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Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T09:28:44Z

Meraki03:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kolkata Uttar {{Small|WB-24}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Kolkata Uttar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 2009–Present
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
| incumbent_image = Shri Sudip Bandyopadhyay official portrait.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowrangee]] [[Entally Assembly constituency|Entally]] [[Beleghata Assembly constituency|Beleghata]] [[Jorasanko Assembly constituency|Jorasanko]] [[Shyampukur Assembly constituency|Shyampukur]] [[Maniktala Assembly constituency|Maniktala]] [[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency|Kashipur-Belgachhia]]
| electors = 1,505,356<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/OBRxLpiB0v.pdf|title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2024|work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency is based on the northern parts of [[Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 24 Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Kolkata district]].

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. '''Kolkata Uttar''', 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hoghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following legislative assembly segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|162
|[[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowrangee]]
|rowspan="7" |[[Kolkata District|Kolkata]]
|[[Nayna Bandyopadhyay]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|163
|[[Entally Assembly constituency|Entally]]
|Sandipan Saha
|-
|164
|[[Beleghata Assembly constituency|Beleghata]]
|[[Kunal Ghosh]]
|-
|165
|[[Jorasanko Assembly constituency|Jorasanko]]
|[[Vijay Ojha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|166
|[[Shyampukur Assembly constituency|Shyampukur]]
|[[Purnima Chakraborty]]
|-
|167
|[[Maniktala Assembly constituency|Maniktala]]
|[[Tapas Roy]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|168
|[[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency|Kashipur-Belgachhia]]
|[[Ritesh Tiwari]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

For MPs from northern parts of Kolkata in previous years see [[Calcutta North East Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Calcutta North West Lok Sabha constituency]]

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Kolkata Uttar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=454,696|percentage=47.44|change={{decrease}}2.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tapas Roy]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=362,136|percentage=37.78|change={{increase}}1.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pradip Bhattacharya]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=114,982|percentage=12.00|change={{increase}}9.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=10,044|percentage=1.05|change={{increase}}0.34}}
{{Election box majority||votes=92,560|percentage=9.62|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=958,433|percentage=63.67|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolkata|Kolkata Uttar]]<ref>[http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2524.htm?ac=24 Source]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 4,74,891
|percentage = 49.96
|change = +14.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rahul Sinha]]
|votes = 3,47,796
|percentage = 36.59
|change = +10.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kaninika Bose Ghosh
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 71,080
|percentage = 7.48
|change = -13.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Syed Shahid Imam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26,093
|percentage = 2.74
|change = -10.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,736
|percentage = 0.71
|change = +0.71
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 127,095
|percentage = 13.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 950,639
|percentage = 65.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolkata|Kolkata Uttar]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 3,43,687
|percentage = 35.94
|change = -16.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rahul Sinha]]
|votes = 2,47,461
|percentage = 25.88
|change = +21.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rupa Bagchi
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 1,96,549
|percentage = 20.50
|change = -19.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Somendra Nath Mitra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,30,783
|percentage = 13.68
|change = +13.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 9,103
|percentage = 0.95
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 96,226
|percentage = 10.06
|change = -2.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,55,778
|percentage = 66.65
|change = -18.80
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolkata|Kolkata Uttar]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|votes = 4,60,646
|percentage = 52.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
|votes = 3,51,368
|percentage = 40.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tathagata Roy]]
|votes = 37,044
|percentage = 4.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Sultan Osman
|votes = 9,155
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sharad Kumar Singh
|votes = 5,666
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,09,278
|percentage = 12.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,77,381
|percentage = 64.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{election table|title=[[2009 Indian general election]] West Bengal summary}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" width=225 |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seat change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote percentage
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Trinamool Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}18
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0
| style="text-align:center;" | 13.45
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | NA
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}17
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward bloc]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.04
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.14
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Kolkata]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/kolkata_uttar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Kolkata Uttar lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata constituencies}}

{{Coord|22.5726723|N|88.3638815|E|display=title|format=dms}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]

Kesariya Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T15:54:29Z

Meraki03: stub...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Bihar}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kesariya
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 1977
| assembly_cons =
| latest_election_year =
| reservation = None
| mp =
| party =
| electors =
| preceded_by =
}}
'''Kesariya Lok Sabha constituency''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituency in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]] till 1971.

==Members of Parliament==
*1952: [[Jhulan Sinha]], [[Indian National Congress]] ( as Saran North )
*1957: [[Dwarka Nath Tiwary]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1962: [[Bhishma Prasad Yadava]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1967: [[Kamla Mishra Madhukar]], [[Communist Party of India]]
*1971: Kamla Mishra Madhukar, [[Communist Party of India]]
*1977 onwards: ''Does not exist''

==See also==
* [[Kesariya]]
* [[West Champaran district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

{{coord|26.4|84.9|display=title}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Politics of West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Usman Abdul Majid

2026-05-02T14:59:03Z

Meraki03: Made Details

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Usman Abdul Majid''' (born 1961) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was an MLA from [[Bandipora Assembly constituency]] in [[Bandipore district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf |website=ceojk.nic.in}}</ref> He contested from the same in [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] seat as an independent candidate but lost.<ref>https://myneta.info/JammuKashmir2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=730</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Majid is from [[Bandipore|Bandipora]], Bandipur district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Abdul Kabir Ganie. He completed his B.A. in 1985 from a college affiliated with the [[University of Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Usman Abdul Majid(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BANDIPORA(BANDIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=49 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He was a member of the Jammu and Kashmir Students' Liberation Front.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-02-15 |title=From terror to politics |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30243954.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Majid won from Bandipora Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 25,084 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Nizamudin Bhat of the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]], by a margin of 3,743 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-24 |title=Ballot not bullet now rules in Bandipora |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ballot-not-bullet-now-rules-in-bandipora/articleshow/45259555.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He lost the seat in 2024 as an independent candidate by a margin of 811 votes.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majid, Usman Abdul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Bandipore district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Awami League politicians]]

Gokulan

2026-04-30T19:38:51Z

Meraki03: stub

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gokulan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Gokulan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| occupation = Actor
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| yearsactive = 2013–present
| parents =
| spouse = Dhanya
| children =
| relatives =
| website =
}}
'''Gokulan''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam]] films. He made his acting debut through the movie ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' by doing the character of Jimbroottan, which became popular.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jimbroottan returns|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/191117/jimbroottan-returns.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> As of 2021, he has so far acted in more than 30 Malayalam movies.

==Career==
Gokulan made his acting debut in 2013 with the film ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]''. Even though he did a minor comedy role called Jimbrootan in the movie, which also had a less screen time, the character became very popular.<ref>{{Cite web|title=എന്റെ ജിംബ്രൂട്ടന് വിവാഹമംഗളാശംസകൾ; ഗോകുലന് ആശംസ നേർന്ന് ജയസൂര്യ|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actor-gokulan-got-married-wedding-photos-videos-378478/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Indian Express Malayalam|date=28 May 2020 |language=ml-IN}}</ref> Gokulan later did different minor roles in some movies. He also appeared in few character roles during this time. He went on to act in the films like [[Thoppil Joppan]], [[Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam]], [[Ente Ummante Peru]], [[Punyalan Private Limited]], [[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]], [[Pathemari]], [[Ramante Edanthottam|Ramante Edantottam]] and several others.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mollywood actor Gokulan gets hitched to Dhanya - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mollywood-actor-gokulan-gets-hitched-to-dhanya/articleshow/76061650.cms|access-date=2021-04-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> But, it was the 2019 movie [[Unda (film)]] that gave him a new turn on his film career. Gokulan had a major character role in this movie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ഓലക്കുടിലിലാണ് ജീവിതം തുടങ്ങിയത്, തിരിഞ്ഞു നോക്കുമ്പോൾ എല്ലാം അദ്ഭുതമാണ്: ഗോകുലൻ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2019/10/10/gokulan-actor-home-memories-celebrity-home.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref> His performance in the 2020 movie [[Love (Malayalam film)|Love]] was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=പ്രേക്ഷകരുടെ സ്‌നേഹം നേടി ലൗ|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/specials/iffk-2020-21/articles/love-movie-khalid-rahman-rajisha-vijayan-shine-tom-chacko-iffk-2021-1.5458364|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085632/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/specials/iffk-2020-21/articles/love-movie-khalid-rahman-rajisha-vijayan-shine-tom-chacko-iffk-2021-1.5458364|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ക്യാരക്ടറല്ല, ഞെട്ടിച്ചതു കഥ: ഗോകുലൻ അഭിമുഖം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2021/02/02/actor-gokulan-goku-about-love-movie-and-his-character.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref> Gokulan then did the notable roles in the movies [[Innu Mudhal]] and Randu which was released in March and April 2021 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siju Wilson's Innu Muthal to hit TV first|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/mar/24/siju-wilsons-innu-muthal-to-hit-tv-first-2280536.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='അവനും എനിക്കും നിനക്കുമൊക്കെ ഒരേ അവകാശമാണ് ഈ രാജ്യത്തുള്ളത്'; ഗൌരവമുണർത്തി 'രണ്ട്' ടീസർ|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/teaser-of-randu-malayalam-movie/articleshow/81886205.cms|access-date=2021-04-14|website=malayalam.samayam.com|language=ml}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married his long time girlfriend Dhanya in May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-29|title=Lijo Jose Pellissery, Tovino Thomas and others congratulate Gokulam on getting married|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/gokulam-dhanya-marriage-celebs-congratulate-tovino-thomas-lijo-jose-pellissery-6432770/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' || Coconut Tree Climber || Debut Film
|-
| ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' || Jimbruttan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014
| ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]''
|Kuttan
|
|-
| ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]''
| Locksmith
|
|-

| rowspan=4 | 2015
| ''[[Onnam Loka Mahayudham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]''
| Urumis
|
|-
| ''[[Acha Dhin]]''
| Kamarajan
|
|-
| ''[[Pathemari]]''
| Narayanan's Relative
|
|-

| rowspan=5 | 2016
| ''[[Shikhamani]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Inspector Dawood Ibrahim]]''
| Karthavu
|
|-
|''[[Thoppil Joppan]]''
| Balram
|
|-
| ''[[Kolumittayi]]''
|
|
|-

| rowspan=6 | 2017
| ''[[Aby (film)|Aby]]''
| Villager
|
|-
| ''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]''
| Praneepmon
|
|-
| ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]''
| Driver
|
|-
|''[[Lavakusha]]''
| Shambu
|
|-
| ''[[Punyalan Private Limited]]''
| Jimbruttan
|
|-
|''[[Paippin Chuvattile Pranayam]]''
| Villager
|
|-

| rowspan=6 | 2018
| ''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]''
| Mujeeb
|
|-
| ''Marubhoomiyile Mazhathullikal''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Iblis (film)|Iblis]]''
| Vareed
|
|-
| ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]''
| Kuttappayi
|
|-
| ''[[Chalakkudikkaran Changathi]]''
| Kunju Raman
|
|-
| ''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]''
| Villager
|
|-

| rowspan=5 | 2019
|''[[Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam]]''
|Bijukkuttan
|
|-
| ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]''
| [[Police Constable|PC]] Gokulan Balachandran
|
|-
| ''Vattamesha Sammelanam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kamala (film)|Kamala]]''
| An activist
|
|-
|''[[Puzhikkadakan]]''
| Manoj
|
|-

| rowspan=2 | 2020
| ''L2R''
| Auto Driver
| Short Film
|-
| ''[[Love (2020 film)|Love]]''
| Anoop's friend
|
|-

| 2021
| ''[[Innu Muthal]]''
| Eldhoppi
|
|-

| rowspan=5 | 2022
| ''[[Randu (film)|Randu]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Vishnu Unnikrishnan's 'Randu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/17/its-a-wrapfor-vishnuunnikrishnans-randu-2264967.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]''
| Suni
|
|-
| ''Kochaal''
| Bindusaaran
|
|-
| ''[[Thallumaala]]''
| Rajan
| also singer
|-
|''[[Saudi Vellakka]]''
| Adv. Gokulan
|
|-

| rowspan=4 | 2023
| ''[[Aalankam]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lukman-Jaffer Idukki starrer Aalankam to hit theatres this month |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/13/lukman-jaffer-idukki-starrer-aalankam-to-hit-theatres-this-month-39952.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ayalvaashi]]''
| Ajippan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir's Ayalvaashi gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/21/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-gets-a-release-date-40218.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]''
| Rafi
|
|-
| ''Maharani''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Roshan Mathew's Maharani, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/01/shine-tom-chacko-roshan-mathews-maharani-gets-a-release-date-48183.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan=3 | 2024
| ''[[Oru Sarkar Ulpannam]]''
| Velichappadu
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lensmenreviews.com/oru-sarkar-ulpannam-malayalam-movie-review-2024/|title=Oru Sarkar Ulpannam Review | A Preachy, Predictable Drama That Struggles to Find an Emotional Connect|first=Aswin|last=Bharadwaj|date=8 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thundu]]''
| CPO Naveen
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thundu trailer: Biju Menon's film promises a fun tale on how a cop turns to cheating |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/25/thundu-trailer-biju-menons-film-promises-a-fun-tale-on-how-a-cop-turns-to-cheating-51516.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Manorajyam''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Watch: Trailer Of Manorajyam Promises An Engaging Dark Comedy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-trailer-of-manorajyam-promises-an-engaging-dark-comedy-article-112884709 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|2025
|''[[Pralayashesham Oru Jalakanyaka]]''
|Thief
|
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| Unmadham}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Kunchacko Boban-Lijomol Jose film titled Unmadham, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/25/kunchacko-boban-lijomol-jose-film-titled-unmadham-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tata Chemicals Europe

2026-04-30T10:57:42Z

Meraki03: Made New Stub

{{Short description|UK-based chemicals company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tata Chemicals Europe
| logo = Tata Chemicals Europe Logo.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2005}}
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Northwich]], [[Cheshire]]
| location_country = England
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = Dr Martin Ashcroft-Managing Director.
| industry = [[Chemical industry|Chemical]]s
| products = Sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, sodium sesquicarbonate
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Tata Chemicals]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| traded_as =
| homepage = [http://www.tatachemicals.com/europe/index.html Tata Chemicals Europe]
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Tata Chemicals Europe''' (formerly '''Brunner Mond (UK) Limited''') is a UK-based [[Chemistry|chemical]]s company that is a subsidiary of [[Tata Chemicals]], itself a part of the India-based [[Tata Group]]. Its principal products are [[soda ash]], [[sodium bicarbonate]], [[calcium chloride]] and associated alkaline chemicals.

Founded in 1873 by [[Sir John Brunner, 1st Baronet|John Brunner]] and [[Ludwig Mond]] and [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] in 1881, the business became the largest producer of soda ash in the world during the 1890s. In 1917, the company's [[trinitrotoluene]] (TNT) factory [[Silvertown explosion|in Silvertown, London exploded]] due to a fire. During 1926, Brunner Mond was one of the four main companies – along with [[British Dyestuffs Corporation]], [[Nobel Enterprises|Nobel's Explosives]], and the [[United Alkali Company]] – that [[Mergers and acquisitions|merged]] to create [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI). During the early 1990s, ICI opted to separate and [[demerge]] some of its soda ash businesses as Brunner Mond Holdings Limited.

During 1997, it was [[initial public offering|floated]] on the [[London Stock Market]] before being promptly acquired by [[private equity]] firms. In early 2006, Brunner Mond was acquired by Tata Chemicals and adopted the Tata Chemicals Europe brand five years later. The firm acquired [[British Salt]] during December 2010 and opened the first industrial-scale [[Carbon capture and storage|carbon capture and usage]] plant in the UK in 2022. During 2024, it decided to transfer production of soda ash from its Lostock site to a new £60 million facility in [[Northwich]].

==History==
[[File:Statues of Sir John Brunner and Ludwig Mond.jpg|thumb|right|Statues of Sir John Brunner & Ludwig Mond which straddle the main entrance to Brunner Mond House, the offices at the Winnington Works, Northwich, Cheshire, now Tata Chemicals Europe.]]
[[File:The Employment of Women in Britain, 1914-1918 Q28191.jpg|thumb|The laboratory of a chemical works of Brunner Mond, [[Northwich]], September 1918]]
The company was originally formed as a [[partnership]] in 1873 by [[Sir John Brunner, 1st Baronet|John Brunner]] and [[Ludwig Mond]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/5315481.brunner-mond-celebrates-its-125th-birthday/ |title = BRUNNER MOND CELEBRATES ITS 125th BIRTHDAY |newspaper=Northwich and Winsford Guardian |date = 25 February 1998}}</ref> While this partnership recorded a loss of £4,300 during its first year, it was able to turn a profit of £2,045 in the following year.<ref name ="brunnerlives 2022"/> During 1984, they had built [[Winnington]] Works in [[Northwich]], [[Cheshire]] and produced their first [[soda ash]]. The business was [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] as a limited company in 1881.<ref name ="brunnerlives 2022">{{cite news |url=https://www.northwichguardian.co.uk/news/20299381.royal-wedding-murder-looking-lives-brunner-family/ |title=A royal wedding and murder: Looking at the lives of the Brunner family |newspaper=Northwich and Winsford Guardian |first=Paul |last=Hurley |date=24 July 2022 |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

Within 20 years the business had become the largest producer of soda ash in the world.<ref name="dnb">{{Cite ODNB |last = Greenaway|first = Frank |title = Mond family (''per''. 1867–1973) |orig-year = 2004 |year = 2011 |doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/51124 |url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51124 |access-date = 20 August 2013}} ({{ODNBsub}})</ref> In 1911, it acquired soap and fat manufacturer [[Joseph Crosfield|Joseph Crosfield and Sons]] and [[Gossage]], another soap company that owned [[palm oil|palm]] plantations. During 1917, the company's [[trinitrotoluene]] (TNT) factory [[Silvertown explosion|in Silvertown, London exploded]] as a result of a fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lalamy.demon.co.uk/sivex.htm |title=The Silvertown Explosion |website=Lalamy.demon.co.uk |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927122816/http://www.lalamy.demon.co.uk/sivex.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newhamstory.com/node/2167 |title=Silvertown Explosion |website=The Newham Story |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> In 1919, it sold the soap and chemical businesses to [[Lever Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mofba.org/2021/06/25/the-china-soap-company-ltd-factory-built-in-1923/ |title=The China Soap Company factory built in 1923 |date=25 June 2021 |publisher=The Little Museum of Brand Advertising |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

During 1924, Brunner Mond acquired the Magadi Soda Company of [[Kenya]]; two years later, Brunner Mond was one of the four main companies – along with [[British Dyestuffs Corporation]], [[Nobel Enterprises|Nobel's Explosives]], and the [[United Alkali Company]] – which took part in the merger which created the massive industrial combine [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI). [[Alfred Mond]] – son of Ludwig and Chairman of Brunner Mond – was a key figure along with [[Harry McGowan, 1st Baron McGowan|Harry McGowan]] of Nobel's in bringing this merger about. The Brunner Mond business was absorbed into the Alkali Group of ICI, becoming one of the largest and most successful companies in the world (ICI acquired Crosfield and Gossage's chemicals business from Unilever in 1997.) The Alkali Group became the Alkali Division in 1951. This merging with the [[Runcorn]]-based General Chemicals Division in 1964 to form Mond Division. This became the Soda Ash Products (Group) of ICI Chemicals and Polymers from 1986 until divestment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ici.com/History |title=ICI: History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017121139/http://www.ici.com/History |archive-date=17 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name = "insidersalt history"/>

[[File:Sandbach cemetery memorial plaque.jpg|thumb|World War I memorial plaque, now at Sandbach Cemetery]]
During the early twentieth century, the company built managers' and workers' houses in [[Hartford, Cheshire|Hartford]], Cheshire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hartford Village Design Statement |work=Vale Royal Borough Council |url=http://www.hartfordcivicsociety.org.uk/documents/VDS%20VRBC%20SPG%20Final.pdf |access-date=20 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322103549/http://www.hartfordcivicsociety.org.uk/documents/VDS%20VRBC%20SPG%20Final.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref> In addition to housing, the firm funded schools, a [[social club]], [[library]] and guildhall facilities.<ref name ="brunnerlives 2022"/>

In 1991, the British and Kenyan soda ash businesses of ICI were segregated from the rest of the ICI; shortly thereafter, it was [[demerge]]d from ICI as Brunner Mond Holdings Limited.<ref name = "insidersalt history"/><ref name=harvard>{{Cite journal| last1 = Owen| first1 = Geoffrey| last2 = Harrison| first2 = Trevor| title = Why ICI Chose to Demerge| journal = Harvard Business Review| access-date = 6 November 2016| date = 1 March 1995| url = https://hbr.org/1995/03/why-ici-chose-to-demerge| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161107011051/https://hbr.org/1995/03/why-ici-chose-to-demerge| archive-date = 7 November 2016| df = dmy-all}}</ref> During 1997, the company was [[initial public offering|floated]] on the [[London Stock Market]]; one year later, it was bought by [[private equity]] firms.<ref name = "insidersalt history"/> In 1998, this company acquired the soda ash production capabilities of [[Akzo Nobel]] in [[The Netherlands]] to form Brunner Mond B.V.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap10557/brunner-mond-co-limited |title=Brunner, Mond & Co. Limited |publisher=Science Museum Group |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

In early 2006, following regulatory approval, Brunner Mond B. V. was purchased by Tata Chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/tata-chemicals-ltd-brunner-mond-group-ltd |title = Tata Chemicals Ltd / Brunner Mond Group Ltd |publisher = [[Competition and Markets Authority]] |date = 20 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.natriumcapital.com/deals/acquisition-of-brunner-mond-uk-by-tata-chemical/ |title = Acquisition of Brunner Mond (UK) by Tata Chemical |website = natriumcapital.com |date = April 2006}}</ref> Five years later, Brunner Mond was re-branded '''Tata Chemicals Europe'''.<ref name = "insidersalt history">{{cite web |url=https://www.insidermedia.com/publications/north-west-business-insider/north-west-business-insider-october-2018/worth-its-salt |title=Worth its salt |publisher=-Insider Media |date=1 October 2018 |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/say-tata-to-rebranded-brunner-mond-857785 |title = Say Tata to rebranded Brunner Mond |website = manchestereveningnews.co.uk |date = 11 January 2013}}</ref>

Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, energy costs doubled; as soda ash is energy intensive to produce, the firm responded via the purchase of a [[Gas-fired power plant|gas-fired]] [[Cogeneration|combined heat & power plant]] from the European utility firm [[E.ON]] and the closure of its soda ash plant in Winnington in early 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/tata-chemicals-europe-survived-its-energy-costs-doubling/leadership-lessons/article/1493000 |title = How Tata Chemicals Europe survived its energy costs doubling |website = managementtoday.co.uk |first = Adam |last = Gale}}</ref><ref name = "management brink2018"/> Furthermore, while soda ash had typically been responsible for generating around 90 percent of the firm's profits, the company opted to pursue diversification; this decision led to the creation of the world’s first standalone [[sodium bicarbonate]] plant.<ref name = "management brink2018">{{cite web |url = https://www.manufacturingmanagement.co.uk/content/features/back-from-the-brink/ |title = Back from the Brink |website = manufacturingmanagement.co.uk |first = Amy |last = Best |date = 3 December 2018}}</ref><ref name = "insidersalt history"/> Another step towards diversification came in December 2010 when Brunner Mond B. V. acquired [[British Salt]], a Cheshire-based brine supplier, for around £93 million; this vertical acquisition gave longer term raw commodity price certainty and an economy of transport distance for one of the company's largest factories.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.privateequitywire.co.uk/ldc-exits-british-salt-gbp93m-sale-brunner-mond/ |title = LDC exits British Salt in GBP93m sale to Brunner Mond |website = privateequitywire.co.uk |date = 20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/chem-/-fertilisers/tata-chemicals-arm-completes-acquisition-of-british-salt/articleshow/7321784.cms?from=mdr |title = Tata Chemical's arm completes acquisition of British Salt |website = economictimes.indiatimes.com |date = 19 January 2011}}</ref><ref name = "management brink2018"/>

During 2022, Tata Chemicals Europe opened the UK's first industrial-scale [[Carbon capture and storage|carbon capture and usage]] plant, which can capture 40,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide per annum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Tata Chemicals Europe opens UK's largest carbon capture plant |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tata-chemicals-europe-opens-uk-s-largest-carbon-capture-plant-worth-20-million-euros-11656063978768.html |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=livemint.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/tata-chemicals-europe-opens-uk-s-first-industrial-scale-carbon-capture-and-usage-plant/ |title = Tata Chemicals Europe opens UK’s first industrial scale carbon capture and usage plant |website = theengineer.co.uk |date = 24 June 2022}}</ref> That same year, the firm was also reportedly evaluating the potential purchase of a plant in the Netherlands.<ref name ="brunnerlives 2022"/> Two years later, Tata Chemicals Europe chose to end the production of soda ash at its Lostock site in favour of a new facility (built at a cost of £60 million) in [[Northwich]];<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.northwichguardian.co.uk/news/24719262.tata-chemicals-europe-shut-lostock-soda-ash-plant/ |title = TATA Chemicals Europe to shut down Lostock soda ash plant |website = northwichguardian.co.uk |first = Matt |last = Hancock-Bruce |date = 12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/tata-chemicals-close-down-lostock-30356302 |title = Tata Chemicals to close down Lostock plant and build new £60m site in Northwich |website = cheshire-live.co.uk |first = Josh |last = Pennington |date = 12 November 2024}}</ref> this closure also caused the neighbouring Imerys Winnofil plant which relies on raw materials from Tata Chemicals Europe to also cease production in early 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.northwichguardian.co.uk/news/24722224.imerys-confirm-potential-closure-lostock-industrial-site/ |title = Imerys confirm potential closure of Lostock industrial site |website = northwichguardian.co.uk |first = Matt |last = Hancock-Bruce |date = 13 November 2024}}</ref> This restructuring of the business coincided with the declining value for soda ash.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.livemint.com/market/mark-to-market/tata-chemicals-europe-operation-earnings-tata-chemicals-stock-lostock-soda-ash-market-tata-sons-11731565856399.html |title = Tata Chemicals’ Europe restructuring helps, but dull soda ash market a worry |website = livemint.com |first = Manish |last= Joshi |date = 14 November 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Solvay process]]
* [[Silvertown explosion]]
* [[Mond gas]]
* [[Timeline of hydrogen technologies]]
* [[Ludwig Mond Award]]
* [[Melchett Medal]]
* [[Baron Melchett]]
* [[Robert Mond]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.brunnermond.com Brunner Mond website]
* [http://www.magadisoda.co.ke/ Magadi Soda website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324093904/http://www.magadisoda.co.ke/ |date=24 March 2011 }}

{{Tata Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chemical companies established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of England]]
[[Category:Companies based in Cheshire]]
[[Category:British subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Northwich]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1873]]
[[Category:1873 establishments in England]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1873]]
[[Category:Tata Chemicals]]

Negi (surname)

2026-04-24T07:17:33Z

Meraki03: starting the page added tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox surname
| name = Negi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| language = [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauri]]
| derivation =
| meaning =
| variant =
| cognate =
| derivative =
| family =
|see also=[[Parmar (clan)|Parmar (Panwar)]], [[Rautela]], [[Bisht (surname)|Bisht]], [[Bhandari]], [[Rana (name)|Rana]]|region=[[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]}}

'''Negi''' is a title of Pahadi [[Thakur (title)|Thakurs]]. The Negi title originated from the word ''nek'' which means 'righteous'. This title was conferred by kings upon warriors, military commanders and ministers. Individuals holding the Negi title were entrusted with the task of collecting taxes from villages as some of them were [[Zaildar|zaildars]] and [[Lambardar|Lambardars]] too.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Environmental Health in Garhwal Himalaya|isbn=978-8173871320|pages=50–51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Garhwal Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers – January 1, 1989|isbn=978-9994667949|pages=43}}</ref>

==Notable warriors (600AD–1800AD)==
* [[Birbal Negi]], commander in the Kumaon Kingdom
* [[Jhagad Singh Negi]], the last known ruler of Koligarh
* [[Nantram Negi]], legendary Jaunsari warrior
* [[Lodi Rikhola Negi]], 17th-century general in the Garhwal Kingdom

==Notable people==


*[[Asha Negi]], television actress
*[[Kabiraj Negi Lama]] – team coach for Nepal at the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] and [[2024 Summer Paralympics]]
*[[Balwant Singh Negi]], army officer
*[[Darwan Singh Negi]], Victoria Cross recipient
*[[Deependra Negi]], footballer
*[[Dev Negi]], singer
*[[Dhan Singh Negi]], former MLA for Tehri
*[[Gabar Singh Negi]], Victoria Cross recipient
*[[Jagat Singh Negi]], politician
*[[Jaiveer Singh Negi]], army officer
*[[Janardan Ganpatrao Negi]], scientist
*[[Jeet Singh Negi]], composer
*[[Kunwar Singh Negi]], Braille editor and social worker
*[[Mir Ranjan Negi]], former national field hockey player for India
*[[Nalini Negi]], television actress and model
*[[Narender Negi]], cricketer
*[[Narendra Singh Negi]], Garhwali folk singer
*[[Parimarjan Negi]], chess grandmaster
*[[Pawan Negi]], Indian international cricketer
*[[Ravinder Singh Negi]], Indian politician
*[[S. K. S. Negi]], army officer
*[[Shyam Saran Negi]], Indian schoolteacher and ECI ambassador
*[[Trepan Singh Negi]], former Member of Parliament for Tehri
*[[ Ritu Negi]], Indian kabaddi player
*[[ Renu Negi]], Indian filmmaker
*[[ Surendra Singh Negi]], Indian politician
*[[ Chandra Mohan Singh Negi]], Indian politician

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Japanese-language surnames]]

Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:55Z

Meraki03: starting initial entry basic info...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Maharajganj
| map_image = 318-Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
| assembly_cons =
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:386617}} (in 2017)
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 318
| mla = [[Jai Mangal Kanojiya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
}}
'''Maharajganj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Maharajganj in the [[Maharajganj district]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[India]].

Maharajganj is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 318 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Maharajganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/maharajganj.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ram Swaroop Mishra
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Rameshwar Prasad
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Amarnath Mishra
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|Duryodhan
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Duryodhan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party (India)]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Hansraj
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Duryodhan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Dukkhi Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Firangi Prasad Visharad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ram Lakshan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Keshav Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Ram Pyare Azad
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="3" |Chandra Kishor
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Sripati Azad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Sudama Prasad]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jai Mangal Kanojiya]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Maharajganj<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jay Mangal
|votes = {{formatnum:136071}}
|percentage = 51.8
|change = {{increase}}1.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nirmesh Mangal
|votes = {{formatnum:59168}}
|percentage = 22.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Geeta Ratna
|votes = {{formatnum:22395}}
|percentage = 8.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Omprakash
|votes = {{formatnum:20466}}
|percentage = 7.79
|change = {{decrease}}15.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Jitendra
|votes = {{formatnum:7751}}
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Alok Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:5865}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change = {{decrease}}18.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramkeval
|votes = {{formatnum:2814}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change = {{decrease}}0.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2848}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change = {{increase}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:76903}}
|percentage = 29.27
|change = {{increase}}1.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:262672}}
|percentage = 63.45
|change = {{decrease}}0.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''[[Jai Mangal Kanojiya]]''' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''Nirmesh Mangal''' by a margin of 68,361 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/maharajganj.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/maharajganj-uttar-pradesh-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2020-06-02 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 Assembly Elections: Maharajganj (SC)<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jai Mangal Kanojiya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:125154}}
|percentage = 50.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nirmesh Mangal
|votes = {{formatnum:56793}}
|percentage = 22.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Alok Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:50217}}
|percentage = 20.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramkewal
|votes = {{formatnum:3886}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Sant Kirpal
|votes = {{formatnum:3604}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2573}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:68361}}
|percentage = 27.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:247216}}
|percentage = 63.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}12.05
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Elections: Maharajganj (SC)<ref name="election2012">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sudama
|votes = 84,581
|percentage = 39.11
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nirmesh Mangal
|votes = 48,426
|percentage = 22.39
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chandra Kishor
|votes = 45,301
|percentage = 20.95
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Alok Prasad
|votes = 15,972
|percentage = 7.38
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Vishnu Dev
|votes = 7,438
|percentage = 3.44
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramkewal
|votes = 3,572
|percentage = 1.65
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 10 Candidates
|votes = 10,991
|percentage = 5.08
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 36,155
|percentage = 16.72
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,16,281
|percentage = 61.27
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.15|83.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Maharajganj district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Y. D. Tiwari

2026-04-10T14:36:59Z

Meraki03: Made Info

{{Short description|Indian theologian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox clergy
| name = Y. D. Tiwari
| image =
| image_size = 175 px
| caption =
| birth_date = 1911
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date = 1997
| death_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
| church = [[Baptist]]
| other_names =
| education =
| ordained =1947
| writings =
| congregations =
| offices_held =Lecturer in Sanskrit & Philosophy of Religions 
* North India United Theological College, [[Bareilly]]
* [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]]
* Bishop's College, [[Kolkata]]
Co-[[Acharya]]
* Christ Prem Seva Ashram, [[Pune]]
| title = Reverend
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Mother]]: Rajkunwar 
[[Father]]: Pandit Hari Govind Tiwari
| footnotes = Data as of November 2008
}}

'''Yisu Das Tiwari''' (1911–1997) was an Indian theologian<ref>Hugh McLeod (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Christianity - World Christianities c.1914 - c.2000, [[Cambridge University Press]], [[Cambridge]], 2006. Page 507. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms_SyCLNpuAC&dq=y.d.tiwari&pg=PA507]</ref> and a leading participant in [[Hindu]]-[[Christians|Christian]] dialogue.<ref>Anthapurusha, The Hindu Response in Dialogue initiated by Christians, an unpublished [[Bachelor of Divinity]] thesis submitted to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Senate of Serampore College]] through Bishop's College in 1987. Cited by [[Harold Coward]] (Ed.), Hindu-Christian dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters, Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi, 1993. p. 123. Prof. Horold Coward is Professor of Religious Studies at the [[University of Calgary]], [[Alberta]]. [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1147088]</ref>

He was a scholar in [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]. The [[Bible Society of India]]<ref>John Stirling Morley Hooper, Bible Translation in India, Pakistan and Ceylon: Pakistan and Ceylon, [[Oxford University Press]], [[Oxford]], 1963. Page 57. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1oBIAAAAMAAJ&q=y.d.tiwari]</ref> entrusted him with revision of the Hindi Bible ''([[New Testament]])'' into a contemporary version.<ref name="Schmalz">See Matthew N. Schmalz's biographical note on Yisu Das Tiwari in Roy Palmer Domenico, Mark Y. Hanley (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics, Greenwood Publishing Group, [[Westport, Connecticut]], 2006, p.563. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8ZixRcQfV8C&dq=yisu+das+tiwari&pg=PR1]</ref>

==History==
Yisu Das Tiwari was born Badri Prasad Tiwari into a [[Vaishnavite]] family in [[Agra]] in 1911 to [[Smt.]] Rajkunwar and [[Pandit]] Hari Govind Tiwari.<ref name="Ravi Tiwari">Ravi Tiwari, Christ-bhakta Yesu Das, Dharma Deepika: A South Asian Journal of Missiological Research, Mylapore Institute of Indigenous Studies, [[Chennai]], 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wt9iGwAACAAJ&q=yesu+das+tiwari]</ref> As a growing youth, Tiwari was influenced by [[Swami Dayananda Saraswati]], founder of the [[Arya Samaj]] and [[Swami Rama Tirtha]].<ref name="Ravi Tiwari"/>

It was during his college days, that he came under the influence of Canon Holland, [[E. Stanley Jones]], [[C. F. Andrews]] and others. After a reading of the [[Gospel according to Saint John]], he took keen interest in the studies of the Bible and devotional writings of Christian mystics.<ref name="Ravi Tiwari"/> However, his newfound faith did not go well with his family members who sent him for internment to a mental asylum.<ref name="Ravi Tiwari"/>

Tiwari however became a [[Christians|Christian]] and chose to be baptised in January 1935<ref name="Schmalz"/> under the aegis of the [[Baptist Missionary Society]].

He later joined [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s Ashram in [[Wardha]] and began to follow Gandhi's teachings.

Simultaneously, Tiwari began growing in his new-found faith in Jesus Christ and chose to become a [[priest]]. He was [[ordained]] by the [[Baptist Missionary Society]].<ref name="Ravi Tiwari"/>

==Contribution==

===Translation of Scriptures===
It was [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] who first brought out the Hindi Bible<ref>Christopher Arangaden, Carey's Legacy of Bible Translation in J. T. K. Daniel, Roger E. Hedlund (Eds.), Carey's Obligation and India's Renaissance, Council of Serampore College, Serampore, 2005 ''(First published 1993)'', p. 181.</ref>

In the latter half of the twentieth century, the Bible Society of India took upon the task of translating the existing versions of the Bible into contemporary versions. As early as 1956, the Hindi Common Language Translation Panel headed by Y. D. Tiwari came out with the [[Gospel according to Mark]].<ref>Y. D. Tiwari, Gospel according to Mark in Hindi, Lucknow Publishing House, 1956. {{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLCfiGwAACAAJ%26dq%3Dyisu+das+tiwari |title=Search |access-date=2023-03-25 }}{{dead link|date=August 2020 |fix-attempted=yes |bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In due course of time, the other books of the New Testament were also translated from the original [[Greek language|Greek]] into Hindi.

'''Translations (year-wise)'''
* 1956, Gospel according to Mark in Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLCfiGwAACAAJ%26dq%3Dyisu+das+tiwari |title=Search |access-date=2023-03-25}}{{dead link|date=August 2020 |fix-attempted=yes |bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* 1958, Epistle to the Philippians in Hindi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=2lwiGwAACAAJ&dq=yisu+das+tiwari&lr={{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 1959, Gospel according to John in Hindi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gospel according to John in Hindi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JJzGwAACAAJ|year=1959|publisher=Bible Society of India and Ceylon}}</ref>
* 1961, Gospel according to St John in Hindi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gospel according to St John in Hindi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF_pGwAACAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Bible Society of India}}</ref>
* 1962, Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles in Hindi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=tJksHQAACAAJ&dq=yisu+das+tiwari{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 1967, New Testament in Hindi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=M0VSHQAACAAJ&dq=yisu+das+tiwari{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Teaching===


Tiwari began his career as a teacher in schools - Mission School, Kotgarh, Shimla, and Baptist Mission School, Agra, where he was the Head Master, before finally stepping onto the portals of [[seminaries]].<ref name="Ravi Tiwari" /> He first taught at the North India United Theological College in [[Bareilly]],<ref name="Ravi Tiwari"/> [[Uttar Pradesh]] before he moved to Serampore College, [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]]. He was lecturer in Sanskrit and Philosophy of Religions at the Serampore College from 1963<ref name="Serampore">The Council of Serampore College, The Story of Serampore and its College, Fourth Edition 2005, Serampore.</ref>{{rp|87}} to 1972.<ref name="Serampore"/>{{rp|91}} Notable among his students<ref>''[[Cf.]]'' Wikipedia article on [[D. S. Satyaranjan]] and [[Andhra Christian Theological College]]. Satyaranjan, Babu Rao and Paulose Mar Paulose studied together at Serampore College during the tenure of Prof. Tiwari. Paulose Mar Paulose, [[Ph.D.]] ''(Princeton)'' became an advocate of [[humanism]] and later Bishop of the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]. Satyaranjan became the Registrar of the University from 1978-2004 while Babu Rao began his adventure in [[Old Testament]] studies. Also see ''The Story of Serampore and its College.''</ref> were [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], Paulose Mar Paulose,<ref>Paulose Mar Paulose, Encounter in Humanization: Insights for Christian-Marxist Dialogue and Cooperation, Christava Sahitya Samithi, [[Thiruvalla]], 2000. [http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1572&C=1503] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425223308/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1572&C=1503 |date=25 April 2007 }}</ref> G. Babu Rao and others.

Rev. Tiwari later taught at the Bishop's College, [[Kolkata]] from the academic year 1972-1973 onwards.<ref>Bishop's College History. From the Web Site. Internet, accessed 11 November 2008. {{cite web|url=http://bishopscollege.org/history.htm |title=Bishop's college |access-date=1 October 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905174726/http://bishopscollege.org/history.htm |archive-date=5 September 2008 }}</ref>

==Appraisal==
* [[K. V. Mathew]], ''([[Edinburgh]])'', Professor of Old Testament, Mar Thoma Theological Seminary, [[Kottayam]]:<ref name="Ravi Tiwari" />
{{blockquote|... Tiwari shunned violence. He was a 'sadhu' indeed. This doesn't mean that Yesudas was a coward or one who could not endure pain and suffering. He would endure anything in his body and mind and never cause pain to others. Being a bystander or witness to violence like a sadist, was not part of his nature. Being a 'sadhu', he was full of love and compassion. It was difficult for anyone to pick a fight with Tiwari. He was willing to lend a helping hand to others at all times.}}

* K. P. Aleaz, [[D. Th.]] ([[South Asia Theological Research Institute]]), Professor of Religions, Bishop's College, Kolkata:<ref name="Ravi Tiwari"/>
{{blockquote|... He inculcated in students a respect for other religious experiences. Through his life, he taught that we can be disciples of Jesus without discarding any of our ancestral cultural traits. He was a typical Indian Christian, whose life proclaimed that Christianity is not a foreign religion. He was a person who kept constant contact with the people of other religious faiths; a person who was all for dialogue in practice. He had deep knowledge in Hindu Sanskrit religious texts, but would impart that knowledge to another person only if he found that person fit to receive.}}

==Honours==

===Baptist World Alliance===
In the year 1955, Tiwari gave a talk on "We Preach Christ the Crucified Saviour" in [[London]] during the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of the [[Baptist World Alliance]].<ref>Arnold Theodore Ohrn, [[Baptist World Alliance]], Golden Jubilee Congress (9th World Congress) [[London]], 16–22 July 1955, Published by Carey Kingsgate Press, [[London]], 1955. ''pp.'' 286, 340 & 364.</ref>

===Senate of Serampore College (University)===
India's first university,<ref>Sankar Ray, The William Carey Library in Serampore, Business Line, The Hindu, Friday 11 April 2008. Internet, accessed 17 October 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] in [[West Bengal]] conferred upon him a [[Doctor of Divinity]], ''[[honoris causa]]'' in the year 1995.<ref>''[[Cf.]]'' Wikipedia article on [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] - List of recipients of Doctor of Divinity, ''[[honoris causa]]''.</ref>

==See also==
* [[D. S. Amalorpavadass]]
* [[Victor Premasagar]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Domenico|editor1-first=Roy Palmer|editor2-last=Hanley|editor2-first=Mark Y.|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=[[Westport, Connecticut]]|year=2006|page=563|isbn=978-0-313-32362-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8ZixRcQfV8C&q=yisu+das+tiwari&pg=RA1-PA563}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hargreaves|first=Cecil|title=Asian Christian Thinking: Studies in a Metaphor and Its Message|publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, New Delhi|year=1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbJWAAAAMAAJ&q=yisu+das+tiwari}}
* {{cite book|last=Miller|first=Roland E.|title=Muslims and the Gospel|publisher=Kirk House Publishers, [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]]|year=2006|pages=356–357|isbn=978-1-932688-07-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjC7K1j_AT8C&q=yisu+das+tiwari&pg=PA356}}
* {{cite journal|last=Seunarine|first=J. F.|title=Reconversion to Hinduism Through Śuddhi, Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bengaluru|year=1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhkaAAAAMAAJ&q=yisu+das+tiwari}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Schultze|editor1-first=Andrea|editor2-last=Sinner|editor2-first=Rudolf von|title=Vom Geheimnis des Unterschieds: die Wahrnehmung des Fremden in Ökumene-, Missions- und Religionswissenschaft, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-5351-8|year=2002|page=202|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}
* {{cite journal|last=Banawiratma|first=Johannes B.|title=Yesus Sang Guru, Yayasan Kanisius|location=[[Yogyakarta]], [[Indonesia]]|year=1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGAHAAAAMAAJ&q=yisu+das+tiwari}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Nagendra Kumar|title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism|publisher=Anmol Publications Private Limited|location=[[New Delhi]]|year=1997|volume=The Role of the Upanishads in Indian Christian Thought|pages=1340–1361|isbn=978-81-7488-168-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSTAo147osYC&q=yesu+das+tiwari&pg=PA1356}}
* {{cite book|last=Grant|first=Sara|author-link=Sara Grant|title=Towards an Alternative Theology: Confessions of a Non-dualist Christian|year=1991|publisher=Asian Trading Corporation, [[Bengaluru]]|isbn=978-81-7086-154-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3ccAAAAIAAJ&q=yesu+das+tiwari}}
* {{cite journal|editor-last=Amalorpavadass|editor-first=D. S.|editor-link=D. S. Amalorpavadass|title=Research Seminar on Non-Biblical Scriptures, National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre, Bengaluru|year=1974|volume=Meditation on Om in the Upanishads|pages=413–417|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GngAAAAAMAAJ&q=yesu+das+tiwari}}
* {{cite journal|last=Malkovsky|first=Bradley|title=Advaita Vedanta and Christian Faith|publisher=Temple University, [[Philadelphia]]|year=1999|volume=36|issue=3–4|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1147088|journal=Journal of Ecumenical Studies|page=397}}
* {{cite journal|editor-last=Coward|editor-first=Harold|editor-link=Harold Coward|title=Hindu-Christian dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters, Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi|journal=Journal of Ecumenical Studies |year=1993|volume=36 |issue=3–4 |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1147088}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tiwari|first=Ravi|title=Christ-bhakta Yesu Das, Dharma Deepika: A South Asian Journal of Missiological Research|publisher=Mylapore Institute of Indigenous Studies, [[Chennai]]|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wt9iGwAACAAJ&q=yesu+das+tiwari}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tiwari|first=Ravi|title=Centenary Memorial: Rev. Y. D. Tiwari|year=2011|url=http://ravitiwari.in}}

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Y. D.}}
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Hindi]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
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11′09″01 September 11

2026-03-30T18:25:29Z

Meraki03: made a stub

{{short description|2002 anthology film by 11 directors}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 11′09″01 September 11
| image = September11Film.png
| caption = French theatrical release poster
| director = [[Youssef Chahine]] [[Amos Gitaï]] [[Shohei Imamura]] [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]] [[Claude Lelouch]] [[Samira Makhmalbaf]] [[Mira Nair]] [[Idrissa Ouédraogo]] [[Sean Penn]] [[Danis Tanovic]] [[Ken Loach]]
| producer = [[Jacques Perrin]] Nicolas Mauvernay
| writer = Youssef Chahine Alejandro González Iñárritu Amos Gitaï Marie-José Sanselme Claude Lelouch Pierre Uytterhoeven Danis Tanovic Idrissa Ouédraogo Paul Laverty Ken Loach Vladimir Vega Sabrina Dhawan Samira Makhmalbaf Sean Penn Daisuke Tengan
| starring =
| music = [[Alexandre Desplat]] [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] [[Osvaldo Golijov]] [[Salif Keita]] [[Manu Dibango]] Guem Percussion Vladimir Vega Ali Maula Ali [[Mohamad Rezadarvishi]] [[Heitor Pereira]]
| cinematography = Mohsen Nasr Yoav Kosh Pierre-William Glenn Mustafa Mustafic Luc Drion Nigel Willoughby Peter Hellmich Jorge Müller Silva Declan Quinn Ebrahim Ghafouri Samuel Bayer Masakazu Oka Toshihiro Seino
| editing = Rashida Abdel Salam Kim Bica Kobi Netanel Stéphane Mazalaigue Monique Rysselinck Julia Grégory Jonathan Morris C. Allyson Johnson Mohsen Makhmalbaf Jay Cassidy Hajime Okayasu
| studio = Galatee Films/[[StudioCanal]]
| distributor = BIM (Italy) [[Artificial Eye]] (United Kingdom) [[BAC Films]] (France) [[Tohokushinsha Film Corporation]] (Japan) Alfa Films (Latin America) Empire Pictures Inc. (United States)
| released = {{Film date|2002|09|05|Italy|2002|09|11|Canada|2002|09|11|France|2002|12|27|United Kingdom|2003|07|18|United States}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = United Kingdom France Egypt Japan Mexico United States Iran
| language = Spanish English French Arabic Hebrew Persian French Sign Language
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''11′09″01 September 11''''' (French: ''11 minutes 9 secondes 1 image'') is a 2002 international [[anthology film]]. It comprises 11 [[short film]]s from 11 filmmakers, each from a different country, offering differing perspectives on the [[9/11 terrorist attacks]] on the [[Twin Towers]] in [[New York City]] in 2001. The original concept and production of the film was by French producer Alain Brigand. The film has been released internationally with several titles. The filmmakers included [[Ken Loach]], [[Claude Lelouch]], [[Danis Tanović]], [[Youssef Chahine]], [[Samira Makhmalbaf]], and [[Sean Penn]].

==Synopsis==
===Overview===
The film consists of 11 short segments directed by 11 filmmakers from 11 countries, each expressing a unique perspective on the tragedy of September 11, 2001, and each lasting 11 minutes, 9 seconds, and 1 frame (11′09″01). Each gave their own vision of the events in [[New York City]] during the September 11 attacks, in a short film of 11 minutes, 9 seconds, and one [[film frame|frame]].<ref name=young2002/>

==="Iran"===
*Directed by [[Samira Makhmalbaf]]<ref name=young2002/>
The news of the September 11, 2001 attacks reaches an [[Afghan refugees in Iran|Afghan refugee camp]], where bricks are produced to build new shelters, in view of the attacks promised by the United States. Here a young teacher tries to explain to her young students what happened and to make them observe a minute of silence in honor of the victims. Attempts, however, fail one after another. Finally, the teacher finds herself having to impose the minute of silence on the children near a chimney (the structure most similar to a [[skyscraper]] in the area).

==="France"===
*Directed by [[Claude Lelouch]]<ref name=young2002/>
New York, September 11, 2001: a young French photographer [[Deafness|deaf-mute]] is a guest of her fiancé, a tour guide for disabled people who is about to bring a group to visit the Twin Towers. After she tried to explain to him that a story "at a distance" like theirs has no chance of succeeding, he tries to leave a message on the computer before leaving explaining that only a miracle can keep them together. At that moment he returns home covered in dust, miraculously escaping the attack.

==="Egypt"===
*Directed by [[Youssef Chahine]]<ref name=young2002/>
New York, September 10, 2001: director Yusuf Shahin is finalizing the filming of a film at the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], but is sent away with his crew in a decisive manner by a policeman because he has no authorization to stay there. Two days later, Shahin presented himself at a press conference, but said he was upset by the attacks and asked to be able to postpone it, triggering the reaction of a journalist.

While he is on the cliff in front of the house, the ghost of a young American soldier appears to him, who died in the [[1983 Beirut barracks bombings|attack on multinational forces in Lebanon in 1983]]. The soldier reveals to Shahin that he is the only one who can see him, because he is the only one who can hear and understand what is going on around. The two face a "journey" that leads them to analyze the roots of the clash between the United States and the Arab world, starting from the house of the young Arab who was the executor material of the attack. After observing his preparation, Shahin discusses with his parents, who say they are proud of what he has done and go on to complain of the constant violence suffered by the Palestinians by Israel.

The soldier reacts by saying that, although he understands the attacks against the soldiers, it is still not right to shoot in the pile. The director counters by showing the list of victims of US military interventions and wars after the [[World War II|Second World War]], not justifying the violence but complaining about the United States' inability to understand that the legitimate defense of their principles often goes through the destruction of other countries. Their path ends at [[Arlington National Cemetery]], where Shahin finds his girlfriend and the young soldier's father, who turns out to be the policeman who drove him away from the Twin Towers and with whom he reconciles. Shortly thereafter, the phantom of the attacker appears, who resolutely reproaches the director for appearing too good with that soldier. Shahin replies that both are victims of human stupidity, but the attacker responds by reiterating his position once again and showing he does not want to understand, leaving the director stunned by his uncompromising words.

==="Bosnia-Herzegovina"===
*Directed by [[Danis Tanović]]<ref name=young2002/>
Despite the attacks in New York, a girl from [[Srebrenica]] considers it appropriate to celebrate the monthly demonstration anyway, in memory of [[Srebrenica massacre|the massacre of the local population]] by [[Army of Republika Srpska|Bosnian Serb soldiers]], which took place on July 11, 1995.

==="Burkina Faso"===
*Directed by [[Idrissa Ouédraogo]]<ref name=young2002/>
[[Ouagadougou]], September 2001: Adamà is a boy who is forced to leave school and work as a newsboy in order to be able to pay for medicines to his sick mother. Two weeks after the attacks, Adamà sees a man very similar to [[Osama bin Laden]] and decides to capture him with the help of his friends, in order to claim the prize of 25 million pending on his boss. The boys decide to use that money to treat Adamà's mother and, potentially, many other sick people in the country, as well as not to say anything to the adults, to prevent them from wasting the money of the prize.

The boys steal the camera of one of their parents and start to follow "Osama bin Laden" to a clearing where, every day, he goes to pray. The five therefore devise a plan to capture him in that clearing, but "bin Laden" does not show up that day. The boys try to capture him at the hotel, but they discover that the man is now going to the airport, where they are stopped by the policeman before they could enter. In the end, the boys decide to sell the camera and give Adamà the money, so he can look after his mother and go back to school.

==="United Kingdom"===
*Directed by [[Ken Loach]]<ref name=young2002/>
Pablo, a Chilean refugee in [[London]], writes a letter to the families of the victims of the September 11 attacks, reminding them of "his" September 11: [[Chilean coup of 1973]], when the general [[Augusto Pinochet]] implemented a [[coup d'état]] (backed by the US) against left-wing president [[Salvador Allende]], democratically elected in [[1970 Chilean presidential election|1970]]. Pablo narrates in his letter of US involvement in financing of right-wing and subversive groups, up to the coup, and of the violence and torture suffered by him and his countrymen. Forced to first five years in prison and then into exile, he declares that he can no longer return to Chile because his family and children are now born and raised in the United Kingdom. Pablo concludes his letter with the hope that, as he will unite in the memory of the victims of September 11, 2001, so they will join him in memory of the victims of September 11, 1973.

==="Mexico"===
*Directed by [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]<ref name=young2002/>
Black screen. Background noises and rumors of everyday life, suddenly interrupted by the screams of the witnesses of the crash of [[American Airlines flight 11|flight AA11]] against the [[One World Trade Center|North Tower]] of the World Trade Center. While the black screen is occasionally interrupted by the repertoire images of the attacks, the voices of the announcements on television, the screams of the victims, the explosions of the planes, the calls made by the victims and their relatives overlap. The sound stops and you can see the two towers collapse without sound. The background voices start again on a background of violins, while the screen gradually changes from black to white. Two writings appear (one in [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic characters]] and one in [[Latin alphabet|Latin characters]]) of the same meaning: "Does God's light guide us or blind us?" The sentences finally disappear in a blinding light.

==="Israel"===
*Directed by [[Amos Gitai]]<ref name=young2002/>
A suicide attack shakes [[Tel Aviv]]. Soldiers, policemen and doctors for various, long minutes try to coordinate the operations of security and rescue. A journalist and her crew arrive at the scene and try in every way to obtain information from the police forces present, obtaining only peremptory invitations to clear the area. At one point, the director tells the journalist that she won't go on the air and she reacts first by protesting, then starting to rattle off various historical events that took place all on September 11. While the journalist insists on carrying out her service, the voice of the director is heard in the background telling her that something very serious happened in New York, to the point of explicitly saying "remember this date, September 11th, because it is a date that nobody more will forget ". Faced with the further (but now unintelligible) protests of the journalist, the director replies "I'm not talking to you about September 11th of '44 or '97, I'm talking about September 11th today".

==="India"===
*Directed by [[Mira Nair]]<ref name=young2002/>
Nair chose a true story for her narrative film, that of a 23-year-old research assistant from the [[Bayside, Queens]], neighbourhood, [[Mohammad Salman Hamdani]]. His parents at first thought that he was one of around 1,000 Muslims detained for security reasons after the attack. The ''[[New York Post]]'' published a photograph of him, implying that he was guilty of collaboration and treason. His family, including his mother, [[Talat Hamdani]] protested to their congressman, and even to President Bush. Six months later, Salman's remains were found at the site of the ruins. It emerged that he had rushed to save lives, and was finally given the hero's burial he deserved.<ref name = lahr2002/>

In the film, [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] repeatedly question Salman's mother, since they believe he could be linked to the attacks. In particular, they ask many questions about why he did not show up for work that day and why, despite having decided to pursue a medical career and leave the police academy, he still held the police academy card. While she does not resign herself to the disappearance of her son, the media begin to report the news of her involvement in the attack, which does nothing but exacerbate the isolation in which the woman and the family have fallen. Only after six months, the boy's remains are identified among those found among the rubble and the truth is re-established: it turns out that the young man died while he was helping at the site of the attacks. During the funeral, the mother denounces the climate of suspicion that has been created against her family and against the [[Islam in the United States|Muslim community in the United States]].

==="United States of America"===
*Directed by [[Sean Penn]]<ref name=young2002/>
An old man spends his life alone in an apartment overshadowed by the Twin Towers. The widowed man vents his loneliness by talking to his late wife as if she were still alive and cultivating her flower pot, withered by the lack of light. The collapse of the Towers finally allows the light to flood the apartment and suddenly revitalizes the flowers. The elder, happy for what happened, tries to show the vase to his wife, but the light reveals the illusion in which he lived until then. Between tears, he regrets that his wife is not there to finally see the vase bloom again.

