interview-singer-actor-director-neel-mukherjee-bangla-movie-ghente-ghaw-ektu-onyoro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315144957/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34297112-interview-singer-actor-director-neel-mukherjee-bangla-movie-ghente-ghaw-ektu-onyoro |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 March 2012 |date=13 March 2012 |access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> He is an active Member of the renowned theatre Group [[Chetana (theatre group)|Chetana]]. On 22 February 2016, his directorial debut in theatre, ''Ghashiram Kotwal''an—adaptation on Marathi play, was premiered. In 2018, he directed ''Don: Taake Bhalo Laage,'' an adaptation of Dale Wasserman's ''Don Quixote,'' which was translated into Bengali by his father, Arun Mukhopadhyay many years back.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Priyanka |title=87-year-old thespian beats paralysis, back on stage to enthral audience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/87-year-old-thespian-beats-paralysis-and-returns-to-the-stage/articleshow/108152313.cms |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=2 March 2024}}</ref> This play marked the re-entry of his brother and noted director [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]], as an actor after 25 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Raima |title=Sujan Neel Mukhopadhyay to ring in his 50th birthday with a theatre and film festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/sujan-neel-mukhopadhyay-to-ring-in-his-50th-birthday-with-a-theatre-and-film-festival/articleshow/111905598.cms |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=21 July 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As Film director ===
* ''Ghete Gho'' (unreleased)<ref name="A fresh plot">{{cite news|title=A fresh plot|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110130/jsp/graphiti/story_13507426.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521190451/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110130/jsp/graphiti/story_13507426.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2012|access-date=24 August 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
* ''Chocolate'' (2016)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Param, Rudranil and Sujan unite after Teen Yaari Kotha - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/param-rudranil-and-sujan-unite-after-teen-yaari-kotha/articleshow/54736623.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

=== As Film actor ===
* ''[[Ekti Nadir Naam]]'' (2003)
* ''Nagardola'' (2005)
* ''[[Teen Yaari Katha]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]'' (2006)
* ''Agnibalaka'' (2006)
* ''[[Chalo Let's Go]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Target (2010 film)|Target]]'' (2010)
* ''Tokhon Teish'' (2011)
* ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]'' (2011)
* ''Chaplin'' (2011)
* ''[[Abar Byomkesh]]'' (2012)
* ''A Political Murder'' (2013)
* ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo|Mishar Rahasya]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]'' (2014)
* ''Amoler Cabin'' (2016)
* ''[[Byomkesh O Chiriyakhana]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Kiriti Roy (2016 film)|Kiriti Roy]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=Bengali sleuth film: After Feluda and Byomkesh, comes Kiriti |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/bengali-sleuth-film-after-feluda-and-byomkesh-comes-kiriti/story-yv4wQnTZunR04Ji6kksYQP.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Haami]]'' (2018)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Sujan-Koneenica to play a couple after years - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/sujan-koneenica-to-play-a-couple-after-years/articleshow/79256635.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]'' (2018)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Uma review: Emotionally charged film with message of harmony is worth a watch |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/uma-36247 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126090352/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/uma-36247 |url-status=live |archive-date=26 November 2020 |work=Cinestaan |date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'' (2021)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ruman |first1=Ganguly |title=Sujan thrilled to play Paran Bandopadhyay's son - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sujan-thrilled-to-play-paran-bandopadhyays-son/articleshow/71839250.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Kuler Achaar]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Baro Babu]]'' (2022) - unreleased
* ''[[Shibpur]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Jete Nahi Dibo]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Padatik (2024 film)|Padatik]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Bohurupi]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Tekka (film)|Tekka]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Khadaan]]'' (2024)
* Bhaggyolokkhi (2025)
* ''[[Rappa Roy & Full Stop Dot Com]]'' (2025) under production
* ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Re]]'' (2025)
* '' Boro Babu '' ( 2027 )

=== As a playback singer ===
* ''Chaturanga'' (2008)

== Theatre ==
=== As theatre director ===
* ''Don Taake Bhalo Laage''
* '' Rani Creusa ''
* ''Ghashiram Kotwal''
* ''Mahatma Banam Gandhi''
* ''Hibijibi Bahini''
* '' Meghe Dhaka Ghatak ''

=== As a Theatre actor ===
* ''Don Taake Bhalo Laage'' as Sancho Panza
* ''Ghashiram Kotwal''
* ''C/O Eklati''
* ''Kaurubasana''
* ''Brain''
* ''Natoktar Nam Ki''
* ''Jagannath''
* ''Marich Sambad''
* ''Mephisto''
* ''Binodini Opera''
* ''Hijibiji Bahini''
* ''Meghe Dhaka Ghatak''

== Television ==
* ''[[P I Meena]]''
* ''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]''
* ''[[Byomkesh (2014 TV series)]]'' as Nandadulal Babu
* ''[[Chokher Bali (TV series)|Chokher Bali]]'' as Binodini's husband
* ''Sokhi'' as Manojit
* ''[[Ichche Nodee]]'' as Abir Banerjee aka ''Pagla Ghora''
* ''[[Jol Nupur]]'' as Surya Panigrahi
* ''[[Lokkhi Chhana]]'' as Capt Neel as host of the children's show
* ''[[Jibon Saathi]]'' as Rick Sen<ref name="b"/>
* ''[[Gangaram]]'' as Bablu Chatterjee<ref name="b">{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Debolina |title=Sujan has low-key b'day plans; engages in new work - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sujan-has-low-key-bday-plans-engages-in-new-work/articleshow/84587807.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Mon Phagun]]'' as Somraj<ref>{{cite news |title=Mon Phagun: দশমীর মজলিসে জমজমাট 'মন ফাগুন'-এর সেট |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/durga-puja-celebration-at-mon-phaguns-set-444265.html |work=TV9 Bangla |date=27 October 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''[[Mou-Er-Bari]]'' as Mahitosh Sen<ref>{{cite news |title='Mou er Bari' to premiere on August 30 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/mou-er-bari-to-premiere-on-august-30/articleshow/85202259.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Nabab Nandini (TV series)|Nabab Nandini]]'' as SRK
* ''[[Parashuram – Ajker Nayok]]'' as Karna Chatterjee
* ''[[Advocate Anjali Awasthi]]'' as Damodar Majumder
* ''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi (TV series)|Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]''

== Others ==
* ''Two Months'' (2017) (Hindi short film)

==See also==
*[[Debesh Chattopadhyay]]
*[[Arpita Ghosh]]
*[[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]
*[[Kaushik Sen]]
*[[Bratya Basu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali theatre}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Sujan}}
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajasthan Police

2026-03-06T23:25:32Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{Short description|Law enforcement agency in Rajasthan, India
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Rajasthan Police
| commonname = Rajasthan Police Services
| abbreviation = RJ Police
| fictional =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Rajasthan_Police_Logo.png
| logocaption = Emblem of the Rajasthan Police
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto = Sevarth Katibaddhata {{lang|hi|सेवार्थ कटिबद्धता}}
| mottotranslated = Committed to serve
| mission =
| formedyear = {{start date and age|1951}}
| formedmonthday = January
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding = Rajasthan Home Department
| employees = 100,000 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/old/Rajpolice/Policeataglance.aspx|title=Rajasthan Police at a Glance}}</ref>
| volunteers =
| budget =
| legalpersonality =
| country = India
| countryabbr = IND
| national =
| federal =
| international =
| divtype = State
| divname = [[Rajasthan]]
| divdab =
| subdivtype =
| subdivname =
| subdivdab =
| map = IN-RJ.svg
| mapcaption = Map of Rajasthan Police Department's jurisdiction
| sizearea = 342,239 km² (132,139 sq mi)
| sizepopulation = 73,529,325 (2015)
| legaljuris =
| governingbody = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| police = yes
| local = yes
| military =
| provost =
| gendarmerie =
| religious =
| speciality1 =
| secret =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[Jaipur]]
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocmapwidth =
| hqlocmapheight =
| hqlocmapborder =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| multinational =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Rajeev Kumar Sharma [[Indian Police Service|(IPS)]]
| chief1position = [[Director General of Police]]
| parentagency = Home Department Rajasthan
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| provideragency =
| uniformedas =
| stationtype =
| stations =
| airbases =
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| vehicle1type =
| vehicles1 =
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| animal1type =
| animals1 =
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =
| award1 =
| website = {{URL|http://police.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}

The '''Rajasthan Police (RP)''' is the [[law enforcement agency]] for the state of [[Rajasthan]], working under the [[Government of Rajasthan |Rajasthan Home Department]]. As of 2025, it had over 100,000 personnel, making it one of [[India]]’s largest state police forces. It handles law enforcement, border security, and crime control through units like ATS, RAC, and Cyber Crime Cell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/Rajpolice/Missionstatement.aspx |title=Mission Statement |publisher=Police.rajasthan.gov.in |access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Shamsher_Singh_of_Mianpur.png|left|thumb|Sardar Bahadur, Inspector General of Jodhpur State Police, Shamsher Singh of Mianpur.]]
In January 1951, a unified police force was established in Rajasthan to serve the newly formed state. This development aimed to introduce a standardized law enforcement system across all regions of Rajasthan, ensuring better coordination, accountability, and public safety. The consolidation of various local policing units into a centralized structure marked a crucial step in building an efficient and modern police administration.

Over the following decades, the Rajasthan Police underwent significant institutional development. Specialized branches were introduced to handle crime investigation, traffic regulation, intelligence gathering, and vigilance. Police training academies were established to ensure that personnel were equipped with professional skills, legal knowledge, and ethical standards required for modern policing.

With the growth of urbanization and technology, the force gradually adopted digital tools for crime tracking, record management, and communication. Initiatives such as online FIR systems, cybercrime units, and community policing programs were launched to improve transparency and responsiveness.

Today, the Rajasthan Police continues to evolve as a professional and service-oriented institution, committed to upholding law and order while engaging actively with the public. Its journey since 1951 reflects a continuous effort to strengthen internal security, embrace technological innovation, and deliver efficient justice across the state.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Police |url=http://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/Rajpolice/History.aspx |website=www.police.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

The first Director General of Rajasthan Police was '''R. Banerjee''', although he credited '''Shamsher Singh of Mianpur''', the Inspector General of Police of Jodhpur State, as the true founder of the Rajasthan Police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 25, 2025 |title=Rajasthan Police Portal Dashboard Home |url=https://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/old/Rajpolice/History.aspx |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.police.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

== Organization ==
The Rajasthan Police is headed by the '''[[Director general of police|Director General of Police (DGP)]]'''. The DGP is supported by senior officers holding the ranks of '''[[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General (ADGP)]]''', '''[[Inspector General of Police (India)|Inspector General (IGP)]]''', '''[[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General (DIG)]]''', '''Additional Inspector General (AIG)''', and '''[[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police (SP)]]'''. The force functions under the administrative control of the '''Department of Home, [[Government of Rajasthan]]'''. For effective governance and operational efficiency, the state police is organized into various '''divisions, units, zones, and ranges'''..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Police |url=https://rpa.rajasthan.gov.in/content/homeportal/en/rajasthanpoliceacademy.html}}</ref>

=== Hierarchy ===

==== Gazetted Officers ====

* [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP)
* [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]] (ADGP)
* [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General of Police]] (IG)/ Commissioner (In Commissionerate)
* [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG)/ Joint Commissioner (In Commissionerate)
* [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP)/ Deputy Commissioner (In Commissionerate)
* Additional Superintendent of Police (ADSP)/ Additional Deputy Commissioner (In Commissionerate)
* [[Assistant superintendent|Assistant Superintendent of Police]](ASP)/ Assistant Commissioner (In Commissionerate)
* [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (DSP) / Sub Divisional Police Officer / Assistant Commissioner (In Commissionerate)

==== Non-gazetted Officers ====
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Non-Gazetted Officers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/government-jobs/gazetted-v/s-non-gazetted-jobs-understanding-the-key-differences/articleshow/117916813.cms |archive-url= |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* Inspector of Police/Circle Inspector
* Sub Inspector of Police (SI)
* Assistant Sub Inspector of Police (ASI)
* Head Constable (HC)
* Senior Constable (SC)
* Police Constable (PC)
=== Legal Framework ===
In 2007, the Government of Rajasthan enacted the Rajasthan Police Act, 2007, which became the first formal legislative framework governing the powers, duties, structure, and responsibilities of the state police force. The Act aimed to modernize policing, improve accountability, and align the force with democratic and human rights principles. It also established guidelines for community policing, police oversight bodies, and the functioning of different wings within the department.

== Recruitment and service ==
Recruitment is generally through the [[Rajasthan Public Service Commission]] (RPSC), which conducts a state-level examination called the [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]]/Subordinate Services Exam (RAS). After passing the exam, recruits undergo training at [[Rajasthan Police Academy|RPA Jaipur]] and RPTC. They are governed by Rajasthan Service Rules. The nine organizational units are: the Crime Branch, the [[Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]] (RAC), the State Special Branch, the Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS), Planning and Welfare, Training, Forensic Science Laboratory, Telecommunications, and the Traffic Police.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Police|url=https://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=www.police.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

As of 2023, the Rajasthan Police has employed 110,153 personnel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan Police at a glance |url=https://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/old/Rajpolice/Policeataglance.aspx|website=police.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

== Insignia of Rajasthan Police ==
;Gazetted Officers
{{Indian Police Service Officer Ranks}}
;Non-gazetted officers
{{Indian Police Service Enlisted Ranks}}

==Present scenario==
Over the years, Rajasthan Police has dealt with the responsibility of dealing with bandits ([[dacoit]]s) and organized crime. With tensions high between India and Pakistan, the police department has responsibilities to deal with border security between the two countries. These responsibilities can range from dealing with organized crime rings and smuggling to dealing with illegal entry and enforcing border authority with a border spanning from across the {{convert|1040|km}} long border with [[Pakistan]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-28 |title=India and Pakistan enter a new, dangerous era |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/india-and-pakistan-enter-a-new-dangerous-era-conflict-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref> as well as the [[Chambal Division|Chambal]] ravines. The Rajasthan Police is headed by the [[Director General of Police]] (DGP).<ref name=":0" />

As of the beginning of 2025, Rajasthan is divided into 2 police commission rates and 8 police ranges, each headed by an [[Inspector General of Police]] (IGP). The state is further divided into 57 districts (including 3 rural districts, 2 city districts in Jaipur City, and 2 railway police districts), 261 circles, 1014 police stations, and 1283 outposts. The force had 1181 inspectors, 2554 sub-inspectors, 4767 assistant sub-Inspectors, 15,911 head constables, and 71,858 constables, and about 195 [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) and 876 [[Rajasthan Police Service]] (RPS) officers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/old/Rajpolice/Policeataglance.aspx|title=Rajasthan Police at a Glance}}</ref>

==ERT Commandos==
The '''ERT''' (''Emergency Response Team'') is the commando unit of the Rajasthan Police raised for emergency law and order situations and is attached to RAC. They usually operate in close coordination with the ATS (Anti-Terrorism Squad) and SOG (Special Operations Group).
They are trained by the Army and retired NSG officers in urban warfare, hostage situations, and crowd control. Notably, they played a significant role in the encounter with gangster [[Anand Pal Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ert-commandos-proved-handy-to-neutralise-gangster/articleshow/59314215.cms#:~:text=Senior%20police%20officers%20of%20SOG%20on%20Sunday%20confessed%20that%20the|title=ERT Commandos|newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 June 2017 }}</ref>

== Rajasthan Armed Constabulary (RAC) ==
=== List of RAC Battalion Units ===
*1st Battalion – [[Jodhpur]]
*2nd Battalion – [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
*3rd Battalion – [[Bikaner]]
*4th Battalion – [[Jaipur]]
*5th Battalion – [[Jaipur]]
*6th Battalion – [[Dholpur]]
*7th Battalion – [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
*8th Battalion – [[Delhi]]
*9th Battalion – [[Tonk, India|Tonk]]
*10th Battalion – [[Bikaner]]
*11th Battalion – [[Delhi]]
*12th Battalion – [[Delhi]]
*13th Battalion – Jail Security
*14th Battalion – [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
'''<big>State Disaster Rescue Force</big>'''
*Mewar Bhil 1st Corps – [[Kherwara Chhaoni|Kherwara, Udaipur]]
*Mewar Bhil 2nd Corps – [[Banswara]]
*Hadi Rani Mahila Battalion – [[Ajmer]]
*Maharana Pratap Battalion – [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
*Rani Padmini Battalion – [[Sikar]] (New 2025)
*Kali Bai Battalion – (New 2025)
*Amrita Devi Battalion – (New 2025)

== See also==
*[[Mewar Bhil Corps]]
*[[Indian Police Service]]
*[[Rajasthan Police Academy]]
*[[Rajasthan Police Service]]
*[[Rajasthan Administrative Service]]
*[[Rajasthan Public Service Commission]]
*[[Police forces of the states and union territories of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://police.rajasthan.gov.in/ Rajasthan Police official website]
{{Rajasthan}}

{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rajasthan Police| ]]
[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1951]]

Amar Singh Jatav

2026-03-05T21:47:57Z

MercedesPeachey: put up bio...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 2 March 1968)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2023}}
{{BLP one source|date=June 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{ Infobox officeholder
|name = Amar Singh Jatav
| image =
|office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start = 2018
|term_end = 2023
|predecessor = [[Bachchu Singh]]
| successor = [[Ritu Banawat]]
|constituency = [[Bayana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bayana]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|March|02|df=y}}
|birth_place = Basai, [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
|spouse = Laxmi Devi
|father = Sukhram
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Amar Singh Jatav''' (born 2 March 1968) is an Indian politician and former [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bayana Assembly constituency]]. He is a [[politician]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-02 |title=Bharatpur: कभी बिना खाए गुजारी रातें, आज हैं विधायक, जानिए झोपड़ी से विधानसभा तक का सफर |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/bharatpur-spent-nights-without-eating-know-journey-from-slum-to-assembly-bayana-mla-amar-singh-jatav-5119431.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatav, Amar Singh}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Pooja Phalam

2026-03-03T20:36:07Z

MercedesPeachey: Put up.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pooja Phalam
| image = Pooja Phalam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. N. Reddy]]
| writer = [[D. V. Narasa Raju]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = B. N. Reddy
| based_on = {{based on|''Poojari''|Munipalle Raju}}
| producer = Daggupathi Lakshminarayana Chowdary
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| cinematography = U. Rajagopal
| editing =
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| studio = Sri Sambu Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=y|1964|1|1}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pooja Phalam''''' ({{Translation|Fruit of prayer}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and co-written by [[B. N. Reddy]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], with music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. The film is based on the novel ''Poojari'', written by Munipalle Raju.<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=19 May 2017 |title=Pujaphalamu (1964) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/pujaphalamu-1964/article18500788.ece |access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 1964 |title=పూజా ఫలం |language=te |work=[[Visalaandhra]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/JVD/0,0,2550,3300 |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
Zamindar Madhu is very gullible, and everyone mocks him. Once, he became acquainted with Vasanthi, who lives in a portion of his house. Vasanthi becomes very friendly to Madhu, which he misinterprets as love, but she treats him as a brother. Meanwhile, Madhu proceeds to higher studies, where he befriends Sriram. He makes several attempts to contact Vasanthi and eagerly waits for a reply. Soon after his return, he finds out Vasanthi and her family left the city, and their whereabouts are unknown. Madhu finds a letter from which he realizes Vasanthi's intention and gets deeply haunted. During that plight, Seeta, the daughter of his Manager Rama Krishnaiah, consoles and recoups him, whom he starts endearing. Parallelly, Govindaiah's coparcenary to Madhu's grandfather claims a case in the court for the property—the court handovers the property until the judgment is issued. So, Madhu must leave his mansion when Rama Krishnaiah shelters him. After a while, Madhu is on the edge to win the case. So, sly Govindaiah seeks to kill Madhu by an accident in which he loses his memory. Now, Sriram is a mental specialist, making serious efforts to regain his friend's memory but in vain. Anyway, Madhu triumphs over Govindaiah, and he is seized. Madhu goes back to his mansion, where he slightly remembers Vasanthi. Sriram & Rama Krishnaiah are in quest of her; favorably, she turns into Sriram's wife. At last, via Vasanthi, Sriram makes Madhu regain his sanity. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Madhu & Seeta.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Madhu<ref name="BFTP" />
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Seeta<ref name="BFTP" />
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Vasanthi<ref name="BFTP" />
*[[Jaggayya]] as Sriram<ref name="BFTP" />
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Ramakrishnaiah<ref name="BFTP" />
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Govinda Rao
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Govindaiah<ref name="BFTP" />
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Bheemudu
*[[Peketi Sivaram]] as Nityanandam
*[[Potti Prasad]] as Raja
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Neela Nagini
*[[Rajasree]] as Rani
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Vasanthi's mother
*Chhaya Devi

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pooja Phalam
| type = film
| artist = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1964
| recorded = 27:38
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = EMI Columbia Audio
| producer = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pooja Phalamu (1964)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CIB/info |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The track "Pagale Vennela" is set in Raga [[Hindolam]]/[[Malkauns]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Pagale Vennela Jagame Ooyala"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|2:57
|-
|2
|"Ninnaleni Andamedo"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|4:03
|-
|3
|"Endhu Dagi Unnavo"
|[[Devulapalli Krishna Sastry|Devulapalli]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|2:03
|-
|4
|"Madhana Manasayera"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|S. Janaki
|2:56
|-
|5
|"Neruthuno Ledho"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|P. Susheela
|3:30
|-
|6
|"Andhena Ee Chethula"
|Devulapalli
|P. Susheela
|3:01
|-
|7
|"O Basthi Doragaru"
|Kosaraju
|B. Vasantha, Basaveshwar
|2:44
|-
|8
|"Siva Dheeksha"
|Ghanam Seenayya
|S. Janaki
|4:47
|-
|9
|"Vasthavu Pothavu"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|B. Vasantha
|1:37
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0266862}}

[[Category:1964 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. N. Reddy]]

Maanga (film)

2026-03-03T03:33:41Z

MercedesPeachey: Created some pg v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maanga
| image = Maanga film.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = R. S. Raja
| producer = P. C. K. Sakthivel
| story =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Premgi Amaren|Premgi]] [[Advaitha (actress)|Advaitha]]
| music = Premgi Amaren
| cinematography = R. S. Selva
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| distributor =
| studio = Dream Zone Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|09|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Maanga''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[science fiction comedy]] film directed by debutant R. S. Raja and produced by P. C. K. Sakthivel. The film features [[Premgi Amaren]] and [[Advaitha (actress)|Advaitha]] in the lead roles, while [[Leema Babu]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[Manobala]], [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]], and [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] appear in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premgi in "Maanga" |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/premgi-in-maanga-imagegallery-kollywood-ndzpBnfaefh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326123847/http://www.sify.com/movies/premgi-in-maanga-imagegallery-kollywood-ndzpBnfaefh.html |archive-date=2013-03-26 |access-date=2014-05-17 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
The music was composed by Premgi with cinematography by R. S. Selva and editing by [[Suresh Urs]]. The film was released on 11 September 2015.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Premgi Amaren|Premji]] as Shiva / Vishwanatha Moorthy
* [[Advaitha (Tamil actress)|Advaitha]] as Joshita
* [[Leema Babu]] as Alamu
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Nambirajan
* [[Manobala]] as Rengasamy Nagarajan
* [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]]
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Samyuktha
* [[Chaams]] as Kalakkal
* [[T. P. Gajendran]] as Petthiah
* [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]]
* [[Amarasigamani]]
* [[Vengal Rao]]
}}

==Production==
The film was launched at an event in Chennai in March 2013, with Premgi Amaren reported to play a dual role in the film apart from composing the film's songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-22 |title=At last, I'm a hero- Premgi, Manga, Premji Amaran |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-events/at-last-im-a-hero--premgi-manga-premji-amaran.html |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> He revealed it would be the first film which would feature him as the sole lead actor after previous ventures including ''2010 Bhagyaraj'' had failed to be completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-25 |title='Manga' to have Premji in lead {{pipe}} CineBuzz - Movies |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20134825044826/Manga-to-have-Premji-in-lead.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327082339/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20134825044826/Manga-to-have-Premji-in-lead.col |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=ChennaiOnline}}</ref> Filming began later that month with [[Thambi Ramaiah]] and [[Manobala]] filming scenes in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-25 |title=Premgi kick starts "Maanga" today! - The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Premgi-kick-starts-Maanga-today/articleshow/19185445.cms |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> [[Advaitha (actress)|Advaitha]] was selected to play the film's heroine while [[Leema Babu]] will also play a role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=2013-12-16 |title=Shotcuts: Her own name from now on |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-her-own-name-from-now-on/article5465853.ece |access-date=2014-05-17 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=2013-10-28 |title=Premgi content with biriyani, manga |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Premgi-content-with-biriyani-manga/2013/10/28/article1858915.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030112627/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Premgi-content-with-biriyani-manga/2013/10/28/article1858915.ece |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=2014-05-17 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Maanga
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Premgi Amaren]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 April 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| length = 21:00
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Premgi Amaren
| prev_title = [[Ennamo Nadakkudhu]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Achamindri]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Premgi Amaren]]. The audio was released on 1 April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2015 |title=Maanga Audio Launch Photos |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/photos/maanga-audio-launch-photos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081526/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/photos/maanga-audio-launch-photos/ |archive-date=18 November 2018 |access-date=17 November 2018 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Maanga - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/maanga/wy6S7g0hGP0_ |access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =21:00
|title1 = Genius Maanga
|lyrics1 =[[Snehan]]
|extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|length1=4:24
|title2 = Vedakozhi
|lyrics2 =Snehan
|extra2 = Naveen Madhav, [[Saindhavi]]
|length2=4:34
|title3 = Anjathey
|lyrics3 =Acharya
|extra3 = Hemambika
|length3=1:39
|title4 = Appankitta
|lyrics4 =Snehan
|extra4 = Premgi Amaren
|length4=3:33
|title5 = Kanne
|lyrics5 =[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]
|extra5 = Premgi Amaren, Hemambika
|length5=2:40
|title6 = Sriranjini
|lyrics6 =[[Gangai Amaran]]
|extra6 = Premgi Amaren, [[Ramya NSK]], [[T. L. Maharajan]], Hemambika
|length6=4:10
}}

==Critical reception==
''Indiaglitz'' wrote "Debutante director R.S. Raja has tried to present "Maanga" as a film with loads of fun and horror elements though the film cannot be fixed under the "Horror-comedy" genre. The film also apparently aims to be considered as a science fiction but everything related to the scientific invention of the lead character is presented in a funny way. So one could not be clear whether the intention of such scenes was dealing with science or making us laugh".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanga review. Maanga Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/maanga-tamil-movie-review-17375.html}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The film feels like a hodgepodge of movie references, bad science, and lazily written jokes put together in a manner that is hardly competent".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maanga Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Maanga by Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Maanga/movie-review/48945259.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5021516}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Premgi Amaren]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

White Rose (2024 film)

2026-03-03T02:25:40Z

MercedesPeachey: added stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = White Rose (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K Rajashekar
| writer = K Rajashekar
| producer = N Ranjani
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]
* [[R. K. Suresh|Rk Suresh]]
}}
| cinematography = V Elayaraja
| editing = Gopikrishna
| music = Sudharshan
| studio = Poombarai Murugan Productions
| distributor = Uthraa Productions
| released = {{film date|2024|04|05|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil

}}
'''''White Rose''''' is 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by K Rajashekar. The film stars [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] and [[R. K. Suresh]] .The film was produced by N Ranjani under the banner of Poombarai Murugan Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of White Rose hints at an engaging tale of Anandhi attempting to flee from a serial killer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/trailer-of-white-rose-hints-at-an-engaging-tale-of-anandhi-attempting-to-flee-from-a-serial-killer/457dcdd2f533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329215851/https://www.ottplay.com/news/trailer-of-white-rose-hints-at-an-engaging-tale-of-anandhi-attempting-to-flee-from-a-serial-killer/457dcdd2f533 |archive-date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Divya's daughter is kidnapped, and she teams up with the police to confront the psychopathic abductor. ACP Vetri, connected to the case, grapples with a moral crisis. Can Divya rescue her child and will Vetri find redemption?