==="Japan"===
*Directed by [[Shōhei Imamura]]<ref name=young2002/>
Japan, August 1945. Yoichi, a soldier returned from the front with [[post-traumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic disorder]], behaves like a [[Serpentes|snake]], to the dismay of his parents and his wife. His family tries to convince him to return to the "human" state, but without success. The other villagers begin to look at them with suspicion and fear, but this does not prevent Yoichi's wife from having an extra-marital relationship.

While the wife and her lover talk about the traumatic experiences that the soldier must have suffered, of the [[Little Boy|new type of bomb]] used in the [[Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|bombing of Hiroshima]] and the forthcoming end of the war, the situation worsens: Yoichi swallows a [[Mus musculus|mouse]] under the horrified eyes of his mother, who decides to chase him away. In the following days, the villagers suffer the loss of various animals and everyone blames the mad soldier. It is thus decided to organize a search operation to find it, but without success. Meanwhile, a flashback clarifies the reason for the soldier's behavior: hiding behind a boulder after a violent battle, Yoichi is beaten by a fellow soldier who asks him why he does not take part in this "holy war".

During the hunt, Yoichi's wife accidentally finds her husband drinking water from a river and asks him "do you dislike being a man so much?" Yoichi, in response, crawls into the water and swims away ignoring the screams of his wife. Finally, a snake is shown above a river stone, while the inscription in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] "Holy wars do not exist" appears.

==Production==
The original concept and production of the film was by French producer Alain Brigand, who acted as artistic producer for the film.<ref name=mondo2011>{{cite web | title=SEPTEMBER 11 (11'9"01, 2002) | website=MONDO 70 | date=11 September 2011 | url=https://mondo70.blogspot.com/2011/09/september-11-11901-2002.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803152310/https://mondo70.blogspot.com/2011/09/september-11-11901-2002.html | archive-date=3 August 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=6 November 2025| quote=...it didn't premiere in my country until the summer of 2003.}}</ref>

[[Jacques Perrin]] and Nicolas Mauvernay were producers of the complete ''11′09″01 September 11''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kelly | first=Brendan | title=Look back in reverence | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=2 September 2002 | url=https://variety.com/2002/film/features/look-back-in-reverence-1117872081/ | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

Other crew included:<ref name=young2002/><ref name=rt>{{cite web | title=11-09-01: September 11 | website=Rotten Tomatoes | date=26 October 2004 | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/september_11/cast-and-crew | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106232917/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/september_11/cast-and-crew | archive-date=6 November 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>
===Producers===
* Tania Zazulinsky (segment "France")
* Gabriel Khoury (segment "Egypt")
* [[Marianne Khoury]] (segment "Egypt")
* Čedomir Kolar (segment "Bosnia-Herzegovina")
* Nicolas Cand (segment "Burkina Faso")
* [[Rebecca O'Brien]] (segment "United Kingdom")
* [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]] (segment "Mexico")
* [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] (segment "Mexico")
* Laurent Truchot (segment "Israel")
* [[Lydia Dean Pilcher]] (segment "India")
* Jon C. Scheide (segment "United States of America")
* Catherine Dussart (segment "Japan")
* Nobuyuki Kajikawa (segment "Japan")
* Masamichi Sawada (segment "Japan")
* Masato Shinada (segment "Japan")

===Writers===
* [[Youssef Chahine]] (segment "Egypt")
* [[Sabrina Dhawan]] (segment "India")
* Amos Gitaï (segment "Israel")
* [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]] (segment "Mexico")
* [[Paul Laverty]] (segment "United Kingdom")
* [[Claude Lelouch]] (segment "France")
* [[Ken Loach]] (segment "United Kingdom")
* [[Samira Makhmalbaf]] (segment "Iran")
* [[Idrissa Ouedraogo]] (segment "Burkina Faso")
* [[Sean Penn]] (segment "United States of America")
* Marie José Sanselme (segment "Israel")
* [[Danis Tanović]] (segment "Bosnia-Herzegovina")
* Daisuke Tengan (segment "Japan")
* [[Pierre Uytterhoeven]] (segment "France")
* Vladimir Vega (segment "United Kingdom")

===Music===
* [[Michael Brook]] (segment "United States of America")
* [[Mohammad-Reza Darvishi]] (segment "Iran")
* [[Alexandre Desplat]] (title music)
* [[Manu Dibango]] (segment "Burkina Faso")
* [[Osvaldo Golijov]] (segment "Mexico")
* [[Tarō Iwashiro]] (segment "Japan")
* [[Salif Keita]] (segment "Burkina Faso")
* [[Heitor Pereira]] (segment "United States of America")
* [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] (segment "Mexico")
* [[Vladimir Vega]] (segment "United Kingdom")

===Cinematography===
* [[Samuel Bayer]] (segment "United States of America")
* Luc Drion (segment "Burkina Faso")
* Ebrahim Ghafori (segment "Iran")
* Pierre-William Glenn (segment "France")
* Peter Hellmich (segment "United Kingdom")
* Yoav Kosh (segment "Israel")
* Mustafa Mustafić (segment "Bosnia-Herzegovina")
* Mohsen Nasr (segment "Egypt")
* Masakazu Oka (segment "Japan")
* [[Declan Quinn]] (segment "India")
* Toshihiro Seino (segment "Japan")
* Jorge Müller Silva (segment "United Kingdom")
* Nigel Willoughby (segment "United Kingdom")

===Editing===
* Rashida Abdel Salam (segment "Egypt")
* Kim Bica (segment "Mexico")
* [[Jay Cassidy]] (segment "United States of America")
* Robert Duffy (segment "Mexico")
* Alejandro González Iñárritu (segment "Mexico")
* Julia Gregory (segment "Burkina-Faso")
* Allyson C. Johnson (segment "India")
* [[Mohsen Makhmalbaf]] (segment "Iran")
* Stéphane Mazalaigue (segment "France")
* Jonathan Morris (segment "United Kingdom")
* Kobi Netanel (segment "Israel")
* Hajime Okayasu (segment "Japan")
* Monique Rysselinck (segment "Bosnia-Herzegovina")

==Release==
The film has been released internationally with several titles, depending on the language. It is listed in the [[Internet Movie Database]] as ''11′09″01 - September 11'', while in French, it is known as ''11 minutes 9 secondes 1 image'' and in Persian as ''11-e-Septambr''.

It had its world premiere on September 5, 2002 at the [[Venice Film Festival]] in Italy.<ref name=variety2002>{{cite web | last=Young | first=Deborah | title=Review: ‘11’09”01 September 11’ | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=6 September 2002 | url=http://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/11-09-01-september-11-1200546469 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708225523/http://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/11-09-01-september-11-1200546469 | archive-date=8 July 2017 | url-status=dead | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> It was also screened at [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref name=coleman2022>{{cite web | last=Coleman | first=Sarah | title=The 9/11 movie Hollywood won't let you see | website=[[Salon.com]] | date=26 November 2002 | url=https://www.salon.com/2002/11/25/11_09_01/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915184337/https://www.salon.com/2002/11/25/11_09_01/ | archive-date=15 September 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

The premiere screening in the US was for an audience of graduate students in the Roone Arledge Auditorium at [[Columbia University]] in New York on 24 November 2002, partly due to [[Mira Nair]]'s links with Columbia's film division.<ref name=coleman2022/> As of December 2002, ''11′09″01'' had been distributed in 20 countries, but not in the US, where, according to American theatre critic [[John Lahr]], "a few of its segments are perceived, in some quarters, as anti-American. Loach's film, for instance, reminded audiences that on September 11, 1973, America helped bring about the downfall of Chile's democratically elected Socialist leader, [[Salvador Allende]], and installed [[General Augusto Pinochet]]".<ref name = lahr2002>{{cite interview|first= Mira|last=Nair | interviewer-last=Lahr | interviewer-first=John | title=Whirlwind | website=[[The New Yorker]] | date=2 December 2002 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/12/09/the-whirlwind | url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022030926/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/12/09/the-whirlwind| archive-date= 22 October 2014| url-status=live|quote=Published in the print edition of the December 9, 2002, issue... The story would allow Nair, she said, to bear witness to the pervasiveness of what she calls "[[Islamophobia]]". 'After September 11th, none of the media spoke of why this had happened,' she says. 'What was talked about was that Muslims equal terrorists.'}}</ref> It premiered in the US in summer 2003.<ref name=mondo2011/>

It was released on DVD in the UK by [[Artificial Eye]] in 2002,<ref>{{cite web | title=11'09"01 [videorecording] : September 11 : a film in SearchWorks catalog | website=SearchWorks catalog | date=14 August 2025 | url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/5577369 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106233108/https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/5577369 | archive-date=6 November 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> and on October 26, 2004 in the US.<ref name=rt/>

==Reception==
Deborah Young, writing in [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'' magazine]] after the Venice Film Festival premiere, called the film "a sober, thought-provoking response to a tragedy of worldwide import and a much better film than one might expect from the pre-release publicity". She comments "Although at least two segments voice criticisms of American foreign policy, reports that the film is anti-American in focus are greatly exaggerated".<ref name=young2002>{{cite web | last=Young | first=Deborah | title=Review: ‘11’09”01 September 11’ | website=variety.com | date=5 September 2002 | url=http://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/11-09-01-september-11-1200546469 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708225523/http://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/11-09-01-september-11-1200546469 | archive-date=8 July 2017 | url-status=dead | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> At a press conference for the film at the festival, a journalist mentions the ''Variety'' review referring to some labelling the film "anti-American". Various directors defend the film: [[Danis Tanović]] responded that this was never his intention; [[Samira Makhmalbaf]] said "there are enough contrasts and conflicts on earth without film directors having to increase them". [[Claude Lelouch]] said that his use of a deaf mute came from wanting to use silence. [[Amos Gitai]] talked about the form of the film, saying that each there was a wide variety of approaches used by the filmmakers.<ref>{{cite web | title=59th Venice Film Festival | website=Reeling Reviews | date=14 April 2020 | url=https://www.reelingreviews.com/venice9-06-02.htm | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

Sarah Colemen, writing for ''[[Salon.com|Salon]]'' after the film's US premiere at Columbia University, wrote "it is patchy, sometimes brilliant, occasionally laughable and much too long... In the end, though, the most provocative thing about this film might be that it wrests the narrative of Sept. 11 away from Americans and puts it in the hands of other, far-flung observers — the implication being that the historical event belongs, in some senses, to everyone". She concludes that, although "far from a masterpiece... it's a film Americans should see".<ref name=coleman2022/>

Phillip French, writing in ''[[The Observer]]'' in December 2002, thought that the film "adds up to much less than the sum of its parts", but especially praised [[Samira Makhmalbaf]]'s segment, noting that the Iranian director was the youngest of all of the filmmakers involved.<ref>{{cite web | title=September 11 | website=The Observer film reviews| publisher = The Guardian | date=29 December 2002 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Observer_review/0,,866027,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106233513/https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Observer_review/0,,866027,00.html | archive-date=6 November 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

Stephen Schaefer, writing in the ''[[Boston Herald]]'' in September 2003, gives the film 3 out of 4 stars. He refers to questions that other critics have raised: "Anti-American? Arrogant? Offensive?", and in general thinks the segments uneven in quality. He liked [[Mira Nair]]'s film, but reserves highest praise for [[Idrissa Ouédraogo]]'s and [[Inarritu]]'s contributions.<ref>{{cite web | last=Schaefer | first=Stephen | title=Sept. 11 omnibus film hits a few bumps | website=[[Boston Herald]]| series=The Edge | date=26 September 2003 | url=http://theedge.bostonherald.com/movieReviews/view.bg?articleid=86165 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128152811/http://theedge.bostonherald.com/movieReviews/view.bg?articleid=86165 | archive-date=28 November 2005 | url-status=dead | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

In a feature article by Australian writer [[Christos Tsiolkas]] in the online film journal ''[[Senses of Cinema]]'' in January 2003, he refers to a "rather belligerent" review by Peter Matthews in ''[[Sight and Sound]]'' earlier that month, in which he stated that the film "virtually defines bad faith". Tsolkias disagrees, writing "''11’09”01'' probably fails miserably to do justice to the full implications of the bombings and subsequent declarations of war, but it is at least an attempt towards dialogue, and in canvassing responses from filmmakers across four continents, it counters the aggressiveness of Western media distillations of the event". Tsolkias thought that Samira Makhmalbaf's ''Blackboards'' was "one of the best allegories of war I had ever seen", and Youssef Chahine's film "fucking great", and also praises [[Ken Loach]]'s film, which "[makes] the crucial link between compassion, understanding and history".<ref>{{cite journal | title=11’09”01- September 11: The Rest is Silence | website=[[Senses of Cinema]]|issue=24 | date=January 2003 | url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/feature-articles/sept_11/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814023014/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/feature-articles/sept_11/ | archive-date=14 August 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

Ella Ruth Anaya, assistant professor of Cross-Cultural and Leadership Communication in the School of Media, Art and Culture at [[Trinity Western University]] in Canada, reviewing the DVD version of the film in 2011, wrote that the film "[had] been described as daring, artful, illuminating, intensely moving, and provocative". In her opinion, "The brilliance of this film is its scope and profundity".<ref>{{cite journal | author=Anaya, Ella Ruth| date=2011| title= Review of the DVD September 11: 11 Directors, 11 stories, 1 film.|journal =Global Media Journal (Canadian Edition)| volume= 4| issue=2| pp=125-128 | url=https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/201/300/global_media_journal/v02n01/1102/v4i2_anaya.pdf?nodisclaimer=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106083243/https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/201/300/global_media_journal/v02n01/1102/v4i2_anaya.pdf?nodisclaimer=1 | archive-date=6 November 2025 | url-status=dead | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

{{as of|2025}} the film has a rating of 77% on review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{cite web | title=11-09-01: September 11 | website=Rotten Tomatoes | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/september_11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428161728/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/september_11 | archive-date=28 April 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

==Accolades==
At the [[59th Venice International Film Festival|2002 Venice Film Festival]], the film received the UNESCO Award and Ken Loach's segment was the winner of the [[FIPRESCI Prize]] for Best Short Film.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0328802}}
*''[https://archive.today/20130117014114/http://www.allmovie.com/dvd/110901-september-11-115162 11′09″01 September 11]'' at [[Allmovie]]
*{{rotten-tomatoes|september_11}}
*{{Metacritic film}}
*{{mojo title|september11}}
{{Template group
|title = Articles related to ''11′09″01 September 11''
|list =
{{Alejandro González Iñárritu}}
{{Claude Lelouch}}
{{Idrissa Ouedraogo}}
{{Mira Nair}}
{{Shōhei Imamura}}
{{Youssef Chahine}}
{{Samira Makhmalbaf}}
{{Danis Tanović}}
{{Amos Gitai}}
{{Sean Penn}}
{{Authority control}}
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:11'901 September 11}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
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[[Category:English-language Mexican films]]
[[Category:2002 French-language films]]
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[[Category:Films based on the September 11 attacks]]
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[[Category:Films directed by Claude Lelouch]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ken Loach]]
[[Category:Films directed by Samira Makhmalbaf]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mira Nair]]
[[Category:Films directed by Idrissa Ouedraogo]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sean Penn]]
[[Category:Films directed by Danis Tanović]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Alejandro González Iñárritu]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sabrina Dhawan]]
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[[Category:2002 French films]]
[[Category:2000s Egyptian films]]
[[Category:2002 British films]]
[[Category:2002 Mexican films]]
[[Category:2002 American films]]
[[Category:2002 Iranian films]]

Indira Gandhi International Airport

2026-03-29T18:03:22Z

Meraki03: refined structure additionally and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Airport serving New Delhi, NCR, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Indira Gandhi International Airport
| image = Indira Gandhi International Airport Logo.svg
| image-width = 300
| image_alt = IGI Airport logo
| image2 = 2024-12-14-00 00 2024-12-14-23 59 Sentinel-2 L2A True color (cropped).jpg
| image2-width = 300
| caption2 = Satellite image of the airport
| IATA = DEL
| ICAO = VIDP
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports}}</ref>
| operator = Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL)
*[[GMR Group]] (74%)
*[[Airports Authority of India]] (26%)
| city-served = [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]
| location = [[Palam]], [[Delhi]], India
| opened = {{start date and age|1962|||df=yes}}
| hub = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Air India]]
| [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]
| [[FedEx Express]]
| [[Quikjet Airlines]]}}
| operating_base = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Air India Express]]
| [[IndiGo]]
| [[SpiceJet]]}}
| elevation-f = 777
| elevation-m = 237 
| metric-elev = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|28|34|07|N|077|06|44|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|www.newdelhiairport.in}}
| pushpin_map = India Delhi#India
| pushpin_label = '''DEL'''/VIDP
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in India
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-m = 2816
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 10/28
| r2-length-m = 3,813
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| r3-number = 11R/29L
| r3-length-m = 4,430
| r3-surface = Asphalt
| r4-number = 11L/29R
| r4-length-m = 4,400
| r4-surface = Asphalt
| metric-rwy = yes
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 79,259,890 ({{increase}} 7.6%)
| stat2-header = International passengers
| stat2-data = 21,561,977 ({{increase}} 10.7%)
| stat3-header = Aircraft movements
| stat3-data = 468,822 ({{increase}} 6%)
| stat4-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat4-data = 1,109,519 ({{increase}} 10.6%)
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Indira Gandhi International Airport''' {{airport codes|DEL|VIDP}}, known as '''Palam Airport''' until 1986, is the primary [[international airport]] serving [[New Delhi]], the capital of [[India]], and the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR). The airport, spread over an area of {{convert|5106|acres}},<ref name="igicustoms">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419022746/http://www.igiacustoms.gov.in/igi-airport.htm About IGI Airport] from the Wayback Machine</ref> is situated in [[Palam]], [[Delhi]] (hence its former name), {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} southwest of the [[New Delhi Railway Station]] and {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} from the city centre.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/aaisite_test/eAIP/PUB/2012-04-01/html/index-en-GB.html|title=eAIP India|publisher=OF Airports Authority of India|date=1 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331042733/http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/aaisite_test/eAIP/PUB/2012-04-01/html/index-en-GB.html|archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="newdelhiairport1"/>

Named after [[Indira Gandhi]] (1917–1984), the former [[Prime Minister of India]], it is the [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic|busiest airport of India]] in terms of passenger traffic since 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Delhi-s-airport-busier-than-Mumbai-s-by-40-flights-a-day/502562|title=Delhi Airport busier than Mumbai by 40 flights a day|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 August 2009|access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> It is also the busiest airport in the country in terms of cargo traffic. In the financial year of 2024–25, the airport handled over 7.92 [[crore]] (79.2 million) passengers, the highest ever in the airport's history.<ref name="AAI3" /> As of 2025, it is the [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|ninth-busiest airport in the world]], as per the latest rankings issued by the UK-based air consultancy firm, [[OAG (company)|OAG]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi airport ranked ninth busiest globally|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-airport-ranked-ninth-busiest-globally-9944496/|work=The Indian Express|date=15 April 2025|access-date=26 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> It is the second-busiest airport in the world by seating capacity,<ref>{{cite news |title=IGI airport world's second busiest in seat capacity, flight frequency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/igi-worlds-2nd-busiest-in-seat-capacity-flight-frequency/articleshow/91270448.cms |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=3 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ITMay2022">{{cite news |title=Delhi's IGI airport is now world's second busiest airport |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-news-igi-airport-second-busiest-world-official-airline-guide-1944447-2022-05-02 |access-date=3 May 2022 |work=India Today |date=2 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OAG">{{cite web|title=Busiest Airports in the World 2024|url=https://www.oag.com/busiest-airports-world-2024|website=OAG Aviation|access-date=26 April 2025|language=en-gb}}</ref> having a seating capacity of over 36 [[lakh]] (3.6 million) seats, and the [[List of the busiest airports in Asia|third-busiest airport in Asia]], handling over 7.78 crore (77.8 million) passengers in 2024.<ref name="ITMay2022" /><ref name="OAG" /> In fact, it is routinely one of the busiest airports in the world, according to the [[Airports Council International]] rankings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Top 10 busiest airports in the world in 2024: Can you guess the only Indian hub on the list?|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/travel/top-10-busiest-airports-in-the-world-in-2024-can-you-guess-the-only-indian-hub-on-the-list-19588703.htm|date=14 April 2025|access-date=26 April 2025|website=CNBC TV18|language=en}}</ref>

The airport was operated by the [[Indian Air Force]] before its management was transferred to the [[Airports Authority of India]].<ref>{{cite news|date= 9 April 2011|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/article1663173.ece|title=Why they should stay with the Air Force|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312015546/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/Why-they-should-stay-with-the-Air-Force/article20169377.ece|archive-date=12 March 2020|work=Business Line|access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref> In May 2006, the management of the airport was passed over to Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL), a consortium led by the [[GMR Group]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=381981|title=Mumbai, Delhi airport management to be handed over to pvt cos|date=2 May 2006|magazine=Outlook|access-date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514064757/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=381981|archive-date=14 May 2006}}</ref> In September 2008, the airport inaugurated a {{convert|4430|m|abbr=on}} runway. With the commencement of operations at Terminal 3 in 2010, it became India's and South Asia's largest aviation hub. The Terminal 3 building has a capacity to handle 3.4 crore (34 million) passengers annually and was the [[List of largest buildings in the world|world's 8th largest passenger terminal]] upon completion.<ref name="newdelhiairport1">{{cite web|url=http://www.newdelhiairport.in/fact-sheet.aspx|title=Fact Sheet|publisher=Newdelhiairport.in|access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> The airport inaugurated a {{convert|4400|m|abbr=on}} runway and the {{cvt|2.1|km}} Eastern Cross Taxiways (ECT) with dual parallel taxiways in July 2023.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Photos: Delhi airport first in country to have four runways, elevated taxiways|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/travel/news/delhi-airport-first-in-country-to-have-four-runways-elevated-taxiways/ar-AA1dR9D4|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2023|access-date=15 July 2023|language=en}}</ref> The airport uses an advanced system called [[Airport Collaborative Decision Making]] (A-CDM) to help keep [[takeoff]]s and [[landing]]s timely and predictable.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=101523|title=Advance System at IGIA|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Civil Aviation|date=12 December 2013|access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref>

The other airport serving NCR is the [[Hindon Airport]], which primarily handles regional and domestic flights to [[List of cities in India by population|major metro cities]] out of the city under the [[UDAN]] Scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-s-second-airport-to-operate-first-flight-from-tomorrow-11570689656434.html|title=Delhi's second airport to operate first flight from tomorrow|work=mint |date=10 October 2019}}</ref> The former airport, which used to be the primary airport of NCR, [[Safdarjung Airport]] is now used mainly by VVIP helicopters and small charter helicopters due to its short runway. To offset the burgeoning traffic, the construction of a new airport, [[Noida International Airport]], is currently underway.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mani |first1=Raju |date=31 October 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/inauguration-of-jewar-airport-by-end-of-december-nandi/articleshow/66448455.cms |title=Jewar international airport: Inauguration of Jewar airport by end of December: Nandi |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==History==
[[File:Lockheed Hudson - Delhi-Palam - Royal Air Force Operations in the Far East, 1941-1945. CI408.jpg|thumb|[[Lockheed Hudson]] Mark VI of [[No. 194 Squadron RAF]] at RAF Station Palam|261x261px]]
Palam Airport was established by the [[British Raj]] as a base for the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] during [[World War II]] to support Allied military operations in Asia. After Indian Independence, the Royal Indian Air Force, which was later rechristened as the [[Indian Air Force]], took over the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of delhi customs, Delhi Customs |url=https://delhicustoms.gov.in/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628053934/https://delhicustoms.gov.in/history.html |archive-date=28 June 2024 |website=delhicustoms.gov.in |access-date=15 February 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1962, commercial passenger operations were relocated from [[Safdarjung Airport]] (Delhi's first airport) to Palam Airport.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} At that time, Palam had a peak capacity of approximately 1,300 passengers per hour.<ref name="igicustoms"/> In 1979–80, a total of 30 lakh (3 million) domestic and international passengers flew into and out of Palam Airport.<ref>{{cite news|title= Travellers can breathe freely with brand new and improved terminal at Sahar in Bombay | url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/tourism/story/19801231-travellers-can-breathe-freely-with-brand-new-and-improved-terminal-at-sahar-in-bombay-773676-2013-11-29#ssologin=1#source=magazine | newspaper=[[India Today]]|date= 31 December 1980|access-date= 14 August 2019}}</ref> Owing to an increase in air traffic in the '70s and '80s, an additional terminal with nearly four times the area of the old Palam terminal was constructed. With the inauguration of this new international [[airport terminal|terminal]], Terminal 2, on 2 May 1986, the airport was renamed as Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA).<ref name="igicustoms"/> However, the airport's ICAO code, ''VIDP'', remains associated with its old name.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

The old domestic airport ([[Palam]]) is known as Terminal 1 and was divided into separate buildings – 1A, 1B, and 1C. Blocks 1A and 1B were used to handle international operations while domestic operations took place in Block 1C. Block 1A and 1B later became dedicated terminals for domestic airlines and are currently closed down. It is planned that they will be demolished after the construction of newer terminals. Block 1C was also turned into a domestic arrivals terminal, and was rebuilt and opened on 24 February 2022. The newly constructed domestic departures block 1D is now used by domestic low-cost airlines ([[IndiGo]], and [[SpiceJet]]). There is also a separate technical area for VIP passengers. The domestic arrivals terminal 1C was demolished and rebuilt into a brand-new domestic arrivals terminal. For this expansion work, GoAir and select flights of IndiGo were moved to Terminal 2 as well as select flights of SpiceJet and IndiGo to Terminal 3.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

In October 2001, [[Canada 3000]] commenced a flight to Toronto.<ref name="gm1001">{{cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/travel/canada-3000-launches-nas-only-non-stop-india-route/article763676/ | title=Canada 3000 launches N.A.'s only non-stop India route | work=The Globe and Mail | date=10 October 2001 | access-date=7 November 2021 | author=McArthur, Douglas}}</ref> This was the first nonstop service between India and North America.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011011/biz.htm#2 | title=Canada 3000 flight lands in India | work=The Tribune | date=10 October 2001 | access-date=23 April 2023 | archive-date=9 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409063927/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011011/biz.htm#2 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Russia's decision to open its airspace after the [[Cold War]] allowed the airline to save time by flying a direct route over the Arctic.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canada-3000-plans-polar-passage-to-india/article18290929/ | title=Canada 3000 plans polar passage to India | work=The Globe and Mail | date=22 January 2001 | access-date=7 November 2021 | author=McArthur, Keith}}</ref> Even though the [[11 September attacks]] had precipitated a global decline in air travel, Canada 3000 was hoping that the service would help it improve its financial position.<ref name="gm1001" /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88075491/ | title=Canada 3000 looks east for relief | work=National Post | date=9 October 2001 | access-date=7 November 2021 | author=Fitzpatrick, Peter}}</ref> Nevertheless, the company collapsed one month later.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-3000-grounds-fleet-without-warning-1.286660 | title=Canada 3000 grounds fleet without warning | work=CBC | date=10 November 2001 | access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>

Significant growth in the Indian aviation industry led to a major increase in passenger traffic. The capacity of Terminal 1 was estimated to be 71.5 lakh (7.15 million) passengers per annum (mppa). The actual throughput for 2005/06 was an estimated 1.04 crore (10.4 million) passengers. Including the then closed down international terminal (Terminal 2), the airport had a total capacity of 1.25 crore (12.5 million) passengers per year, whereas the total passenger traffic in 2006/07 was 1.65 crore (16.5 million) passengers per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/IGI-Airport-tops-world-in-growth-/articleshow/2712536.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-19/delhi/27779425_1_igi-airport-new-domestic-departure-terminal-dial-official|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=IGI Airport tops world in growth|date=19 January 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> In 2008, the total passenger count at the airport reached 2.4 crore (23.97 million). To ease the traffic congestion on the existing terminals and in preparation for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Jethra |first2=Aashish |date=4 July 2010 |title=£2bn Delhi airport terminal signals a new India, says PM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/04/delhi-india-airport-terminal |work=The Guardian |access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref> a much larger Terminal 3 was constructed and inaugurated on 3 July 2010.<ref name="GMR">{{cite web|url=http://www.gmrgroup.in/pressreleasedetail-III-03-July-2010.aspx|title=Brand New Beginning – New Integrated Passenger Terminal 3 Inaugurated at IGIA|work=[[GMR Group]]|access-date=27 January 2017|date=3 July 2010|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202075712/http://www.gmrgroup.in/pressreleasedetail-III-03-July-2010.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new terminal's construction took 37 months for completion and this terminal increased the airport's total passenger capacity by 34 million.<ref name="GMR"/>

Apart from the two budget domestic airlines handled by Terminals 1 and 2, all other airlines operate their flights from Terminal 3. In June 2022, Delhi International Airport became India's first to run entirely on Hydro Power and solar energy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2022 |title=Delhi airport international becomes India's 1st to run entirely on hydro and solar energy - The AeroNation |url=https://theaeronation.com/delhi-airport-international-becomes-indias-1st-to-run-entirely-on-hydro-and-solar-energy/ |website=The AeroNation |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423170035/https://theaeronation.com/delhi-airport-international-becomes-indias-1st-to-run-entirely-on-hydro-and-solar-energy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Ownership ==
On 31 January 2006, the aviation minister [[Praful Patel]] announced that the empowered Group of Ministers have agreed to sell the management-rights of Delhi Airport to the DIAL consortium and the Mumbai Airport to the [[GVK (conglomerate)|GVK Group]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2007/02/12/stories/2007021200580600.htm |title=Delhi, Mumbai airport modernisation – Efforts to ensure a smoother journey |newspaper=Business Line |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004153918/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2007/02/12/stories/2007021200580600.htm |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 May 2006, the management of Delhi and Mumbai airports were handed over to the private consortia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?381981|title=Mumbai, Delhi airport management to be handed over to pvt cos|publisher=news.outlookindia.com|access-date=16 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715023520/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?381981|archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL) was a consortium of the [[GMR Group]] (54%), [[Fraport]] (10%) and [[Malaysia Airports]] (10%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiaairports.com.my/index.php?ch=38&pg=204&ac=1182|title=Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad|publisher=Malaysiaairports.com.my|date=4 April 2006|access-date=16 July 2010|archive-date=8 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308072800/http://www.malaysiaairports.com.my/index.php?ch=38&pg=204&ac=1182|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Airports Authority of India]] retains a 26% stake.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Sharma|url=http://www.constructionupdate.com/products/equipmentindia/june2008/009.html|title=Equipment India – India's first infrastructure equipment magazine|publisher=Constructionupdate.com|date=31 March 2010|access-date=16 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228064029/http://www.constructionupdate.com/products/equipmentindia/june2008/009.html|archive-date=28 December 2010}}</ref>

In May 2015, Malaysia Airports chose to exit from DIAL venture and sold its 10% stake to GMR Infra for $79 million. Following this GMR Group's stake at DIAL increased to 64%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/GMR-infrastructure-acquires-10-additional-share-in-Delhi-airport-overall-stake-rises-to-64/articleshow/47421655.cms|title=GMR Infrastructure acquires 10% additional share in Delhi airport overall stake rises to 64%|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 May 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref> In 2024 Fraport sold its 10% shareholding to GMR Group.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Fraport sells its Delhi stake |magazine=[[Airliner World]] |date=November 2024 |page=21}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:VIDP Layout.svg|thumb|VIDP Airport Map]]

===Runways===
[[File:(1) Interior of New Delhi Airport.jpg|thumb|Interior of the domestic departures terminal]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Runways at IGI Airport
!Runway number
!Length
!Width
!Approach lights/[[Instrument landing system|ILS]]<ref name="newdelhiairport1"/><ref name="TOI"/>
|-
|11R/29L
|{{convert|4430|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|CAT III-B / CAT II
|-
|11L/29R
|{{convert|4400|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|45|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|CAT III-B / CAT II
|-
|10/28
|{{convert|3813|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|46|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|CAT I / CAT III-B
|-
|09/27
|{{convert|2816|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|45|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|CAT I / CAT I
|}

Delhi Airport has four near-parallel runways: runway 11R/29L, {{convert|4430|x|60|m|abbr=on}}, runway 11L/29R, {{convert|4400|x|45|m|abbr=on}}, runway 10/28, {{convert|3813|x|46|m|abbr=on}}, and runway 09/27, {{convert|2816|x|45|m|abbr=on}}. The 09/27 runway of the Delhi Airport was the airport's first-ever runway; the British constructed the 2,816 metre-long and 60 metre-wide runway in the pre-independence era and used it during World War II.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=ANI|date=5 January 2022|title=End of British-era: Delhi's IGI Airport refurbishes runway|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/end-of-british-era-delhi-s-igi-airport-refurbishes-runway-122010500712_1.html|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref> In addition to [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in [[Lucknow]] and [[Jaipur Airport]] in [[Jaipur]], Delhi Airport is the only airport in India to have been equipped with the CAT III-B ILS, as of 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aai-commits-more-airports-for-cat-iii-ils-compliance-2311836|title=AAI commits more airports for CAT III ILS compliance|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=4 May 2018|date=4 February 2017|agency=ANI}}</ref> In the winter of 2005, there were a record number of disruptions at Delhi Airport due to fog/smog. Since then some domestic airlines have trained their pilots to operate under CAT-II conditions of a minimum {{convert|350|m|ft|abbr=on}} visibility. On 31 March 2006, IGI became the first Indian airport to operate two runways simultaneously following a test run involving a [[SpiceJet]] plane landing on runway 28 and a [[Jet Airways]] plane taking off from runway 27 at the same time.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

The initially proposed mode involving simultaneous takeoffs in westerly flow to increase handling traffic capacity caused several near misses over the west side of the airport where the centrelines of runways 10/28 and 9/27 intersect.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Now-separate-runways-at-Delhi-airport/articleshow/2632880.cms|title=Now separate runways at Delhi airport|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2007|access-date=4 May 2018|author=Saurabh Sinha |author2=Neha Lalchandani|agency=TNN|place=New Delhi}}</ref> The runway use was changed to segregate dependent mode on 25 December 2007, which was a few days after a near miss involving an [[Airbus A330]]-200 of [[Qatar Airways]] and an IndiGo [[Airbus A320 family|A320]] aircraft. The new method involved the use of runway 28 for all departures and runway 27 for all arrivals. This more streamlined model was adopted during day hours (– 2300 0600 – 2300 IST) until 24 September 2008.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

On 21 August 2008, the airport inaugurated its third runway, 11R/29L, costing [[Indian rupee|₹]]1,000 crore<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Air-India-Boeing-opens-Rs-1-000-cr-runway-at-IGIA/351712|title=Air India Boeing opens Rs 1,000 cr runway at IGIA|newspaper=Express India|date=22 August 2008|access-date=29 October 2012}} {{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and {{convert|4430|m|abbr=on|0}} long. The runway has one of the world's longest paved [[Displaced threshold|threshold displacements]] of {{convert|1460|m|abbr=on|0}}. This, in turn decreases the available landing length on runway 29L to {{convert|2970|m|abbr=on|0}}. The reason for the long threshold displacement is due to the presence of a 263 m high Shiv statue, which is located near runway 29L.{{dubious|Height of Shiv statue apparently incorrect|date=January 2025}}<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Saurabh |last2=Lalchandani |first2=Neha |date=6 January 2011 |title=Asia's longest runway falls short for flights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/asias-longest-runway-falls-short-for-flights/articleshow/7224520.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Saurabh |last2=Lalchandani |first2=Neha |date=25 January 2011 |title=AAI refuses to back down on statue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/aai-refuses-to-back-down-on-statue/articleshow/7357704.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref> The runway increased the airport's capacity to handle up to 100 flights from the previous 45–60 flights per hour. The new runway was opened for commercial operations on 25 September 2008 and gradually began full round-the-clock operations by the end of October of the same year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Delhirsquos-airport-opens-third-runway-for-round-the-clock-operation/article20146291.ece|title=Delhi's airport opens third runway for round-the-clock operation|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|access-date=4 May 2018|date=31 October 2008}}</ref>

Since 2012, all three runways were operated simultaneously to handle traffic during day hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Indira-Gandhi-International-Airport-to-use-3-runways-together/articleshow/14398748.cms|title=Indira Gandhi International Airport to use 3 runways together|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 June 2012|access-date=4 May 2018|author=Neha Lalchandani|agency=TNN|place=New Delhi}}</ref> Only runways 11R/29L and 10/28 are operated during night (2300–0600 IST) hours with single runway landing restriction during westerly traffic flow that is rotated late night (0300 IST) and reversed weekly to distribute and mitigate night time landing noise over nearby residential areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mix-up-forces-air-india-plane-to-do-high-speed-reject-at-delhi-airport-as-another-plane-was-landing-on-a-merging-runway/articleshow/58062712.cms|title=Mix-up forces Air India plane to do high-speed reject at Delhi Airport|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author=Saurabh Sinha|place=New Delhi|agency=TNN|date=7 April 2017|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

To cater for the demand of increasing air traffic, the master plan for the construction of a fourth parallel runway next to the existing runway 11R/29L was cleared in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-airport-new-look-bigger-terminals-internal-rail-but-brace-for-chaos-first/story-ibgsrN5QCtHgfc0xzFA0aK.html|title=Delhi airport new look: Bigger terminals, internal rail but brace for chaos first|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|author=Faizan Haider|date=23 August 2017|place=Delhi|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> along with the Eastern Cross Taxiways (ECT) - a pair of elevated parallel taxiways linking the northern part of the airport with the southern runways. It will be elevated as it will pass over the airport approach roads. It will be {{cvt|2.1|km}} long and both the taxiways will be {{cvt|44|m}} wide, with a {{cvt|47|m}} wide gap separating the taxiways, making it capable of handling [[Airbus A380]] and [[Boeing 747]] type aircraft. It will help flights reducing duration to reach the southern runways from 9–10 minutes to only two minutes, as well as reducing pollution and traffic. The fourth runway and the ECT was inaugurated on 14 July 2023.<ref name="TOI"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi airport's 4th runway to get running by early 2023 increasing its capacity to fly 14 crore people annually |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/delhi-airports-4th-runway-to-get-running-by-early-2023-increasing-its-capacity-to-fly-14-crore-people-annually-article-93467255 |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=Times Now |date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

==Terminals==
[[File:Indira Gandhi International Airport.JPG|thumb|Terminal 1D at Indira Gandhi International Airport]]
[[File:Sculpture of hasta mudras at Indira Gandhi International Airport.jpg|thumb|Inside view of Terminal 3 at Indira Gandhi International Airport]]

IGI Airport serves as a major hub or a focus destination for several Indian carriers including [[Air India]], [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], [[IndiGo]], and [[SpiceJet]]. Approximately 80 airlines serve this airport. At present, there are three actively scheduled passenger terminals, as well as a cargo terminal.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

In 2021, DIAL introduced an e-boarding facility for passengers at all the three terminals of the airport, by which all boarding gates will have contactless e-boarding gates with boarding card scanners, which will allow passengers to flash their physical or e-boarding cards to verify flight details in order to proceed for security checks.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DIAL introduces e-boarding facility at all three terminals of Delhi airport|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/dial-introduces-e-boarding-facility-at-all-three-terminals-of-delhi-airport/articleshow/88256036.cms|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> Terminal 3 is an integrated terminal used for both international and domestic flights. The Indian carriers operating international flights are [[Air India]], [[IndiGo]], and [[SpiceJet]]. The domestic side of Terminal 3 is used by Air India, Air India Express, and select flights of SpiceJet and IndiGo. Select flights of IndiGo use Terminal 2 for their domestic operations.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

===Currently operational terminals===
====Terminal 1====
Terminal 1 is used by the low cost domestic carriers, such as [[SpiceJet]] and [[IndiGo]]. In 2022, Terminal 1D was fully expanded with an arrivals hall, with the goal of enhancing its annual passenger handling capacity from the previous 1.8 crore (18 million) to 4 crore (40 million).<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/DIAL-plans-4th-runway-at-IGI-by-2020-new-terminal-too/articleshow/51533722.cms|title=DIAL plans 4th runway at IGI by 2020, new terminal too |work=The Times of India|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/t1-expansion-delayed-by-a-year-as-covid-19-hits-air-traffic-badly/articleshow/78851581.cms|title=Delhi: T1 expansion delayed by a year as Covid-19 hits air traffic badly|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> In 2025, after a brief period, Terminal 1 has now re-opened following major renovations and an expansion including a 'guitar-neck' shaped pier section. As a result, the Terminal is now a singular building encompassing the area of previous terminals 1A through D.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

====Terminal 2====
Terminal 2 was opened on 1 May 1986, at a cost of {{INR}}95 crores<ref name="igicustoms"/> and was used for international flights until July 2010 when operations shifted to Terminal 3. After this, the terminal remained operational for only three months per year.<ref name="TIES">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/delhi-indira-gandhi-international-airport-indigo-spicejet-goair-terminal1-terminal-2-delhi-airport-domestic-flights-4894585/|title=IGI T2: GoAir shifts to new terminal 2 from October 29, but IndiGo, SpiceJet reluctant|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 October 2017|access-date=8 May 2018|author=Express Web Desk|place=New Delhi}}</ref> In 2017, after revamping Terminal 2 at a cost of {{INR}}100 crores,<ref name="TIES"/> DIAL shifted all operations of GoAir and select operations of IndiGo to that terminal in order to continue expansion work of Terminal 1.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/delhi-airport-t1-upgrade-goair-shifts-to-t2-no-nod-from-indigo-spicejet-117102800310_1.html|title=Delhi airport T1 upgrade: GoAir shifts to T2; no nod from IndiGo, Spicejet|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|author=Arindam Majumder|date=28 October 2017|access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-airport-goair-to-shift-operations-to-t2-from-october-29-4889163/
|title=Delhi airport: GoAir to shift operations to T2 from October 29|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 October 2017|access-date=7 March 2018|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> As of October 2025, all Terminal 2 renovations are complete and it is open for operations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2025 |title=Flight operations start at Delhi airport's refurbished Terminal 2 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/flight-operations-start-at-delhi-airports-refurbished-terminal-2/articleshow/124829337.cms |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

====Terminal 3====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 240
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Sculpture of Surya, the Sun God.jpg
| alt1 = smiling head-on pedestal
| image2 = Delhi Airport in July, 2018 10.jpg
| alt2 = figures posed on a coil
| image3 = 入国審査前の手のひらのオブジェ.JPG
| alt3 = hands extending from a wall over the immigration counters
| footer = Sculptures in Terminal 3: Hindu solar deity [[Surya]] (upper left), Surya Namaskara asanas (upper right), and ''hasta mudras'' or hand gestures extending from a wall over the immigration counters (bottom)
}}

[[File:Delhi_(DEL)_airport_interior_-_vrvvkbjk2k23iph_(19).jpg|thumb|231x231px|Interior of Terminal 3]]

Designed by [[HOK (firm)|HOK]] working in consultation with [[Mott MacDonald]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldinteriordesignnetwork.com/news/igi_airport_in_india_to_unveil_worlds_third_largest_terminal_100330|title=IGI Airport in India to unveil world's third-largest terminal|publisher=World Interior Design Network|access-date=16 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606013739/http://www.worldinteriordesignnetwork.com/news/igi_airport_in_india_to_unveil_worlds_third_largest_terminal_100330/|archive-date=6 June 2010}}</ref> Terminal 3 is a two-tier building spread over an area of 54 lakh (5.4 million) square feet (approx 502,000 square metre ) making it the 15th largest terminal in the world, with the lower floor being the arrivals area, and the upper floor being a departures area. This terminal has 168 check-in counters, 78 aerobridges at 48 contact stands, 54 parking bays, 95 immigration counters, 18 [[X-ray]] screening areas, shorter waiting times, [[duty-free shop]]s, and other features.The international flights leave from gates 1-26 (gates 2, 4, 6 are bus gates) and the domestic flights leave from gates 27-62 (gates 42, 44 are bus gates)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmrgroup.co.in/Airports/Delhi_International_Airport__P__Limited.html|title=Delhi International Airport (P) Limited|publisher=Gmrgroup.co.in (GMR)|access-date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410020827/http://www.gmrgroup.co.in/Airports/Delhi_International_Airport__P__Limited.html|archive-date=10 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Transportation/DIAL_to_invest_Rs_30000_cr_build_4_new_terminals_in_Delhi/articleshow/2956408.cms|title=DIAL to invest Rs 30,000 cr, build 4 new terminals in Delhi|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=16 April 2008|access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> This new terminal was timed to be completed for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], which was held in Delhi and is connected to Delhi by an eight-lane [[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway]] and the [[Delhi Metro]] through its [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express (Orange Line)]]. The terminal was officially inaugurated on 3 July 2010. All international airlines shifted their operations to the new terminal in late July 2010 and all full service domestic carriers in November 2010. The arrival area is equipped with 14 [[baggage carousel]]s. Terminal 3 has India's first [[Automated parking system|automated parking management]] and guidance system in a [[Multistorey car park|multi-level car park]], which comprises seven levels and a capacity of 4,300 cars. Terminal 3 forms the first phase of the airport expansion which tentatively includes the construction of additional passenger and cargo terminals (Terminal 4, 5, and 6).<ref name="TH"/>

Domestic full-service airline [[Air India]] operates from Terminal 3.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Decks-cleared-for-shifting-of-operations-to-T3/articleshow/6904159.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103220214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-11/delhi/28246343_1_t3-domestic-operations-terminal|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Decks cleared for shift of operations to T3|date=11 November 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 November 2001}}</ref> [[Air India Express]], although a low cost airline, also operates its domestic flights from this terminal. Some flights of [[SpiceJet]] and [[IndiGo]] were also shifted to Terminal 3 temporarily for the expansion of Terminal 1.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

On 16 December 2024, the Indira Gandhi International airport became the first in India to connect directly to 150 airports or destinations — both domestic and international — with the launch of a Thai AirAsia X direct flight between Delhi and Bangkok's Don Mueang airport.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhis-igi-airport-connects-capital-to-150-destinations-first-to-do-so-in-india-101734337843192.html | title=Delhi's IGI airport connects capital to 150 destinations, first to do so in India | work=Hindustan Times | date=16 December 2024 }}</ref>

====General Aviation Terminal====
India's first [[General aviation|general aviation terminal]] was commissioned in this airport in September 2020. The terminal caters to support the movement and processing of passengers flying through chartered flights or private jets from the airport.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's first General Aviation Terminal for private jets opens at Delhi Airport – Exclusive landing |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indias-first-general-aviation-terminal-for-private-jets-opens-at-delhi-airport/exclusive-landing/slideshow/78183585.cms |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indias first General Aviation terminal facility for Private Jets launched at Delhi Airport |url=https://www.gmrairports.com/Indias-first-General-Aviation-terminal-facility-for-Private-Jets-launched-at-Delhi-Airport.aspx |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=Ggmrairports.com}}</ref>

====Air cargo complex====
The air cargo complex is located at a distance of {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} from Terminal 3. It consists of separate brownfield and greenfield cargo terminals.<ref name="GBCAR">{{cite web|url=https://www.newdelhiairport.in/dial-invites-expression-of-interest-(ieoi)-for-cargo-village-project-at-igi-airport.aspx|title=DIAL invites Expression of Interest (IEoI) for Cargo Village Project at IGI Airport|publisher=Official Website of Delhi Airport|date=10 February 2013|access-date=8 May 2018|place=New Delhi}}</ref> The cargo operations at the brownfield terminal are managed by Celebi Delhi Cargo Management India Pvt. Ltd., which is a joint venture between Delhi International Airport Private Ltd (DIAL) and the Turkish company Celebi Ground Handling (CGH).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celebicargo.in/delhi/corporate|title=Corporate: Celebi Delhi Cargo Terminal Management India Pvt Ltd|website=Celebi Cargo India|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=9 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012958/http://www.celebicargo.in/delhi/corporate|url-status=dead}}</ref> CGH was awarded the contract to develop, modernise, and finance the existing cargo terminal and to operate the terminal for a period of twenty-five years by DIAL in November 2009.<ref name="PPZ">{{cite web|url=http://www.itln.in/air-cargo-terminals-striving-for-ppp-boost|title=Air cargo terminals Striving for PPP boost|date=13 May 2014 |publisher=Indian Transport and Logistics News|access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> It started its operations in June 2010.<ref name="PPZ"/> In addition to the existing terminal, a new greenfield terminal is being developed in phases by Delhi Cargo Service Centre (DCSC), also a joint venture between DIAL and Cargo Service Center (CSC).<ref name="PPZ"/> The greenfield cargo terminal project consists of two terminals built over a plot of 48,000 square metres and 28,500 square metres, respectively. Phase 1A of the project has been completed and is fully operational.<ref name="GBCAR"/> Once the entire project is completed, these two new terminals will have an annual handling capacity of 12.5 lakh (1.25 million) tonnes.<ref name="PPZ"/> The cargo operations of the airport received "e-Asia 2007" award in 2007 for "Implementation of e-Commerce / Electronic Data Interchange in Air Cargo Sector".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newdelhiairport.in/pr-DIAL-Cargo-gets-international-e-ASIA-2007-Award-IGI-Airport-becomes-the-First-Indian-Airport-to-get-this-award.aspx|title=Dial Cargo gets international 'e Asia 2007 Award' I.G.I. Airport becomes the First Indian Airport to get this award|access-date=26 January 2016|date=22 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032453/http://www.newdelhiairport.in/pr-DIAL-Cargo-gets-international-e-ASIA-2007-Award-IGI-Airport-becomes-the-First-Indian-Airport-to-get-this-award.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Previous terminals===
====Terminal 1A====

Terminal 1A was built in 1982 as a temporary structure for international VIPs arriving for the [[1983 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] held in Delhi. After the event, the building was unused until [[Indian Airlines]] started operating [[Airbus A320]] operations in 1988. It had to be refurbished after a fire gutted the interiors in October 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19961130-devastating-fire-leaves-terminal-1a-of-indira-gandhi-international-airport-in-rubble-834166-1996-11-29|title=Devastating fire leaves Terminal 1A of Indira Gandhi International Airport in rubble |work=[[India Today]]|date=30 November 1996 |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> and DIAL significantly upgraded the terminal. The terminal was closed after Air India shifted operations to the new Terminal 3 on 11 November 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/end-of-an-era-at-terminal-1-a/story-YtUdS8OVzxjpJGnpPNorcL.html|title=End of an era at Terminal 1 A|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=10 November 2010|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> DIAL had earlier planned to use the terminal for Haj operations as well as for charter planes; however, it never materialised. The terminal lay unused until 2018, when DIAL decided to demolish it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19961130-devastating-fire-leaves-terminal-1a-of-indira-gandhi-international-airport-in-rubble-834166-1996-11-29|title=Delhi IGI airport's Terminal T1A set to be demolished; here's why |work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=5 June 2018 |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref>

====Terminal 1B====

Terminal 1B was also built in the late 1980s and was used only for domestic departures. Upon the opening of the new domestic departures Terminal 1D in 2009, Terminal 1B was closed and is expected to be demolished on the completion of newer terminals.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

====Terminal 1C====
[[File:Domestic Terminal of IGI.jpg|thumb|Interior of Terminal 1D]]

Terminal 1C was also built in the late 1980s and was used only for domestic arrivals. The terminal has been upgraded with a newly expanded greeting area and a larger [[Baggage claim|luggage reclaim]] area with eight belts. Terminal 1C was shut down, torn, and rebuilt into a brand new domestic arrivals hall on 24 February 2022.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

====Terminal 1D====

Terminal 1D was developed by DIAL and inaugurated on 27 February 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/new-terminal-inaugurated-at-airport/|title=New terminal inaugurated at airport |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 February 2009 |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> as a domestic departures terminal with a total floor space of {{convert|53000|m2|abbr=on}} and a capacity to handle 1.5 crore (15 million) passengers per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/end-of-an-era-at-terminal-1-a/story-YtUdS8OVzxjpJGnpPNorcL.html|title=Terminal 1D expansion work to begin by year end|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2016|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> The terminal commenced operations on 19 April 2009.<ref name="NI">{{cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2009/04/14/delhi-airports-new-terminal-1d-open-april-19|title=Delhi Airport's new Terminal 1D to open on April 19|website=Netindian.in|date=14 April 2009|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> It had 72 Common Use Terminal Equipment (CUTE) enabled [[Airport check-in|check-in counters]], 16 self [[check-in]] counters, and 16 [[Airport security|security channels]].<ref name="NI" />
{{clear}}

==Airlines and destinations==
===Passenger===

{{Incomplete list|date=October 2025}}
{{Airport destination list

| [[Aero Nomad Airlines]] | [[Manas International Airport|Bishkek]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Aero Nomad to give flight to Kyrgyz Tourism’s India market aspirations|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/destination/states/aero-nomad-to-give-flight-to-kyrgyz-tourisms-india-market-aspirations/92078523|work=ET TravelWorld|date=8 June 2022|access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>

| [[Aeroflot]] | [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Moscow–Sheremetyevo]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian carrier Aeroflot increases flight frequency on Delhi-Moscow route|url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/russian-carrier-aeroflot-increases-flight-frequency-on-delhi-moscow-route/articleshow/99034262.cms |access-date=26 March 2023 |date=26 March 2023|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Air Arabia]] | [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Sharjah, United Arab Emirates SHJ|pages=1056-1057}}</ref>

| [[Air Astana]] |[[Almaty International Airport|Almaty]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Astana announces resumption of flights to and from Delhi|url=https://airastana.com/uk-en/information/flights-to-from-india|work=Air Astana}}</ref>

| [[Air Cambodia]] | [[Phnom Penh International Airport|Phnom Penh]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Cambodia Angkor Air launches direct flight between Delhi & Phnom Penh|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/international/cambodia-angkor-air-launches-first-ever-direct-flight-between-delhi-phnom-penh/110152414|work=ET TravelWorld|date=15 May 2024}}</ref>

| [[Air Canada]] | [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]]<ref>{{OAGWorldJuly2025Ref|title=Toronto, ON, Canada YTO|pages=1156-1162}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Montréal–Trudeau International Airport|Montréal–Trudeau]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelpulse.ca/news/airlines-airports/air-canada-cuts-montreal-flights-to-delhi-and-tel-aviv-for-summer-2026|title=Air Canada Cuts Montreal Flights to Delhi and Tel Aviv for Summer 2026|website=TravelPulse Canada|date=12 November 2025}}</ref>

| [[Air China]] | [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]] (resumes 21 April 2026)<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/air-china-returns-india-market-bilateral-capacity-rebuilds |title= Air China Returns To India Market As Bilateral Capacity Rebuilds |website=Aviation Week|date=23 March 2026}}</ref>

| [[Air France]] | [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Air France & KLM enhances flights frequency on India route|url=https://www.traveltrendstoday.in/air-france-klm-enhances-flights-frequency-on-india-route |access-date=5 November 2024
|date=5 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Air India]] |[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India cancels several flights including Ahmedabad–Delhi service |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/abad-delhi-ai-456-among-eight-cancelled-air-india-flights/articleshow/121980427.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 June 2025 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Amritsar Flights |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-amritsar-flights |website=Air India |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India started flights to Amsterdam|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/air-india-started-flights-to-amsterdam|website=aviacionline|date=14 June 2023 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> [[Aurangabad Airport|Aurangabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India adds 174 weekly flights to domestic|url=https://mediaindia.eu/aviation/air-india-adds-174-weekly-flights-to-domestic-and-short-haul-international-network/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |date=26 October 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Announces Additional Flights From Delhi to Bangkok|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/international-flights-latest-news-today-13-november-2021-air-india-announces-additional-flights-from-delhi-to-bangkok-heres-how-to-book-flight-tickets-vande-bharat-mission-5093673/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |date=13 November 2021 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Bangalore flight schedule |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-bangalore-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Bhopal]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Direct flights from Bhopal to Delhi include Air India service |url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/BHO-DEL |website=FlightsFrom.com |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Biju Patnaik International Airport|Bhubaneswar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Bhubaneswar Flights |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-bhubaneswar-flights |website=Air India |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> [[Bhuj Airport|Bhuj]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-to-commence-delhi-bhuj-service-in-feb-2025-1299156|title=Air India to commence Delhi-Bhuj service in Feb-2025|work=CAPA|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> [[Birmingham Airport|Birmingham]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India flights from Delhi to Birmingham (AI113) |url=https://info.flightmapper.net/route/Air_India_AI_DEL_BHX |work=FlightMapper.net |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref> [[Chandigarh International Airport|Chandigarh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Chandigarh Flights |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-chandigarh-flights |website=Air India |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Chennai Flights – Air India |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-chennai-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[O’Hare International Airport|Chicago–O’Hare]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Announces Additional Flights to Chicago |url=https://www.india.com/business/international-flights-latest-update-14-december-2021-air-india-announces-additional-flights-to-san-francisco-chicago-from-dec-21-check-full-schedule-air-bubble-vande-bharat-mission-5139368/ |access-date=14 December 2021 |date=21 December 2021 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Coimbatore Flights |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-coimbatore-flights |website=Air India |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Scales Up Colombo |url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/Air-India-scales-up-Kathmandu-Colombo-Bangkok-routes.html |access-date=5 June 2025 |date=7 July 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India returns to Copenhagen, Milan and Vienna|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/news/2023/03/01/air-india-returns-to-copenhagen-milan-and-vienna/|work=[[Business Traveller]]|date=1 March 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Dehradun Airport|Dehradun]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi to Dehradun Flights|url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-dehradun-flights |access-date=9 February 2026 |date=9 February 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Mutiah|first=Dinny|title=Ambil Alih Operasional Vistara, Air India Layani Rute Penerbangan Langsung New Delhi - Denpasar Bali|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5785303/ambil-alih-operasional-vistara-air-india-layani-rute-penerbangan-langsung-new-delhi-denpasar-bali|work=Liputan 6|date=13 November 2024|access-date=24 October 2025|lang=Indonesian}}</ref> [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Dhaka Flights |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-dhaka-flights |website=Air India |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India to launch Delhi-Doha flights|url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/640792/air-india-to-launch-delhi-doha-flights|website=gulf-times|access-date=5 September 2019|date=29 October 2024}}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Flights from Delhi to Dubai, Ticket Fare Starts @INR 13,846 |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-dubai-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India revamps network, optimises Delhi-Paris, Frankfurt flight schedules|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Dec/16/air-india-revamps-network-optimises-delhi-paris-frankfurt-flight-schedules|website=newindianexpress|date=16 December 2024}}</ref> [[Gaya Airport|Gaya]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India announces Delhi-Gaya flights from September, connecting Southeast Asian cities|url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/Air-India-announces-Delhi-Gaya-flights-from-September.html |access-date=2 May 2025 |date=1 September 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Goa Flights, Ticket Price from INR 5,127 |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-it/book-flights/delhi-to-goa-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India flights from Delhi to Mopa, Goa |url=https://info.flightmapper.net/route/Air_India_AI_DEL_GOX |website=FlightMapper |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Guwahati Flights – Air India |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-guwahati-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]] (begins 1 May 2026), <ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Adds flights to Vietnam|url=https://indiaoutbound.info/aviation/air-india-adds-flights-to-vietnam-and-japan/#:~:text=%7C%20Aviation,month%20between%20the%20two%20countries.|website=Outbound|access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref> [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India to start Delhi-Ho Chi Minh City flights from June 1|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/air-india-delhi-ho-chi-minh-city-flights-june-1-9262529/|work=The Indian Express|date=10 April 2024|access-date=10 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travelobiz.com/air-india-to-operate-additional-flights-between-delhi-and-hong-kong-starting-jan-02/|title=Air India To Operate Additional Flights Between Delhi And Hong Kong Starting Jan 02|date=21 December 2021|work=Travelobiz|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India continues high‑frequency services between Delhi and Hyderabad |url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/Air-India-optimises-network-with-Delhi-Hyderabad-high-frequency-services |work=Air India Newsroom |date=27 November 2024 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi-Indore Air India flight returns shortly after takeoff over 'fire indication'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhiindore-air-india-flight-returns-shortly-after-takeoff-over-fire-indication-101756610907329-amp.html|website=hindustantimes|date=31 August 2025}}</ref> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India adds 174 weekly flights to domestic|url=https://mediaindia.eu/aviation/air-india-adds-174-weekly-flights-to-domestic-and-short-haul-international-network/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |date=26 October 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Jaisalmer Airport|Jaisalmer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-to-commence-delhi-jaisalmer-service-in-oct-2025-1331009|title=Air India to commence Delhi-Jaisalmer service in Oct-2025|work=CAPA|access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Jeddah Flights – Air India |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-jeddah-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India announces flights to Doha and Kathmandu|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/air-india-announces-flights-to-doha-and-kathmandu/|website=businesstraveller|date=27 July 2021}}</ref> [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]],<ref>{{cite news|title= Air India introduces Delhi-Kochi flight|url=https://www.rediff.com/business/report/air-india-introduces-delhi-kochi-flight/20131121.htm|website=rediff|date=21 November 2013}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Delhi-Kolkata flight aborts take-off due to technical glitch|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Jul/22/air-india-delhi-kolkata-flight-aborts-take-off-due-to-technical-glitch|website=newindianexpress|date=22 July 2025}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India announces non-stop services between Delhi and Kuala Lumpur|url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/-air-non-stop-services-between-delhi-and-kuala-lumpur.html#:~:text=Air%20India%2C%20India's%20leading%20global,daily%20on%20the%20new%20route. |access-date=5 July 2024 |date=15 September 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Flights from Delhi to Leh – Air India |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-leh-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India expands UK connectivity with additional daily Delhi-London flight|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visit/air-india-expands-uk-connectivity-with-additional-daily-delhi-london-flight/articleshow/124412162.cms?from=mdr|website=economictimes|date=9 October 2025}}</ref> [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow]],<ref>{{cite news|title=UP MLA pushed by passenger on Air India flight|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/flyer-booked-over-spat-with-mla/articleshow/124244021.cms|work=The Times of India|date=1 October 2025|access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref> [[Velana International Airport|Malé]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India introduces daily direct flights to Maldives from Delhi and Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/air-india-introduces-daily-direct-flights-to-maldives-from-delhi-and-mumbai/articleshow/116053159.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes|date=6 December 2024}}</ref> [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.com/nri/visit/air-india-to-start-direct-flights-from-delhi-to-manila-starting-this-october/articleshow/121617084.cms|title=Air India to start direct flights from Delhi to Manila starting this October|website=The Economic Times|date=4 June 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref> [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India enters codeshare partnership with Virgin Australia, boosting flights to Melbourne and Sydney |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/air-india-enters-codeshare-partnership-with-virgin-australia-12942961.html |work=Moneycontrol News |date=17 February 2025 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India resumes direct flight services between Milan and New Delhi|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-resumes-direct-flight-services-between-milan-and-new-delhi/articleshow/97552010.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=2 February 2023|access-date=2 February 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India pulls ahead of IndiGo in India's busiest Mumbai-Delhi skies route|url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/aviation/air-india-claims-lead-over-indigo-on-mumbai-delhi-mega-air-route-126010100767_1.html |access-date=2 January 2026 |date=2 January 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India to operate direct flights between Delhi to Nagpur, Raipur|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-to-operate-direct-flights-between-delhi-to-nagpur-raipur/articleshow/52385599.cms?from=mdr|website=economictimes|date=22 May 2016}}</ref> [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]],<ref>{{cite news|title=After New York, Air India starts non-stop flight between Delhi and Newark|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/after-new-york-air-india-starts-non-stop-flight-between-delhi-and-newark/articleshow/116878145.cms?from=mdr|website=economictimes|date=2 January 2025}}</ref> [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India launches daily non‑stop A350‑900 flights between Delhi and New York’s JFK |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-launches-daily-a350-900-flights-between-delhi-and-new-yorks-jfk-to-expand-to-newark-in-2025-details-inside-3654420/ |website=The Financial Express |date=1 November 2024 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India cancels Delhi-Paris flight after pre-flight checks identify technical issue|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/air-india-delhi-paris-flight-10071994/lite/website=indianexpress|date=17 June 2025}}</ref> [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India & Air India Express Add 166 Extra Flights To Patna To Meet For Diwali And Chhath Puja Rush|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/air-india-air-india-express-add-166-extra-flights-to-patna-to-meet-for-diwali-and-chhath-puja-rush/articleshow/124629300.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes|date=17 October 2025}}</ref> [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]],<ref>{{cite news|title=TAT welcomes Air India's inaugural Delhi-Phuket flight|url=https://www.tatnews.org/2023/12/tat-welcomes-air-indias-inaugural-delhi-phuket-flight/|website=tatnews|date=15 December 2023}}</ref> [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Delhi-Port Blair flight diverted due to bad weather, 152 spent night in Vizag|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bad-weather-diversion-air-india-delhi-port-blair-flight-passengers-visakhapatnam-2398374-2023-06-27|website=indiatoday|date=27 June 2023}}</ref> [[Prayagraj Airport|Prayagraj]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/01/18/air-india-daily-flights-from-delhi-to-bhuj/|access-date=18 January 2025 |title=Air India Launches New Flights from Delhi to Bhuj, Goes Daily to Prayagraj |date=18 January 2025 }}</ref> [[Pune Airport|Pune]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India's Delhi-Pune flight suffers bird hit, return flight cancelled after safe landing|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-indias-delhi-pune-flight-suffers-bird-hit-return-flight-cancelled-after-safe-landing/articleshow/121971196.cms?from=mdr|website=economictimes|date=20 June 2025}}</ref> [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India flight from Delhi to Raipur diverted to Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/27/air-india-flight-from-delhi-to-raipur-diverted-to-bhubaneswar|website=airindia|date=27 August 2025}}</ref> [[Rajkot International Airport|Rajkot]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Mondal|first=Anish|title=Gujarat: Rajkot International Airport starts functioning, IndiGo to operate all its services from here – Details inside|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-gujarat-rajkot-international-airport-starts-functioning-indigo-to-operate-all-its-services-from-here-details-inside-3238365/|work=The Financial Express|date=10 September 2023|access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Riyadh Flights |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-riyadh-flights |website=Air India |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]] (resumes 25 March 2026),<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India to resume non-stop flights to Rome from March 2026 |url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/Air-India-to-resume-non-stop-flights-to-Rome-from-March-2026.html |website=Air India |access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref> [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Coming this winter: Delhi to San Francisco in 17 hours, thanks to Air India's daily flight!|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/travel-buzz/story/air-india-delhi-san-francisco-travel-world-india-lifetr-333942-2016-08-08|website=indiatoday|date=8 August 2016}}</ref> [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India announces direct Delhi-Seoul flight|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/air-india-announces-direct-delhi-seoul-flight/ |access-date=12 September 2019 |date=19 September 2019 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India To Resume Non-Stop Flights Between Delhi, Shanghai From Feb 2026 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-to-resume-non-stop-flights-between-delhi-shanghai-from-feb-2026-9651446 |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=NDTV |date=17 November 2025}}</ref> [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India to operate direct flights between Delhi and Singapore |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-se/book-flights/delhi-to-singapore-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Srinagar Flights – Air India |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-srinagar-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport|Sydney]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Sydney Flights, Ticket Price from INR 40,277 |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-sydney-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Kshitij |title=Air India to resume direct Delhi-Tel Aviv flights from Jan 2026, says Israel tourism ministry|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visit/air-india-to-resume-direct-delhi-tel-aviv-flights-from-jan-2026-says-israel-tourism-ministry/articleshow/125123092.cms?from=mdr|access-date=29 December 2025 |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=5 December 2025}}</ref> [[Trivandrum International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref>{{cite news |title=New AI service between TVM and New Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/new-ai-service-between-tvm-and-new-delhi/articleshow/97965680.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/air-india-shifts-delhi-tokyo-flights-to-haneda-from-31st-march-2025-expands-ana-partnership-9247896.html|title=Air India shifts Delhi-Tokyo flights to Haneda from 31st March 2025, Expands ANA partnership|publisher=News18|date=3 March 2025|access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref> [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India to launch Delhi-Toronto direct flight in September|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/air-india-to-launch-delhi-toronto-direct-flight-in-september/article28474388.ece |access-date=16 July 2019 |date=27 September 2019 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Maharana Pratap Airport|Udaipur]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Udaipur Flights |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-udaipur-flights |website=Air India |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi to Vadodara Flights|url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-vadodara-flights |access-date=9 February 2026 |date=9 February 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Vancouver International Airport|Vancouver]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India increases Delhi to Vancouver flights to daily from August 31|url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/air-india-increases-delhi-to-vancouver-flights-to-daily-from-aug.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=31 August 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi to Varanasi Flights – Air India |url=https://www.airindia.com/en/book-flights/delhi-to-varanasi-flights |website=Air India |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Vienna International Airport|Vienna]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India resumes non-stop service on the Delhi-Vienna-Delhi sector|url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/air-india-resumes-non-stop-service-on-the-delhi-vienna-delhi-sec.html |access-date=20 May 2023 |date=18 February 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi to Vijayawada Flights|url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-vijayawada-flights |access-date=9 February 2026 |date=9 February 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi to Visakhapatnam Flights |url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-visakhapatnam-flights |access-date=9 February 2026 |date=9 February 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi to Yangon Flights|url=https://www.airindia.com/en-in/book-flights/delhi-to-yangon-flights |access-date=9 February 2026 |date=9 February 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Zurich Airport|Zurich]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India starts direct flights between New Delhi and Zurich |url=https://www.indembassybern.gov.in/page/air-india-starts-direct-flights-between-new-delhi-and-zurich/ |website=Embassy of India, Berne |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

|[[Air India Express]] |[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Express expands Abu Dhabi network|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/press-releases|website=Air India Express|access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref> [[Amritsar Airport|Amritsar]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express starts Delhi–Amritsar flights|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/air-india-express-launches-delhi-amritsar-flights-article-1234567|work=Times Now|date=15 January 2025}}</ref> [[Ayodhya Airport|Ayodhya]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express launches Delhi–Ayodhya flights|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/air-india-express-launches-delhi-ayodhya-flights/articleshow/106312941.cms|work=The Times of India|date=28 December 2023}}</ref> [[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express begins Delhi–Bagdogra service|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/air-india-express-delhi-bagdogra-flights-101729382847112.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2024}}</ref> [[Bengaluru International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Express route network|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/route-map|website=Air India Express|access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref> [[Bhubaneswar Airport|Bhubaneswar]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express launches Delhi–Bhubaneswar flights|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/air-india-express-launches-delhi-bhubaneswar-flights-3314928/|work=The Financial Express|date=20 January 2025}}</ref> [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express launches direct flights to Dammam from Indian cities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mia-increases-flights-for-winter-schedule/articleshow/124812215.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 October 2025 |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express is launching direct flights between Delhi and Dabolim|url=https://travelmedia.in/2025/october/air-india-express-is-launching-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-dabolim-goa-starting-28-october-2025.html#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=17 October 2025 |date=28 October 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Manohar International Airport|Goa-Mopa]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express takes off from North Goa’s Manohar Airport with weekly flights including Delhi |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-express-takes-off-from-north-goas-manohar-airport-with-40-weekly-flights-more-routes-coming-in-may/articleshow/120330381.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express Launches Daily Flight Service Connecting Delhi to Guwahati|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/nagaland-news/air-india-express-launches-daily-flight-service-connecting-delhi-guwahati-and-dimapur?fbclid=IwY2xjawP3nZ5leHRuA2FlbQIxMQBzcnRjBmFwcF9pZA80MDk5NjI2MjMwODU2MDkAAR6_UKtafuJllPREk9dfLX2kwPys6NISgTn9iotx9UluHRAGfCBo0lwGINnzdg_aem_BLhr4Jd-50SgLqg6nQpbsA |access-date=4 January 2025 |date=1 January 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Bir Tikendrajit International Airport|Imphal]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express announces new flights from Delhi to seven destinations|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/air-india-express-announces-new-flights-from-delhi-to-seven-destinations/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |date=26 October 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Express domestic routes from Delhi|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/route-map|website=Air India Express|access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref> [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express to operate flights between Hindon and Jammu from March 23 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/air-india-express-operate-flights-hindon-jammu-march-9889242/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 March 2025 |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express announces new flights from Delhi to seven destinations|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/air-india-express-announces-new-flights-from-delhi-to-seven-destinations/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |date=26 October 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express launches Delhi–Kuwait flights|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/air-india-express-launches-delhi-kuwait-service/article67894231.ece|work=The Hindu|date=27 February 2024}}</ref> [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express launches Delhi–Lucknow flights|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/air-india-express-starts-delhi-lucknow-service/articleshow/123456789.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 March 2025}}</ref> [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangaluru]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express starts Delhi–Mangalore flights|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/air-india-express-launches-delhi-mangalore-flights/articleshow/114573421.cms|work=The Times of India|date=14 May 2025}}</ref> [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express to begin operations from Navi Mumbai International Airport on December 25|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/air-india-express-launches-daily-flights-from-navi-mumbai-international-airport-on-december-25/125515874 |access-date=23 November 2025 |date=25 December 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Express domestic route network|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/route-map|website=Air India Express|access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref> [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express resumes flight to the Middle East from today |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/18R3XuVbQr/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |date=24 June 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express resumes operations between Patna and Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/air-india-express-resumes-patna-delhi-flights-after-winter-halt/articleshow/125981234.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 December 2025 |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express announces new flights from Delhi to seven destinations|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/air-india-express-announces-new-flights-from-delhi-to-seven-destinations/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |date=26 October 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Pune Airport|Pune]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi to Pune flight |url=https://flights.airindiaexpress.com/en-in/delhi-to-pune-flights |access-date=11 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=City gets direct transit flight to Bhubaneswar, 4 others on anvil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/city-gets-direct-transit-flight-to-bhubaneswar-4-others-on-anvil/articleshow/123639967.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 September 2025 |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express begins Delhi–Sharjah operations|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-express-starts-delhi-sharjah-flights-3314927/|work=The Financial Express|date=14 January 2024}}</ref> [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express connects Srinagar directly to Delhi and other destinations |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/govt-asks-airlines-to-ensure-no-surge-in-srinagar-airfares-airlines-to-operate-addl-flights/120539548 |work=The Economic Times |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> [[Surat International Airport|Surat]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express Announces New Delhi Flight and Kolkata Schedule Changes |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/11107/air-india-express-announces-new-delhi-flight-and-kolkata-schedule |work=Loktej English News |date=10 April 2024 |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> [[Maharana Pratap Airport|Udaipur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express announces new flights from Delhi to seven destinations|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/air-india-express-announces-new-flights-from-delhi-to-seven-destinations/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |date=26 October 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Varanasi Airport|Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express adds new Delhi–Varanasi service|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/air-india-express-adds-delhi-varanasi-flight-101725468923011.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=2 September 2024}}</ref>

| [[Air Mauritius]] | [[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport|Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Air Mauritius Resumes Delhi-Mauritius Direct Service |url=https://www.traveltrendstoday.in/air-mauritius-resumes-delhi-mauritius-direct-service-from-may-4 |access-date=17 April 2023 |date=3 May 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[AirAsia X]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite news |title=AirAsia X spreads its wings launching new services to/from India|url=https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/airasia-x-spreads-its-wings-launching-new-services-to-from#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=6 April 2022 |date=13 April 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Akasa Air]] | [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air enhances its network, adds Delhi as its sixth destination with its fifth aircraft joining the fleet|url=https://www.akasaair.com/news-room/akasa-press-releases/akasa-air-enhances-its-network-adds-delhi |access-date=16 September 2022 |date=7 October 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Ayodhya Airport|Ayodhya]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air expands its presence in Uttar Pradesh; commences operations from Ayodhya |url=https://www.akasaair.com/news-room/akasa-press-releases/akasa-air-expands-its-presence-in-uttar-pradesh-commences-operations-from-ayodhya |access-date=15 February 2024 |date=15 February 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/akasa-air-to-increase-domestic-international-flights-makes-delhi-3rd-operational-base/articleshow/124630840.cms?from=mdr|title=Akasa Air to increase domestic international flights|work=Economic Times|date=17 October 2025 |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air enhances its network, adds Delhi as its sixth destination with its fifth aircraft joining the fleet|url=https://www.akasaair.com/news-room/akasa-press-releases/akasa-air-enhances-its-network-adds-delhi |access-date=16 September 2022 |date=7 October 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Darbhanga Airport|Darbhanga]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/akasa-air-to-start-direct-flights-from-delhi-to-darbhanga-on-april-4/articleshow/118616680.cms|title=Akasa Air to start direct flights from Delhi to Darbhanga on April 4|work=timesofindia|date=28 February 2025 |access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref> [[Manohar International Airport|Goa-Mopa]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air introduces Goa as the 12th destination on its network |url=https://www.akasaair.com/news-room/akasa-press-releases/akasa-air-introduces-goa-as-the-12th-destination-on-its-network |access-date=20 December 2022 |date=11 January 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Akasa Air To Launch Flights To Gorakhpur By May End|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/akasa-air-to-launch-flights-to-gorakhpur-by-may-end/articleshow/110121919.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes|date=14 May 2024}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air Launches Darbhanga To Delhi & Hyderabad Direct Flights |url=https://curlytales.com/akasa-air-launches-darbhanga-to-delhi-hyderabad-direct-flights/ |access-date=28 February 2025 |date=4 April 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air launches direct flights between Delhi and Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/akasa-air-launches-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-kolkata/articleshow/103154321.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai-Chhatrapati Shivaji]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air launches daily Srinagar to Mumbai flights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/akasa-air-launches-daily-srinagar-to-mumbai-flights/articleshow/108138199.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2024 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air ties up with Adani Airports for operations from Navi Mumbai Airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/akasa-air-and-adani-airports-announce-partnership-for-commercial-operations-from-navi-mumbai-airport/articleshow/121681085.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 June 2025 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Pune Airport|Pune]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air to start Bengaluru–Pune flights from November 23 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/akasa-air-to-start-bengaluru-pune-flights-from-november-23/articleshow/95251285.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 November 2022 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air launches daily Srinagar to Mumbai flights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/akasa-air-launches-daily-srinagar-to-mumbai-flights/articleshow/108138199.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2024 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref>

| [[All Nippon Airways]] | [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]]<ref>{{Cite news|agency=ANI |date=20 November 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/japan-s-ana-launches-direct-flight-between-chennai-and-tokyo-1620693-2019-11-20 |title=Japan's ANA launches direct flight between Chennai and Tokyo |magazine=India Today |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

| [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] | [[Bathinda Airport|Bathinda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/alliance-air-to-resume-delhi-bathinda-service-from-oct-2023-1225359|title=Alliance Air to resume Delhi-Bathinda service from Oct-2023|work=CAPA|access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref> [[Bilaspur Airport|Bilaspur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/alliance-air-commences-delhi-bilaspur-service-1231921|title=Alliance Air commences Delhi-Bilaspur service|work=CAPA|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allianceair.in/schedule|title=Flight schedule|publisher=Alliance Air|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> [[Dehradun Airport|Dehradun]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allianceair.in/schedule|title=Flight schedule|publisher = Alliance Air|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> [[Kangra Airport|Dharamshala]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/major-tragedy-averted-as-alliance-air-flight-carrying-himachal-deputy-cm-mukesh-agnihotri-faces-technical-glitch-during-landing-latest-updates-2025-03-24-982046|title=Major tragedy averted as Alliance Air flight faces technical glitch|work=India TV|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allianceair.in/schedule|title=Flight schedule|publisher=Alliance Air|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> [[Hisar Airport|Hisar]],<ref name="TT">{{cite news|title=PM to kickstart air services from Hisar to key cities on April 14|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/pm-to-kickstart-air-services-from-hisar-to-key-cities-on-april-14/|work=The Tribune|date=5 April 2025|access-date=5 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1638551874717581312|title=Alliance Air Summer Schedule Expansion|work=JetArena|access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>{{bsn|date=January 2026}} [[Jabalpur Airport|Jabalpur]],<ref name="Jagdalpur">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/dgca-issues-license-for-ambikapur-airport-to-begin-flight-operations-124031600270_1.html|title=DGCA issues license for Ambikapur airport to begin flight operations|work=Business Standard|date=16 March 2024|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allianceair.in/schedule|title=Flight schedule|publisher=Alliance Air|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> [[Kullu–Manali Airport|Kullu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/alliance-air-begins-flight-services-to-kullu-from-delhi-and-chandigarh-5769823.html|title=Alliance Air Begins Flight Services to Kullu from Delhi|work=News18|access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> [[Prayagraj Airport|Prayagraj]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allianceair.in/schedule|title=Flight schedule|publisher=Alliance Air|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> [[Shimla Airport|Shimla]]<ref>{{cite news|author1=Bisht, Gaurav|title=Delhi-Shimla daily flight resumes after two years|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/delhishimla-daily-flight-resumes-after-two-years-101664184401162-amp.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=26 September 2022|access-date=27 September 2022|language=en}}</ref>

| [[American Airlines]] | [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]]<ref>{{cite news |title=American Airlines resumes service to India after nine-year break; US-India market set for record year|url=https://airserviceone.com/american-airlines-resumes-service-to-india-after-nine-year-break-us-india-market-set-for-record-year/ |access-date=16 November 2021 |date=12 November 2021 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Ariana Afghan Airlines]] | [[Kabul International Airport|Kabul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amu.tv/13660/|title=Ariana Afghan Airlines resumes Kabul-Delhi flights|publisher=Amu|date=4 August 2022|access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref>

| [[Azerbaijan Airlines]] | [[Heydar Aliyev International Airport|Baku]]<ref>{{cite news|title=AZAL to Start Flights to New Delhi in August|url=https://www.azal.az/en/airline/news/details/?id=azal-new-delhi |access-date=22 July 2022 |date=9 August 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Batik Air Malaysia]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourism Malaysia Welcomes Direct Flights to Kuala Lumpur|url=https://www.newsvoir.com/release/tourism-malaysia-welcomes-air-india-s-direct-flights-to-kuala-lumpur-29591.html|work=NewsVoir|date=18 September 2024|access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref>

| [[Belavia]] | [[Minsk National Airport|Minsk]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New Route of the Day Belavia between Minsk and Delhi|url=https://airserviceone.com/new-route-of-the-day-11-august-2023-belavia-between-minsk-and-delhi/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |date=11 August 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Bhutan Airlines]] |[[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhutan Airlines announces resumption of Kathmandu flights|url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2023/09/08/bhutan-airlines-announces-resumption-of-kathmandu-flights|work=The Kathmandu Post|date=8 September 2023|access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]]}} | [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biman-airlines.com/|title=Your Home In The Sky|publisher=Biman Bangladesh Airlines|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>

| [[British Airways]] | [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]]<ref name=Travelopen>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/coronavirus/story/india-reopens-gates-to-tourists-from-99-countries-as-covid-19-cases-decline-312244-2021-11-15|title=India reopens gates to tourists from 99 countries as COVID-19 cases decline|author=Staff writers|magazine=Business Today|location=New Delhi|publisher=Living Media|date=15 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

| [[Cathay Pacific]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hong Kong (SAR) China HKG|pages=543-547}}</ref>

| [[Centrum Air]] | [[Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]]<ref name="C6_new_routes_NW25">{{cite web |title=Centrum Air Announces 10 New Routes — Expanding Its Global Network |url=https://www.centrum-air.com/en/news/10-new-routes-centrum-air |website=www.centrum-air.com |publisher=Centrum Air™ |access-date=10 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

| [[China Eastern Airlines]] | [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese carriers to resume India flight from November 9 with Delhi-Shanghai service by China Eastern |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chinese-carriers-to-resume-india-flight-from-november-9-with-delhi-shanghai-service-by-china-eastern/articleshow/124668545.cms |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

| [[Drukair]] | [[Paro International Airport|Paro]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SCHEDULE FOR PERIOD DECEMBER 2023|url=https://ast.twai.com/drukair/cms/SCH_DEC%202023%20UPDATED%20.pdf|website=[[Drukair]]|access-date=4 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204060437/https://ast.twai.com/drukair/cms/SCH_DEC%202023%20UPDATED%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| [[Egyptair]] | [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Cairo, Egypt CAI|pages=198-201}}</ref>

| [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025a">{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=337-343}}</ref>

| [[Ethiopian Airlines]] | [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADD|pages=17-19}}</ref><ref name=Travelopen/>

| [[Etihad Airways]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}</ref>

| [[Finnair]] | [[Helsinki Airport|Helsinki]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Discover the wonders of India through history, culture and nature|url=https://www.finnair.com/in-en/bluewings/destinations/discover-the-wonders-of-india-through-history--culture-and-nature-3665572 |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=29 October 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[flydubai]] | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{cite news |title=flydubai doubles its network in India |url=https://news.flydubai.com/flydubai-doubles-its-network-in-india |access-date=18 May 2014 |date=18 May 2014 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Flynas]] | [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=flynas celebrates first Riyadh-New Delhi direct flights|url=https://www.flynas.com/en-eu/media-center/news-updates/riyadh-new-delhi-direct-flights |access-date=1 July 2019 |date=1 July 2019 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Gulf Air]] | [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Bahrain, Bahrain BAH|pages=88-90}}</ref>

| [[IndiGo]] |[[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds more flights on Delhi–Amritsar route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-adds-more-flights-on-delhi-amritsar-route/articleshow/100135497.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 May 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Athens International Airport|Athens]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/indigo-launches-direct-flights-to-athens-with-india-s-first-a321xlr-11760710421302.html|title=IndiGo launches direct flights to Athens with India's first A321XLR|date=17 October 2025|website=mint}}</ref> [[Aurangabad Airport|Aurangabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo announces new flights between Delhi and Aurangabad |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-indigo-announces-new-flights-between-delhi-and-aurangabad-2928473/ |work=The Financial Express |date=29 November 2022 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Ayodhya International Airport|Ayodhya]],<ref>{{cite press release |title=IndiGo commences operations from Ayodhya, its 86th domestic destination |url=https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-commences-operations-from-ayodhya.html |work=IndiGo |date=6 January 2024 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Heydar Aliyev International Airport|Baku]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo to start direct Delhi–Baku flights |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-to-launch-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-baku-11692476890123.html |work=Mint |date=19 August 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds more flights on Delhi–Bangkok route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-adds-more-flights-between-delhi-and-bangkok/articleshow/102956314.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Belgaum Airport|Belgaum]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/aug/27/indigo-flight-from-belagavi-to-delhi-from-october-5-2609008.html|title=IndiGo flight from Belagavi to Delhi from October 5|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 August 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds more daily flights on Delhi–Bengaluru route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-adds-more-flights-on-delhi-bengaluru-route/articleshow/101923884.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 July 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Bikaner Airport|Bikaner]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/indigo-announces-flights-between-delhi-and-bikaner/articleshow/116876614.cms|title=IndiGo announces flights between Delhi and Bikaner|work=Times of India|date=2 January 2025 |access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref> [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Bhopal]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds new flights between Delhi and Bhopal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/aviation/indigo-adds-new-domestic-flights-from-delhi-123061500312_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=15 June 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneshwar]],{{cn|date=January 2026}} [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds more flights on Delhi–Chennai route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-adds-more-flights-on-delhi-chennai-route/articleshow/101861873.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 July 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds more flights on Delhi–Coimbatore route |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-adds-south-india-routes-from-delhi/articleshow/102338901.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=3 August 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo expands Gulf operations with new flights between Delhi and Dammam |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-expands-gulf-operations-from-delhi-11692133444566.html |work=Mint |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Darbhanga Airport|Darbhanga]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo's direct flights from Darbhanga to Delhi and Mumbai to begin on THIS date|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-indigo-to-start-direct-flights-from-darbhanga-to-delhi-and-mumbai-to-begin-on-this-date-3650355/|website=The Financial Express|date=27 October 2024|access-date=29 October 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Jolly Grant Airport|Dehradun]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo launches additional flights on Delhi–Dehradun sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-launches-additional-flights-on-delhi-dehradun-sector/articleshow/100412233.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 May 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],<ref name="https">https://www.business-standard.com/industry/aviation/indigo-to-start-manchester-bali-and-krabi-flights-from-delhi-this-month-125100301179_1.html</ref> [[Deoghar Airport|Deoghar]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Sunil|title=Deoghar Airport: दिल्ली से अब सीधे देवघर, आज से फ्लाइट सर्विस शुरू, पहली 'VIP' लैडिंग, जानें शेड्यूल|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/delhi-to-deoghar-direct-flight-service-will-start-today-rajiv-pratap-rudy-first-flight-landing-deoghar-airport/articleshow/93224124.cms|work=Navbharat Times|date=30 July 2022|access-date= 30 July 2022|language=hi}}</ref> [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo launches daily direct flights between Delhi and Dhaka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-launches-daily-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-dhaka/articleshow/98402863.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 March 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Kangra Airport|Dharamshala]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo starts new flights on Delhi–Dharamshala route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-starts-new-flights-on-delhi-dharamshala-route/articleshow/101214219.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 June 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo launches new flights connecting Delhi with Dibrugarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-launches-new-flights-connecting-delhi-with-dibrugarh/articleshow/100978214.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 June 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Dimapur Airport|Dimapur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo starts direct flights between Delhi and Dimapur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-starts-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-dimapur/articleshow/102345678.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo launches direct flights between Delhi and Doha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-launches-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-doha/articleshow/99021456.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo expands international operations with Delhi–Dubai flights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-expands-international-operations-with-delhi-dubai-flights/articleshow/98563421.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport|Durgapur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds flights on Delhi–Durgapur route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-adds-flights-on-delhi-durgapur-route/articleshow/101268734.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 June 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Gaya Airport|Gaya]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo starts direct flights between Delhi and Gaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-starts-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-gaya/articleshow/100732941.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 June 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Goa International Airport|Goa–Dabolim]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo resumes Delhi–Goa Dabolim flights amid strong demand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-resumes-delhi-goa-dabolim-flights/articleshow/99821456.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Goa's 2nd international airport starts operations, first flight lands from Hyderabad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jan/05/goas-2nd-international-airport-starts-operations-firstflight-landsfrom-hyderabad-2534958.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=5 January 2023|access-date=5 January 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo launches direct flights between Delhi and Gorakhpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-launches-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-gorakhpur/articleshow/99521489.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 April 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Direct Flights from Delhi to Guangzhou|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/direct-delhi-china-flights-from-nov-10-with-indigos-delhi-guangzhou-route/articleshow/124480003.cms|website=India Times|access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo adds more flights on Delhi–Guwahati sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-adds-more-flights-on-delhi-guwahati-sector/articleshow/100541982.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 May 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scindia Airport|Gwalior]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo launches direct flights between Delhi and Gwalior |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-launches-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-gwalior/articleshow/102214376.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Arfath|title=IndiGo Adds New Flights to This Asian City from Delhi|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/10/11/indigo-adds-new-flights-to-this-asian-city-from-delhi/|work=Aviation A2Z|date=11 October 2025|access-date=11 October 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo resumes direct flights between Delhi and Hong Kong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-resumes-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-hong-kong/articleshow/101845632.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Hubli Airport|Hubli]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo starts direct flights between Delhi and Karnataka's Hubballi|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/travel-trends/indigo-starts-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-karnatakas-hubballi-9517991.html/amp|work=Moneycontrol|date=14 November 2022|access-date=14 November 2022|language=en}}</ref> [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo to operate daily Delhi-Istanbul non-stop|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-to-operate-daily-delhi-istanbul-non-stop-from-march-20/articleshow/67687285.cms|work=The Times of India|date=25 January 2019|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> [[Donyi Polo Airport|Itanagar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/indigo-to-commence-delhi-donyi-service-in-oct-2023-1221658|title=IndiGo to commence Delhi-Donyi service in Oct-2023|work=CAPA|access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref> [[Jaisalmer Airport|Jaisalmer]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Joy|title=IndiGo announces connectivity to Jaisalmer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-announces-connectivity-to-jaisalmer/articleshow/102917084.cms|work=The Times of India|date=21 August 2023|access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo to launch six new international flights|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-to-launch-six-new-international-flights-1563248201592.html|work=Mint|date=16 July 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> [[Jharsuguda Airport|Jharsuguda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://odishabytes.com/indigo-announces-daily-direct-flight-from-jharsuguda-to-new-delhi-from-may-15-know-schedule/amp|title=IndiGo announces daily direct flight from Jharsuguda to New Delhi from May 15|work=Odisha Bytes|date=15 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo to resume Kannur-Delhi daily flights from December 12|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/indigo-to-resume-kannur-delhi-daily-flights-from-december-12/article68905332.ece|work=The Hindu|date=24 November 2024|access-date=6 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Kanpur Airport|Kanpur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo launches direct flights between Delhi and Kanpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-launches-direct-flights-between-delhi-and-kanpur/articleshow/100214189.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 May 2023 |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=काठमाडौंबाट दिल्ली फर्किए भारतीय कांग्रेसका अध्यक्ष राहुल |url=https://www.thenepaltop.com/news/56 |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=The Nepal Top |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709055907/https://www.thenepaltop.com/news/56 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Khajuraho Airport|Khajuraho]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Velani|first=Bhavya|title=IndiGo Launches the New and 80th Destination as Khajuraho|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2023/08/22/indigo-launches-80th-destination-as-khajuraho/|work=Aviation A2Z|date=22 August 2023|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Krabi International Airport|Krabi]],<ref name="https"/> [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo to start flights on Delhi-Kuwait route|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-to-start-flights-on-delhi-riyadh-and-delhi-kuwait-route-from-october-11/articleshow/70907610.cms?from=mdr|work=The Economic Times|date=30 August 2019 |access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref> [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]],<ref name="k186">{{cite web |title=IndiGo to launch direct Delhi–London Heathrow flights starting February 2026 |website=The Economic Times |date=24 December 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visit/indigo-to-launch-direct-delhilondon-heathrow-flights-starting-february-2026/articleshow/126155834.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]],<ref name="https"/> [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-to-commence-navi-mumbai-international-airport-operations-from-december-25/articleshow/125342581.cms?from=mdr|title=IndiGo to commence flight operations for Navi Mumbai International Airport on December 25|access-date=15 November 2025|date=15 November 2025}}</ref> [[Nashik Airport|Nashik]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo Announces New Flights Between Delhi and Nashik|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/indigo-announces-new-flights-between-delhi-and-nashik-888597|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=6 April 2024|access-date=6 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Pantnagar Airport|Pantnagar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiGo strengthens domestic network with the launch of Pantnagar as 72nd destination in 6E network |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/press-releases/2022/220223_IndiGo-strengthens-domestic-network-with-the-launch-of-Pantnagar-as-72nd-destination-in-6E-network.pdf |website=IndiGo |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo announces additional flights between Delhi and Phuket|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indigo-announces-additional-flights-between-delhi-to-phuket-from-june-1/articleshow/109823394.cms|work=The Times of India|date=3 May 2024|access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> [[Rajkot International Airport|Rajkot]],<ref name="RF1">{{cite news|last=Mondal|first=Anish|title=Gujarat: Rajkot International Airport starts functioning, IndiGo to operate all its services from here – Details inside|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-gujarat-rajkot-international-airport-starts-functioning-indigo-to-operate-all-its-services-from-here-details-inside-3238365/|work=The Financial Express|date=10 September 2023|access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo to start flights on Delhi-Riyadh route|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-to-start-flights-on-delhi-riyadh-and-delhi-kuwait-route-from-october-11/articleshow/70907610.cms?from=mdr|work=The Economic Times|date=30 August 2019 |access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref> [[Changi Airport|Singapore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/economy-infra/aviation/news-indigo-adds-flights-to-singapore-bangkok-after-go-first-cancels-flights-interglobe-aviation-share-price-on-bse-nse-233237|title=IndiGo strengthens connectivity to Southeast Asia, adds flights connecting Singapore, Bangkok|work=Zee Business|access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref> [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo announces direct flights from Delhi to Jorhat and Tiruchirappalli |url=https://economictimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-announces-direct-flights-from-delhi-to-jorhat-and-tiruchirappalli/articleshow/121887784.cms}}</ref> [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Vijayawada Airport: Good news for Vijayawada residents..IndiGo to operate daily flight services to Delhi from now on|url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/ap/indigo-daily-service-vijayawada-to-new-delhi-starts-from-sept-14th-rv-156746|website=Zee Telugu News|date=15 August 2024|access-date=17 August 2024|language=telugu}}</ref>

| [[Iraqi Airways]] | [[Baghdad International Airport|Baghdad]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi to Baghdad Flight Schedule|url=https://flyteam.jp/en/airline_route/del_bgw/flight_scheduled}}</ref> [[Basra International Airport|Basra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi to Basra Flight Schedule|url=https://flyteam.jp/en/airline_route/del_bsr/flight_scheduled}}</ref>

| [[ITA Airways]] | [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Ita Airways, inaugurato il volo Roma Fiumicino-Nuova Delhi|url=https://notizie.tiscali.it/regioni/lazio/articoli/ita-airways-inaugurato-volo-roma-fiumicino-nuova-delhi-00001/|work=Tiscali Notizia|date=3 December 2022|access-date=4 December 2022|language=it}}</ref>

| [[Japan Airlines]] | [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]],<ref name=Travelopen/> [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/news/japan-airlines-to-launch-narita-delhi-flights/|title=Japan Airlines to launch Narita-Delhi flights|website=Business Traveller|date=8 October 2025 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

| [[Jazeera Airways]] | [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kuwait's Jazeera Airways to fly to Delhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kuwaits-jazeera-airways-to-fly-to-delhi-from-december-15/articleshow/66737727.cms |access-date=21 November 2018 |date=15 December 2018 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Kam Air]] | [[Kabul International Airport|Kabul]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kam Air Boosts Kabul-Delhi Connectivity with Increased Flights |url=https://www.kamair.com/news-and-updates-details/kam-air-boosts-kabul-delhi-connectivity/ |access-date=11 September 2025 |date=16 September 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[KLM]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]]<ref name=Travelopen/>

| [[Korean Air]] | [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Seoul, Korea Republic Of SEL|pages=1186-1190}}</ref>

| [[Kuwait Airways]] | [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]]<ref name=Travelopen/>

| [[LOT Polish Airlines]] | [[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Warsaw–Chopin]]<ref>{{cite news |title=LOT Polish Airlines to resume Delhi-Warsaw operations|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/international/lot-polish-airlines-to-resume-delhi-warsaw-operations-from-march-29/90437546 |access-date=25 March 2025 |date=29 March 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Lufthansa]] | [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref>{{cite news |title=60 years of flying to Delhi: Lufthansa brings back A380 & first class to this route|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/60-years-of-flying-to-delhi-lufthansa-brings-back-a380-first-class-to-this-route/articleshow/103301222.cms |access-date=2 September 2023 |date=2 September 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Munich Airport|Munich]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Lufthansa resumes flights between Munich and Delhi|url=https://travelspan.in/starting-today-lufthansa-resumes-its-thrice-weekly-route-between-munich-and-delhi/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |date=19 January 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Mahan Air]] | [[Imam Khomeini International Airport|Tehran–Imam Khomeini]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Direct (non-stop) flights from Delhi to Tehran |url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/DEL-IKA|website=www.flightsfrom.com}}</ref>

| [[Malaysia Airlines]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Malaysia likely to reopen to international travellers from January 1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/malaysia-likely-to-reopen-to-international-travellers-from-january-1/as87669719.cms|newspaper=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Myanmar Airways International]]}} | [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Airways Resumes Flights Between Yangon And Delhi|url=https://travelobiz.com/myanmar-airways-resumes-flights-between-yangon-and-delhi-kolkata/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |date=2 May 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Nepal Airlines]] | [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal Airlines seeks restoration of four flights per week to Delhi
|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/international/nepal-airlines-seeks-restoration-of-four-flights-per-week-to-delhi-amid-tiff-with-aviation-authority/95733601 |access-date=24 November 2022 |date=24 November 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Oman Air]] | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Oman Air, the national carrier of the Sultanate of Oman, will start flights to India |url=https://omannews.gov.om/topics/en/79/show/3816 |access-date=5 October 2020 |date=8 October 2020 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Qantas]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qantasnewsroom.com.au/media-releases/qantas-and-jetstar-gear-up-for-accelerated-border-opening/|title=Qantas and Jetstar gear up for accelerated border opening|publisher=Qantas|date=22 October 2021|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>{{bsn|date=January 2026}}

| [[Qatar Airways]] | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Qatar Airways to extend route network to India |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/qatar-airways-to-extend-dreamliner-route-network-to-india/articleshow/21933123.cms |access-date=20 August 2013 |date=1 September 2013 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Royal Jordanian]] | [[Queen Alia International Airport|Amman–Queen Alia]] (begins 17 September 2026)<ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Saurabh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/petra-calling-royal-jordanian-to-start-amman-mumbai-delhi-flights-as-the-country-woos-desi-travellers/articleshow/117090302.cms|title=Petra calling: Royal Jordanian to Start Amman-Mumbai & Delhi flights as the country woos desi travellers|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

| [[SalamAir]] | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]{{cn|date=October 2025}}

| [[Saudia]] | [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JED|pages=597-600}}</ref> [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Riyadh, Saudi Arabia RUH|pages=1091-1094}}</ref>

| [[Singapore Airlines]] | [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/singapore-airlines-to-start-india-flights-from-nov-29/articleshow/8|title=Singapore Airlines to start India Flights|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

| [[Somon Air]] | [[Dushanbe International Airport|Dushanbe]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan Airlines Boost Connectivity with New Delhi|url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/kazakhstan-uzbekistan-and-kyrgyzstan-airlines-boost-connectivity-with-new-delhi-amid-growing-trade-and-visa-free-travel/|work=Travel And Tour World|date=11 October 2025|access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

| [[SpiceJet]]<ref name="SJ">{{cite web|url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/schedules.aspx|title=SpiceJet Flight Schedule|publisher=Official Website of SpiceJet|access-date=29 January 2026|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216083736/https://corporate.spicejet.com/Schedules.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite news|date=1 November 2025|title=Delhi -Ahmedabad flight delayed for 9 hours|url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/gujarat-delhi-ahmedabad-spicejet-flight-delayed-for-9-hours-passengers-vent-anger-on-social-media-136333042.html|work=Bhaskar English|access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> [[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra]],<ref>{{cite news|date=17 April 2024|title= Delhi-Bagdogra flight lands without luggage|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/spicejet-delhi-bagdogra-plane-lands-without-luggage-spicejet-responds-5464497|work=NDTV|access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite news|date=5 December 2025|title=SpiceJet adds new flights from Delhi, Mumbai|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/spicejet-indigo-airlines-flights-delhi-mumbai-airport-disruptions-125120500799_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> [[Darbhanga Airport|Darbhanga]],<ref>{{cite news|date=16 October 2025|title=Spicejet expands connectivity with Bihar|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/spicejet-expands-festive-connectivity-to-bihar-with-new-flights-to-patna-and-darbhanga/124610422|website=travel.economictimes|access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> [[Kangra Airport|Dharamshala]],<ref>{{cite news|date=19 July 2022|title=Spicejet to start 26 new flights|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/spicejet-to-start-26-new-flights-from-july-22-3172180|work=NDTV|access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur]],<ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2024|title=
SpiceJet Launches 32 New Flights for Winter Schedule|url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/PressReleaseNewsPageNew.aspx?strNews=FlightsforWinter|work=SpiceJet|access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]],<ref>{{cite news|date=13 July 2021|title=Spicejet to launch new flights|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/spicejet-to-launch-16-new-flights/articleshow/84928965.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh]],<ref>{{cite news|date=26 August 2025|title=Spicejet flight from Delhi to Leh unable to land|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/26/heavy-rainfall-strands-hundreds-at-leh-airport-as-flights-cancelled-for-second-day|website=newindianexpress|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna]],<ref>{{cite news|date=23 October 2025|title=Patna bound SpiceJet plane faces tech issue, returns to Delhi|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/patna-bound-spicejet-plane-faces-tech-issue-returns-to-delhi/articleshow/124757551.cms|work=Economic Times|access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref> [[Pune Airport|Pune]],<ref>{{cite news|date=5 December 2025|title=SpiceJet adds new flights from Delhi, Mumbai|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/spicejet-indigo-airlines-flights-delhi-mumbai-airport-disruptions-125120500799_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> [[Shillong Airport|Shillong]]<ref>{{cite web|title= SpiceJet to connect Shillong and Delhi |url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/PressReleaseNewsPageNew.aspx?strNews=ShillongandDelhi|work=SpiceJet}}</ref> [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite news|date=11 January 2026|title= Many SpiceJet Flights Cancelled due to dense fog|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/several-flights-cancelled-trains-delayed-due-to-dense-fog-in-delhi-enn26011101628|work=ETV Bharat|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>

| [[SriLankan Airlines]] | [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]]<ref>{{cite news|title=SriLankan Airlines geared up to welcome Indian travellers|url=https://travelbizmonitor.com/top-stories/srilankan-airlines-geared-up-to-welcome-indian-travellers/|work=TravelBizMonitor|date=9 December 2025|access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Swiss International Air Lines]]}} | [[Zurich Airport|Zürich]]<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Zurich|date=November 2023|volume=25|issue=5|publisher=OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=1134–1140}}</ref>

| [[TezJet]] | [[Manas International Airport|Bishkek]]<ref>{{cite news|title=TezJet starts direct Delhi–Bishkek flights|url=https://travelbizmonitor.com/top-stories/tezjet-starts-direct-delhi-bishkek-flights/|work=TravelBizMonitor|date=8 December 2025|access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

| [[Thai AirAsia X]] | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Thai AirAsia X opens new direct route between Thailand and India|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/thai-airasia-x-opens-new-direct-route-between-thailand-and-india/|website=traveldailymedia|date=15 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Thai Airways International]]}} | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]]<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scandasia.com/thai-airways-to-resume-international-services-to-36-destinations-including-denmark-and-sweden/|title=Thai Airways to resume international services to 36 destinations including Denmark and Sweden|date=15 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

| [[Thai Lion Air]] | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New Route : Bangkok to Delhi |url=https://www.lionairthai.com/en/New-Route/Delhi |access-date=14 November 2025 |date=14 November 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Turkish Airlines]] | [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkishairlines.com/en-in/flights/booking/availability/?cId=7f2b78d8-5c98-4631-9e8f-a6a713ce9151|title=Turkish Airlines Booking Availability|date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122211612/https://www.turkishairlines.com/en-in/flights/booking/availability/?cId=7f2b78d8-5c98-4631-9e8f-a6a713ce9151 |access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=22 November 2021 }}</ref>

| [[Turkmenistan Airlines]] | [[Aşgabat International Airport|Aşgabat]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkmenistan Airlines will fly from Ashgabat to Delhi twice a week|url=https://www.turkmenportal.com/en/news/61797-turkmenistan-airlines-will-fly-from-ashgabat-to-delhi-twice-a-week |access-date=12 May 2023 |date=24 May 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[United Airlines]] | [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/EWR-DEL/|title=Direct (non-stop) flights from New York to Delhi|date=6 November 2025|access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

| [[Uzbekistan Airways]] | [[Namangan Airport|Namangan]] (begins 3 April 2026),<ref>{{cite web|title=New flight from Namangan to Delhi|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DTcYST0iHsx/|website=Instagram|access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> [[Islam Karimov Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbekistan Airways Increases Delhi Flights |url=https://www.uzairways.com/en/press-center/news/uzbekistan-airways-air-company-increases-frequency-flights-delhi |access-date=20 December 2021 |date=20 December 2021 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[VietJet Air]] | [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025c">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hanoi, Viet Nam HAN|pages=522-524}}</ref> [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]]<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025b">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam SGN|pages=538-541}}</ref>

| [[Vietnam Airlines]] | [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025c"/> [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]]<ref name="OAG Flight Guide Worldwide-2025b"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnam-airlines-launches-direct-route-to-india/231202.vnp|title=Vietnam Airlines launches direct route to India|date=15 June 2022|work=Vietnam+|access-date=15 June 2022|language=en}}</ref>

|[[Virgin Atlantic]] | [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Flights: Virgin Atlantic to Start Flights From London to Delhi|url=https://www.india.com/business/international-flights-virgin-atlantic-to-start-flights-from-london-to-delhi-mumbai-from-september-check-details-here-4110751/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |date=2 September 2020 |language=en-CA}}</ref>
}}

===Cargo===
{{Airport destination list

| [[AeroLogic]] |[[Leipzig/Halle Airport|Leipzig/Halle]]<ref>{{cite news |title=AeroLogic News Update|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/6714-aerologic-news-update |access-date=20 June 2009 |date=20 June 2009 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Air Central (China)|Air Central]] |[[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Zhongyuan Longhao Airlines launches flights between Zhengzhou and New Delhi|url=https://www.aircargonews.net/airlines/2023/04/zhongyuan-longhao-airlines-launches-flights-between-zhengzhou-and-new-delhi/ |access-date=14 April 2023 |date=14 April 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Astral Aviation]] | [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Astral Aviation and SpiceXpress enter into a pioneering interline agreement for seamless cargo connections across India, Africa and the Middle East|url=https://astral-aviation.com/astral-aviation-and-spicexpress-enter-into-a-pioneering-interline-agreement-for-seamless-cargo-connections-across-india-africa-and-the-middle-east/|work=[[Astral Aviation]]|date=4 February 2021|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

| [[Atlas Air]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite news |title="Atlas Air Schedule"|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813134854/http://jumpseat.atlasair.com/travel/schedule.asp |access-date=8 February 2026 |date=13 August 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Blue Dart Aviation]] | [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Blue Dart Aviation Ltd.|url=https://bluedartaviation.com/|access-date=4 August 2020|website=bluedartaviation.com|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728223435/https://bluedartaviation.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Destinations, Blue Dart Aviation|url=https://www.bluedartaviation.com/corporatebg_net.htm|access-date=30 October 2021|website=bluedartaviation.com|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728223435/https://bluedartaviation.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

| [[Cathay Pacific|Cathay Cargo]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Cathay Cargo says India critical to growth; bets big on reform momentum|url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/cathay-cargo-says-india-critical-to-growth-bets-big-on-reform-momentum/articleshow/126344688.cms |access-date=5 January 2026 |date=5 January 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[China Airlines|China Airlines Cargo]] | [[Luxembourg Airport|Luxembourg]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stattimes.com/index.php/air-china-airlines-cargo-resumes-freighter-operations-india-after-four-years/ |title=China Airlines Cargo resumes freighter operations to India after four years | Air Cargo News |website=Stattimes.com |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731185505/http://www.stattimes.com/index.php/air-china-airlines-cargo-resumes-freighter-operations-india-after-four-years/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

|[[Emirates SkyCargo]] | [[Brussels Airport]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fluentcargo.com/search?origin=delhi-in&destination=brussels-be&activeRoute=1322741086 |title=Air cargo route from Indira Gandhi International Airport to Brussels Airport |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Fluent Cargo}}</ref>

|[[FedEx Express]] | [[Al Maktoum International Airport]],<ref>{{cite news |title=FedEx announces new flights from Dubai|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/fedex-announces-new-flights-from-dubai |access-date=19 November 2005 |date=19 November 2005 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]]<ref>{{cite news |title=FedEx Express Launches New Direct Connection Between India and Asia|url=https://newsroom.fedex.com/newsroom/asia-english/fedex-express-launches-new-direct-connection-between-india-and-asia |access-date=5 January 2011 |date=5 January 2011 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

|[[Hong Kong Airlines|Hong Kong Air Cargo]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hkaircargo.com/network/ |title=Hong Kong Airlines Cargo |access-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017161238/http://www.hkairlinescargo.com/ENG/cargoScheduleOriginal!initSearch.action |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

| [[IndiGo|IndiGo CarGo]] | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BLRAirport/status/1680548309478387712|title=BLR Airport (@BLRAirport) on X}}</ref>{{bsn|date=January 2026}} [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo CarGo starts operations with first freighter Delhi-Mumbai flight|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-cargo-starts-operations-with-first-freighter-delhi-mumbai-flight/articleshow/95538731.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|language=en}}</ref>

| [[Korean Air|Korean Air Cargo]] | [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eturbonews.com/227680/korean-air-launches-cargo-flights-to-delhi-india|title=Korean Air launches cargo flights to Delhi, India|date=10 July 2018|access-date=2 August 2018|publisher=Eturbonews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210124222/https://www.eturbonews.com/227680/korean-air-launches-cargo-flights-to-delhi-india |archive-date=10 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

| [[Qatar Airways|Qatar Cargo]] | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qrcargo.com/docs/03.Summer%2018%20Freighter%20Schedule%20Issue%203%20-%20Effective%201st%20May%202018%20to%2027th%20Oct%202018.pdf|title=Summer 18 Freighter Schedule Issue 3: 1st May to 27th Oct 2018|publisher=Official Website of [[Qatar Airways Cargo]]|access-date=5 May 2018|page=2}}</ref>

| [[SF Airlines]] | [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu–Shuangliu]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SF Airlines routes |url=https://www.sf-airlines.com/en/flight/index.html |access-date=11 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Ezhou Huahu International Airport|Ezhou]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air cargo route from China's Ezhou to India's Delhi opens|url=https://english.news.cn/20230422/95a246d29e614ebbbc5fc16cce3bb960/c.html |access-date=22 April 2023 |date=21 April 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SF Airlines routes |url=https://www.sf-airlines.com/en/flight/index.html |access-date=11 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]],<ref>{{cite web|title=SF Airlines commences Shenzhen-Delhi service|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/sf-airlines-commences-shenzhen-delhi-service-947531|work=CAPA|access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> [[Zhuhai Jinwan Airport|Zhuhai]]<ref>{{cite news |title=SF Airlines Launches Zhuhai's First Scheduled International Cargo Route "Zhuhai-Delhi"|url=https://www.sf-airlines.com/en/news/3574.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |date=13 November 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Sichuan Airlines|Sichuan Airlines Cargo]] | [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu–Shuangliu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sichuan Airlines to launch freighter operations in October|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812100457/https://cargofacts.com/sichuan-airlines-to-launch-freighter-operations-in-october/ |access-date=15 July 2019 |date=15 July 2019 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[SpiceJet|SpiceXpress]] | [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/spicejet-launches-dedicated-freighter-services-to-leh-in-ladakh-120112600827_1.html|title=SpiceJet launches dedicated freighter services to Leh in Ladakh|work=Business Standard|access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref>

| [[Tianjin Air Cargo]] | [[Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport|Guiyang]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tianjin Cargo Airlines: Guiyang-Delhi International Cargo Route Officially Opened! |url=https://m.sdilogistics-shippings.com/news/tianjin-cargo-airlines-guiyang-delhi-internat-85208533.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |date=3 September 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[UPS Airlines]] | [[Cologne Bonn Airport|Cologne/Bonn]],<ref name="UPS"/> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],<ref name="UPS">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/with-ups-using-delhi-airport-as-hub-for-freighter-north-based-firms-may-benefit/article29824925.ece|url-status=dead|title=With UPS using Delhi airport as hub for freighter, North-based firms may benefit - the Hindu BusinessLine|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029173806/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/with-ups-using-delhi-airport-as-hub-for-freighter-north-based-firms-may-benefit/article29824925.ece|archive-date=29 October 2019}}</ref> [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]],<ref>{{cite news |title=UPS's largest aircraft lands at Delhi Airport|url=https://www.itln.in/upss-largest-aircraft-landed-in-delhi-airport-aviation |access-date=30 October 2019 |date=30 October 2019 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Taipei to Delhi by Air freight|url=https://www.fluentcargo.com/routes/taipei-tw/delhi-in |access-date=8 February 2026 |date=8 February 2026 |language=en-CA}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Indira Gandhi International Airport Destination Map 2026.png|thumb|center|500px|Red for passenger destinations, blue for cargo-only destinations. As of March 2026.]]