== Cast ==

* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Divya
* [[R. K. Suresh]] as Dilip
* Rooso Sreedharan as Acp Vetrimaran
* Vijith as Asraf
* Baby Nakshatra as Diya
* Sasi Laya as Inspector Rekha
* Suliyan Bharani as Young Dilip
* Rittika Chakraborthy as Swathi
* Hashin as Anjali
* Dharani Reddy as Kavya
* [[S. R. Jangid]] as Commissioner of Police

== Production ==

The film began production in 2022 in [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=K Suresh-Starrer White Rose Launched With Puja Ceremony in Chennai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/k-suresh-starrer-white-rose-launched-with-puja-ceremony-in-chennai-5238715.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603143707/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/k-suresh-starrer-white-rose-launched-with-puja-ceremony-in-chennai-5238715.html |archive-date=2022-06-03 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-18 |title=RK Suresh, Kayal Anandhi come together for a psycho-thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rk-suresh-kayal-anandhi-come-together-for-a-psycho-thriller/articleshow/88965822.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118050659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rk-suresh-kayal-anandhi-come-together-for-a-psycho-thriller/articleshow/88965822.cms |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and is the directorial debut of K Rajashekar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-03 |title=Second schedule of RK Suresh & Kayal Anandhi's psycho-thriller begins today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/second-schedule-of-rk-suresh-kayal-anandhis-psycho-thriller-begins-today/articleshow/94826846.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119085609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/second-schedule-of-rk-suresh-kayal-anandhis-psycho-thriller-begins-today/articleshow/94826846.cms |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2023-08-01 |title=Anandhi's next titled 'White Rose' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Aug/01/anandhis-next-titled-white-rose-2600558.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401065225/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Aug/01/anandhis-next-titled-white-rose-2600558.html |archive-date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''White Rose'' got theatrically released on 5 April 2024 and will begin streaming on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]] from 27 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-25 |title=Kayal Anandhi's White Rose gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/25/kayal-anandhis-white-rose-gets-an-ott-release-date#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' noted that "Anandhi delivers a powerful performance, effortlessly embodying a worried mother and a terrified young woman".<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-04-05 |title=White Rose Movie Review: Anandhi is the silver lining in this monotonous thriller with a reasonable premise |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Apr/05/white-rose-movie-review-anandhi-is-the-silver-lining-in-this-monotonous-thriller-with-a-reasonable-premise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405171632/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Apr/05/white-rose-movie-review-anandhi-is-the-silver-lining-in-this-monotonous-thriller-with-a-reasonable-premise |archive-date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>''[[Times Now]]'' wrote that "In all, White Rose comes across as a film that is interesting."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=White Rose Review: A Crime Thriller That Is Interesting In Parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/white-rose-review-a-crime-thriller-that-is-interesting-in-parts-review-109072083 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt17073540}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam

2026-02-19T09:33:18Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu in Simhachalam, India}}
{{cleanup lang|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam
| native_name = 4th Nava Narasimha Temple
| image = Simhachalam temple from a hilltop.jpg
| alt = Five tier temple tower painted in white
| caption = Front view Simhachalam Temple
| map_type = India Visakhapatnam#India Andhra Pradesh#India#Asia#Earth
| map_caption = Location of Simhachalam Temple
| coordinates = {{coord|17.7664|N|83.2505|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| location = [[Simhachalam]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| deity = Varaha Narasimha ([[Vishnu]]), Simhavalli thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
| festivals = Dola Utsava Kalyanotsava Chandanotsava [[Narasimha Jayanti]] [[Vijayadashami|Navaratrotsava]] Kamadahana
| website = http://simhachalamdevasthanam.net/
|architecture_style=[[Kalinga architecture]] 
[[Dravidian Architecture]]|year_completed=1268 CE|creator=[[Narasingha Deva I]] (Present temple)|temple_board=[[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]] (Chairman)}}

'''Sri Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam''', is a [[Hindu temple]] situated on the [[Simhachalam Hill Range]], which is 300 metres above the sea level in the city of [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It is dedicated to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]], who is worshipped there as [[Varaha]] [[Narasimha]]. As per the temple's legend, Vishnu manifested in this form (lion's head and human body) after saving his devotee [[Prahlada]] from a murder attempt by the latter's father [[Hiranyakashipu]]. Except on [[Akshaya Tritiya]], the idol of Varaha Narasimha is covered with sandalwood paste throughout the year, which makes it resemble a [[linga]]. The temple was built in Kalingan architecture styles and stands unique in the historical region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]. The present temple was built by [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] king [[Narasingha Deva I ]] in the 13th century and consecrated by his son Bhanudeva I in 1268 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |publisher=Odisha State Museum |year=1975 |volume=V - Part I |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |pages=178–9 |chapter=No 117 - Lakshmi Narasimha Temple at Simhachalam |author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=దివ్యక్షేత్రం సింహాచలం |work=Andhra Jyoti |date=30 October 2022 |page=9 |language=Telugu}}</ref> The temple was built by Akthayi Senapati, on the command of [[Narasingha Deva I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title= Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi|year=1986|volume=4 |location=Cuttack, Odisha |pages=149|chapter=No 3 - Ganga o Gajapati Shashanare Samaja Sikhya Dharma kala o Sanskruti |author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}</ref>

== Legends associated with temple ==
The ''[[Sthala Purana]]'' (local legend) of Simhachalam consists of 32 chapters; the number denotes the manifestations of Narasimha.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=62}} According to Dr. V. C. Krishnamacharyulu, the legends of Simhachalam and other Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh were written in the 14th century after the attempted establishment of Islam in the region.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=62}} He added that the writers wrote the legends inspired from the stories of Narasimha available in the Hindu ''puranas''.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=62}} Hence, ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' form the major sources.{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=81}} However, the legend of Simhachalam provides new information about the previous life of the temple's founder [[Prahlada]].{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=81}} The first four chapters of the legend cover the importance of Simhachalam, its deity and the principal water body Gangadhara.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=62}}

=== Origins of the temple ===
[[File:Varaha avtar, killing a demon to protect Bhu, c1740.jpg|thumb|left|A 1740 [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] painting showing the slaying of the demon [[Hiranyaksha]] by lord [[Vishnu]] as [[Varaha]] with four hands. Varaha is also shown balancing the earth on his tusks.|alt=A blue skinned four armed Human with a boar's head decapitates a demon with a sword besides balancing a piece of land on the tusks.]]
Once, the [[Four Kumaras]], who were the mind-born sons of Lord Brahma, visited lord [[Vishnu]]{{'s}} abode [[Vaikuntha]] as children. [[Jaya-Vijaya]], the demigod gatekeepers of Vaikuntha, failed to recognise them and denied their entry. In resentment, they cursed the duo stating that they would have to give up divinity, born and live the lives of mortal beings on earth.{{Sfn|Ninan|2008|page=241}} Vishnu failed to revoke the curse of the Kumaras and felt sorry. He later offered two solutions: either being Vishnu's devotees in seven human lives or his enemies in three demonic lives. Jaya-Vijaya could not bear separation with Vishnu for a long time and chose the second possibility.{{Sfn|Ninan|2008|page=241}}

In their first demonic lives during the [[Satya Yuga]], Jaya-Vijaya were born as [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Hiranyaksha]] to sage [[Kashyapa]] and [[Diti]](a daughter of [[Daksha]]) in an inauspicious time during a sunset.{{Sfn|Hudson|2008|page=109}} It is said that [[Asura|asuras]] were born to them as a result of their union at the time of dusk, which was said to be an inauspicious time for such a deed.

To tease lord [[Brahma]] and other gods, Hiranyaksha ensured that earth loses its vitality and sinks into the ''rasatala'', the lowest level in the cosmic universe. Vishnu assumed the form of a boar referred to as [[Varaha]] and restored earth to its normal position.{{Sfn|Dhody|1995|page=261}} Varaha later killed Hiranyaksha in a war that lasted for thousand years.{{Sfn|Drew|2003|page=403}} Hiranyakashipu vowed to seek revenge and prayed to Brahma. He gained a boon which made him invulnerable to death either by day or night, either in the morning or the night, and either by a human or a beast.{{Sfn|Eck|2012|page=334}}

When the gods headed by Brahma visited Vaikuntham to tell an account of the happenings to Vishnu, a guardian named Sumukha obstructed them.{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=81}} They manage to meet Vishnu and also convey the misbehaviour of Sumukha. Vishnu assured that Hiranyakashipu shall be killed and Sumukha would be the serving cause.{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=81}} Sumukha pleaded for a pardon but Vishnu denied, saying that an offence against his devotees is inexcusable. As per Vishnu's orders, Sumukha was born as Hiranyakashipu's son Prahlada.{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=81}}

Prahlada displayed staunch devotion towards Vishnu in his childhood. As a result, he had to face many death trails. In one such instance, Hiranyakashipu's soldiers threw him from the top of a hill and placed the mountain on him. Vishnu jumped over the hill and lifted Prahlada from the sea.{{Sfn|Knapp|2009|loc=ch. Visakhapatnam}} Prahlada asked Vishnu to assume a deity form where the avatars of Varaha, who killed Hiranyaksha and [[Narasimha]], the one who would kill Hiranyakashipu soon, can be seen together. Vishnu assumed the form of Varaha Narasimha, for whom Prahlada built a temple after Hiranyakashipu's death. Worship was conducted and the place was named Simhachalam (lion's hill).{{Sfn|Knapp|2009|loc=ch. Visakhapatnam}} This is covered from 5th to 29th chapters of the legend.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=62}}

=== Reconstruction by Pururava ===
At the end of the life cycle, the temple Prahlada built was neglected and subsequently decayed. The [[moolavar]] of Varaha Narasimha was covered with crests of earth.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=24}} In another life cycle, king [[Pururavas|Pururava]] of lunar dynasty acquired [[Vimana|Pushpaka Vimana]] (divine air car) from Brahma as a boon. He saw [[Urvashi|Urvasi]], an [[apsara]] at the Kailasa mountain and both fell in love. They visited Simhachalam and settled here for a while.{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=82}} Urvasi recollected a dream and located the idol.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=24}} Pururava performed penance at Gangadhara for the same. They unearthed the idol and consecrated it after renovation.{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=82}}

Despite his best efforts, Pururava could not find the idol's feet. A divine voice consoled him, saying that he need not worry about that, adding that the deity can provide salvation in its current form.{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=82}} Urvasi was instructed in the dream that the idol of Varaha Narasimha should be covered with sandalwood paste for the whole year except on the third day of the [[Vaisakha]] month. This custom is practiced strictly even today.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=24}} The reconstruction of the temple by Pururava is covered in the last four chapters of the legend.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=62}}

=== Ramanuja's visit ===
[[File:Shri Ramanujar pics 2.jpg|thumb|right|An idol of Ramanuja in the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]].|alt=An idol made of black stone dressed in orange robes, with a flag in a hand and Thirunamam on the forehead, throat, chest and hands.]]
In the 11th century CE, after winning a debate at the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath temple]], [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] saint and philosopher [[Ramanuja]] visited [[Kurmanathaswamy temple, Srikurmam|Srikurmam]] and Simhachalam temples.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=46}} Simhachalam's deity was believed to be Shiva due to some reasons. The notable ones were the unusual position of the deity's idol, the gate at the lower terrain named Bhairava Dwaram, and the second temple tank being referred to with the name Gangadhara.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=12}} The annual celebration of Kamadahana, a tradition usually observed in Shiva's temples, was practiced here which added strength to the beliefs.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=12}}

Ramanuja argued that the idol of Varaha Narasimha is in a posture in accordance with the ''[[Pancharatra]] Agama'' rules.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=12}} He added that Kamadahana is celebrated here for the temple's purification as per the ''Sishtachara'' traditions.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=12}} Ramanuja pointed out that Shiva's manifestation [[Bhairava]] is neither the guardian of the Bhairava Dwaram nor worshipped as one.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=13}} Ramanuja was able to defeat the scholars at Simhachalam and converted it into a Vaishnavite temple.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=13}}

Varaha Narasimha's idol, when covered with sandalwood paste, resembles a [[Lingam|Shiva Lingam]]. Ramanuja took personal possession of the temple and ordered the priests to remove the paste.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=46}} The conversion work began and before completion, the idol started bleeding.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=46}} Feeling the deity's anger for violating the rule, sandalwood paste was applied again which stopped the blood stream.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=46}} They presumed that the deity wished to look like a Lingam and continued the tradition except for one day.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=47}} Few Vaishnavites oppose this legend, calling it a deliberate attempt to "debase the prestige of Vaishnava shrines in general" and of Ramanuja in particular.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=47}}

=== Krishnamacharyulu's curse ===
[[Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu]] was a poet and musician who composed [[Kirtans|sankeertanas]] in praise of Varaha Narasimha.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=11}} As Narasimha danced listening to those songs, Krishnamacharyulu began showing offensive attitude towards others with arrogance.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=11}} When Ramanuja visited Simhachalam later, Krishnamacharyulu did not treat him properly. Ramanuja wanted to know whether Vishnu would grant him salvation and requested Krishnamacharyulu to ask Narasimha about the same.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=11}} He obeyed and asked Narasimha, to which the deity replied that Ramanuja is capable of giving salvation to others and hence can gain the same later.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=11}}

Krishnamacharyulu requested Narasimha to grant him salvation. To teach him a lesson, Narasimha refused, saying that Ramanuja is the only one capable one to do so.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=11}} Krishnamacharyulu was offended and cursed that the temple would be attacked in the upcoming days. It is believed that the attack on the temple in the 18th century by Muslim invaders was a result of the curse.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=12}} Though this legend is considered imaginary, it is respected widely for emphasising the importance of teachers and spiritual masters over the divine.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=12}}

== History ==
[[File:Inscriptions on walkway to Simhachalam Temple.jpg|thumb|left|An inscription on the way to the temple complex written in Telugu language.|alt=An inscription written on a black slab in Telugu language.]]
Simhachalam temple has a past of nearly a thousand years.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=44}} Epigraphists discovered nearly 500 inscriptions in the temple complex.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=10}} Almost all of them were ''dana sasanas'' (donation records) which referred to the contributions made by the kings, their officers, and the citizens.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=12}} Majority of the inscriptions are bilingual, written in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages. While some are exclusively in Sanskrit, there are 46 [[Odia language|Odia]] and three [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language inscriptions.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=11}} As per the common acceptance of historians, Simhachalam temple has been recognised in the 11th century CE due to an inscription by the [[Chola]] king [[Kulottunga I]].{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=45}} The earliest inscription discovered in the temple, it belonged to the 11th century and was dated to 1087 CE.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=13}} It recorded the gift of a garden by a private individual.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=14}} The temple functioned well during this period and received liberal patronage from the Later Cholas.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=14}}

After the Later Cholas, the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] extended their patronage for the promotion and preservation of the temple complex.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=14}} Their inscriptions ranges from 1150 CE to 1430 CE.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=15}} In the later half of the 13th century, the temple complex underwent radical physical changes during the reign of [[Narasimhadeva I]]. Many additional architectural adjuncts were added to the temple which had a simple and modest look.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=15}} An inscription dated 1293 CE refers to the addition of sub shrines by the Gangas in the temple, which were dedicated to manifestations of Vishnu: Vaikunthanatha, Yagnavaraha, and Madhavadevara.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=15}}{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=16}} The renovators used the original slabs as much as possible and discarded a few of them. The removed ones were later used in the kitchen and other small shrines.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=16}} The feudatory chiefs of the Ganga dynasty too contributed towards the temple's architecture and made donations in various forms.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=17}}

Four inscriptions of the temple recorded the donation of land, jewels, and villages by the kings of the [[Reddy dynasty]], who did some substantial service to the temple.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=17}} After the fall of the Eastern Gangas, the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapathis]] came into power. Nine inscriptions written in Odia language recorded the contributions by [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]] [[Kapilendradeva]], [[Purushottama Deva]] and [[Prataprudra Deva]].{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=18}} The temple received support from the [[Tuluva dynasty]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Their inscriptions range from 1516 to 1519 CE.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=19}} During his military campaigns at the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] region, [[Krishnadevaraya]] erected a Jayastambha (pillar of victory) at Simhachalam.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=19}} He gifted ornaments to the deity for the merit of his parents. His wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnamma Devi also gifted ornaments.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=19}} The Tuluva kings supported the perpetuation of the property of Simhachalam up to 16th century CE.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=19}}

After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Muslim states of Deccan asserted independence.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=19}} The [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] began its rule with [[Golkonda]] as their capital.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=20}} A solitary inscription dated 1604 CE records gifting the lands and resources of [[Narava]] village as a sarvamanya by Sarvappa Asraraya with a view to restore the regular religious practices and offerings.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=20}} Apart from mentioning the military achievements of Asraraya,{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=20}} the inscription confirmed 40 years of religious inactivity from 1564 to 1604 CE.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=21}} In these 40 years, two inscriptions were found dated 1579 and 1597 CE; they registered the gifts donated to the temple.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=21}} Apart from the above, 300 inscriptions in between the 11th and 18th centuries make a note of the contributions made by private individuals.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=21}}{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=22}} The latest inscription of the temple is dated 1798 CE, which recorded a gift made by Chengalvaraya of the Gode family.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=11}}

In 1949, the temple came under the purview of the endowment ministry of the State Government.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=14}} The members of the Pusapati Gajapathi family of the princely state of Vizianagaram are the current hereditary trustees of the temple.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Pusapati-Ananda-Gajapathi-Raju-no-more/articleshow/51568866.cms |title=Pusapati Ananda Gajapathi Raju no more |date=27 March 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170520072217/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Pusapati-Ananda-Gajapathi-Raju-no-more/articleshow/51568866.cms |archive-date=20 May 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The members of the family are serving the temple for the last three centuries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/I-would-have-been-happier-as-a-common-man-Ananda-Gajapathi-Raju/articleshow/20401624.cms |title=I would have been happier as a common man: Ananda Gajapathi Raju |last=Mehta |first=Sulogna |date=3 June 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170520072321/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/I-would-have-been-happier-as-a-common-man-Ananda-Gajapathi-Raju/articleshow/20401624.cms |archive-date=20 May 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== The temple ==
=== Geography ===
[[File:Visakhapatnam from Simhachalam hill.jpg|thumb|Simhachalam locality from hill top]]
[[File:Simhachalam Gangadhara.jpg|thumb|right|A view of Gangadhara, the temple's tank below the hill. It is also referred to as the Varaha Pushkarini.|alt=A view of a pond with a hall like structure built in the middle, surrounded by green trees and the hills in the background.]]
The temple is situated on [[Simhachalam Hill Range]] {{Convert|800|metres|feet}} above the sea level at a distance of ten miles to the north of [[Visakhapatnam]]. The hill range is a part of the [[Eastern Ghats]] and is named Kailasa.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=38}} It is situated on the top of the northern side of the hill in an [[amphitheatre]] like structure.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=2}} The height of the temple is nearly {{Convert|1500|metres|feet}} above the sea level.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=38}} A natural valley is seen running along the north western slope of the hill, which covers almost half of its height.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=38}} The hill range, cut into terraces, was used later to cultivate large plantations of pineapple, jack fruit, and Banana. A small village grew around the temple in due course of time.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=39}} Steps were built alongside the stream of water to serve as a way of approach to both the village and the temple.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=39}}

Due to the soil nature, rainfall and the climatic conditions influenced by the sea level, the growth of flora is abundant on the hill range.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=39}} The hills also contain medical herbs used to cure the diseases of both humans and cattle.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=39}} There are various ways to reach the temple. The most popular one is the flight of one thousand steps from the foot of hill whose entrance is referred to as the Bhairava Dwaram.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=7}} On one side, a pathway runs from Madhava Dwaram to the top. On the other side, at the foot of the hill, roads were laid starting from the Bhairava Dwaram to the top.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=2}} Simhachalam has two temple tanks: the Swami Pushkarini at the top and Gangadhara at the bottom, which is referred to as the Varaha Pushkarini.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=9}} They are similar to the ones found in the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]].{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=8}} In addition, there are three natural springs named Akashadhara, Chakradhara, and Madhavadhara.<ref name="Simhachalam Eenadu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.eenadu.net/magazines/sunday-magazine/sunday-magazineinner.aspx?catfullstory=12278 |title=సింహాచలం... మహాపుణ్యక్షేత్రం |last=Satyanarayana |first=M. |work=[[Eenadu]] | access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170517051718/http://www.eenadu.net/magazines/sunday-magazine/sunday-magazineinner.aspx?catfullstory=12278 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |language=te |trans-title=Simhachalam... a great temple |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At the foot of the hill, two gardens are available where festivals are celebrated.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=9}}

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Far view of Simhachalam Temple complex.jpg|thumb|left|A view of the temple's complex in which the rajagopuram and the vimana can be seen adjacent to each other.|alt=A far view of a temple complex with its gate, the sanctum, the gateway towers and a small garden being viewed.]]
Simhachalam temple resembles a fortress from outside with three [[prakaram]]s (outer courtyards) and five gateways.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=7}} Majority of the temple's present form is the one rebuilt by Narasimhadeva I.{{Sfn|Knapp|2009|loc=ch. Visakhapatnam}} Its architecture is a mixture of the styles of the [[Kalinga Architecture|Eastern Gangas]], [[Eastern Chalukyas]], and the [[Cholas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hart |first=George L. |date=1971 |title=The Simhachalam Temple. By K. Sundaram. Simhachalam Devasthanam, 1969. xiii, 295 pp. Illustrations, Appendices, Glossary, Bibliography, Index. Rs. 12.00. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/simhachalam-temple-by-k-sundaram-simhachalam-devasthanam-1969-xiii-295-pp-illustrations-appendices-glossary-bibliography-index-rs-1200/85157CBADEEFD4878F7C75D99F66FF99 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=499–500 |doi=10.2307/2942988 |issn=1752-0401 |jstor=2942988 |s2cid=163193998 |quote=The architecture is a curious but not infelicitous combination of Orissan and Dravidian styles ..... The Kalyāṇa Maṇḍapa shows a third element: Kākaṭīya influence.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Simhachalam arch TH">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/19/stories/2003091901310600.htm |title=Simhachalam temple{{mdash}}magnificent architecture and sculpture |last=Krishnamurthy |first=R. |date=19 September 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170516155941/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/19/stories/2003091901310600.htm |archive-date=16 May 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It faces west, an unusual case in the usual tradition of temple architecture. It is believed that the temple initially faced east, but was changed to west due to inexplicable reasons.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=7}} As per the Hindu texts ''Purushottama Samhita'' and the ''Vishnu Samhita'', a temple facing west signifies victory unlike the east ones which denotes prosperity.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=7}} It is believed that the Gangadhara's flow from the east to the west might be a reason why the temple faces west.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=7}} A prakaram covers the entire temple with two gateways on the northern and western sides.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=5}} The temple has a five-tier [[gopuram|rajagopuram]] (main tower) on the western gateway.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" />{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=5}} Devotees enter the temple through a side door with a stairway, which leads into the Kalyana mandapa (wedding hall),{{Sfn|Knapp|2009|loc=ch. Visakhapatnam}} which has 96 pillars.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" /> It has coloumns and walls on which the images of Vishnu, his consort [[Lakshmi]] and the [[Alvars]] are carved.{{Sfn|Knapp|2009|loc=ch. Visakhapatnam}} Near the entrance, the foot prints of Hindu saint [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] installed by [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] in the year 1930 can be seen.{{Sfn|Knapp|2009|loc=ch. Visakhapatnam}} At the end, a gateway leads to the main hall.{{Sfn|Knapp|2009|loc=ch. Visakhapatnam}} Before the [[sanctum sanctorum]], an altar with the images of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] can be seen.{{Sfn|Knapp|2009|loc=ch. Visakhapatnam}}

[[File:Simhachalam Temple Vimana Gopuram View.JPG|thumb|right|The vimana of Simhachalam temple with a gold plated dome featuring a Vaishnavite icon.|alt=A three-tier pyramid like structure with a golden dome on its top.]]
The sanctum sanctorum of the temple is cubical-shaped whose walls feature sculptures carved in [[Kalinga architecture|Kalinga style]]. The three-tier [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]], called ''pidha deula'' in Odia silpasastra, is similar to that of the [[Konark Sun Temple|Konark temple]], is shaped like a stepped pyramid with proper carving of sculptures.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" /> The corners of the base of the vimana bear lion statuettes symbolising Narasimha. On the eastern face of the vimana, images of [[Indra]] and [[Gajalakshmi]] are found. A gold plated dome with a Vaishnavite symbol caps the vimana.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" /> On the southern wall of the sanctorum, a sculpture of Narasimha killing Hiranyakashipu in Prahlada's presence is present. Narasimha is seen in a standing posture, a unique feature of the temple's architecture. The fore arms lay on Hiranyakashipu whose is kept on the left thigh, and the rear arms hold a weapon and a conch.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" /> On the northern wall, a sculpture of Varaha is seen, which is similar to the ones found in the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Belur Chennakeshava]] and [[Hoysaleswara Temple|Hoysaleswara]] temples.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" /> Krishna's images are found above these two sculptures. The southern wall depicts a scene of [[Kaliya|Kalinga Marthana]] and the northern wall has an image of Krishna lifting the [[Govardhan Hill]].<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" />

In the north western corner of the temple, there are two halls named Vaisakha and Jyestha mandapas where special occasions are conducted.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=5}} To the right of the northern entrance, there is a 16-pillared Natya mandapa (dance hall) where the pillars feature simhalalathas (lion heads) at their base.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" /> The temple has two jagattis (railed parapets). The outer jagatti around the artha mandapa carries a row of sculpted elephants denoting strength. The inner one, around the sanctum sanctorum contains a row of swans.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" /> Above this, a scrollwork with sculpted figures and a row of simhalalatas are found. On the supporting pillars, simhalalatas are seen on elephant sculptures, with convolution carrying figures in between.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" /> The eaves of the sidewalls feature stone-made [[filigree]] work. A study of the sculptures and pillars in the Kalyana mandapa revealed that [[basalt]] and [[schist]] were used in the construction.<ref name="Simhachalam arch TH" /> The thirty two manifestations of Narasimha, including the temple's deity, are carved on the pillars of the Kalyana mandapa.{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=83}} In the Mukha mandapa (main hall), there is a pillar named Kappam Stambham which is believed to have curative powers.<ref name="Simhachalam Eenadu" /> It is consecrated using the Santana Venugopalaswamy Yantra and is known to grant unfulfilled wishes.<ref name="Chandana Sakshi">{{Cite news |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-sihmahachalam-temple-470954 |title=వరాహ లక్ష్మీ నరసింహ స్వామి నిజరూప దర్శనం |date=25 April 2017 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] | access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170517052826/http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-sihmahachalam-temple-470954 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |language=te |trans-title=Nijaroopa Darshan of Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Shrines ===
[[File:Simhachalam-temple-2 big.jpg|thumb|left|The sanctum sanctorum (pidha deula) of Simhachalam in which the temple's deity is housed. The rajagopuram can be seen towards the right.|alt=A three-tier yellow coloured pyramid like structure with sculptures and carvings to the left and a five tier tower to the right.|222x222px]]
The moolavirat of Varaha Narasimha is kept in a separate hall named Prahlada mandapa.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=4}} In its original form, the idol of Varaha Narasimha is two and a half feet tall.{{Sfn|Knapp|2009|loc=ch. Visakhapatnam}} The deity stands in a [[tribhanga]] posture with a boar's head, a human torso and a lion's tail.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=4}} On either side of the deity, the idols of Sridevi and Bhudevi holding lotus flowers are seen.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=4}} The sculpture of Varaha Narasimha has no ornaments and drapery carved on the body. Its limbs and face are disfigured due to vandalism.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=4}} The moolavar is covered with sandalwood paste imported from [[Srivilliputhur]], Tamil Nadu.{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=80}} After application of the sandalwood paste, the moolavar resembles a four feet tall Shiva Lingam.{{Sfn|Eck|2012|page=334}}{{Sfn|Krishna|2010|page=80}} There is enough space for the devotees to offer [[parikrama|pradakshinas]] (circumambulations) to the deity inside the Prahlada mandapa.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=8}} There are only four main ornaments used in the temple: a [[Thirunamam]] made of diamonds and rubies, a chain of emeralds, a 100-tola gold bracelet, and a golden crown.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=8}}

A number of sub shrines are housed inside the temple complex.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=4}} Two of them are dedicated to [[Andal]], one of the 12 Alvars and Lakshmi, the consort of the principal deity.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=5}} The latter is housed in a small room located near the north western wall; it served as a cell of the temple's treasury in the past.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=5}} Lakshmi is referred to as Simhavalli Thayar, and her idol is in a [[lotus position]] with four hands. The fore arms display [[abhayamudra]] and [[varadamudra]], and the rear arms hold a pair of lotus flowers.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=8}}<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.eenadu.net/special-pages/aalayaalu/aalayaalu-inner.aspx?featurefullstory=2238 |title=చందన రూపుడు.. సింహాచలేశుడు |work=Eenadu |access-date=21 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170521070558/http://www.eenadu.net/special-pages/aalayaalu/aalayaalu-inner.aspx?featurefullstory=2238 |archive-date=21 May 2017 |language=te |trans-title=Simhachalesa, the lord covered with sandalwood |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The remaining eleven Alvars are accommodated in separate rooms. Sub-temples are dedicated to Ramanuja, [[Manavala Mamunigal]] and [[Vishvaksena]] inside the main complex.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=8}}

=== Administration and staff ===
The staff of the temple is divided into three groups: the ones involved in religious duties, those who help in preparations for worship, and the administration and supervision related personnel.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=120}} The Parikshagar and the Sthanapati (or Sthanacharya) were the biggest dignitaries of the temple. These two posts were held by the family members of the Tirumala Peddinti family.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=111}} At a later point, due to reluctance of the family members, the office of the Sthanapati was merged with that of the Parikshagar.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=112}} The main duty of a Parikshagar was to ensure that all the daily and special rituals were being conducted in accordance with the injunctions of the past.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=111}} On the other hand, the Sthanapati used to initiate every proceeding on the temple and served as the representative of the trustees.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=112}} At present, the temple is maintained and administered by the Simhachalam Devasthanam board, which is under the purview of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=119}}

The priests of the temple are divided into three main groups: Archakas, Nambyas, and Paricharakas.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=112}} The priests belong to the Sri Vaishnavite clan.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=120}} These priests were classified into three groups: the local Vaishnavites, Tirupathi Vaishnavites (hailing from Tirumala), and Ekaki Vaishnavites (those who are unmarried and practice celibacy).{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=121}} Archakas look after the actual conduct of rituals in the main temple, of whom one is the head priest.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=112}} Equivalent to Sthanacharya, the head priest has the additional responsibility of decorating the deity with ornaments on important occasions.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=112}} The priests of the sub-temples and shrines are called Nambyas or Samardhaka Brahmins.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=112}} Paricharakas assist the archakas by performing tasks such as cleaning vessels required for rituals, bringing water to the kitchen, and collecting items required for the prayer.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=113}}

Scholars are appointed by the temple to read various religious texts. One of them referred to as the Bhagavata Vishyam Pandit, along with six adhyapakas (teachers) recite the ''Dravida Prabandha'' text daily.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=113}} These people belong to the Vaishnavite families of Simhachalam.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=113}} Scholars who read out chapters from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana'' are known as Parayandars (Parayana reading pandits).{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=113}} Apart from these, vedic scholars are also appointed for regular recital of the [[Rigveda]], [[Samaveda]], and [[Yajurveda]].{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=113}} In the medieval period, a group of sanis or devadasis used to perform four important tasks: performing dance and music, singing ''mangalagitas'' and ''namasankirtanas'', waving fly-whisks to the deity, and cleaning and decorating the temple's premises.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=127}} They were looked upon with respect as the temple's dancers.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=127}} Women were either gifted as sanis or voluntarily dedicated themselves for the same.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=127}} They either remained unmarried (referred to as the sampradaya sanis) or had an independent marital life, working in the temple on a part-time basis.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=128}} At present, the temple does not encourage the presence of such dancers.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=126}}

Cooks hailing from Vaishnavite families and well-versed in the Agni mantra were employed to prepare the bhoga (offerings) to the deity.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=113}} Other important personnel include water carriers, gardeners,{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=134}} potters, fuel suppliers,{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=135}} goldsmiths, flag bearers, torch bearers, watchmen,{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=136}} repairers and renovators, and cattle maintainers.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=137}}

== Religious practices ==
[[File:Chakra ayudhapurusha.jpg|thumb|right|A painting of Sudarshana Chakra with 16 hands. He serves as the bali bera (guardian idol) of Varaha Narasimha and forms part of the Baliharana (pacification) ceremony.|alt=A man with 16 hands and two cross legs standing inside a circle and holding different weapons with his hands.]]
The religious practices and customs of the temple are formulated by Ramanuja and his followers like Anandalvan.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=71}} They are similar to the ones followed in South Indian Vaishnavite temples such as Tirumala, Srirangam, and the [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]] in [[Kanchipuram]].{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=32}} The prayers are made as per the Para, Vyuha, Vibhava, Antaryami, and Archa traditions of Vishnu.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=14}} The religious practices are modelled based on the ''Satvata Samhita'', one of the 108 texts of the ''Pancharatra Agama''.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=72}} There are five metallic idols associated with the deity which serve as the substitute of the moolavar for certain practices.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=7}} Yogananda Narasimha is the snapana bera (bathing idol), Govindaraja is the utsava bera (festival idol), and [[Sudarshana Chakra]] is the bali bera (guardian idol).{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=7}} Madanagopala and Venugopala, two forms of Krishna, are the kautuka bera (representative idol) and the sayana bera (sleeping idol) respectively.{{Sfn|Sridhar|2009|page=7}}

The deity worship commences in the morning around 5:30 am.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=72}} The inner gates of the temple are opened and the [[Vayu]] mantra is recited. The priests chant the Suprabhatam for about an hour and half as a prelude to the regular worship activities.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=72}} It is accompanied by people playing [[nadaswaram]] (pipe instrument).{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=72}} The laghvarchana (preliminary worship) is performed; priests offer jaggery and coconut after which the [[aarti|mangala harathi]] (incense) is provided to the deity.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=72}} Devotees are allowed to visit the sanctum sanctorum from 6:30 am for the next five hours.<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu" /> The actual worship continues up to 8:00 am which consists of [[Puja (Hinduism)|shodasha upachara]] (sixteen services).{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=74}} [[Abhisheka]] (anointment) is performed to the Yogananda Narasimha idol.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=74}} The last phase of the morning worship is the Baliharana (pacification ceremony), where a portion of the consecrated food is offered to the spirits. Sudarshana Chakra idol is used in this phase.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=75}} The morning rituals in the sub-temples follow a similar pattern,{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=75}} with the preliminary worship and offerings provided in each temple in succession.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=76}}