==Statistics==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=DEL}}

==Connectivity==

IGI complex has four passenger terminals, one cargo terminal and a commercial Aerocity.{{clarify|date=October 2024}} These are the Terminal 1 in the northeast corner for the domestic flights, Aerocity commercial hub in the southeast corner, co-located in Terminal 2 (for domestic budget airlines) and Terminal 3 (international flights) in the southwest corner, cargo terminal between Terminal 3 and Aerocity.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

[[Delhi Aerocity metro station]] is the main interconnectivity hub for the IGI on [[Airport Express (Delhi Metro)|Airport Express ]] (operational) and [[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)|Golden Line]] (expected completion by March 2026),<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi's Airport Metro set for silver line extension to terminal 1|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/policy-updates-and-economic-news/delhis-airport-metro-set-for-silver-line-extension-to-terminal-1/48426|work=Construction World|date=12 January 2024|access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> with the existing [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]] and existing [[Dwarka Expressway]] next to it. Also adjacent to it are the proposed [[Aerocity Inter State Bus Terminus|Aerocity ISBT]] (west of the Aerocity metro station),<ref name=isbti1>{{cite news |last1=सोनी |first1=प्रशांत |last2=श्रीवास्तव |first2=अनुज |date=15 December 2023 |title=IGI एयरपोर्ट के पास बनेगा नया बस अड्डा, यूपी -पंजाब के यात्रियों को होगा सीधा फायदा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/new-isbt-will-be-built-near-igi-airport-up-punjab-and-many-state-passengers-use-it/articleshow/106011473.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> underground Delhi Aerocity RRTS on [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System]] (expected completion by December 2024, east of the Aerocity metro station),<ref>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tender-floated-for-construction-of-rapid-rail.html Tender floated for construction of Rapid Rail], Daily Pioneer, 25 December 2018.</ref> proposed at-grade [[Automatic People Mover]] (APM) light rail for moving passengers between various terminals within the restricted area,<ref name="pert1"/> and under-construction Aerocity Passenger Transport Centre (PTC) (east of the Aerocity metro station) for connectivity via autorickshaw, ride hailing bikes and cars, etc.<ref name="pert1">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/isbt-metro-rrts-passenger-mover-in-aerocity-hub-vision-101703095803103.html ISBT, Metro, RRTS, passenger mover in Aerocity hub vision], Hindustan Times, 21 December 2023.</ref> The upgraded [[Bijwasan railway station]] (expected completion by December 2024) is adjacent to the Dwarka Sector 21 metro interchange station on Orange and Blue Line, and Bijwasan railway station will connect to the [[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]] (expected completion by March 2025) via the Patli railway station in the south.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

=== Air train ===
In September 2024, DIAL issued tenders for an elevated cum at-grade [[Automated People Mover]] (APM) system to be completed by the end of 2027. The 7.7 km line will have four stops — T2/3, T1, Aerocity and cargo city. This line will be the first APM at an Indian airport and is proposed to be implemented on a design, build, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOT) model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/delhi-airport-to-get-indias-first-air-train-to-connect-terminal-1-with-t2-and-t3/articleshow/113623556.cms |title=Delhi airport to get India's first air train, will connect Terminal 1 with T2 and T3 | work=[[The Economic Times]]|date= 24 September 2024|access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Metro rail===
[[File:DelhiMetro AirportExpress 20111214.jpg|thumb|Delhi Metro Airport Express Train]]

IGI complex has three metro stations. Terminal 1 in the northeast corner of IGI Complex is served by the [[Terminal 1-IGI Airport metro station]] on the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metro-walks-the-talk-on-connect-to-terminal-1/articleshow/64295501.cms|title=Metro walks the talk on connect to terminal 1|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 May 2018|access-date=28 May 2018|author=Sidharatha Roy|place=New Delhi|agency=TNN}}</ref>

Terminal 2 and Terminal 3 are co-located in the southwest. Both are served by the same [[IGI Airport metro station]] on the [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Orange Line (Airport Express Line)]], which runs from [[New Delhi metro station]] (connects to Yellow Line and New Delhi Railway Station) to [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station]] (connects to Blue Line, Bijwasan railway station, and the Dwarka ISBT Bus Terminal) and [[IICC - Dwarka Sector 25 metro station]] ([[India International Convention and Expo Centre]], will be further extended to Gurgaon), with trains running every 10 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhiairportexpress.com/home/index.html|title=Website Airport Metro Express Delhi |publisher=delhiairportexpress.com |access-date=1 December 2016|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620014256/http://www.delhiairportexpress.com/home/index.html |archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/airport-line-handed-over-to-reliance-infra/621131/0|title=Airport line handed over to Reliance Infra|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 May 2010| access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station]], west of IGI, is the metro interchange of Orange and [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]].<ref name=newp1/> [[Delhi Metro#Phase IV|Kirti Nagar to Bamnoli Metrolite]], proposed light metro, will interchange at [[IICC - Dwarka Sector 25 metro station]] for connectivity to the airport.<ref name=cont1>{{Cite news |title=Delhi Metro's Much-awaited Phase 4 Gets AAP Govt's Nod, Likely to be Ready by 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-metros-much-awaited-phase-4-gets-aap-govts-nod-likely-to-be-ready-by-2024-1978485.html |website=News18 |agency=PTI |date=20 December 2018 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref> Bamnoli will also be connected further south to [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon#4|Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] (at Rezang La Chowk in Palam Vihar) via the existing [[IICC - Dwarka Sector 25 metro station]] ([[India International Convention and Expo Centre]]).<ref name=newp1>{{cite news |title=Joy after long wait as Gurgaon Metro gets central green light |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/joy-after-long-wait-as-gurgaon-metro-gets-central-green-light/articleshow/100834637.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 June 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> East of IGI, the line connects to the Yellow Line and New Delhi Railway Station at New Delhi Station. The line also links the Pink Line at Dhaula Kuan (Walkover Bridge between Dhaula Kuan and Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus Station).{{cn|date=January 2026}}

[[Delhi Aerocity metro station]] in southeast corner of IGI, between Terminal 1 and Terminals 2 and 3 metro stations, is the metro interchange of Orange and Magenta lines. Metro Phase-IV is extending the Magenta Line further east from [[Delhi Metro#Phase IV|Aerocity Metro to Tuglakabad]], via [[Vasant Kunj]] and [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]], with expected completion by 2026.<ref name=cont1/>

===Railways===

[[Bijwasan railway station]], immediately to the west of IGI on the [[Delhi–Jaipur line]], is being upgraded to a major world-class regional multimodal transport hub. Construction for ₹270.83 crore project started in 2022 and is scheduled to be completed in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Akash |title=Delhi to get world-class railway station at Bijwasan; Safdarjung station to also get a new swanky building by 2024 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/delhi-to-get-world-class-railway-station-at-bijwasan-safdarjung-station-to-also-get-a-new-swanky-building-by-2024-8430251.html |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=29 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Hisar Airport#HIAIGI|Hisar International Airport-IGI Airport line]] (HIAIGI Line) will directly connect IGI with Hisar Airport. In the first phase, the missing Garhi Harsaru-Farukhnagar–Jhajjar rail link will be constructed. In the second phase, a short [[Railway in Haryana#Haryana current projects|Hisar Airport rail line]] spur from the Jakhal–Hisar line to Hisar Airport will be constructed.<ref name=hsalt2/>

[[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]] (HORC) connects to the Delhi–Jaipur line at Patli railway station few kilometres south of Bijwasan. HORC will also provide direct rail connectivity to the Noida Airport via the Palwal-Jewar rail spur.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

Another smaller station near IGI on the Delhi–Jaipur line is the [[Palam railway station]], located north of Bijwasan station and northeast of IGI, {{convert|4.8|km|mi}} and {{convert|12|km|mi}} from Terminals 1 and 3 respectively. Several suburban passenger trains run regularly between these stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/5424 |title=Shahabad Mohamadpur/SMDP Railway Station Satellite Map – India Rail Info – A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts |publisher=India Rail Info |date=26 April 2010|access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/352?a=1 |title=Palam/PM Railway Station Satellite Map – India Rail Info – A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts |publisher=India Rail Info |date=26 April 2010|access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref>

===Roads and expressways===
[[File:Delhi Gurgaon Toll Gate.jpg|thumb|Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway]]

The airport, which lies in south Delhi near the border with [[Haryana]] state, is connected to Delhi in the north and [[Gurgaon]] in Haryana in the south by two expressways, both of which have eight lanes: the older and busier 27.7 km long at-grade [[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway]] [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] (part of Delhi-Jaipur National Highway) which runs through Gurgaon, and the newer 26.7 km long elevated [[Dwarka Expressway]] NH-248BB, which passes west of Gurgaon.<ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-08/delhi/28057633_1_visa-card-holders-toll-plaza-visa-credit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917131642/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-08/delhi/28057633_1_visa-card-holders-toll-plaza-visa-credit |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2011 |title=Easy entry for Visa card holders |date=8 January 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 September 2010}}</ref> The Dwarka Expressway originates immediately east of IGI airport at Shiv Murti and terminates in Haryana near [[Kherki Daula]] Toll Plaza, south of Gurgaon, near the [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] (WPE).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Behl |first=Abhishek |date=4 June 2016 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/nhai-inspects-dwarka-e-way-shiv-murti-to-be-the-zero-point/story-ko4ATlgKPGGwiNxGxUIX4O.html |title=NHAI inspects Dwarka e-way, Shiv Murti to be the zero point |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604182843/http://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/nhai-inspects-dwarka-e-way-shiv-murti-to-be-the-zero-point/story-ko4ATlgKPGGwiNxGxUIX4O.html |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

WPE in turn connects, listed from west to east, IGI to Delhi–[[Ambala]]–[[Amritsar]] [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH 1]], [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway]], [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH9]] Delhi-[[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] ([[Hisar Airport]] 150 km west of IGI), Delhi–[[Jaipur]] NH-48, [[Sohna Elevated Corridor|Gurgaon–Sohna Elevated Expressway]], [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]], [[Faridabad–Noida–Ghaziabad Expressway]] (FNG), Palwal-[[Jewar Airport]] Expressway, [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]] (EPE), etc.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

[[Urban Extension Road-II]], a 75.7 km-long six-lane expressway, connects the IGI airport to the south, southwest and western suburbs of Delhi as well as to the Delhi-Hisar NH-9.<ref>[https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-delhi-uer-2-expressway-information-route-map-status/ Delhi Urban Extension Road 2 – Information & Status], The Metro Guy, accessed 7 December 2022.</ref>

===Buses===

As of 2024, two [[Inter-State Bus Terminals]] (ISBT) for long-distance buses are being constructed for the IGI.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

* [[Aerocity Inter State Bus Terminus]] (Aerocity ISBT), adjacent to the Aerocity Metro Interchange Station near Terminal 1 of IGI, proposed in 2023, with IGI complex.<ref name=isbti1/>
* [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station#Connectivity|Dwarka Dwarka Inter State Bus Terminus]] (Dwarka ISBT), adjacent and west of "Dwarka Sector 21 metro station", construction started on 27 acres in 2022, will cater to buses from [[Haryana Roadways|Haryana]] and Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Siddhartha |date=21 March 2022 |title=Eye on IGI: Work to start soon at Dwarka for Delhi's fourth ISBT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/eye-on-igi-work-to-start-soon-at-dwarka-for-delhis-fourth-isbt/articleshow/90340984.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> It is also close to Bijwasan railway station. It is 11 km west of IGI T3.
* [[Gurgaon Inter State Bus Terminus]], announced in 2023 over 15 acres of [[Sihi]] village near [[Kherki Daula]] toll plaz where [[Dwarka Expressway]] meets Delhi-Jaipur Highway [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=haris |first1=Mohammad |date=7 June 2023 |title=Real Estate Boost: New ISBT Near Dwarka Expressway To Enhance Connectivity, Push Local Realty |url=https://www.news18.com/business/real-estate-boost-new-isbt-near-dwarka-expressway-to-enhance-connectivity-push-local-realty-8019313.html |work=News18 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> Will cater to the buses from Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. It is 28 km south of IGI.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

===Local transport===

Air conditioned [[low-floor bus]]es operated by [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC) regularly run between the airport and the city.<ref name=tx1/>

Metered taxis are also available from Terminals 1 and 3 to all areas of Delhi.<ref name=tx1>{{cite web|url=http://www.newdelhiairport.in/mobile/delhi-taxi.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130230916/http://www.newdelhiairport.in/mobile/delhi-taxi.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2016|title=To and From Delhi Airport by Taxi|access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref>

===Alternate airports nearby===
Under the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|National Capital Region Transport Plan]], the following international airports are being developed as an alternate to IGI:<ref name=hsalt1/><ref name=altn1/>

* [[Hisar Airport|Hisar International Airport]], 190 km west of IGI.<ref name=hsalt1>{{cite news |title=International airport at Hisar, Haryana to give breather to IGI airport in Delhi? See what CM said |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-international-airport-at-hisar-haryana-to-give-breather-to-igi-airport-in-delhi-see-what-cm-said-113355 |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=Zee Business |agency=IANS |date=29 October 2019}}</ref> In April 2023, Haryana Chief Minister [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] approved the [[Hisar Airport#HIAIGI|Hisar International Airport-IGI Airport line]] (HIAIGI Line) rail link between IGI and Hisar airport via Bijwasan-Gurgaon-Garhi Harsaru-Sultanpur-Farukhnagar-Jhajjar, Rohtak-Hansi-Hisar.<ref name=hsalt2>{{cite news |title=Haryana CM Khattar greenlights rail link between IGI & Hisar airport |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-cm-approves-rail-link-between-delhi-s-igi-airport-hisar-s-maharaja-agrasen-airport-via-garhi-harsaru-jhajjar-aiib-sanctions-rs-1-040-crore-loan-101681317256488.html |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[Noida International Airport]], 100 km southeast.<ref name=altn1>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178342|title=New Greenfield Noida International Airport at Jewar picking momentum- Progress Report|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=3 April 2018| access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2010, IGIA was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 1.5–2.5 crore (15–25 million) category, and ''Most Improved Airport'' in the [[Indo-Pacific|Indo-Pacific Region]] by [[Airports Council International]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120512200746/http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-7-46%5E35015_666_2__ ACI Airport Service Quality Awards 2009, Asia Pacific airports sweep top places in worldwide awards] from the Wayback Machine</ref> The airport was rated as the ''Best Airport in the world'' in the 2.5–4 crore (25–40 million) passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi's IGI is world's 2nd best airport for service quality again-Delhi News, Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/delhi/delhis-igi-is-worlds-2nd-best-airport-for-service-quality-again-1557317.html |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=5 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/delhi-airport-ranked-first-for-service-quality-115021700253_1.html|title=Delhi Airport Ranked First for Service Quality|work=Business Standard|date=17 February 2015}}</ref> It was awarded ''The Best Airport in Central Asia'' and ''Best Airport Staff in Central Asia'' at the [[Skytrax]] World Airport Awards 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/delhis-indira-gandhi-international-airport-bags-two-international-awards-in-paris/articleshow/46587892.cms|title=Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport bags two international awards in Paris|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 March 2015|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> It also stood first in the new rankings for 2015 Airport Service Quality (ASQ) Awards conducted by Airports Council International.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/indira-gandhi-international-airport-is-worlds-best-airport-for-second-time-in-row-311345-2016-03-01|title=Indira Gandhi International Airport is world's best airport for second time in a row|website=India Today|date=2 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref>

The airport, along with [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai Airport]], was adjudged as the "World's Best Airport" at the Airport Service Quality Awards 2017, in the highest category of airports handling more than 4 crore (40 million) passengers annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/delhis-igi-mumbais-chhatrapati-shivaji-airports-beat-singapore-changi-seoul-incheon-to-become-worlds-best/1089998/|title=Delhi's IGI, Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji airports beat Singapore Changi, Seoul Incheon to become world's best|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=7 March 2018|access-date=2 May 2018|author=Devanjana Nag}}</ref> The airport was awarded the "best airport" in [[Asia-Pacific]] in 2020 (over 4 crore (40 million) passengers per annum) by the [[Airports Council International]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 – Best Airport by Size and Region |url=https://aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-airport-by-size-and-region/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301172701/https://aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-airport-by-size-and-region/ |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=ACI World}}</ref> In 2023, the airport was awarded as the ''Cleanest Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region'' and also stood first again in the rankings for 2022 Airport Service Quality (ASQ) Awards in the category of over 4 crore (40 million) passengers per annum, conducted by Airports Council International.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi airport cleanest in Asia Pacific: Airports Council International|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-airport-cleanest-in-asia-pacific-airports-council-international/articleshow/98456311.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 March 2023|access-date=7 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== Future expansion ==
The newer domestic arrivals and departures terminals 1C and 1D, respectively, have been connected and expanded into a singular domestic terminal which are now known as simply, Terminal 1, capable of handling up to 40 million annual passengers.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

Terminals 4, 5, and 6 will be built at a later stages which will be triggered by growth in passenger traffic. Once completed, all international flights will move to these three new terminals. Terminal 3 will then be solely used for handling domestic air traffic. A new cargo handling building is also planned. According to Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL), these new terminals will increase the airport's annual passenger volume capacity to 10 crore (100 million).<ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/New-terminal-to-take-off-at-Delhi-airport/article16265555.ece|title=New terminal to take off at Delhi airport|date=23 June 2010|access-date=20 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|author=Urvashi Sarkar}}</ref>

DIAL submitted a plan in 2016 to the then aviation secretary R N Choubey regarding the expansion of the airport with a new fourth runway and Terminal 4 in a phased manner.<ref name="The Times of India" /> The Master Plan of Airport in 2016 was then reviewed and updated by DIAL in consultation with the Airports Authority of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159263|title=Master Plan for Expansion of IGI Airport|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=29 May 2017|date=15 March 2017}}</ref> According to the plan, the terminal construction should have started after the fourth runway was completed and Terminal 1 was expanded.<ref name="The Times of India" /> However, the conversion and expansion of Terminal 2 into a fully-international terminal has been put on halt and postponed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2024 |title=Delhi Airport's plan to convert Terminal 2 to international terminal delayed to early next year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/delhi-airports-plan-to-convert-terminal-2-to-international-terminal-delayed-to-early-next-year/articleshow/109302655.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==


* 1970: The pilot of a [[Nepal Airlines|Royal Nepal Airlines]] [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F27-200]] (9N-AAR) lost control due to severe [[thunderstorm]]s and [[Vertical draft|downdrafts]], crashing just short of the runway. The plane was landing after a flight from [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]. Of the five crew and 18 passengers, one crew member was killed.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 1970|title=Accident description|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19700125-1|access-date=5 May 2014|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
* 1972: [[Japan Air Lines Flight 471]] crashed outside of Palam Airport, killing 82 of 87 occupants; ten of eleven crew members and 72 of 76 passengers died, and three people on the ground.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19720614-1 |title=14 June 1972 Douglas DC-8-53 |work=[[Aviation Safety Network]] |access-date=23 March 2009}}</ref>
* 1973: [[Indian Airlines Flight 440]] crashed while on approach to Palam Airport, killing 48 of the 65 passengers and crew on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730531-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2A8 VT-EAM Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL )|website=[[Aviation Safety Network]] |publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]] |access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_pszAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=5529,2776816&dq=new+delhi+indian+airlines+crash&hl=en |title=Airline crash in New Delhi |work=[[United Press International]] (UPI) at [[Lodi News-Sentinel]] |date=1 June 197 |p=8 |via=[[Google News]] |access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
* 1990: An [[Air India]] [[Boeing 747]] flying on the London-Delhi-Mumbai route and carrying 215 people (195 passengers and 20 crew) touched down at Indira Gandhi International Airport after a flight from [[London Heathrow Airport]]. On application of [[Thrust reversal|reverse thrust]], a failure of the no. 1 engine pylon to wing attachment caused this engine to tilt nose down. Hot exhaust gases caused a fire on the left-wing. There were no casualties but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair and written off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900507-0|title=Aviation Safety |publisher=Aviation Safety|access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref>
*1993: An [[Uzbekistan Airways|Uzbekistan Airlines]] [[Tupolev Tu-154]] that had been leased by [[Indian Airlines]] due to an ongoing pilot strike flipped over and caught fire while landing in bad weather. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was destroyed by a post-crash fire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crash of a Tupolev TU-154B-2 in New Delhi|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-tupolev-tu-154b-2-new-delhi|access-date=11 June 2021|website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives}}</ref>
* 1994: A [[1994 Sahara Airlines Boeing 737 crash|Sahara Airlines Boeing 737-2R4C]] (registered VT-SIA) crashed while performing a training flight killing all four people on board and one person on the ground.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2R4C VT-SIA Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940308-0|access-date=10 June 2020|website=AVSN}}</ref> Wreckage struck an [[Aeroflot]] [[Ilyushin Il-86|Ilyushin-86]] (registered RA-86119) parked nearby, killing four people inside.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-86 RA-86119 Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940308-2|access-date=10 June 2020|website=AVSN}}</ref>
* 1995: Indian Airlines Flight 492 (IC 492), a [[Boeing 737-2A8]] (Registered VT-ECS), was damaged beyond repair when the aircraft overshot the runway at Delhi Airport due to pilot error, on its scheduled flight from [[Jaipur Airport|Jaipur]] to Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article273231.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015426/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article273231.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2016|title=Major air crashes in India in two decades|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
* On 12 November 1996, the airport was involved in the [[Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision]] when a [[Saudia]] Boeing 747-100B, climbing out after take-off, collided with an incoming [[Kazakhstan Airlines]] [[Ilyushin Il-76]] chartered by a fashion company, causing the deaths of all 349 people on board the two planes.<ref>{{cite news|title=One Jet in Crash Over India Ruled Off Course|last=Burns|first=John F.|date=5 May 1997|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=24 May 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/05/world/one-jet-in-crash-over-india-ruled-off-course.html}}</ref>
* On 24 December 1999, [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] bound for Delhi was hijacked by Pakistan-based terrorist outfit [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]. The plane was taken to Pakistan, Afghanistan and the UAE. After the turn of the millennium, the plane was allowed to go back to Delhi. One passenger was killed.{{cn|date=January 2026}}
* On 28 June 2024, a portion of the roof of Terminal 1 collapsed on parked vehicles amid heavy rains in the early morning. One person was killed and eight were injured.<ref>{{Cite news |title=One dead as roof collapse smashes cars at Delhi airport |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c725ny6p960o |work=BBC |date=28 June 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India]]
* [[Aviation in India]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last1=Jefford |first1= C.G. |title= RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912 |year=1988 |publisher= Airlife |location= [[Shrewsbury]] |isbn= 1-85310-053-6 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Lake |first1=A |title= Flying units of the RAF |year=1999 |publisher= Airlife |location= [[Shrewsbury]] |isbn= 1-84037-086-6 }}

==External links==
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}} 
{{Commons category-inline|Indira Gandhi International Airport}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://www.newdelhiairport.in Indira Gandhi International Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105073345/https://www.newdelhiairport.in/ |date=5 January 2023 }}, official website
* [https://www.newdelhiairport.in GMR Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105073345/https://www.newdelhiairport.in/ |date=5 January 2023 }}
* {{ASN|DEL}}

{{Portal bar|India|Aviation}}
{{Delhi}}
{{Airports in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Airports in Delhi]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:1930 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1930]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Air Transport Command airfields in the China Burma India theater]]
[[Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in British India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:GMR Group]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Hong Kong

2026-03-28T06:41:06Z

Meraki03: basic adjusted references as per guidelines also and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Special administrative region of China}}
{{Redirect|HK||Hong Kong (disambiguation)|and|HK (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date = April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox political division
| name = Hong Kong
| native_name = 香港
| native_name_lang = zh-Hant-HK
| settlement_type = [[Special administrative regions of China|Special administrative region]]
| official_name = {{raise|0.2em|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China}}{{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; line-height:normal; font-size:90%;
| title = {{resize|1.0 em|Other official names}}
| {{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle=font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1=[[Chinese language|Chinese]]:|data1={{lang|zh-hant|中華人民共和國香港特別行政區}}
| rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2=[[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]] [[Yale romanisation of Cantonese|Yale romanisation]]: |data2=''Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui''
| rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3=[[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]] [[Jyutping|Jyutping romanisation]]: |data3=''zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3 hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1''
}}
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Hong Kong.svg
| flag_size = 125
| flag_alt = A flag with a white 5-petalled flower design on a solid red background
| flag_link = Flag of Hong Kong
| image_seal = Regional Emblem of Hong Kong.svg
| seal_size = 85
| seal_alt = A red circular emblem, with a white 5-petalled flower design in the centre, and surrounded by the words "Hong Kong" and "{{lang|zh-hant|中華人民共和國香港特別行政區}}"
| seal_type = Emblem
| seal_link = Emblem of Hong Kong
| image_map = File:China Hong Kong 4 levels localisation.svg
| map_alt = Location of Hong Kong
| map_caption = Location of Hong Kong (red) within China (beige)
| mapsize =
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = {{CHN}}
| established_title = [[Convention of Chuenpi|British possession]]
| established_date = 26 January 1841
| established_title1 = [[Treaty of Nanking]]
| established_date1 = 29 August 1842
| established_title2 = [[Convention of Peking]]
| established_date2 = 24 October 1860
| established_title3 = [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|New Territories lease]]
| established_date3 = 9 June 1898
| established_title4 = [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Imperial Japanese occupation]]
| established_date4 = 25 December 1941 to 30 August 1945
| established_title5 = Re-designated as a [[British Dependent Territory]]
| established_date5 = 1 January 1981
| established_title6= [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]]
| established_date6 = 19 December 1984
| established_title7 = [[Handover of Hong Kong|Handover to China]]
| established_date7 = 1 July 1997
| official_languages = {{hlist|Chinese{{efn|name=chinese-varieties|No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak [[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]], the ''de facto'' regional standard.<ref>{{harvnb|Leung|2016}}.</ref><ref name="OfficialLanguagesOrd" /><ref name="2021By-CensusLanguages"/>}}|[[Hong Kong English|English]]{{efn|name=language-status|For most government use, documents written using [[Traditional Chinese characters]] are authoritative over ones inscribed with [[Simplified Chinese characters]].<ref>{{harvnb|Legislative Council Disclaimer and Copyright Notice}}</ref> English shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings.<ref name="ChineseInCourt">{{harvnb|Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings|2011}}</ref>}}}}
| capital_type = [[Administrative centre]]
| capital = [[Tamar, Hong Kong|Tamar]]
| largest_settlement_type = [[Districts of Hong Kong|district]] {{nobold|by population}}
| largest_settlement = [[Sha Tin District|Sha Tin]]
| languages_type = [[Regional language|Regional]] and [[indigenous languages]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages = {{hlist|[[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]]{{efn|name=chinese-varieties}}|[[Weitou dialect]]|[[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]|[[Tanka dialect|Tanka]]}}
| languages2_type = [[Official scripts]]
| languages2_sub = yes
| languages2 = [[Traditional Chinese]]{{efn|name=language-status}} [[English alphabet]]
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Hongkonger]]|Hongkongese}}
| ethnic_groups = 91.6% [[Chinese people|Chinese]] 2.7% [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|Filipino]] 1.9% [[Indonesians in Hong Kong|Indonesian]] 0.8% [[White people|White]] 0.6% [[South Asians in Hong Kong|Indian]] 0.4% [[South Asians in Hong Kong|Nepalese]] 2% other<ref name="demographics" />
| ethnic_groups_year = 2021
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] executive-led government within a unitary [[communist state]]<ref>{{cite web|title=China (People's Republic of) 1982 (rev. 2004)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en|publisher=Constitute project|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717104412/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]]
| leader_name1 = [[John Lee Ka-chiu|John Lee]]
| leader_title2 = [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Chief Secretary]]
| leader_name2 = [[Eric Chan]]
| leader_title3 = [[President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Council President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Starry Lee]]
| leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4 = [[Andrew Cheung]]
| legislature = [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[National People's Congress]]
| national_representation1 = [[Hong Kong delegation to the National People's Congress|36 deputies]]
| national_representation_type2 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Chinese People's {{nowrap|Political Consultative}} Conference]]
| national_representation2 = 203 delegates<ref name="NationalReps" />
| area_km2 = 2,754.97<ref name="landsd area">{{cite web | title=Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications | url=https://www.landsd.gov.hk/en/resources/mapping-information/hk-geographic-data.html | publisher=Survey and Mapping Office | access-date=20 October 2020 | archive-date=31 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331083925/https://www.landsd.gov.hk/en/resources/mapping-information/hk-geographic-data.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_sq_mi = 1,063.7 
| area_rank = 168th
| area_label2 = Land
| area_data2 = 1,114.35 km{{sup|2}} (430.25 sq mi)<ref name="landsd area"/> 
| percent_water = 59.70 (1,640.62 km{{sup|2}}; 633.45 sq mi)<ref name="landsd area"/>
| elevation_max_m = 957
| elevation_max_point = [[Tai Mo Shan]]
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[South China Sea]]
| population_estimate = {{increaseNeutral}} 7,498,100<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mid-year population for 2023 |date=15 August 2023 |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department]] |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/press_release_detail.html?id=5265 |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115122540/https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/press_release_detail.html?id=5265 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_census = {{increaseNeutral}} 7,413,070<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/media/Table(EN).pdf |title=Key statistics of the 2021 and 2011 Population Census |publisher=census2021.gov.hk |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313082407/https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/media/Table%28EN%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 6,801<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2021.gov.hk/en/main_tables.html |title=Main Tables – 2021 Population Census |publisher=census2021.gov.hk |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114005052/https://www.census2021.gov.hk/en/main_tables.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_sq_mi = 17,614 
| population_density_rank = 4th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $594.533 billion<ref name="IMF DataMapper">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HKG|title=IMF DataMapper: Hong Kong|website=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=2025|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 50th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $78,919<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 18th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $428.233 billion<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 39th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $56,844<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 20th
| Gini = 45.7 
| Gini_year = 2024
| Gini_change = increase 
| Gini_ref ={{efn|After adjustment for taxes and social transfers}}<ref name="GiniRef">{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2021|p=5}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.955 
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = decrease
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 8th
| currency = [[Hong Kong dollar]] (HK$)
| currency_code = HKD
| timezone = [[Hong Kong Time|HKT]]
| utc_offset = +08:00
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy yyyy年mm月dd日
| electricity = 220 V–50 Hz
| drives_on = Left{{efn|Except for the [[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge#Hong Kong Link Road|Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Link Road]], which drives on the right.<ref>{{harvnb|Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge|2017}}</ref>}}
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Hong Kong|+852]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Vehicle registration plates of China#Cross-border with Hong Kong and Macau|Number plate prefixes]]
| blank_info_sec1 = None for local vehicles, {{lang|zh-cn|粤Z}} for cross-boundary vehicles
| blank_name_sec2 = Climate
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate]] (Cwa)
| iso_code = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:HK|HK]]|[[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-HK]]}}
| cctld = {{hlist|[[.hk]]|[[.香港]]}}}}

'''Hong Kong'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{IPAc-en|US|'|h|Q|N|k|Q|N}} or {{IPAc-en|UK|h|Q|N|'|k|Q|N}}; {{lang-zh|t={{linktext|香港}}|j=Hoeng1 gong2|cy=Hēunggóng}}, {{small|[[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]]:}} {{IPA|yue|hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ||Yue-heung1gong2.ogg}}|Officially the '''Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China''' ([[abbr.]] '''Hong Kong SAR''' or '''HKSAR'''; {{lang-zh|t=中華人民共和國香港特別行政區|cy=Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui|p=Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū}}).|Legally '''Hong Kong, China''' in international treaties and organisations.}}}} is a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] of [[China]]. Situated on China's southern coast just south of [[Shenzhen]], it consists of [[Hong Kong Island]], [[Kowloon]], and the [[New Territories]]. With 7.5 million residents in a {{convert|1114|km2|adj=on}} territory, Hong Kong is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|fourth-most densely populated region]] in the world.

Hong Kong was established as a [[British Hong Kong|colony of the British Empire]] after the [[Qing dynasty]] ceded [[Hong Kong Island]] in 1841–1842 as a result of losing the [[First Opium War]]. The colony expanded to the [[Kowloon Peninsula]] in 1860 and was further extended when the United Kingdom obtained a [[99-year lease]] of the [[New Territories]] in 1898. Hong Kong was [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|occupied]] by [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] from [[Battle of Hong Kong|1941]] to [[Liberation Day (Hong Kong)|1945]] during [[World War II]]. The territory was [[Handover of Hong Kong|handed over from the United Kingdom to China]] in 1997. Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of [[mainland China]] under the principle of [[one country, two systems]].{{Efn|However, decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process. Furthermore, the State Council may enforce national law in the region under specific circumstances.|name=|group=}}

Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages,<ref name="CarrollEarlyHistory">{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=15–21}}.</ref>{{sfn|Ren|2010|p=221}} Hong Kong is now one of the world's most significant [[financial centre]]s and commercial ports. Hong Kong is the world's [[Global Financial Centres Index|third-ranked global financial centre]] behind [[New York City]] and [[London]], ninth-largest exporter, and eighth-largest importer. Its currency, the [[Hong Kong dollar]], is the [[Template:Most traded currencies|ninth-most traded currency]] in the world. Home to the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|third-highest number of billionaires]] of any city in the world, Hong Kong has the second largest number of [[ultra high-net-worth individual]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/10-cities-globally-most-high-net-worth-wealthy-people-2023-9 |title=The top 10 cities around the world with the most ultra-wealthy people |last=Kirschner |first=Kylie |date=10 September 2023 |website=Business Insider |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115120539/https://www.businessinsider.com/10-cities-globally-most-high-net-worth-wealthy-people-2023-9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Robert |date=2024-07-19 |title=The ultra-wealthy just gained $49 trillion in wealth thanks to stocks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/07/19/population-ultra-high-net-worth-wealth.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Contino |first1=Genna |title=The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2025 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gennacontino/2025/04/02/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2025/ |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=Forbes |date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The city has one of the highest [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|per capita incomes]] in the world, although severe [[List of countries by income equality|income inequality]] still exists among the population.

Hong Kong is [[List of cities with the most skyscrapers|the city with the most skyscrapers in the world]], even though [[housing in Hong Kong|its housing]] is consistently in high demand. Hong Kong is the second most expensive residential property market in the world and is one of the most expensive cities in the world. Hong Kong is also one of [[List of cities by international visitors|the most visited cities in the world]].

Hong Kong is a [[Developed country|highly developed territory]] and has a [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) of 0.955, [[List of countries by Human Development Index|ranking eighth in the world]], and is currently the only place in Asia to be in the top ten. Hong Kong is categorized as an [[global city|Alpha+ city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]. The city has the [[List of countries by life expectancy|highest life expectancy in the world]], and has a [[Transport in Hong Kong|public transport]] usage exceeding 90 per cent.
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== Etymology ==
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Hong Kong
| c = 香港
| l = "Fragrant Harbour"<ref name="HerbariumName" /><ref name="CarrollHKName">{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=1}}</ref>
| ci = {{unbulleted list|{{IPA|yue|hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ|}}|''or''|{{IPA|yue|hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ|}}}}
| y = {{unbulleted list|{{Audio|Yue-heung1gong2.ogg|Hēunggóng|help=no}}|''or''|Hèunggóng}}
| j = hoeng1 gong2
| gd = {{tone superscript|Hêng1gong2}}
| h = {{tone superscript|Hiong1gong3}}
| p = Xiānggǎng
| w = {{tone superscript|Hsiang1-kang3}}
| bpmf = ㄒㄧㄤ   ㄍㄤˇ
| gr = Shianggaang
| myr = Syānggǎng
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|x|iang|1|.|g|ang|3}}
| wuu = shian平kaon上
| poj = Hiong-káng
| pic2 = Hong Kong in Chinese 2.svg
| piccap2 = "Hong Kong" in Chinese characters
| picupright2 = 0.45
| picsize2 = 100px
| altname = Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| t2 = {{unbulleted list|香港特別行政區|(香港特區)}}
| s2 = {{unbulleted list|香港特别行政区|(香港特区)}}
| y2 = {{unbulleted list|Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui|(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)|''or''|Hèunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui|(Hèunggóng Dahkkēui)}}
| j2 = {{unbulleted list|hoeng1 gong2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1|(hoeng1 gong2 dak6 keoi1)}}
| gd2 = {{unbulleted list|{{tone superscript|Hêng1gong2 Deg6⁠bid6 Heng4⁠jing3⁠kêu1|(Hêng1gong2 Deg6kêu1)}}}}
| ci2 = {{unbulleted list|{{IPA|yue|hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y|}}|({{IPA|yue|hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y|}})|''or''|{{IPA|yue|hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y|}}|({{IPA|yue|hœ̂ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y|}})}}
| h2 = {{unbulleted list|{{tone superscript|Hiong1gong3 Tet6⁠piet6 Hang2⁠zin4⁠ki1|(Hiong1gong3 Tet6ki1)}}}}
| w2 = {{unbulleted list|{{tone superscript|Hsiang1-kang3 T}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|e4-⁠pieh2 Hsing2-⁠cheng4-⁠ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|ü1}}|{{tone superscript|(Hsiang1-kang3 T}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|e4-ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|ü1)}}}}
| p2 = {{unbulleted list|Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū|(Xiānggǎng Tèqū)}}
| gr2 = {{unbulleted list|Shianggaang Tehbye Shyngjenqchiu|(Shianggaang Tehchiu)}}
| bpmf2 = {{unbulleted list|ㄒㄧㄤ   ㄍㄤˇ|ㄊㄜˋ   ㄅㄧㄝˊ|ㄒㄧㄥˊ   ㄓㄥˋ   ㄑㄩ|(ㄒㄧㄤ   ㄍㄤˇ   ㄊㄜˋ   ㄑㄩ)}}
| myr2 = {{unbulleted list|Syānggǎng Tèbyé Syíngjèngchyū|(Syānggǎng Tèchyū)}}
| mi2 = {{unbulleted list|{{IPAc-cmn|x|iang|1|.|g|ang|3|-|t|e|4|.|b|ie|2|-|x|ing|2|.|zh|eng|4|.|qu|1|}}|({{IPAc-cmn|x|iang|1|.|g|ang|3|-|t|e|4|.|q|u|1|}})}}
| wuu2 = {{unbulleted list|shian平kaon上 deh入⁠bih入|ghan平⁠tsen去⁠chiu平|(shian平kaon上 deh入chiu平)}}
| poj2 = {{unbulleted list|Hiong-káng Te̍k-⁠pia̍t Hêng-⁠chèng-⁠khu|(Hiong-káng Te̍k-khu)}}
| showflag = jy
}}

The name of the territory, first [[Romanization|romanised]] as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780,<ref>{{harvnb|Empson|1992|p=94}}.</ref> originally referred to a small inlet located between [[Ap Lei Chau|Aberdeen Island]] and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. [[Aberdeen, Hong Kong|Aberdeen]] was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.<ref>{{harvnb|Bishop|Roberts|1997|p=218}}.</ref> Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the [[Cantonese]] (or [[Tanka people#Dialect|Tanka Cantonese]]) phrase ''hēung góng''. The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour".<ref name="HerbariumName">{{cite web |url=http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/SpecialTopicsDetails.aspx?oneId=10&SectionId=1 |title=Aquilaria sinensis and origin of the name of Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong Herbarium]] |access-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040456/http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/SpecialTopicsDetails.aspx?oneId=10&SectionId=1 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CarrollHKName" /><ref name="etym">{{harvnb|Room|2005|p=168}}.</ref> "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern [[Kowloon]]. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before [[Victoria Harbour]] was developed.<ref name="etym" /> [[John Francis Davis|Sir John Davis]] (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed.<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|1841|p=6}}.</ref>

The simplified name ''Hong Kong'' was frequently used by 1810.<ref>{{harvnb|Empson|1992|p=96}}.</ref> The name was also commonly written as the single word ''Hongkong'' until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name.<ref>{{harvnb|Hong Kong Government Gazette|1926}}, No. 479.</ref> Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including [[Hongkong Land]], [[Hongkong Electric Company]], [[Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels]], and [[the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]] (HSBC).<ref>{{harvnb|HSH Annual Report|2017|p=6}}.</ref><ref name="HSBC">{{harvnb|HSBC Annual Report|2011|p=2}}.</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Hong Kong}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of Hong Kong history}}

=== Prehistory and Imperial China ===
The earliest known human traces in what is now called Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000-39,000 years ago during the [[Paleolithic]] period. The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in [[Wong Tei Tung]] in the [[Sai Kung Peninsula]] in 2003. The archaeological works revealed [[Knapping|knapped]] [[stone tool]]s from deposits dated by optical [[luminescence dating]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=Vin|last2=Ixer|first2=Rob|date=2009|title=The Petrology of the Wong Tei Tung Stone Tool Manufacturing Site, Sham Chung, Hong Kong Sar, China|url=http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue26/davisixer_index.html|journal=Internet Archaeology|issue=26|doi=10.11141/ia.26.8|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326063250/https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue26/davisixer_index.html|url-status=live| issn = 1363-5387|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

During the Middle [[Neolithic]] period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans.<ref name="Meacham2">{{harvnb|Meacham|1999|p=2}}.</ref> Neolithic to [[Bronze Age]] Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people. Early inhabitants are believed to have been [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] in the Middle Neolithic period, and later the [[Baiyue|Yue]] people.<ref name="Meacham2" /> As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since the [[Late Neolithic]] period.<ref name="Li38">{{harvnb|Li|2012|p=38}}.</ref> Bronze Age Hong Kong featured coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements.<ref name="Meacham2" />

[[File:Sung Wong Toi.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sung Wong Toi]]]]
The [[Qin dynasty]] incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after [[Qin campaign against the Yue tribes|conquering the indigenous Baiyue]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ban|Ban|Ban|111}}.</ref> The region was consolidated under the [[Nanyue]] kingdom (a predecessor state of [[Vietnam]]) after the Qin collapse,<ref name="KeatGinOoi">{{harvnb|Keat|2004|p=932}}.</ref> and it was recaptured by China after the [[Han conquest of Nanyue|Han conquest]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=9}}.</ref> During the [[Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty|Mongol conquest of China]] in the 13th century, the [[Song dynasty|southern Song]] court was briefly located in modern-day [[Kowloon City]] (the [[Sung Wong Toi]] site) before its final defeat in the 1279 [[Battle of Yamen]] by the [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref name="Barber">{{harvnb|Barber|2004|p=48}}.</ref> By the end of the Yuan dynasty, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land. Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=10}}.</ref>

The earliest known European visitor was [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Jorge Álvares]], who arrived in 1513.<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|1996|p=63}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Edmonds|2002|p=1}}</ref> Portuguese merchants established a trading post called [[Tamão]] in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China. Although the traders were expelled after [[Battle of Tunmen|military clashes]] in the 1520s,<ref>{{harvnb|von Glahn|1996|p=116}}.</ref> Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were [[Luso-Chinese agreement|re-established by 1549]]. Portugal acquired a [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking|permanent lease]] for [[Macau]] in 1887.<ref>{{harvnb|Wills|1998|pp=342–344}}.</ref>

After the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Qing conquest]], maritime trade was banned under the ''[[Haijin]]'' policies. From 1661 to 1683, the population of most of the area that forms present-day Hong Kong was cleared under the [[Great Clearance]], turning the region into a wasteland.<ref name="HK story">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/History/download/the_hk_story_exhibition_materials_e.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418213756/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/History/download/the_hk_story_exhibition_materials_e.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials|archive-date=18 April 2009}}</ref> The [[Kangxi Emperor]] lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684.<ref>{{harvnb|Zhihong|2006|pp=8–9}}.</ref> Qing authorities established the [[Canton System]] in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of [[Guangzhou|Canton]].<ref>{{harvnb|Schottenhammer|2007|p=33}}.</ref> Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian [[opium]] to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.<ref>{{harvnb|Chen|2011}}.</ref>

=== British colony ===
{{Main|British Hong Kong}}

[[File:Hong Kong 1868.jpg|thumb|left|Hong Kong in 1868, photograph by [[John Thomson (photographer)|John Thomson]]]]

In 1839, the [[Daoguang Emperor]] rejected proposals to legalise and tax [[opium]] and ordered imperial commissioner [[Lin Zexu]] to eradicate the opium trade. The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade,<ref>{{harvnb|Hoe|Roebuck|1999|pp=82, 87}}.</ref> triggering a British military response and the [[First Opium War]]. The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the [[Convention of Chuenpi]], signed by [[Charles Elliot]] and [[Qishan (official)|Qishan]]. British forces began controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, on 26 January 1841.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter21/21_02.html|title=Hong Kong 2003 – History|website=www.yearbook.gov.hk|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025152631/https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter21/21_02.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement.<ref>{{harvnb|Tsang|2007|p=12}}.</ref> After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] in the 1842 [[Treaty of Nanking]].<ref name="Courtauld">{{harvnb|Courtauld|Holdsworth|Vickers|1997|pp=38–58}}</ref>

Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce. Conditions on the island improved during the [[Taiping Rebellion]] in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony.<ref name="CarrollEarlyHistory" /> Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the [[Second Opium War]]. The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up [[Kowloon Peninsula]] and [[Stonecutters Island]] in the [[Convention of Peking]].<ref name="SecondOpiumWar">{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=21–24}}.</ref> By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major [[entrepôt]]. Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=30}}.</ref>

The colony was further expanded in 1898 when the United Kingdom obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories.<ref name="NTLease">{{harvnb|Scott|1989|p=6}}.</ref> The [[University of Hong Kong]] was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2005|p=90}}.</ref> [[Kai Tak Airport]] began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 [[Canton–Hong Kong strike]].<ref name="KaiTak">{{harvnb|Wordie|2007|p=243}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=103}}.</ref> At the start of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in 1937, Governor [[Geoffry Northcote]] declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port.<ref>{{harvnb|Yanne|Heller|2009|p=71}}.</ref> The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940.<ref>{{harvnb|Snow|2003|p=43}}.</ref> The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] [[Battle of Hong Kong|attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941]], the same morning as its [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Snow|2003|pp=53–73}}.</ref> Hong Kong was [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|occupied by Japan]] for almost four years before the British resumed control on 30 August 1945.<ref>{{harvnb|Kwong|2015}}.</ref>

[[File:Flag of Hong Kong 1959.svg|thumb|right|The [[Flag of Hong Kong (1871–1997)|flag of British Hong Kong]] from 1959 to 1997]]
[[File:578a Hong Kong 1971 (51321892645).jpg|thumb|left|[[Peking Road]] in Tsim Sha Tsui in 1971]]
Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the [[Chinese Civil War]] and more refugees crossed the border when the [[Chinese Communist Party]] took control of mainland China in 1949.<ref name="Wiltshire">{{harvnb|Wiltshire|1997|p=148}}.</ref> Hong Kong became the first of the [[Four Asian Tigers|Four Asian Tiger]] economies to industrialise during the 1950s.<ref>{{harvnb|Buckley|1997|pp=64, 92}}.</ref> With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government attempted reforms to improve infrastructure and public services. The [[Public housing in Hong Kong|public-housing estate programme]], [[Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)|Independent Commission Against Corruption]], and [[MTR|Mass Transit Railway]] were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more reliable transportation.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=145, 174–175}}.</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=Forsyth, Neil (Director) |year=1990 | title=Underground Pride | medium=Motion picture | location=Hong Kong | publisher=[[MTR Corporation]]}}</ref>

Nevertheless, widespread public discontent led to multiple protests from the 1950s to 1980s, including pro-[[Taiwan|Republic of China]] and pro-[[Chinese Communist Party]] demonstrations. In the [[1967 Hong Kong riots]], pro-[[China|PRC]] protestors clashed with the British colonial government. As many as 51 were killed, and 802 were injured in the violence, including dozens killed by the [[Royal Hong Kong Police]] via beatings and shootings.<ref>Chu, Yingchi (2003). Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self! Routledge Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7007-1746-3}}.</ref>

Although the territory's manufacturing competitiveness gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy. By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global [[financial centre]] and shipping hub.<ref>{{harvnb|Dodsworth|Mihaljek|1997|p=54}}.</ref>

=== Chinese special administrative region ===
{{Further|Handover of Hong Kong}}
[[File:Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong (2052819038).jpg|thumb|[[Victoria Harbour]] and [[Hong Kong Island]], 2007]]

The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and [[Murray MacLehose, Baron MacLehose of Beoch|Governor Murray MacLehose]] raised the question of Hong Kong's status with [[Deng Xiaoping]] in 1979.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=176–178}}.</ref> Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], in which the United Kingdom agreed to the handover of the colony in 1997, and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the handover.<ref name="Carroll181">{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=181}}.</ref> The impending handover triggered a [[Waves of mass migrations from Hong Kong|wave of mass emigration]] as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life.<ref>{{harvnb|Wong|1992|p=9}}.</ref> Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996.<ref name="2002Pop">{{harvnb|Population Policy Report|2002|pp=27–28}}</ref> The Legislative Council became a [[1995 Hong Kong legislative election|fully elected legislature]] for the first time in 1995. It extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gargan |first1=Edward A. |title=Pro-China Party Appears Big Loser in Hong Kong Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/18/world/pro-china-party-appears-big-loser-in-hong-kong-election.html |work=The New York Times |date=18 September 1995 |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508195434/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/18/world/pro-china-party-appears-big-loser-in-hong-kong-election.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The handover of Hong Kong to China was at midnight on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.<ref name="NYTHandover">{{harvnb|Gargan|1997}}.</ref>

Immediately after the handover, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises. The Hong Kong government was forced to use substantial [[foreign exchange reserves]] to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]],<ref name="Wiltshire" /> and the recovery from this was muted by an [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1 avian-flu]] outbreak<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=218}}</ref> and a housing surplus.<ref>{{harvnb|Cheung|Ho|2013}}.</ref> This was followed by the [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak|2003 SARS epidemic]], during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2006|pp=63–70}}.</ref>

Chinese communists portrayed the return of Hong Kong as a key moment in the PRC's rise to [[great power]] status.<ref name=":172">{{Cite book |last=Crean |first=Jeffrey |title=The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-23394-2 |edition= |series=New Approaches to International History series |location=London, UK}}</ref>{{Rp|page=51}}

[[File:Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protest (48108527758).jpg|thumb|[[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|Hong Kong protests]], August 2019]]

Political debates after the handover have centred around the region's [[Democratic development in Hong Kong|democratic development]] and the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|Chinese central government]]'s adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle. After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council [[1994 Hong Kong electoral reform|democratic reforms]] following the handover,<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=200}}.</ref> the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact [[National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003|national security legislation]] pursuant to [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=226, 233}}.</ref> The central government decision to implement [[2014 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong|nominee pre-screening]] before allowing [[2014–2015 Hong Kong electoral reform|chief executive elections]] triggered a series of [[2014 Hong Kong protests|protests in 2014]] which became known as the Umbrella Revolution.<ref>{{harvnb|Kaiman|2014}}.</ref> Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016 Legislative Council elections]]<ref>{{harvnb|Bland|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Haas|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Huang|2016}}.</ref> and enforcement of national law in the [[Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station|West Kowloon high-speed railway station]] raised further concerns about the region's autonomy.<ref>{{harvnb|Siu|Chung|2017}}.</ref> In June 2019, [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|mass protests erupted]] in response to a [[2019 Hong Kong extradition bill|proposed extradition amendment bill]] permitting the extradition of fugitives to mainland China. The protests are the largest in Hong Kong's history,<ref name="EconomistRestoreCalm">{{harvnb|"To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy", ''The Economist''}}</ref> with organisers claiming to have attracted more than three million Hong Kong residents.

==== Following the 2019 protests ====
[[File:Hong Kong Tramways 103(Z05) Shau Kei Wan to Happy Valley 06-07-2020.jpg|thumb|A tram with slogans promoting the National Security Law printed on it]]

The Hong Kong regional government and the Chinese central government responded to the protests with many administrative measures to quell dissent. In June 2020, the Legislative Council passed the [[National Anthem Ordinance]], which criminalised "insults to the national anthem of China".<ref>{{cite web |title=CE signs National Anthem Ordinance (with photos) |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202006/11/P2020061100793.htm |website=HKSAR Government Press Releases |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612041953/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202006/11/P2020061100793.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chinese central government meanwhile enacted the [[2020 Hong Kong national security law|Hong Kong national security law]] to help quell protests in the region.<ref name="cnn20200630">{{cite web|last=Regan|first=Helen|date=29 June 2020|title=China passes sweeping Hong Kong national security law: report|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/29/china/hong-kong-national-security-law-passed-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=29 June 2020|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701113134/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/29/china/hong-kong-national-security-law-passed-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nine months later, in March 2021, the Chinese central government introduced [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes|amendments to Hong Kong's electoral system]], which included the reduction of directly elected seats in the Legislative Council and the requirement that all candidates be vetted and approved by a Beijing-appointed [[Candidate Eligibility Review Committee]].<ref name="france2420210311">{{cite news |date=11 March 2021 |title=China approves plan to veto Hong Kong election candidates |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210311-china-approves-plan-to-veto-hong-kong-election-candidates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312063804/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210311-china-approves-plan-to-veto-hong-kong-election-candidates |archive-date=12 March 2021 |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=[[France 24]]}}</ref>

In May 2023, the Legislative Council also introduced legislation to reduce the number of directly elected seats in the district councils, and a [[District Council Eligibility Review Committee]] was similarly established to vet candidates.<ref name="dc2023_freepress01">{{cite news|url=https://hongkongfp.com/2023/07/06/hong-kong-cuts-directly-elected-district-council-seats-as-overhaul-unanimously-approved/|title=Hong Kong cuts directly elected District Council seats as overhaul unanimously approved|publisher=Hong Kong Free Press|date=6 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="dc2023_gld01">{{cite web|url=https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/egn2023274569.pdf|title=Ordinance passed and promulgated|publisher=Hong Kong Government Gazette|date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710090226/https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/egn2023274569.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dc2023_gld02">{{cite web|url=https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/es12023274519.pdf|title=District Councils (Amendment) Ordinance 2023—Ordinance No. 19 of 2023|publisher=Hong Kong Government Gazette|date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710090315/https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20232745e/es12023274519.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

In terms of international connectedness, as of 2024, the city was one of eight worldwide that was classified as an "Alpha+" city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cities 2024 |date=2024 |url=https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Globalization & World Cities |publisher=Loughborough University |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Hong Kong|Politics of Hong Kong|Elections in Hong Kong|Separation of powers in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Legco_Complex_Chamber_20240420.jpg|thumb|alt=Large, round room with desks and a dais|Since 2012, the legislature has met in the [[Tamar, Hong Kong|Tamar]] [[Legislative Council Complex]].]]