After 11:00 am, the temple's mid day worship begins.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=76}} After half an hour, rajabhoga (main offering) is offered to the deity. The pilgrims are not allowed to visit the sanctum for the next half an hour.<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu" /> Rajabhoga consists of cooked rice, [[dal]], soup, cooked vegetables, ghee and curd.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=76}} Another half an hour break is given to the deity at 2:30 pm.<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu" /> Devotees are then allowed to visit the sanctum up to 7:00 pm.<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu" /> In the evening worship, which begins at 6:00 pm, begins with the Divviti Salam (salute with torches) ceremony.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=76}} Two men go round the temple; one holds a torch and the other plays a drum. The rituals offered in the evening are similar to that of the morning worship. The importance given to music is the major deviation.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=76}} Night offering is provided to the deity.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=76}} Devotees are allowed to have a glimpse of the deity for half an hour from 8:30 pm.<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu" /> At 9:00 pm, sayana seva (sleeping ritual) is performed and the temple is closed.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=76}}

Devotees can take part in two special rituals that are conducted in the temple.<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu" /> One is the Nithya kalyanam (regular marriage) of the deity which is conducted every day.<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu" /> The other one is the Swarnapushpa archana (worship with golden flowers). It is conducted along with the morning worship rituals on every Thursday.<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu" /> Other notable rituals of similar nature are the Sahasranama archana (recital of thousand names), Garuda seva, and cow worship to name a few.<ref name="Simhadri Eenadu" />

== Festivals ==
Majority of the donations made to the Simhachalam temple are related to the conduction of festivals.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=52}} The festivals are referred to with the name utsavas. Except for Kumara Punnami, almost all the utsavas are celebrated even today.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=52}} The utsavas are divided into two categories: those governed by the ''Agama'' texts and the ones regulated by the customs and traditions (''sishtachara'').{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=87}} The performances and festivals are also classified into daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, and annual ones.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=64}} These are meant for the material and spiritual progress of humans apart from their yogakshema (well-being).{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=64}}

The festivals celebrated in Simhachalam have an influence of the Dravida Sampradaya, the customs followed in [[Tamil Nadu]].{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=96}} The influence is observed in the way the deities are referred to as, and the usage of the word 'Thiru' for few things connected with the temple and its practices.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=97}} Also, the celebrations take place at a time governed by the Suryamaana (sun-centric) system followed in Tamil Nadu, unlike that of Andhra Pradesh which follows Chaandramaana (lunar-centric) system.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=97}} Kalyanotsava (celestial marriage) and Chandanotsava (sandalwood festival) are the two most important annual utsavas celebrated in the temple among others.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=87}}

=== Important festivals ===
==== Kalyanotsava ====
Bhaktotsava event of Kalyanotsava, the annual celestial marriage of Varaha Narasimha, is celebrated on the 11th day of the first quarter of the Indian lunar [[Chaitra]] month.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=88}} This utsava is celebrated for five days.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=58}} This utsava is not mentioned in any inscriptions of the temple.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=58}} However, an inscription dated 1401 CE records the gift of a flag staff named the Garudaroha Kamba for celebrating the Divya mahotsavas (sacred key festivals). The gift was made on the fifth day of the bright fortnight of the Chaitra month. For the same reason, Kalyanotsava is considered as the mahotsava of Simhachalam.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=58}} Also, the principal items used for mahotsavas in other South Indian Hindu temples are utilised for this marriage event.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=58}} The Kalyanotsava begins with hoisting of the Garudadhwaja (flag of Garuda).{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=58}}

Kalyanotsava resembles the weddings seen in Hindu families.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=59}} The procedure of this utsava consists of the following events in succession: Ankurarpanam (the formal start), Rathotsava (chariot ride festival), Avabhruta snana (purification ceremony), Bhaktotsava (rewarding a devotee), and sayana seva (sleeping ritual).{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=59}} Ankurarpanam happens on the 14th day; Brahma and the eight [[guardians of the directions]] are invoked by chanting hymns and sowing nine kinds of seeds in specially-made earthen pots.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=88}} The priests make the mahasankalpa (great resolve). To mark this, they tie threads made of [[Desmostachya bipinnata|Kusha grass]] to their wrists and to those of the deities'.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=88}} Preliminaries of the Kalyanotsava begin on the nightfall of the 15th day.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=88}} Baliharana is performed not only in the temple but also extends over the entire village on the hill to appease the deities.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=89}} Before entering the marriage hall, the deities are taken round the village on a ratha (temple car) pulled by devotees. This event is known as Rathotsava.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=89}} The deities enter the marriage hall at around 10:00 pm and the marriage of Varaha Narasimha and his consorts is performed.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=89}}

From the 12th day, the daily worship is performed in the usual day.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=89}} Religious discourses on sacred Hindu texts take place in the morning. In the night, musical, recital and other similar entertainment activities are performed by scholars.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=89}} The next day, priests invoke the guardians of directions and selected hymns are chanted.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=89}} Purnahuti (last sacrificial rite) is offered to [[Agni]], the fire god on the last day.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=89}} After conducting the purification ceremony at Gangadhara, Bhaktotsava is celebrated.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=90}} Bhaktotsava is celebrated by reciting the legends of [[Thirumangai Alvar|Thirumangai]] (one of the 12 Alvars) in Telugu language. The Garudadhwaja is unhoisted to signify the end of Kalyanotsava.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=90}} On the sixth day, the Telugu work ''Lakshmi Narayana Samvadam'', which is about a game of wit between Vishnu and Lakshmi, is read aloud.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=90}} After its completion, the deities are put to bed by performing sayana seva.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=90}}

==== Chandanotsava ====
[[File:Painting of Varaha Narasimha Swamy at a Temple in Bhadrachalam (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|A painting at the [[Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam|Bhadrachalam temple]] depicting both the original form of the moolavar and the Lingam-like one after applying sandalwood paste.|alt=A painting showing a small idol covered with sandalwood paste. Two women are seen standing beside the central figure.]]
Chandanotsava (sandalwood festival), also known as Chandan Yatra, is the most important festival celebrated in the temple.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=53}} It is celebrated on the festival day of [[Akshaya Tritiya]] (April – May) in accordance to the temple's legend.<ref name="Chandana Sakshi" /> On this day, the Sandalwood paste, commonly referred to as Chandanam, covering the moolavar throughout the year is removed. As a result, devotees can see the original form of the deity's idol for 12 hours once in the whole year.<ref name="Chandana Sakshi" />{{Sfn|Meena|1974|page=112}}

Chandanam is applied to the moolavar on four days in a year: on Akshaya Tritiya and full moon days of the Vaisakha, Jyeshta, and [[Ashadha]] months.<ref name="Chandana Sakshi" /> Every time, four ''manugus'' of Chandanam is applied.{{efn|Manugu is a unit of measurement in Telugu language, which is approximately equal to 24 pounds.{{Sfn|Buchanan|1988|page=10}}}}<ref name="Chandana Sakshi" /> The sandalwood paste that covers the deity is removed early in the morning at 4:00 am.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=54}} The prayers and abhisheka are completed by 6:00 am after which the devotees are allowed to enter the sanctum to see the original form of the deity's idol.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=91}}

The evening ritual begins with a number of bathing services to the moolavar; the prominent ones are Chandanabhisheka (abhisheka with water mixed with sandalwood powder) and Sahasrakalasabhisheka (abhisheka with water from thousand metal pots).{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=91}} All the three food offerings (Balabhoga, Rajabhoga, and night offering) are served to the deity at a time to compensate their omission during the day.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=91}} This festival was observed elaborately in the ancient days and at least 40 inscriptions record the gifts made by various people on this occasion.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=54}}

==== Narasimha Jayanti ====
{{Main|Narasimha Jayanti}}
[[File:Lord narasimha rock statue backyard simhachalam temple.jpg|thumb|left|A statue of Narasimha killing Hiranyakashipu on the walls of the temple's sanctum. Kalinga-style sculpture.|alt=A man lion kills a demon by ripping his intestines.]]
Narasimha Jayanti is celebrated on the fourteenth day of the first half of the Vaisakha month (Vaisakha Suddha Chaturdasi).{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=60}} As Vishnu manifested as Narasimha from a pillar in the evening of this day to save Prahlada, the celebrations are held in the twilight.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=60}} An inscription dated 1287 CE recorded the arrangements made by Raghavanayaka and his grandson for the food offerings to the deity for this day.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=60}} Another one dated 1356 CE notes a donation of 20 ganda madas on Vaisakha Suddha Chaturdasi for food offerings.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=60}}{{efn|Ganda mada is the name given to an ordinary gold coin in the currency system of medieval Orissa.{{Sfn|Patnaik|1997|page=105}}}} The celebrations commence at around 6:00 pm.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=60}} Most of the rituals carried out in the sanctum are the same as that of an ordinary day.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=61}} However, the Rajabhoga is served late in the evening.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=60}} Respite is given after the sacred bath and selected chapters of the temple's legend related to the manifestation of Narasimha are read out.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=61}} The utsava idol of the deity is placed on a special prepared seat in the assembly hall throughout the event.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=91}}{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=60}}

==== Navaratrotsava ====
The ten day Dussehra festival is celebrated as Navaratrotsava (Festival of nine nights) with [[Vijayadashami]] being the last day. These occur in the month of [[Ashvin]] and are conducted for the glory of the principal goddess Lakshmi.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} For the first nine days of the month, special rituals are carried out in Lakshmi's shrine in the temple.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} The utsava idol of the goddess, referred to as Chaturbhuja Thayar,{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} is taken round the temple and is placed on a seat in the assembly hall.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=93}} [[Śrī Sūkta|Sri Sukta]] is read aloud while performing a sacred bath to the deity. This is then followed by Pushpapuja (flower worship) and final offering.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=93}} On the last day, Shami tree ([[prosopis cineraria]]) is worshipped and the deity is taken around the village on the hill. Elephant vehicle is used for the same and it marks the end of the celebrations.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=93}}

==== Kamadahana ====
Kamadahana (Burning of desire) occurs on the full moon day in the month of [[Phalguna]].{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=96}} It is considered as an auxiliary festival (not specified by ancient texts) of the temple.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=52}} Followers of [[Sri Vaishnavism]] consider Kamadahana as a self-purification ceremony; it bears no relation with the legend of Shiva burning [[Kamadeva]] to ashes.{{efn|After his wife [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]{{'s}} death, [[Shiva]] lost interest in worldly activities and commenced a deep meditation. As the demon [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasura]] could be killed only by Shiva's son, the deities approached [[Kamadeva]], the god of desire. Kamadeva was burnt to ashes by Shiva when he tried to disturb the penance and contemplate the latter to marry Sati's reincarnation [[Parvati]]. Shiva later restored Kamadeva's life and made him formless to answer the latter's wife [[Rati]]{{'s}} prayers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.asianage.com/life/art/020217/time-to-hop-into-spring.html |title=Time to hop into spring |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Alka |date=2 February 2017 |work=[[The Asian Age]] | access-date=18 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170618082939/http://www.asianage.com/life/art/020217/time-to-hop-into-spring.html |archive-date=18 June 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=96}} Dolotsava (swing ritual) is performed as a prelude to Kamadahana on the same day. It is celebrated to mark the death of the demon [[Holika]].{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=95}} The importance given to this festival shows the influence of Orissan culture in Simhachalam.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=95}}

Dolotsava starts in the afternoon as the deity's utsava idol is brought to the garden located at the foot of the hill.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=95}} The deity is made to occupy a special seat and red powder is sprinkled on him as the priests chant the hymns. This procedure is referred to as Churnotsavam.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=95}} The deity is then placed on the swing and are moved to and fro in a ceremonial way.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=95}} The Kamadahana ceremony begins at 8:00 pm at a small hut built near the entrance of the temple. The hut houses the deity as the priests conduct a fire ritual. They offer sacrifices in an elaborate manner to burn every aspect of desire. The hut is then burnt, symbolically representing the annihilation of Kama (desire).{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=96}} This ceremony is one of the important utsavas conducted in the temple.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=96}}

=== Other festivals ===
==== Krishna Janmashtami ====
[[File:Baby thief Krishna (bazaar art, c.1950's).jpg|thumb|right|A painting depicting one of Krishna's childhood pranks of stealing butter.|alt=Five children steal a pot of butter as a woman watches from behind.]]
Krishna Janmashtami is an important utsava in the temple which celebrates the birth of Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu. It occurs on the eighth day of the dark fortnight of Sravana month.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} An inscription dated 1233 CE records a gift of 100 cows to provide milk to the temple's deity from that year's Janmashtami onwards.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=58}} The utsava idol of Andal is taken round the temple and then made to occupy an ivory throne.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} After completing the bathing formalities and prayers, the chapter related to Krishna's birth in ''Bhagavata Purana'' is read aloud along with few sections of the ''Dravida Prabandha''.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}}

To glorify the pranks Krishna made in his childhood, Utlotsava (basket festival) is celebrated.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} For the purpose, a basket with a kalasa and a coconut is tied near the precincts of the temple.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} Young people are challenged to break the basket which keeps eluding them.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} At the end of the festival, milk offered to the deity is distributed among the devotees.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} As the temple's practices are influenced by the Dravida Sampradaya, Utlotsava is celebrated a day after Janmashtami. It differs from the tradition of Telugu people, who celebrate Utlotsava as a part of Janmashtami on the same day.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=97}}

==== Karthika Deepavali ====
Karthika Deepavali is a festival of lights celebrated on the full moon day of Karthika month. On this occasion, an array of innumerable oil lamps are used to decorate the temple.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=59}} An inscription dated 1270 CE records Chittana Gopala's gift of 50 cows, two akhandadipas (perpetual lamps) and stands supporting them. Another one dated 1278 CE records a gift of 47 cows by Allada Nayaka.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=59}} Festival begins in the evening. 12 earthen containers with oil and wick are placed on a mandala (zone).{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=93}} Eight of the twelve lamps are dedicated to the guardians of the directions. The remaining four are dedicated to Brahma, Narasimha, [[Shesha]] and Garuda. These four lamps are placed at the cardinal points of the temple.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=93}}

In the last phase, a hut made of dried plantain leaves is erected. The utsava idol is taken around the temple and brought to the hut where fire worship takes place.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=93}} Incense and camphor are offered to the deity and the hut is burnt. Amidst the recital of hymns, the deity is taken round the burning hut thrice and is taken back to the temple.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=93}} However, there is no epigraphical evidence available in the temple which specifies the way this festival is celebrated.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=59}}

==== Giripradakshina ====
Giripradakshina is an annual festival celebrated on the full moon day of the [[Ashadha]] month. It is based on the custom that the devotees can receive Narasimha's blessings by circumambulating around the hill on which he is seated.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=91}} Devotees, majority of them hailing from the countryside, observe a fast on the day and offer pradakshinas to the hill.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} They cover a distance of {{Convert|30,000|metres|feet}} and pay a visit to the sanctum after which they have dinner. Those who cannot afford to walk around the hill offer 108 pradakshinas in the temple.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=92}} Another similar festival in Simhachalam is Grama pradakshina, where the utsava idol is taken to the villages nearby in a procession.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=56}} An inscription dated 1242 CE records provision by Purushottama Nayaka for conducting this festival.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=56}} Grama pradakshina is believed to be based on Faith; people hoped that the utsava idol's entry would bring prosperity to the village and its inmates.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=56}}

==== Minor festivals ====
[[File:Gajendra Moksha print.jpg|thumb|left|Makaraveta festival, which occurs on a day after Makar Sankranti, celebrates Gajendra Moksha (''pictured''), the legend of Vishnu saving an elephant devoted to him from a crocodile.|alt=A four armed man with weapons rushes to save an elephant from a crocodile as a man-bird watches.]]
The minor festivals of the temple include Vaarotsavas (weekly festivals), Pakshotsavas (fortnightly festivals), Masotsavas (monthly festivals). There are two specific phases in these festivals: the Thiruveedhi festival where the utsava idol is taken on a procession and the performance of the appropriate service to the deity.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=96}} These festivals also include the ones performed during the Grahanakalas (eclipses), Nakshatrotsavas (star festivals), Sankranthi (selstices) and Vishuvas (equinexes).{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=96}} The Pakshotsavas are held usually on the eleventh day (Ekadashi) of the two fortnights of every month. Many inscriptions have recorded the donations by various people to the temple on the occasion of Ekadashi days.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=55}} The most important one among the Pakshotsavas is the Jalasayana Ekadashi.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=55}} It is believed that Vishnu retires to sleep on the serpent bed for four months,{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=55}} starting from that day (the 11th day of the former fortnight of Ashadha) until Uttana Dwadasi (the 12th day of the former fortnight of Karthika).{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=56}}

Every month, special festivals are conducted in honour of the deity when one of the few auspicious nakshatras (stars) appear, which are known as Nakshatrotsavas. Vaishnavites consider [[Mrigashīrsha|Mrigashira]], Punarvasu, Uttara and Sravana very auspicious among the 27 nakshatras.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=62}} Sankaramanas, the festivals corresponding to the movement of sun in the heaven, are celebrated in the temple. [[Makar Sankranti]] and Karthika Sankranti are the major ones, followed by the relatively minor Vishnu Sankranti.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=61}} Makaraveta (crocodile hunt) is celebrated a day after Makar Sankranthi.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=94}} In the temple tank, the scenario of the Hindu legend [[Gajendra Moksha]] is recreated with the help of a mock crocodile hunt by the utsava idol.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=95}} Teppotsavam (floating festival) is celebrated at the end of the [[Pausha]] month.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=95}}

In addition, Simhachalam celebrates two annual festivals: Dhanurmasotsava and Adhyayanotsava. Dhanurmasotsava celebrates Andal's attempts to marry [[Lord Ranganatha]], a form of Vishnu.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=94}} She observed [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]] (self disciplined meditation) for 30 days before being married unto the Lord.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaudiyahistory.iskcondesiretree.com/tag/andal-alvar/|title=Andal Alvar | Gaudiya History}}</ref> Those 30 days are celebrated for the entire month of [[Agrahayana|Margashira]] by a special ritual at the Andal shrine.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=94}} In Adhyayanotsava (study festival), the deity is conducted to the assembly hall where he is worshipped for 20 days.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=94}} The 4000 verses of the Tamil text ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabhandham]]'' is read aloud along with other sacred texts, which lends the festival its name.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=94}} This festival is divided into two phases: the first phases lasts for the first ten mornings of the fortnight. The eleventh day, which happens to be [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]], begins the second phase.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=94}} The deity, seated on a specially made porch, is worshipped in the night during the second phase. Special services suited to each incarnation of Vishnu are offered during this phase.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=94}}

== Significance ==
=== Religious and national importance ===
Simhachalam is one of the 32 Narasimha temples in Andhra Pradesh which are important pilgrimage centres alongside [[Ahobilam]], [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Antarvedi|Antarvedi]], [[Kadiri]] and [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Mangalagiri|Mangalagiri]] among others.{{Sfn|Krishna|2009|loc= ch. Narasimha, the man-lion}} It was regarded as an important centre of Vaishnavism in the medieval period along with [[Kurmanathaswamy temple, Srikurmam|Srikurmam]] and others.{{Sfn|Kumari|1990|page=97}} Diana L Eck, the author of ''India: A Sacred Geography'' (2012) noted that at Simhachalam, Narasimha's "frightening" violence is softened by worshipping him in conjunction with Varaha, who is usually considered as a peaceful deity.{{Sfn|Eck|2012|page=333}} Varaha Narasimha is referred to with many names such as Simhadrinatha, Simhadri Appanna and Apparu.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=3}} It is believed that the deity is capable of giving progeny to women and fulfilling wishes of devotees.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=40}} It was observed that parents who begot children after praying here named their children after the Simhachalam temple and its deity.{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=3}}

Simhachalam is the second-largest after Tirumala in Andhra Pradesh in terms of income earned; as of 2013, the earnings stood at {{INR}}60 crores (600 million).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-telangana-statehood-seemandhra-to-get-majority-of-money-spinning-temples-1886948 |title=Telangana statehood: Seemandhra to get majority of money-spinning temples |last=Shafeeq |first=Mohammed |date=10 September 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170613061652/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-telangana-statehood-seemandhra-to-get-majority-of-money-spinning-temples-1886948 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] | url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is the first temple in the north coastal region of Andhra Pradesh and second in the entire state (after the Satyanarayana temple in [[Annavaram]]) to follow the cashless system. [[Point of sale]] systems. provided by the [[State Bank of India]] and [[Andhra Bank]], are used for accepting donations and gifts from devotees.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Simhachalam-temple-goes-cashless/articleshow/55820827.cms |title=Simhachalam temple goes cashless |last=Rao |first=V. Kamalakara |date=6 December 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170613062840/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Simhachalam-temple-goes-cashless/articleshow/55820827.cms |archive-date=13 June 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Literary mentions ===
Simhachalam temple found many literary references and lyrical works dedicated by anonymous writers; some of the latter are preserved in the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Chennai.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=64}} The earliest known literary mention of the temple is found in ''Lakshmi Narasimhapurana'' written by Telugu poet [[Yerrapragada]].{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=26}} He mentioned it as a place of pilgrimage visited by a sage on a holy tour.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=63}} But Yerrapragada did not describe the temple as the work was focused on Ahobilam temple.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=63}} [[Srinatha]] described the ''Simhadri Thirunaal'' event, a festive gathering at the temple. He described the various classes of ladies assembled at the gathering in his ''Chatuvulu'' (extempore poems).{{Sfn|Reddy|1991|page=26}}{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=63}}

[[Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu|Krishnamacharyulu]] wrote devotional ''vachanas'' (prose) in praise of Varaha Narasimha of Simhachalam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=కృష్ణమాచార్యులు |title=సింహగిరి వచనములు |date=1988 |publisher=శ్రీ సింహాచల దేవస్థానము |location=విశాఖపట్నం |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.492308/mode/2up |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>{{Sfn|Roy|1998|page=140}} Written in churnika style, they are known as ''Simhagiri Vachanas'' and ''Simhagiri Narahari Vachanas''.{{Sfn|Roy|1998|page=140}} He was the first Telugu poet to use ''bhakti'' (devotion) in Telugu literature and was succeeded by [[Annamacharya]], [[Kancherla Gopanna]] and [[Tyagaraja]].{{Sfn|Roy|1998|page=139}} ''Simhagiri Vachanas'' had features of the [[Shatakam]]-style of poetry. It is believed that Krishnamacharyulu was inspired by Ramanuja's ''Gadyatrayam'' and opted for prose to reach the ordinary people.{{Sfn|Roy|1998|page=140}} Krishnamacharyulu wrote 400,000 ''vachanas'' on copper plates of which 75 are available after he left for [[Srirangam]].{{Sfn|Roy|1998|page=141}} The ''vachanas'' begin with an invocation to the deity.{{Sfn|Roy|1998|page=142}} ''Simhagiri Vachanas'' are recited by the local villagers near Simhachalam during special occasions. These ''vachanas'' also inspired many other poets to compose similar devotional prose including [[Pothana]] and Srinatha; the latter introduced 12 laudatory pieces showing Krishnamacharyulu's impact in his works ''Bhimeswara Purana'' and ''Kasikandham''.{{Sfn|Roy|1998|page=144}}

Krishnadevaraya mentioned his visit to Simhachalam in his epic poem ''[[Amuktamalyada]]''.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=63}} The king's visit was also documented by poets [[Allasani Peddana]] and [[Dhurjati]] in ''Manucharitra'' and ''Krishnaraya Vijaya'' respectively. The latter particularly mentions the event of Krishnadevaraya erecting a pillar of victory at Simhachalam.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=63}} [[Pingali Suranna]] makes a mention of Simhachalam in ''Kalapurnodayam'' as a part of Manikandhara's pilgrims.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=64}} Telugu poets Kuchimanchi Timmakavi and Kattamuri Kameswara Kavi composed [[Prabandha (Telugu)|prabandhas]] in favour of Varaha Narasimha, named ''Simhasaila Mahatyam'' and ''Lakshmi Narasimha Charita'' respectively.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=64}} The story of Muslim invaders attacking Simhachalam and their defeat was documented in a satiric way by Kurmanatha Kavi in his work ''[[Simhadri Narasimha Satakam]]''. This work is popular among Narasimha's devotees and is cited to show the efficacy of devotion towards him.{{Sfn|Acharya|1991|page=64}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite thesis | type=Doctor of Philosophy | first=Sabita | last=Acharya | title=Anthropology of pilgrimage of lord Jagannath at Puri and lord Narasimha at Simhachalam | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/118540 | date=1991 | publisher=[[Utkal University]] | hdl=10603/118540 }}
* {{cite book | first=Francis | last=Buchanan | title=A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, for the Express Purpose of Investigating the State of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce, the Religion, Manners, and Customs: The History, Natural and Civil and Antiquities | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnTq2fz8l8QC | year=1988 | publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] | isbn=978-81-2060-386-8 }}
* {{cite book | first=Chandan Lal | last=Dhody | title=The Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇa: Concise English Version | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQcmczcunygC | year=1995 | publisher=M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. | isbn=978-81-8588-077-8 }}
* {{cite book | first=A. J. | last=Drew | title=A Wiccan Bible: Exploring the Mysteries of the Craft from Birth to Summerland | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCVatWUynY8C | year=2003 | publisher=Career Press | isbn=978-1-56414-666-3 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | first=Diana L | last=Eck | title=India: A Sacred Geography | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNlJOSf__xYC | year=2012 | publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group|Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony]] | isbn=978-0-385-53191-7 }}
* {{cite book | first=D Dennis | last=Hudson | title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C | year=2008 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | isbn=978-0-19-970902-1 }}
* {{cite book | first=Stephen | last=Knapp | title=Spiritual India Handbook | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC | year=2009 | publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]] | isbn=978-81-8495-024-3 }}
* {{cite thesis | type=Doctor of Philosophy | first=K. Venkata | last=Krishna | title=A Study Of Narasimha Cult In Sanskrit Literature | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/109961 | date=2010 | publisher=Sri Venkateswara University | hdl=10603/109961 }}
* {{cite book | first=Nanditha | last=Krishna | title=Book of Vishnu | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIFFEJXx7L8C | year=2009 | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | isbn=978-81-8475-865-8 }}
* {{cite book | first=M. Krishna | last=Kumari | title=Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5SaAGpGNbAC | year=1990 | publisher=Discovery Publishing House | isbn=81-7141-102-9 }}
* {{cite book | first=M. M. | last=Ninan | title=The Development of Hinduism | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8RTZcjg9awC | year=2008 | publisher=Madathil Mammen Ninan | isbn=978-1-4382-2820-4 }}
* {{cite book | first=Nihar Ranjan | last=Patnaik | title=Economic History of Orissa | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC | year=1997 | publisher=Indus Publishing | isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 }}
* {{cite thesis | type=Doctor of Philosophy | first=P. Bhaskar | last=Reddy | title=The Inscriptions Of Simhachalam A Cultural Study | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/106055 | date=1991 | publisher=[[Sri Venkateswara University]] | hdl=10603/106055 }}
* {{cite book | first=Sumita | last=Roy | title=Poet Saints of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMvlDsnEgRoC | year=1998 | orig-year=1996 | publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.]] | isbn=978-81-2071-883-8 }}
* {{cite book | first=V. | last=Meena | title=Temples of South India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O7VAAAAMAAJ | year=1974 | publisher=Harikumar Arts | isbn=4-567-14-991-2 }}
* {{cite book | first=V. V. | last=Sridhar | title=సింహాచలం శ్రీ వరాహ లక్ష్మీనరసింహస్వామివారి క్షేత్రమహత్యం |trans-title=The glory of Simhachalam's Varaha Narasimha | language=te | year=2009 | publisher=Sri Jwala Central Trust }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Simhachalam Varaha Narasimha Temple}}
* [http://simhachalamdevasthanam.net/home.html Official website of the temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030073328/http://simhachalamdevasthanam.net/home.html |date=30 October 2022 }}

{{Visakhapatnam}}
{{Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:Narasimha temples]]
[[Category:Varaha temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

Varun Kumar (journalist)

2026-02-12T03:23:02Z

MercedesPeachey: added new biography

{{short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Varun Kumar
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| occupation = Journalist, writer, blogger
| years_active = 2003–present
| era =
| employer = [[UC News]]
| organization = [[Alibaba Group]]
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'''Varun Kumar''' is an Indian journalist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Rakesh Kumar |title=यूसी न्यूज़ के पत्रकार वरुण कुमार को मिला राष्ट्रीय मीडिया सम्मान |trans-title=UC News journalist Varun Kumar gets National Media Award |url=http://www.janprahari.com/varun-kumar-journalist-of-uc-news-got-national-media-award/ |work=Jan Prahari Express |date=5 September 2017}}</ref> Kumar was manager of [[Alibaba Group]]'s [[UC News]] company. Later, he joined [[ABP News]], [[Living Media]], and now [[TV9 Bharatvarsh]].

==Career==
Varun Kumar started his journalism career in 2003. By 2007, he was working as a television journalist.<ref>{{cite news |title=यूसी न्यूज के पत्रकार वरुण कुमार को मिला राष्ट्रीय मीडिया सम्मान |trans-title=UC News journalist Varun Kumar gets National Media Award |url=http://www.haribhoomi.com/career/uc-news-journalist-varun-kumar-got-national-media-award|access-date=9 October 2017|work=[[Hari Bhoomi]]|date=4 September 2017}}</ref> As a television journalist, Kumar worked for 3 years; after this period of his career, he started working for [[STAR News]]. Apart from this, he also wrote articles in [[ABP News]]. After this, he continued his work after 4 years on 1 January 2014 for the national newspaper [[Amar Ujala]]. Kumar left the job from [[Amar Ujala]] a year later<ref>{{cite news |last=Gunjan |first=Amitabh |title=शिक्षक दिवस के मौके पत्रकार वरुण कुमार को किया सम्मानित |trans-title=Journalist Varun Kumar honored on the occasion of Teachers Day |url=http://www.newsofbihar.com/khas-khabar/uc-browser-journalist-varun-kumar-honored-from-national-media-award.html |access-date=9 October 2017 |website=News of Bihar |date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010004759/http://www.newsofbihar.com/khas-khabar/uc-browser-journalist-varun-kumar-honored-from-national-media-award.html |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> and started to work for the [[Hindustan Times]]. Varun Kumar worked for the [[Hindustan Times]] from 5 January 2015 to February 2017, and after that he joined [[Alibaba Group]]'s [[UC News]]. Varun is currently working as a manager at [[UC News]].<ref>{{cite news |title=यूसी न्यूज के पत्रकार वरुण कुमार को मिला राष्ट्रीय मीडिया सम्मान |trans-title=UC News journalist Varun Kumar gets National Media Award |url=http://uttamhindu.com/newsdetail.php?id=17019 |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=Uttam Hindu |date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194726/http://uttamhindu.com/newsdetail.php?id=17019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Achievements==

Varun Kumar has been involved in journalism since 2003;<ref>{{cite news |title=पत्रकार वरुण कुमार को मिला राष्ट्रीय मीडिया सम्मान |trans-title=Journalist Varun Kumar received National Media Award |url=http://janmanchnews.com/new-delhi-journalist-varun-kumar-have-media-award-hindi-news.html |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=Janmanch News |date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123052520/http://janmanchnews.com/new-delhi-journalist-varun-kumar-have-media-award-hindi-news.html |archive-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> for this reason he was given the national media award in Delhi on the occasion of the 2017 [[Teacher's Day]]. All of the members of Varun Kumar's family are also linked to journalism. Apart from this, Varun Kumar was also honored with the First Inspiration Inspire Aspire India Award in May 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=ख़बरों के 'TRP मास्टर' वरुण कुमार को मिला 'राष्ट्रीय मीडिया सम्मान' |url=http://www.hindikhabar.com/news/News-TRP-Master-Varun-Kumar-got-national-media-honor-18200-24 |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=Hindi Khabar |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010004830/http://www.hindikhabar.com/news/News-TRP-Master-Varun-Kumar-got-national-media-honor-18200-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Varun}}
[[Category:Online journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Alibaba Group people]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Phulala Sugandha Maticha

2026-02-12T00:21:39Z

MercedesPeachey: Put up.

{{Short description|Indian television show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| num_seasons =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| related =
| based_on = ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
| released =
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| list_episodes =
| creator = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|12|04}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|09|02}}
| num_episodes = 730
| language = Marathi
| image = Phulala Sugandh Matichaa.jpeg
| image_size =
| country = India
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| cinematography = Rashid Beg
| editor = Lalsahab Yadav
| creative_director =
| director = Deepak Nalawade Girish Vasaikar
| producer = [[Shashi Mittal]] [[Sumeet Mittal]]
| writer = Sameer Garud Gauri Kodimala Revati Kodimala Shilpa Navalkar
| runtime = 22 minutes
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| composer = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| opentheme = "Ya Phulala Sugandha Maticha" by Kirti Killedar and Aniruddha Joshi
}}

'''''Phulala Sugandha Maticha''''' ({{translation|''Flower Has the Fragrance of Soil''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series that aired on [[Star Pravah]]. It premiered on 2 September 2020 and ended on 4 December 2022. It stars [[Harshad Atkari]] and Samruddhi Kelkar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘फुलाला सुगंध मातीचा’ मालिका वादाच्या भोवऱ्यात, त्या दृश्या विरोधात तक्रार|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/phulala-sugandha-maticha-serial-in-trouble-lgbtqia-members-file-complaint-against-show-avb-95-2493052/|access-date=2022-06-25|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> The show is an official adaptation of the [[StarPlus]] series ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''. Both shows are produced by Shashi and Sumeet Mittal under the banner [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Harshad Atkari talks about his role in serial Phulala Sugandha Maticha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/harshad-atkari-shares-about-his-role-in-serial-phulala-sugandha-maticha/articleshow/77726817.cms|access-date=2021-09-13|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2020-08-26}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set on backdrop of [[Shirdi]]. The story centers upon a 20-year-old college student, Kirti, whose dream is to become an [[Indian Police Service]] officer and Shubham, a sweetshop owner and sweetmaker. Kirti's dreams and aspirations are destroyed as she loses her parents in a terrorist attack. Planning to move abroad, her brother Sagar fixes her marriage to Shubham whose strict mother Jiji Akka wants her daughter-in-law to be simple and not well-educated, with the excellent skills of a housewife.

After discovering this, Sagar lies about Kirti's education level to both his family and the Jamkhedkars in order to ensure her settlement. Kirti gives up her education and dreams, accepting her roles as a wife and the elder daughter-in-law of the family. Soon, as her truth of being educated and not knowing cooking is revealed, Jiji Akka banishes her. The story shows and further describes how Shubham becomes her full-strength and helps her to fulfil her dreams.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-03|title=TV shows Phulala Sugandha Maticha and Mulgi Zali Ho complete one year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tv-shows-phulala-sugandha-maticha-and-mulgi-zali-ho-complete-one-year/articleshow/85898159.cms|access-date=2021-09-18|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Samruddhi Kelkar as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Kirti Jamkhedkar (née Kadam)– Mangesh and Sharada's daughter; Sagar's sister; Shubham's wife<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-03|title=Phulala Sugandha Maticha fame Samrudhhi Kelkar on playing IPS officer: I have done stunts in the show without using a body double |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/phulala-sugandha-maticha-fame-samrudhhi-kelkar-on-playing-ips-officer-i-have-done-stunts-in-the-show-without-using-a-body-double/articleshow/90102865.cms|access-date=2022-06-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Harshad Atkari]] as Shubham Jamkhedkar – Chandrakala and Daulatrao's eldest son; Vikram, Tushar and Janhavi's brother; Kirti's husband<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harshad Atkari and Samruddhi Kelkar pair up for new serial Phulala Sugandha Maticha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/harshad-atkari-and-samruddhi-kelkar-pair-up-for-new-serial-phulala-sugandha-maticha/articleshow/77696331.cms|access-date=2021-01-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Shubham's family
* Aditi Deshpande as Chandrakala "Jiji Akka" Jamkhedkar – Daulatrao's wife; Shubham, Vikram, Tushar and Janhavi's mother; Sonu and Pari's grandmother
* Prashant Choudappa as Daulatrao "Bhau" Jamkhedkar – Chandrakala's husband; Shubham, Vikram, Tushar and Janhavi's father; Sonu and Pari's grandfather
* Tushar Sali / Mayur More as Vikram Jamkhedkar – Chandrakala and Daulatrao's second son; Shubham, Tushar and Janhavi's brother; Sonali's husband; Sonu's father
* Aishwarya Shete / Kanchan Prakash as Sonali Jamkhedkar – Vikram's wife; Sonu's mother
* Akash Patil as Tushar Jamkhedkar – Chandrakala and Daulatrao's youngest son; Shubham, Vikram and Janhavi's brother; Emily's husband; Pari's father
* Madhura Joshi as Emily Jamkhedkar – Tushar's wife; Pari's mother
* Bhumija Patil as Janhavi Jamkhedkar – Chandrakala and Daulatrao's daughter; Shubham, Vikram and Tushar's sister; Dilip's wife
* Nikita Patil as Bhingari
* Dutta Sagar as Lahanya

;Kirti's family
* Sandeep Mehta as Mangesh Kadam – Sharada's husband; Sagar and Kirti's father
* Radhika Vidyasagar as Sharada Kadam – Mangesh's wife; Sagar and Kirti's mother
* Amogh Chandan as Sagar Kadam – Mangesh and Sharada's son; Kirti's brother; Aarti's husband
* Purva Phadake as Aarti Kadam – Sagar's wife

=== Others ===
* [[Usha Naik]] as Kakisaheb<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran actress Usha Naik to feature in Phulala Sugandha Maticha soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/veteran-actress-usha-naik-to-feature-in-phulala-sugandha-maticha-soon/articleshow/80628043.cms|access-date=2021-02-01|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Girish Oak]] as Swami Avatar Swarup Maharaj<ref>{{Cite web|title=Girish Oak is all excited about Phulala Sugandha Maticha; here’s why |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/girish-oak-is-all-excited-about-phulala-sugandha-maticha-heres-why/articleshow/86776912.cms|access-date=2022-06-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Tejashri Pradhan]] as guest<ref>{{Cite web|title=तेजश्री प्रधानचं छोट्या पडद्यावर कमबॅक; या मालिकेत करणार काम|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2721989/marathi-actress-tejashri-pradhan-comeback-on-television-serial-new-role-in-phulala-sugandha-maticha-photos-information-sdn-96/|access-date=2022-06-25|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Kalyani Tapase as Madhuri
* Ajinkya Pitale as Sandy
* Shekhar Phadake as Kiran
* Sai Ranade as Lily
* Bhagyashri Navale as Kavita
* Shreyas Raje as Rajkumar (Raju)
* Gayatri Soham as Maya
* Manasi Kulkarni as Agrima
* Amey Borkar as Sanjay Borkar
* Rohit Parshuram as Rahul
* Bhagyashri Dalvi as Disha
* Ketaki Palav as Roma

== Reception ==
=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 39
|2020
|3.9
|3
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Marathi TV Serials TRP Ratings: 26 September (Saturday) to 2 October 2020 (Friday)|url=https://www.1films.in/2020/06/marathi-tv-serials-trp-ratings-weekly-list-june-july-aug-sept-2020.html?m=1}}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|2020
|4.5
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 40 - DATA: Saturday, 3rd October 2020 To Friday, 9th October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020222315/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 41
|2020
|4.4
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 41 - DATA: Saturday, 10th October 2020 To Friday, 16th October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026171648/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|2020
|4.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 42 - DATA: Saturday, 17th October 2020 To Friday, 23rd October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030073503/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 43
|2020
|5.0
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 43 - DATA: Saturday, 24th October 2020 To Friday, 30th October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107084103/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 44
|2020
|5.0
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 44 - DATA: Saturday, 31st October 2020 To Friday, 6th November 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113205617/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2020
|5.6
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 45 - DATA: Saturday, 7th November 2020 To Friday, 13th November 2020 |url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123214117/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 46
|2020
|4.8
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 46 - DATA: Saturday, 14th November 2020 To Friday, 20th November 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201140746/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2020
|4.2
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 47 - DATA: Saturday, 21st November 2020 To Friday, 27th November 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210034036/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=10 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|2020
|6.1
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 48 - DATA: Saturday, 28th November 2020 To Friday, 4th December 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216171146/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 49
|2020
|5.9
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 49 - DATA: Saturday, 5th December 2020 To Friday, 11th December 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223173246/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2020
|5.4
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=टीआरपी रेसमध्ये पहिल्या पाचमधील सगळेच कार्यक्रम स्टार प्रवाहचे, ही मालिका ठरली अव्वल|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/star-pravahs-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-no-one-barc-india-a588/|website=[[Lokmat]]|access-date=2022-06-25|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 51
|2020
|5.0
|3
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=टीआरपी रेसमध्ये स्टार प्रवाहच्याच सगळ्या मालिका अव्वल, दोन मालिकांच्या महाएपिसोडचा देखील समावेश|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/mulgi-jhali-ho-ranks-top-trp-barc-india-a588/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|20 December 2020
|Maha Episode
|4.2
|4
|-
|Week 52
|2020
|5.3
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 52 - DATA: Saturday, 26th December 2020 To Friday, 1st January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114033049/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2021
|4.7
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 1 - DATA: Saturday, 2nd January 2021 To Friday, 8th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117161138/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=17 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 2
|2021
|4.4
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 2 - DATA: Saturday, 9th January 2021 To Friday, 15th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210126034641/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2021
|4.5
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=पहिल्या पाचमध्ये कित्येक महिन्याने आली झी मराठीवरील ही मालिका तर टीआरपीत ठरलीय ही मालिका अव्वल|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/zee-marathis-aggabai-sasubai-number-four-barc-india-a588/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2021
|5.8
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 4 - DATA: Saturday, 23rd January 2021 To Friday, 29th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210164230/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2021
|4.7
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 5 - DATA: Saturday, 30th January 2021 To Friday, 5th February 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218053144/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=18 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2021
|6.0
|1
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 6 - DATA: Saturday, 6th February 2021 To Friday, 12th February 2021|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811145431/https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights#currencydata|archive-date=11 August 2021|website=BARC India|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|7 February 2021
|Maha Episode
|4.3
|3
|-
|Week 7
|2021
|4.7
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 7 - DATA: Saturday, 13th February 2021 To Friday, 19th February 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225081955/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2021
|5.6
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ना सई-आदित्य ना अरुंधती, बोलबाला कोणाचा? टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/top-5-marathi-serials-for-week-20th-february-2021-to-26th-february-2021-see-full-list-413036.html|website=TV9 Marathi|access-date=2021-08-10|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|2021
|5.3
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=मालिकांच्या शर्यतीत ‘मुलगी झाली हो…’ ठरली अव्वल, पाहा या आठवड्याच्या टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/cinema-photos/trp-race-top-5-marathi-serial-for-week-5th-march-2021-to-11th-march-2021-see-full-list-416429.html|website=TV9 Marathi|access-date=2021-08-10|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|2021
|4.4
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 10 - DATA: Saturday, 6th March 2021 To Friday, 12th March 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325044546/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2021
|4.5
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 11 - DATA: Saturday, 13th March 2021 To Friday, 19th March 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401073709/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=1 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|2021
|6.1
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 12 - DATA: Saturday, 20th March 2021 To Friday, 26th March 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407172921/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|2021
|6.2
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 13 - DATA: Saturday, 27th March 2021 To Friday, 2nd April 2021|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415061054/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=15 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|2021
|7.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 14 - DATA: Saturday, 3rd April 2021 To Friday, 9th April 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422044810/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=22 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2021
|5.1
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 15 - DATA: Saturday, 10th April 2021 To Friday, 16 April 2021|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428095210/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2021
|3.7
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 17 - DATA: Saturday, 24th April 2021 To Friday, 30th April 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512171208/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=12 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2021
|6.8
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 18 - DATA: Saturday, 1st May 2021 To Friday, 7th May 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520045928/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2021
|5.9
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 19 - DATA: Saturday, 8th May 2021 To Friday, 14th May 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526170655/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=26 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|2021
|6.5
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-06|title=टीआरपीच्या शर्यतीत ‘आई..’ राहिली मागे ‘या’ मालिकांनी मारली बाजी, पाहा प्रेक्षकांच्या आवडत्या ‘टॉप ५’ मालिका|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/trp-race-top-5-marathi-serial-for-week-20-see-full-list-464347.html|access-date=2021-06-24|website=TV9 Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2021
|4.6
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-06|title=प्रेक्षकांना भावतेय जयदीप-गौरीची प्रेमकथा, ‘सुख म्हणजे…’सह ‘या’ मालिका ठरल्या अव्वल!|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/top-5-marathi-serials-barc-trp-race-week-21-see-full-list-469327.html|access-date=2021-06-24|website=TV9 Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2021
|3.9
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP च्या स्पर्धेत 'देवमाणूस' चौथ्या स्थानावर; 'ही' मालिका ठरली अव्वल|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/marathi-serial-mulgi-zali-ho-number-one-in-trp-devmanus-at-4th-rank/amp_articleshow/83535475.cms|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|access-date=2021-08-10|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 32
|2021
|4.9
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 32 - DATA: Saturday, 7th August 2021 To Friday, 13th August 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826030754/https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 39
|2022
|5.1
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='फुलाला सुगंध मातीचा' टीआरपीच्या शर्यतीत पहिल्या क्रमांकावर; 'आई कुठे काय करते' पडली मागे |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-phulala-sugandh-maticha-tops-trp-race-aai-kuthe-kay-karte-fell-behind-1108174/amp |date=8 October 2022 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Star Pravah Parivar Awards
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Roles
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021
|Best Face Female
|Samruddhi Kelkar
|Kirti
|-
|Best Husband
|[[Harshad Atkari]]
|Shubham
|-
|Best Mother-in-law
|Aditi Deshpande
|Jiji Akka
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|Best Husband
|[[Harshad Atkari]]
|Shubham
|-
|Best Daughter-in-law
|Samruddhi Kelkar
|Kirti
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:LightBlue"| Language
! style="background:LightBlue"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue"| Original release
! style="background:LightBlue"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightBlue"| Last aired
! style="background:LightBlue"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' दिया और बाती हम
| 29 August 2011
| [[StarPlus]]
| 10 September 2016
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Tomay Amay Mile]]'' তোমায় আমায় মিলে
| 11 March 2013
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 20 March 2016
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]'' പരസ്പരം
| 22 July 2013
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 31 August 2018
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Phulala Sugandha Maticha'' फुलाला सुगंध मातीचा
| 2 September 2020
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 4 December 2022
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 2]]'' ராஜா ராணி 2
| 12 October 2020
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 21 March 2023
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Janaki Kalaganaledu]]'' జానకి కలగనలేదు
| 22 March 2021
| [[Star Maa]]
| 19 August 2023
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14568878}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/phulala-sugandha-maticha/1260040589 ''Phulala Sugandha Maticha''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Shompen people

2026-02-11T11:29:50Z

MercedesPeachey: general fix section to improve readability and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Ethnic group of India}}
{{for|the language|Shompen language}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Shompen
| native_name = {{plainlist|
* Keyet
* Kalay
}}
| native_name_lang = sii
| image = Shompen mixed group-1886.jpg
| caption = Mixed group of Shompen in 1886
| population = 229 (2011 census);<ref name="election">{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/election-2014/andaman-and-nicobar-elections-shompens-vote-for-the-first-time-37396/|title=Andaman and Nicobar elections: Shompens vote for the first time|agency=Press Trust of India|date=10 April 2014|work=India.com|access-date=8 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607013114/https://www.india.com/election-2014/andaman-and-nicobar-elections-shompens-vote-for-the-first-time-37396/|archive-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> or
200–300 (2015 est.)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Shiv Sahay|title=The less known Shompens of Great Nicobar Island|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/shompens-men-outnumber-women/article7827582.ece|accessdate=11 October 2017|agency=The Hindu|work=The Hindu|date=1 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210323124445/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/shompens-men-outnumber-women/article7827582.ece|archive-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>
| popplace = {{flag|India}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| languages = [[Shompen language|Shompen]]
| religions = [[Animism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Shompen |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/shompen |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref>
| related = [[Nicobarese people]] [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] people
}}
The '''Shompen''' or '''Shom Pen''' are the [[Indigenous people]] of the interior of [[Great Nicobar Island]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].

The Shompen are designated as a [[Particularly vulnerable tribal group|Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups |url=https://tribal.nic.in/ST/StatewisePvTGsList.pdf |website=tribal.nic.in |publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs}}</ref> within the list of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |accessdate=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Etymology and endonym ==
"Shompen" is possibly an English mispronunciation of "Shamhap", the [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]] name for the tribe. The Shompens living on the western side of the island call themselves ''Kalay'', and those on the eastern side ''Keyet'', with both groups referring to each other as ''Buavela''.<ref name="Andaman-Weber">{{cite web
|url = http://www.andaman.org/NICOBAR/book/Shompen/Shompen.htm
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080618010307/http://www.andaman.org/NICOBAR/book/Shompen/Shompen.htm
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 18 June 2008
|title = The Shompen People
|first = George
|last = Weber
|publisher = The Andaman Association
|accessdate = 3 January 2010
}}</ref>
A suggestion from 1886 that the Shompen call themselves ''Shab Daw'a'' has not been confirmed by modern research.<ref name="Blench">{{cite web
|first = Roger
|last = Blench
|url = http://www.rogerblench.info/Language%20data/Isolates/Shompen%20paper.pdf
|title = The language of the Shom Pen: a language isolate in the Nicobar islands
|accessdate = 3 January 2010
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100509002227/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language%20data/Isolates/Shompen%20paper.pdf
|archivedate = 9 May 2010
}}</ref>

== History of contact ==
[[Image:Shompen group mixed hair-1886.jpg|thumb|250px|A group of Shompen in 1886 with variation in hair types.<ref name="Andaman-Weber" />]]
Before the first outside contact with the Shompen in the 1840s, there is no reliable information about these people. Danish Admiral [[Steen Andersen Bille (1797–1883)|Steen Andersen Bille]] was the first to contact them in 1846 and [[Frederik Adolph de Roepstorff]], a Danish philologist who had already published works on the languages of Nicobar and Andaman,<ref name="Roepstorff">{{cite book
| url = https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofdial00roeprich
| title = Vocabulary of dialects spoken in the Nicobar and Andaman Isles | last=de Röepstorff|first=Frederik Adolph
| year = 1875 |edition=2nd | accessdate = 3 January 2010
| location=Calcutta |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing
}}</ref>
collected ethnographic and linguistic data in 1876. Since then very little has been added to the stock of reliable information on the Shompen, mainly because access to the Nicobar Islands has been restricted for foreign researchers since Indian independence.<ref name="Blench" /> A polling station was set up in their area for election of 2014. Shompen people for the first time participated in the democratic process.<ref name="election"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/Library%26Publications/India%20Votes%20The%20General%20Elections%202014%20.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-12-16 |archive-date=2015-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425152427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/Library%26Publications/India%20Votes%20The%20General%20Elections%202014%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Survival International]], a global NGO campaigning for indigenous rights, says that the Shompen are one of the most isolated peoples on earth, with most of them being uncontacted and refusing interactions with outsiders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Shompen |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/shompen |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Society ==
In 2001, the population was estimated at approximately 300.<ref name="Andaman-Weber" /> [[Shompen Village-A]] and [[Shompen Village-B]] are home to most Shompens. Before the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], the villages were home to 103 and 106 Shompens respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=6299 |title=Press Note: Safety and population profile of the primitive tribes in the andaman and nicobar islands |date=2005-01-05 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160304195605/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=6299 |quote=Maximum Shom Pens population are found in Shompen village (A) & Shompen village (B) with 103 & 106 population respectively. |access-date=2015-08-07 }}</ref> However, by the time of 2011 census, only 10 and 44 people were left in these villages respectively.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook – Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |accessdate=2015-07-21 }}</ref>

They practice a [[hunter-gatherer]] [[list of subsistence techniques|subsistence]] economy. In keeping with the tropical climate of the islands, traditional attire includes only clothing below the waist. The traditional attire for men is a short, thin [[loincloth]] made of [[Barkcloth|bark cloth]], covering only the genitals without a 'tail' of cloth in front. Decoration is limited for men, consisting of [[bead]] [[necklace]]s and [[armband]]s. Women wear a knee-length skirt of bark cloth, occasionally with a [[shawl]] of bark cloth covering the shoulders. Decorations include bamboo ear [[plug (jewellery)|plug]]s (''ahav''), bead necklaces (''naigaak'') and armbands of [[bamboo]] (''geegap''). Both sexes are [[barefoot]]. The Shompen probably learned to make and use [[bow and arrow|bows]] from the Nicobaris. The main weapons are the [[bow and arrow]]. They do not use quivers but carry [[arrow]]s by hand. Numerous types of [[spear]]s, [[spear thrower]]s, [[Bow drill|fire drills]] and a [[hatchet]] are the main tools.

A man usually carried a bow and arrows, a spear and through his loincloth belt, a hatchet, knife and fire drill. The Shompen are a hunter-gatherer subsistence people, hunting wild game such as pigs, birds and small animals while foraging for fruits and forest foods. They also keep pigs and farm [[yam (vegetable)|yam]]s, roots, vegetables, and [[tobacco]]. Shompen huts are built to house 4 people, and villages are made up of 4 to 5 families. Once a child is grown enough, he makes his own hut. The lowland Shompen build their huts on stilts and the walls are made of woven material on a wood frame and the roof of thatched palm fronds, and the structure is raised on stilts. The highland Shompen build their houses on the ground, and the houses are made of the same materials as the raised houses. The interior is covered with mats, with sleeping mats on one end and tools and utensils hung on the walls and rafters. Cooking is done outside.

In the late 1980s, the Shompens were living in ten groups, ranging in size from 2 to 22 individuals, scattered across the interior of the island.<ref name="Andaman-Weber" />

Because of their isolated way of life in the interior of the island, the Shompens were largely protected from the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] that devastated the coastal regions inhabited by Nicobaris and the Indian population.<ref name="Andaman-Weber" />

== Language ==
Little is known about the [[Shompen language]]s, of which there are at least two, but they appear to be unrelated to [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]], an isolated group of [[Austroasiatic languages]], and perhaps even to each other. They may constitute a [[language isolate]].<ref name="Blench" /> [[Paul Sidwell]] (2017)<ref name="Sidwell2017">{{cite web
|last=Sidwell|first=Paul |date=2017
|title=Proto-Nicobarese Phonology, Morphology, Syntax: work in progress
|work=[[International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics]] 7, Kiel, Sept 29 – Oct 1, 2017
|url=https://fileleaks.com/file/2e9a0ff10d82ee865e3a812d715ac82b883f0d37/Sidwell_ICAAL_2017_ProtoNicobarese_PhonologyMorphologySyntax_WIP.pdf
|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-07|archive-date=2021-06-07
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607014841/https://fileleaks.com/file/2e9a0ff10d82ee865e3a812d715ac82b883f0d37/Sidwell_ICAAL_2017_ProtoNicobarese_PhonologyMorphologySyntax_WIP.pdf
}}</ref> classifies Shompen as a Southern Nicobaric language, rather than a separate branch of Austroasiatic.

== Threats to existence ==
The Shompen's existence is threatened by the proposed [[Great Nicobar Development Plan]], where hectares of land on Great Nicobar Island will be reclaimed to build a "Hong Kong India" with an airport, an international port, and an industrial park. This may impact 1,700 people, including many Shompens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed Megaproject in Great Nicobar Island Could Spell Trouble for Its People, Wildlife |url=https://thewire.in/environment/ictt-infrastructure-project-great-nicobar-island |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=The Wire}}</ref> In February 2024, 39 genocide experts from 13 countries warned that the development “will be a death sentence for the Shompen, tantamount to the international crime of genocide”. They said that the proposed population increase and exposure to outside populations would lead to mass deaths, because the Shompen have little to no immunity to infectious outside diseases.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2024-02-07 |title=India's plan for untouched Nicobar isles will be 'death sentence' for isolated tribe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/feb/07/india-port-airport-power-plant-military-project-great-nicobar-island-death-sentence-shompen-indigenous-people-warning |access-date=2024-02-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> This project will also increase the non-local population on the island, which may affect the natives.

== See also ==
* [[Nicobar Islands]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.andaman.org/NICOBAR/text.htm
|title = Nicobarese and Shompen
|publisher = The Andaman Association
|accessdate = 3 January 2010
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709082928/http://www.andaman.org/NICOBAR/text.htm
|archivedate = 9 July 2011
}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Nicobar district]]
[[Category:Uncontacted peoples]]

Prerna Wanvari

2026-02-10T02:34:05Z

MercedesPeachey: New

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prerna Wanvari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009 – Present
| partner = Khalid Khan
| mother = Gayatri Gauri
| father = Anil Wanvari
| awards = Nominated for Gold Awards
}}

'''Prerna Wanvari''' is an Indian actress. She has acted in TV shows, like ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]'', ''[[Koi Aane Ko Hai]]'', ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'', ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'', ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' and ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]''.<ref name=toi/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/newstags/prerna-wanvari/246042/being-too-much-tv-never-bad-says-prerna-wanvari|title=Being too much on TV never bad, says Prerna Wanvari|date=2012-09-23|newspaper=PinkVilla|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref> She presented the ''Arts Programming Award'' at the International Emmy Awards Gala which was held at New York's Hilton Hotel in November 2012.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/TV-actress-Prerna-at-Emmy-Awards/articleshow/17319488.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103124729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-22/tv/35301784_1_prerna-wanvari-tv-actress-emmy-awards|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-01-03|title=TV actress Prerna at the Emmy Awards|date=2012-11-22|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2012-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/telly-actress-prerna-wanvari-presents-an-emmy-award/189972|title=Telly actress Prerna Wanvari presents an Emmy Award|date=2012-11-22|newspaper=Mid-Day|access-date=2017-02-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollygraph.com/news/prerna-wanvari-the-presenter-of-40th-international-emmys/26447/|title=Prerna Wanvari – the presenter of 40th International Emmys|website=Bollygraph|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref> She is the daughter of the 22 year old Indiantelevision.com group founder, CEO and editor in chief Anil NM Wanvari and Satya Wanvari – a journalist, film critic, and scriptwriter.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Television==
*2009 ''[[Koi Aane Ko Hai]]'' as Neelam and Ratna- Double Role <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nikhil-arya-prerna-koi-aane-ko-hai|title=Nikhil Arya, Prerna in Koi aane ko hai|date=2009-08-03|newspaper=Tellychakkar|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref>
*2010 ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' as Shivani
*2009–11 ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]'' as Kadambari
*2011 ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'' as Simran
*2011–13 ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]'' as Raveena Chopra Grewal<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/parichay-very-important-career-prerna-wanvari-114803334.html|title=Parichay is very important for my career : Prerna Wanvari|access-date=2017-02-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.metromasti.com/tv/news/Prerna-Wanvari-enters-as-Sameer-Sonis-sister-in-Parichay/10815|title=Prerna Wanvari enters as Sameer Soni sister in Parichay|newspaper=Metro|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref>
*2013–14 ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' as Sunaina
*2015 ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat (TV series)]]'' as Manisha
*2015 ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)]]'' as Varsha<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyreviews.com/2015/03/27/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-3-episode-18-starring-prerna-wanwari-randeep-rai-jasmine-avasia-27th-march-2015-on-zing-tv-written-update/|title=Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya 3 Episode 18 starring Prerna Wanwari, Randeep Rai & Jasmine Avasia, 27th March 2015 on Zing TV – Written Update|date=2015-03-27|website=TellyReviews|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prerna-randeep-and-jasmine-pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-150317|title=Prerna, Randeep and Jasmine in Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya|date=2015-03-17|newspaper=Tellychakkar|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref>
*2015 ''[[Tujhse Naaraz Nahi Zindagi (TV series)|Tujhse Naaraz Nahi Zindagi]]'' as Zeenat Sheikh
*2015 ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prerna-wanvari-gumrah-the-end-of-innocence|title=Prerna Wanvari in Gumrah-The end of Innocence|date=2012-08-31|newspaper=Tellychakkar|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prerna-wanvari-channel-vs-gumrah-150402|title=Prerna Wanvari in Channel V's Gumrah|date=2015-04-02|newspaper=Tellychakkar|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref>
*2015 ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
*2016 ''[https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prerna-wanvari-24-season-2-160625 24 (Indian TV series Season 2)]'' in an extended cameo role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prerna-wanvari-24-season-2-160625|title=Prerna Wanvari in 24 Season 2}}</ref>
*2017 ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' as Vishakha/ Mayavi, a skilled and powerful sorceress (ayyara)
* 2022 ''[[Bohot Pyaar Karte Hai]]'' as Kadambari Patel
* 2023 ''[[Hum Rahe Na Rahe Hum]]'' as Swatilekha Raizada

==Reality television==
*2009–11 ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]'' – Season 2
*''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]] & [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]'' – Season 3 ([https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prerna-wanvari-moves-fourth-gear Prerna Wanvari])

==Feature films==
*2015 ''[[P Se PM Tak]]'' as Rashmi<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/p-se-pm-tak-movie-review-long-and-uninspiring-journey_1604478.html|title='P Se PM Tak' movie review: Long and uninspiring journey|date=2015-05-30|newspaper=Zee News|access-date=2017-02-07|language=en}}</ref>
*2017 ''[https://www.indiaforums.com/article/breaking-this-sapna-babul-ka-bidaai-actress-bags-an-upcoming-yash-raj-film_114013 Habib Faisal's untitled next]'' as Pratibha. A [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj Films Production]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5898593}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wanvari, Prerna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jag Mundhra

2026-02-04T21:02:34Z

MercedesPeachey: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jag Mundhra
| image = Jag Mundhra.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|10|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|09|04|1948|10|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Director
| spouse = Chandra Mundhra
| children = [[Smriti Mundhra]]
| awards = [[Zanzibar International Film Festival#Golden Dhow winners|Zanzibar International Film Festival Golden Dhow]] (2001) [[Bollywood Movie Awards]] (2001) Political Film Society, USA (PFS) Award – Peace Category (2004) Audience Choice Award Bermuda International Film Festival (2001)
| alma mater = [[Michigan State University]] [[IIT Bombay]]
}}
'''Jagmohan '''"'''Jag'''"''' Mundhra''' (29 October 1948 – 4 September 2011) was an Indian director, producer, and screenwriter, best known for his early career as an American [[exploitation film]] writer-director.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14784044|title=India film-maker Jagmohan Mundhra dies at 64|publisher=BBC News|date=5 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiablooms.com/BollywoodDetailsPage/bollywoodDetails040911a.php|title=Indiablooms}}{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Family and early life ==
Mundhra was born at [[Nagpur]] and grew up in a Marwari locality in [[Calcutta]] in a conservative family where films were frowned upon. He nevertheless nurtured a secret ambition to become a filmmaker. His childhood, as of other Indians of his generation, was a tough one, counting pennies for the tram that rode to the other, affluent side of the city, and withstanding his family's strict traditions.<ref name=kavita>{{cite web |url=https://www.kavitachhibber.com/2003/11/04/dr-jagmohan-mundra-mr-controversy |title=Dr. Jagmohan Mundra: Mr. Controversy |last=Chhibber |first=Kavita |date=4 November 2003 |website=KavitaChhibber.com |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.iitbombay.org/sfbay/ypanels_June_7_bios.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201122328/http://www.iitbombay.org/sfbay/ypanels_June_7_bios.htm|archivedate=1 December 2008|title=IIT Ypanels – June 7 – Panelist Bios}}</ref> According to Mundhra, "The family was very conservative and my grand mother was very strict and we were allowed to see maybe a couple of films a year and that too of the Har Har Mahadev variety. ... Even as a child I never saw myself as a young Marwari boy but a lot beyond that. In those days, the word global citizen was not there, but inside I felt like one".<ref name=kavita/>

A key influence on Mundhra was his admission to the highly competitive and prestigious [[IIT Bombay]]. In his words, "I had studied in a Hindi medium school up to 9th grade and always admired people who spoke English fluently. IIT taught me a lot of humility. In my wing, there were students who were from different states, and as far as English went, this person from Bihar who couldn't speak English to save his life outshone everyone else with his brilliance. I did well, but realized very early on while in IIT that engineering was not for me. I would be very unhappy if I was to live my life being an engineer, but I stuck it out because I didn't want to let my parents down".<ref name="kavita"/> He pursued a [[master's degree]] in electrical engineering but switched to a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] program in motion pictures at [[University of Michigan]], before embarking on his film career.<ref name="bbc.com"/>

== Career ==
After his first dramas, ''[[Suraag (1982 film)|Suraag]]'' (1982), and the socially-relevant film, ''[[Kamla (film)|Kamla]]'' (1984), Mundhra directed, in the late 1980s and the 1990s, a string of [[Horror film|horror]] and [[erotic thriller]] movies for theatrical distribution and [[direct to video]], including ''The Jigsaw Murders'' (1988), ''Hack-O-Lantern'' (1988), ''[[Night Eyes]]'' (1990), ''The Other Women'' (1992), ''L.A. Goddess'' (1993), ''Sexual Malice'' (1994), ''[[Tales of The Kama Sutra: The Perfumed Garden]]'' (2000), and ''[[Tales of The Kama Sutra 2: Monsoon]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shelfworthy.com/library/people/357830-jag-mundhra/|title=Jag Mundhra|access-date=9 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921040032/http://www.shelfworthy.com/library/people/357830-jag-mundhra/|archive-date=21 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Beginning with ''[[Bawandar]]'' (2000), which he directed under the name Jagmohan, Mundhra was back to issue-oriented films. ''Bawandar'' is about the fight of a poor woman for justice and was based on the story of a Rajasthani woman, [[Bhanwari Devi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saafa.org/media_coverage.html|title=South Asian American Films and Arts Association|access-date=9 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025133433/http://www.saafa.org/media_coverage.html|archive-date=25 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the film's release, [[Ashok Gehlot]], the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]], called Mundhra and said, "Aapke bawandar ne bada bawander machaya hai." He gave Rs 50,000 and land to Bhanwari Devi and also money for her son's education. To Mundhra, "It's not a movie about rape, but the empowerment of a woman. This character could be fictitious and yet the story would have had the same powerful message".<ref name="kavita"/> In his own words, ''Kamla'', ''Bawandar'' and ''Provoked'' (2006) are his trilogy of strong female-centric films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/interviews/jagmohan-mundhra-provoked-300307.html|title=Jagmohan Mundhra speaks on Provoked|access-date=29 September 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713004413/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/interviews/jagmohan-mundhra-provoked-300307.html|archive-date=13 July 2012}}</ref>

At the time of his death, Mundhra was working on a film based on the life of [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811025437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-16/news-interviews/28138203_1_rasheed-kidwai-jagmohan-mundhra-rahul-and-priyanka-gandhi India Times]</ref> Mundhra was also a life member of the International Film & Television Club of the Asian Academy of Film & Television.