Hong Kong is a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region of China]], with executive, legislative, and judicial powers [[Devolution|devolved]] from the [[Government of China|national government]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|p=80}}</ref> The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the handover,<ref name="Carroll181" /> resulting in an [[Executive (government)|executive-led]] governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony.<ref name="BasicLaw15">{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|pp=66, 80–81}}</ref> Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law of Hong Kong]] is the regional constitution.<ref>{{harvnb|''Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration''}}</ref> The regional government is composed of three branches:
* ''[[Government of Hong Kong|Executive]]:'' As Hong Kong operates under a executive-led system,<ref name="Presidential system">{{cite web |title=Presidential vs Parliamentary democracies: Implication for Hong Kong's Democratization |url=https://cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2006/Zhang.pdf |author=Baohui Zhang |publisher=[[Lingnan University]] |format=PDF |quote=The institutional weaknesses of the current constitutional order of Hong Kong is derived from the Basic Law, which intends to elevate the Chief Executive above partisan politics so that he only represents the people of Hong Kong. Therefore, although not specifically stipulated in the Basic Law, the non-partisan spirit embodied by the law has resulted in the established practice that the Chief Executive should not have affiliations to political parties. This means that the current political system of Hong Kong has the form of a presidential system, which means the chief executive and the legislature are separately chosen and are politically independently from each other, but not the necessary political requisites to make the system function properly. }}</ref> the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] is responsible for enforcing regional law,<ref name="BasicLaw15" /> can force reconsideration of legislation,<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|p=77}}</ref> and appoints [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive Council]] members and [[Principal officials of Hong Kong|principal officials]].<ref>{{harvnb|Young|Cullen|2010|p=39}}.</ref> Acting with the Executive Council, the [[King-in-Council#The Commonwealth|Chief Executive-in-Council]] can propose new bills, issue [[Primary and secondary legislation|subordinate legislation]], and has authority to [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolve]] the legislature.<ref>{{harvnb|Adaptation of Laws Guidelines|1998|p=7}}</ref> In [[state of emergency|states of emergency]] or public danger, the [[Chief Executive-in-Council]] is further [[Emergency Regulations Ordinance|empowered]] to enact any regulation necessary to restore public order.<ref>{{harvnb|Emergency Regulations Ordinance}}.</ref>
* ''Legislature:'' The unicameral [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] enacts regional law, approves budgets, and has the power to [[impeachment|impeach]] a sitting chief executive.<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|p=73}}</ref>
* ''[[Judiciary of Hong Kong|Judiciary]]:'' The [[Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal]] and lower courts interpret laws and overturn those inconsistent with the Basic Law.<ref name="Gittings150">{{harvnb|Gittings|2009|p=150}}.</ref> The chief executive appoints judges on the advice of a recommendation commission.<ref>{{harvnb|Gittings|2009|p=153}}.</ref>

The chief executive is the [[head of government]] and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms, however in practice no chief executive has ever completed the maximum two five-year term limit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamlett |first=Tim |title=Do HK's ex-chief executives really all need expensive offices? |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2024/10/12/hail-to-the-hong-kongs-former-chief-executives-but-do-they-really-all-need-expensive-offices/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=hongkongfp.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The [[State Council of China|State Council]] (led by the [[Premier of China]]) appoints the chief executive after nomination by the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)|Election Committee]], which is composed of 1500 business, community, and government leaders.<ref>{{harvnb|Young|Cullen|2010|pp=13–16}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter IV}} Article 45.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I}}</ref>

The Legislative Council has 90 members, each serving a four-year term. Twenty are directly elected from [[Geographical constituency|geographical constituencies]], thirty represent [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituencies]] (FC), and forty are chosen by an [[Election Committee (constituency)|election committee]] consisting of representatives appointed by the Chinese central government.<ref name="overhaul_HK">{{cite news|title=China moves to overhaul Hong Kong politics, squeezing democratic opposition|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-hongkong/chinas-parliament-moves-to-overhaul-hong-kongs-electoral-system-idUSKBN2B30RC|date=11 March 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=6 September 2022|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312063854/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-hongkong/chinas-parliament-moves-to-overhaul-hong-kongs-electoral-system-idUSKBN2B30RC|url-status=live}}</ref> Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups.<ref name="LegCoVoting">{{harvnb|Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election|2016|pp=3–4}}</ref> Geographical constituency elected members are chosen by single non-transferable vote ([[Single non-transferable vote|SNTV]]), yielding two candidates per GC. The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] or [[Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff]] voting.<ref name="LegCoVoting" />

Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016 election]].<ref>{{harvnb|LegCo and DC Member Political Affiliations|2017}}</ref> These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the [[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|pro-Beijing camp]] (the current government), the [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pro-democracy camp]], and [[Localism in Hong Kong|localist groups]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bush|Whelan-Wuest|2017}}.</ref> However, by [[2021 Hong Kong legislative election|2021]], the pro-democracy camp and the localist groups lost all representation in the Legislative Council as a result of the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes|2021 electoral changes]] imposed by the [[National People's Congress]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-20 |title=Hong Kong: Pro-Beijing candidates sweep controversial LegCo election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-59717343 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> and since [[2025 Hong Kong legislative election|2025]] all 90 members of the Legislative Council have been from the pro-Beijing camp. The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections.<ref>{{harvnb|Sala|2016}}.</ref> Hong Kong is represented in the [[National People's Congress]] by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college and 203 delegates in the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] appointed by the central government.<ref name="NationalReps">{{harvnb|Cheung|2017}}.</ref>

[[File: Court of Final Appeal Building.jpg|alt=The grey dome and front gable of a granite neo-classical building, with a skyscraper in the background against a clear blue sky|left|thumb|The [[Court of Final Appeal Building]] formerly housed the [[Supreme Court (Hong Kong)|Supreme Court]] and the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]].]]
There are major differences between Hong Kong's legal system and the rest of China's.<ref name="Gittings150" /> Its judicial system is based on [[common law]], continuing the legal tradition established during British rule.<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|Chan|Choi Kwan|Leung|2012|pp=80–81}}</ref> Local courts may refer to precedents set in [[English law]] and overseas jurisprudence.<ref>{{harvnb|Gittings|2009|p=148}}.</ref> However, [[Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China|mainland criminal procedure law]] applies to cases investigated by the [[Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR]].<ref name="NPC Observer">{{cite web |title=Legislation Summary: Hong Kong National Security Law |url=https://npcobserver.com/2020/06/30/legislation-summary-hong-kong-national-security-law/ |website=NPC Observer |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702162405/https://npcobserver.com/2020/06/30/legislation-summary-hong-kong-national-security-law/ |archive-date=2 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's [[socialist law|socialist]] [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] system.<ref>{{harvnb|Jordan|1997|p=335}}.</ref> Decisions made by the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] override any territorial judicial process.<ref name="HCAL185/2016">{{harvnb|''Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council''}}</ref> Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region.<ref name="BasicLawA18">{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter II}} Article 18.</ref>

The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its [[Visa policy of Hong Kong|immigration]] and taxation policies. The [[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Immigration Department]] issues [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport|passports for permanent residents]] which differ from those of the mainland or Macau,<ref>{{harvnb|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance}}</ref> and the region maintains a [[Boundaries of Hong Kong|regulated border]] with the rest of the country. All travellers between Hong Kong, mainland China, and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/contactus/control_points.html |title=Control Point Locations |publisher=[[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Immigration Department]] |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122092430/http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/contactus/control_points.html |archive-date=22 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mainland Chinese residents do not have [[right of abode in Hong Kong]] and are subject to immigration controls.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter II}} Article 22.</ref> Public finances are handled separately from the national government and taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter V}} Article 106.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Public Finance Facts|2018}}.</ref>

The [[Hong Kong Garrison]] of the [[People's Liberation Army]] is responsible for the region's defence.<ref>{{harvnb|Lendon|2017}}.</ref> Although the [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] is [[Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China|supreme commander]] of the armed forces,<ref>{{harvnb|Constitution of the People's Republic of China}} Chapter 3 § 4 (93).</ref> the regional government may request assistance from the garrison.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter II}} Article 14.</ref> Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service, and current law has no provision for local enlistment. The garrison is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.<ref>{{harvnb|Mok|Lee|2015}}.</ref>

The central government and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural [[Foreign relations of Hong Kong|relations with foreign nations]].<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter VII}} Article 152.</ref> The territory actively participates in the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum, the [[International Olympic Committee]], and many [[United Nations]] agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org.hk/en/ |title=Hong Kong Committee for UNICEF |publisher=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171638/https://www.unicef.org.hk/en/ |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/hk/en/ |title=UNHCR Hong Kong |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054213/http://www.unhcr.org/hk/en/ |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/laws/interlaw.html |title=List of Treaties in Force and Applicable to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |publisher=[[Department of Justice (Hong Kong)|Department of Justice]] |date=25 October 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054117/http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/laws/interlaw.html |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The regional government maintains [[Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office|trade offices]] in [[Greater China]] and other nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/oohk.htm |title=Offices Outside Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614040108/https://www.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/oohk.htm |archive-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The imposition of the [[2020 Hong Kong national security law|Hong Kong national security law]] by the [[National People's Congress decision on Hong Kong national security legislation|central government in Beijing]] in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Finland, and Ireland.<ref name=rgmsus/> The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July 2020 because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China.<ref name="rgmsus">{{cite news |title=Ireland suspends its extradition treaty with Hong Kong |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ireland-suspends-its-extradition-treaty-with-hong-kong/ |agency=Reuters |publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc |date=23 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023235610/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ireland-suspends-its-extradition-treaty-with-hong-kong/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbcpref">{{cite news |title=Trump ends preferential economic treatment for Hong Kong |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53412598 |publisher=BBC |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117140801/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53412598 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, the [[Safeguarding National Security Ordinance]] was passed by the Legislative Council to grant officials the power to prosecute crimes such as [[treason]] and [[insurrection]]. Critics state that this expansion will give more powers to crack down on opposition to the central government of China and the Hong Kong government as well as strike a lasting blow to the partial autonomy China had promised the city in the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Hong Kong Adopts Sweeping Security Laws, Bowing to Beijing |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-article-23.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320033023/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-article-23.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Areas of Hong Kong|Districts of Hong Kong|List of towns in Hong Kong}}

Hong Kong's administrative divisions are divided into three levels: [[areas of Hong Kong|Areas]] (區域), [[Districts of Hong Kong|districts]] (地區), and sub-districts (分區).<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=各區域及地區 Areas and Districts |url=https://www.rvd.gov.hk/doc/tc/hkpr15/06.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424161628/https://www.rvd.gov.hk/doc/tc/hkpr15/06.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-24 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Rating and Valuation Department, Government of Hong Kong}}</ref> Hong Kong is administratively divided into three areas: [[Hong Kong Island]], [[Kowloon]], and the [[New Territories]]. They are further divided into 18 districts. The area of Hong Kong Island has four districts, the area of Kowloon has five districts, and the area of the New Territories has nine districts.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Home Affairs Department – My Districts |url=https://www.had.gov.hk/en/18_districts/my_map.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901161227/https://www.had.gov.hk/en/18_districts/my_map.htm |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Home Affairs Department, Government of Hong Kong}}</ref> Each district is represented by a [[District councils of Hong Kong|district council]]. The district councils advise the government on local issues such as the provision of public facilities, the maintenance of community programmes, cultural promotion, and environmental policy.<ref name="district">{{harvnb|District Administration Facts|2016}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{harvnb|District Councils Ordinance}}.</ref><ref name="dc2023_gld01" />

{{As of|2024|post=,}} there are a total of 470 district council seats, 88 of which are directly elected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 District Council Ordinary Election – Election Brief |url=https://www.elections.gov.hk/dc2023/eng/ebrief.html#6 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.elections.gov.hk}}</ref> In May 2023, the government proposed [[2023 Hong Kong electoral changes|reforms to the District Council electoral system]] which significantly cut the number of directly elected seats from 452 to 88, and total seats from 479 to 470. A requirement that district council candidates be vetted and approved by the [[District Council Eligibility Review Committee]] was also implemented. The Legislative Council approved the reforms in July 2023.<ref name="dc2023_freepress01" /><ref name="dc2023_gld01" /><ref name="dc2023_gld02" />

{{Hong Kong districts imagemap}}

=== Political reforms and sociopolitical issues ===
{{Main|Democratic development in Hong Kong|Human rights in Hong Kong}}

[[File:A new banner on the lion rock -umbrellarevolution -umbrellamovement -occupyhk -occupyhongkong (16134715622).jpg|thumb|A yellow vertical protest banner which read "We demand real universal suffrage" was hung on [[Lion Rock]] during the [[2014 Hong Kong protests]].]]

Hong Kong is governed by a [[hybrid regime]] that is not fully [[Representative democracy|representative]] of the population. [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special-interest groups are accountable to narrow corporate electorates rather than the general public. This electoral arrangement has ensured a [[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|pro-Beijing]] majority in the legislature since the handover. Similarly, the chief executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected.<ref name="hybridregime">{{harvnb|Cheng|2016|p=387}}.</ref> Despite [[universal suffrage]] being established as ultimate goals for the election of the chief executive and all members of the Legislative Council in [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45|Articles 45]] and 68 of the basic law,<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law Chapter IV}} Articles 45, 68.</ref> the legislature is only partially directly elected, and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body.<ref name="hybridregime" /> The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions, but has not introduced these direct elections as of 2026.<ref>{{harvnb|Wong|Lim|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ming|2006}}.</ref>

Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment.<ref>{{harvnb|Ngo|Cheung|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Zhao|2015}}.</ref> Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements that minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners.<ref>{{harvnb|Chao|2013}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lhatoo|2015}}.</ref> [[Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong|Foreign domestic helpers]], mostly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law.<ref>{{cite web |last=Raquel Carvalho and Peace Chiu |date=25 February 2018 |title=Fed up with human trafficking, Hong Kong migrant workers hold vigil demanding justice |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2134591/fed-human-trafficking-hong-kong-migrant-workers-hold-vigil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161445/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2134591/fed-human-trafficking-hong-kong-migrant-workers-hold-vigil |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and do not have the right of abode in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|"Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms", Immigration Department}}</ref> [[Sex trafficking in Hong Kong|Sex trafficking]] is also an issue,<ref>{{cite web |last=Tony Read |date=8 July 2016 |title=Hong Kong must lead the fight against human trafficking, rather than just do the bare minimum |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1986535/hong-kong-must-lead-fight-against-human-trafficking-rather |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161532/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1986535/hong-kong-must-lead-fight-against-human-trafficking-rather |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> local, mainland Chinese, and foreign women have been trafficked for sex in [[Prostitution in Hong Kong|brothels]], homes, and businesses in the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Astrid Zweynert |date=22 October 2015 |title=New ways to help Hong Kong's human trafficking victims |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2015/1022/New-ways-to-help-Hong-Kong-s-human-trafficking-victims |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161341/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2015/1022/New-ways-to-help-Hong-Kong-s-human-trafficking-victims |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]] |quote=The US State Department's 2014 Trafficking in Persons report said people from mainland China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, Cambodia, and other Southeast Asian countries as well as Colombia, Chad, and Uganda had become victims of sex trafficking and forced labor in Hong Kong.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jason Wordie |date=16 January 2016 |title=Human trafficking in Hong Kong: hidden in plain sight |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1901109/human-trafficking-hong-kong-hidden-plain-sight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161241/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1901109/human-trafficking-hong-kong-hidden-plain-sight |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |quote=Likewise, legions of mainland prostitutes form a highly visible yet officially clandestine workforce in certain parts of Hong Kong. Many of these women, according to informed sources within the sex-worker sorority, have been trafficked.}}</ref>

The Joint Declaration guarantees the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]] for 50 years after the handover.<ref name="Carroll181" /> It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation. Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.<ref>{{harvnb|Cheung|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cheung|2015}}.</ref> In response to [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|large-scale protests in 2019 and 2020]], the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] passed the controversial [[2020 Hong Kong national security law|Hong Kong national security law]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hernández |first1=Javier C. |title=Harsh Penalties, Vaguely Defined Crimes: Hong Kong's Security Law Explained |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701032003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html |archive-date=1 July 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The New York Times |access-date=2 July 2020 |date=30 June 2020}}</ref> The law criminalises secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign elements and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. Some of the aforementioned acts were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law.<ref name="NPC Observer" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Hong Kong National Security Law Promulgated, Came into Effect June 30, 2020 |url=https://www.mofo.com/resources/insights/200701-hong-kong-national-security-law.html |website=[[Morrison & Foerster]] |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702163941/https://www.mofo.com/resources/insights/200701-hong-kong-national-security-law.html |archive-date=2 July 2020 |date=1 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration.<ref>{{cite web |last1=James |first1=William |title=UK says China's security law is serious violation of Hong Kong treaty |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-britain/uk-says-chinas-security-law-is-serious-violation-of-hong-kong-treaty-idUSKBN2425LL |website=Reuters |access-date=2 July 2020 |date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702015311/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-britain/uk-says-chinas-security-law-is-serious-violation-of-hong-kong-treaty-idUSKBN2425LL |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2020, the Hong Kong Police arrested seven pro-[[democracy]] politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians in the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and with interfering with council members, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54768209|title=Hong Kong pro-democracy politicians arrested|work=BBC News|date=November 2020|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101110236/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54768209|url-status=live}}</ref> Annual commemorations of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]] were also cancelled amidst fears of violating the national security law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hong Kong churches drop Tiananmen tributes after 33 years amid arrest fears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/hong-kong-churches-drop-tiananmen-tributes-after-33-years-amid-arrest-fears |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=Agence France-Presse |via=The Guardian |date=30 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530185147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/hong-kong-churches-drop-tiananmen-tributes-after-33-years-amid-arrest-fears |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2021, the Chinese central government unilaterally [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes|changed Hong Kong's electoral system]] and established the [[Candidate Eligibility Review Committee]], which would be tasked with screening and evaluating political candidates for their "patriotism", effectively crushing the remainder of the [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pro-democracy camp]].<ref name="france2420210311"/>

In February 2024, [[Xia Baolong]], the head of the [[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]], said that the "[[one country, two systems]]" principle would be kept permanently.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cheung |first1=Ezra |last2=Lo |first2=Hoi-ying |last3=Wu |first3=Willa |date=2024-02-26 |title=Hong Kong governing principle to be permanent feature, top Beijing official says |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3253216/beijing-attaches-great-importance-hong-kong-countrys-global-finance-hub-xia-baolong-tells-local |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240226191728/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3253216/beijing-attaches-great-importance-hong-kong-countrys-global-finance-hub-xia-baolong-tells-local |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Hong Kong}}
{{See also|Land reclamation in Hong Kong|Environment of Hong Kong}}

[[File:Hong Kong, China.jpg|alt=Satellite image showing areas of vegetation and conurbation.|thumb|Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this satellite image.]]

Hong Kong is situated on China's southern coast, {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Macau and on the eastern side of the [[Pearl River Delta|Pearl River estuary]]. The territory is surrounded by the [[South China Sea]] on all sides except the north, where it neighbors the [[Guangdong]] city of [[Shenzhen]] along the [[Sham Chun River]]. Its standard area is approximately {{convert|1110|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Survey and Mapping Office – Circulars and Publications|url=https://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/total.htm|access-date=9 March 2021|website=www.landsd.gov.hk|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210534/https://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/total.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> though this figure reaches approximately {{convert|2750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}2<ref name=":0" /> when the open maritime area under its jurisdiction (rather than of [[mainland China]]) is included. The territory consists of [[Hong Kong Island]], the [[Kowloon Peninsula]], the [[New Territories]], [[Lantau Island]], and over 200 other islands.

Of the standard area, {{convert|1073|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} is land and {{convert|35|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} is inland water, such as reservoirs, rivers, and ponds.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |title=Hong Kong |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/ |access-date=2 October 2018 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610100924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The territory's highest point is [[Tai Mo Shan]], reaching {{convert|957|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref>{{harvnb|Owen|Shaw|2007|p=13}}.</ref> Urban development is primarily concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and within various [[New towns of Hong Kong|new towns]] throughout the New Territories.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2021|pp=34–35}}</ref> Much of this is built on [[Land reclamation in Hong Kong|reclaimed land]]; {{convert|70|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (representing 6% of the total land or about 25% of the territory's developed space) has been reclaimed from the sea.<ref name="reclamation">{{harvnb|Land Policy Report|2017|p=1}}.</ref>

Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with minimal flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland.<ref>{{harvnb|Owen|Shaw|2007|p=2}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|"Land Use in Hong Kong 2017", Planning Department}}</ref> About 40% of the remaining land area is [[Conservation in Hong Kong|country parks]] and nature reserves.<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|Harper|1995|p=9}}.</ref> The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of [[vascular plant]]s occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species.<ref>{{harvnb|Hu|2003}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/conservation/naturalenvplantsanimals.htm |title=The Natural Environment, Plants & Animals in Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115215525/https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/conservation/naturalenvplantsanimals.htm |archive-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Hong Kong has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''), characteristic of southern China, closely bordering on a [[tropical monsoon climate]]. Summers are long, hot, and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest. The humid climate of Hong Kong intensifies summer heat. [[Typhoon]]s occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides. Also rarely occurring are [[waterspout]]s and [[tornado]]es, which occurred at Hong Kong International Airport on 26 September 2020 and at Victoria Harbour on 28 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-26 |title=Small tornado spotted at Hong Kong airport, but no damage reported |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3103172/small-tornado-spotted-hong-kong-airport-rare |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-28 |title=Waterspout spotted over Hong Kong's Victoria Harbour for first time |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3280343/waterspout-spotted-over-hong-kongs-victoria-harbour-weather-forecaster |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Winters are short, mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February. Frequent cold fronts bring strong, cooling winds from the north and occasionally result in chilly weather. Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy.<ref name="HKClimate">{{cite web |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/climahk.htm |title=Climate of Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]] |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602080336/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/climahk.htm |archive-date=2 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Snowfall has been extremely rare in Hong Kong; the last reported instance was on [[Tai Mo Shan]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |title=Last time it snowed in Hong Kong |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/education/climate/general-climatology/00247-last-time-it-snowed-in-hong-kong.html |website=www.hko.gov.hk |language=en |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212060956/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/education/climate/general-climatology/00247-last-time-it-snowed-in-hong-kong.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year.<ref>{{harvnb|Geography and Climate|2010}}.</ref> Historic temperature extremes at the [[Hong Kong Observatory]] are {{convert|36.6|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} on 22 August 2017 and {{convert|0.0|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} on 18 January 1893, record highest daily minimum temperature there was {{convert|30.1|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} on 18 August 1990 and the lowest daily maximum temperature there was {{convert|3.2|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} on 16 January 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/extreme/mon_extreme_e.htm |title=Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884 and 1939 and 1947–2017 for Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]] |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324065716/http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/extreme/mon_extreme_e.htm |archive-date=24 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily temperature and rainfall extremes at the Hong Kong Observatory (1884–2024) |url=http://hkweather.altervista.org/HKOdobs/2024/HKOclimo-202401.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=hkweather.altervista.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily temperature and rainfall extremes at the Hong Kong Observatory (1884–2024) |url=http://hkweather.altervista.org/HKOdobs/2024/HKOclimo-202408.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=hkweather.altervista.org}}</ref> The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are {{convert|39.0|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} at [[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]] on 22 August 2017,<ref>{{harvnb|"HK records hottest day before typhoon", ''EJ Insight''}}</ref> and {{convert|−6.0|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} at Tai Mo Shan [[January 2016 East Asia cold wave|on 24 January 2016]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Automatic Weather Observations yearly Extract|url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/awsYearlyExtract.htm|access-date=17 January 2021|website=Hong Kong Observatory|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193538/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/awsYearlyExtract.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Hong Kong ([[Hong Kong Observatory]]), normals 1991–2020,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e., the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1884–1939 and 1947–present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
|Jan record high C = 26.9
|Feb record high C = 28.3
|Mar record high C = 31.5
|Apr record high C = 33.4
|May record high C = 36.1
|Jun record high C = 35.6
|Jul record high C = 36.1
|Aug record high C = 36.6
|Sep record high C = 35.9
|Oct record high C = 34.6
|Nov record high C = 31.8
|Dec record high C = 28.7
|year record high C = 36.6
|Jan avg record high C = 24.0
|Feb avg record high C = 25.1
|Mar avg record high C = 27.5
|Apr avg record high C = 30.2
|May avg record high C = 32.3
|Jun avg record high C = 33.6
|Jul avg record high C = 34.1
|Aug avg record high C = 34.2
|Sep avg record high C = 33.4
|Oct avg record high C = 31.3
|Nov avg record high C = 28.4
|Dec avg record high C = 25.1
|year avg record high C = 34.7
|Jan high C = 18.7
|Feb high C = 19.4
|Mar high C = 21.9
|Apr high C = 25.6
|May high C = 28.8
|Jun high C = 30.7
|Jul high C = 31.6
|Aug high C = 31.3
|Sep high C = 30.5
|Oct high C = 28.1
|Nov high C = 24.5
|Dec high C = 20.4
|year high C = 26.0
|Jan mean C = 16.5
|Feb mean C = 17.1
|Mar mean C = 19.5
|Apr mean C = 23.0
|May mean C = 26.3
|Jun mean C = 28.3
|Jul mean C = 28.9
|Aug mean C = 28.7
|Sep mean C = 27.9
|Oct mean C = 25.7
|Nov mean C = 22.2
|Dec mean C = 18.2
|year mean C = 23.5
|Jan low C = 14.6
|Feb low C = 15.3
|Mar low C = 17.6
|Apr low C = 21.1
|May low C = 24.5
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.9
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.1
|Oct low C = 23.9
|Nov low C = 20.3
|Dec low C = 16.2
|year low C = 21.6
|Jan avg record low C = 9.1
|Feb avg record low C = 10.2
|Mar avg record low C = 12.2
|Apr avg record low C = 16.3
|May avg record low C = 20.7
|Jun avg record low C = 23.6
|Jul avg record low C = 24.2
|Aug avg record low C = 24.3
|Sep avg record low C = 23.5
|Oct avg record low C = 20.1
|Nov avg record low C = 15.3
|Dec avg record low C = 10.1
|year avg record low C = 7.8
|Jan record low C = 0.0
|Feb record low C = 2.4
|Mar record low C = 4.8
|Apr record low C = 9.9
|May record low C = 15.4
|Jun record low C = 19.2
|Jul record low C = 21.7
|Aug record low C = 21.6
|Sep record low C = 18.4
|Oct record low C = 13.5
|Nov record low C = 6.5
|Dec record low C = 4.3
|year record low C = 0.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 33.2
|Feb rain mm = 38.9
|Mar rain mm = 75.3
|Apr rain mm = 153.0
|May rain mm = 290.6
|Jun rain mm = 491.5
|Jul rain mm = 385.8
|Aug rain mm = 453.2
|Sep rain mm = 321.4
|Oct rain mm = 120.3
|Nov rain mm = 39.3
|Dec rain mm = 28.8
|year rain mm = 2431.2
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Jan rain days = 5.70
|Feb rain days = 7.97
|Mar rain days = 10.50
|Apr rain days = 11.37
|May rain days = 15.37
|Jun rain days = 19.33
|Jul rain days = 18.43
|Aug rain days = 17.50
|Sep rain days = 14.90
|Oct rain days = 7.83
|Nov rain days = 5.70
|Dec rain days = 5.30
|year rain days = 139.90
|Jan humidity = 74
|Feb humidity = 79
|Mar humidity = 82
|Apr humidity = 83
|May humidity = 83
|Jun humidity = 82
|Jul humidity = 81
|Aug humidity = 81
|Sep humidity = 78
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 72
|Dec humidity = 70
|year humidity = 78
| Jan dew point C = 11.7
| Feb dew point C = 13.2
| Mar dew point C = 16.1
| Apr dew point C = 19.7
| May dew point C = 23.0
| Jun dew point C = 24.9
| Jul dew point C = 25.2
| Aug dew point C = 25.1
| Sep dew point C = 23.6
| Oct dew point C = 20.2
| Nov dew point C = 16.7
| Dec dew point C = 12.4
| year dew point C = 19.3
|Jan sun = 145.8
|Feb sun = 101.7
|Mar sun = 100.0
|Apr sun = 113.2
|May sun = 138.8
|Jun sun = 144.3
|Jul sun = 197.3
|Aug sun = 182.1
|Sep sun = 174.4
|Oct sun = 197.8
|Nov sun = 172.3
|Dec sun = 161.6
|year sun = 1829.3
|Jan percentsun = 43
|Feb percentsun = 32
|Mar percentsun = 27
|Apr percentsun = 30
|May percentsun = 34
|Jun percentsun = 36
|Jul percentsun = 48
|Aug percentsun = 46
|Sep percentsun = 47
|Oct percentsun = 55
|Nov percentsun = 52
|Dec percentsun = 48
|year percentsun = 41
|source 1 = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<ref name="met_norms">{{cite web |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/normal/1991_2020/normals.htm |title=Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong (1991–2020) |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208043254/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/normal/1991_2020/normals.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="extremeshko">{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/en/cis/extreme/mon_extreme.htm |title=Extreme Values of Meteorological Elements in Hong Kong and their Occurrence Dates (1884–1939, 1947–2024) |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208053745/http://www.weather.gov.hk/en/cis/extreme/mon_extreme.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="meanmaxmin">{{cite web |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/monthlyElement.htm |title=Monthly Data for Single Element |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209091006/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/cis/monthlyElement.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

=== Environment ===
{{Main|Air pollution in Hong Kong}}

[[Air pollution in Hong Kong]] is considered a serious problem. It became a concern soon after the start of the 2000s. According to the [[Environmental Protection Department]] (EPD), the major air [[pollutant]]s in Hong Kong include [[nitrogen oxides]] (NOx), [[sulphur dioxide]] (SO2), respirable suspended [[particulates]] (RSP or PM10), fine suspended particulates (FSP or PM2.5), [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOC), [[carbon monoxide]] (CO),<ref name="emissioninventory">{{cite web | title=Environmental Protection Department | website=epd.gov.hk | date=28 Jun 2024 | url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/data/emission_inve.html | access-date=28 Nov 2024}}</ref> [[ozone]] and [[lead]].<ref name=AQOs>{{cite web | publisher=Environmental Protection Department | website=epd.gov.hk |title=Air Quality Objectives | date=1 Jan 2022 | url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/air_quality_objectives/air_quality_objectives.html | access-date=29 Dec 2024}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Hong Kong}}

[[File:Yick Cheong Building View 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Monster Building]], a famous group of residential buildings in [[Quarry Bay]]]]

Hong Kong has the world's [[List of cities with the most skyscrapers|largest number of skyscrapers]], with 554 towers taller than {{convert|150|m|ft}},<ref name="SkyscraperCenter">{{cite web |title=Hong Kong |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/hong-kong |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111114955/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/hong-kong |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Skyscraper Center |publisher=[[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]]}}</ref> and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |title=Skyline Ranking |publisher=[[Emporis]] |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623034606/https://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |archive-date=23 June 2018 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential [[tenement]]s and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land.<ref>{{harvnb|Tong|Wong|1997}}.</ref> [[Single-family detached home]]s are uncommon and generally only found in outlying areas.<ref>{{harvnb|Forrest|La Grange|Yip|2004|pp=215, 222}}</ref> The [[International Commerce Centre]] and [[International Finance Centre (Hong Kong)|Two International Finance Centre]] are the [[List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong|tallest buildings in Hong Kong]] and are among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/statistics/worlds-tallest-buildings |title=The World's Tallest Buildings |publisher=[[Emporis]] |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624121309/https://www.emporis.com/statistics/worlds-tallest-buildings |archive-date=24 June 2018 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the [[HSBC Building (Hong Kong)|HSBC Main Building]], the [[anemometer]]-topped triangular [[Central Plaza (Hong Kong)|Central Plaza]], the circular [[Hopewell Centre (Hong Kong)|Hopewell Centre]], and the sharp-edged [[Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)|Bank of China Tower]].<ref name="FengShui">{{harvnb|Kohlstedt|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hollingsworth|Zheng|2017}}.</ref>

Demand for new construction has contributed to the frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises.<ref>{{harvnb|Zheng|2017}}.</ref> However, many examples of European and [[Lingnan architecture]] are still found throughout the territory. Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture. The 1846 [[Flagstaff House, Hong Kong|Flagstaff House]], the former residence of the [[British Forces Overseas Hong Kong|Commander of the British forces in Hong Kong]], is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong.<ref>{{harvnb|McKercher|Ho|du Cros|2004}}.</ref> Some buildings, such as the [[Court of Final Appeal Building]] and the [[Hong Kong Observatory]] retain their original functions, and others have been [[Adaptive reuse|adapted and reused]]; the [[Former Marine Police Headquarters]] was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex,<ref name="TourismFacts">{{harvnb|Tourism Facts|2016}}.</ref> and [[Béthanie (Hong Kong)|Béthanie]] (built in 1875 as a [[sanatorium]]) houses the [[Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts]].<ref>{{harvnb|Béthanie|2015|p=3}}.</ref> The [[Tin Hau Temple, Joss House Bay|Tin Hau Temple]], dedicated to the sea goddess [[Mazu]] (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure.<ref>{{harvnb|Ingham|2007|p=225}}.</ref> The [[Ping Shan Heritage Trail]] has architectural examples from several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the [[Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda]] (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda).<ref>{{harvnb|Declared Monuments|2007|pp=5–6}}.</ref>

''[[Tong lau]]'', mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences. These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants.<ref>{{harvnb|Xue|2016|p=99}}.</ref> Examples include [[Lui Seng Chun]], the [[Blue House (Hong Kong)|Blue House]] in [[Wan Chai]], and the [[Nos. 600–626 Shanghai Street|Shanghai Street shophouses]] in [[Mong Kok]]. Mass-produced [[Public housing in Hong Kong|public-housing estates]], built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in [[Modern architecture|modernist style]].<ref>{{harvnb|Xue|2016|p=41}}.</ref>

{{wide image|Hong Kong at night.jpg|1150px|align-cap=center|alt=Skyline at night, with building lights reflected in water|The Hong Kong Island skyline, viewed from the [[Victoria Harbour]] waterfront}}
{{wide image|Kowloon Panorama by Ryan Cheng 2010.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island, and the Hong Kong skyline}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Hong Kong|Hong Kong people}}

{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"
|+ style="text-align: right;" | Death rates (No. of Deaths per 100,000 Population) by leading causes of death, based on ICD 10th Revision.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/117.html | title=Death Rates by Leading Causes of Death, 2001 – 2021 | access-date=8 April 2023 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408181119/https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/27/117.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Red: increased compared with 2001. Deaths from [[dementia]] increased more than 5 times from 2001 to 2021.
! Cause of Death !! 2001 !! 2011 !! 2021
|-
| 1. Malignant neoplasms || 169.9 || 187.2 || 203.8
|-
| 2. Pneumonia || 45.1 || 87.8 || '''132.6'''
|-
| 3. Diseases of heart || 70 || 89.6 || 89
|-
| 4. Cerebrovascular || 46.6 || 47.2 || 42.2
|-
| 5. External causes of morbidity and mortality || 27.5 || 22.2 || 26.7
|-
| 6. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis || 15.7 || 21.8 || 24
|-
| 7. '''Dementia''' || 3.8 || 10.6 || '''20.2'''
|-
| 8. Septicaemia || 6.3 || 10.8 || 16.8
|-
| 9. Chronic lower respiratory diseases || 31.5 || 27.8 || 14.3
|-
| 10. Diabetes mellitus || 10.1 || 6.5 || 7.4
|-
| All other causes || 69.7 || 85 || 118.1
|-
| All causes || 496 || 596.6 ||695.2
|}
[[File:Bevölkerungspyramide Hongkong 2016.png|thumb|alt=Population graph|2016 [[population pyramid]]]]

The [[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,413,070 in 2021. The overwhelming majority (91.6%) is [[Han Chinese]],<ref name="demographics">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2021|p=46}}.</ref> most of whom are [[Sze Yap people in Hong Kong|Taishanese]], [[Teochew people|Teochew]], [[Hakka people|Hakka]], and other [[Cantonese people]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Fan|1974}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=144–147}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yu|2013}}.</ref> The remaining 8.4% are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|Filipinos]], [[Indonesians in Hong Kong|Indonesians]], and [[South Asians in Hong Kong|South Asians]].<ref name="demographics" /><ref>{{harvnb|Erni|Leung|2014|pp=18, 22}}.</ref> However, most Filipinos and Indonesians in Hong Kong are short-term workers. According to a 2021 thematic report by the Hong Kong government, after excluding foreign domestic helpers, the real number of non-Chinese ethnic minorities in the city was 301,344, or 4% of Hong Kong's population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistical Product|url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/EIndexbySubject.html?pcode=B1120100&scode=459|access-date=28 November 2021|website=www.censtatd.gov.hk|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407171137/https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/EIndexbySubject.html?pcode=B1120100&scode=459|url-status=live}}</ref> About half the population have [[British nationality law|some form of British nationality]], a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have [[British National (Overseas)]] status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|FCO Written Evidence|2014}}.</ref> The vast majority also hold [[Chinese nationality law|Chinese nationality]], automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the handover.<ref>{{harvnb|Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong}}</ref> Headline [[population density]] exceeds 7,060 people/km2 It is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|fourth-highest]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=HK|title=Population density (people per sq km of land area) – Hong Kong SAR, China|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516120537/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=HK|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sik Sik Yuen Wong Tai Sin Temple (1944336752).jpg|thumb|[[Wong Tai Sin Temple (Hong Kong)|Wong Tai Sin Temple]] is dedicated to the [[Taoism|Taoist]] deity [[Wong Tai Sin]].]]
Among the religious population, the traditional "[[three teachings]]" of China, [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]], have the most adherents (20%), followed by [[Christianity]] (12%) and [[Islam in Hong Kong|Islam]] (4%).<ref name="religionFacts">{{harvnb|Religion and Custom Facts|2016}}.</ref> Followers of other religions, including [[Sikhism]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Judaism]], generally originate from regions where their religion predominates.<ref name="religionFacts" />

Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 82.8 years for males and 88.4 years for females at birth in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-31 |title=Life expectancy for Hong Kong women hits record, while men also get a lift |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/3323830/life-expectancy-hong-kong-women-hits-record-while-men-also-get-lift |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> The birth rate in 2023 was 0.751 per woman of child-bearing age.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:社評：人口問題精準施策謀求旺丁要新思維 |trans-title=Editorial: Targeted measures to address population issues require new thinking to achieve population growth |url=https://news.mingpao.com/pns/%e7%a4%be%e8%a9%95/article/20250201/s00003/1738345318623/%e7%a4%be%e8%a9%95-%e4%ba%ba%e5%8f%a3%e5%95%8f%e9%a1%8c%e7%b2%be%e6%ba%96%e6%96%bd%e7%ad%96-%e8%ac%80%e6%b1%82%e6%97%ba%e4%b8%81%e8%a6%81%e6%96%b0%e6%80%9d%e7%b6%ad |access-date=1 February 2025 |work=[[Ming Pao]] |date=1 February 2025 |language=zh-hant}}</ref> [[Cancer]], [[pneumonia]], [[cardiovascular disease|heart disease]], [[cerebrovascular disease]], and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death.<ref name="2017HealthFacts">{{harvnb|Health Facts|2017}}.</ref> The [[Universal health care|universal public healthcare system]] is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95% of healthcare costs are covered by the government.<ref>{{harvnb|Wong|Yeoh|Chau|Yam|2015|p=262}}.</ref>

The city has a severe amount of income inequality,<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Comparison: GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=15 January 2018 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> which has risen since the handover, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people.<ref>{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2021|p=3}}</ref> Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2021, the wage gap remained high;<ref name="IncomeDistribution">{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2021|p=50}}</ref> the 90th percentile of earners receive 41% of all income.<ref name="IncomeDistribution" /> The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people,<ref>{{harvnb|Desjardins|2018}}.</ref> as well as the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|second-highest number of billionaires]] of any city in the world,<ref>{{cite web |author=Grosser |first=Annika |date=30 April 2024 |title=The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/annikagrosser/2024/04/26/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2024/ |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Forbes}}</ref> the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of [[ultra high-net-worth individual]]s of any city in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Liu|2018}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2018}}.</ref> Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity,<ref>{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2021|p=4}}</ref> median income for the top 10% of earners is 57 times that of the bottom 10%.<ref>{{harvnb|Hung|Ma|2023}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Household Income Distribution|2021|p=40}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Hong Kong|Tourism in Hong Kong}}

[[File:Kwai Tsing Container Terminals.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] is one of the world's [[List of busiest container ports|busiest container ports]].]]

One of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports,<ref>{{harvnb|Global Financial Centres Index|2017}}</ref> Hong Kong has a [[market economy]] focused on [[service economy|services]], characterised by [[Taxation in Hong Kong|low taxation]], minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market.<ref>{{harvnb|Jiang|Tang|Law|Sze|2003}}.</ref> It is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|37th-largest economy]], with a [[Gross domestic product|nominal GDP]] of approximately US$446 billion.<ref name="IMFWEO.HK">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=532,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (HK) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502221906/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=532,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hong Kong is highly developed, and ranks fourth on the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|UN Human Development Index]].<ref name="cia" /> The [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]] is the [[List of stock exchanges|fifth-largest in the world]], with a market capitalisation of HK$48.2 trillion (US$6.17 trillion) {{As of|2025|12|lc=y}}.<ref>{{harvnb|HKSE Market Statistics|2025|p=2}}.</ref> Hong Kong was ranked as the 15th most innovative territory in the 2025 [[Global Innovation Index]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/hong-kong-china |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> and 3rd in the [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name="GFCI">{{cite web |date=March 2022 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 31 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_31_Report_2022.03.24_v1.0.pdf |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=Long Finance |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324124055/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_31_Report_2022.03.24_v1.0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was sometimes referred to as "Silicon Harbour" in the 1990s, a nickname derived from [[Silicon Valley]] in [[California]].<ref name="Tech Monitor 1999">{{cite web | title=US Bank Leads Development of Hong Kong's "Silicon Harbor" | website=Tech Monitor | date=8 July 1999 | url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/us_bank_leads_development_of_hong_kongs_silicon_harbor | access-date=6 July 2022 | archive-date=1 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001231008/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/us_bank_leads_development_of_hong_kongs_silicon_harbor | url-status=live }}</ref>

Hong Kong is the ninth largest trading entity in [[List of countries by exports|exports]] and eighth largest in [[List of countries by imports|imports]] (2021),<ref name="CIAExports">{{cite web |title=Country Comparison: Exports |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427111612/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html |archive-date=27 April 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="CIAImports">{{cite web |title=Country Comparison: Imports |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004070323/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2087rank.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |access-date=16 June 2019 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product.<ref name="CIAExports" /><ref name="CIAImports" /> Over half of its cargo throughput consists of [[transshipment]]s (goods travelling through Hong Kong). Products from mainland China account for about 40% of that traffic.<ref name="LegcoEconomy">{{harvnb|Economic Statistical Highlights|2017}}</ref> The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure, which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port<ref>{{harvnb|Park|2019}}.</ref> and the busiest airport for international cargo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Annual-Traffic-Data/Cargo/2016-final-summary |title=Cargo Traffic 2016 |work=ACI World |publisher=[[Airports Council International]] |date=1 January 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141937/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Annual-Traffic-Data/Cargo/2016-final-summary |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States.<ref name="cia" /> Hong Kong is a key part of the [[21st Century Maritime Silk Road]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lam|first1=Jasmine Siu Lee|last2=Cullinane|first2=Kevin Patrick Brendan|last3=Lee|first3=Paul Tae-Woo|title=The 21st-century Maritime Silk Road: challenges and opportunities for transport management and practice|volume=38|issue=4|pages=413–415|date=3 May 2018|doi=10.1080/01441647.2018.1453562|journal=Transport Reviews|publisher=[[Routledge]]|bibcode=2018TrRev..38..413L |s2cid=158856945 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials. More than 90% of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all of its meat and rice.<ref>{{harvnb|Kong|2013}}.</ref> Agricultural activity is 0.1% of GDP and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.<ref>{{harvnb|Agriculture and Fisheries Facts|2017}}</ref>

Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector. The sector generates 92.7% of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10%.<ref>{{harvnb|Economy Facts|2016}}.</ref> Between 1961 and 1997, Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87.<ref>{{harvnb|Preston|Haacke|2003}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yeung|2008|p=16}}.</ref> The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27% in 1993; it fell to less than 3% in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy.<ref>{{harvnb|"HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality", ''EJ Insight''}}</ref> Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of the [[reform and opening up]] on the mainland. Since resumption of [[Guangzhou–Kowloon through train|cross-boundary train service]] in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed, facilitating trade between regions.<ref>{{harvnb|Lung|Sung|2010|p=5}}.</ref><ref name="HZMBridge">{{harvnb|Griffiths|Lazarus|2018}}.</ref> The [[Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement|Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement]] formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment.<ref name="MainlandCEPA">{{cite web |url=https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/legaltext/cepa_legaltext.html |title=Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) |publisher=[[Trade and Industry Department]] |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131207/https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/legaltext/cepa_legaltext.html |archive-date=26 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/ita/fta/hkmacao/index.html |title=Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (HK-Macao CEPA) |publisher=[[Trade and Industry Department]] |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229113132/https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/ita/fta/hkmacao/index.html |archive-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the handover. Mainland firms represent over half of the [[Hang Seng Index]] value, up from 5% in 1997.<ref>{{harvnb|Baldwin|Lee|Jim|2014}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Qiu|2017}}.</ref>

[[File:Hong Kong Exchange Trade Lobby 2007.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Large, empty room, with many desks and computer terminals|Former trading floor of the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]]]]
As the mainland economy liberalised, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports. Half of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13% by 2015.<ref name="Commons5R18">{{harvnb|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report|2015|p=18}}</ref> The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia.<ref name="Commons5R18" /> The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>{{harvnb|Cushman & Wakefield RHQ Report|2016|p=8}}</ref> Hong Kong is a gateway for [[foreign direct investment]] in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with [[Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect|the Shanghai]] and [[Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect|Shenzhen stock exchanges]]. The territory was the first market outside mainland China for [[dim sum bond|renminbi-denominated bonds]], and is one of the largest hubs for offshore [[renminbi]] trading.<ref>{{harvnb|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report|2015|pp=18–19}}</ref> In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Muir|first=Paul|date=17 February 2021|title=Crypto body warns new HK law will backfire|url=https://asiatimes.com/2021/02/hk-crypto-body-warns-new-law-will-backfire/|access-date=24 February 2021|archive-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222034554/https://asiatimes.com/2021/02/hk-crypto-body-warns-new-law-will-backfire/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong dollar]], the local currency, is the eighth-most traded currency in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Triennial Central Bank Survey|2016|p=10}}</ref> Due to extremely compact house sizes and the extremely high [[Urban density|housing density]], the city has the [[List of most expensive houses in Hong Kong|most expensive housing]] market in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Hong Kong conundrum: sky-high prices and flats the size of parking spaces |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e4fb2779-44c0-466f-a3e7-0ff61d5e61f9 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e4fb2779-44c0-466f-a3e7-0ff61d5e61f9 |archive-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saiidi |first=Uptin |date=10 April 2017 |title=Here's why Hong Kong housing is so expensive |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/09/heres-why-hong-kong-housing-is-so-expensive.html |access-date=3 September 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903092809/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/09/heres-why-hong-kong-housing-is-so-expensive.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chan |first1=Vanesse |last2=Molloy |first2=Claire |date=22 July 2021 |title=Why rent in Hong Kong is so high, even though there's undeveloped land |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/hong-kong-most-expensive-housing-market-in-the-world-2021-7 |access-date=3 September 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903092811/https://www.businessinsider.com/hong-kong-most-expensive-housing-market-in-the-world-2021-7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The government has had a passive role in the economy. Colonial governments had little [[industrial policy]] and implemented almost no [[Trade restriction|trade controls]]. Under the doctrine of "[[positive non-interventionism]]", post-war administrations deliberately avoided direct resource allocation; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth.<ref name="ceo">{{cite press release |url=https://www.ceo.gov.hk/archive/2012/eng/press/oped.htm |title=Big Market, Small Government |first=Donald |last=Tsang |date=18 September 2006 |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612235339/https://www.ceo.gov.hk/archive/2012/eng/press/oped.htm |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s,<ref name="ceo" /> late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies. Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including [[Export credit agency|export-credit]] guarantees, a [[Mandatory Provident Fund|compulsory pension scheme]], a [[Minimum Wage Ordinance|minimum wage]], [[anti-discrimination law]]s, and a state mortgage backer.<ref name="EconomistEnd">{{harvnb|"End of an experiment", ''The Economist''}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===

Tourism is a major part of Hong Kong's economy, accounting for 5% of GDP.<ref name="TourismFacts" /> In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32.9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the [[World Tourism rankings|14th-most popular destination for international tourists]].{{Update inline|date=March 2025}} It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70% more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau).<ref>{{harvnb|WTO|2017|p=6}}.</ref> The city is ranked as one of the [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive cities for expatriates]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html |title=Despite worldwide changes, multinationals focus on mobile workforces to support career growth and ensure competitiveness |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] |location=New York |date=21 June 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113110140/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009 |date=29 June 2010 |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] |access-date=25 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725215323/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=25 July 2011 }}</ref> However, since 2020, there has been a sharp decline in incoming visitors due to tight COVID-19 travel restrictions. Additionally, following the closure of Russian airspace in 2022, multiple airlines ceased operations in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2022 |title=Virgin Atlantic drops Hong Kong route after nearly 30 years |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/virgin-atlantic-drops-hong-kong-route-after-nearly-30-years-2022-10-05/ |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033254/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/virgin-atlantic-drops-hong-kong-route-after-nearly-30-years-2022-10-05/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In an attempt to attract tourists back to Hong Kong, the Hong Kong government announced plans to give away 500,000 free airline tickets in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Goh Chiew Tong |author2=Vivian Kam |title=Hong Kong will give away half a million plane tickets. Here's who can get them first |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/03/hong-kong-to-give-away-half-a-million-air-tickets-to-boost-tourism.html |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=CNBC |date=3 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203103636/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/03/hong-kong-to-give-away-half-a-million-air-tickets-to-boost-tourism.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hong Kong was [[List of cities by international visitors|the most visited city internationally]] in the Asia-Pacific region in 2023, with over 2 million more international visitors than its closest competitor, [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100 City Destinations for 2023|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Euromonitor |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301091019/https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Well-known Hong Kong landmarks include the [[Victoria Peak]], the iconic [[Victoria Harbour]] skyline, and [[The Big Buddha (Hong Kong)]]. Other iconic sites include the historic [[Star Ferry]], [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong]], [[Man Mo Temple]], [[Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark]] in [[Sai Kung District]] and [[Lamma Island]].

Luxury hotels in Hong Kong include the [[Rosewood Hong Kong]] (#1 World's 50 Best Hotels), [[Upper House Hong Kong]] (#10 World's 50 Best Hotels), [[Mandarin Oriental Hong Kong]], [[The Peninsula Hong Kong]], [[Four Seasons Hotel Hong Kong]], [[Island Shangri-La]] and the [[Ritz-Carlton Hong Kong]] (world's highest hotel).

{{wide image|Hong Kong Skyline view from the peak 2017.jpg|800px|[[Victoria Peak]] is a major tourist attraction that offers views of [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] and [[Victoria Harbour]].}}

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Hong Kong}}

[[File:Cross Harbour Tunnel (1).JPG|thumb|alt=Tunnel entrance at night, with heavy traffic|Entrance to the [[Cross-Harbour Tunnel]] in [[Hung Hom]], [[Kowloon]]]]

Hong Kong has a highly developed and sophisticated transport network. Over 90% of daily trips made by its residents are made with public transport, the highest percentage in the world.<ref name="pubtransport">{{harvnb|Public Transport Strategy Study|2017|p=1}}</ref> The [[Octopus card]], a [[Contactless payment|contactless]] [[Smart card|smart]] [[Digital currency|payment]] card made for Hong Kong, is widely accepted on railways, trams, buses and ferries, and can also be used for payment in most retail stores.<ref>{{harvnb|Poon|Chau|2001|p=102}}.</ref> Alternative payments such as [[Apple Pay]], [[Alipay|AliPay]], [[Mastercard]] and [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] have also been gradually introduced as methods of payment for public transport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MTR > Ticket Purchase and Usage |url=https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/buy_tickets/payment_method.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716005653/https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/buy_tickets/payment_method.html |archive-date=2024-07-16 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.mtr.com.hk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Tramways – Schedules and Fares |url=https://www.hktramways.com/en/schedules-fares |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616021916/https://www.hktramways.com/en/schedules-fares |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.hktramways.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedule & Fares {{!}} StarFerry |url=https://www.starferry.com.hk/en/Fares |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203123111/https://www.starferry.com.hk/en/Fares |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.starferry.com.hk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E-payment System |url=https://www.citybus.com.hk/en/uploadedFiles/app_promote/eps/EPS-ENG-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007133906/https://www.citybus.com.hk/en/uploadedFiles/app_promote/eps/EPS-ENG-1.html |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.citybus.com.hk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kowloon Motor Bus Co. (1933) Ltd 九龍巴士(一九三三) |url=https://www.kmb.hk/payment.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501021600/https://kmb.hk/payment.html |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.kmb.hk}}</ref>

Hong Kong's EV policy, driven by the "Hong Kong Roadmap on Popularisation of Electric Vehicles," aims to achieve zero vehicular emissions before 2050. Key strategies include banning new registration of fuel-propelled private cars, including hybrids, by 2035 or earlier, expanding charging infrastructure, and offering significant, extended tax concessions such as the One-for-One Replacement Scheme (expiring 31 March 2026).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Department - First Registration Tax Concessions for Electric Vehicles |url=https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_first_registration/new_frt_concessions_for_electric_vehicles_2018/index.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.td.gov.hk}}</ref>

=== Land ===

The [[Peak Tram]], Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided [[funicular]] rail transport between [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] and [[Victoria Peak]] since 1888.<ref>{{harvnb|Mok|2018}}.</ref>

The [[Central and Western District]] has an extensive system of escalators and [[Moving walkway|moving pavements]], which, together being the [[Central–Mid-Levels escalator|Mid-Levels escalator system]], is the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system.<ref>{{harvnb|Gold|2001}}.</ref>

[[Hong Kong Tramways]]’ tram network covers a portion of Hong Kong Island, covering from [[Kennedy Town]] to [[Shau Kei Wan]], with a branch to [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong|Happy Valley]]. It operates 6 routes and has had a ridership of 42,558 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Transport {{!}} Annual transport digest 2023 |url=https://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/atd/2023/en/section5-13.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.td.gov.hk |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730122832/https://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/atd/2023/en/section5-13.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Tramways – Schedules and Fares |url=https://www.hktramways.com/en/schedules-fares |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.hktramways.com |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616021916/https://www.hktramways.com/en/schedules-fares |url-status=live }}</ref> It began servicing Hong Kong since 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Tramways: fun facts about the century-old Ding Ding {{!}} Hong Kong Tourism Board |url=https://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/explore/attractions/hong-kong-tramways.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Discover Hong Kong |language=en}}</ref> Hong Kong Tramways currently holds the Guinness World Record as the "Largest double-decker tram fleet in service", certified on 30 July 2021, with a fleet of 165 double-decker trams.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2021 |title=Largest double-decker tram fleet in service |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/593163-largest-double-decker-tram-fleet-in-operation |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Guinness World Records |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730054734/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/593163-largest-double-decker-tram-fleet-in-operation |url-status=live }}</ref> The fleet of trams was mostly built by Hong Kong Tramways.