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Suraag (1982 film)|Suraag]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Kamla (film)|Kamla]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Open House (1987_film)|Open House]]'' (1987)
* ''The Jigsaw Murders'' (1988)
* ''Hack-O-Lantern'' (1988)
* ''Eyewitness to Murder'' (1989)
* ''[[Night Eyes]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Legal Tender (film)|Legal Tender]]'' (1991)
*''[[Vishkanya (film)|Vishkanya]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Last Call (1991 film)|Last Call]]'' (1991)
* ''The Other Women'' (1992)
* ''[[Wild Cactus]]'' (1993)
* ''L.A. Goddess'' (1993)
* ''Tropical Heat'' (1993)
* ''Sexual Malice'' (1994)
* [[Improper Conduct (1994 film)|''Improper Conduct'']] (1994)
* ''Irresistible Impulse'' (1996)
* ''Tainted Love'' (1996)
* ''Shades of Gray'' (1997)
* ''Ek Zara Si Wafa'' (1999)
* ''[[Tales of The Kama Sutra: The Perfumed Garden]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Bawandar]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Tales of The Kama Sutra 2: Monsoon]]'' (2001)
*''Private Moments'' (2005)
* ''[[Provoked (film)|Provoked]]'' (2006)
* ''Backwaters'' (2006)
* ''Natasha'' (2007)
* ''[[Shoot on Sight]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Apartment (film)|Apartment]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Chase (2010 film)|Chase]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Naughty @ 40]]'' (2011)

== Personal life ==
Mundhra is the father of [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-nominated director/producer [[Smriti Mundhra]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-15|title=Oscar-nominated documentary filmmaker Smriti Mundhra on how she made St Louis Superman|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/oscar-nominated-documentary-filmmaker-smriti-mundhra-on-how-she-made-st-louis-superman-6312483/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mundhra died in [[Mumbai]] on 4 September 2011, aged 62, from [[pneumonia]] and multiple organ failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Director-Jag-Mundhra-passes-away-at-64/articleshow/9866032.cms |title=Director Jag Mundhra passes away at 64 |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103115101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-05/india/30114963_1_jagmohan-mundhra-film-nri-director |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0612730}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mundhra, Jag}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:American film directors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:American screenwriters of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Artists from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Film producers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:American people of Rajasthani descent]]

Dhulia North Assembly constituency

2026-02-04T07:15:51Z

MercedesPeachey: Added a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhulia North
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title=Archive Delimitation Orders |access-date=25 December 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| electors = 96,999
| mla = Sadashiv Shankar Mali
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Dhulia North Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Raundale Chudaman Ananda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | Chandrakant Nandeo Patil
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sadashiv Shankar Mali
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhulia North<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Shankar Mali |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,898 |percentage = 67.84% |change={{increase}}6.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zulal Bhilajirao Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,623 |percentage = 31.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhavrao M. Sonawane |party=Independent politician |votes = 449 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,275 |percentage = 36.57% |change= {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,840 |percentage = 53.44% |change= {{increase}}3.72 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,970}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,999|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhulia North<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Nandeo Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,993 |percentage = 61.17% |change={{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. P. Patil |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 14,342 |percentage = 33.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. T. Thakare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,614 |percentage = 3.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. T. Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 546 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,651 |percentage = 27.42% |change= {{decrease}}16.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,768 |percentage = 53.73% |change= {{decrease}}1.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,495}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,909|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhulia North<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Nandeo Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,381 |percentage = 62.69% |change={{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zulal Bhilajirao Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,634 |percentage = 18.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattu Waman Bhadane |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,843 |percentage = 9.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bajrao Baliram Mali |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,629 |percentage = 8.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,747 |percentage = 43.83% |change= {{increase}}26.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,138 |percentage = 53.86% |change= {{decrease}}3.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,487}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,945|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhulia North<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Raundale Chudaman Ananda |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,520 |percentage = 58.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lalingkar Punaji Lingaji |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 13,810 |percentage = 41.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,710 |percentage = 17.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,330 |percentage = 52.92% |change= }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,330}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,976|ref = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

The Shillong Times

2026-02-03T01:46:22Z

MercedesPeachey: quick enhance information after review additionally for clarity

{{Short description|English-language newspaper in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Shillong Times
| logo = ShillongTimesLogo.png
| logo_size = 220px
| image = ShillongTimesCover.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption =
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners =
| founder = Sudhindra Bhushan Chaudhuri
| editor = {{unbulleted|[[Patricia Mukhim]] (2008–present)|[[Manas Chaudhuri]] (till 1978–2008)| P. N. Chaudguri (1961–1978)|Sudhindra Bhushan Chaudhuri (1945–1961)}}
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1945}}
| political_position = Neutral
| language = English
| ceased_publication =
| headquarters = The Shillong Times Pvt. Ltd.
Rilbong, Shillong-4.
Meghalaya, India.
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers = ''Salantini Janera'' ([[Garo language|Garo]]) ''Sangbad Lahari'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]])
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = {{URL|https://theshillongtimes.com}}
| price =
| free = {{URL|https://epaper.theshillongtimes.com/}}
}}

'''''The Shillong Times''''' is an Indian newspaper. It is [[North-East India]]'s oldest English-language daily newspaper founded by Sudhindra Bhusan Chaudhuri, which started as a tabloid-sized weekly on 10 August 1945, on a [[treadle machine]] in [[Shillong]].<ref name="About Us"/> In 1961, P. N. Chaudguri became the editor-proprietor, followed by his son [[Manas Chaudhuri]] on 1 April 1978, a [[Padma Shree]] awardee.<ref name="About Us"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.uniindia.com/poll-pot-shillong-times-ex-editor-manash-chaudhary-to-join-bjp-in-meghalaya/other/news/883865.html |title=Former editor of Shillong Times joining BJP |work=United News of India |date=27 May 2017 |access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>

''The Shillong Times'' switched to a modern computer [[typesetting]] and offset printing technique on 15 August 1991, and the first issue in [[broadsheet]] format came into being.

A second edition from the town of Tura in the Garo Hills of [[Meghalaya]] was launched on 9 November 1992.

Besides the Tura edition, Shillong Times Private Limited also publishes the only [[Garo language]] daily ''Salantini Janera'' since January 1993. The [[Bengali language]] daily ''Sangbad Lahari'' began publishing from Guwahati in June 2009.<ref name="About Us"/>

The publication is headed by [[Patricia Mukhim]] as its editor, who succeeded Manas Chaudhuri in 2008.<ref name="About Us">{{cite web | url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/about-us/ | title=About Us | newspaper=Shillong Times | date=2015 |access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://theshillongtimes.com ''The Shillong Times'' website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shillong Times}}
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Shillong]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1945]]
[[Category:Mass media in Meghalaya]]

Hispid hare

2026-01-28T19:14:39Z

MercedesPeachey: creating initial data added tags!

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Hispid hare
| image = Caprolagus hispidus Chitwan Rediscovery 2017.jpg
| image_caption = [[Chitwan National Park]], Nepal
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Caprolagus hispidus'' |author=Aryal, A. |author2=Yadav, B. |date=2019 |article-number=e.T3833A45176688 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Caprolagus
| parent_authority = [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1845
| species = hispidus
| authority = ([[John Thomas Pearson|J. T. Pearson]] in [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1840)
| range_map = Hispid Hare area.png
| range_map_caption = Hispid hare range
| synonyms = ''Lepus hispidus'' [[John Thomas Pearson|J. T. Pearson]] in [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1840
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite mdd|id=1001077|species=hispidus|genus=Caprolagus|access-date=May 8, 2025}}</ref>
}}
The '''hispid hare''' ('''''Caprolagus hispidus'''''), also known as the '''Assam rabbit''' and '''bristly rabbit''', is a [[species]] of [[rabbit]] native to [[South Asia]]. It is the [[monotypic taxon|only species]] in the [[genus]] '''''Caprolagus'''''. Named for its bristly fur coat, the hispid hare is a rabbit with dark-brown fur and a large nose. It has small ears compared to the [[Indian hare]], a [[Lagomorpha|lagomorph]] that [[Sympatry|occurs in the same regions]] as the hispid hare.

Once thought to be [[Extinction|extinct]], the hispid hare was rediscovered in [[Assam]] in 1971 and has been found in isolated populations across [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bangladesh]]. Its historic range extended along the southern foothills of the [[Himalayas]], and a related fossil in the genus ''Caprolagus'' has been found as far away as Indonesia. Today, the species' habitat is much smaller and is highly [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmented]]. The region it occupies is estimated to be less than {{convert|500|km2}}, extending over an area of {{convert|5000|to|20000|km2}}. Populations experienced a continuing decline due to [[Habitat loss|loss of suitable habitat]] via increasing [[agriculture]], [[flood control]], and human development, particularly burning and collection of [[Thatching|thatch]] grasses. It has been listed as [[Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 1986. The rabbit is known to occur in several [[national park]]s. [[Captive breeding|Breeding in captivity]] has been described as "very difficult". [[Wildlife conservation|Conservation]] efforts focus on community education and further study.

== Taxonomy and etymology ==
The hispid hare was placed in the genus ''[[Lepus]]'', the hares, on its first description by the British surgeon [[John Thomas Pearson]] in 1839, where it was given the [[scientific name]] ''Lepus hispidus''. This description was first published in the Calcutta Sporting Magazine, but the first formal account was published by [[Thomas Horsfield]] a year later in the [[Proceedings of the Zoological Society]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen36zool#page/n681/mode/2up |title=18. ''Lepus hispidus'' |last=Pearson |first=J. T. |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |date=1839 |volume=VII |page=152}}</ref> Pearson noted that the ears of the hispid hare were "so short as not to extend past the fur on its head", but later authors assumed this to be a mistake.<ref name="Blyth1946" /> The [[species name]] ''hispidus'', as well as the common name "hispid hare", refers to the coarseness of the fur<ref name="Blyth1946">{{Cite journal |last=Blyth |first=E. |author-link1=Edward Blyth |date=1845 |title=Description of ''Caprolagus'', a new genus of leporine mammalia |url=https://ia801307.us.archive.org/28/items/biostor-95072/biostor-95072.pdf |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |location=London |volume=17 |pages=163–165}}</ref> as the term describes something as being rough or covered in stiff hairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of hispid |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hispid |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> English zoologist [[Edward Blyth]] gave the hispid hare a distinct genus, ''Caprolagus'', in 1845 due to its unusual [[morphology (biology)|morphology]], though he did not provide a reasoning for the name chosen. He noted in particular the rough fur (unusual for a hare or rabbit), large and robust skull, diminished eyes and whiskers, strong claws, and equally-proportioned limbs.<ref name="Blyth1946" /> Later studies in the 21st century confirmed its place as the [[monotypic genus|only species]] within its genus;<ref name="Lagomorphs2018">{{Lagomorphs2018|chapter=''Caprolagus hispidus'' (Pearson, 1839) Hispid hare|last1=Smith |first1=A. T. |last2=Johnston |first2=C. H. |pages=93-95}}</ref> the closely related<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=The Lagomorph Fossil Record and the Origin of the European Rabbit |pages=39–40 |isbn=978-3-540-72446-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-72446-9_3 |publisher=Springer |title=Lagomorph Biology |editor-last1=Alves |editor-first1=P. C. |editor-last2=Ferrand |editor-first2=N. |editor-last3=Hackländer |editor-first3=K. |first=N. |last=Lopez-Martinez |date=2008}}</ref> [[extinct]] species {{extinct}}''Pliosiwalagus sivalensis'' was once considered to be a member of ''Caprolagus'', but was reclassified in 2002.<ref name="Patnaik-2002">{{Cite journal|title=Pliocene Leporidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of India: Implications for phylogenetic relationships |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0443:PLLMFT]2.0.CO;2 |date=2002 |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |first=R. |last=Patnaik |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=443–452}}</ref> The [[type specimen]] of the hispid hare was taken from the "base of the Boutan [= Bhutan] mountains" in [[Assam]], India, and was described by Blyth in his 1845 description of the new genus,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abedin |first1=I. |last2=Mukherjee |first2=T. |last3=Kim |first3=A. R. |last4=Kim |first4=H.-W. |last5=Kang |first5=H.-E. |last6=Kundu |first6=S. |date=2024 |title=Distribution Model Reveals Rapid Decline in Habitat Extent for Endangered Hispid Hare: Implications for Wildlife Management and Conservation Planning in Future Climate Change Scenarios |journal=Biology |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=198 |doi=10.3390/biology13030198 |issn=2079-7737 |pmc=10967808 |pmid=38534467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> but it is unclear if this specimen exists in any collection today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hispid hare - ''Caprolagus hispidus'' {{!}} Specimen |url=https://laji.fi/en/taxon/MX.50373/specimens |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility |language=fi}}</ref>

Several fossil species have been described that belong in the genus ''Caprolagus''. ''C. netscheri'' was described by German zoologist [[Hermann Schlegel]] in 1880, but this species was later reclassified as the living [[Sumatran striped rabbit]]. Swiss zoologist [[Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major]] described the species {{Extinct}}''C. sivalensis'' in 1899 based on specimens found in the [[Sivalik Hills]], but this species was later placed in the genus ''[[Pliosiwalagus]]''.<ref name="Patnaik-2002" /> Chinese paleontologist [[Yang Zhongjian]] described another species, {{Extinct}}''C. brachypus'', in 1927. However, several later authors disagreed on the placement of this species; it is no longer regarded as a member of ''Caprolagus'', and has been regarded as belonging in the genera ''[[Alilepus]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Averianov |first=Alexander |date=1996 |title=On the systematic position of rabbit "''Caprolagus''" ''brachypus'' Young, 1927 (Lagomorpha, Leporidae) from the Villafranchian of China |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323471678 |journal=Tr. Zool. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk |language=ru |volume=270 |pages=148–157}}</ref> ''[[Hypolagus]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohlin |first=Birger |date=1942 |title=A Revision of the fossil Lagomorpha in the Palaeontological Museum, Upsala |url=https://paleoarchive.com/literature/Bohlin1942-RevisionFossilLagomorphaPalaeontologicalMuseumUpsala.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the Paleontological Institute of Upsala |volume=30 |page=133}}</ref> and currently ''[[Sericolagus]]''.<ref name="Averianov-2001" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=The NOW Community |date=2025 |title=New and Old Worlds Database of Fossil Mammals (NOW) |url=https://taxonmanager-staging.it.helsinki.fi/hierarchy/5332 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.4268068}}</ref> Fossils of one extinct species, {{Extinct}}''C. lapis'', which was described by Dutch paleontologist [[Dirk Albert Hooijer]] in 1964 and is thought to have lived in Indonesia,<ref name="Averianov-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Averianov |first=Alexander |date=2001 |title=Lagomorphs (Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of Eurasia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280611325 |journal=[[Paleontological Journal]] |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=191–199}}</ref> may date back {{Ma|3.6|million years}}<ref name="PaleobioDB" /> and is the only current fossil ''Caprolagus''.<ref name="Averianov-2001" /> No fossils are known that are assigned to the living hispid hare, ''C. hispidus'', but one specimen was found in 2011 from the [[Pothohar Plateau]] that may correspond to it or the genera ''[[Pliopentalagus]]'' or ''Pliosiwalagus''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=Alisa J. |last2=Flynn |first2=Lawrence J. |last3=Tomida |first3=Yukimitsu |date=2011 |title=Fossil lagomorphs from the Potwar Plateau, northern Pakistan |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/2011_3/17_winkler/17_winkler.pdf |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=14 |issue=3}}</ref>

No [[subspecies]] of the hispid hare are known.<ref name="Lagomorphs2018" /> The following [[cladogram]] shows the relationships between ''Caprolagus'', other rabbits, and hares, based on a [[phylogenetic tree]] from Leandro Iraçabal and colleagues published in 2024:<ref name="Iraçabal-2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Iraçabal |first1=L. |last2=Barbosa |first2=M. R. |last3=Selvatti |first3=A. P. |last4=Russo |first4=C. A. de Moraes |date=2024 |title=Molecular time estimates for the Lagomorpha diversification |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=9 |article-number=e0307380 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0307380 |doi-access=free |pmc=11379240 |pmid=39241029}}</ref>
{{cladogram
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Lepus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Sylvilagus]]''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Caprolagus'''''
|2=''[[Pentalagus]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2=''[[Romerolagus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pronolagus]]''
|2=''[[Poelagus]]''
}}
|2=''[[Nesolagus]]''
}}
}}|align=left|title=Leporid phylogeny minus rogue taxa with insufficient information (''Bunolagus'', ''Oryctolagus'', some species in ''Sylvilagus'')<ref name="Iraçabal-2024" />}}{{Clear}}

== Description ==
[[File:CaprolagusHispidusJASB.jpg|thumb|left|1845 illustration by J. Hendrie]]
The hispid hare has a harsh and bristly fur coat. The coat is dark brown on the back due to a mixture of black and brown hairs; brown on the chest and whitish on the [[abdomen]].<ref name="Bell1990" /> The tail is brown and ranges from {{Convert|25 to 38|mm|abbr=off}} long. The ears of the adult are {{Convert|54 to 61|mm|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="Lagomorphs2018" /> In body weight, males range from {{Convert|1810 to 2610|g|oz|abbr=off}} with a mean of {{cvt|2248|g}}. Females weigh on average {{cvt|2518|g}}; a heavily pregnant female weighing {{cvt|3210|g}} was included in this average.<ref name="Bell1990">{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=D. J. |title=Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |last2=Oliver |first2=W. L. R. |last3=Ghose |first3=R. K. |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |year=1990 |isbn=978-2-8317-0019-9 |editor1=Chapman, J. A. |location=Gland, Switzerland |pages=128–137 |chapter=The hispid hare ''Caprolagus hispidus'' |editor2=Flux, J. E. C. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA128}}</ref>

In terms of its skeletal features, the [[frontal bone]]s of the hispid hare are very wide. There is no clear notch in front of the [[postorbital process]]es (bone structures above the eye sockets).<ref name="ems66">{{cite book |last1=Ellerman |first1=J. R. |last2=Morrison-Scott |first2=T. C. S. |year=1966 |url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/424/mode/2up |title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 |edition=2nd |publisher=British Museum of Natural History |location=London |page=424}}</ref> At its greatest length, the skull has been measured to be {{Convert|76|mm}}.<ref name="Lagomorphs2018" />

Compared to other [[Lagomorpha|lagomorphs]], the hispid hare has a very large nose. Its short ears and completely brown tail can be used as indicators to distinguish it from the rufous-tailed hare (''Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus''), a subspecies of the [[Indian hare]] that [[Sympatry|occupies the same regions]] as the hispid hare but has longer ears and a white underside on its tail.<ref name="Lagomorphs2018" />

== Distribution and habitat ==
The historical range of the hispid hare extended from [[Uttar Pradesh]] through southern [[Nepal]], the northern region of [[West Bengal]] to [[Assam]] and into [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Bell1990" /> Today, its [[Species distribution|distribution]] is considered to be limited to northern [[India]], southern Nepal, and eastern [[Bhutan]]. Its presence in [[Kanha National Park]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] is only known from fecal pellet analysis, and has not been confirmed by any sightings.<ref name="Lagomorphs2018" /> It was also thought to occur in [[D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], but little evidence of the hispid hare has been found, with the Indian hare being more common in the area.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kumar |first=Anil |title=Mammals of Arunachal Pradesh, India |date=2018 |work=Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management Volume 2 |pages=165–176 |editor-last=Sivaperuman |editor-first=Chandrakasan |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-6983-3_9 |access-date=2025-05-06 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6983-3_9 |isbn=978-981-10-6983-3 |editor2-last=Venkataraman |editor2-first=Krishnamoorthy|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The hispid hare lives in successional tall [[grasslands]]—regions dominated by [[elephant grass]]—which provide cover and food.<ref name="Lagomorphs2018" /> These grassland habitats are highly [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmented]].<ref name="Molur-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://zooreach.org/downloads/ZOO_CAMP_PHVA_reports/2005RodentCAMPreport.pdf |title=Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals |publisher=Zoo Outreach Organisation |year=2005 |isbn=81-88722-11-1 |editor-last=Molur |editor-first=Sanjay |pages=43, 91, 141-142 |language=en |editor-last2=Srinivasulu |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Srinivasulu |editor-first3=Bhargavi |editor-last4=Walker |editor-first4=Sally |editor-last5=Nameer |editor-first5=P.O. |editor-last6=Ravikumar |editor-first6=Latha}}</ref> It takes refuge in marshy areas or grasses adjacent to river banks during the dry season, when grassy areas are susceptible to burning.<ref name="Bell1990" /> However, populations that take shelter near rivers are threatened by flooding during a [[monsoon]],<ref name="Lagomorphs2018" /> and the species tends towards dry grasslands more than wet regions with dense grasses.<ref name="Thapa-2024"/>

== Behavior and ecology ==
[[File:Saccharum spontaneum at the bank of rever Ganges 07102013 01.jpg|alt=A field of tall brown grasses during the daytime|thumb|The hispid hare feeds upon various grasses, including the widespread [[Saccharum spontaneum|kans grass]] (''Saccharum spontaneum'').]]
The hispid hare is [[Crepuscular animal|crepuscular]], being most active at dawn and dusk. Its average litter size is small,<ref name=Bell1990 /> with each litter producing two to three young.<ref name="Lagomorphs2018" /> Gestation lasts 40 days, and on average 3 litters are produced annually.<ref name="Heldstab-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Heldstab |first=Sandra A. |date=2021-12-01 |title=Habitat characteristics and life history explain reproductive seasonality in lagomorphs |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42991-021-00127-0 |journal=Mammalian Biology |language=en |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=739–757 |doi=10.1007/s42991-021-00127-0 |issn=1618-1476|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is [[sympatry|sympatric]] with the [[pygmy hog]],<ref name="Maheswaran2013" /> a [[Bioindicator|biological indicator]] for the health of its habitat. The hispid hare's predators include [[Bird of prey|birds of prey]], [[cat]]s, [[civet]]s, jackals, weasels, and foxes.<ref name=Tshewang-2021>{{cite book |last1=Tshewang |first1=Ugyen |chapter=Conservation Strategy of Threatened and Under-Represented Mammalian Species |date=2021 |title=Bhutan: Conservation and Environmental Protection in the Himalayas |pages=279–302 |editor-last=Tshewang |editor-first=Ugyen |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-57824-4_6 |access-date=2025-05-06 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-57824-4_6 |isbn=978-3-030-57824-4 |last2=Tobias |first2=Michael Charles |last3=Morrison |first3=Jane Gray |editor2-last=Tobias |editor2-first=Michael Charles |editor3-last=Morrison |editor3-first=Jane Gray}}</ref> It maintains a relatively small [[home range]] of {{Convert|.0042|km2}} on average.<ref name="Heldstab-2021" /> The home ranges of male and female rabbits may overlap; females have smaller home ranges than those of males.<ref name="Lagomorphs2018" />

The hispid hare is [[Herbivore|herbivorous]], and eats grasses and leaves within its habitat. It prefers [[Saccharum spontaneum|kans grass]], [[Imperata cylindrica|cogongrass]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryal |first1=Achyut |last2=Brunton |first2=Dianne |last3=Ji |first3=Weihong |last4=Yadav |first4=Hemanta Kumar |last5=Adhikari |first5=Bikash |last6=Raubenheimer |first6=David |date=2012 |title=Diet and Habitat use of Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus in Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3106/041.037.0205 |journal=Mammal Study |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.3106/041.037.0205 |issn=1343-4152|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''[[Saccharum narenga]]'',<ref name="Nath-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Nath |first1=Naba K. |last2=Machary |first2=Kamal |date=2015-12-26 |title=An ecological assessment of Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Leporidae) in Manas National Park, Assam, India |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2461 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |language=en |volume=7 |issue=15 |page=8195 |doi=10.11609/jott.2461.7.15.8195-8204 |issn=0974-7907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707234918/http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2461 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |doi-access=free |access-date=6 June 2025 }}</ref> and grasses in the genus ''[[Narenga (plant)|Narenga]]'', depending on the availability of each.<ref name="Yadhav-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Yadhav |first=Bhupendra Prasav |date=2008 |title=Status, Distribution and Habitat Use of Hispid Hare in Royal Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277250453 |journal=Tiger Paper |volume=22 |issue=3 |issn=1014-2789}}</ref><ref name="Lagomorphs2018" /> At least 23 different plant species are eaten by the hispid hare, including the grasses ''[[Desmostachya bipinnata]]'' and ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tandan |first1=Promod |last2=Dhakal |first2=Bhuwan |last3=Karki |first3=Kabita |last4=Aryal |first4=Achyut |date=2013 |title=Tropical grasslands supporting the endangered hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) population in the Bardia National Park, Nepal |journal=Current Science |volume=105 |issue=5 |pages=691–694 |jstor=24097941 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> When feeding on the shoots and roots of plants used for [[thatching]], the hispid hare breaks the plant at its base and strips its outer sheath before consumption. Hispid hares likely obtain much of their water through consuming grasses, which during cold seasons can have a water content of over 60%.<ref name="Yadhav-2008" />

== Conservation ==
[[File:Shuklaphanta.jpg|thumb|alt=Grassland under a cloudy sky|Shuklaphanta National Park, a protected area where the hispid hare is known to occur]]
Grassland habitats of the hispid hare are threatened due to [[overgrazing]] by cattle.<ref name="Maheswaran2013">{{Cite book |chapter=Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Hispid Hare ''Caprolagus hispidus'' in India |date=2013 |pages=179–203 |author-last=Maheswaran |author-first=G. |title=Rare Animals of India |publisher=Bentham Science Publishers |doi=10.2174/9781608054855113010012 |isbn=978-1-60805-485-5 |editor=Singaravelan, N.}}</ref> Additionally, the hispid hare is threatened by the cutting and burning of vegetation in its habitat. The species' preference for dry ground and less dense grass leads to activity and population declines in periods of high rainfall and intense vegetation [[Ecological succession|succession]] or growth. Grassland burning is significantly more threatening to the species during the breeding season. Changes to the grassland habitat in the [[Terai Arc Landscape]] due to burning, succession, [[habitat fragmentation]] and collection of grasses for thatch<ref name=Dhami-2023>{{Cite journal |last1=Dhami |first1=Bijaya |last2=Neupane |first2=Bijaya |last3=K.C. |first3=Nishan |last4=Maraseni |first4=Tek |last5=Basyal |first5=Chitra Rekha |last6=Joshi |first6=Laxmi Raj |last7=Adhikari |first7=Hari |date=2023 |title=Ecological factors associated with hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) habitat use and conservation threats in the Terai Arc Landscape of Nepal |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2351989423000720 |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |language=en |volume=43 |article-number=e02437 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02437|bibcode=2023GEcoC..4302437D |doi-access=free }}</ref> has been especially detrimental to herbivores in the region, including the hispid hare.<ref name="Thapa-2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Thapa |first1=Arjun |last2=K. C. |first2=Rabin Bahadur |last3=Paudel |first3=Rajan Prasad |last4=Kadariya |first4=Rabin |last5=G. C. |first5=Rima |last6=Khadka |first6=Ranjita |last7=Joshi |first7=Laxmi Raj |last8=Shah |first8=Shyam Kumar |last9=Dahal |first9=Sagar |date=2024-12-01 |title=Factors influencing the distribution of the endangered hispid hare in Bardia National Park, Nepal |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42991-024-00430-6 |journal=Mammalian Biology |language=en |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=725–735 |doi=10.1007/s42991-024-00430-6 |issn=1618-1476|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=Dhami-2023/> Thatch harvesting has also been noted as an unsustainable and habitat-damaging practice in the hispid hare-inhabited [[Manas National Park]].<ref name="Nath-2015" />

The hispid hare is known to occur in several [[protected area]]s. Prior to its rediscovery in [[Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary]] alongside the pygmy hog in 1971, it was thought to be extinct.<ref name="Maheswaran2013" /> Sightings of the rabbit have occurred sporadically since then across its distribution, though the population is in decline due to [[habitat loss]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nidup |first=T. |date=2018 |title=Endangered Hispid Hare (''Caprolagus hispidus'' - Pearson 1839) in the Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan |url=https://worldlagomorphsociety.org/Content/pdf/news/Hispid%20hare%20in%20Bhutan%202019.pdf |journal=Journal of Bhutan Ecological Society |issue=3}}</ref> The hispid hare is known to be present in the grasslands of [[Shuklaphanta National Park]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baral |first1=H.S. |last2=Inskipp |first2=C. |year=2009 |title=The Birds of Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal |journal=Our Nature |volume=7 |pages=56–81 |doi=10.3126/on.v7i1.2554 |doi-access=free}}</ref> based on pellet records, but its population density is very low (from 0.182 to 0.221 individuals per [[hectare]]), comparable only with that of [[Jaldapara National Park|Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary]] (0.087 per hectare).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chand |first1=D. B. |last2=Khanal |first2=L. |last3=Chalise |first3=M. K. |date=2017 |title=Distribution and Habitat Preference of Hispid Hare (Caprolagus Hispidus) In Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/25326 |journal=Tribhuvan University Journal |volume=31 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.3126/tuj.v31i1-2.25326 |issn=2091-0916|doi-access=free }}</ref> In January 2016, a hispid hare was recorded in [[Chitwan National Park]] for the first time since 1984.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Khadka, B.B. |author2=Yadav, B.P. |author3=Aryal, N. |author4=Aryal, A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=Rediscovery of the hispid hare (''Caprolagus hispidus'') in Chitwan National Park, Nepal after three decades |journal=Conservation Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=10–12 |doi=10.3126/cs.v5i1.18560 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Development of controlled burning systems that do not overlap with the breeding season of the hispid hare has been recommended as a potential conservation measure.<ref name="Thapa-2024" /> Additionally, recommendations have been made to continue studying the distribution and ecological significance of the species and to educate communities on its endangered status.<ref name=Tshewang-2021/> Efforts to breed the hispid hare in captivity have been described as "very difficult".<ref name="Molur-2005" />

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="PaleobioDB">{{cite web |title=''Caprolagus'' |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42170&is_real_user=1 |website=[[Paleobiology Database]] |access-date=2025-05-06 |archive-date=2024-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426212413/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42170&is_real_user=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
</references>

{{Lagomorpha|L.}}
{{Lagomorpha Genera|Le.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q301068}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mammals described in 1839]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Leporidae]]

Kailash Vajpeyi

2025-12-31T07:44:26Z

MercedesPeachey: creating initial page basic info

{{short description|Indian poet, writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Indian name|Vajpeyi|Kailash}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kailash Vajpeyi
| image = कैलाश वाजपेयी bharat-s-tiwari-photography-00002896 March 22, 2014.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1936|11|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|04|01|1936|11|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref name="NDTVIndia"/>
| resting_place = Lodhi Cremation Ground, New Delhi
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|Writer|Lyricist}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Indian literature|Indic literature]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82020337.html |title=Vājapēyī, Kailāśa |website=id.loc.gov}}</ref>
| residence =
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education = [[Hindi literature]] PhD
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
| home_town =
| period =
| genre =
| subject = {{hlist|Politics|[[Mysticism]]|Tradition|[[Spirituality]]}}
| movement =
| notable_works = ''Sankranta'', ''Teesra Andhera'', ''Dehant se Hatkar'', ''Sufinama'', ''Hawa Mein Hastakshar''
| spouse = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Kailash Vajpeyi#Awards and recognitions|Full list]]
| years_active = 1964–2015<ref name="bbchindi"/>
}}

'''Kailash Vajpeyi''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] '''Kailāśa Vājapeyī''' 11 November 1936 – 1 April 2015<ref name="jagran"/>) was an Indian poet, writer, and lyricist who chiefly wrote [[Hindi language]] poems throughout his literary career. He wrote more than 28 books, including one of his publications ''[[:hi:हवा में हस्ताक्षर|Hawa Mein Hastakshar]]'' which translates to "signature in the air" for which he was awarded a literary honour [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2009. The [[University of Lucknow]] awarded him [[Vachaspati]] (Lord of speech) title in recognition of his contribution to [[Hindi literature]].

==Early life==
Vajpeyi was born in [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh]]. He did his PhD degree in Hindi. He was initially working as a journalist and worked for different magazines. He used to teach at [[Shivaji College]] of the [[University of Delhi]] and continued until he retired in 2004. From 2008 to 2013, he served at General Council of [[Sahitya Akademi]] for five years.<ref name="jagran">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-12222527.html|title=वरिष्ठ साहित्यकार कैलाश वाजपेयी का निधन|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kailash-vajpeyi-a-poet-who-fused-tradition-with-modern/article7066912.ece|title=Kailash Vajpeyi a poet who fused tradition with modern|first=Rana Siddiqui|last=Zaman|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 April 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/renowned-hindi-poet-kailash-vajpeyi-no-more-115040101488_1.html|title=Renowned Hindi poet Kailash Vajpeyi no more|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=1 April 2015|via=Business Standard}}</ref> When he was studying at the University of Lucknow, he associated himself with [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]'s [[bhakti movement]], [[vedas]] and [[Jayadeva]]'s writings. Later he went to [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] where he created a documentary on an Indian philosopher [[Sri Aurobindo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pJxxSFQa91B2BeOhwgrO3J/Kailash-Vajpeyi--Poetry-brings-people-together-like-no-othe.html|title=Kailash Vajpeyi | Poetry brings people together like no other concern|first=Tanushree|last=Ghosh|date=27 February 2014|website=Livemint}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Vajpeyi began his career writing articles for magazines as a journalist, and later wrote poems on politics through his publications such as "Sankranta" in 1964, "Teesra Andhera", and "Dehant se Hatkar". His poetic work was primarily focused on political systems, [[mysticism]], tradition and [[spirituality]]. During his last days, his poetry was themed on "death". He criticised the first prime minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in his poem titled "Rajdhani". He wrote eponymous poems during 1970s. One of his poems was banned by the [[government of India]] for its controversial lines, stating to sing a new [[national anthem]].<ref name="thehindu"/> Vajpeyi's prominent literal work revolved around [[Sufism|Sufi]] devotional poems and [[sankrant]]. Some of his essays were translated in multiple foreign languages, including English, German and Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/renowned-hindi-poet-kailash-vajpeyi-dies-at-79/889190|title=Renowned Hindi Poet Kailash Vajpeyi Dies at 79|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref>

After he wrote some critic poems he went to Mexico and [[Dallas]]. He returned to India in 1980s with a new field of poetry and started writing about [[Hindu saints]], musicians and with the theoretical aspects of a subject such as [[Buddhism and Jainism|Jain-Buddhism]], [[advaita vedanta]], [[hinayana]], and [[Sufi philosophy]]. His poem ''Rajdhani'' remained the subject of a dispute among the parliament members that sparked a controversy in the [[Parliament of India|parliament]], and later the [[Federal republic|federal government]] banned his numerous poems, including "Rajdhani".<ref name="bbchindi">{{cite web | last=लिए | first=बीबीसी हिंदी डॉट कॉम के | title=हवा में एक कवि के हस्ताक्षर | website=BBC News हिंदी | date=5 April 2015 | url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/04/150404_remembering_kailash_vajpayee_poet_dil | language=hi | access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> It is believed his poetic style was changed after visiting the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/poet-kailash-vajpeyi-embraces-his-favourite-subject-death/|title=Kailash Vajpeyi: A poet embraces his favourite subject – death|date=2 April 2015}}</ref> He was influenced by the different mysticism and philosophical literature such as [[Zen]] Buddhism, [[Sufism]] and [[Vedanta]]. He was also involved in writing [[anti-establishment]] poetry and lyrics, and later changed his initial poetic views citing "poetry make nothing happen, it is a signature in the wind."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kailash-Vajpeyi-Renowned-Hindi-poet-passes-away/articleshow/46790664.cms|title=Kailash Vajpeyi, Renowned Hindi poet, passes away | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Vajpeyi was the recipient of numerous literary awards and honours, including [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], S.S. Millennium Award, [[Vyas Samman]], the World Hindi Literature Award, and Human Care Trust Award in recognition of his contribution to the Hindi and Indic literature (English).<ref name="thehindu"/>

==Death==
In April 2015 he suffered from [[degenerative disease]] and was subsequently admitted to a hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/india/renowned-hindi-poet-kailash-vajpeyi-no-more_1571621.html|title=Renowned Hindi poet Kailash Vajpeyi no more|date=1 April 2015|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref name="aajtak 2015">{{cite web | title=ऐसी अर्थियों पर आंसू नहीं रुकते वाजपेयी जी! | website=aajtak.in | date=2 April 2015 | url=https://m.aajtak.in/world-of-books/authors/story/renowned-poet-dr.-kailash-bajpai-is-no-more-806033-2015-04-02 | language=hi | access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> He died at [[Max Healthcare]] on 1 April 2015 of heart attack.<ref name="NDTVIndia">{{cite web | title=प्रतिष्ठित हिन्दी साहित्यकार कैलाश वाजपेयी का निधन, बेटी ने दी मुखाअग्नि | website=NDTVIndia | date=8 May 2020 | url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/poet-kailash-vajpeyi-passes-away-751531 | language=hi | access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | last= Vajpeyi | first=Kailash | title=Dehānta se haṭakara | publisher=Akshara Prakāśana | year=1967 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8BHAAAAMAAJ | access-date=21 May 2020 | page=136}}
* {{cite book | last= Vajpeyi | first=Kailash | title=Tīsaraā an̐dherā | publisher=Rājakamala Prakāśana | year=1972 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dH0LAAAAMAAJ | access-date=21 May 2020 | page=120}}
* {{cite book | last= Vajpeyi | first=Kailash | title=Beyond the Self: Poems | publisher=Indian Literary Review Editions | year=1978 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BcuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=21 May 2020 | page=57}}
* {{cite book | last= Vajpeyi | first=Kailash | title=Visions & Myths: Contemporary Hindi Poetry | publisher=Indian Literary Review Editions | year=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q00ZAAAAMAAJ | access-date=21 May 2020 | page=132}}
* {{cite book | last= Vajpeyi | first=Kailash | title=Indian Horizons, Volume 33 | publisher=Indian Council for Cultural Relations | year=1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL9BAAAAYAAJ | access-date=21 May 2020 }}
* {{cite book | last= Vajpeyi | first=Kailash | title=An Anthology of Modern Hindi Poetry | publisher=Rupa & Company | year=1998 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WsaAQAAIAAJ | access-date=21 May 2020 | page=318}}
* {{cite book | last= Vajpeyi | first=Kailash | title=Havā meṃ hastākshara | publisher=Vani Prakashan | year=2005 | isbn=9788181432971 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iabltCVZR-0C | access-date=21 May 2020 | page=112}}
* {{cite book | last= Vajpeyi | first=Kailash | title=Shabd sansar | publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith | year=2006 | isbn=9788126311019 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FXZyiWNHdQC | access-date=21 May 2020 | page=226}}
* {{cite book | last= Vajpeyi | first=Kailash | title=Pr̥thvī kā kr̥shṇapaksha | publisher=Kitāba Ghara | year=2006 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwfVy-M-ICMC | access-date=21 May 2020 | page=128}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vajpeyi, Kailash}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:People from Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh]]

Raj Kaul

2025-12-29T22:24:38Z

MercedesPeachey: small fix

{{Short description|Indian Sanskrit and Persian scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Raj Kaul-Nehru
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Raj Kaul
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kashmir
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Scholar
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| influences =
| workplaces = [[Shahjahanabad|Old Delhi]]
| main_interests = Translation
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Raj Kaul''', according to the [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru family]] tradition, was an Indian [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian (language)|Persian]] scholar from [[Kashmir]], who had been recruited in 1716 by the then [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[List of Mughal emperors|Emperor]], [[Farrukhsiyar]] (1683 – 1719), to move to [[Old Delhi]], where he settled near a canal and came to be known with a hyphenated Kaul-Nehru, with Nehru evolving from the word nehar, meaning canal. He was later noted as the earliest known member of the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]]. As a result, several Nehru member biographies generally begin with Kaul's story.<ref name=Prasad2022>{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Yogendra |last2=Sharma |first2=Vishnu |title=History of Modern India & India's Ancient Past (Bharatiya Itihas Prashnottari/ Bharat Ka Itihas/ Vishwa Ka Itihas/ Itihas Ke 50 Viral Sach): History of Modern India & India's ancient Past |date=2022 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByqIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=Power1964>{{cite journal |last1=Power |first1=Paul F. |title=Indian Foreign Policy: The Age of Nehru |journal=The Review of Politics |date=1964 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=257–286 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500004770 |jstor=1405752 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405752 |issn=0034-6705|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Nanda2007>{{cite book |last1=Nanda |first1=B. R. |title=The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908793-8 |page=10 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |language=en |chapter=1. Formative years}}</ref><ref name=Bhattacharya2013>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Samir |title=Nothing But!: Book Two: the Long Road to Freedom |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1474-3 |pages=115–116 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj-VAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|language=en |chapter=4. Time to rub the salt in}}</ref>

==Tradition==
According to [[Braj Kumar Nehru]], records of the Nehru family prior to when they fled [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Delhi in 1857]], were either lost or destroyed.<ref name=Braj2012>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=B. K |title=Nice guys finish second: memoirs |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341782-8 |location=New Delhi |language=English |oclc=1117765699|chapter=Part 1: the early years (1909-1926)|pages=7–8}}</ref> In his autobiography, Braj Kumar is told by Kashmiri history scholar, [[Mohammad Yousuf Taing]], that Farrukhsiyar never went to Kashmir.<ref name=Braj2012/> Though, according to Braj Kumar, he may have heard of Kaul's reputation and therefore called for him.<ref name=Braj2012/> In Taing's opinion, the name Nehru must have been attached to the family before the migration to Delhi, or else the name would have been feminised to "Nehri".<ref name=Braj2012/> [[Walter Roper Lawrence|Sir Walter Lawrence]], author of ''[[The Valley of Kashmir]]'' and who studied the villages of Kashmir, told Braj Kumar that Nehru may have been "Nahru" from one particular village in the Kashmir Valley.<ref name=Braj2012/> The traditional story of Raj Kaul as a Kasmiri Brahmin pandit, is recited in [[Katherine Frank (biographer)|Katherine Frank]]'s biography of [[Indira Gandhi]] titled ''Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi,'', and [[Walter Crocker]]'s biography of Jawaharlal Nehru titled ''Nehru: A Contemporary's Estimate '' (1966),<ref name=Crocker2011>{{cite book |last1=Crocker |first1=Walter |title=Nehru: A Contemporary's Estimate |date=2011 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-213-3 |page=12 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ8p4XTRZgEC&pg=PA12 |language=en |chapter=2. Nehru's personal background}}</ref> both of which are cited from [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s autobiography titled ''[[An Autobiography (Nehru)|An Autobiography]]''.<ref name=Frank2010>{{cite book |last1=Frank |first1=Katherine |title=Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi |date=2010 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-255646-0 |pages=5–6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bt5jZv2DHsC&pg=PA5 |language=en |chapter=1. Descent from Kashmir}}</ref> That the name derived from the village of Naru in the Badgam part of Kashmir, according to [[Shashi Tharoor]] in his 2003 biography of Nehru, ''[[Nehru: The Invention of India]]'', "has never been conclusively established".<ref name=Tharoor2011>{{cite book |last1=Tharoor |first1=Shashi |title=Nehru: The Invention of India |date=2011 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-62872-198-0 |chapter=1. "With little to command me": 1889-1912|pages=4–5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDuCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |language=en}}</ref> Tharoor recalls the traditional story, explaining that the many Kaul's that migrated from Kashmir at that time, typically did so as scholars.<ref name=Tharoor2011/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaul, Raj}}
[[Category:18th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:People from Kashmar]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]

Spotted Eastern Ghats skink

2025-12-16T04:01:30Z

MercedesPeachey: added a details

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| genus = Sepsophis
| parent_authority = Beddome, 1870
| species = punctatus
| authority = [[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1870<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beddome |first1=R. H. |year=1870 |title=Descriptions of new reptiles from the Madras Presidency |journal=Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science |volume=2 |pages=169–176}} (Reprint.: ''J. Soc. Bibliogr. Nat. Sci., London'', 1 (10): 327-334, 1940)</ref>
}}

The '''spotted Eastern Ghats skink''' ('''''Sepsophis punctatus''''') is a species of [[skink]]. It [[endemic]] to [[India]] and known from its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Darakondah, Golconda Hills, then [[Madras Presidency]]) and from [[Odissa]].<ref>{{NRDB species|genus=Sepsophis|species=punctatus |accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> It is monotypic in the genus ''Sepsophis''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2309825}}

[[Category:Skinks]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Henry Beddome]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1870]]

{{skink-stub}}

Turks in India

2025-12-12T18:30:28Z

MercedesPeachey: added details

{{short description|Expatriate group}}
{{distinguish|Indo-Turkic people}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Turks in India
| native_name = Hindistan'daki Türkler ([[Turkish language|Turkish]])
| native_name_lang =
| flag = {{flagicon|Turkey}} {{flagicon|India}}
| image =
| caption =
| population = 2000+ (Turkish as mother tongue){{cn|date=June 2025}}
| populace =
| regions = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]]
| langs = [[Turkish language|Turkish]] 

| rels = [[Islam]]
| related_groups =
}}

'''Turks in India''' are ethnic [[Turkish people]] living in India. They are very small in number, and are mostly recent [[immigrants]] [[Turkish diaspora|from]] Turkey. In the [[1961 census of India|1961 census]], 58 people stated that their [[mother tongue]] was [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref>{{cite web |author=((Census India 1961))|title=Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2002/indianmothertongues1961aug2002.html |access-date= 2009-03-19}}</ref> According to the [[Census in British India|1911 census]], 1778 residents of India stated their [[place of birth]] as Turkey.<ref name="2001Census">{{cite web |author=((Census India 2001))|title=Population Classified by Place of Birth and Sex |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/D-Series/D-Series_link/D1_India.pdf |access-date= 2008-10-29}}</ref> In a state visit during early 2010, Prime Minister [[Abdullah Gül]] of Turkey met Turkish expatriates living in India and handed out Hindi-Turkish dictionaries to Turkish students in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India Exclusive|url=http://www.abdullahgul.gen.tr/pages/visits/hindistan-ozel/|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[India–Turkey relations]]
* [[Turkish diaspora]]
* [[Immigration to India]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Immigration to India}}
{{Turkish people by country}}
{{Asia topic |Turks in}}

[[Category:Turkish diaspora by country|India]]
[[Category:Turkish diaspora in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Diasporas in India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

{{ethno-group-stub}}
{{India-ethno-stub}}

Jagdish Bhola

2025-11-25T06:18:00Z

MercedesPeachey: updated layout based on references per standard format

{{short description|Indian wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
'''Jagdish Bhola''' is a famous wrestler known for his skill and dedication to the sport. Often called the "King Kong" of Indian wrestling, he became well known for his strength and success in the ring. He was honored with the Arjuna Award, one of India’s most prestigious sports awards, recognizing his achievements in wrestling.

== Early life ==
Jagdish Bhola was born in [[Chauke]] (dist. Bathinda). Bhola spent most of his childhood with his maternal family. At an early age he was encouraged by his maternal uncle to take up wrestling as a career and was trained by him as well in village Chauke itself, where many national and international players have been produced. Later on Bhola shifted to [[Ludhiana]] and joined a renowned ''[[akhara]]'' to master his skills in wrestling.

== Career ==
As a wrestler he reached fame after earning a silver medal in the [[1991 Asian Wrestling Championships]], Delhi, he also competed throughout the world. For his wrestling career, Government awarded him with the [[Arjuna Award]].
Bhola also appeared in a Punjabi language movie, ''[[Rustam-e-Hind]]'' which released in 2008. For a brief time Bhola served in the Punjab police as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] before being suspended by the Punjab Police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/crime/news/know-how-arjuna-award-winner-jagdish-bhola-became-a-smuggler-4594.html?page=3|title=Know how Arjuna Award winner Jagdish Bhola became a smuggler|publisher=|accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref>

== Decline in career ==
Bhola was subject to controversy when in 2008 he was caught by Mumbai Police for drug [[peddling]]. Soon after the government took away his Arjuna award, followed by Punjab police suspending Bhola from his DSP post in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/item/17927-police-seize-drugs-cash-from-arjuna-awardee-wrestler-jagdish-bholas-home-bhola-absconds|title=Police seize drugs, cash from Arjuna Awardee Wrestler Jagdish Bhola's home, Bhola absconds|publisher=|accessdate=9 July 2016|archive-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325104637/http://yespunjab.com/punjab/item/17927-police-seize-drugs-cash-from-arjuna-awardee-wrestler-jagdish-bholas-home-bhola-absconds|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bhola restarted his [[drug trafficking]] business earning much wealth and possessing two posh bungalows, costly cars and having a sugar mill fitted with high resolution CCTV cameras around its perimeter.

He was arrested again in 2015 by Punjab Police along with Ram Singh, a boxer, for alleged participation in synthetic drug cartel of {{INR}} 700 crore.<ref>{{cite news|title=Drug lord Jagdish Bhola fractures his leg in jail|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/drug-lord-jagdish-bhola-fractures-his-leg-in-jail/213062.html|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216112118/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/drug-lord-jagdish-bhola-fractures-his-leg-in-jail/213062.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to sources, Bhola was also convicted for running illegal drug manufacturing business from his home. According to Punjab Police he is the head of the Punjab-based drug racket. The drugs where trafficked from Pakistani border areas and is supplied to [[Mumbai]] and parts of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/punjab-politicians-in-dock-for-alleged-connections-to-drug-lords-176476-2014-01-12|title=Den of drugs: How Punjab politicos are linked to Rs 700-crore drug racket|date=12 January 2014 |publisher=|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhola, Jagdish}}
[[Category:Indian_male_sport_wrestlers]]
[[Category:Indian male martial artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}

1523 in India

2025-11-22T20:03:29Z

MercedesPeachey: fix structure to improve readability also and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|none}}
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{year in India|1523}}

Events from the year '''1523 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
* [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Governor]] of [[Portuguese India]] [[Duarte de Menezes]]

==Events==
* [[Santhome Church]] established in [[Chennai]]
* Portuguese settlement of [[São Tomé de Meliapore]](presently [[Santhome]]) is established near [[Madras]]([[Chennai]]), São Tomé de Meliapore<ref name="provincesinmadrassic">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Madras|access-date=11 July 2013|title=Provinces of British India}}</ref>
==Deaths==
* [[Chandan of Kamata]], first king of the [[Kamata Kingdom|Kamata-Koch kingdom]] dies (born [[1483 in India|1483]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1523}}

[[Category:1523 in India| ]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]
[[Category:1523 in Asia]]
[[Category:1520s in India]]
[[Category:1523 by country]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Vhan Island

2025-11-19T19:39:21Z

MercedesPeachey: added post

{{Short description|Island in the Bay of Bengal}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Vhan Island / Vaan Island
| native_name =
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| coordinates = {{coord|08|50|18.93|N|78|12|35.65|E|display=it}}
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| location = [[Bay of Bengal]] (The island is located about 9.5 km from the [[Thoothkudi]] Harbour)
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| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Tamil Nadu]]
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'''Vhan Island''', also called '''Van Tivu''' or '''Vaan Island''', is a small, [[uninhabited island]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]], situated about 8.5 kilometers from [[Thoothukudi]] (Tuticorin) Harbour in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Van Tivu / Vaan Island / Vhan Island |url=https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/Island/IslandDetails/INTN028 |publisher=DWIEP, [[National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management]]}}</ref> It is situated approximately 5 kilometers from the Thoothukudi coast and is part of the [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve]], India's first marine biosphere reserve.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite news |last1=Chaitanya |first1=SV Krishna |title=Gulf of Mannar’s Vaan Island: Turning over a new reef |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Feb/14/gulf-of-mannars-vaan-island-turning-over-a-new-reef-2263768.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=February 14, 2021}}</ref>

== Erosion ==
Vhan Island underwent major restoration efforts to address erosion and damage to its reefs. From 1969 to 2015, Vaan Island's land area drastically shrank from 20.08 hectares to just 1.53 hectares, and its surrounding coral reefs were severely degraded, with much of the coral suffering from bleaching.<ref name="newindianexpress"/>

In 2015, the [[Tamil Nadu government]], with support from the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Union Ministry of Environment]], launched a large coral restoration project. As part of this project, artificial reef modules were placed around the island, designed in collaboration with the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]. These structures helped corals grow naturally, which increased the reef cover and helped stabilize the island's land.<ref name="newindianexpress"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Sanchari |title=How to Grow Back an Island? This Team From IIT Madras May Have the Answer! |url=https://thebetterindia.com/115110/vaan-island-iit-madras-artificial-reefs-coral-rehabilitation/ |publisher=[[The Better India]] |date=September 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ashok |first1=Sowmiya |title=Team from IIT is growing an island off the Tamil Nadu coast |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/team-from-iit-is-growing-an-island-off-the-tamil-nadu-coast-4781557/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=August 4, 2017}}</ref>

These initiatives successfully reversed its decline, and by October 2020, the island's area expanded to 3.60 hectares during low tide and 1.99 hectares at high tide.<ref name="newindianexpress"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=B. Aravind |title=Tamil Nadu pioneers a model for saving the sinking islands in the Gulf of Mannar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-pioneers-a-model-for-saving-the-sinking-islands-in-the-gulf-of-mannar/article67819176.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=February 8, 2024}}</ref>

As reported in 2021, its land area had grown by 54% and marine biodiversity showed strong recovery.<ref name="newindianexpress"/>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Islands of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]
[[Category:Gulf of Mannar]]
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:Geography of Tamil Nadu]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking The divers rescuing a drowning island] at ''[[BBC]]''
* [https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/34832/1/IJMS%2044%286%29%20892-895.pdf Vaan Island of Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of India - on the verge of submergence] at ''Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences''

{{TamilNadu-geo-stub}}

List of tourist attractions in Patna

2025-10-17T20:58:53Z

MercedesPeachey: Created basic pg v1

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Tourism in Patna''' is refers to [[tourism]] in capital city of [[Bihar]] state in [[India]]. [[Patna]] is known for its tourist destinations and people across the state and abroad visits Patna. This article deals with major tourist attractions in Patna.

== History of tourism ==
The documented history of tourism in the Patna region dates back to the 4th century [[Before Christ|BC]]. [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[geographer]] [[Megasthenes]] (c. 350–290 BC) visited the region during the reign of [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. His observations were recorded in ''[[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indika]]''.<ref>[http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm Surviving text of ''Indika''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528034048/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm |date=28 May 2006 }} - book by [[Megasthenes]]</ref> [[Dionysius (ambassador)|Dionysius]] was the son of [[Megasthenes]], who visited [[Pataliputra]] in the reign of [[Ashoka the Great]].<ref>Pliny the Elder, [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21 ''The Natural History'', Chap. 21] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728023626/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21 |date=28 July 2013 }}</ref>

[[Faxian|Fa-Hien]] (ca. 337 - c. 422) was a Chinese [[tourist]] who traveled to acquire [[Buddhist scripture]]s and take back to China between 399 and 412.<ref name="etext.library.adelaide.edu.au">[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fa-hien/f15l/ ''A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124223922/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fa-hien/f15l/ |date=24 January 2009 }}. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965. {{ISBN|0-486-21344-7}}</ref> [[Xuanzang|Hieun-Tsang]] visited the sacred [[Buddhist pilgrimage|Buddhist sites]] in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and spent much time studying at the great [[Nalanda University]] between 629 and 645.<ref>Wriggins, Sally Hovey. ''Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road''. Westview Press, 1996. Revised and updated as ''The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang''. Westview Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8133-6599-6}}.</ref>

== Types of tourists and tourism ==
In the earliest days tourism in the region was purely for [[Tourism#Educational tourism|educational purposes]].<ref name="etext.library.adelaide.edu.au"/> As Patna is one of the most sacred cities of religions like [[Buddhist pilgrimage|Buddhism]], [[Mahaveer#Birth of Prince Vardhaman|Jainism]], [[Takht (Sikhism)|Sikhism]] and [[Tourism in Patna#Islamic pilgrimages|Islam]], many people travel to Patna as part of [[religious tourism]].
*International tourists - Patna attracts tourists from all over the globe, though most are [[Buddhist]]s from [[Japan]] and [[China]].
*Domestic tourists visit the area on their respective pilgrimages.