The [[MTR|Mass Transit Railway]] (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 99 [[rapid transit|metro]] stations and 68 [[Light Rail (MTR)|light-rail]] stops throughout the territory.<ref name="RailwayFacts">{{harvnb|Railway Network Facts|2018}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Department – Railways |url=https://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/railways/index.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.td.gov.hk |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626124121/https://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/railways/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> With a daily ridership of almost five million, the system serves 41% of all public transit passengers in the city<ref name="LegcoTransport">{{harvnb|Transport Statistical Highlights|2016}}</ref> and has an on-time rate of 99.9%.<ref>{{harvnb|Report on Rail Service|2014|p=1}}.</ref>

Train service to [[Shenzhen]] is offered by the [[East Rail line]], and longer-distance [[Inter-city rail|inter-city trains]] [[Guangzhou–Kowloon through train|to Guangzhou]], [[Shanghai–Kowloon through train|Shanghai]], [[Chongqing]], [[Beijing–Kowloon through train|Beijing]] are operated from [[Hung Hom station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/cbs_introduction_tourist.html |title=Cross Boundary Train Services |publisher=[[MTR Corporation]] |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119030307/http://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/cbs_introduction_tourist.html |archive-date=19 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> This train service has however been suspended since the [[outbreak of COVID-19]], and officially closed by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] on 31 July 2024, as announced by the [[General Administration of Customs]], citing that [[Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway|high-speed passenger trains]] have effectively met the travel needs of passengers between the mainland and Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MTR > Intercity Passenger Services |url=https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/services/intercity_index.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.mtr.com.hk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title='End of an era' for Hong Kong's cross-border through-train services |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3175918/end-era-hong-kong-mtrs-cross-border-through-train |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316064243/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3175918/end-era-hong-kong-mtrs-cross-border-through-train |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=海關總署公告2024年第96號（關於關閉北京西站、上海站、廣州、東莞等4個鐵路口岸的公告） |url=http://gdfs.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/2480148/6013329/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731135355/http://gdfs.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/2480148/6013329/index.html |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref> [[Hong Kong Express Rail Link|Connecting service]] to the [[China Railway High-speed|national high-speed rail system]] is provided at [[Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station|West Kowloon railway station]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kwok|2018}}.</ref>

Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, over 500,000 private vehicles are registered in Hong Kong.<ref>{{harvnb|Vehicle Registration and Licensing|2018}}</ref> Unlike in mainland China, automobiles in Hong Kong drive [[Left- and right-hand traffic|on the left]] due to the historical influence of the British Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Labarre|2010}}.</ref> Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles.<ref>{{harvnb|Traffic Congestion Study|2014|pp=2–3}}</ref> More than 18,000 [[Taxis of Hong Kong|taxicabs]], easily identifiable by their bright colours and taxi lights, are licensed to carry riders in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Transport Facts|2016}}.</ref> Unlicensed ride-hailing services such as [[Uber]] exist in Hong Kong as well, with some operating with licensed taxis to legitimise their business in ride-sharing. Unlicensed drivers have been targeted by the government and taxi drivers in the past, mainly due to the lack of [[third-party insurance]] for passengers, and because taxi drivers feared competition from drivers of these ride-hailing services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2017 |title='Ridesharing should not be a crime': Uber criticises Hong Kong's outdated traffic laws following arrests |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2017/05/23/ridesharing-not-crime-uber-criticises-hong-kongs-outdated-traffic-laws-following-arrests/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Uber vs Hong Kong taxis: why is the government allowing the quarrel to fester? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3263415/uber-vs-hong-kong-taxis-why-government-allowing-quarrel-fester-and-let-customers-lose |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718142137/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3263415/uber-vs-hong-kong-taxis-why-government-allowing-quarrel-fester-and-let-customers-lose |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, the government looked into legalising these services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Hong Kong to require permits for ride-hailing services including Uber |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3269375/hong-kong-require-private-hire-car-permits-ride-hailing-services-including-uber |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716100342/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3269375/hong-kong-require-private-hire-car-permits-ride-hailing-services-including-uber |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Bus services in Hong Kong|Bus services]] operate more than 700 routes across the territory,<ref name="LegcoTransport" /> with smaller [[public light bus]]es (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly.<ref>{{harvnb|Cullinane|2002}}.</ref> Expressways and truck roads, organised with the [[Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System]], connect all major areas of the territory.<ref>{{cite map |title=Hong Kong Strategic Route Map |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/hksrens/2008/EN/images/diagram.pdf |publisher=[[Transport Department]] |access-date=28 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615112730/http://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/hksrens/2008/EN/images/diagram.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge]] provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary.<ref name="HZMBridge" />
[[File:V813 entering Sunny Bay Station (20181013082946).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Light-rail train on a straightaway|MTR train on the [[Tung Chung line]]]]

=== Air ===

[[Hong Kong International Airport]] is the territory's primary airport, replacing [[Kai Tak Airport|Kai Tak International Airport]] which ended operations in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title='Goodbye Kai Tak': 25 years since Hong Kong's old airport turned off its lights |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/3226610/hong-kongs-old-kai-tak-airport-closes-well-miss-you-scmp-archive |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including [[Cathay Pacific]], the [[flag carrier]] of Hong Kong. It has been regarded as a 5-star airline by Skytrax, and been in the world top 10 list of airlines for multiple consecutive years. [[Hong Kong Airlines]], low-cost airline [[HK Express]], low-cost airline [[Greater Bay Airlines]], and cargo airline [[Air Hong Kong]] are all airlines based in Hong Kong.<ref>{{harvnb|HKIA Annual Report|2017|p=152}}.</ref> It was the [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic]]<ref>{{harvnb|NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic|2017|p=32}}</ref> pre-COVID and handles [[List of busiest airports by cargo traffic|the most air-cargo traffic in the world]].<ref>{{harvnb|NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic|2017|p=58}}</ref> Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through [[Shek Kong Airfield]], under the supervision of the [[Hong Kong Aviation Club]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wordie|2007|p=242}}.</ref>

=== Sea ===

The [[Port of Hong Kong]] located by the [[South China Sea]], is a deepwater [[seaport]] dominated by trade in [[containerisation|containerised]] manufactured products. A key factor in the economic development of Hong Kong, the natural shelter and deep waters of [[Victoria Harbour]] provide ideal conditions for berthing and the handling of all types of vessels. It is one of the [[World's busiest port|busiest ports]] in the world, in the three categories of shipping movements, cargo handled and passengers carried. This makes Hong Kong a Large-Port Metropolis.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785 | title=The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification | year=2021 | last1=Roberts | first1=Toby | last2=Williams | first2=Ian | last3=Preston | first3=John | journal=Maritime Policy & Management | volume=48 | issue=4 | pages=530–542 | s2cid=225502755 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

The [[Star Ferry]] operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starferry.com.hk/en/operationalInfo |title=Operational Information |publisher=[[Star Ferry]] |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130062543/http://www.starferry.com.hk/en/operationalInfo |archive-date=30 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means. Smaller [[kai-to]] boats serve the most remote coastal settlements.<ref>{{harvnb|Cushman|1993|p=57}}.</ref> Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/transport/crossboundary/ferryservices.htm |title=Ferry Services to Macau and the Mainland Ports |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119151136/https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/transport/crossboundary/ferryservices.htm |archive-date=19 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Junk (ship)|Junks]], once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatlow|2017}}.</ref>
The large size of the port gives Hong Kong the classification of Large-Port Metropolis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Toby |last2=Williams |first2=Ian |last3=Preston |first3=John |date=19 May 2021 |title=The Southampton system: a new universal standard approach for port-city classification |journal=Maritime Policy & Management |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=530–542 |doi=10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785 |s2cid=225502755 |issn=0308-8839|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Utilities ===
{{Main|Energy in Hong Kong|Electricity sector in Hong Kong|Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong}}

[[File:Lamma Power Station - October 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Lamma Power Station]], a coal power plant on [[Lamma Island]] owned by [[Hongkong Electric Company|Hongkong Electric]]]]

Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally.<ref name="energystats2016p1">{{harvnb|Energy Statistics Report|2017|p=1}}</ref> The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46% from coal and 47% from petroleum.<ref>{{harvnb|Energy Statistics Report|2017|p=9}}</ref> The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China.<ref>{{harvnb|Energy Statistics Report|2017|p=29}}</ref> Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Energy Statistics Report|2017|p=6}}</ref> Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed,<ref name="energystats2016p1" /> and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2017}}.</ref>

With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory lacks a reliable freshwater supply. The [[Dong River (China)|Dong River]] in Guangdong supplies 70% of the city's water,<ref name="LeeWater">{{harvnb|Lee|2013}}.</ref> with the remaining demand met by harvesting rainwater locally.<ref>{{harvnb|Water Supply Facts|2016}}.</ref> Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater, which reduces freshwater use.<ref name="LeeWater" />

[[Broadband]] Internet access is widely available, with 92.6% of households connected. Connections over [[Fiber to the x|fibre-optic infrastructure]] are increasingly prevalent,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ofca.gov.hk/en/media_focus/data_statistics/key_stat/ |title=Key Communications Statistics |publisher=[[Office of the Communications Authority]] |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153354/https://www.ofca.gov.hk/en/media_focus/data_statistics/key_stat/ |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest).<ref>{{harvnb|Akamai's State of the Internet|2017|p=54}}</ref> Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous;<ref>{{harvnb|IT and Internet Usage|2017|p=9}}.</ref> there are almost 22 million [[List of countries by number of mobile phones in use|mobile-phone accounts]] registered in Hong Kong,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong (China) mobile cellular subscriptions 2000–2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/498360/number-of-mobile-cellular-subscriptions-in-hong-kong-china/#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20mobile-cellular,in%202021,%20to%2021.9%20million. |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> which is almost triple the territory's population.

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Hong Kong}}

{{See also|Cantonese culture}}

Hong Kong culture is characterised as a hybrid of [[Eastern world|Eastern]] and [[Western culture|Western]] culture. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=169}}.</ref> Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The territory diverged from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture was derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China; it was then influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=167–172}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|He|2013}}.</ref> Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers would tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits.<ref>{{harvnb|Tam|2017}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lam|2015}}.</ref> Residents' sense of local identity has increased post-handover: polling in December 2022 had 32% of respondents identifying as "Hongkongers", 34.1% identifying as "Hongkongers in China" 45.9% purporting a "Mixed Identity", 20.5% identifying as "Chinese" and 11.9% identifying as "Chinese in Hong Kong".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Categorical Ethnic Identity – HKPORI – 香港民意研究所 |url=https://www.pori.hk/pop-poll/ethnic-identity-en/q001.html?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305222442/https://www.pori.hk/pop-poll/ethnic-identity-en/q001.html?lang=en |archive-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>

Traditional Chinese family values, including [[family honor|family honour]], [[filial piety]], and a [[Sex selection|preference for sons]], are prevalent.<ref>{{harvnb|Family Survey|2013|pp=12–13}}.</ref> [[Nuclear family|Nuclear families]] are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2021|p=77}}.</ref> Spiritual concepts such as ''[[feng shui]]'' are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to ''feng shui'' is believed to determine a business's success.<ref name="FengShui" /> ''[[Bagua]]'' mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits,<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|Fowler|2008|p=263}}.</ref> and buildings often lack [[Chinese numerology|floor numbers with a 4]];<ref>{{harvnb|Xi|Ingham|2003|p=181}}.</ref> the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|Chow|2006|p=3}}.</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Hong Kong cuisine}}

{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=right |caption_align=center |total_width=350
|image1=Dim Sum Breakfast.jpg |height1=600 |width1=800
|alt1=An assortment of items in a Dim Sum breakfast meal
|image2=Cha Chaan Teng.jpg |height2=1200 |width2=1600
|alt2=French Toast on left, Milk Tea on right
|footer=Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant (left); ''[[cha chaan teng]]'' breakfast food with [[Hong Kong-style milk tea]] (right)
}}

Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on [[Cantonese cuisine]], despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes.<ref name="LongHKFood">{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=271}}.</ref> Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at [[wet market]]s, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible when still fresh.<ref>{{harvnb|Curry|Hanstedt|2014|pp=9–12}}.</ref> There are up to five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and ''[[siu yeh]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=272}}.</ref> [[Dim sum]], as part of ''[[yum cha]]'' (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include [[congee]], ''[[cha siu bao]]'', ''[[siu yuk]]'', [[egg tart]]s, and [[mango pudding]]. Local versions of Western food are served at ''[[cha chaan teng]]'' (Hong Kong-style cafes). Common ''cha chaan teng'' menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and [[Hong Kong-style milk tea]].<ref name="LongHKFood" />

As of 2025, the [[Michelin guide|Michelin]] Guide listed 76 starred restaurants in total. It awarded 7 restaurants 3 Michelin Stars, 11 restaurants with 2 Michelin Stars, and 58 restaurants with 1 Michelin Star. It also gave 4 Green Stars for sustainability, Amber, Feuille, Mora, and Roganic. Alongside the starred list, 65 restaurants received [[Michelin Guide|Bib Gourmand]] status for good quality food at good value.

===Language===
{{main|Languages of Hong Kong}}

The predominant language today is [[Cantonese]], a [[varieties of Chinese|variety of Chinese]] originating in Guangzhou. It is spoken by 93.7% of the population, 88.2% as a first language and 5.5% as a second language.<ref name="2021By-CensusLanguages">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2021|pp=31, 51–52}}</ref> Slightly over half the population (58.7%) speaks [[English language|English]], the other official language;<ref name="OfficialLanguagesOrd">{{harvnb|Official Languages Ordinance}}.</ref> 4.6% are native speakers, and 54.1% speak English as a second language.<ref name="2021By-CensusLanguages" /> [[Code-switching in Hong Kong|Code-switching]], mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2012}}.</ref> Post-handover governments have promoted [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], which is currently about as prevalent as English; 54.2% of the population speaks Mandarin, with 2.3% native speakers and 51.9% as a second language.<ref name="2021By-CensusLanguages" /> [[Traditional Chinese characters]] are used in writing, rather than the [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified characters]] used in the [[Mainland China|mainland]].<ref>{{harvnb|Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students|2008|p=9}}</ref>

Before the [[First Opium War]], Hong Kong had no significant [[Cantonese]]-speaking population. Instead, most people spoke [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] varieties. However, large areas with [[Weitou dialect]] and [[Tanka dialect|Tanka Cantonese]] speakers can be found in the northern New Territories and southern coastal areas, respectively. [[Hong Kong Hakka]] is a variety of Neo-Hakka, and belongs to the {{ill|Mei-Hui Hakka|zh|梅惠小片}} subbranch of {{ill|Yuetai Hakka|zh|粵台客語}}, making it closely related to [[Meixian dialect]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lau|first=Chun-fat|isbn=9789888760046|title={{lang|zh|香港客家話研究}}|lang=zh|year=2021|publisher=Chung Hwa Book Company|pages=2–3, 8–9}}</ref> Weitou dialect is a variety that is closely related to the [[Yue Chinese]] varieties spoken in [[Bao'an, Shenzhen|Bao'an]] and [[Dongguan]], and was the primary language of the [[Five Great Clans of the New Territories]], brought into Hong Kong during the [[Song dynasty]] from [[Jiangxi]].<ref name = "distributionNT">{{citation|last1=Chang|first1=Song Hing|last2=Wan|first2=Bo|last3=Zhuang|first3=Chusheng|trans-title=A Study of the Geographic Distribution of Dialects in the New Territories before Urbanisation (A Summary)|journal=Journal of Chinese Studies|year=1999|issue=8|pages=361–396|title={{lang|zh|香港新界方言調查報告}}|lang=zh}}</ref> Some of the native Yue Chinese varieties were noticeably Hakka-influenced.<ref>{{citation|last=Lau|first=Chun-Fat|title={{lang|zh|香港新界大埔汀角話概述}}|year=2018|volume=97|number=1|institution=Xiamen University|journal=Current Research in Chinese Linguistics|pages=111–120|trans-title=A Brief Introducation to the Tingkok Dialect of Taipo, New Territories of Hong kong|location=Xiamen}}</ref> Smaller communities of [[Hokkien]] speakers also existed, and many villages were multicultural.<ref name="distributionNT" />

Today, communities of speakers of other Chinese varieties (such as [[Teochew Min|Teochew]], [[Siyi Yue|Sze Yap]], [[Hokkien]], and [[Shanghainese]]) also live in Hong Kong. Southeast Asian languages such as [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and [[Malay language|Malay-Indonesian]] speaking communities also live in Hong Kong. Other minority languages with significant speakerbases in Hong Kong include [[French language|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Arabic]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]], among others.<ref>{{citation|last1=Bacon-Shone|first1=J|last2=Balton|first2=K|last3=Lee|first3=S. L.|last4=Bacon-Shone|first4=G.|year=2024|title=Hong Kong Language Maps|location=Hong Kong|institution=University of Hong Kong Social Sciences Research Centre|url=https://www.ssrc.hku.hk/hklangmaps/index_16o.html|access-date=23 January 2025|archive-date=21 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321003239/https://www.ssrc.hku.hk/hklangmaps/index_16o.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Hong Kong}}

[[File:Bruce Lee, Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Statue of Bruce Lee in a fighting pose|Statue of [[Bruce Lee]] on the [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong|Avenue of Stars]], a tribute to the city's film industry]]

Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.<ref>{{harvnb|Fu|2008|pp=381, 388–389}}.</ref> By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as ''[[The World of Suzie Wong (film)|The World of Suzie Wong]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=148}}.</ref> When [[Bruce Lee]]'s ''[[The Way of the Dragon]]'' released in 1972 and [[Enter the Dragon]] in 1973, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s and 1900s, films such as ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'', ''[[As Tears Go By (film)|As Tears Go By]]'', ''[[God of Gamblers]]'', ''[[Police Story (1985 film)|Police Story]]'' and ''[[Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain]]'' expanded global interest beyond [[martial arts film]]s; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|p=168}}.</ref>

Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decades with critically acclaimed movies and dramas such as ''[[Farewell My Concubine (film)|Farewell My Concubine]]'', ''[[To Live (1994 film)|To Live]]'', ''[[Shaolin Soccer]]'', ''[[Kung Fu Hustle]]'', ''[[Ip Man (film series)|Ip Man]]'' '',[[Drunken Master II]]'', ''[[In the Mood for Love]]'' and ''[[Chungking Express]]''. The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. [[Bruce Lee]], [[Jackie Chan]], [[Stephen Chow]], [[Jet Li]], [[Chow Yun-fat]], [[Donnie Yen]] and [[Michelle Yeoh]] are some of the most popular and well known actors and actresses. Hong Kong films have also grown popular in overseas markets such as Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan and the US, earning the city the moniker "Hollywood of the East".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chu |first=Karen |date=16 February 2023 |title=Berlin Spotlight: How Hong Kong's Film Industry Made a Surprise Comeback |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/hong-kong-film-industry-comeback-berlin-1235326295/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum has shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.<ref>{{harvnb|Ge|2017}}.</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Hong Kong}}

{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Leslie Cheung in Madame Tussauds Hong Kong (cropped).jpg
| width1 = 300
| alt1 = Leslie Cheung with a microphone
| image2 = Andy Lau 刘德华, Beijing International Film Festival 北京电影节, 2013 (cropped).jpg
| width2 = 420
| alt2 = A serious-looking Andy Lau, seated and wearing a suit
| footer = [[Leslie Cheung]] (left) is considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and [[Andy Lau]] has been an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.
}}

[[Cantopop]] is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style ''[[shidaiqu]]'', it is also influenced by [[Cantonese opera]] and Western pop.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=1–9, 24–25}}.</ref> Local media featured songs by artists and bands such as [[Sam Hui]], [[Anita Mui]], [[Leslie Cheung]], [[Alan Tam]], [[Hacken Lee]] and [[Beyond (band)|Beyond]] ; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=77–85}}.</ref> The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the [[Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong)|Four Heavenly Kings]] dominated Asian record charts.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=107–116}}.</ref> Despite a general decline since late in the decade,<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=9–10}}.</ref> Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as [[Eason Chan]], [[Jackson Wang]], [[Joey Yung]], [[G.E.M.]], [[Tyson Yoshi]], [[Twins (group)|Twins]] and [[Mirror (group)|Mirror]] are popular in the territory and around the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Chu|2017|pp=159–164}}.</ref>

Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remains a large part of local musical education.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Moir|Brennan|Rambarran|2017|p=101}}</ref> The publicly funded [[Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra]], the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, and frequently hosts musicians and conductors from all over the world. The [[Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra]], composed of [[Chinese orchestra|classical Chinese instruments]], is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Ho|2011|p=147}}.</ref>

Hong Kong has never had a separate national anthem from the country that controlled it; its current official national anthem is therefore that of the People's Republic of China, "[[March of the Volunteers]]". The song "[[Glory to Hong Kong]]" has been used by [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|protestors]] as an unofficial anthem of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1707883/glory-to-hong-kong-is-citys-new-unofficial-anthem/|title=Singing showdowns in Hong Kong pit the city's unofficial new anthem against China's|author=Vivienne Chow|date=12 September 2019|work=Quartz|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913230100/https://qz.com/1707883/glory-to-hong-kong-is-citys-new-unofficial-anthem/|archive-date=13 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Listen to the Song That Hong Kong's Youthful Protesters Are Calling Their 'National Anthem' |url=https://time.com/5672018/glory-to-hong-kong-protests-national-anthem/ |access-date=16 November 2022 |magazine=TIME |date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124103722/https://time.com/5672018/glory-to-hong-kong-protests-national-anthem/ |archive-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Hong Kong}}

[[File:Crowd cheering, Hong Kong Sevens 2009.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Cheering rugby fans, seen from the stands|The [[Hong Kong Sevens]], considered the premier tournament of the [[World Rugby Sevens Series]]]]

The city has hosted numerous major sporting events, including the inaugural [[AFC Asian Cup]], the [[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events]], the [[2009 East Asian Games]], the [[Rugby World Cup Sevens]] in 1997 and 2005 and [[2025 World Grand Prix (snooker)]].<ref name="ShenKee">{{harvnb|Shen|Kee|2017|p=247}}.</ref>

The territory regularly hosts the [[Hong Kong Sevens]], [[Hong Kong Marathon]], [[Hong Kong Open (tennis)]], [[Hong Kong Tennis Classic]] and [[LIV Golf Hong Kong]].

Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions.<ref name="ShenKee"/> The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 (with the exception of its support of the [[1980 Summer Olympics boycott]]) and has earned [[Hong Kong at the Olympics|nine medals]]. [[Lee Lai-shan]] won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta Olympics]],<ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Chang|2005|p=141}}.</ref> and [[Cheung Ka Long]] won the second one in [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo 2020]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shum |first1=Michael |last2=Chow |first2=Carine |title=FENCE-TASTIC! Cheung Ka-long wins gold for HK |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/11/232551/Fence-tastic! |access-date=27 July 2021 |work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]] |date=27 July 2021}}</ref> Hong Kong athletes have won [[Hong Kong at the Paralympics|126 medals at the Paralympic Games]] and [[Hong Kong at the Commonwealth Games|17 at the Commonwealth Games]]. No longer part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the city's last appearance in the latter was in [[1994 Commonwealth Games|1994]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lam|Chang|2005|p=99}}.</ref>

Sporting leagues in Hong Kong include, [[Hong Kong Premier League]], [[Hong Kong Premiership (rugby union)]], [[Hong Kong A1 Division Championship]] and the [[Hong Kong Ice Hockey League]]. Famous local sporting clubs include [[Hong Kong Football Club]], [[South China Athletic Association]], [[Kitchee SC]] and [[Hong Kong Eastern]].

Hong Kong sports has been described as "Club Life". Some clubs have documented their history thoroughly, while others have disappeared along with their past.

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Hong Kong Cricket Club]]
*Craigengower Cricket Club
*Kowloon Cricket Club
*Kowloon Bowling Green Club
*Indian Recreation Club
*Chinese Recreation Club
*Filipino Club
*United Services Recreation Club
*Club de Recreio
*Club Lusitano
*[[Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club]]
* Aberdeen Boat Club
{{div col end}}

[[Dragon boat]] races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual [[Dragon Boat Festival|Tuen Ng Festival]]. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the [[Hong Kong Tourism Board|Tourism Board]]'s efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.<ref>{{harvnb|Sofield|Sivan|2003}}.</ref>

The [[Hong Kong Jockey Club]], the territory's largest taxpayer,<ref name="JockeyClub">{{harvnb|Littlewood|2010|pp=16–17}}.</ref> has a monopoly on gambling and provides over 7% of government revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|Inland Revenue Annual Report|2017|p=4}}</ref> Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football.<ref name="JockeyClub" />

=== Entertainment and leisure ===

Hong Kong has a dense mix of nightlife, live events, and major theme parks. Nightlife centres on Central, especially [[Lan Kwai Fong]] (LKF), with a high concentration of bars and clubs in walkable streets. Bar culture in the city also draws global attention. [[Bar Leone]] was ranked No. 1 on [[The World's 50 Best Bars]] in 2025. Coa was ranked Asia's Best Bar in 2021, 2022 and 2023.

For big events, [[Kai Tak Sports Park]] anchors the city's newest entertainment hub, built on the former airport site, with a 50,000-seat main stadium and a retractable roof. [[Hong Kong Stadium]] remains a key venue for football and major fixtures in Causeway Bay, with a capacity of 40,116. [[AsiaWorld-Expo]] near the airport hosts concerts, exhibitions, and large-scale conventions across multiple halls and an arena-style space. [[Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre]] is the core waterfront venue in Wan Chai for exhibitions, meetings, and shows.

Hong Kong has two theme parks. [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] on Lantau Island is a major theme park and resort destination. [[Ocean Park Hong Kong]] combines rides and animal exhibits, with zones across the Waterfront and Summit areas.

==Spectator sports==
===Badminton===
Badminton is one of the most popular sports in Hong Kong. Some of the notable current professionals includes athletes such as [[Tse Ying Suet]]/[[Tang Chun Man]] in the mixed doubles category reaching the highest world ranking of 2, and [[Ng Ka Long|Ng Ka Long Angus]] in the Men's single discipline with the highest ranking of 6.

===Basketball===
{{see also|Hong Kong men's national basketball team}}
Basketball is also one of the most popular sports in Hong Kong.<ref name="Sport in Hong Kong">[https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/hong-kong.htm Sport in Hong Kong]</ref> Hong Kong's national basketball team regularly qualifies for the [[FIBA Asia Cup]]. In club competitions, its team '''''Regal''''' won the [[1997 ABC Champions Cup]].

Hong Kong hosted the official [[1983 ABC Championship|1983 Asian Basketball Championship]].

===Cricket===
{{main|Cricket in Hong Kong}}

Cricket in Hong Kong has been played since at least 1841. Like most cricketing nations, it was part of the British Empire. The national cricket team has been active since 1866, and the [[Hong Kong Cricket Association]] was granted associate membership of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) in 1969. Hong Kong hosted the [[Hong Kong Cricket Sixes]], an ICC sanctioned event that features teams of six players in a six over competition annually till 2012. The [[Hong Kong Cricket Team]] qualified for [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] and caused a major upset by defeating hosts Bangladesh.

===Dragon boat racing===
Dragon boat racing is one of the most popular sports in Hong Kong.<ref name="Sport in Hong Kong"/> The traditional Chinese sport of [[dragon boat]] racing was originally held as part of the [[Duan Wu festival|Duan Wu festivities]] in Hong Kong. It is now spread internationally with races held all around the world. The Hong Kong Dragon Boat Association was a founding member of the international and regional governing bodies for dragon boat racing: The International Dragon Boat Federation and Asian Dragon Boat Federation. The oldest International Festival Races are those held in Hong Kong annually. The HKIR have been held since 1976 and are acknowledged as starting the modern era of the dragon boatsport.

===Football===
{{main|Football in Hong Kong}}

Football is one of the most popular sports in Hong Kong, with [[Hong Kong Premier League]] being the only fully professional sports league in the city.<ref name="Sport in Hong Kong"/> [[Lunar New Year Cup]], which is held in [[Hong Kong Stadium]], is a famous international football tournament hosted in Hong Kong.

===Golf===
Golf has been played in Hong Kong ever since the establishment of the Hong Kong Golf Club in 1879. The club, which has hosted the Hong Kong Open every year since 1959, has two sites - Fanling, which is home to three championship-calibre courses, and Deep Water Bay, a short nine hole course in southern Hong Kong Island. Hong Kong Golf Club is considered among the premier golf clubs in Asia and, despite being a private members' club, is open to visitors from Mondays through Fridays.

===Horse racing===

Horse racing is by far the most popular spectator sport in Hong Kong and generates the largest [[betting on horse racing|horse race gambling]] turnover in the world. [[Horseracing in the United Kingdom|British tradition]] left its mark as one of the most important entertainment and gambling institutions in Hong Kong. Established as the Royal [[Hong Kong Jockey Club]] in 1884, the non-profit organization conducts nearly 700 races every season at the two race tracks in [[Happy Valley Racecourse|Happy Valley]] and [[Sha Tin Racecourse|Sha Tin]]. The sport annually draws in over 11% of Hong Kong's tax revenue. Off-track betting is available from overseas bookmakers. In 2009, betting on horse races generated an average US$12.7 million in gambling turnover per race, 6 times larger than its closest rival [[France]] at US$2 million while the United States only generated $250,000. Some consider betting on horse races an investment.

===Lacrosse===
[[Hong Kong men's national lacrosse team]] is one of Asia's top teams. It has qualified for the [[World Lacrosse Championship]] for the fifth consecutive time.

Hong Kong has sent national teams to the [[Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships]].<ref>[https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1108412/lacrosse-world-u21 Record 23 lacrosse teams to play at Men's Under-21 World Championship] Ali Iveson ([[Inside the Games]]), 30 May 2021. Accessed 9 June 2021.</ref>

In October 2021, Hong Kong's women's lacrosse team won bronze Dalmatia Cup in [[Split, Croatia]]. In its preparation for the [[World Lacrosse Women's World Championship]], Hong Kong beat the [[Czech Republic women's national lacrosse team|Czech Republic]] 8–4 as team captain Daphne Li won the tournament [[Most Valuable Player|MVP]] award. Head coach was Jenifer Marrosu.

===Rugby union===
{{main|Rugby union in Hong Kong}}

The [[Hong Kong Rugby Football Union]] was founded in 1953.

Rugby is long established, partly as a result of its being a British colony. In contrast to the People's Republic of China, it has had a continuous existence dating back over a hundred years.

[[Hong Kong Sevens]] is held annually in Hong Kong and is considered the premier tournament on the [[World Rugby Sevens Series]] competition.

[[Hong Kong national rugby union team]] is ranked 23rd in the world with a peak rating of 21st (2018–2022).

Hong Kong is one of the best teams in Asia and has finished first place in the [[Asia Rugby Championship]] in 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

They qualified for the [[2027 Men's Rugby World Cup|2027 Rugby World Cup]] for the first time by winning the [[2025 Asia Rugby Championship]].

The [[Hong Kong national rugby sevens team]] is widely reguarded as the best [[rugby sevens]] team in Asia and regular participant in the [[Rugby World Cup Sevens]]. Hong Kong has won the [[Asian Sevens Series]] a record 8 times and the [[Asian Games]] 2 times.

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Hong Kong}}

[[File:Bishop's House, Anglican Church, Hong Kong.JPG|thumb|Old campus of [[St. Paul's College, Hong Kong|St. Paul's College]], the first school established in the colonial era]]

Education in Hong Kong is managed primarily by the [[Hong Kong Education Bureau]] and is largely modelled on [[Education in the United Kingdom|that of the United Kingdom]], particularly the [[Education in England|English system]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|Leung|2003|p=24}}.</ref> Children are required to attend school from age 6 until the completion of secondary education, generally at age 18.<ref name=nss>{{cite web |url=http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/secondary/highlights/index.html |title=Programme Highlights |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824010442/http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/secondary/highlights/index.html |archive-date=24 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HKEduLi">{{cite web |url=http://news.gov.hk/en/category/ontherecord/050518/html/050518en11001.htm |title=Creating a better education system |last=Li |first=Arthur |date=18 May 2005 |publisher=Hong Kong Government |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303190339/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/ontherecord/050518/html/050518en11001.htm |archive-date=3 March 2008}}</ref> At the end of secondary schooling, local school students take a public examination and are awarded the [[Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education]] upon successful completion of the exam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/hkdse/ |title=HKDSE |date=12 October 2010 |publisher=Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016060315/http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/HkDSE |archive-date=16 October 2010 }}</ref>

Of residents aged 15 and older, 81% completed lower-secondary education, 66% graduated from an upper secondary school, 32% attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24% earned a bachelor's degree or higher.<ref>{{harvnb|Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics|2017|p=66}}</ref>

Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95.7%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.socialindicators.org.hk/en/indicators/education/7.7 |title=Adult literacy rate |publisher=[[The Hong Kong Council of Social Service]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172415/https://www.socialindicators.org.hk/en/indicators/education/7.7 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> This literacy rate is lower than that of other developed economies because of the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era; much of the elderly population were not formally educated because of war and poverty.<ref>{{harvnb|Cheng|Lum|Lam|Fung|2013}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|UNESCO Literacy Rates|2017|p=8}}.</ref>

Comprehensive schools fall into three categories: government-run public schools; subsidised schools, including government-aided and grant schools; and private schools, often run by religious organisations, that base admissions on academic merit. These schools are subject to the Education Bureau's curriculum guidelines. Private schools subsidised under the [[Direct Subsidy Scheme]], and international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages.<ref name="HKEduLi"/>

Hong Kong students perform exceptionally well in global benchmarks. In [[Programme for International Student Assessment|PISA]] 2022 (latest available results), Hong Kong ranked in the top tier worldwide; 4th in mathematics and top 10 in reading and science. This places it well above the [[OECD]] average and among the highest-performing systems globally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OECD |date=2023-12-04 |title=Hong Kong (China) |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i-and-ii-country-notes_ed6fbcc5-en/hong-kong-china_0243d723-en.html |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=OECD |language=en}}</ref>

Schools in Hong Kong offer a wide range of curriculums, the [[Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education]], [[International Baccalaureate]], [[GCE A-level]], [[IGCSEs]] and [[Advanced Placement]] are most popular.

Hong Kong Schools offer world-class education with top-tier, high-ranking schools such as [[St Paul's Co-educational College]] ranked 2nd in Global Top IB Schools 2025 with a 42.4 average score. While schools such as [[Diocesan Boys' School]] and [[German Swiss International School]] respectively also rank within the top 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Top IB Schools |url=https://ib-schools.com/league-tables/global-top-ib-schools |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=IB-Schools |language=en}}</ref>

[[German Swiss International School]] 91% of all grades awarded to Year 11 students were A*/A or 9/8/7 level.

[[Hong Kong International School]] has exceptional [[Advanced Placement|AP]] results, In 2025, 80% of students earned scores of 4 or 5. The school follows a US-style curriculum and prepares students for US universities.

There are also many overseas British independent schools in Hong Kong such as [[Harrow International School Hong Kong]] where 90% of students received (A*-B), Wycombe Abbey School Hong Kong, Malvern College Hong Kong and Shrewsbury International School Hong Kong.

Moreover, there are many schools that cover various regions of the world such as; [[Australian International School Hong Kong|Australian International School]], American International School, [[Canadian International School of Hong Kong|Canadian International School]], [[French International School of Hong Kong|French International School]], Korean International School among others.

Local schools in Hong Kong are categorized into three "bands" based on academic performance, with Band 1 schools being the most prestigious and competitive. These institutions are often criticized for being high-pressure environments. Band 1 schools include [[Diocesan Boys' School]], [[Diocesan Girls' School]], [[Ying Wa College]], [[St. Paul's College, Hong Kong|St. Paul's College]] and [[La Salle College]].

=== Medium of instruction ===
At primary and secondary school levels, the government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the [[medium of instruction]], with written education in both Chinese and English. Other languages being used as the medium of instruction in non-international school education include English and [[Standard Chinese|Putonghua]] (Standard Mandarin Chinese). Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Leung|2012}}.</ref>

English is the official medium of instruction and assessment for most university programmes in Hong Kong, although Cantonese is predominant in informal discussions among local students and professors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Teaching and Learning {{!}} HKU Teaching and Learning |url=https://tl.hku.hk/tl/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=HKU Teaching and Learning {{!}} Teaching and Learning in The University of Hong Kong}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Proof of English as Medium of Instruction {{!}} HKUST – Academic Registry |url=https://registry.hkust.edu.hk/resource-library/proof-english-medium-instruction |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=registry.hkust.edu.hk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University Language Policy {{!}} HKBU AR |url=https://ar.hkbu.edu.hk/quality-assurance/university-policy-and-guidelines/lang-policy |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=ar.hkbu.edu.hk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of instruction |url=https://www.hkmu.edu.hk/admissions/taught-postgraduate/non-local/postgraduate-programmes-at-hkmu/languages-of-instruction/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Hong Kong Metropolitan University |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Study@PolyU |url=https://www51.polyu.edu.hk/eprospectus/ug/international/programme-features |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=www51.polyu.edu.hk |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517015558/https://www51.polyu.edu.hk/eprospectus/ug/international/programme-features |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Res – Frequently Asked Questions on Applications for Transcript/Letter of Certification/Report on Curriculum Details |url=http://www.res.cuhk.edu.hk/en-gb/applications/graduates-of-full-time-undergraduate-programmes/transcript-certifying-letter-report-on-curriculum-details/faq-transcript-certifyingletter-curriculum-details |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=www.res.cuhk.edu.hk}}</ref>

=== Tertiary education ===
{{Main|Higher education in Hong Kong}}

[[File:Main Building HKU 20100926 03.JPG|thumb|[[University of Hong Kong]] main building]]

Hong Kong has twelve universities. The [[University of Hong Kong]] (HKU) ranked [[QS World University Rankings|QS Asia #1]] was founded as the city's first institute of higher education in 1911 during the early colonial period.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2007|pp=84–86}}.</ref> The [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] (#7 Asia Ranking) was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction.<ref>{{harvnb|Fulton Commission|1963}}.</ref> Along with the [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]] (#6) established in 1991, these universities are consistently ranked among the top 50 or top 100 universities worldwide.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2022 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings}}</ref>

The [[Hong Kong Polytechnic University]] (PolyU)<ref>{{harvnb|The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance}}</ref> and [[City University of Hong Kong]] (CityU), both granted university status in 1994, are consistently ranked among the top 100 or top 200 universities worldwide.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The [[Hong Kong Baptist University]] (HKBU) was granted university status in 1994<ref>{{harvnb|Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance}}</ref> and is a liberal arts institution. [[Hong Kong Metropolitan University]] (formerly as Open University of Hong Kong before 2021) (attaining status in 1997),<ref>{{harvnb|The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance}}</ref> [[Lingnan University]] (in 1999),<ref>{{harvnb|Lingnan University Ordinance}}.</ref> [[Hong Kong Shue Yan University]] (in 2006),{{sfn|LegCo Grant to Shue Yan University|2007}} [[Education University of Hong Kong]] (in 2016), [[Hang Seng University of Hong Kong]] (in 2018) and [[Saint Francis University (Hong Kong)|Saint Francis University]] (in 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Francis University – Press Release – Caritas Institute of Higher Education granted the university title and renamed Saint Francis University 2024-01-9 |url=https://www.sfu.edu.hk/en/media/press-release/index_id_774.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=www.sfu.edu.hk}}</ref> all attained full university status in subsequent years.

Overseas universities in Hong Kong often operate as branch campuses or partnerships offering accredited degrees, such as the [[University of Chicago Hong Kong]], [[University of Sunderland]], [[University of Wollongong]] in Hong Kong. These institutions, provide local and internationally recognized qualifications.

In 2026, [[QS World University Rankings|QS]] Best Student Cities ranked Hong Kong as the 17th best city for university students. 7th in best Asia for best student cities. Noting, high scores in employer activity, desirability, and diverse student population.

== Healthcare ==
{{main|Health in Hong Kong}}

Hong Kong is one of the healthiest places in the world. Because of its early health education, professional health services, and well-developed health care and medication system.

Public healthcare in Hong Kong is recognized for its high-quality medical outcomes. The territory has [[List of countries by life expectancy|highest life expectancy in the world]] at 85.9 years. Hong Kong has one of the [[List of countries by infant mortality rate|lowest infant mortality rates in the world]], with recent estimates placing it around 1.7 to 2.5 deaths per 1,000 live births. However the public system also faces challenges, including high patient volumes, overcrowding in emergency departments, and long wait times for specialist appointments and elective procedures.

Healthcare in Hong Kong is provided through two categories consisting of public and private sectors. While private healthcare services cater to patients seeking shorter wait times and personalized care, the majority of the population relies on the extensive public healthcare system. Public hospitals and clinics are heavily subsidized by the government, ensuring affordable access to a wide range of medical services.

Hong Kong's healthcare system is managed primarily by the [[Hospital Authority]], which was established in 1990 to oversee and operate all public hospitals in the region. The system is organized into seven geographic clusters that group hospitals and associated healthcare facilities based on their distribution across the territory. As of 2026, Hong Kong has a total of 42 public hospitals and 11 private hospitals.

The [[University of Hong Kong]] (HKU) [[Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine]] is consistently ranked among the top medical schools globally and is a leader in Asia, ranking 18th worldwide in the [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times Higher Education]] 2026 Rankings for Clinical and Health and 24th in the QS World University Rankings Medicine.

== Media ==
{{Main|Media of Hong Kong}}

[[File:Tvbcity-s1.png|thumb|alt=Modern, green-and-white building with dish antennas on top|[[TVB City]], headquarters of Hong Kong's first over-the-air television station]]

Most newspapers in Hong Kong are written in Chinese. Still, there are also a few English-language newspapers, the major one being the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', with ''[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]'' serving as a business-oriented alternative. A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are ''[[Ming Pao]]'' and ''[[Oriental Daily News]]''. Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies. The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned ''[[Ta Kung Pao]]'' and ''[[Wen Wei Po]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|"Hong Kong media profile", ''BBC News''}}</ref> Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', the ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'', the ''[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]'', and ''[[The Nikkei]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Media Facts|2017}}.</ref>

Four [[free-to-air]] television broadcasters operate in the territory; [[TVB]], [[HK Television Entertainment|HKTVE]], [[i-CABLE HOY Limited|HOY]] and [[Phoenix Television]] air eight [[Digital television|digital]] channels.<ref name="broadcasterList">{{harvnb|Licensed Broadcasting Services|2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequency Table for Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong |url=https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/en/content_1087/tv_frequency_digital_en.pdf |access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80% viewer share.<ref>{{harvnb|Chow|2017}}.</ref> [[Television in Hong Kong|Paid television services]] operated by [[PCCW]] offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences.<ref>{{cite web|title=A List of Licensed Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong (As at 18 June 2024)|url=https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/en/content_108/channel_list_eng.pdf|website=Office of the Communications Authority|location=Hong Kong}}</ref> [[RTHK]] is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and six free-to-air television channels.<ref>{{harvnb|RTHK Budget|2018|pp=806, 809}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio Television Hong Kong Annual Report 2021–2022 |url=https://www.rthk.hk/about/pdf/rthk_annual_report_202122_eng.pdf |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=rthk.hk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rthk.hk/timetable/|title=香港電台網站|website=www.rthk.hk}}</ref> Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population.<ref name="broadcasterList" /> Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the [[Great Firewall]], but [[Internet censorship in Hong Kong|local internet censorship]] applies.<ref>{{harvnb|"Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China'", ''NBC News''}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hong Kong|China}}
* [[Index of articles related to Hong Kong]]
* {{annotated link|Macau}}
* [[Outline of Hong Kong]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

=== Print ===
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* {{cite book |last=Edmonds |first=Richard L. |title=China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXoFscQ2QwsC |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52403-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Empson |first=Hal |title=Mapping Hong Kong: A Historical Atlas |date=1992 |publisher=Government Information Services |oclc=29939947 }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Hoe |first1=Susanna |last2=Roebuck |first2=Derek |year=1999 |title=The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYZqvwNUR_gC |isbn=978-0-7007-1145-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Horne |first1=John |last2=Manzenreiter |first2=Wolfram |title=Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YD7PWVCABAC |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-27563-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hu |first=Qi-ming |date=2003 |title=Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong |publisher=[[Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department]] |url=http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/PublicationsPreface.aspx?BookNameId=1&SectionId=1&ContentId=1 |chapter-url=http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/PublicationsPreface.aspx?BookNameId=1&SectionId=2&ContentId=2 |chapter=Preface |isbn=978-988-201-616-3 |oclc=491712858 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522050108/https://www.herbarium.gov.hk/PublicationsPreface.aspx?BookNameId=1&SectionId=1&ContentId=1 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Ingham |first=Michael |title=Hong Kong: A Cultural History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-531496-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwcSDAAAQBAJ |date=2007 }}
* {{cite book |last=Keat |first=Ooi Gin |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |year=2004 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lam |first1=S.F. |last2=Chang |first2=Julian W. |date=2005 |title=The Quest for Gold: Fifty Years of Amateur Sports in Hong Kong, 1947–1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y45FBAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-962-209-765-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lam |first=Wai-man |title=Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhXICQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-317-45301-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lee |first=S.H. |title=SARS in China and Hong Kong |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YgpNtIL1VwC |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59454-678-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Leung |first=Julian Y.M. |chapter=Education in Hong Kong and China: Towards Convergence? |editor1-last=Chan |editor1-first=Ming K. |editor2-last=Postiglione |editor2-first=Gerard A. |title=The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-315-48835-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SckYDQAAQBAJ |date=2016 }}
* {{cite book |last=Li |first=Guo |date=2012 |chapter=A Site Catchment Analysis of Hong Kong's Neolithic Subsistence |editor1-last=Cheng |editor1-first=Pei-kai |editor2-last=Fan |editor2-first=Ka Wai |title=New Perspectives on the Research of Chinese Culture |pages=17–43 |publisher=Springer |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ6lGvyMZMMC |isbn=978-981-4021-77-7 |doi=10.1007/978-981-4021-78-4_2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Littlewood |first=Michael |title=Taxation Without Representation: The History of Hong Kong's Troublingly Successful Tax System |year=2010 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7eiOi2lbOkC |isbn=978-962-209-099-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Lucy M. |title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia |year=2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4422-2730-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Morton |first1=Brian |last2=Harper |first2=Elizabeth |title=An Introduction to the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCYHVVcM8IC |isbn=978-962-209-388-1 |year=1995 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Bernie |last2=Shaw |first2=Raynor |date=2007 |title=Hong Kong Landscapes: Shaping the Barren Rock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sO5vlJ7ETcC |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-962-209-847-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Porter |first=Jonathan |title=Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsC6AAAAIAAJ |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8133-2836-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Preston |first1=Peter Wallace |last2=Haacke |first2=Jürgen |title=Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium |year=2003 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q79VGofCqIgC |isbn=978-0-7007-1637-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ren |first1=Hai |title=Neoliberalism and Culture in China and Hong Kong: The Countdown of Time |date=4 October 2010 |publisher=Routledge |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-136-92364-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAvGBQAAQBAJ |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last=Schottenhammer |first=Angela |title=The East Asian Maritime World 1400–1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges |isbn=978-3-447-05474-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ga-5mPOr2-wC |year=2007 |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C |year=2005 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Scott |first=Ian |title=Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong |year=1989 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7NuSICc0lYC |isbn=978-0-8248-1269-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Shen |first1=Jianfa |last2=Kee |first2=Gordon |date=2017 |title=Development and Planning in Seven Major Coastal Cities in Southern and Eastern China |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UhxDQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-3-319-46420-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-46421-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Gareth Dylan |last2=Moir |first2=Zack |last3=Brennan |first3=Matt |last4=Rambarran |first4=Shara |last5=Kirkman |first5=Phil |date=2017 |title=The Routledge Research Companion to Popular Music Education |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JColDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4724-6498-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Snow |first=Philip |title=The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation |year=2003 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um5eZLwurzoC |isbn=978-0-300-10373-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Tam |first1=Maria Wai-chu |last2=Chan |first2=Eugene Kin-keung |last3=Choi Kwan |first3=Janice Wing-kum |last4=Leung |first4=Gloria Chi-kin |last5=Lo |first5=Alexandra Dak-wai |last6=Tang |first6=Simon Shu-pui |publisher=Working Group on Overseas Community of the Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee |chapter=Basic Law – the Source of Hong Kong's Progress and Development |title=The Basic Law and Hong Kong – The 15th Anniversary of Reunification with the Motherland |chapter-url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/publications/book/15anniversary_reunification_ch2_2.pdf |date=2012 |oclc=884571397 |access-date=3 January 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612205720/http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/publications/book/15anniversary_reunification_ch2_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Tsang |first=Steve |author-link=Steve Tsang |date=2007 |title=A Modern History of Hong Kong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JC856mG72EC |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-419-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=von Glahn |first=Richard |title=Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700 |year=1996 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNlv4f9tV_AC |isbn=978-0-520-91745-3 }}
* Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. ''Vigil: Hong Kong on the Brink'' (2020) [https://www.wsj.com/articles/vigil-hong-kong-on-the-brink-review-the-origins-of-deance-11581974256 Online review]
* {{cite book |last=Wills |first=John E. |chapter=Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662 |editor1-last=Twitchett |editor1-first=Denis |editor2-last=Mote |editor2-first=Frederick W. |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 |volume=2 |pages=333–375 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC |isbn=978-0-521-24333-9 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521243339.009 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wiltshire |first=Trea |title=Old Hong Kong Volume II: 1901–1945 |publisher=FormAsia Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fhjrgEACAAJ |edition=5th |year=1997 |isbn=978-962-7283-13-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wong |first=Siu Lun |title=Emigration and stability in Hong Kong |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Hong Kong]] |url=https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/42565/1/07.pdf |isbn=978-962-7558-09-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wordie |first=Jason |title=Streets: Exploring Kowloon |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyfPeYnp3-oC |year=2007 |isbn=978-962-209-813-8 }}
* {{cite book |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition |date=2017 |publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]] |doi=10.18111/9789284419029 |isbn=978-92-844-1901-2 |url=https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202 |ref={{harvid|WTO|2017}} |last1=Magalhães |first1=Bianca dos Santos }}
* {{cite book |last1=Xi |first1=Xu |last2=Ingham |first2=Mike |title=City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2f3IAQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-962-209-605-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Xue |first=Charlie Q.L. |title=Hong Kong Architecture 1945–2015: From Colonial to Global |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-1003-3 |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-1004-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xZkDAAAQBAJ |date=2016 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Yanne |first1=Andrew |last2=Heller |first2=Gillis |date=2009 |title=Signs of a Colonial Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpOQrEVBcX4C |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-962-209-944-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Yeung |first=Rikkie |title=Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUfqAQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-962-209-963-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Simon N.M. |last2=Cullen |first2=Richard |title=Electing Hong Kong's Chief Executive |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px1WflAKjwEC |isbn=978-988-8028-39-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zhihong |first=Shi |chapter=China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840 |pages=4–23 |editor1-last=Latham |editor1-first=A.J.H. |editor2-last=Kawakatsu |editor2-first=Heita |editor-link=Heita Kawakatsu |title=Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market |year=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC |isbn=978-0-415-37207-7 }}
{{refend}}

==== Legislation and case law ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I ([http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A111/amendment.html Instrument A111]) |ref={{sfnref|Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_2.html Chapter II] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter II}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_3.html Chapter III] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter III}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html Chapter IV] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter IV}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_5.html Chapter V] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter V}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Basic Law [http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_7.html Chapter VII] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law Chapter VII}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{Cite Hong Kong case |litigants=Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council |list=HCAL |number=185 |year=2016 |id=106799 |pinpoint=20}} |ref={{sfnref|''Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council''}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Constitution of the People's Republic of China ([http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A1/constitution.html Instrument A1]) |ref={{sfnref|Constitution of the People's Republic of China}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance|name=District Councils Ordinance|547}} Schedule 3 |ref={{sfnref|District Councils Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance|name=Emergency Regulations Ordinance|241}} |ref={{sfnref|Emergency Regulations Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance |1126}} |ref={{sfnref|Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance|name=Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance|539}} |ref={{sfnref|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=Lingnan University Ordinance |1165}} |ref={{sfnref|Lingnan University Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{Cite Hong Kong case |litigants=Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration |list=FACV |number=14 |year=1998 |id=34052 |pinpoint=63}} |ref={{sfnref|''Ng Ka Ling and Another v the Director of Immigration''}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=Official Languages Ordinance |5|3|1}} |ref={{sfnref|Official Languages Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Sino-British Joint Declaration ([http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A301/declaration.html Instrument A301]) |ref={{sfnref|Sino-British Joint Declaration}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong ([http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A204/interpretation.html Instrument A204]) |ref={{sfnref|Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=The Education University of Hong Kong Ordinance |444}} |ref={{sfnref|The Education University of Hong Kong Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance |1075}} |ref={{sfnref|The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ordinance}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite Hong Kong ordinance |name=The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance |1145}} |ref={{sfnref|The Open University of Hong Kong Ordinance}}}}
{{refend}}

==== Academic publications ====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chen |first=Li |year=2011 |title=Universalism and Equal Sovereignty as Contested Myths of International Law in the Sino-Western Encounter |journal=Journal of the History of International Law |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=75–116 |doi=10.1163/157180511X552054 |ssrn=1672526}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Edmund W. |title=Street Politics in a Hybrid Regime: The Diffusion of Political Activism in Post-colonial Hong Kong |journal=The China Quarterly |date=June 2016 |volume=226 |pages=383–406 |doi=10.1017/S0305741016000394 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Sheung-Tak |last2=Lum |first2=Terry |last3=Lam |first3=Linda C. W. |last4=Fung |first4=Helene H. |year=2013 |title=Hong Kong: Embracing a Fast Aging Society With Limited Welfare |journal=The Gerontologist |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=527–533 |doi=10.1093/geront/gnt017 |pmid=23528290 |doi-access=}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cullinane |first=S. |title=The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong |year=2002 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=29–39 |journal=Transport Policy |doi=10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fan |first=Shuh Ching |title=The Population of Hong Kong |year=1974 |journal=World Population Year |pages=1–2 |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c21.pdf |oclc=438716102 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718182324/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c21.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Forrest |first1=Ray |last2=La Grange |first2=Adrienne |last3=Yip |first3=Ngai-ming |title=Hong Kong as a Global City? Social Distance and Spatial Differentiation |journal=[[Urban Studies (journal)|Urban Studies]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=207–227 |year=2004 |doi=10.1080/0042098032000155759 |bibcode=2004UrbSt..41..207F |citeseerx=10.1.1.1032.5974 |s2cid=154042413}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fu |first=Poshek |title=Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema |journal=The China Quarterly |year=2008 |volume=194 |issue=194 |pages=380–394 |doi=10.1017/S030574100800043X |jstor=20192203 |s2cid=154730809}}
* {{cite journal |author=Fulton Commission |title=Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong |journal=Minerva |year=1963 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=493–507 |jstor=41821589 |doi=10.1007/bf01107190 |s2cid=189763965}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Ann D. |title=Lost in the Translation: Two Legal Cultures, the Common Law Judiciary and the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |journal=[[Cornell International Law Journal]] |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1401&context=cilj |volume=30 |issue=2 |year=1997 |pages=335–380}}
* {{cite book |last=Lee |first=John |title=2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing |chapter=A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech |date=2012 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.1109/IALP.2012.10 |isbn=978-1-4673-6113-2 |s2cid=16210378}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Kwai Sang |last2=Leung |first2=Wai Mun |title=The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong |journal=Multilingual Education |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=2 |year=2012 |doi=10.1186/2191-5059-2-2 |doi-access=free |hdl=10397/98877 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Nelson K. |title=The Changing Nature of Border, Scale and the Production of Hong Kong's Water Supply System since 1959 |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=903–921 |year=2013 |doi=10.1111/1468-2427.12060 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=McKercher |first1=Bob |last2=Ho |first2=Pamela S.Y. |last3=du Cros |first3=Hilary |title=Attributes of Popular Attractions in Hong Kong |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=393–407 |doi=10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.008 |hdl=10397/29409}}
* {{cite journal |last=Meacham |first=William |title=Neolithic to Historic in the Hong Kong Region |journal=Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin |volume=18 |issue=2 |year=1999 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.7152/bippa.v18i0.11707 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |eissn=0156-1316 |url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11707/10336 |hdl=10722/208530 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ming |first=Sing |title=The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong |journal=Journal of Contemporary China |volume=15 |issue=48 |year=2006 |pages=517–532 |doi=10.1080/10670560600736558 |s2cid=154949190}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Poon |first1=Simpson |last2=Chau |first2=Patrick |title=Octopus: The Growing E-payment System in Hong Kong |journal=Electronic Markets |volume=11 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=97–106 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f800/672c1448f0233ae7982444a85cf6d806b774.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034146/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f800/672c1448f0233ae7982444a85cf6d806b774.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2018 |doi=10.1080/101967801300197016 |s2cid=18766585}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sofield |first1=Trevor H.B. |last2=Sivan |first2=Atara |title=From Cultural Festival to International Sport – The Hong Kong Dragon Boat Races |journal=Journal of Sport & Tourism |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9–20 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/14775080306242 |s2cid=144106613}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tong |first1=C. O. |last2=Wong |first2=S. C. |year=1997 |title=The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development |journal=Transportation |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=295–307 |doi=10.1023/A:1004987422746 |s2cid=152365622}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Eliza L.Y. |last2=Yeoh |first2=Eng-kiong |last3=Chau |first3=Patsy Y.K. |last4=Yam |first4=Carrie H.K. |last5=Cheung |first5=Annie W.L. |last6=Fung |first6=Hong |title=How shall we examine and learn about public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector? Realist evaluation of PPPs in Hong Kong |journal=[[Social Science & Medicine]] |volume=147 |year=2015 |pages=261–269 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.012 |doi-access=free |pmid=26605970}}
{{refend}}

=== Institutional reports ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite report |title=A List of Licensed Broadcasting Services in Hong Kong |publisher=[[Office of the Communications Authority]] |date=1 June 2018 |url=https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/en/content_108/channel_list_eng.pdf |ref={{harvid|Licensed Broadcasting Services|2018}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Adaptation of Laws Programme – Guiding Principles and Guideline Glossary of Terms |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=November 1998 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/bc/bc55/papers/p739e1.pdf |ref={{harvid|Adaptation of Laws Guidelines|1998}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Agriculture and Fisheries |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2017 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/agriculture.pdf |ref={{harvid|Agriculture and Fisheries Facts|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Airport Traffic Report |publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] |date=14 April 2017 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2016.pdf |ref={{harvid|NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic|2017}} |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525172312/http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2016.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |title=Akamai's State of the Internet – Q1 2017 Report |publisher=[[Akamai Technologies]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/multimedia/documents/state-of-the-internet/q1-2017-state-of-the-internet-connectivity-report.pdf |ref={{harvid|Akamai's State of the Internet|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report 2016/17 |publisher=[[Airport Authority Hong Kong]] |date=12 June 2017 |url=http://www.hongkongairport.com/iwov-resources/file/airport-authority/publications/annual-and-interim-reports/en/16_17/1617_Annual_Report_EN.pdf |ref={{harvid|HKIA Annual Report|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report 2016–17 |publisher=[[Inland Revenue Department (Hong Kong)|Inland Revenue Department]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.ird.gov.hk/dar/2016-17/table/en/ar_1617.pdf |ref={{harvid|Inland Revenue Annual Report|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report 2017 |publisher=[[Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.hshgroup.com/-/media/Files/HSH/Financial-Reports/2017/EW00045-2017-Annual-Report.ashx |format=PDF |ref={{harvid|HSH Annual Report|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Annual Report and Accounts 2011 |publisher=[[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]] |year=2011 |url=https://www.hsbc.com.hk/content/dam/hsbc/hk/docs/legal/regulatory-disclosures/report-and-accounts-11.pdf |ref={{harvid|HSBC Annual Report|2011}}}}
* {{cite report |title=APAC Regional Headquarters |publisher=[[Cushman & Wakefield]] |date=April 2016 |url=http://www.cushmanwakefield.com/~/media/reports/china/Cushman%20%20Wakefield%20RHQ%20Report_2016_F4.pdf |ref={{harvid|Cushman & Wakefield RHQ Report|2016}} |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143118/http://www.cushmanwakefield.com/~/media/reports/china/Cushman%20%20Wakefield%20RHQ%20Report_2016_F4.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |title=Béthanie – The Academy's Landmark Heritage Campus |publisher=[[Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts]] |date=September 2015 |url=https://www.hkapa.edu/files/guide/media-publications/Bethanie-Booklet.pdf |ref={{harvid|Béthanie|2015}} |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801204158/https://www.hkapa.edu/files/guide/media-publications/Bethanie-Booklet.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |title=Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=January 2008 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr07-08/english/panels/ed/papers/ed0229cb2-1238-1-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Developing a Supplementary Guide to the Chinese Language Curriculum for Non-Chinese Speaking Students|2008}}}}
* {{cite report |title=District Administration |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=April 2016 |url=http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/district_admin.pdf |ref={{harvid|District Administration Facts|2016}} |access-date=18 November 2008 |archive-date=7 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907000229/http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/district_admin.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |title=Economic development: Statistical Highlights |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=26 April 2017 |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1617issh25-port-of-hong-kong-20170426-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Economic Statistical Highlights|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Family Survey 2013 |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=July 2014 |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/ws/papers/ws0609cb2-2288-2-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Family Survey|2013}}}}
* {{cite report |title=The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |date=6 March 2015 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmfaff/649/649.pdf |ref={{harvid|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Tenth Report|2015}}}}
* {{cite report |author=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |author-link=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |title=Written evidence from Foreign and Commonwealth Office |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |date=October 2014 |url=http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/foreign-affairs-committee/the-uks-relations-with-hong-kong-30-years-after-the-joint-declaration/written/14357.pdf |ref={{harvid|FCO Written Evidence|2014}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Geography and Climate |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |year=2010 |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_810/geog.pdf |ref={{harvid|Geography and Climate|2010}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election |publisher=[[Electoral Affairs Commission]] |year=2016 |url=https://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/legco/2016lc_guide/en/lc_full_guide.pdf |ref={{harvid|Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election|2016}} |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122213234/https://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/legco/2016lc_guide/en/lc_full_guide.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |title=Health Facts of Hong Kong: 2017 Edition |publisher=[[Department of Health (Hong Kong)|Department of Health]] |year=2017 |url=http://www.dh.gov.hk/english/statistics/statistics_hs/files/Health_Statistics_pamphlet_E.pdf |ref={{harvid|Health Facts|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Hong Kong as a Service Economy |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=April 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/service_economy.pdf |ref={{harvid|Economy Facts|2016}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Hong Kong Energy Statistics – 2016 Annual Report |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=April 2017 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11000022016AN16B0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|Energy Statistics Report|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=The Hong Kong Government Gazette |via=[[University of Hong Kong]] |date=3 September 1926 |url=http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1926/100085.pdf |ref={{harvid|Hong Kong Government Gazette|1926}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Human Development Indices and Indicators – Statistical Update 2018 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |year=2018 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf |ref={{harvid|UN Human Development Indices and Indicators|2018}}}}
* {{cite report |last1=Jiang |first1=Guorong |last2=Tang |first2=Nancy |last3=Law |first3=Eve |last4=Sze |first4=Angela |title=The Profitability of the Banking Sector in Hong Kong |publisher=[[Hong Kong Monetary Authority]] |date=September 2003 |url=http://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/publication-and-research/quarterly-bulletin/qb200309/fa1.pdf}}
* {{cite report |title=June 2019 |work=Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=June 2019 |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/B1010002/att/B10100022019MM06B0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|Monthly Statistics for June|2019}}}}
* {{cite report |title=List of Political Affiliations of LegCo Members and DC Members |publisher=[[District Councils of Hong Kong|District Councils]] |date=19 June 2017 |url=http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/south/sc_chi/activities/files/Political_Affiliation_20170620_TC.pdf |ref={{harvid|LegCo and DC Member Political Affiliations|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=September 2017 |url=https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017.pdf |ref={{harvid|UNESCO Literacy Rates|2017}} |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020745/http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |last1=Lung |first1=Charles C P |last2=Sung |first2=Y F |title=A Century of Railway Development – The Hong Kong Story |publisher=Institution of Railway Signal Engineers |year=2010 |url=http://www.irse.org/knowledge/publicdocuments/1.07%20Lung%20-%20Century%20of%20Railway%20Development%20Hong%20Kong.pdf |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411223254/http://www.irse.org/knowledge/publicdocuments/1.07%20Lung%20-%20Century%20of%20Railway%20Development%20Hong%20Kong.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |title=Main Results |work=2021 Population By-Census |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |year=2021 |url=https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/pub/21c-main-results.pdf |ref={{harvid|Population By-Census|2021}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Market Statistics 2018 |publisher=[[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]] |year=2018 |url=https://www.hkex.com.hk/-/media/HKEX-Market/News/News-Release/2018/181221news/181221news.pdf?la=en |ref={{harvid|HKSE Market Statistics|2018}}}}
* {{cite report |author=Panel on Education |title=Grant to the Hong Kong Shue Yan University for Establishing a General Development Fund |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=8 January 2007 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/panels/ed/papers/ed0108cb2-757-4-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|LegCo Grant to Shue Yan University|2007}}}}
* {{cite report |author=Panel on Home Affairs |chapter=List of Historical Buildings Declared as Monuments from 1997 to 2006 |title=The Queen's Pier |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=June 2007 |chapter-url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/panels/ha/papers/ha0601cb2-2102-1-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Declared Monuments|2007}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Public Finance |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2018 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/public_finance.pdf |ref={{harvid|Public Finance Facts|2018}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Public Transport Strategy Study |publisher=[[Transport Department]] |date=June 2017 |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/publication/ptss_final_report_eng.pdf |ref={{harvid|Public Transport Strategy Study|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Radio Television Hong Kong |work=The 2018–2019 Budget |publisher=Hong Kong Government |year=2018 |url=https://www.budget.gov.hk/2018/eng/pdf/head160.pdf |ref={{harvid|RTHK Budget|2018}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Railway Network |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=April 2018 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/railway.pdf |ref={{harvid|Railway Network Facts|2018}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Registration and Licensing of Vehicles by Class of Vehicles |publisher=[[Transport Department]] |date=January 2018 |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_281/table41a.pdf |ref={{harvid|Vehicle Registration and Licensing|2018}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Religion and Custom |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/religion.pdf |ref={{harvid|Religion and Custom Facts|2016}}}}
* {{cite report |author=Subcommittee on Matters Relating to Railways |title=Follow-ups on the Service Suspension of Tseung Kwan O Line and Part of Kwun Tong Line on 16 December 2013, and Report on Subsequent Major Incidents on East Rail Line and Light Rail |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |year=2014 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/tp/tp_rdp/papers/tp_rdp0228cb1-980-5-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Report on Rail Service|2014}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Reclamation Outside Victoria Harbour |publisher=[[Development Bureau]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.devb.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_1054/Paper_07_2017.pdf |ref={{harvid|Land Policy Report|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Report of the Task Force on Population Policy |publisher=Hong Kong Government |year=2002 |url=http://www.info.gov.hk/info/population/eng/pdf/report_eng.pdf |ref={{harvid|Population Policy Report|2002}}}}
* {{cite report |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 22 |date=September 2017 |publisher=[[China Development Institute]] |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_22.pdf |ref={{harvid|Global Financial Centres Index|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=The Media |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=December 2017 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/media.pdf |ref={{harvid|Media Facts|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Thematic Report: Household Income Distribution in Hong Kong |work=2021 Population By-Census |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=May 2023 |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/B1120108/att/B11201082021XXXXB0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|Household Income Distribution|2021}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Tourism |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/tourism.pdf |ref={{harvid|Tourism Facts|2016}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Transport |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/transport.pdf |ref={{harvid|Transport Facts|2016}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Report on Study of Road Traffic Congestion in Hong Kong |publisher=[[Transport and Housing Bureau]] |date=December 2014 |url=http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/boards/transport/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.pdf |ref={{harvid|Traffic Congestion Study|2014}} |access-date=21 November 2017 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423133342/https://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/boards/transport/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |author=Transport and Housing Bureau |author-link=Transport and Housing Bureau |title=Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=19 April 2017 |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr16-17/english/subleg/brief/2017ln060-065_brf.pdf |ref={{harvid|Technical Legislative Amendments on Traffic Arrangements for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Transport: Statistical Highlights |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |date=28 October 2016 |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1617issh06-public-transport-20161028-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Transport Statistical Highlights|2016}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey: Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 |publisher=[[Bank for International Settlements]] |date=September 2016 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx16fx.pdf |ref={{harvid|Triennial Central Bank Survey|2016}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Usage of Information Technology and the Internet by Hong Kong Residents, 2000 to 2016 |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=November 2017 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B71711FB2017XXXXB0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|IT and Internet Usage|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings |publisher=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |year=2011 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr11-12/english/sec/library/1112in17-e.pdf |ref={{harvid|Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings|2011}} |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809065252/https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr11-12/english/sec/library/1112in17-e.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report |title=Water Supplies |work=Hong Kong: The Facts |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=May 2016 |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/water_supplies.pdf |ref={{harvid|Water Supply Facts|2016}}}}
* {{cite report |title=Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics |publisher=[[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]] |date=July 2017 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11303032017AN17B0100.pdf |ref={{harvid|Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics|2017}}}}
* {{cite report |last1=Yu |first1=Jian Zhen |last2=Huang |first2=Hilda |last3=Ng |first3=Wai Man |title=Final Report for Provision of Service for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Sample Chemical Analysis |publisher=[[Environmental Protection Department]] |date=June 2013 |url=http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/studyrpts/files/final_report_mvtmpms_2012.pdf}}
{{refend}}

=== News and magazine articles ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite news |last1=Baldwin |first1=Clare |author1-link=Clare Baldwin |last2=Lee |first2=Yimou |last3=Jim |first3=Clare |date=30 December 2014 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-china-economy-specialreport/special-report-the-mainlands-colonization-of-the-hong-kong-economy-idUSKBN0K901320141231 |title=Special Report: The mainland's colonisation of the Hong Kong economy |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 December 2017}}
* {{cite news |last=Bland |first=Ben |date=31 July 2016 |title=Hong Kong ban on pro-independence candidates sparks backlash |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c6e07268-56fd-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c6e07268-56fd-11e6-9f70-badea1b336d4 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Chan |first=Bernice |date=17 July 2017 |title=Hong Kong villagers using solar energy to help power their homes – and show its potential as a source of electricity for city |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2102674/hong-kong-villagers-using-solar-energy-help-power-their-homes-and-show-its |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=25 November 2017}}
* {{cite news |last=Chao |first=York |date=25 May 2013 |title=Racist Hong Kong is still a fact |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1245226/racist-hong-kong-still-fact |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=18 November 2017}}
* {{cite news |last=Cheung |first=Stephanie |date=23 March 2015 |title=The case for extending Hong Kong's 2047 deadline |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1742930/case-extending-hong-kongs-2047-deadline |access-date=22 May 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Cheung |first=Tony |date=10 May 2016 |title=Too soon to talk about 2047? Legal experts split on when Hong Kong should debate its future |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1943075/too-soon-talk-about-2047-legal-experts-split-when-hong-kong |access-date=22 May 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Cheung |first=Tony |date=28 February 2017 |title=Who goes there? Hong Kong's participation in China's 'two sessions' explained |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2074786/who-goes-there-chinas-annual-two-sessions-event-explained |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=27 November 2017}}
* {{cite news |last1=Cheung |first1=Tony |last2=Ho |first2=Lauren |date=19 January 2013 |title=CY Leung insists housing policy won't cause property crash |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1131216/cy-leung-insists-housing-policy-wont-cause-property-crash |access-date=14 November 2017}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Chow |first=Vivienne |date=16 March 2017 |title=Hong Kong's TVB Targeting New Revenues With OTT Platform, Productions |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/asia/hong-kong-tvb-new-ott-platform-productions-1202010080/ |access-date=6 June 2018}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Darrach |first=Amanda |date=14 June 2019 |title=How many really marched in Hong Kong? And how should we best guess crowd size? |magazine=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/how-many-marched-protests-hong-kong-how-guess-crowd-size.php |access-date=23 October 2019}}
* {{cite news |title=End of an experiment |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=15 July 2010 |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2010/07/15/end-of-an-experiment |access-date=5 September 2010 |ref={{sfnref|"End of an experiment", ''The Economist''}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Frank |first=Robert |date=5 September 2018 |title=Hong Kong topples New York as world's richest city |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/05/hong-kong-topples-new-york-as-worlds-richest-city.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=21 April 2019}}
* {{cite news |last=Gargan |first=Edward A. |date=1 July 1997 |title=China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Concluding 156 Years of British Rule |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/01/world/china-resumes-control-of-hong-kong-concluding-156-years-of-british-rule.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=5 January 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Ge |first=Celine |date=28 July 2017 |title=It's fade out for Hong Kong's film industry as China moves into the spotlight |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/article/2104540/its-fade-out-hong-kongs-film-industry-china-moves-spotlight |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=28 May 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Gold |first=Anne |date=6 July 2001 |title=Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/06/style/hong-kongs-milelong-escalator-system-elevates-the-senses-a-stairway-to.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322100224/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/06/style/hong-kongs-milelong-escalator-system-elevates-the-senses-a-stairway-to.html |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 October 2010}}
* {{cite news |last1=Griffiths |first1=James |last2=Lazarus |first2=Sarah |date=22 October 2018 |title=World's longest sea-crossing bridge opens between Hong Kong and China |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/21/world/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-intl/index.html |access-date=15 February 2019}}
* {{cite news |last=Haas |first=Benjamin |date=14 July 2017 |title=Hong Kong pro-democracy legislators disqualified from parliament |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/14/hong-kong-pro-democracy-legislators-disqualified-parliament |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 July 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=He |first=Huifeng |date=13 January 2013 |title=Forgotten stories of the great escape to Hong Kong |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1126786/forgotten-stories-huge-escape-hong-kong |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=27 December 2017}}
* {{cite news |last1=Hollingsworth |first1=Julia |last2=Zheng |first2=Sarah |date=27 March 2017 |title=Top 10 Hong Kong skyscraper nicknames, from the Big Syringe to the Hong Kong Finger |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2081852/top-10-hong-kong-skyscraper-nicknames-big-syringe-hong-kong-finger |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=26 June 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Huang |first=Echo |date=15 November 2016 |title=A Hong Kong court has disqualified two legislators who refused to take their oath "correctly" |url=https://qz.com/837562/a-hong-kong-court-has-disqualifed-yau-wia-ching-and-baggio-leung-from-the-legco-for-refusing-to-take-their-oath-correctly/ |newspaper=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=5 July 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Kaiman |first=Jonathan |date=30 September 2014 |title=Hong Kong's umbrella revolution – the Guardian briefing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/30/-sp-hong-kong-umbrella-revolution-pro-democracy-protests |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=3 February 2018}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Kong |first=Daniel |date=8 August 2013 |title=Hong Kong Imports Over 90% of Its Food. Can It Learn to Grow? |url=http://modernfarmer.com/2013/08/hong-kong-imports-over-90-of-its-food-can-it-learn-to-grow/ |magazine=[[Modern Farmer (magazine)|Modern Farmer]] |access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191633/http://modernfarmer.com/2013/08/hong-kong-imports-over-90-of-its-food-can-it-learn-to-grow/ |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |last=Kwok |first=Donny |date=22 September 2018 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-china-train/all-aboard-hong-kong-bullet-train-signals-high-speed-integration-with-china-idUSKCN1M301T |title=All aboard: Hong Kong bullet train signals high-speed integration with China |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 September 2018}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Labarre |first=Suzanne |date=15 June 2010 |title=Ingenious Flipper Bridge Melds Left-Side Drivers With Right-Side Drivers |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1660258/ingenious-flipper-bridge-melds-left-side-drivers-right-side-drivers |magazine=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] |access-date=25 March 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Lendon |first=Brad |date=29 June 2017 |title=China makes its military more visible in Hong Kong |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/27/asia/china-military-hong-kong/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=22 December 2017}}
* {{cite news |last=Lhatoo |first=Yonden |date=17 September 2015 |title=Racism is rife in Hong Kong and the Equal Opportunities Commission is a toothless hamster to tackle it |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1859049/racism-rife-hong-kong-and-equal-opportunities-commission |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=18 November 2017}}
* {{cite news |last=Liu |first=Alfred |date=5 September 2018 |title=These Are the Cities With the Most Ultra-Rich People |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-06/hong-kong-passes-new-york-as-home-to-the-most-ultra-rich-people |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=21 April 2019}}
* {{cite news |last=Mok |first=Danny |date=14 February 2018 |title=Going up! Prices for Hong Kong's famous Peak Tram to increase for second time in less than two years |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2133393/going-prices-hong-kongs-famous-peak-tram-increased-second |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=2 July 2018}}
* {{cite news |last1=Mok |first1=Danny |last2=Lee |first2=Eddie |date=4 March 2015 |title=Let Hongkongers serve in China's People's Liberation Army, says top military official |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1729129/let-hongkongers-serve-chinas-peoples-liberation-army-says-top |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=27 November 2017}}
* {{cite news |last1=Ngo |first1=Jennifer |last2=Cheung |first2=Elizabeth |date=16 March 2016 |title=A case for inclusion: Carrie Lam pledges to tout list of 16 ethnic minority Hongkongers for government advisory positions |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1928626/case-inclusion-carrie-lam-pledges-tout-list-16-ethnic |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=18 November 2017}}
* {{cite news |last=Park |first=Kyunghee |date=23 January 2019 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/hong-kong-port-falls-to-lowest-position-in-at-least-40-years |title=Once the World's Greatest Port, Hong Kong Sinks in Global Ranking |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=14 February 2019}}
* {{cite news |last=Sala |first=Ilaria Maria |date=1 September 2016 |title=As Hong Kong goes to the polls, why isn't the Communist Party on the ballot? |url=https://qz.com/770620/as-hong-kong-prepares-to-go-to-the-polls-why-isnt-the-communist-party-on-the-ballot/ |newspaper=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=18 November 2017}}
* {{cite news |last1=Siu |first1=Phila |last2=Chung |first2=Kimmy |date=27 December 2017 |title=Controversial joint checkpoint plan approved for high-speed rail link as Hong Kong officials dismiss concerns over legality |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2125820/chinas-top-body-approves-plan-enforce-mainland-laws-joint |access-date=5 July 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Tam |first=Luisa |date=11 September 2017 |title=Self-centred, demanding, materialistic and arrogant: how to steer clear of the Kong Girls |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/2110645/self-centred-demanding-materialistic-and-arrogant-how-steer-clear |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |location=Hong Kong |access-date=27 December 2017}}
* {{cite news |last=Tatlow |first=Didi Kirsten |date=2 February 2017 |title=On Deck With China's Last Junk Builders, Masters of an Ebbing Craft |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/world/asia/china-junk-builders-hong-kong.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/world/asia/china-junk-builders-hong-kong.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=31 May 2018}}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite news |title=To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 June 2019 |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/06/20/to-restore-calm-in-hong-kong-try-democracy |access-date=23 October 2019 |ref={{sfnref|"To restore calm in Hong Kong, try democracy", ''The Economist''}}}}
* {{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Joshua |last2=Lim |first2=Emily |date=23 February 2017 |title=We must resist until China gives Hong Kong a say in our future |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/23/we-must-resist-until-china-gives-hong-kong-a-say-in-our-future |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=16 November 2017}}
* {{cite news |last1=Hung |first1=Emily |last2=Ma |first2=Jess |date=19 September 2023 |title=Hong Kong's poorest struggle to benefit from post-pandemic recovery with wealth gap at its worst in over 10 years, Oxfam warns |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3235101/hong-kongs-poorest-households-struggle-benefit-post-pandemic-recovery-wealth-divide-reaches-worst |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=8 June 2024}}
* {{cite news |last=Yu |first=Verna |date=6 January 2013 |title=Veterans who fled mainland for Hong Kong in 1970s tell their stories |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1120852/veterans-who-fled-mainland-hong-kong-1970s-tell-their-stories |access-date=9 September 2013}}
* {{cite news |last=Zhao |first=Shirley |date=6 September 2015 |title='If you tell them you are Pakistani, they won't give you the flat': Finding a Hong Kong home is battle against prejudice for ethnic minorities |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1855629/if-you-tell-them-you-are-pakistani-they-wont-give-you-flat-finding |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=18 November 2017}}
* {{cite news |last=Zheng |first=Sarah |date=14 January 2017 |title=Hong Kong's heritage sites face continued threat despite government grading system |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2062004/hong-kongs-heritage-sites-face-continued-threat |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |location=Hong Kong |access-date=5 March 2018}}
{{refend}}

=== Websites ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite web |last1=Bush |first1=Richard C. |last2=Whelan-Wuest |first2=Maeve |date=29 March 2017 |title=Another Hong Kong election, another pro-Beijing leader—why it matters |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/03/29/another-hong-kong-election-another-pro-beijing-leader-why-it-matters |website=Brookings Institution |access-date=18 November 2017}}
* {{cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=14 March 2018 |title=These 25 countries have the most billionaires |website=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/these-25-countries-have-the-most-billionaires-2018-3 |access-date=3 April 2018}}
* {{cite web |title=Disclaimer and Copyright Notice |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/english/disclaim.htm |website=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] |access-date=27 November 2017 |ref={{sfnref|Legislative Council Disclaimer and Copyright Notice}}}}
* {{cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Amoy |date=1 July 2011 |title=Asian Cup: Know Your History – Part One (1956–1988) |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2011/01/07/2293901/asian-cup-know-your-history-part-one-1956-1988 |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |access-date=5 March 2018}}
* {{cite web |title=HK records hottest day before typhoon |date=23 August 2017 |website=EJ Insight |url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20170823-hk-records-hottest-day-before-typhoon/ |access-date=29 August 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"HK records hottest day before typhoon", ''EJ Insight''}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141559/http://www.ejinsight.com/20170823-hk-records-hottest-day-before-typhoon/ |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |title=HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality |date=9 June 2017 |website=EJ Insight |url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20170609-hk-versus-china-gdp-a-sobering-reality/ |access-date=29 January 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"HK vs China GDP: A sobering reality", ''EJ Insight''}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829090354/http://www.ejinsight.com/20170609-hk-versus-china-gdp-a-sobering-reality/ |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |title=Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China' |date=29 September 2014 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hong-kong-protests/hong-kong-activists-stare-down-great-firewall-china-n213911 |access-date=21 June 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"Hong Kong Activists Stare Down 'Great Firewall of China'", ''NBC News''}}}}
* {{Cite news |title=Hong Kong profile – Media |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16525992 |date=5 March 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 May 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"Hong Kong media profile", ''BBC News''}}}}
* {{cite web |last=Kohlstedt |first=Kurt |date=5 September 2016 |title=Here Be Dragons: How Feng Shui Shapes the Skyline of Hong Kong |url=https://99percentinvisible.org/article/dragons-feng-shui-shapes-skyline-hong-kong/ |website=[[99% Invisible]] |access-date=23 June 2018}}
* {{cite web |last=Kwong |first=Chi Man |date=9 September 2015 |title=Hong Kong during World War II: A Transnational Battlefield |url=http://theasiadialogue.com/2015/09/09/hong-kong-during-world-war-ii-a-transnational-battlefield/ |publisher=[[University of Nottingham]] |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034106/http://theasiadialogue.com/2015/09/09/hong-kong-during-world-war-ii-a-transnational-battlefield/ |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |last1=Lam |first1=Eric |last2=Qiu |first2=Yue |date=23 June 2017 |title=Hong Kong's Stock Market Tells the Story of China's Growing Dominance |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-hang-seng-index/ |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=26 December 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Land Use in Hong Kong 2017 |url=http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html |website=[[Town Planning Board|Planning Department]] |access-date=1 September 2018 |ref={{sfnref|"Land Use in Hong Kong 2017", Planning Department}} |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019212830/http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |title=Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms |url=http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/roa/term.html |website=[[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Immigration Department]] |access-date=18 November 2017 |ref={{sfnref|"Meanings of Right of Abode and Other Terms", Immigration Department}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Hong Kong|d=Q8646|Hong Kong}}
* {{CIA World Factbook}} (country: Honk Kong)
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16517764 Hong Kong] from [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HK Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong] from [[International Futures]]
* [https://arthistory.hku.hk/HKinTransition/ Hong Kong in Transition (1995–2020)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320232844/https://arthistory.hku.hk/HKinTransition/ |date=20 March 2025 }}, an open access photographic archive of recent Hong Kong history

'''Government'''
* [http://www.gov.hk/ GovHK] Hong Kong SAR government portal
* [https://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/index.html Discover Hong Kong] Official site of the tourism board

'''Trade'''
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/HKG/Year/2019/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong]

'''Maps'''
* {{Wikiatlas|Hong Kong}}
* {{OSM relation|913110}}

{{Hong Kong topics}}
{{Pearl River Delta}}
{{Major cities along the Pearl River}}
{{Province-level divisions of China}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Navboxes
| list =
{{Countries of Asia}}
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[[Category:Hong Kong| ]]
[[Category:1842 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Chinese is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of China]]
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[[Category:Four Asian Tigers]]

Kripalu Balika Primary School

2026-03-26T22:23:58Z

Meraki03: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kripalu Maharaj#Women's Education]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
{{R to section}}
}}

2006 in Kerala

2026-03-26T10:58:05Z

Meraki03: made new details

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2006''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==

[[List of governors of Kerala|Governors of Kerala]] - [[R.L. Bhatia]]

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief ministers of Kerala]] - [[Oommen Chandy]] (until May), [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] (starting in May)

== Events ==

* 7 January – [[K. G. Balakrishnan]] inaugurates [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]].
* 28 January - [[AIR Manjeri FM]] commence broadcasting as Dreamz FM.
* 11 February - [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]], [[Chief Justice of India]] inaugurates the new building of [[Kerala High Court]].
* 25 February –
** A nun named Ancy Varghese aged 28 found dead in a well adjacent to the Bethany Monastery, [[Perunad]], [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nun found dead in a well – NCHRO|url=https://www.nchro.org/index.php/2006/02/26/nun-found-dead-in-a-well/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118202741/https://www.nchro.org/index.php/2006/02/26/nun-found-dead-in-a-well/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 18, 2021|access-date=2022-01-27|language=en-US}}</ref>
** A span of [[Chavara Thekkumbhagom|Dalavapuram - Pallikodi Bridge]] under construction collapsed into [[Ashtamudi Lake]].
* 3 March – Twin blasts near [[Kozhikode]] bus stand in [[Mavoor Road]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2022|first=Rickson|last=Oommen|title=Kerala HC acquits Nazeer, others in Kozhikode twin blasts case|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-hc-acquits-nazeer-others-in-kozhikode-twin-blasts-case-1905208-2022-01-27|access-date=2022-01-27|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* 22 April – First phase of [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]..
* 29 April – Second phase of [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].
* 1 July - [[Government of Kerala]] gives [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|RTO codes]] to various Sub-RTO's resulting taking total number of RTO codes in state to KL-60 and new registrations starting from KL-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From KL 01 to KL 79: the registration numbers and places in Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/business/2020/05/15/vehicle-registration-kerala-number-plates.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* 23 July - [[Tantri case]] involving [[Sabarimala Temple]] priest Kantararu Mohanararu.
* 27 July – [[Chikungunya]] outbreak detected at [[Alappuzha district]]. The state is seeing an outbreak after 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-10-07|title='Chikungunya in Kerala after 30 years'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chikungunya-in-kerala-after-30-years/story-GgOzYT2KEURsyCTUaPTyuK.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* 3 August - Sexual harassment allegations against [[P. J. Joseph]] for misbehaving with a co-passenger Lakshmi Gopakumar in a Chennai - Kochi [[Kingfisher Airlines]] flight.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=M. G. |date=2006-09-18 |title=Kerala minister resigns after woman accuses him of misbehaving with her in aircraft |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20060918-kerala-minister-resigns-after-charges-of-sexual-misconduct-782384-2006-09-17 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 15 August - Five youth arrested near [[Panayikulam]] for allegedly organising is a secret meeting of [[Students' Islamic Movement of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameerudheen |first=T. A. |date=2019-05-14 |title='Why did media print fake stories about us?': Kerala men cleared of terror charges after 13 years |url=https://scroll.in/article/922779/kerala-men-acquitted-terror-charges-after-13-years-ask-why-did-media-print-fake-stories-about-us |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 18 August - The first digital movie in [[Malayalam cinema]], [[Moonnamathoral]] released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-10 |title=The Hindu : Kerala / Thrissur News : Digital movie in Malayalam released |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/19/stories/2006081901860200.htm |access-date=2024-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210045041/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/19/stories/2006081901860200.htm |archive-date=2006-12-10 }}</ref>
*3 September - a group of friends from Manjummel [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]] went to explore the [[Guna Caves|Guna cave]] as one among them named [[Guna Caves rescue|Subhash fell into the hole]]. Later he was rescued through huge efforts, mainly by his friend Siju David and locals with the support of police. In 2008 Siju was awarded [[Jeevan Raksha Padak]] for his Bravery and based on this incident [[Manjummel Boys|Manjummel boys]] was released in 2024.
*4 September - Minister [[P. J. Joseph]] resigns from [[Achuthanandan ministry]] following allegations of misconduct.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-21 |title=Landing in trouble |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30210964.ece |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Scaria |first=Joe A. |date=2009-05-11 |title=Joseph acquitted in misbehaviour case |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/joseph-acquitted-in-misbehaviour-case/articleshow/4510004.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* 14 November - [[Salem railway division]] created by bifurcation of [[Palakkad railway division]]. The division reduced route km under [[Palakkad railway division|Palakkad]] from 1757 km to 578 km and brought a significant fall in revenue.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=2014-06-02|title=Kerala rail zone in lieu of two truncated divisions|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-rail-zone-in-lieu-of-two-truncated-divisions/article6072911.ece|access-date=2022-01-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

* May 27 - [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]], 62, actor
* July 18 [[V. P. Sathyan]], 41, [[association football|football]] player
* October 19 - [[Srividya]], 53, actress.
* December 9 - [[Theetta Rappai]], 67, competitive eater.

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2006 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2000s in Kerala]]

2022 Yangtse clash

2026-03-26T06:12:10Z

Meraki03: made details

{{Short description|Border clash between India and China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2022 Yangtse clash
| width =
| partof = the [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
| image = File:Yangtse-Tawang-map.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption = A map of the Yangtse region in [[Tawang district|Tawang]] showing the alignment of the LAC (''marked'' with violet) in the vicinity of the [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]]. The clash occurred near the border ridge at {{convert|4700|m}} elevation.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/>
| date = 9 December 2022
| place = [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC), Yangtse region in [[Tawang]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|46|37|N|92|01|18|E|display=title}}
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = None, ''[[status quo ante bellum]]''
| result = Chinese retreat
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|India}} India
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|China}} China
| combatant3 =
| commander1 =
| commander2 =
| commander3 =
| units1 = {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Indian Army]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]], [[Jat Regiment]] and the [[Sikh Light Infantry]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|China|army}} [[People's Liberation Army of China]]
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = 34 injured<ref name="Tribune casualties"/>
| casualties2 = 40 injured<ref name="Tribune casualties"/>
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''Yangtse clash''' of 9 December 2022 occurred at night between the troops of the [[Indian Army]] and the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) along their mutually contested [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) in the Yangtse region of [[Tawang district]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Violent clashes ensued after the two armies confronted each other with [[Club (weapon)|nail-studded clubs]] and other melee weapons near positions on a border ridgeline in close vicinity of the revered Buddhist site of [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]]. The border incident marked the most serious clash between the two armies along their undemarcated frontier since the [[Galwan Valley clash]] in June 2020, which had led to the deaths of 20 Indian soldiers and four Chinese soldiers.<ref name="reuters.com">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN2AJ04B China reveals four soldiers killed in June 2020 border clash with India], Reuters, 19 February 2021. 'Asked if this means no other Chinese soldiers died during the whole standoff that stretched for eight months after the June clash, Hua [Chunying] said: "Yes, I understand that's the case."'</ref>

Independent researchers using satellite imagery found evidence of Chinese troops, numbering about 300 according to reports, from a newly constructed border village moving up towards two Indian outposts at about {{convert|4700|m}} elevation. This provoked a clash according to the Indian government, which necessitated sending reinforcements from a forward base.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish">{{citation |first1=Nathan |last1=Ruser |first2=Baani |last2=Grewal |title=Zooming into the Tawang border skirmishes |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |date=December 2022 |url=https://pageflow.aspi.org.au/zooming-into-the-tawang-border-skirmishes#353405178 |at=Sec. "The Recent Skirmish"}}</ref>
Spiked clubs studded with nails and other melee weapons were used in a skirmish causing a large number of injuries on both sides. Six Indian soldiers with severe injuries were flown to [[Guwahati]] for medical treatment. The casualties on the Chinese side have not been formally disclosed. The Chinese PLA has claimed that the Indian troops transgressed the border while their troops were performing customary patrol duty on their side of the border. This did not receive corroboration from the researchers.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/>
[[File:Arunachal Pradesh Actual Line of Control.webp|thumb|The Line of Actual Control vs the legally claimed McMahon Line in Arunachal Pradesh.]]

Yangtse, besides the larger Arunachal Pradesh region, had been the site of several such clashes in the period leading up to the latest incident. It had been recognised as one of the twelve contested border regions by the two countries in 1995. The border region is part of the [[Tawang district]] of Arunachal Pradesh, which is an important centre of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], and has been claimed by China as part of its larger claim on Arunachal Pradesh, which it avers to be a part of [[South Tibet]].

==Sino-Indian frontier and geography==
=== The McMahon Line ===
[[File:China India eastern border 88.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The McMahon Line marks boundary between Chinese-held and Indian-held territory in the eastern [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region. The line was the focus of a brief war in 1962, when Indian and Chinese forces struggled to control a disputed area (shown in red), much of which is a high altitude wasteland.]]
The [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) in the eastern sector of the border is broadly the [[McMahon Line]] agreed between [[British Raj|British India]] and [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] in 1914. Even though China regards the line as "illegal", on the grounds that Tibet was not an independent power, it agrees to abide by it as an LAC.<ref name="Liegl on frontier">{{cite book |last1=Liegl |first1=Markus B. |title=China's Use of Military Force in Foreign Affairs The Dragon Strikes |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781315529318 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGtdDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT147}}</ref> However, the line has never been demarcated on the ground and the inadequate surveying of 1914 leaves several areas uncertain, open to dispute between the two sides.<ref name="Eekelen incomplete survey">{{cite book |last1=Eekelen |first1=Willem van |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China A New Look at Asian Relationships |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004304314 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128}}</ref><ref name="Kingsbury, undemarcated">{{cite book |last1=Kingsbury |first1=Robert C. |title=South Asia in Maps |date=1974 |publisher=Denoyer-Geppert |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYg8AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> China also has an underlying claim to the entire state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], which it calls "South Tibet", and the claim is especially strong for the [[Tawang district]], which was the birthplace of the [[6th Dalai Lama]] of Tibet. The Tawang area was indeed under some form of [[suzerainty]] of Tibet at that time, but it was relinquished by Tibet in signing the agreement for the McMahon Line.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karunakar |first1=Gupta |title=The McMahon Line 1911–45: The British Legacy |journal=The China Quarterly |date=1971 |issue=47 |pages=523–527 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/652324 |publisher=The China Quarterly, Cambridge University Press|jstor=652324 }}</ref>

=== Yangtse plateau and environs ===
[[File:Chumi-Gyatse-Falls-LSIB.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Line of Actual Control]] near the [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]]: marked by the US [[Office of the Geographer]] in 2012 (in blue) vs [[OpenStreetMap]] in 2022 (in dark green).<ref>[https://earthworks.stanford.edu/catalog/stanford-jd523yw3613 Large Scale International Boundaries (LSIB), Europe and Asia, 2012], EarthWorks, Stanford University, 2012.</ref> The difference between them is believed to be the alteration made by India in 1986.]]
Yangtse, the region which was the site of the clash, is essentially a [[plateau]] that adjoins the LAC. It is part of a larger area called [[Mago, Tawang|Mago-Chuna]] in the mountainous and thickly forested part of the Tawang district.<ref name="Banerjee The Tribune">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Ajay |title=Key Indian post at 17K ft that China wants to occupy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/key-indian-post-at-17k-ft-that-china-wants-to-occupy-332628 |work=The Tribune |date=31 October 2021}}</ref> Yangtse is bordered to the north by an LAC that is a continuous ridgeline of high mountain peaks that range in elevation from {{convert|14000|ft|m|abbr=off}} to over {{convert|17000|ft|m|abbr=off}}. The ridgeline, with its crest reaching an elevation of over {{convert|17500|ft|m|abbr=off}}, roughly runs in a southwest–northeast direction to the [[Tulung La]] mountain pass, and affords observation over much of the surrounding area, including the roads leading to the all-important [[Sela pass]], which provides India's gateway to the Tawang region.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/><ref name="Desai TOI+"/> The [[Tsona Chu]] river meanders through [[Tsona County]] in southern Tibet before cutting through the Yangtse ridgeline near the [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]], and entering Tawang.<ref name="Banerjee The Tribune"/><ref name="Desai TOI+"/> As of December 2022, Yangtse is one of the 25 contested border regions between India and China, and is mutually recognised as such by the two countries.<ref name="IE Yangtse">{{cite news |title=Why Chinese PLA troops target Yangtse, one of 25 contested areas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-pla-targets-yangtse-one-of-25-contested-areas-8323156/ |work=The Indian Express |date=15 December 2022}}</ref>

The Chumi Gyatse Falls, at about {{convert|250|m}} from the LAC, form the most prominent landmark in Yangtse,<ref name="Print Chumi Gyatse">{{cite news |last1=Hasnat |first1=Karishma |title=This Arunachal waterfall near LAC is being developed for tourism. But China 'keeping an eye' |url=https://theprint.in/india/this-arunachal-waterfall-near-lac-is-being-developed-for-tourism-but-china-keeping-an-eye/526953/?amp |work=The Print |date=20 October 2020}}</ref> and mark the juncture between the two prominent ridgelines of the area; namely, the Bum La ridgeline to its southwest, and the [[Tulung La]] ridgeline to its northeast.<ref name="Desai TOI+"/> The McMahon line at Yangtse is coterminous with the two foregoing ridgelines.<ref name="Desai TOI+"/> It underwent a material deviation in Yangtse in 1986, when Indian troops, in retaliation to Chinese occupation of the [[Sumdorong Chu standoff|Wangdung pasture]],{{efn|Better known as the "[[Sumdorong Chu standoff]]", this confrontation was arguably the largest military confrontation between the two sides in between the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]].}} moved in Yangtse and occupied the stretch to the north of the hitherto prevailing line around Chumi Gyatse Falls.<ref name="Desai TOI+"/><ref name="Dayal">{{citation |author=Shantanu Dayal |title=Why Yangtse? At LAC, a long saga of military grit |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |date=15 December 2022 |id={{ProQuest|2754518605}} |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/why-yangtse-at-lac-a-long-saga-of-military-grit-101671110656614.html}}</ref> The McMahon line in this area was thus altered.<ref name="Desai TOI+">{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Nature |title=China isn't done yet in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/visual-explainer-china-isnt-done-yet-in-arunachal/articleshow/96374607.cms |work=The Times of India, TOI+ |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>

The control of the Tulung La ridgeline accrues an advantage of military [[high ground]] to the Indian troops in Yangtse. Indians maintain a network of layered defences in the region, with a small detachment of forward troops maintaining a chain of six forward defensive [[Outpost (military)|outpost]]s on the ridgeline. Although lightly held, these serve to establish the extent of its frontier with China.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/> Complementing the outposts is an Indian forward base of about battalion strength, emplaced about {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} south of the ridge.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/> India also maintains a more significant military presence in valleys adjoining the Yangtse plateau, with precarious steep dirt tracks providing the only access to the higher ground.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/> In contrast, the Chinese hold positions at lower elevations on the plateau, which places its troops at a tactical disadvantage.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/> However, qualitative improvements to military and transport infrastructure on the Chinese side of the border accruing from its investments has greatly enhanced its capacity to mobilize troops.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/>

== Background and significance ==
The bilateral relations between India and China have for a long time been marred by considerable mistrust and suspicion, with the rancorous border dispute occupying the foreground.<ref name="Lim Naval Power">{{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=Yves-Heng |title=China's Naval Power An Offensive Realist Approach |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317167174 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2c3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44}}</ref><ref name="NYT"/> Whereas India has pushed for the delineation of the LAC, the Chinese have invariably demurred. Despite multiple rounds of negotiations, and an agreement in 2005 requisitioning the enunciation of parameters and principles for delineating and demarcating the LAC, the two sides have not made any tangible headway on the question.<ref name="Lim Naval Power"/><ref name="Lac question">{{cite book |editor1-last=Jetly |editor1-first=Rajshree |editor2-last=D'Souza |editor2-first=Shanthie Mariet |title=Perspectives on South Asian Security |date=2013 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=9789814407366 |pages=44–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3u6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44}}</ref>

While the McMahon line placed the border state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] on the Indian side, China has staked formal claim to the entirety of the region, which it has esteemed as an extension of southern Tibet.<ref name="Ragi on Arunachal claim"/> The region of [[Tawang]] in particular has enticed Chinese interest for its politico-religious symbolism, besides its strategic significance.<ref name="Yogesh Gupta">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Yogesh |title=A troubled China risked Tawang skirmish |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/a-troubled-china-risked-tawang-skirmish-1172089.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="NYT"/>
[[File:Tsangyang Gyatso birth place.jpg|thumb|Birthplace of the [[6th Dalai Lama]], Ugyenling Monastery, near Tawang|left]]
The region is home to a significant ethnic [[Monpa people|Monpa]] population, who practise Tibetan Buddhism,<ref name="Jeffries on Tawang">{{cite book |last1=Jeffries |first1=Ian |title=Political Developments in Contemporary China A Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781136965203 |page=315 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0hZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315}}</ref> without actually considering themselves ethnic Tibetans;<ref name="Lintner on Tawang">{{cite book |last1=Lintner |first1=Bertil |title=China's India War Collision Course on the Roof of the World |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199091638 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L9DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82}}</ref> it hosts the [[Tawang Monastery|Galden Namgey Lhatse Monastery]], which is India's largest, and Tibetan Buddhism's most important monastery after [[Lhasa]]'s [[Potala Palace]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jokela |first1=Juha |title=The Role of the European Union in Asia China and India as Strategic Partners |date=24 February 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317017172 |page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxagCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194}}</ref><ref name="NYT"/> It also boasts of the distinction of being the birthplace of [[Tsangyang Gyatso]], the 6th [[Dalai Lama]]. The 14th Dalai Lama, [[Tenzin Gyatso]], had also dwelled in Tawang, after the [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|Chinese annexation of Tibet]] forced him to go into exile in 1959.<ref name="Ragi on Arunachal claim"/><ref name="NYT"/> India had extended its sovereignty over Tawang in February 1951.<ref name="Lintner on Tawang"/> China believes that its control over Tawang would stiffen its control over the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], besides providing it with the gateway to the strategic [[Brahmaputra valley]].<ref name="Ragi on Arunachal claim"/> India dismisses China's claim over Arunachal Pradesh as "non-substantial", and over Tawang as "only ecclesial".<ref name="Ragi on Arunachal claim">{{cite book |chapter=India-China relations in the 21st century: Conflicts and cooperation |first=Sangit K. |last=Ragi |editor1=Sangit K. Ragi |editor2=Sunil Sondhi |editor3=Vidhan Pathak |title=Imagining India as a Global Power Prospects and Challenges |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781351609159 |pages=34 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJwuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34}}</ref>

In mid-2020, India accused China of precipitating the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|2020–2021 military standoff]] at several locations along the LAC in Ladakh, giving rise to a series of clashes between the two belligerents. The [[Galwan Valley clash]] in June that same year, in particular, engendered the most serious border crisis since 1967, marking the first combat fatalities since 1975, with 20 dead on the Indian side and an unknown number of dead on the Chinese side.<ref name="NYT"/> In January 2021, a face-off transpired between the two armies at [[Naku La]] in Sikkim that caused several non-fatal casualties on both sides.<ref name="NYT"/>

Yangtse was one of the twelve regions along the LAC that a Joint Working Committee in August 1995 had recognised as disputed border area between India and China.<ref name="Joshi 95JWC">{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Manoj |title=Understanding the India-China Border The Enduring Threat of War in High Himalaya |date=2022 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=9781787388833 |pages=133–134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRx4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT133}}</ref> India had established military control over the area in 1986 in the wake of the [[Sumdorong Chu standoff]]. The region is home to the [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]]. The falls are a series of 108 waterfalls on the border, colloquially described as the ''Holy Waterfalls''. The falls are esteemed as sacred and revered by the ethnic Monpas, who identify its genesis to a showdown between a "[[Bon|Bon Lama]]" (monk) and [[Padmasambhava]], who is considered by the practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism to be the second Buddha. Indian officials say that the Chinese essay to disseminate erroneous notions about the birthplace of Padmasambhava, tracing it to Tibet, as against his actual birthplace [[Odisha]], to justify their claims to the pastures in Yangtse.<ref name="Print Chumi Gyatse"/>

In the wake of the 2020 Galwan clash, Yangtse became a region of renewed Sino-Indian focus and witnessed extensive military activities from the two armies. The Chinese undertook work on developing a Xiaokang (a Chinese term signifying moderate prosperity) border village in Tangwu, [[Tsona County]], near to the LAC in the area, and followed it up with the construction of a [[sealed road]] connecting the village to its encampment within a hundred and fifty metres from the Tulung La ridgeline. The Indians, on their part, increased their military presence in the area, besides undertaking to augment its military infrastructure along the border, with a special focus on augmenting surveillance capabilities.<ref name="IT last year">{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Abhishek |title=Alarm bells rang last year in Yangste, place of religious importance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/alarm-bells-rang-last-year-in-yangste-place-of-religious-importance-2308787-2022-12-13 |work=India Today |date=13 December 2022}}</ref>

In October 2021, Indian media reported that Yangtse was the site of a brief altercation between the Chinese and Indian troops after a nigh company sized Chinese force was confronted by an Indian patrolling unit, leading to a physical brawl which was eventually defused by the intervention of local military commanders. The incident had coincided with the 13th rounds of talks at corps commander level which were to happen a few days later to find a resolution to the 2020–2021 military standoff.<ref name="IE Yangtse"/> Writing in the wake of the altercation, a correspondent to ''[[The Tribune]]'' reported that India and China had both deployed an overall strength of about 3,000–3,500 troops to the area, underscoring the strategic importance that the two sides attached to the region.<ref name="Banerjee The Tribune"/>

An inquiry into the border incidents by ''[[CNN-News18]]'' found that in the two decades preceding to the clash at Yangtse, border incidents between India and China had been becoming a frequent affair in the region, leading to instances of confrontations of varying severity. These typically recurred twice yearly in the periods preceding and following the onset of winter. It noted that the Chinese had, in recent years, turned to sending a large force of several hundred troops for incursions across the LAC at Yangste with a mix of many types of melee weapons and taser guns.<ref name="Dutta on clashes">{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Amrita Nayak |title=India-China Border Clash: 20 Years On, Why Tawang's Yangtse is Still a Raw Nerve for Neighbour |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-china-border-clash-20-years-on-why-tawangs-yangtse-is-still-a-raw-nerve-for-neighbour-6612745.html |work=CNN-News18 |date=14 December 2022}}</ref>

== Clash ==
[[File:Crudely shaped trench club from World War One - YORCM1960 145 8.JPG|thumb|A representational image of a nail-spiked club|right]]
The clash along the LAC in Yangtse sprang from the premeditated initiative of the Chinese PLA, which moved a large body of its ground troops in the time leading up to the incident from its lodgement in the newly constructed border village of Tangwu to along the road leading towards its encampment on the declivity of the Tulung La ridge.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/><ref name="IT planned clash">{{cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Pradip R. |title=The Tawang tangle on India-China border |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20221226-the-tawang-tangle-on-india-china-border-2309682-2022-12-16 |work=India Today |date=16 December 2022}}</ref> Once there, the Chinese, numbering about 300 men, and armed with [[Club (weapon)|nail-spiked clubs]], [[monkey fist]]s and [[taser gun]]s, advanced upon two of India's forward outposts spaced about a kilometer apart, and located at an elevation of about {{convert|4700|m}} along the ridgeline which formed its frontier with India.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/> Independent researchers from the [[Canberra]]-based [[think tank]] ''[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]]'' in their analysis of satellite images of the area produced five days after the incident found evidence of the Chinese advance towards the two Indian outposts in the form of well-trodden paths leading uphill off the road terminus to the ridgeline.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/>

Chinese foray towards the Indian positions in the predawn hours of 9 December 2022 prompted a confrontation with the Indians manning their outpost line on the border ridgeline, and eventually touched off an engagement that saw both sides fight [[hand-to-hand combat|hand-to-hand]] with an array of melee weapons.<ref name="The Print"/> Indian reinforcements had arrived from an adjacent forward base within the first half-hour, and the fighting lasted for an hour before troop disengagement defused the situation.<ref name="The Print"/> Local army commanders of the two sides convened a flag meeting between their border representatives at the [[Bum La pass]] in the aftermath of the incident on 11 December 2022 to resolve the dispute.<ref name="News18 inside story" /><ref name="IT planned clash" />

[[File:Bumla-Pass.jpg|thumb|[[Border Personnel Meeting Point]] at the [[Bum La]] border mountain pass, where the flag meeting was held. It is one of the only two mutually agreed meeting points between the border representatives of the two armies in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patranobis |first1=Sutirtho |title=India, China discussing new meeting point for military personnel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-china-discussing-new-meeting-point-for-military-personnel/story-dWDw1Syu7t3Lv0nGfDeNyO.html |work=The Hindustan Times |date=12 January 2016}}</ref>|left]]

With numerous injuries sustained by both sides in consequence of the fighting, the border incident marked the most serious clash between the Chinese and the Indian armies along their undemarcated frontier since the Galwan Valley clash in June 2020.<ref name="ASPI Skirmish"/>

=== Media accounts ===
Indian media accounts of the incident state that the allure of the high ground provided the animus for China's bellicose attempt to change the status quo of the Sino-Indian frontier in Yangtse.<ref name="The Week Yangtse">{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Sanjib Kr. |title=China's latest Arunachal provocation has serious implications |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2022/12/31/india-china-border-clash-arunachal-pradesh.html |date=1 January 2023 |work= The Week}}</ref><ref name="Dutta on clashes" /><ref name="News18 inside story" /> The Chinese amassed several hundred troops under darkness and dense fog, and marched to confront a small detachment of Indian troops, who are reported to have numbered about 50, around their vantage high ground positions on the border ridgeline.<ref name="IT planned clash" /> The Indians, who had been tracking the Chinese movement with [[thermal imaging]] devices, instinctively responded by forming a [[Human chain (politics)|human chain]] to encumber Chinese advance.<ref name="IT planned clash" /> Verbal recriminations over the patrolling rights to the area soon followed when the Chinese staked their claim to the area and sought an Indian withdrawal from it to no avail, however, as the Indians held their ground.<ref name="News18 inside story">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Ankur |title=What Triggered The Clashes at LAC? News18 Brings You The Inside Story |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/so-what-triggered-the-clashes-at-lac-news18-brings-you-the-inside-story-6608191.html |work=CNN-News18 |date=13 December 2022}}</ref> Matters soon turned to violence, with stone pelting and bodily encounters between them. Amidst this scuffle, a denser Chinese force that had postured behind the first lines and hid from view came forth armed with improvised melee weapons and taser guns.<ref name="IT planned clash" /> Indian reinforcements that had been hurried up from their command post to augment the embattled frontline troops soon arrived, and a clash ensued with both sides becoming embroiled in vicious hand-to-hand combat. The Chinese force was physically repelled and overwhelmed within a half hour, and eventually retreated back to its encampment on the decline of the ridge. ''[[The Print]]'', citing Indian military sources, reported that while the Indians did not possess taser guns, they had "everything and more than what the Chinese had" for fighting.<ref name="The Print">{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |title=Arunachal clash: Over 200 PLA troops came with spiked clubs, taser guns, Indian soldiers hit back |url=https://theprint.in/defence/arunachal-clash-over-200-pla-troops-came-with-spiked-clubs-taser-guns-indian-soldiers-hit-back/1262407/ |work=The Print |date=12 December 2022}}</ref>

The clash, which lasted for an hour, caused both sides numerous injuries, with one estimate being 34 injured on the Indian side, and nearly 40 on the Chinese.<ref name="Tribune casualties">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Ajay |title=34 Indian, 40 Chinese soldiers injured; Tawang clash was building up since October |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/34-indian-40-chinese-soldiers-injured-tawang-clash-was-building-up-since-oct-460697 |work=The Tribune |date=13 December 2022}}</ref> At least 6 Indian soldiers sustained grievous wounds in combat and were flown to the [[Guwahati]]-based Indian army's 151 base hospital for treatment.<ref name="six injured">{{cite news |last1=Wallen |first1=Joe |last2=Lateef |first2=Samaan |title=Six Indian soldiers severely injured in border skirmish with Chinese troops |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/12/12/six-indian-soldiers-severely-injured-border-skirmish-chinese/ |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Bedi official disclosure" /> Indian estimates of the strength of the attacking Chinese force vary from a minimum of 200 to a higher count of about 600 troops.<ref name="The Print"/><ref name="Hindu growing transgressions">{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Ananth |title=As India pushes China back on LAC, PLA's growing transgressions risk 'strategic miscalculation' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/yangtse-faceoff-india-triggered-clash-says-chinese-army-situation-is-stable-insists-foreign-ministry/article66258277.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 December 2022}}</ref> The border clash embroiled Indian troops from three discrete combat units; namely, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]], [[Jat Regiment]] and [[Sikh Light Infantry]]. One of these units was in the process of being relieved, and replaced by another, before the clash intervened, embroiling all three of them.<ref name="HT Jat regiment">{{cite news |last1=Dhar |first1=Aniruddha |title=Jat regiment, Indian Army's 2 other units took on China troops in Arunachal – 10 points |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arunachal-clash-3-indian-army-units-thwarted-chinese-pla-troops-aggression-10-points-101670949848998.html |work=The Hindustan Times |date=13 December 2022}}</ref>

''[[US News & World Report]]'' revealed in 2023 that the US shared real-time satellite intelligence about the Chinese troop deployments, which helped India prepare better for the clash.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/world-report/articles/2023-03-20/u-s-intel-helped-india-rout-china-in-2022-border-clash-sources U.S. Intel Helped India Rout China in 2022 Border Clash: Sources], US News & World Repor, 20 March 2023.</ref>{{efn|This was under the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement on Geospatial Cooperation (BECA) signed by the two countries in October 2020.}}

=== Delayed Indian admission ===
The news of a nocturnal clash having transpired between the troops of the [[Indian Army|Indian]] and [[People's Liberation Army of China|Chinese]] armies on 9 December 2022 along the LAC in Yangtse was formally disclosed by Indian officials only in the late evening of 12 December 2022, over three days after the clash had actually occurred.<ref name="Bedi official disclosure">{{cite news |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |title=Timing of Official Disclosure of India-China Clash at Tawang Raises Questions |url=https://thewire.in/security/timing-of-official-disclosure-of-india-china-clash-at-tawang-raises-questions |work=The Wire |date=13 December 2022}}</ref> Indian security analysts point out that the [[Indian government]] deliberately withheld the news, with some imputing it to its apprehension that a border crisis could garner mainstream media attention, dwarfing interest in its electoral success in the recently concluded [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]; while others imputed it to its predisposition to hush up reports of border clashes with China for fear of being construed politically weak or goaded by public into an overreaction.<ref name="Bedi official disclosure"/>

Indian officials operating under the injunctions of the government came out with a brief statement on the border incident, after an acquaintance of one of the injured soldiers had [[Citizen journalism|broken the news]] of the clash on Twitter, tagging [[Rahul Gandhi]] and other prominent opposition leaders in the tweet that questioned the media's silence over it. The local revelation was followed soon afterwards by an article in ''[[The Tribune]]'', which covered the story. Media queries a day before had met with a denial by the Indian government.<ref name="Bedi official disclosure"/>

=== Official accounts ===
The Indian statement stated that the Chinese troops had "contacted the LAC" in Tawang, prompting a "firm and resolute" response by the Indian troops, resulting in a face-off that caused a few "minor" casualties on both sides, adding that troop disengagement eventually defused the military situation, and that a flag meeting was held in its aftermath.<ref name="Bedi official disclosure"/>

While addressing the lawmakers in Parliament a day later on the issue, India's defence minister [[Rajnath Singh]] stated that the clash broke out after Chinese troops essayed to change the status quo of the disputed border in Yangtse by encroaching on Indian territory, and that this had been confounded by the Indian troops.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last1=Schmall |first1=Emily |last2=Yasir |first2=Sameer |title=Indian and Chinese Soldiers Again Trade Blows at Disputed Border |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/13/world/asia/india-china-border-clash.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 December 2022}}</ref> Without disclosing all the details of the incident, Singh added that the physical brawl did not result in any fatal or grievous injury to any Indian soldier, and that his government had reached out to Chinese officials on the issue through diplomatic channels.<ref name="Bedi official disclosure"/><ref name="NYT"/><ref name="WaPo"/>

The PLA's [[Western Theatre Command]] spokesman, [[Colonel]] Long Shaohua, gave a diverging account of the chain of events that had transpired, saying that its troops had been undertaking normal patrol duties on its side of the LAC, in the ''Dongzhang'' area,{{efn|The Chinese refer to Yangtse as the [[Dongzhang]] area (Domtsang in the Tibetan language).}} when Indian troops crossing the border intercepted them. "Our response was professional, standardized and powerful, and we have stabilized the situation on the ground," he said, adding that troop disengagement has since ensued.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="WaPo"/>

Commenting on the incident at a daily press briefing, the Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson [[Wang Wenbin]] stated that "the present situation on the China-India border is peaceful and stable overall," and that the two sides "maintained unobstructed dialogue on the border issue through diplomatic and military channels", while enjoining the Indian government to "earnestly implement the important consensus reached by both leaders, strictly abide by the spirit of the agreements and accords signed by both sides, and together uphold the peace and tranquility of the China-India border region."<ref name="Diplomat view from China">{{cite news |last1=Adlakha |first1=Hemant |title=The Tawang Clash: The View From China |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/the-tawang-clash-the-view-from-china/ |work=The Diplomat |date=17 December 2022}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Commenting on the incident, [[Spokesperson for the United States Department of State|U.S. State Department spokesperson]] [[Ned Price]] stated that his government was following the news of the clash, and that it denounced "unilateral attempts to advance territorial claims by incursions, military or civilian, across the border at the established Line of Actual Control", and that it would rather have the two countries use extant bilateral channels to discuss boundary-related disputes.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |last1=Saaliq |first1=Shiekh |title=Indian, Chinese troops clash at border in fresh faceoff |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indian-army-indian-chinese-troops-clash-at-disputed-border/2022/12/12/84c99e50-7a31-11ed-bb97-f47d47466b9a_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |agency=Associated Press |date=13 December 2022}}</ref>

The [[Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs|Pentagon press secretary]], [[Patrick S. Ryder]], stated that "We have seen the PRC ([[People's Republic of China]]) continue to amass forces and build military infrastructure along the so-called LAC, but I would refer you to India in terms of their views," adding that "It does reflect though, and it's important to point out the growing trend by the PRC to assert itself and to be provocative in areas directed towards US allies and our partners in the Indo Pacific. (...) And we fully support India's ongoing efforts to de-escalate this situation."<ref>{{cite news |title='Encourage India, China to Utilise Existing Channels to Discuss Disputed Boundaries,' Says US |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/usa-india-china-border-dispute |work=The Wire |agency=Press Trust of India |date=14 December 2022}}</ref>

The UN [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]'s spokesperson [[Stéphane Dujarric]] stated that UN was cognizant of the reports of the clash and sought a de-escalation of the situation at the border.<ref name="TOI reactions">{{Cite news |date=15 December 2022 |title=India-China troops clash in Arunachal: 'PLA wanted to set up observation post on LAC' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-clash-tawang-lac/articleshow/96212742.cms}}</ref>

In India, the chief opposition party, [[Indian National Congress]], said that the defence minister Rajnath Singh made an incomplete statement on the issue before the parliament houses, and accused the ruling BJP of not being forthcoming with the truth. Its members staged a walkout from the upper house [[Rajya Sabha]] in response to being denied permission to solicit clarification on Singh's statement. They were accompanied by the parliamentary members from a laundry list of other opposition parties.<ref name="TOI reactions" />

==Aftermath==

To strengthen the defence infrastructure India acquired the land near Lungroo La mountain pass in Lungroo Grazing Ground (LGG) 17 km away from Tawang town,<ref name=LDY1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defmin-acquires-strategic-land-near-sumdorong-chu-flashpoint/articleshow/78862616.cms?from=mdr Defence Ministry acquires strategic land near Sumdorong Chu flashpoint], Economic Times, 26 Oct 2020.</ref> and under the [[India–China Border Roads]] (ICBRs) project started to build the strategic LGG-Damteng-Yangtse Road (LDY) from Lungroo Grazing Ground (LGG) to the Indian post near [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]].<ref name=LDY2>[https://www.indiatoday.in/budget/story/union-budget-2025-rs-7146-crore-allocated-for-boosting-border-infrastructure-2673411-2025-02-01 Budget 2025: Rs 7,146 crore allocated for boosting border infrastructure], India Today, 1 Feb 2025.</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Trench raiding club]]
* [[Mountain warfare]]
* [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{China–India relations}}
{{Military of China}}
{{Military of India}}
{{PRC conflicts}}
{{Territorial disputes in East, South, and Southeast Asia}}
}}

[[Category:2022 in India|Yangtse clash]]
[[Category:2022 in China|Yangtse clash]]
[[Category:December 2022 in China|Yangtse clash]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2022|Yangtse_clash]]
[[Category:December 2022 in India|Yangtse_clash]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]
[[Category:2020s in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Dhol

2026-03-24T21:12:17Z

Meraki03: further adjust layout per standard format additionally and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Double-headed Indian drum}}
{{About|the South Asian musical instrument|the Persian drum|Dohol|the Armenian and Georgian drums|Nagara (drum)|and|Caucasian dhol|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Dholi|the ethnic group also known as Dholi|Damai}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2007}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=Dhol
|image=Bhangra at Vasakhi.jpg
|classification= [[Membranophone]]
|related=[[Dholak|Dholki]]
|articles='''[[Garba (dance)|Garba]], [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[Music of Punjab]], [[Bihu Dance]]'''
}}
{{Listen
| filename = DHOL BEAT.wav
| title = A dhol
| description =
}}
'''Dhol''' ({{IPA|hi|ɖʰoːl}}) can refer to any one of a number of similar types of double-headed [[drum]] widely used, with regional variations, throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Its range of distribution in [[Indian subcontinent]] primarily includes northern areas such as the [[Jammu division|Jammu]], [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Kashmir]], [[Sindh]], [[Assam Valley]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Konkan]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. A related instrument is the [[dholak]] or dholki. ''Dhols'' are amongst other events used in Indian wedding ceremony processions such as [[Baraat]] or ''Varyatra''.