Today, tourism in Patna is mainly either religious-based or moderated [[Tourism#Educational tourism|educational tourism]]. The Bihar government is also promoting [[Adventure travel|adventure tourism]].<ref>[http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/New/News1.htm Ganges river banks as tourism destination in Patna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129104305/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/New/News1.htm |date=29 January 2009 }}</ref>

==Attractions==

===Archaeological sites===
The history and tradition of [[Patna]] starts from the earliest dawn of civilization. The original name of Patna was [[Pataliputra]]. Its documented history starts around 600 BC.<ref>[http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/History.htm History of Patna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810233606/http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/history.htm |date=10 August 2007 }}</ref> As Patna has 2600 years of history and has seen a number of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|empires]], there are numerous [[archaeological site]]s in the area.
*[[Kumhrar]] - The [[archaeological]] remains of the [[Mauryan]] period (322–185 BCE) have been discovered here, including the ruins of a [[hypostyle]] 80-pillared hall.<ref name=toi>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Devise-plan-to-save-Kumhrar-site-HC/articleshow/441620683.cms Devise plan to save Kumhrar site:HC] . ''[[The Times of India]]'', 1 February 2002.</ref><ref name=ex>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Experts-meet-to-preserve-Kumhrar-on-Dec-29/articleshow/927151.cms Experts meet to preserve Kumhrar] . ''[[The Times of India]]'', 26 December 2006</ref> The [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavation]] finding here dates back to 600 [[Before Christ|BC]],<ref name=pat/> and marks the ancient capital of [[Ajatashatru]], [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] and [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]], and collectively the relics range through four continuous periods from 600 BC to 600 AD.<ref name=pat>[http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/kumhrar.htm Ancient city of Pataliputra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410055549/http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/kumhrar.htm |date=10 April 2009 }} (Patna) official website.</ref>
*[[Didarganj Yakshi]] is a fine example of [[Mauryan art]]. The sculpture is currently housed in the [[Patna Museum]],<ref>[http://gov.bih.nic.in/depts/YouthArtCulture/Museum.htm Yakshni Museums in Bihar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317103149/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Depts/YouthArtCulture/Museum.htm |date=17 March 2007 }}, Govt of Bihar official website.</ref> and is India's most famous piece of art.
*[[Agam Kuan]], which means "unfathomable well", is said to date back to the period of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya emperor]] [[Ashoka]]. The well is located east of Patna.<ref>[http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/india/buddhist-sites/patna-bihar.html Patna Buddhist-Tourism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907180720/http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/india/buddhist-sites/patna-bihar.html |date=7 September 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Patna.htm Patna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918091228/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/patna.htm |date=18 September 2014 }}, Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation.</ref>
*[[Chausagarh]] or Chausa, of [[Buxar]], while very well known in the annals of Indian history as the place where in 1539 AD Sher Shah defeated the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]], is also a place of great antiquity.
*Bulandibag
*Bhikhnapahari

===Ganges river banks===
The Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation (BSTDC) has recently started operating an air-conditioned [[floating restaurant]] ''[[MV Ganga Vihar]]'' from [[Gandhi Ghat]] offering dinner cruises twice a day.<ref>[http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/07/29/mv-ganga-vihar-floating-restaurant-of-bihar/ MV Ganga Vihar Floating Restaurant] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801121000/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/07/29/mv-ganga-vihar-floating-restaurant-of-bihar/ |date=1 August 2009 }}</ref>

The Tourism Department focuses on the Ganges [[Ghat]]s in Patna as a major attraction. Motor boats are available to rent at a moderate price and are fitted with Yamaha 25 HP air-cooled two-stroke engines. Lucky tourists can spot [[dolphin|Ganges dolphins]].<ref>[http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/New/News1.htm Ganges Ghats as Tourism destination in Patna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129104305/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/New/News1.htm |date=29 January 2009 }}</ref> There are a number of [[fort]]s (like Raja Ghat, at Rani Ghat, collectarate Ghat) and [[pilgrimages]] (like [[Kali Mandir]] at Kali Ghat, [[Gurdwara Pahila Bara]] at Gai Ghat, and [[Gurdwara Gobind Ghat]] at Gaobind Ghat) situated on the bank of the [[Ganges]] in Patna. Tourists can visit [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]] which is [[List of bridges by length|one of the longest bridges in the world]] and situated at [[Gaighat (Patna)|Gaighat]].

===Religious complex===
Patna is a popular destination for people who are on [[pilgrimage]].

==== Hindu pilgrimages====
* [[Mahavir Mandir]], located in Patna, is one of the holiest [[Hindu temple]]s dedicated to [[Hanuman]]. Millions of pilgrims visit the temple every year. It is the second most-visited religious shrine in [[North India]]. The Mahavir Mandir Trusts have the second highest budget in North India after the famous [[Vaishno Devi]] shrine.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Mandir-trust-submits-Rs-35-cr-budget/articleshow/3017191.cms Budget of Mahavir Mandir] </ref>
* [[Patan Devi]] - The sacred [[temple]] is held to be one of the 51 Siddha [[Shakti Pitha]]s in India. According to [[Puranas|Puranic]] legends, the 'right thigh' of the corpse of [[Dakshayani|Sati]] had fallen here when it was chopped off by [[Lord Vishnu]] with his '[[Sudarshan Chakra]]'. The ancient temple, originally called ''Maa Sarvanand Kari Patneshwari'', is believed to be the abode of the goddess [[Durga]].<ref>[http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/patna_place.htm Patan Devi Temple] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217184249/http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/patna_place.htm |date=17 December 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Kali Mandir]]
* [[Birla Mandir]]

====Sikh pilgrimages====
Patna is one of the holiest cities in [[Sikhism]], as the [[Sikh gurus|tenth Guru of the Sikhs]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]], was born here in 1666 and spent his early years before moving to [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]].<ref name="Johar 1979 23">{{cite book | last = Johar | first = Surinder Singh | title = Guru Gobind Singh: A Study | publisher = Marwah Publications | year = 1979 | pages = 23 }}</ref> Patna was also honoured by visits from [[Guru Nanak]] in 1509 as well as [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] in 1666.
* [[Takht Shri Harmandir Saheb]] is one of the [[Takht (Sikhism)|Five Takhts]] of Sikhism. The [[Gurdwara]] at [[Patna Sahib]] is in remembrance of the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.<ref name="Johar 1979 23"/>
* [[Gurdwara Pahila Bara]], commonly known as [[Gurdwara Ghai Ghat]], is dedicated to [[Guru Nanak Dev]], who during his visit to Patna stayed here in 1509 AD [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] along with his family visited this place in 1666 AD<ref>[http://www.gurbaani.com/gurd/gurdawaras6.htm Gurdwara Pahila Bara] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111054434/http://www.gurbaani.com/gurd/gurdawaras6.htm |date=11 January 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Gurdwara Gobind Ghat]] is where the child [[Guru Gobind Singh]] used to play with his playmates on the bank of the [[Ganges]]. It is situated on the bank of river Ganges and hardly 200 yards from [[Takht Shri Harmandir Saheb]]. It is also known as [[Gurdwara Kangan Ghat]].<ref>[http://www.takhatpatnasahib.com/Gurdwara-Kangan-Ghat.aspx Gurdwara Gobind Ghat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527214504/http://www.takhatpatnasahib.com/Gurdwara-Kangan-Ghat.aspx |date=27 May 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh]] - This [[Gurdwara]] is situated 2 miles away from the [[Takht Shri Harmandir Saheb|birthplace]] of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref>[http://www.takhatpatnasahib.com/Gurdwara-Guru-Ka-Bagh.aspx Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217005152/http://www.takhatpatnasahib.com/Gurdwara-Guru-Ka-Bagh.aspx |date=17 February 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Gurdwara Bal Leela]] - This place is just a few meters away from Takhat Patna Sahib. Guru ji were playing with other children during his childhood. Gurdwara Bal Leela is also known as [[Maini Sangat]].<ref>[http://www.takhatpatnasahib.com/Gurdwara-Bal-Leela.aspx Gurdwara Bal Leela] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527213026/http://www.takhatpatnasahib.com/Gurdwara-Bal-Leela.aspx |date=27 May 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Gurdwara Handi Sahib]] - This Gurdwara was built in the memory of [[Guru Teg Bahadur]], as he with [[Mata Gujri]] and [[Bala Preetam]] stayed here in 1728.<ref>[http://www.takhatpatnasahib.com/Gurdwara-Haandi-Saheb.aspx Gurdwara Handi Sahib] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527214459/http://www.takhatpatnasahib.com/Gurdwara-Haandi-Saheb.aspx |date=27 May 2009 }}</ref>

==== Islamic pilgrimages====
* [[Pathar ki Masjid]] - The Pathar Ki Masjid stands on the bank of the river Ganges near Takht Shri Harmandir Saheb. Parvez Shah, son of Jahangir, established Pathar Ki Masjid in 1621.[1] The structure is built of stones, and so it got its name as Pathar Ki Masjid.<ref>[http://www.tsiindia.com/east-india/pathar-ki-masjid-bihar.html Pathar ki Masjid] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121092938/http://www.tsiindia.com/east-india/pathar-ki-masjid-bihar.html |date=21 November 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Sher Shah Suri Masjid]], a [[mosque]], also known as Shershahi, is an example of the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] style of architecture.<ref>[http://www.splendidindia.com/destinations/bihar/traveling-to-shershahsurimasjidpatna.html Sher Shah Suri Masjid]</ref> [[Sher Shah Suri]] built this mosque in 1540–1545 to commemorate his reign. It is sited in the southwest corner of [[Purab Darwaza]] near [[Dhawalpura]].<ref>[http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/sssmasjid.htm Sher Shah Suri Masjid] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410055512/http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/sssmasjid.htm |date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Maner Sharif]] is the place where [[Shah Daulat|Makhdum Daulat]] in 1608 died. It was then in 1616 that [[Ibrahim Khan (governor of Bihar)|Ibrahim Khan]], Governor of [[Bihar]] who was also his disciple, finished the construction of his [[mausoleum]].
* [[Bihar Sharif]] - The city was an active centre of Muslim learning and art. Today it is a small town with a rich cultural past and is a major Muslim pilgrimage centre.<ref>[http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/sufi_circuit.htm Sufi circuit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210150820/http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/sufi_circuit.htm |date=10 December 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Phulwari Sharif]] - Some important places in Phulwari Sharif: Khanqah Mujeebia, Sheesh Mahal, Shahi Sangi Masjid, [[Imarat-e-Shariah|Imarat-E-Shariya]].
* [[Begu Hajjam's Mosque]] - built in 1489 by the Bengal ruler Alauddin Hussani Shah.

====Christian pilgrimages====
*[[Padari ki haveli]] - The "Mansion of Padre", also known as St Mary's Church, is the oldest [[Church (building)|church]] in [[Bihar]]. When [[Roman Catholics]] arrived in Bihar, they built a small church in 1713 at a place now known as "Padri-ki-Haveli".<ref>[http://www.bihareebabu.com/christian.htm Padri-Ki-Haveli] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808143635/http://www.bihareebabu.com/christian.htm |date=8 August 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Old Church of Patna]]

====Jain pilgrimages====
{{Main|Kamaldah Jain temple}}
[[File:Jain_Temple,_Kamaldah,_Gulzarbagh,_Patna,_Bihar..JPG|thumb|Kamaldah Jain Temple]]
*'''Kamaldah Jain Temple''' : Kamaldah Jain Temple Complex is the oldest Jain temple in Patna built in 18th century. This temple belonging to Śvetāmbara sect. of Jainism, is dedicated to [[Neminatha]], the 22nd tirthankara. It is believed to be built on the site where [[Jain acharya]] [[Sthulabhadra]] (297—198 BCE) spent his last days. Sthulabhadra, a major preceptor of [[Śvētāmbara]] sect of [[Jainism]],{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=1114}} was the successor of [[Bhadrabahu]] The temple was built in 1729 CE ([[Vikram Samvat|V.S.]] 1848) to commemorate the Sthulabhadra.{{sfn|Sinha|1999|p=38}} The temple houses an inscription dating back to 1792 CE.{{sfn|Singh|2018|p=470}}{{sfn|Wood|2015|p=50}}

===Infotainment complex===
* [[Patna Planetarium]] is one of the largest [[planetarium]]s in Asia.<ref>[http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/planetarium.htm Patna Planetarium] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416173723/http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/planetarium.htm |date=16 April 2009 }}</ref> It was dedicated to the nation and opened to public on 1 April 1993.
* [[Patna Museum]] is the state museum of [[Bihar]]. It was built by the [[United Kingdom|British]] during the [[British Raj]] in 1917 to house the historical artifacts found in the vicinity of Patna.<ref>[http://www.thebharat.com/tourism/museum/patna.html The State Museum - Patna Museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509164922/http://www.thebharat.com/tourism/museum/patna.html |date=9 May 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan]] is classified as one of the 16 large zoos in the country and is also known as [[Sanjay Gandhi Botanical and Zoological Garden]] or the [[Patna Zoo]]. This is situated near Bailey Road in Patna.<ref>[http://forest.bih.nic.in/SGBPark.htm Patna Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016064243/http://forest.bih.nic.in/SGBPark.htm |date=16 October 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Srikrishna Science Centre]] - This institution forms a unit of the [[National Council of Science Museums]], an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture. It is located at the southwestern corner of the [[Gandhi Maidan]].<ref>[http://ncsm.gov.in/exibits_5.aspx Exhibits / Facilities at Srikrishna Science Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001172407/http://ncsm.gov.in/exibits_5.aspx |date=1 October 2008 }}</ref> Of late it has become a popular destination, especially for the kids. A number of attractions have been added in the center.<ref>[http://ncsm.gov.in/shrikrishna_science_centre.aspx New Facilities at Shrikrishna Science Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206014051/http://ncsm.gov.in/shrikrishna_science_centre.aspx |date=6 December 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] - One of the [[national libraries of India]], it has a rare collection of [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] [[manuscript]]s. It also hosts [[painting]]s made during [[Rajput]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in India.<ref>[http://kblibrary.bih.nic.in/ Khuda Baksh Oriental Library]</ref>
* [[Sinha Library]]

===Buildings and structures===
[[File:Sabhyatadwarpatna.png|right|thumb|[[Sabhyata Dwar]] in Patna]]
* [[Golghar]] - The Golghar or Gol Ghar ("Round house"), located to the west of the [[Gandhi Maidan]], is a granary built by Captain John Garstin in 1786.<ref>[http://images.vam.ac.uk/indexplus/result.html?_IXFIRST_=39&_IXSS_=_IXFIRST_%3d1%26_IXINITSR_%3dy%26%2524%253dIXID%3d%26_IXACTION_%3dquery%26%2524%253dIXOBJECT%3d%26_IXMAXHITS_%3d15%26%252asform%3dvanda%26%2524%253dIXNAME%3d%26_IXSESSION_%3dkqOBQ7B2FSq%26%2524%253dIXPLACE%3d%26_IXadv_%3d0%26search%3dsearch%26%2524%253dIXMATERIAL%3d%26%2524%253ds%3dpatna%26%2524%253dop%3dAND%26_IXFPFX_%3dtemplates%252ft%26%2524%253dsi%3dtext%26%2524%253dIXFROM%3d%26%2524%253dIXTO%3d&_IXACTION_=query&_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXSR_=7fdauD0_pkE&_IXSPFX_=templates%2ft&_IXFPFX_=templates%2ft Golghar, 1888]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=PratyushSinha101 |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Victoria & Albert Museum]].</ref>
* [[Sabhyata Dwar]]- a sandstone arch monument located on the banks on River Ganga in the city of Patna.
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]], with a length of 5,450 meters,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/24/stories/2006082403760300.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Karnataka / Bijapur News : Korthi-Kolhar bridge inaugurated |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925071322/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/24/stories/2006082403760300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2006-08-24 |archive-date=25 September 2008 }}</ref> is one of the [[List of bridges by length|longest bridges in the world]]. The approach to the bridge from the south is a 50 km long flyover. There are 40 piers to this bridge.
* [[Digha–Sonpur Bridge]] is a rail-cum-road bridge provides easy roadway and railway link between northern and southern parts of Bihar.
* [[Kargil Chowk]] is a [[war memorial]]. It was established in the year 2000, near [[Gandhi Maidan]]. It is dedicated to the soldiers from [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]] who sacrificed their lives in the [[Kargil War]] against [[Pakistan]] in 1999.<ref>[http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/kargil.htm Kargil Chowk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410060645/http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/kargil.htm |date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Patna High Court]] was established on 3 February 1916, and later affiliated under the [[Government of India Act 1915]] ([[5 & 6 Geo. 5]]. c. 61). The court is headquartered in Patna, the administrative [[List of Indian state and union territory capitals|capital]] of the state.<ref>[http://patnahighcourt.bih.nic.in/about.htm Patna High Court] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916202413/http://patnahighcourt.bih.nic.in/about.htm |date=16 September 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Naghol kothi]] is a palace (Kothi) located in Patna. This building was built during the [[British Raj]] by a Mughal architect and is a splendid example of [[Mughal architecture]].<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/nagholkothi.html Nagholkothi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506013651/http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/nagholkothi.html |date=6 May 2008 }}</ref> This building is surrounded by a beautiful garden.
* [[Saheed Smarak]] is a famous [[landmark]] situated near [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]]. It is a memorial to seven extraordinary students who attempted to hoist the [[Indian flag]] on top of the [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]] in 1942 during [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/shaheed-smarak.html Saheed Smarak] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914174201/http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/shaheed-smarak.html |date=14 September 2008 }}</ref>
*Anugrah Seva Sadan, Established by Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan, a care home for underprivileged <ref>masses.http://www.biharjagran.com/tourism.php</ref>
* Darbhanga House, also called Nav Lakha building, was built by Maharaja Sir Kameshwar Singh of [[Darbhanga]]. This beautiful building on the banks of Ganges houses the Kali Mandir, which is a place of worship of the goddess [[Durga]].<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/darbhanga-house.html Darbhanga House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110082543/http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/darbhanga-house.html |date=10 November 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Shri Krishna Memorial Hall]]
* [[Patna Secretariat|Secretariat Building]]
* Qila House - also known as Jalan House

===Parks===
* [[Gandhi Maidan]], previously known as the Patna Lawns, is a historic ground at Patna near the banks of the [[Ganges]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/freedom/congress/c127.htm | title=Great freedom Fighters | author=Kamat | publisher=Kamat's archive | access-date=2006-02-25 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220003547/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/freedom/congress/c127.htm | archive-date=20 February 2006 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Patna Zoo]] is classified as one of the 16 large zoos in the country and is also known as [[Sanjay Gandhi Botanical and Zoological Garden]] or [[Patna Zoo]]. It is situated near Bailey Road in Patna.<ref>[http://forest.bih.nic.in/SGBPark.htm Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016064243/http://forest.bih.nic.in/SGBPark.htm |date=16 October 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Congress Maidan]] is a historic ground that symbolises the [[Indian independence movement]] in Bihar. It was used to hold meetings by great luminaries like [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Nehru]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], Sri Dr. [[Krishna Sinha]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and others.
* [[Buddha Smriti Park]], located at the place where once historical Bankipore jail of British era existed. The central attraction of this park is the Stupa, 200 feet high, situated in the middle of the park.

===Sports complexes===
* [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]] is the largest in Bihar.<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/moin-ul-haque-stadium.html Moin-ul-Haq Stadium] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705213610/http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/moin-ul-haque-stadium.html |date=5 July 2008 }}</ref> The stadium features a swimming pool and a [[cricket]] academy.
* [[Patna Golf Club]] - situated west of the Government House to the South Bihar Gymkhana Club. It is a {{convert|165|acres|adj=on}} [[golf]] field<ref>[http://patnagolfclub.com/ Patna Golf Club] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207065215/http://www.patnagolfclub.com/ |date=7 December 2008 }}</ref> and includes some very tough holes. This well-maintained course will prove interesting to amateur and pros alike.<ref>[http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/world/india/eastindia/patna.html Patna Golf Club] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006112010/http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/world/india/eastindia/patna.html |date=6 October 2008 }}</ref>
* Patliputra Sports Complex - is a sports stadium in the [[Neighbourhood of Kankarbagh]].
* [[Patna Indoor Stadium]] - also known as Rainbow Field and will be renamed after [[Abhinav Bindra]].<ref>[http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/sports/2008/abhinav-bindra-biography-180908.html Patna Indoor Stadium] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921012549/http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/sports/2008/abhinav-bindra-biography-180908.html |date=21 September 2008 }}</ref>

===Club===
Patna houses such prominent clubs as the [[Bankipore]] Club, [[Patna Golf Club|Golf Club]], [[New Patna Club]], [[Lions Club]], and [[Rotary Club]].<ref>[http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/Recreation.htm#clubs Clubs in Patna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026210006/http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/Recreation.htm |date=26 October 2008 }}</ref> The Bankipore Club, on the banks of the river Ganges, came into existence in 1913.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021204528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-24/patna/27250324_1_bankipore-club-bhagat-club-members Bankipore Club]</ref> It is affiliated with various organizations.<ref>[http://www.goldenswan.com/country/html/affiliates.html Affiliation of Bankipore Club by Golden Swan Country Club] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003220939/http://www.goldenswan.com/country/html/affiliates.html |date=3 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.lamicale.net/oaffiliation.asp Affiliation of Bankipore Club by ''L'AMICALE''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827201245/http://www.lamicale.net/oaffiliation.asp |date=27 August 2008 }}</ref> The dance hall of this club is said to be one of the original buildings built by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in the 17th century.

===Neighbourhoods===
* [[Bankipore]]
* [[Kankarbagh]]
* [[Maner Sharif]]
* [[Bihta]]
* [[Danapur]]
* [[Khagaul]]
* [[Masaurhi]]

===Places Near Patna===
* [[Hajipur]]
* [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
* [[Rajgir]]
* [[Nalanda]]
* [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
* [[Bodh Gaya]]
* [[Pawapuri]]
*[[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonepur]]

==Shopping==
Shopping is one of the favourite recreational activities of the locals. Numerous shopping complexes exist in Patna, including P &M Mall, City Centre, N.P. Centre, Maharaja Kameshwar Complex, Verma Centre, Kulharia complex, Khaitan market and [[Harihar Chamber]] being amongst the prominent shopping destinations. Maurya lok is one of the oldest and largest shopping areas of Patna. Patna market and Hathwa market are also famous shopping points of the city. There are also malls featuring branded outlets and entertainment.

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|3}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |author-link=Roshen Dalal |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |url={{Google books|pNmfdAKFpkQC|pg=1114|plainurl=yes}} |date=2010 |orig-year=2006 |publisher=[[Penguin books]]|isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=Pradyuman | url={{Google books|399UDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT470|plainurl=true}} | title=Bihar General Knowledge Digest | publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] | location=New Delhi | date=2018 | isbn=978-93-52667-69-7 }}
* {{cite book | last=Sinha | first=Nishi | url={{Google books|puVMrtgd7kAC|page=38|plainurl=true}} | title=Tourism Perspective in Bihar | publisher=APH Publishing | location=New Delhi | date=1999 | isbn=978-81-70249-75-7 }}
* {{cite book | last=Wood | first=Michael | author-link=Michael Wood (historian) | url={{Google books|cKubCAAAQBAJ|pg=PT50|plainurl=true}} | title=The Story of India | series=[[The Story of India|Michael Wood: The Story of India]] | publisher=BBC Books | date=2015 | isbn=9781448141463 }}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Patna}}
* [http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/ Official website of Bihar Tourism]
* [http://tourismbihar.org/ Official website of Department of Tourism, Bihar]
* [https://amazingplaces.in/places-to-visit-in-patna/ places to visit in patna]

{{Tourist attractions in Patna}}
{{Patna Division topics}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Patna| ]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Bihar|P]]
[[Category:Patna-related lists|T]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India by populated place|P]]

Varanasi–New Delhi Vande Bharat Express

2025-10-14T14:20:25Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{Italic title}}{{distinguish|text=[[New Delhi–Varanasi Vande Bharat Express]], India's 1st semi high-speed Vande Bharat Express train}}
{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Varanasi Junction - New Delhi ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[New Delhi]]
| first = {{start date|2023|12|18|df=y}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|20 December 2023}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]] (NR)
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} '''(BSB)'''
| stops = 2
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} '''(NDLS)'''
| distance = {{convert|755|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08 hrs 05 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 22415 / 22416
| line_used = *[[Varanasi–Prayagraj line]]
*[[Mughalsarai–Kanpur section|DDU–Kanpur section]]
*[[Kanpur–Delhi section]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: September 15 2024)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0]] ''(First service: September 16 2024)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|94|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|480|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Northern Railway zone|New Delhi (Shakur Basti DEMU Care Center)]]
| map = {{Varanasi-New Delhi VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}
'''The 22415 / 22416 Varanasi - New Delhi -Varanasi ''Vande Bharat SF Express''''' is India's 35th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Superfast Express train]], connecting the city of [[Varanasi]] with the capital city of India, [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varanasi Gets Second Vande Bharat Express; PM Modi To Flag Off Train To New Delhi {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/varanasi-gets-second-vande-bharat-express-pm-modi-to-flag-off-train-to-new-delhi-indian-railways-time-table-route-6590689/ |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2023 |title=PM to flag off second Vande Bharat, Tamil Sangamam during 2-day visit |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/pm-to-flag-off-second-vande-bharat-and-kashi-tamil-sangamam-weekly-express-train/articleshow/106037716.cms |access-date=16 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi to Varanasi: Vande Bharat's Launch Date Announced! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/delhi-varanasi-vande-bharat-express-route-blid6265 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> This will be the 2nd Vande Bharat Express train which will run on the New Delhi-Varanasi train line after 15 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Narendra |date=15 February 2019 |title=PM Modi flags off engine-less Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/pm-modi-flags-off-engine-less-vande-bharat-express/ |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref>

This Superfast Express train was inaugurated on 18 December 2023 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] from Varanasi's Barki village who was welcomed by [[Yogi Adityanath]], [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athrady |first=Ajith |title=PM Modi flags off second Vande Bharat train between Varanasi and Delhi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/pm-modi-flags-off-second-vande-bharat-train-between-varanasi-and-delhi-2815547 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It is the fastest train on new delhi Varanasi route

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Jn]], [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj (Allahabad) Jn]], [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Ctrl]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 22415/22416 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=New Trains: Varanasi will get the gift of two more trains including Vande Bharat, PM Modi will flag off on this day - informalnewz |url=https://www.informalnewz.com/new-trains-varanasi-will-get-the-gift-of-two-more-trains-including-vande-bharat-pm-modi-will-flag-off-on-this-day/ |access-date=16 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=Second Varanasi-New Delhi Vande Bharat Express To Be Flagged Off By PM Modi {{!}} DETAILS |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/varanasi-new-delhi-vande-bharat-express-likely-to-be-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-check-route-schedule-timings-article-105992171 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=2nd Vande Bharat Express to run on Delhi-Varanasi route, PM Modi may inaugurate train on Dec 18 |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/delhi-ncr/2nd-vande-bharat-express-to-run-on-delhi-varanasi-route-pm-modi-may-inaugurate-train-on-dec-18-2377859 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Modi in Varanasi Day 2: PM to launch 2nd 'saffron' Vande Bharat, 402 km section of eastern freight corridor today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-in-varanasi-day-2-pm-to-launch-2nd-saffron-vande-bharat-402-km-section-of-eastern-freight-corridor-today-101702861843904.html |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the thirty-third [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation Vande Bharat Express train]] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On September 16th 2024, it was given the new [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Third generation|3rd generation Vande Bharat trainset]] with 20 coaches.

== Service ==

The 22415/22416 Varanasi Jn - New Delhi Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Tuesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|759|km}} in a travel time of 8 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|94|km/h}}. The service has 2 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[New Delhi–Varanasi Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Varanasi Junction railway station]]
* [[New Delhi railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
[https://www.rightsofemployees.com/namo-bharat-train-will-start-on-more-routes-in-up-these-districts-will-get-direct-benefit/ Namo Bharat train will start on more routes in UP]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]

2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad season

2025-09-25T16:10:26Z

MercedesPeachey: put up new data...

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = SunRisers Hyderabad
| image =
| alt =
| season = [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
| coach = [[Tom Moody]]
| captain = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] (Capacity: 55,000)
| comp1 = [[2016 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = '''Champions''' (1st title)
| prevseason = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2015|2015]]
| nextseason = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2017|2017]]
| most runs= [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (848)
| most wickets= [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (23)
| most catches= [[Moisés Henriques]] (11)
| most dismissals= [[Naman Ojha]] (18)
}}

[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (SRH) are a franchise cricket team based in [[Hyderabad]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2016 Indian Premier League]], their fourth outing in the competition. The team was captained by [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] and coached by [[Tom Moody]] with [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] as bowling coach and [[VVS Laxman]] as mentor.<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2016 know your coaching staff |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ipl-2016-know-your-coaching-staff|publisher=sportskeeda.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref> They started their campaign against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] on 12 April 2016 on a losing note but went on to win their first IPL title, beating the same opposition in the [[2016 Indian Premier League final|final]] on 29 May 2016 by 8 runs. In the process, they became the first team to win both, the Eliminator match and Qualifier 2 before winning the final. [[Ben Cutting]] was declared the man of the match in the final and [[Mustafizur Rahman]] was declared as the emerging player of the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2016-full-list-award-winners-major-statistics-kohli-stars-2113044.html|title = IPL 2016: Full list of award winners and major statistics; Virat Kohli stars|date = 29 May 2016}}</ref> [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] won the [[Purple Cap]] for taking 23 wickets in this IPL.<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2016 Purple Cap: Highest Wicket takers in IPL 9 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ipl-2016-purple-cap-highest-wicket-takers-ipl-9|publisher=sportskeeda.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref>

[[Image:DAVID WARNER (11704782453).jpg|thumb|right|[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] captained SRH for IPL 2016]]

==Administration and support staff==

[[Image:Tom Moody Sunrisers.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tom Moody]] coached SRH in IPL 2016]]

* Owner – [[Kalanithi Maran]] ([[Sun Network]])
* Head coach – [[Tom Moody]]
* Assistant coach – [[Simon Helmot]]
* Bowling coach – [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
* Mentor – [[VVS Laxman]]
<div style="font-size:75%"> Source :<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2016 know your coaching staff |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ipl-2016-know-your-coaching-staff|publisher=sportskeeda.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref> </div>

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Kit Manufacturers
!Shirt Sponsor (Chest)
!Shirt Sponsor (Back)
|-
|[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]
|[[UltraTech Cement]]
|[[Idea]]
|}


== Players auction ==
{{main|List of 2016 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}

The players auction for the 2016 Indian Premier League held in [[Bangalore]] on 6 February 2016. All eight franchises had participated in the auction.<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2016 from April 9 to May 29, players' auction on Feb 6|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/ipl-2016-from-april-9-to-may-29-players-auction-on-feb-6-1174375.html|publisher=IBNLive|accessdate=5 January 2016}}</ref> SRH has retained 15 players and released 9 players from the previous season. Due to this effort SRH Spent {{INRConvert|358.5|m}} and kept the balance {{INRConvert|301.5|m}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Retained Players of SRH in 2016|url=http://www.iplt20.com/news/2015/announcements/7026/vivo-ipl-2016-player-retention-list|publisher=www.iplt20.com|accessdate=31 December 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103012511/http://www.iplt20.com/news/2015/announcements/7026/vivo-ipl-2016-player-retention-list|archivedate=3 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Released Players of SRH in 2016 |url=http://www.iplt20.com/news/2015/announcements/7031/vivo-ipl-2016-list-of-players-released|publisher=www.iplt20.com|accessdate=31 December 2015}}</ref> Added 10 players to the team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Released Players of SRH in 2016 |date=6 February 2016|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/sunrisers-hyderabad-srh-team-in-ipl-2016-well-balanced-side-after-ipl-9-auction-395491|publisher=www.cricketcountry.com|accessdate=6 February 2016}}</ref>

'''Retained Players''': [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Ashish Reddy]], [[Naman Ojha]], [[Eoin Morgan]], [[Karn Sharma]], [[Moises Henriques]], [[Kane Williamson]], [[Trent Boult]], [[Ricky Bhui]], [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], [[Siddarth Kaul]], [[Bipul Sharma]]

'''Released Players''': [[Dale Steyn]], [[Kevin Pietersen]], [[Ishant Sharma]], [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]], [[Chama Milind]], [[Hanuma Vihari]], [[Ravi Bopara]], [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]] and [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]]

'''Added Players''': [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Ashish Nehra]], [[Ben Cutting]], [[Tirumalasetti Suman]], [[Deepak Hooda]], [[Mustafizur Rahman]], [[Aditya Tare]], [[Barinder Sran]], [[Vijay Shankar]] and [[Abhimanyu Mithun]]

'''Traded Players''': [[KL Rahul]], [[Parveez Rasool]]<ref name="SRH to RCB">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/content/story/973211.html|title=KL Rahul, Parvez Rasool join Royal Challengers Bangalore|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=16 February 2016}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad Squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/969897.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
| '''[[Kane Williamson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1990|08|08|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Eoin Morgan]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1986|09|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1985|12|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||
|-
| '''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1986|10|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]], Overseas.
|-
| [[Ricky Bhui]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1996|11|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1983|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
| '''[[Moisés Henriques]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1987|2|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Yuvraj Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1981|12|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 ||
|-
| [[Deepak Hooda]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1995|4|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 ||
|-
| [[Bipul Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1983|9|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 ||
|-
| [[Ben Cutting]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1987|1|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || Overseas.
|-
| [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1991|1|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 ||
|-
| [[Ashish Reddy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1991|02|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
| '''[[Naman Ojha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1983|7|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[Aditya Tare]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1987|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[wicket keeper]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
| [[Siddarth Kaul]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1990|5|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 ||
|-
| '''[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1990|2|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[Trent Boult]]''' || {{cr|NZL}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1989|07|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Barinder Sran]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1992|12|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 ||
|-
| '''[[Ashish Nehra]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1979|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || Withdrew due to hamstring injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashish Nehra out of IPL with hamstring injury |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/content/story/1016389.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 May 2016|accessdate=27 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Mustafizur Rahman]]''' || {{cr|BAN}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1995|9|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Abhimanyu Mithun]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1989|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2016 ||
|-
| '''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2016|04|09|1987|10|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||
|}

== Standings ==
{{2016 Indian Premier League Points table|team=SRH}}

=== Match summary ===
{{main|2016 Indian Premier League#Match summary}}

=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Match
|label1= Ground
| res1=[[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|A]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|H]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|H]]/[[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|A]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|H]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|H]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|H]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|H]]/[[ACA-VDCA Stadium|A]]/[[ACA-VDCA Stadium|A]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|H]]/[[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|A]]/[[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Stadium|A]]/[[Eden Gardens|A]]
|label2= Result
| res2=L/L/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/L/W/L/L

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss

|source=[[#Fixtures|Fixtures]]
|date=May 2017
}}

==Fixtures==
===League stage===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}

{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match4}} 12 April | time = 20:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 227/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 182/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 82 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Mustafi zur Rahman]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 58 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Shane Watson]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[AB de Villiers]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (Sri Lanka) and [[Virender Sharma]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980907.html Scorecard]
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 45 runs
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match8}} 16 April | time = 16:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 142/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 146/2 (18.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Eoin Morgan]] 51 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 90[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets2 = [[Ashish Reddy]] 1/14 (2 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Gautam Gambhir]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (India) and [[C. K. Nandan]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980915.html Scorecard]
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 8 wickets
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match12}} 18 April | time = 20:00 | team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]{{sp}}(H)
| score1 = 142/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 145/3 (17.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 54 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Barinder Sran]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 90[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets2 = [[Tim Southee]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (Sri Lanka) and [[Virender Sharma]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980923.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match15}} 21 April | time = 20:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Gujarat Lions]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 =135/8 (20 overs)
| score2 =137/0 (14.5 overs)
| runs1 =[[Suresh Raina]] 75 (51)
| wickets1 =[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 4/29 (4 overs)
| runs2 =[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 74[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 =[[Ravindra Jadeja]] 0/20 (2.5 overs)
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss =Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| umpires =[[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (India) and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (Sri Lanka)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980929.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 10 wickets
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match18}} 23 April | time = 20:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| score1 =146/5 (17.5 overs)
| score2 =143/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 =[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 59 (31)
| wickets1 =[[Mohit Sharma]] 1/20 (3 overs)
| runs2 =[[Shaun Marsh]] 40 (34)
| wickets2 =[[Mustafizur Rahman]] 2/9 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], Uppal, [[Hyderabad]]
| toss =Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =[[Mustafizur Rahman]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| umpires =[[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (India) and [[C. K. Nandan]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980935.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match22}} 26 April | time = 20:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| score1 =118/8 (20 overs)
| score2 =94/3 (11 overs)
| runs1 =[[Shikhar Dhawan]] 56 (53)
| wickets1 =[[Ashok Dinda]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| runs2 =[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 46* (36)
| wickets2 =[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 1/17 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], Uppal, [[Hyderabad]]
| toss =Rising Pune Supergiants won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =[[Ashok Dinda]] (Rising Pune Supergiants)
| umpires =[[Anil Dandekar]] (India) and [[C. K. Nandan]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980943.html Scorecard]
| result = Rising Pune Supergiants won by 34 runs (D/L method)
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match27}} 30 April | time = 20:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] | daynight = yes
| score1 = 194/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 179/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 92 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Kane Richardson]] 2/45 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 51 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 1/32 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (India) and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (Sri Lanka)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980953.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 15 runs
| rain = Rain delayed the toss and the start of play by an hour but no overs were lost from play.
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match34}} 6 May | time = 20:00 | team1 = [[Gujarat Lions]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]{{sp}}(H) | daynight = yes
| score1 = 126/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 129/5 (19 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aaron Finch]] 51[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets1 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 47[[not out|*]] (40)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 2/14 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (South Africa) and [[Sundaram Ravi]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980967.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match37}} 8 May | time = 16:00 | team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]{{sp}}(H) | daynight = yes
| score1 = 177/3 (20 overs)
| score2 = 92 (16.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 82[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 21[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets2 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 3/15 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Ashish Nehra]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (India) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980973.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 85 runs
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match40}} 10 May | time = 20:00 | team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]{{sp}}(H) | daynight = yes
| score1 = 137/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 133/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 33 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Adam Zampa]] 6/19 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]] 34 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Adam Zampa]] (Rising Pune Supergiants)
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (New Zealand) and [[Virender Sharma]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980979.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 4 runs
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match42}} 12 May | time = 20:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Delhi Daredevils]] | daynight = yes
| score1 = 146/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 150/3 (18.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 46 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 2/19 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 44 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Moises Henriques]] 2/19 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] (Delhi Daredevils)
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (India) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (South Africa)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980983.html Scorecard]
| result = Delhi Daredevils won by 7 wickets
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match47}} 15 May | time = 16:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Kings XI Punjab]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | daynight = yes
| score1 = 179/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 180/3 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 96 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 52 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Axar Patel]] 1/26 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| toss = Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Hashim Amla]] (Kings XI Punjab)
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (India) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (South Africa)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/980991.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match52}} 20 May | time = 20:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Delhi Daredevils]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 =161/4 (20 overs)
| score2 =158/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 =[[Karun Nair]] 83[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets1 =[[Carlos Brathwaite]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| runs2 =[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 73 (56)
| wickets2 =[[Barinder Sran]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Stadium]], [[Raipur]]
| toss =Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =[[Karun Nair]] (Delhi Daredevils)
| umpires =[[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] (India) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Australia)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981003.html Scorecard]
| result = Delhi Daredevils won by 6 wickets
|daynight=yes
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match55}} 22 May | time = 16:00 | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 =171/6 (20 overs)
| score2 =149/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 =[[Yusuf Pathan]] 52[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets1 =[[Deepak Hooda]] 2/16 (2 overs)
| runs2 =[[Shikhar Dhawan]] 51 (30)
| wickets2 =[[Sunil Narine]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| toss =Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =[[Yusuf Pathan]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| umpires =[[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (India) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (South Africa)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981009.html Scorecard]
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 22 runs
|daynight=yes
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}

===Playoff stage===

==== Eliminator ====
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match58}} 25 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 162/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 140/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 44 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Manish Pandey]] 36 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Moises Henriques]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (South Africa) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981015.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 22 runs
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}

==== Qualifier 2 ====
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match59}} 27 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes
| team1 = [[Gujarat Lions]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 162/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 163/6 (19.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aaron Finch]] 50 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Ben Cutting]] 2/20 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 93[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets2 = [[Shivil Kaushik]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (South Africa) and [[C. K. Nandan]] (India)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981017.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 4 wickets
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}

==== Final ====
{{Main|2016 Indian Premier League final}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match60}} 29 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 208/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 200/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 69 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] 3/45 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 76 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Ben Cutting]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Ben Cutting]] (Sunrisers Hyederabad)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (Sri Lanka) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Australia)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/981019.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 8 runs
| rain = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] won the 2016 Indian Premier League.
| notes = This was the maiden IPL title for [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]].
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}


== Statistics ==

{{gallery

| width = 150
| align = center
| File:David Warner batting.jpg
| alt1 = A man wearing yellow Australian jersey playing a shot.
| [[David Warner (cricketer) | David Warner]] became highest run-getter for SRH in IPL 2016.

| File:SHIKHAR DHAWAN (16005494418).jpg
| alt2 = A man wearing a dark-blue shirt and standing near camera.
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] became second highest run-getter for SRH in IPL 2016.

| File:Bhuvneshwar Kumar.jpg
| alt3 = A man wearing blue indian jersey and in bowling action.
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] became highest wicket-taker for SRH winning [[List of Indian Premier League awards #Purple Cap| Purple Cap]] in IPL 2016.

| File:Mustafiz with his familly; photo taken by Masum Ibn Musa.JPG
| alt4 = A man in a red-black t-shirt with white stripes.
| [[Mustafizur Rahman]] became second highest wicket-taker for SRH in IPL 2016.

}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Mat
!Runs
!HS
!Ave
!SR
!Wkts
!BBI
!Ave
!Eco
!Ct
!St
|-
|'''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|17 || style="text-align:center;"|501 || style="text-align:center;"|82* || style="text-align:center;"| 38.53 || style="text-align:center;"| 116.78 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|17 || style="text-align:center;"|848 || style="text-align:center;"|93* || style="text-align:center;"| 60.57 || style="text-align:center;"| 151.42 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Moisés Henriques]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|17 || style="text-align:center;"|182 || style="text-align:center;"|31* || style="text-align:center;"| 15.16 || style="text-align:center;"| 115.18 || style="text-align:center;"| 12 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/17 || style="text-align:center;"| 34.58 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.98 || style="text-align:center;"| 11 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Yuvraj Singh]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|10 || style="text-align:center;"|236 || style="text-align:center;"|44 || style="text-align:center;"| 26.22 || style="text-align:center;"| 131.84 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 8.43 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Eoin Morgan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|7 || style="text-align:center;"|123 || style="text-align:center;"|51 || style="text-align:center;"| 24.60 || style="text-align:center;"| 117.14 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Kane Williamson]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|6 || style="text-align:center;"|124 || style="text-align:center;"|50 || style="text-align:center;"| 20.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 101.63 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 7.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Deepak Hooda]] || style="text-align:center;"|17 || style="text-align:center;"|144 || style="text-align:center;"|34 || style="text-align:center;"| 10.28 || style="text-align:center;"| 119.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/16 || style="text-align:center;"| 32.33 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.46 || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Ben Cutting]] || style="text-align:center;"|4 || style="text-align:center;"|65 || style="text-align:center;"|39* || style="text-align:center;"| 32.50 || style="text-align:center;"| 191.17 || style="text-align:center;"| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/20 || style="text-align:center;"| 16.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.16 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Naman Ojha]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|17 || style="text-align:center;"|136 || style="text-align:center;"|37 || style="text-align:center;"| 13.60 || style="text-align:center;"| 98.55 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 18 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Ashish Reddy]] || style="text-align:center;"|4 || style="text-align:center;"|47 || style="text-align:center;"|32 || style="text-align:center;"| 23.50 || style="text-align:center;"| 162.06 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 1/14 || style="text-align:center;"| 39.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 10.17 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Aditya Tare]] || style="text-align:center;"|3 || style="text-align:center;"|8 || style="text-align:center;"|8 || style="text-align:center;"| 4.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 53.33 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Bipul Sharma]] || style="text-align:center;"|7 || style="text-align:center;"|51 || style="text-align:center;"|27* || style="text-align:center;"| 25.50 || style="text-align:center;"| 204.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 1/10 || style="text-align:center;"| 40.33 || style="text-align:center;"| 8.64 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|17 || style="text-align:center;"|43 || style="text-align:center;"|21 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.16 || style="text-align:center;"| 159.25 || style="text-align:center;"| 23 || style="text-align:center;"| 4/29 || style="text-align:center;"| 21.30 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.42 || style="text-align:center;"| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Barinder Sran]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|4 || style="text-align:center;"|2* || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 100.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 14 || style="text-align:center;"| 3/28 || style="text-align:center;"| 29.50 || style="text-align:center;"| 8.34 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|5 || style="text-align:center;"|36 || style="text-align:center;"|26* || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 120.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 10.46 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Mustafizur Rahman]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|16 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 17 || style="text-align:center;"| 3/16 || style="text-align:center;"| 24.76 || style="text-align:center;"| 6.90 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Ashish Nehra]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|8 || style="text-align:center;"|1 || style="text-align:center;"|1* || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 100.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 9 || style="text-align:center;"| 3/15 || style="text-align:center;"| 22.11 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.65 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Trent Boult]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|1 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 1/39 || style="text-align:center;"| 39.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 9.75 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|}

<div style="font-size:75%">[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=11001;team=5143;type=tournament Full Table on ESPNcricinfo]</div>
 Last updated: 26 Oct 2017

==Awards and achievements==
===Awards===
; Man of the Match
[[Image:Brisbane Heat vs Melbourne Stars T20 15.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ben Cutting]] awarded player of the match in [[2016 Indian Premier League final|IPL 2016 Final]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Venue
! Result
! Contribution
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=18|format=dmy}} || [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 7 wickets || 90*(59)
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=21|format=dmy}} || [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || [[Gujarat Lions]] || [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Rajkot]] || Won by 10 wickets || 4/29 (4 Overs)
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=23|format=dmy}} || [[Mustafizur Rahman]] || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 5 wickets || 2/9 (4 Overs)
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2016|2=4|3=30|format=dmy}} || [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 15 runs || 92(50)
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=6|format=dmy}} || [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || [[Gujarat Lions]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 5 wickets || 2/28 (4 Overs)
|-
| 6 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=8|format=dmy}} || [[Ashish Nehra]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium|Visakhapatnam]] || Won by 85 runs || 3/15 (3 Overs)
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| Play-offs
|-
| 7 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=25|format=dmy}} || [[Moises Henriques]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (Eliminator) || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]] || Won by 22 Runs || 31(21) & 2/17 (3 Overs)
|-
| 8 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=27|format=dmy}} || [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Gujarat Lions]] (Qualifier 2) || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]] || Won by 4 Wickets || 93*(58)
|-
| 9 || {{dts|1=2016|2=5|3=29|format=dmy}} || [[Ben Cutting]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (Final) || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 8 Runs || 39(15) & 2/35 (4 Overs)
|}
;Season Awards
* Champions of the [[2016 Indian Premier League]]
* Winner of 2016 [[Indian Premier League Fair Play Award|Fair Play Award]]
* Winner of Purple Cap: [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* Emerging player of the season: [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
* Ball of the tournament: [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
* Vitara Brezza Glam Shot of the Season: [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
<div style="font-size:75%"> Source :<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2016-full-list-award-winners-major-statistics-kohli-stars-2113044.html|title = IPL 2016: Full list of award winners and major statistics; Virat Kohli stars|date = 29 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ipl-2016-complete-list-all-award-winners-kohli-dominates-680587|title=IPL 2016: Complete list of all the award winners; Kohli dominates|date=30 May 2016|publisher=ibitimes|accessdate=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2016-individual-awards-for-outstanding-players_1889979.html|title=IPL 2016: Individual awards for outstanding players|date=30 May 2016|publisher=zeenews|accessdate=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports24hour.com/indian-premier-league-2016-all-award-winners-list-ipl-9/|title=Indian Premier League 2016 All Award Winners list – IPL 9|date=30 May 2016|publisher=sports24hour|accessdate=27 November 2017}}</ref> </div>

===Achievements===
* Biggest six of the tournament : [[Ben Cutting]]<ref name=iplt20biggestsix>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2016/biggest-sixes|title=Biggest Sixes |work=iplt20.com |date=2016-05-27|access-date=2018-05-30|language=en}}</ref>
* Yes bank maximum : [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
* Most Fours scored : [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]<ref name=iplt20mostfours>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2016/most-fours|title=Most Fours |work=iplt20.com |date=2016-05-27|access-date=2018-05-30|language=en}}</ref>
* Most Dot Balls Bowled : [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]<ref name=iplt20mostdotballs>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2016/most-dot-balls|title=Most Dot balls |work=iplt20.com |date=2016-05-27|access-date=2018-05-30|language=en}}</ref>


==Reaction==
The [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016 season]] performances helped the IPL see its brand value jump by 19% to the estimated value of {{USD}}4.16 billion. The SunRisers also saw the increase in their brand value by 17% to {{USD}}41 million in 2016, according to [[Duff & Phelps]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/ipl-brand-valuation-soars-to-4-16-billion-duff-phelps/articleshow/52930766.cms?from=mdr|title=IPL brand valuation soars to $4.16 billion: Duff & Phelps|access-date=4 April 2019|work=The Economic Times|date=27 July 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Sunrisers Hyderabad records]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sunrisershyderabad.in Sunrisers Hyderabad official website]

{{Sunrisers Hyderabad}}

[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad seasons]]
[[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2016 Indian Premier League]]

Khalkom

2025-09-11T17:27:48Z

MercedesPeachey: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Kalkhama]]

M. A. Sreenivasan

2025-08-24T01:16:32Z

MercedesPeachey: brief improved page for clarity additionally and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}

'''M. A. Sreenivasan''' (1897–1998) was a minister in the Princely State of [[Mysore]] and was also Dewan of [[Gwalior]], India.

He was a Member of the Constituent Assembly representing the erstwhile Princely State of Gwalior during 1947–48. He had an illustrious career in the Civil Service in the then State of Mysore. He served as Mysore's Trade Commissioner in London. During the [[Second World War]], he also held offices of Controller of Supplies and Controller of Purchases in the [[Government of India]].

Sreenivasan became a Minister in Princely State of Mysore under Dewan Sir M. Madhava Rao and handled portfolios of Industries, Agriculture and Food and Civil Supplies during 1943–46. He then became Dewan of the Princely State of Gwalior under [[George Jivajirao Scindia|Maharaja Jivaji Rao Scindia]] during the crucial days of accession to the Indian Union.

Sreenivasan was the first Indian Chairman of the John Taylor Company which was mining gold at [[Kolar Gold Fields]]. He authored a book titled Labour in India: Socio-Economic Conditions of Workers in the Kolar Gold Mines. He also served as Chairman of Consolidated Coffee Limited and Coffee Lands and Industries. He was a Director of [[Air India]], [[Buckingham and Carnatic Mills]] and other companies.

He founded the University of Agricultural Science, at Hebbal. His autobiography is titled 'Of the Raj, Maharajas and Me'.

Sreenivasan was the founder President of the Greater Mysore Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

He died on 15 January 1998 at [[Bangalore]], Karnataka at the age of hundred and one years.

==Family==
His son, the late M. A. Parthasarathy was a former Chairman of the Bangalore Urban Arts Commission.

His daughter, [[Devaki Jain]] is an Indian economist known for her work on Development. One of his grandsons is [[Sreenivasan Jain]], the current managing editor of [[NDTV]], who is one of two sons of Devaki Jain.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/devaki-not-your-average-jain/story-NHLVOENEe4A9wHA9tLo5XN.html|title = Devaki, No plain Jain|author=Deepanjana Pal|website=Hindustan Times|date=10 October 2020|accessdate=11 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreenivasan, M. A.}}
[[Category:Administrators in the princely states of India]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian dewans]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Gwalior]]

Char Jadubati

2025-08-16T19:54:48Z

MercedesPeachey: Added new stub

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Charjadubati.jpg|thumb|Wooden bridge at Char Jadubati over [[Jamuna River (West Bengal)]].]]<mapframe latitude="22.991543" longitude="88.417110" zoom="7" text="Map showing location of Char Jadubati. " width="200" height="100">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [ 88.414815, 22.993093 ]
}
}
]
}
</mapframe>'''Char Jadubati''' is a village in [[Nadia district]], [[West Bengal]], India, on the banks of [[Hooghly River|River Hooghly]]. According to [[2011 census of India|Census 2011]], Char Jadubati village has population of 1777, of which 930 are males and 847 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Char Jadubati Village Population - Chakdah - Nadia, West Bengal |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/322302-char-jadubati-west-bengal.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|22|59|38|N|88|25|09|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Nadia district]]

{{Nadia-geo-stub}}

Radha Kumar

2025-06-05T19:44:41Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{short description|Indian feminist, academic and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
'''Radha Kumar''' is an Indian feminist, academic and author. Her work focuses on [[ethnic conflict]]s and peace processes from a strongly feminist perspective.

==Early life==
Kumar is the daughter of [[Lovraj Kumar]], a former bureaucrat and the economic historian Dr [[Dharma Kumar]]. While Lovraj Kumar belongs to [[Uttarakhand]], Dharma hails from a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Brahmin]] family from [[south India]]. Radha Kumar grew up in [[Delhi]] and studied in [[Modern School (New Delhi)]].

She studied for her master's degree in English Literature at [[Newnham College, Cambridge]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Matriculation records of Newnham College, Cambridge |publisher=Newnham College}}</ref> (the college at which her mother had previously studied), before taking her PhD at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]].

==Career==
Kumar has written several books on a wide range of subjects, mostly dealing with gender issues in a conflict situation. Usually, the conflicts that she has chosen to address in this manner have involved a [[Muslim]] party or a [[communist]] party or both of these. Kumar has been a director at the Nelson Mandela Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution at [[Jamia Milia Islamia]], a Muslim minority institution located in Delhi. She is also co-founder and Director-General of the ''Delhi Policy Group'', a think-tank which has received generous funding from US-based agencies including the Ford Foundation.<ref name=Bio>{{cite web|title=Professor Radha Kumar|url=http://www.delhipolicygroup.com/program_directors.htm|publisher=Delhi Policy Group}}</ref>

Kumar, along with over 40 historians, economists, academics, activists, artists, entrepreneurs, lawyers, and media personalities from 13 countries will speak at the South Asia Union Summit Led by Women which will be held virtually from October 2–3, 2021. This goal of the summit is to discuss solutions for peace, social justice and gender equality.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Neel Kamal|date=Sep 22, 2021|title=south asia: Women from 13 nations to discuss rights, gender equality in South Asia {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/women-from-13-south-asian-nations-to-discuss-rights-gender-equality-among-other-issues/articleshow/86405792.cms|access-date=2021-09-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Kashmir interlocutor panel==
In October 2010, Kumar was appointed as one of the three [[Interlocutor (politics)|interlocutors]] for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] appointed by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) of the Central Government of India.<ref name=ET_Radha>{{cite news|title=Padgaonkar, Radha Kumar & Ansari to be interlocutors|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-14/news/27589776_1_interlocutors-m-m-ansari-jammu-and-kashmir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403034504/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-14/news/27589776_1_interlocutors-m-m-ansari-jammu-and-kashmir|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2015|accessdate=29 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=14 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Radha Kumar to stay J&K interlocutor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Radha-Kumar-to-stay-JK-interlocutor/articleshow/9548081.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 August 2011 | accessdate=18 November 2018 }}</ref> The panel was headed by Dilip Padgaonkar, former editor of the [[Times of India]]. and the other member was M.M. Ansari, a former [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]]er of India.

Within a few weeks of the panel's constitution, and after private hints had failed, a public reprimand was issued to the panel by [[P. Chidambaram]], home minister of India, for speaking too freely and too frequently to the press; and also for pushing various schemes and solutions, when the assigned job of the panel was to gauge and summarize the views and ideas of Kashmiri society. All of these criticisms pertained to actions taken by Kumar. Her reaction to the reprimand was to tell the press that the home minister (who had appointed the panel) had no business to tell the interlocutors what they should do.

==Published works==
*''Divide and Fall?: Bosnia in the Annals of Partition''
*''Negotiating Peace in Deeply Divided Societies: A Set of Simulations''
*''Making Peace with Partition''
*''[[The History of Doing|The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women's Rights and Feminism in India 1800–1990]]''
*''Bosnia-Herzegovina: Between War and Peace''(Co editor)
*''Frameworks For A Kashmir Settlement''
*''Paradise at war: A political history of Kashmir ''
*'' The Republic Relearnt: Renewing Indian Democracy (1947-2024) ''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/author/radha-kumar Radha Kumar articles] Foreign Affairs

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Radha}}
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chhota Suzapur

2025-05-18T06:59:42Z

MercedesPeachey:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhota Suzapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.916376|N|88.093665|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.9052
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11216
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (For language and religion details see [[Kaliachak I#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732206
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03512
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sujapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sujapur]]
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chhota Suzapur''' is a [[census town]]. It is located in the [[Kaliachak I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|57|0|N|88|1|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Malda district (including Kaliachak I, Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Manikchak and English Bazar CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|0|54|N|88|7|0|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Bagbari | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bagbari]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|52|46|N|88|2|5|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Baliadanga| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Baliadanga]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|51|4|N|88|1|51|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Alipur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Alipur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|53|37|N|88|5|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bamangram| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bamangram]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|54|16|N|88|5|57|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bara Suzapur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bara Suzapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|4|56|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chaspara| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chaspara]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|55|55|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Chhota |labela7= Suzapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=Chhota Suzapur (CT)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|53|30|N|88|2|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Jadupur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jadupur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|44|N|87|56|43|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Jagannathpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jagannathpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|54|18|N|88|3|50|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jalalpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jalalpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|50|4|N|88|0|40|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Karari Chandpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Karari Chandpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|47|34|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Krishnapur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Krishnapur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|1|7|N|87|59|59|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Milki| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Milki Town]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|6|29|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Nazirpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Nazirpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|52|45|N|88|1|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silampur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Silampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|59|14|N|88|7|2|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonatala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Sonatala, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|0|42|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Malda| numbered17=M| mark-title17=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color17= #800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|25|3|26|N|88|8|11|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Old Malda| numbered18=M| mark-title18=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color18= #800000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Farakka Barrage| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color19=#967117
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|50|30|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Baisnabnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Baisnabnagar, Malda]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|58|45|N|88|0|9|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bangitola| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Bangitola]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|48|40|N|87|59|43|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Bedrabad| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bedrabad]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|25|7|50|N|87|52|15|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bhutni| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bhutni, Malda]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|49|23|N|87|59|19|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Dariapur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dariapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|52|5|N|88|1|29|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Kaliachak| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Kaliachak]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|50|47|N|88|8|26|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Mahadipur|labela26= checkpoint| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Mahadipur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|25|4|53|N|87|53|56|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Manikchak| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Manikchak, Malda]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|56|4|N|88|2|33|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Mothabari| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Mathabari]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|6|37|N|87|53|24|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Mathurapur| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Mathurapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|56|55|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Panchanandapur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchanandapur]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|49|0|N|87|57|17|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Pubarun| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Pubarun]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|59|47|N|88|2|24|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Sattari| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Sattari, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|51|17|N|88|0|2|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Sultanganj| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Sultanganj, Malda]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|52|0|N|88|8|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Gauda | mark-title34= [[Gauḍa (city)]] (H)| numbered34=H |shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|5|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|label35=Mahananda|labela35= River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=45| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|1|30|N|87|55|0|E}}|label36= Ganges River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=30| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|3|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label37= Tangon River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-60| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|25|3|20|N|88|2|0|E}}|label38= Kalindri |labela38= River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|57|33|N|87|59|30|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Birodhi| numbered39=CT| mark-title39=[[Birodhi]] (CT)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|55|0|N|88|11|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|51|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}

===Location===
Chhota Suzapur is located at {{coord|24.916376|N|88.093665|E|display=inline}}.

According to the map of Kaliachak CD block in the ''District Census Handbook, Maldah'', 2011, Chhota Suzapur, [[Bara Suzapur]], [[Chaspara]], [[Nazirpur, Malda|Nazirpur]], [[Bamangram]] and [[Jalalpur, Malda|Jalalpur]] form a cluster of census towns.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Kalichak I CD block, page 639| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 15 August 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The area shown in the adjoining map is the physiographic sub-region known as the ''diara''. It "is a relatively well drained flat land formed by the [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] deposition of newer [[alluvium]]." The most note-worthy feature is the [[Farakka Barrage]] across the [[Ganges]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The area is a part of the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]], which is an overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural region]], but the area shown in the map has pockets of [[Urbanisation in India|urbanization]] with 17 census towns, concentrated mostly in the [[Kaliachak I]] CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda|work= Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The bank of the [[Ganges]] between [[Bhutni, Malda|Bhutni]] and [[Panchanandapur]] (both the places are marked on the map), is the area worst hit by [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|left bank erosion]], a major problem in the Malda area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13-14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The ruins of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], capital of several empires, is located in this area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work= pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective| publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 6 November 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chhota Suzapur had a total population of 11,216, of which 5,808 (52%) were males and 5,408 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,757. The total number of literate persons in Chhota Suzapur was 7,314 (77.32% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 313613, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 14 August 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Maldah'', 2011, Chhota Suzapur covered an area of 0.9052 km2. It had 10 km roads with both open and closed drains. The protected water-supply involved river infiltration gallery, tap water from treated sources, tube well/ bore well. It had 904 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 4 dispensaries/ health centres, 6 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 8 primary schools, 3 middle schools, 3 secondary schools, 3 senior secondary schools, the nearest general degree college at [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] 10 km away. It produced resham silk, mango, potato. It had branch offices of 2 nationalised banks, 1 private commercial bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 775-786; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 775; Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 779-780; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 781-782; Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities: Pages 783-785; Statement VI: Industry & Banking, Page 786 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 8 August 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]], with 10 beds at [[Sujapur, Malda|Sujapur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 14 August 2021 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malda District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Malda district]]

P. Rangaiah Naidu

2025-03-21T11:47:33Z

MercedesPeachey: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
'''Palavai Rangaiah Naidu''' (1828–1902) was an Indian [[lawyer]], [[politician]] and [[Indian independence activist]]. He was an important leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] in its early stages.

== Early career ==

Rangaiah Naidu was born in 1828<ref name="congressp386">{{cite book|title=The emergence of the Indian National Congress|pages=386|author=S. R. Mehrotra|publisher=Vikas Publications|year=1971}}</ref> in a Telugu-speaking family in [[Madras Presidency]]. He graduated in law and set up a prosperous vocation as a lawyer. He was soon nominated to the [[Madras High Court]].

== Politics ==

Rangaiah Naidu was one of the many Indian leaders who demanded self-rule and greater representation for Indians in the government. When the [[Madras Mahajana Sabha]] was founded in 1884, Rangaiah Naidu was elected as its first President.<ref name="bhavansp220">{{cite book|title=Bhavan's Journal, Volume 32|pages=220|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1985}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]] from 1892 to 1899.

Rangaiah Naidu also participated in the first session of the Indian National Congress held in Bombay in December 1885 representing Madras city. He was one of the trustees for [[Pachaiyappa's College]], Chennai from 1883 to 1902<ref>{{cite web|title=Trustees of Pachaiyappa's College|url=http://pachaiyappaschennai.net/trustees.htm|publisher=Pachaiyappa College|access-date=3 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110214204/http://www.pachaiyappaschennai.net/trustees.htm|archive-date=10 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rangaiah Naidu was elected to the Madras Legislative Council in 1893 and served as a member from 1893 to 1899.<ref name="congressp386" /> He played a vital role in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence movement]], from the Tamil speaking districts of the then Madras Presidency.

== Later life and death ==

P. Rangaiah Naidu died in 1902 in Egmore. Two streets in Egmore were named after his father, Veerasamy Naidu and him. <ref name="congressp386" />

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, P. Rangaiah}}
[[Category:1828 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]

Punjab Front (1965)

2024-12-19T03:16:42Z

MercedesPeachey: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Dharamvir Gandhi#Punjab Front]]