Someone who plays the dhol is known as ''[[dholi]]''.

== Etymology ==
The word Dhol is derived from [[Sanskrit]] word ''ḍhola,'' a term for drum in Sanskrit language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGregor |first=R. S. (Ronald Stuart) |date=1993 |title=The Oxford Hindi-English dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/mcgregor_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

== Construction ==
The dhol is a double-sided barrel drum played mostly as an accompanying instrument in regional music forms. In [[Qawwali music]], the term ''dhol'' is used to describe a similar, but smaller drum with a smaller [[tabla]], as a replacement for the left-hand tabla drum. The typical sizes of the drum vary slightly from region to region. In Punjab, the dhol remains large and bulky to produce the preferred loud bass. In other regions, dhols can be found in varying shapes and sizes, and made with different woods and materials (fiberglass, steel, plastic). The drum consists of a wooden barrel with animal [[Rawhide (textile)|hide]] or synthetic skin stretched over its open ends, covering them completely. These skins can be stretched or loosened with a tightening mechanism made up of either interwoven ropes, or nuts and bolts. Tightening or loosening the skins subtly alters the [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] of the drum sound. The stretched skin on one of the ends is thicker and produces a deep, low-frequency (higher bass) sound and the other thinner one produces a higher-frequency sound. Dhols with synthetic, or plastic, treble skins are common.
[[File:Traditional Bhil community Dhol making process in Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, India 04.jpg|thumb|Traditional Bhil community Dhol making process in Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, India]]

== Playing ==
[[File:Dhol Tasha Player.jpg|thumb|380x380px|{{center|A dhol player in [[Pune]], India}}]]
[[File:Five Celestial Musicians LACMA AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg|thumb|Gandhara musicians playing dhol]]
The dhol is played using two wooden sticks, usually made out of wood, cane, or also known as wickers cane. The stick used to play the [[bass (sound)|bass]] side of the instrument is known as the ''dagga'' in Punjabi. Traditionally the Dhol player would go and look for a branch from a hardwood tree known as Tali (oak or mahogany) that was naturally curved at that angle and use this as the Dagga (Bass Stick). The reason for the bend stick is because of the goat skin. This is thin like 80-100gsm paper, so the stick has to be bent to avoid piercing the skin. The bass stick or Dagga is the thicker of the two and is bent in an eighth- or quarter-circular arc on the end that strikes the instrument.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb Stuart |date=September 2010 |title=Signs of Separation: Ḍhol in Punjabi Culture |type=PhD |chapter=The Ḍhol, Presently |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |pages=452–454}}</ref> The other stick, known as the ''teeli'', is much thinner and flexible and used to play the higher note end of the instrument.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb Stuart |date=September 2010 |title=Signs of Separation: Ḍhol in Punjabi Culture |type=PhD |chapter=The Ḍhol, Presently |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |page=460}}</ref>

The dhol is slung over the shoulder or, more rarely, around the neck of the player with a strap usually made up of woven cotton.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb Stuart |date=September 2010 |title=Signs of Separation: Ḍhol in Punjabi Culture |type=PhD |chapter=The Ḍhol, Presently |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |pages=444, 470}}</ref> The surface of the wooden barrel is in some cases decorated with engraved patterns and sometimes paint.

In the pre-[[Partition of India|Partition]] era, dozens of rhythms were played on the Punjabi dhol, which corresponded to specific functions. However, with the decline or disappearance of some cultural practices, recent generations of dhol players have become unfamiliar with many of these. At the same time, the growth of folkloric staged bhangra dance in Punjab inspired the creation of many new rhythms particular to that dance.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb Stuart |date=September 2010 |title=Signs of Separation: Ḍhol in Punjabi Culture |type=PhD |chapter=Uses of the Ḍhol and its Repertoire |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |pages=619–621}}</ref>

Some of the most common dhol rhythms are ''bhangra'' (originating with the old, community bhangra dance), ''dhamaal'' (associated with [[Sufi]] devotional dance), and ''[[kaharva]]'', a dance and song rhythm.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb Stuart |date=September 2010 |title=Signs of Separation: Ḍhol in Punjabi Culture |type=PhD |chapter=Uses of the Ḍhol and its Repertoire |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |pages=558, 620}}</ref> The staged "bhangra" dance, originating in the 1950s, gave special prominence to ''kaharva'', for the performance of actions called ''luddi''. In the 1970s, many more actions were added to staged bhangra to go with the kaharva rhythm, which started to become one of the most prominent rhythms associated with the dance. At the same time, this type of rhythm would be played on the dholki drum to accompany Punjabi songs. So when, in the 1990s, Punjabi pop songs began to evoke bhangra dance, they used the kaharva rhythm.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb Stuart |date=September 2010 |title=Signs of Separation: Ḍhol in Punjabi Culture |type=PhD |chapter=Uses of the Ḍhol and its Repertoire |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2019}} It is known now by various names. Some dhol players call it ''kaharva'', its technical name, while other players call it ''luddi'' to refer to the dance of that name.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb Stuart |date=September 2010 |title=Signs of Separation: Ḍhol in Punjabi Culture |type=PhD |chapter=Uses of the Ḍhol and its Repertoire |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |pages=561–563}}</ref> With the style of dhol-playing that developed in the U.K., the name ''chaal'' was adopted, probably in reference to the "chaal" (movements) it accompanies in modern bhangra.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb Stuart |date=September 2010 |title=Signs of Separation: Ḍhol in Punjabi Culture |type=PhD |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |pages=91, 562}}</ref> [[Johnny Kalsi]] is a UK Dhol player that established a syllabus to teach the art of playing this instrument. Although there is no official syllabus or phrasing for the learning process, he took the notation of the North Indian tabla to visualise the beats.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb Stuart |date=September 2010 |title=Signs of Separation: Ḍhol in Punjabi Culture |type=PhD |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara |pages=90–91}}</ref>

The introduction of electronic devices such as [[tape recorders]] has led to a decline in the importance of dhol players in celebratory events. Nevertheless, dhol music still figures in the studio recordings of present-day raas, garba and bhangra music artists.

== History ==
[[File:Kavval - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.458v - BL Add. 27255.jpg|thumb|{{center|A man depicted playing dhol}}]]
Shail Vyas claims several percussion instruments such as the Dhol maybe came from the influence of some clay-made instruments that are similar to the Dhol, which are found in Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-to-the-years-musical-instruments-from-the-indus-valley-civilisation/story-WuViIqOST8WMNCSkkayuuN.html|title=Music to the years: Musical instruments from the Indus Valley Civilisation|date=2016-08-14|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> Dhol is depicted in earliest ancient Indian sculptural arts as one of the chief percussion instruments for ancient Indian music along with [[tabla]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} [[Ain-i-Akbari]], describes the use of Dhol in the orchestra of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar the Great]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~hcritz/dholpages/dholhome.html |title=Dhol King of the Punjabi Instruments |last=Schreffler |first=Gibb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924210725/http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~hcritz/dholpages/dholhome.html |archive-date=2008-09-24}}</ref> The Indo-Aryan word "dhol" appears in print around 1800 in the treatise ''Sangitasara''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma |first1=Toyanath |last2=Orey |first2=Daniel Clark |chapter=Meaningful Mathematics Through the Use of Cultural Artifacts |title=Ethnomathematics and its Diverse Approaches for Mathematics Education |series=ICME-13 Monographs |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-319-59219-0 |date=2017 |editor1-last=Rosa |editor1-first=Milton |editor2-last=Shirley |editor2-first=Lawrence |editor3-last=Gavarrete |editor3-first=Maria Elena |editor4-last=Anangui |editor4-first=Wilfredo V. |page=165 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDkuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-59220-6_7 |postscript=none}}, citing:{{bulleted list|{{cite book |last1=Tarlekar |first1=G. H. |title=Musical Instruments in Indian Sculpture |date=1972 |publisher=Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan |location=Prune, India |page=74 |ref=none}}}}</ref>

== Regional forms and traditions ==
=== The Punjab region ===
[[File:Overload Dhol Player.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|Sufi dhol player ''Pappu Saeen'', from Pakistan}}]]
The Punjabi dhol is used in the [[Punjab region]] of Pakistan and northern India. In Pakistan, the dhol is mostly played in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab region]]; however, it is also used throughout the country ranging from as far south as Karachi and as far north as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In India it is found in the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], and [[Delhi]]. The beats of dhol have been an element in the ceremonies of the great Sufi mystics and their followers. The patterns of dhol have been developed to catalyze the mind of the devotee who is seeking spiritual trance. {{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

=== Assam ===
[[File:Bihu dance of Assam.jpg|thumbnail|{{center|Men playing Assamese dhol during [[Bihu]], Assam, India}}]]
In [[Assam]], the dhol is widely used in ''[[Rongali Bihu]]'' (''Bohag Bihu''), the Assamese new year celebrations in the month of April. Celebrated in mid-April every year (usually on 14 or 13 April according to the Assamese traditional calendar), the dhol is an important and a quintessential instrument used in [[Bihu dance]]. The origin of the Dhol in Assam dates back to at least the 14th century when it was referred in Assamese Buranjis as being played by the indigenous people. This shows that the origin of Dhol in Assam was much older than the rest of India, and the name was probably due to sanskritisation. The people of the [[Assam valley|Valley]] reckon that the beats of the ''dhol'' are enchanting for people even at a long distance. Played by using a bamboo stick with bare hands, the Assamese dhol is made up of a wooden barrel with the ends covered primarily with animal [[Rawhide (material)|hide]] (unlike the rest of the Indian subcontinent, where it could be a synthetic skin as well), that can either be stretched or loosened by tightening the interwoven straps. The dhol player is termed ''Dhulia'' and the expert in dhol is termed ''Ojah'' (Assamese: ওজা).

The [[Khol]] a kind of dhol also has an aspect of symbolism in [[Culture of Assam|Assamese culture]], and one considers it to be a "''devo badyo''" (Assamese: দেৱ বাদ্য) or '' an instrument of god'' believed to be brought to [[Earth]] by the [[Pandavas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anvesha.co.in/assamese/dhol_as.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729200559/http://www.anvesha.co.in/assamese/dhol_as.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |title=Anvesha |website=Anvesha |access-date=2015-01-02}}</ref>

=== Goa ===
Dhol (which is always accompanied by ''tasha'', [[cymbals]], etc.) is an important part of Goan ''[[shigmo]]'' celebrations.<ref name=goa1>{{cite book |last=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept |title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1 |year=1979 |publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu |page=263}}</ref> It also is an important part of Goan temple music; the temple dhol was traditionally played by a specific caste.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |last2=Śiroḍakara |first2=Pra Pā |last3=Mandal |first3=H. K |title=People of India: Goa |year=1993 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |pages=45.263 |isbn=978-81-7154-760-9}}</ref>

=== Gujarat ===
[[File:Dhol of Adivasi people of Gujarat.jpg|thumb|{{center|Dhol of [[Adivasi people]] of Gujarat, India}}]]
The dhol was used by Gujaratis during celebrations such as Navaratri to accompany garba. Garba are the folk songs which describe the grace of the divine mother. It is one of the important musical instruments in Gujarat.

=== Maharashtra ===
In [[Maharashtra]], dhol is a primary instrument used in [[Ganesh festival]]s. In the city of [[Pune]], locals come together to form dhol pathaks (troupes). Pune supposedly has the largest number of dhols in [[India]]. In the city of [[Nagpur]], there are many troupes that play dhol on festivals and other occasions. Here dhol is referred to as 'Sandhal'. Dhol is made up of two stretched membranes tied by a strong string. One side of the dhol is played by wooden stick called "tiparu", on that side black coloured ink paste stick in the centre. This membrane is called the "dhum". In technical language, it is called base. Another side of dhol is called "thapi" or "chati". In technical language, it is called as tremer, this side of membrane is only played by palm. Boll of the dhol is "Taa", "Dhin" and "Dha". "Taa" for the "Thapi" side, "Dhin" for the "Dhum" side and "Dha" for both sides played together.

=== Karnataka ===
Called ''Dhollu'' in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], the folk dance is known as [[Dollu Kunitha]] -Kunitha meaning dance. The folk art is mainly preserved and performed by the people of the [[Kuruba]] community of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.janapadaloka.in/articles/9/Kunitha-The-drum-dance-of-Karnataka/ | title = Janapadaloka -World of Folk art|website=Janapadaloka.in}}</ref>

===Uttarakhand===
In the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region, specific musical caste groups like the ''auji'', ''das'' or ''dholi'' have historically played the dhol and damau, the two folk instruments of the region, at special occasions or religious festivals according to the [[Dhol Sagar]], an ancient treatise that was transmitted orally and by practical teaching.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mountainous-sound-spaces/drum-strokes-syllables-and-rhythmic-patterns/0F12A9EAA8A3802BDDBF91CB78032CDE|chapter=Drum Strokes, Syllables and Rhythmic Patterns|editor-first=Andrew|editor-last=Alter|date=19 April 2014|publisher=Foundation Books|pages=80–96|doi=10.1017/9789384463069.008 |access-date=19 April 2021|via=[[Cambridge University Press]]|title=Mountainous Sound Spaces |isbn=9789384463069 }}</ref>

=== Bengal ===
The "[[dhak_(instrument)|dhak]]" (Bengali: ঢাক) is a huge membranophone instrument from [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]]. The shapes differ from almost cylindrical to the barrel. The manner of stretching the hide over the mouths and lacing also varies. It is suspended from the neck, tied to the waist and kept on the lap or the ground, and usually played with wooden sticks. The left side is coated to give it a heavier sound.

Drum beats are an integral part of [[Durga Puja]]. It is mostly played by the [[Bengali Hindu]] community.

=== Pashtun areas ===
The dhol is the main musical instrument in the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] dance known as ''[[attan]]''. The Afghan and Iranian [[Dohol]] is not the same drum on the [[Indian subcontinent]].

=== Caucasus ===
[[Caucasian dhol]] is called dhol in [[Armenia]], dholi or doli in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Abkhazia]], and doul in [[North Caucasus]].

=== In global culture ===
It has become popular in other parts of the world due to [[Indian diaspora]] and diaspora from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Dhol has been a popular musical instrument in formal and informal dance performances for decades.

== See also ==
*[[Dholak]]
*[[Dohol]]
*[[Khol]]
*[[Davul]]
*[[Nagara (drum)|Nagara]]
*[[Dhak (instrument)|Dhak]]
*[[Chenda]]
*[[Caucasian Dhol]]
*[[Indian musical instruments]]
*[[Attan]]
*[[Bhangra (music)]]
*[[Music of Punjab]]
*[[Bihu]]
*[[Bihu dance]]
*[[Garba (dance)|Garba]]
*[[Pappu Sain|Pappu Saeen]]
*[[Rani Taj]]

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Drums]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Folk instruments of Punjab]]
[[Category:Pakistani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Symbols of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Folk instruments of Sindh]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Zû (beverage)

2026-03-21T03:49:42Z

Meraki03: Made A Post

{{Short description|Rice beer beverage from Mizoram}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = {{lang|lus|Zû}}
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Rice beer]]
| abv =
| proof =
| manufacturer =
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| origin = [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| introduced =
| discontinued =
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| variants =
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| website =
| region = [[South Asia]]
}}

'''{{lang|lus|Zû}}''' is an alcohol beverage produced as a [[rice beer]] originating from [[Mizoram]]. Zu has been known as the favoured drink among the Mizos from the [[Mizo Chieftainship|chiefdom era]] to the modern day.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=58}}<ref name="AJ-22N">{{Cite web |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |date=2015-11-22 |title=Booze flows again in India's Mizoram after lengthy ban |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/11/22/booze-flows-again-in-indias-mizoram-after-lengthy-ban |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620110410/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/11/22/booze-flows-again-in-indias-mizoram-after-lengthy-ban |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DTE-7J">{{Cite web |last=Kakati |first=Bishaldeep |date=2023-06-07 |title=Traditional beverages of northeast Indian states share recipes & ingredients that benefit health |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/food/traditional-beverages-of-northeast-indian-states-share-recipes-ingredients-that-benefit-health-89870 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref>

==Production==
{{lang|lus|Zû}} would typically be prepared by elderly women with supervision from expert brewers in the community. {{lang|lus|Zû}} prepared for important ceremonies such as [[Chapchar Kut]] would be tasted by the brewing experts through a special bamboo straw.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=60}}

All variations of {{lang|lus|Zû}} rely on a starter known as ''dawidim'' or ''chawl''. It is a traditionally prepared dried starter made from the bark of a climber called ''zangzu'', ''nilengthlum'' or ''hawhmathlum''. Rice is soaked in water overnight and dried for 15 minutes to remove excess water. It is then pounded into a power and made into a paste by adding a small amount of water. The paste is made into small circular cakes about 2 inches in diameter. The powdered ''zangzu'' is sprinkled evenly on the surface of the rice cake which is kept in a container with rice paddy husk. The container is placed in a hearth for 4 to 5 days where it swells into a ball known as ''chawl''. The ''chawl'' is air dried and ready to be used as a starter.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=446}}

==Culture==
{{lang|lus|Zû}} encompasses as significant aspect of traditional [[Mizo culture]]. Traditionally the birth of a child would see them taste a diluted version of {{lang|lus|zû}} as their first early experience and milestone. During funeral ceremonies {{lang|lus|zû}} was also carried to the grave as it was believed the dead would consume it in the ''mitthikhua'' (dead man's village). Marriage ceremonies utilized {{lang|lus|zû}} alongside all major festivals. {{lang|lus|Zû}} was also used in ceremonies in [[Lushai animism]] where it was offered to Pathian, the principal deity and God. Certain rituals also reserved {{lang|lus|zû}} as offering to appease both good and evil spirits. {{lang|lus|Zû}} was so tied to the daily life of the Mizos that prisons holding Mizo inmates would provide {{lang|lus|zû}} despite the jail code. Before Chief [[Khalkam]] committed suicide in Hazaribagh jail, it was observed that his bowl of {{lang|lus|zû}} had been emptied.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=60}}

==Variations==
===Zupui===
Historically Zupui was the rice beer most widely used among the Mizos and their festivals. It was brewed in a big pot and stored in every house. It was produced from a mixture of bran and broken rice. However, traditionally this would never be consumed by individuals but always in a group of people.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=249}} Zupui is described as a high alcohol content drink with a bitter taste and a pale white or yellow colour. It is typically consumed with undissolved rice. Nowadays most consumers of Zupui concern remote villages.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=438}}

The preparation of Zupui starts with rice milled into fine power and the removal of its husk with a traditional wooden mortar and pestle known as ''sum'' and ''suk''. A special vessel known as ''Bellâm'' is used and dedicated for cooking and steaming the milled rice and consists of two pots. The lower pot is a bigger one where water is kept and the smaller upper pot had holes in the bottom. A bamboo sieve known as ''ngânsap'' is used on the bottom of the upper pot to keep the milled rice in. The upper pot is covered as tight as possible and the space between both pots are sealed with clay. The rice is steamed until its fully cooked before being transferred to another vessel where the ''chawl'' starter is sprinkled to begin fermentation. A special earthen pot known as ''ngânbel'' is used to ferment the beverage. After fermentation a small iron pipe called ''dawnkâwn'' is used to suck out the rice beer.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=447-448}}

===''Zufâng''===
''Zufâng'' was made from [[Job's tears]] originally before the production of it began to use glutinous rice referred to as ''buh ban''. Both variations of Zufâng is not considered authentic {{lang|lus|zû}} and do not induce intoxication easily while being as sweet as honey.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=248}} James Dokhuma explains the etymology that ''fang'' means not real which implies that the drink is considered to be a lesser alcohol drink.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=448}} The ease of production in Zufang afforded most if not all families to malt and brew it themselves.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=248}} Zufâng is described as a low alcoholic sweet beverage consisting of a white-yellow colour with undissolved rice in it. Most consumers produce and consume it on an individual basis.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=438}}

Mizo sticky rice or glutinous rice known as ''buhban'' is used as the base of the drink. The sticky rice is cooked and fermented in a special dedicated vessel known as ''zufângbêl'' after the ''chawl'' started is sprinkled over the rice to start fermentation.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=448-449}}

===Zulawm===
This variation of {{lang|lus|zû}} was brewed for children. Young boys would contribute rice paddies and request an individual, such as widows, to brew ''zulawm'' and arrange a party. This would be done once a year.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=248}}

===Tinzu===
Tinzu came into prominence past 1890 with the arrival of the British and non-Mizo soldiers. Their wives would make beer from husked rice known as ''buhfai''. The rice was boiled and spread out on a mat to cool before sprinkling yeast on it. The malt known as ''ngan'' was put in tin lined with leaves or cloth to be fermented. The name ''Tinzu'' derives from the fact that this variation of {{lang|lus|zû}} was produced in a tin and was distinct for being as white as milk.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=249}} Tinzu is known as a high alcohol content drink with a bitter taste. The colour is white or pale yellow and it is consumed after filtering out the undissolved rice. The drink is not usually consumed anymore.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=438}}

Tinzu is an alcoholic beverage made from rice after the husk is removed. It does not have a specific dedicated vessel for its fermentation and so any container can work. It is prepared similar to ''zufâng'' with the exception that sticky rice is not used. The undissolved rice is filtered out.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=450}}

===Rakzu===
Rakzu is made from rice. The Mizos learnt to distil the fermented malt from Indians in the plains and valleys. The Indians referred to the drink as ''Raksi'', which the Mizos coined as ''Rakzu''. This drink gained popularity in Mizoram up to the present day.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=249}} Rakzu is described as a high alcohol content drink with a bitter taste. It is a clear liquid and is consumed after distilling the filtered liquor from the undissolved rice. This is the most popular beverage in the modern day, but mass production is prohibited due to Mizoram's dry state laws.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=438}}

Steam distillation principle is used to prepare ''Rakzu''. The fermentation procedure is similar to tinzu but the liquified fermentation product is again distilled using tradition steam distillation to obtain a clear and strong spirit. The distillation unit of ''rakzu'' has three main components kept on top of each other. The bottom vessel is the largest where the fermented mashed rice with water is held. The middle vessel has a hole at the bottom and a container can be kept to collect the condensed alcohol. The top vessel contains cold water which acts as a condenser. The vessels are sealed with clay and wood ash so that the steam cannot escape from the sides. The bottom vessel is heated where the steam rises and condenses before being collected in a small container. The water at the top vessel needs to be replaced periodically with cold water after it becomes warm.{{sfn|Thanzami|Lalhlenmawia|2020|p=450-451}}

==Zu customs==
===Consumption===
{{lang|lus|Zû}} was consumed in a big cup known as ''nopui'' or the chief's cup known as ''Lal no''. The size of the cups depended on the village and were not standardized or uniform. The ''nopui'' was crafted out of the horn of a wild bison ([[gaur]]) or a large [[gayal|mithun]] of the village. The horned cup could hold about one litre of {{lang|lus|zû}}. The ''nopui'' would be used to scoop out the {{lang|lus|zû}} from the pot and the first person to be offered it would be the chief of the village. After the chief the ''nopui'' would scoop up {{lang|lus|zû}} again and the chief would offer the second cup to the person of his choice whom he favoured most. This tradition is known as ''tawk'' which means give. After ''tawk'' the third scoop of the ''nopui'' would see the second person perform ''tawk'' to the person of their choice. After that each person received their own {{lang|lus|zû}} in their own cups.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=251}}

== See also ==
* ''[[Zutho]]''
* [[Mizo cuisine]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}

*{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B |date=2005 |title=Culture and folklore of Mizoram |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2658-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of88DwAAQBAJ&q=chief&pg=PT13}}

*{{cite book |editor-last = Tamang| editor-first = Jyoti Prakash|last1=Thanzami |first1=K.|last2=Lalhlenmawia|first2=H.|chapter=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of Mizoram |date=2020 |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |location=Gangtok, Sikkim |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-15-1485-2 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1486-9|access-date=13 January 2025|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1486-9}}

{{Lushai frontier}}
{{Rice drinks}}
{{Portal bar|Liquor|Drink|India}}
{{Alcohol in India}}
{{Alcohol by countries}}
{{Alcoholic beverages}}
{{Indian beverages}}
{{Beers of the world}}
{{Prohibition |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zu (beverage)}}
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Beer in India]]
[[Category:Indian alcoholic beverages]]

Kannagi Nagar

2026-03-20T23:35:56Z

Meraki03: new

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film}}
{{No plot|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kannagi Nagar
| image = Kannagi Nagar poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dheena
| writer = Dheena
| producer = Dr. Rajeev Madhavan Menon
| starring = Gautham Dheepa Umapathi Muthuraj
| cinematography = Mohammed Farhan
| editing = Marish & K. Manikandan
| music = Thenisai Thendral Deva
| studio = Rajeev Menon Studios
| distributor = Premaalaya Studios
| released = {{film date|2025|12|5|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kannagi Nagar''''' is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Dheena. The film is produced by Dr. Rajeev Madhavan Menon under the banner Rajeev Menon Studios, with distribution by Premaalaya Studios.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/kannagi-nagar/movieshow/125742282.cms |title=Kannagi Nagar Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-12-18 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=2025-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203192330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/kannagi-nagar/movieshow/125742282.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars Gautham, Dheepa Umapathi, Muthuraj, [[Bala Singh]], and Ko. Raviraj in prominent roles.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

== Cast ==
* Gautham
* Dheepa Umapathi
* Muthuraj
* [[Bala Singh]]
* Ko. Raviraj

== Production ==
The film written and directed by Dheena. The film is produced by Dr. Rajeev Madhavan Menon under the banner Rajeev Menon Studios.The cinematography is handled by Mohammed Farhan, with editing by Marish and K. Manikandan. The music is composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Recently |first=Team Happen |date=2025-11-20 |title=Emotion-Packed Tamil Feature Kannagi Nagar Set for December 5 Release Under Rajeev Menon Studios » Happen Recently |url=https://happenrecently.com/emotion-packed-tamil-feature-kannagi-nagar-set-for-december-5-release-under-rajeev-menon-studios/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Happen Recently |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212054814/https://happenrecently.com/emotion-packed-tamil-feature-kannagi-nagar-set-for-december-5-release-under-rajeev-menon-studios/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic wrote that "Kannagi Nagar, the way it is presented is wonderful."<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-12-08 |title=கண்ணகி நகர்- திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Kannagi Nagar - Movie Review |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/kannagi-nagar-movie-review-800634 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

''[[Virakesari]]'' critic stated that "Even though it is a typical story, what will be the final outcome of a person after losing their relationship? The way the director has described it is commendable."<ref>{{Cite web |title=கண்ணகி நகர்- திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/232793 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Imdb title|39018917}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic thriller films]]

Komic

2026-03-20T16:02:13Z

Meraki03: done

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Komic
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Komik
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Komic village.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.2331|N|78.1087|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4587
| population_total = 130
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 172114
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Komic''' (also spelled as Komik) is a small village located in '''Spiti Tehsil''' of [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] with a population of 130, out of which 90 are males and 40 are females as per the India Population Census of 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Komik Travel and Tourism Guide |url=https://www.india.com/travel/spiti/places-to-visit/nature-koumik/ |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[Indiacom|India.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32466/download/35647/26361_1971_LAH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227141642/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32466/download/35647/26361_1971_LAH.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>

Komic village is one of the world's highest motorable villages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Sandipan |title=The world's highest post office |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180606-the-worlds-highest-post-office |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.bbc.com | date=7 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bisht |first=Gaurav |date=20 May 2021 |title=World's highest motorable village Komic achieves 100% Covid vaccination |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/worlds-highest-village-komic-in-hp-achieves-100-covid-vaccination-101621487263505.html |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

== Population ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Particulars
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total No. of Houses
|'''15'''
| -
| -
|-
|Population
|'''130'''
|90
|40
|-
|Child (0–6)
|'''10'''
|7
|3
|-
|Schedule Caste
|'''0'''
|0
|0
|-
|Schedule Tribe
|'''130'''
|90
|40
|-
|Literacy
|'''85.00 %'''
|87.95 %
|78.38 %
|-
|Total Workers
|'''102'''
|77
|25
|-
|Main Worker
|'''37'''
| -
| -
|-
|Marginal Worker
|'''65'''
|60
|5
|}

== Tourism ==
Komic village has the 500 year-old Lundup Tsemo Gompa Buddhist Monastery,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rindani |first1=Kirit |title=Indian Himalaya: Story of a 100 Visits |date=7 January 2016 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-5886-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHZ5CwAAQBAJ&dq=komic+village&pg=PT42 |access-date=27 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and is one of the world's highest villages.<ref>{{cite news |title=World's highest village gets metalled road |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/worlds-highest-village-gets-metalled-road-441076 |access-date=27 December 2022 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]] |publisher=Tribune News Service |date=13 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Lahaul and Spiti district]]

Darjeeling

2026-03-20T11:09:41Z

Meraki03: quick expand references for clarity and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{About|the municipality in West Bengal, India|the district|Darjeeling district|the tea|Darjeeling tea|other uses}}
{{Pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Pp-pc}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darjeeling
| other_name =
| other_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 = Darjeeling-panoramic.jpg
| image2 = DarjeelingTrainFruitshop (2).jpg
| image3 = Tea plantation Darjeeling.JPG
}}
| image_caption = Left to right from top: Darjeeling with [[Kangchenjunga]], the world's third-highest mountain, rising behind it; a [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] train en route to the main train station; a [[tea garden]], or tea plantation
| image_seal =
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| map_alt = Darjeeling is located at the northern end of West Bengal, near its boundary with Sikkim.
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 4
| mapframe-marker = city
| coordinates = {{coord|27|02|15|N|88|15|47|E|region:IND-WB_type:city(119,000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Territorial Administration]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = Leased in 1835 from [[Tsugphud Namgyal]], the [[Chogyal]] of the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], and annexed in 1849.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|pp=47–48}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=85–86}} Municipality, 1 July 1850.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}}{{Sfn|Lamb|1986|p=71}}
| founder = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[East India Company]], during [[Company rule in India]]{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=319–320}}{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=325–326}}
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = [[Darjeeling Municipality]]
| leader_title = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name = Dipen Thakuri<ref>{{cite news |title=TMC props BGPM at civic helm |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-congress-props-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-at-civic-helm/cid/1910326 |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=The Telegraph |date=17 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526115215/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-congress-props-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-at-civic-helm/cid/1910326 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = {{efn|"In year 2001, the area of Darjeeling Municipality was {{Convert|10.75|km2|mi2}} but after the reorganization and bifurcation of wards in 2011, the town now covers an area of {{Convert|7.43|km2|mi2}} only."{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}}}}
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.43
| area_metro_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = {{efn|"The average altitude of Darjeeling Town is 6710 ft (about 2045 m.) However, the highest point in the Darjeeling district is [[Sandakphu]] (close to 12,000 ft) which also happens to be the highest altitude point in the whole of [[West Bengal]]."{{Sfn|Rahamtulla|Roy|Khasim|2020|p=157}} }}
| elevation_m = 2045
| population_total = 118805
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 15990
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = {{efn|India did not have a decadal census in 2021 because of [[COVID-19]]; the next one is a digital census planned for 2024.<ref name="Mandal 2022">{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Dilip |title=Decade without data – Why India is delaying Census when US, UK, China went ahead during Covid |website=The Print |date=13 May 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/decade-without-data-why-india-is-delaying-census-when-us-uk-china-went-ahead-during-covid/954383/ |access-date=30 July 2022 |quote=In all likelihood, India will not have its decadal census any time soon. The logjam is such that it may lead to a situation where a whole decade goes by without any official data on India and Indians. 2021 was a Census year and the Narendra Modi government decided not to conduct it due to the Covid pandemic. Now, Home Minister Amit Shah has said that the next Census will be an e-survey and carried out by 2024—it will be India's first 'digital Census'. |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015359/https://theprint.in/opinion/decade-without-data-why-india-is-delaying-census-when-us-uk-china-went-ahead-during-covid/954383/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}{{efn|"Population of the town experienced a rapid growth in the last fifty years, and Census of India (2011b) estimated the total population of the town is 118,805 persons (Tables 21.1 and 21.2)."{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=367}}}}{{efn|"The density of population in Darjeeling town is 15,990 persons per sq.km as per 2011 census report."{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}}}}
| population_metro =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<ref name=nclm50>{{Cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 50th report (delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014) |page=95 |publisher=National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Darjeeling''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɑːr|.|ˈ|dʒ|iː|.|l|ɪ|ŋ}},<ref name=oed-darj-pronunciation>{{Cite OED|Darjeeling|id=47293|access-date=17 August 2022|quote=Pronunciation: Brit. Eng. /dɑːˈdʒiːlɪŋ/, U.S. Eng /dɑrˈdʒilɪŋ/}}</ref> {{IPA|ne|ˈdard͡ziliŋ|lang}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈdarˌdʒiliŋ|lang}}) is a city in the northernmost region of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. Located in the [[Eastern Himalayas]], it has an average elevation of {{Convert|6709|ft|order=flip}}.{{Sfn|Rahamtulla|Roy|Khasim|2020|p=157}} To the west of Darjeeling lies the [[Koshi Province|easternmost province]] of [[Nepal]], to the east the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]], to the north the Indian state of [[Sikkim]], and farther north the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of [[China]]. [[Bangladesh]] lies to the south and southeast, and most of the state of West Bengal lies to the south and southwest, connected to the Darjeeling region by a narrow [[Siliguri Corridor|tract]]. [[Kangchenjunga]], the world's third-highest mountain, rises to the north and is prominently visible on clear days.{{efn|"mist-enshrouded for half the year, on clear days the skyline is climaxed by the magnificent peak of Kangchenjunga".{{Sfn|Spate|Learmonth|2017|p=476}}}}{{Sfn|Bernbaum|2022|p=32}}

In the early 19th century, during [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule]] in India, Darjeeling was identified as a potential summer retreat for British officials, soldiers, and their families. The narrow mountain ridge was leased from the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], and eventually annexed to [[British India]]. Experimentation with growing tea on the slopes below Darjeeling was highly successful. Thousands of labourers were recruited chiefly from Nepal to clear the forests, build European-style cottages and work in the [[tea garden|tea plantation]]s. The widespread deforestation displaced the indigenous peoples. Residential schools were established in and around Darjeeling for the education of children of the [[Domicile (law)|domiciled]] British in India. By the late-19th century, a novel narrow-gauge mountain railway, the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], was bringing summer residents into the town and carrying a freight of tea out for export to the world. After India's independence in 1947, as the British left Darjeeling, its cottages were purchased by wealthy Indians from the plains and its tea plantations by out-of-town Indian business owners and conglomerates.

Darjeeling's population today is constituted largely of the descendants of the indigenous and immigrant labourers that were employed in the original development of the town. Although their [[lingua franca|common language]], the [[Nepali language]], has been given official recognition at the state and federal levels in India, the recognition has created little meaningful employment for the language's speakers nor has it increased their ability to have a significantly greater say in their political affairs. The tea industry and tourism are the mainstays of the town's economy. Deforestation in the region after India's independence has caused environmental damage, affecting the perennial springs that supply the town's water. The population of Darjeeling meanwhile has exploded over the years, and unregulated construction, traffic congestion and water shortages are common. Many young locals, educated in government schools, have taken to migrating out for the lack of jobs matching their skills. Like out-migrants from the neighbouring northeastern India, they have been subjected to [[Ethnic relations in India#Racism against North-East Indians in other states of India|discrimination]] and racism in some Indian cities.

Darjeeling's culture is highly cosmopolitan—a result of diverse ethnic groups intermixing and evolving away from their historical roots. The region's indigenous cuisine is rich in fermented foods and beverages. Tourists have flocked to Darjeeling since the mid-19th century. In 1999, after an international campaign for its support, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]]. In 2005, [[Darjeeling tea]] was given [[geographical indication]] by the [[World Trade Organization]] as much for the protection of the brand as for the development of the region that produces it.
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==Toponymy==
At the time of the first British arrival, Darjeeling was known among its [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] inhabitants as {{transliteration|lep|Dorje-ling}}, or the "Place of the [[Thunderbolt]]".{{efn|"Stories of Darjeeling's colonial founding are by now legion. In 1829, Captain George Lloyd and J.W. Grant were passing through Darjeeling en route to settle a border dispute between Sikkim and Nepal. The location was then known by local Lepcha peoples as Dorje-ling, or "Place of the Thunderbolt".{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}}}} According to the ''Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names'', Darjeeling is derived from the [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] {{transliteration|bo|Dorje ling}} or {{transliteration|bo|Dorje-glin}}, meaning "Land of Dorje", i.e. of the [[vajra]], the weapon of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Indra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326-e-1736 |chapter=Darjeeling |title=Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main article|History of Darjeeling}}
===1780 to 1835===
{{Multiple image
| perrow = 2
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| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image2 = Himalayan journal Hooker page 129.jpg
| caption2 = A Lepcha girl and a Buddhist lama in Dorjiling from [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]]'s ''Himalayan Journals'', volume I, 1854
| image1 = Darjeeling Sikkim Bhutan Nepal - Copy (5).jpg
| caption1 = Darjeeling, Nepal, Bengal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Tibet
}}

Darjeeling lies between the [[Mechi river|Mechi]] and [[Teesta river|Teesta]] rivers in the Eastern Himalayas. In the 18th century, it was part of a boundary region that had stirred ambitions and insecurities in several [[South Asia]]n states.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}} For the greater part of the century, the [[Chogyal]]-ruler of the northern [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] had asserted possession of this territory.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}} In the closing decades, the [[Gurkha kingdom]] of Nepal expanded eastwards to bring Darjeeling into its territory.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}} Its army stopped short of the Teesta, beyond which at the time lay the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]].{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dozey |first=E. C. |title=A Concise History of the Darjeeling District Since 1835, with a complete itinerary of tours in Sikkim and the District |publisher=N. Mukherjee |year=1922 |oclc=62351881 |url=https://archive.org/details/ConciseHistoryOfDarjeelingDistrictSince1835/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref>

The English [[East India Company]] began to show an interest in the Darjeeling hills in the early 19th century.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=47}} At the time Darjeeling's indigenous population largely consisted of the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] and [[Limbu people|Limbu]] peoples.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}} The Company's interference in territorial matters began in the aftermath of its army's victory over the Gurkhas in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]]. Fought between 1814 and 1816, the war concluded with two treaties, the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] and the [[Treaty of Titalia]], under which Nepal was required to return the Darjeeling territory to Sikkim.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}}

In 1829, two East India Company officials, Captain George Lloyd and J. W. Grant, en route to resolving a boundary dispute between Nepal and Sikkim, passed a [[crescent]]-shaped [[mountain ridge]] which they fancied excellent for a [[sanitorium]] for the British, or a resort for sheltering and recuperating from the heat of India's plains.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}}{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=50}}{{Sfn|Lamb|1986|p=69}} [[Lord William Bentinck]], the [[Governor-General of India]], to whom Lloyd communicated his notion, concurred, recommending a small presence of the army in addition for monitoring the frontier.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}

===1835–1857: East India Company rule===
Taking the ambition forward, in 1835 the East India Company negotiated the lease of a {{Convert|24|x|6|miles|km|order=flip|sigfig=1}} strip of land in a [[grant deed]] from the Chogyal.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|pp=47–48}} By the end of 1838, sappers from the army were readied for clearing the woods and construction planned in earnest after the [[monsoon rains]].{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|p=118}} The following year, [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]], a physician, was made "superintendent" of Darjeeling, and two public buildings, a hotel and a courthouse were raised.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|p=118}} Soon, work had begun on [[bungalow]]s that conformed to British tastes.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Art of W. Taylor in 1854, Himalayan Journals; or, Notes of a Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains, &c. Volume 1 by J. D. Hooker, Kanchanjunga from Hodgson's bungalow (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = "View of Kinchinjunga from Mr. Hodgson's bungalow at Dorjiling from a sketch by W. Taylor Esq., B. C. S.,"<ref name=william-taylor-himalayan-journals-illustrator>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Taylor, William 1808–1892 |url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2003047601/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |publisher=OCLC WorldCat Identities |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805040355/http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2003047601/ |url-status=live }}</ref> frontispiece, Joseph Dalton Hooker, ''Himalayan Journals'', London: John Murray, 1854.
| image2 = IGI1908India1857b-coloured - Hill Stations.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Hill Station]]s and summer capitals at the end of East India Company rule (1857)
}}
Turning Darjeeling into a resort required many more workers than were available in the scattered local populations.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=85–86}} The British attracted workers from the neighbouring kingdoms, chiefly from Nepal but also from Sikkim and Bhutan. They did so by offering regular wages and [[lodging]]s, a contrast to the burdensome tax and [[forced labour]] regimens common in those kingdoms at the time.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=85–86}} Tens of thousands arrived in Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=85–86}} Not long after the Darjeeling Hill Cart Road was built in Northern Bengal, connecting [[Siliguri]] at the base of the Himalayan foothills to Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|p=287}}

In 1833 the East India Company lost its monopoly rights in the [[tea]] trade with China.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=118–119}} A plan was prepared for growing tea in India.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=118–119}} Superintendent Campbell began experimentation in 1840 in Darjeeling which soon proved successful.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=118–119}} European planters and sponsors acquired large stretches of the surrounding hillside and converted them to plantations, called ''[[tea garden]]s''.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=8}} Existing tracks and paths in the hills were improved, renamed as roads, and connected to the Hill Cart Road. The botanist [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], who visited Darjeeling in the 1840s, noted that carts and pack animals on these roads were bringing fruit and produce from Nepal, wool and salt from Tibet, and labourers looking for work from just about everywhere.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jayeeta |chapter=Himalayan Darjeeling and Mountain Histories of Labour and Mobility |pages=80–81 |editor1-last=Middleton |editor1-first=Townsend |editor2-last=Shneiderman |editor2-first=Sara |title=Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-948355-6}}</ref>

The labour migrations created a burgeoning hostility between the East India Company and the neighbouring Himalayan kingdoms.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}} By 1849 the hostility came to a head. Campbell and Hooker were allegedly kidnapped.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}} Despite the two being released without harm, the British exploited the incident to annex some {{Convert|640|mi2|km2|order=flip}} of territory between the Mechi and the Teesta rivers from Sikkim.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|pp=47–48}}

Darjeeling became a municipality in 1850.{{Sfn|Lamb|1986|p=71}} In the span of 15 years, this Himalayan tract had become a ''[[hill station]]'', an official retreat for British administrators in a hilly, temperate region of India.{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=319–320}} Hill stations, such as [[Simla]] (summer capital of the British Indian Empire), [[Ooty]] (summer capital of the [[Madras Presidency]]), and [[Nainital]] (summer capital of the [[North-Western Provinces]]) were all established between 1819 and the 1840s, a period during which the rule of the East India Company had spread to the greater part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the British felt confident about planning them.{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=319–320}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-28354-4 |lccn=2005044679 |year=2006 |page=223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Philip |first=Kavita |title=Civilizing Natures: Race, Resources, and Modernity in Colonial South India |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8135-3360-0 |page=29}}</ref> Darjeeling later became the summer capital of the [[Bengal Presidency]].{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=325–326}}

===1858–1947: British Raj===
From 1850 to 1870 the tea industry in Darjeeling grew to 56 tea gardens employing some 8,000 labourers.{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | p=8}} The tea gardens' security forces kept a close watch on the labourers and used coercion when necessary to maintain intensive production. The labourers' disparate cultural and ethnic backgrounds and the tea gardens' commonly remote locations ensured the absence of worker mobilization.{{Sfn|Zivkovic|2014|p=9}} By the turn of the 20th century, 100 tea gardens employed an estimated 64,000 workers,{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | p=8}} and more than five million [[pound sterling]] were invested in Darjeeling tea.{{Sfn | Zivkovic | 2014 | p=9}} The widespread deforestation caused by the tea industry drastically changed the lives of the region's forest dwellers, who were either forced to relocate to other forests or become employed in their former habitat in new colonial occupations.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|p=125}} To the mix of the forest dwellers recruited, more labourers joined from across the Himalayas.{{Sfn | Shneiderman | Middleton | 2018 | p=8}} They communicated with each other in the [[Nepali language]].{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=8}} Later the language, and their customs and traditions would create the distinctive ethnicity of Darjeeling, called [[Indian Gorkha]].{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=8}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
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| title =
| image2 = Hill village on Darjeeling Railway XL.jpg
| caption2 = Darjeeling Railway in a village, 1880
| image1 = Darjeeling Hill Road 1865 - XL.jpg
| caption1 = Hill Cart Road, shown in 1865
}}

By the last decades of the 19th century, large numbers of administrative officials of the imperial and [[British Raj#Major provinces|British Raj provincial]] governments had begun to travel to hill stations during the summers.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} Commerce in the stations had grown as had the trade with the plains.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} A train service to Darjeeling was announced in 1872. By 1878 trains could take summer residents from Calcutta, the capital of the British Indian Empire,<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Calcutta (''Kalikata'') |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=IX Bomjur to Central India |publisher=Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press |year=1908 |page=260 |quote=Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=9&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_001.gif |chapter-url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=9&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_266.gif |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524220705/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=9&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_001.gif |url-status=live }}</ref> to Siliguri at the base of the Darjeeling hills. Thereafter, [[Litter (vehicle)#Indian subcontinent|Tonga horse-carriages]] were required to cover the last stretch on the Hill Cart Road.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} Ascending some {{Convert|6300|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip}}, the journey required stopping at "halting barracks", or stables for feeding or changing the horses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal |first=Presidency |title=Annual Report on the Administration of the Bengal Presidency for 1867–68 |year=1868 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA125 |page=125 |quote=Material has been collected for two halting Barracks in the Darjeeling hill cart road near Sonadah, the site for which has been cleared. |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608194550/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA125 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1880, railway tracks were being aligned along the Hill Cart Road,{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=584}} and the [[East Indian Railway Company]] [[Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop]] had begun to build steam locomotives for the route.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} Miniature steam engines made by [[Sharp, Stewart and Company]] of Manchester, were employed for pulling the train on a narrow gauge of two feet.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} The train service to Darjeeling was opened in July 1881.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} After cresting at the [[Ghoom railway station]] at {{Convert|7500|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip}} above sea level, the train made a descent to Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} Darjeeling was now within a day's travel from Calcutta.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}}

[[File:Quadrangle St Josephs School Darjeeling.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|The quadrangle of St Joseph's College, Darjeeling, now [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling|St Joseph's School]], or North Point, established in 1888]]

Education became another aspect of Darjeeling's notability by the turn of the 20th century. After the [[Charter Act 1833]], which allowed unrestricted immigration, British women had begun to arrive in India in significantly more numbers than before.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=117}} Hill stations became popular summer destinations for women and children as colonial physicians recommended them for improved [[maternal health|maternal]] and [[Neonatology|infant]] health.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|pp=120–121}} The British soon began to consider hill stations promising sites for primary and secondary education.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=134}} [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling|St Paul's]], an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] boys' school in Calcutta, was moved to Darjeeling in 1864.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=138}} The [[Catholic Church]] opened [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling|St Joseph's College]] for boys in Darjeeling in 1888.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=138}} For girls, the [[Loreto Convent, Darjeeling|Loreto Convent]] had already been established during Company rule; the Calcutta Christian Schools Society established the [[Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling|Queen's Hill School]] in Darjeeling in 1895.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=139}} [[Anglo-Indians]] (of mixed British and Indian ancestry) were discouraged from attending the better-known schools and Indians were almost always prohibited until after World War I.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=141}}

In 1945, as the [[British Raj]] was drawing towards a close, the Nepalese-speaking Indian Gorkha residents of Darjeeling had not been granted rights as British Indian subjects.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=9}} These residents were at the bottom of the economic ladder, and their physical appearance was now the occasional object of racism by Indians from the plains. The 1941 census had shown that the Gorkha in Darjeeling constituted 86% of the population. They made up 96% of the labour force in the tea gardens.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|pp=9–10}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|p=88}} Many had been recruited to fight for the British in the [[World War II|Second World War]], but the British had been reluctant to displease the governments of Nepal and the Kingdom of Sikkim whose feudal labour regimes many original migrants had sought to escape.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=9}}

===1947 onwards: independent India===
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 =
| caption1 = [[Mount Everest|Everest]]-hero [[Tenzing Norgay|Tenzing]] (wearing plaid shirt) and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] (centre wearing [[Nehru jacket]]), Darjeeling, Nov. 1954
| image2 = Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre (3).jpg
| caption2 = Tibetan women knitting at the [[Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre]], Darjeeling, established 1959{{Sfn | Sarker | 2017 | p=94}}
}}
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Darjeeling became a part of the new province of [[West Bengal]] in the [[Dominion of India]], and in 1950, of the state of West Bengal in the [[Republic of India]].{{efn|East Bengal, now Bangladesh, which lies to the south of Darjeeling and extends southwards to the [[Bay of Bengal]], was awarded to Pakistan.}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949 |chapter=India |editor=Steinberg, S. H. |publisher=Macmillan and Co |year=1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ |page=122 |isbn=978-0-230-27078-7 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929140819/https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> A British exodus from Darjeeling quickly followed.{{Sfn|Zivkovic|2014|p=9}} Their cottages were quickly purchased by the Indian upper classes from the plains who enrolled their children in the town's many schools. These actions created social and economic tensions with the Indian Gorkha population and further marginalised the latter.{{Sfn|Zivkovic|2014|p=9}} Their lack of economic development, caused by a hierarchal economic system set up by the British, continued in some respects in the immediate decades after 1947.{{Sfn|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|Deuchar|2016|pp=103–104}} The Indian nationalism that emerged seemed to highlight the unclear position of the Indian Nepalis in the newly independent nation.{{Sfn|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|Deuchar|2016|pp=103–104}} The division of India into states comprising the regions of its different spoken languages had allowed a relatively large proportion of the educated speakers of these languages to find employment in the government-owned enterprises. In the instance of the Gorkhas, the federal and state governments refused to accept their requests for their own Nepali-speaking state in the northern regions of Bengal.{{Sfn|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|Deuchar|2016|pp=103–104}} Eventually, the demands for autonomy were downsized to calls for the recognition of the Nepali language for official state business in Nepali-speaking regions of Bengal.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=61}} This was accepted in the [[West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Jahar |chapter=Appendix 5: The West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961 |pages=107–108 |title=Darjeeling: A Favoured Retreat |year=1989 |isbn=81-85182-15-9 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company}}</ref>

Darjeeling had a sizeable community of [[Sherpa people|Sherpas]], an ethnic group, originally from eastern Tibet whose ancestors had moved to some villages in [[Nepal]] below [[Mount Everest]]. Sherpas had come to Darjeeling in the second half of the 19th century as seasonal labourers looking for work in road-building.{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=30}} As mountaineering in the Himalayas had gained popularity and Nepal was closed to foreigners, many Western mountaineers and enthusiasts came to Darjeeling to plan their Himalayan expeditions.{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=30}} The Sherpas stood out for their exceptional physical ability as porters, their fitness eliciting visits to Darjeeling by European biochemists in the early 1900s.{{sfn|Ortner|2020|p=31}} Among the most famous Sherpas who moved to Darjeeling were [[Ang Tharkay]]{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=71}} and [[Tenzing Norgay]].{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=73}} On 29 May 1953, Tenzing and [[Edmund Hillary]] became the first two humans to stand atop Mount Everest, vaulting both to instant stardom worldwide. The prime minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], took Tenzing under his wing.{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=87}} Tenzing became the first field director of the [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]] after it was established in Darjeeling in November 1954<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Peter H. |title=The Summits of Modern Man: Mountaineering after the Enlightment |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |page=256 |isbn=978-0-674-04799-0}}</ref>
[[File:GorkhalandSupport (3).jpg|thumb|right|Women supporting [[Gorkhaland]] marching with torchlights, Darjeeling, 2013]]
A trickle of immigrants from Tibet proper into Darjeeling had begun in the second half of the 19th century.{{Sfn|Grunfeld|2015|p=190}} Wealthy Tibetan aristocrats had sent their children to Darjeeling's schools, and some went on to settle in the Darjeeling area.{{Sfn|Grunfeld|2015|p=190}} After the [[annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]] in 1950–1951, many Tibetans emigrated to India, with some settling in the Darjeeling area, including the [[14th Dalai Lama]]'s older brother [[Gyalo Thondup]].{{Sfn|Goldstein|2019|p=18}} After the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], the Dalai Lama himself fled to exile in India, and tens of thousands of Tibetan refugees poured in after him, with many finding refuge in the Darjeeling–[[Kalimpong]] area.{{Sfn|Grunfeld|2015|pp=190–192}} A [[Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre]] was established in Darjeeling in 1959.{{Sfn | Sarker | 2017 | p=94}}

In May 1975, the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] to the north of Darjeeling was absorbed into the Republic of India through a referendum. A month thereafter, Sikkim, in which nearly two-thirds of the populace spoke Nepali, was made a state of India.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | p = 62 }} It was not lost on the Gorkhas of the Darjeeling region that there were many more speakers of Nepali in the Gorkha districts of northern Bengal, and their calls for autonomy had borne no fruit.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | p = 62 }} The Government of India, moreover, had been reluctant to recognise Nepali as an official language in the [[Constitution of India]].{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | p = 62 }} Slights delivered by senior Indian leadership around this issue—[[Morarji Desai]], a former prime minister calling Nepali a foreign language, and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], a former deputy prime minister, describing the Gorkhas as disloyal and entertaining "Mongoloid prejudices"—were all remembered.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | pp = 62–63 }} A decade later, during [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s prime ministership, small regions in Assam to the east of Darjeeling, which had been riven by violent ethnic separatism, were granted statehood.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | pp = 62–63 }} All these factors played into creating a militant mood among the Gorkhas for statehood and brought the [[Gorkhaland movement]] to the forefront.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | pp = 62–63 }} It led to the founding of the [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] (GNLF) under the leadership of [[Subhas Ghising]].{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | pp = 62–63 }} Agitation for a separate state in Darjeeling included violent protests,{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=89–90}} and fighting between the disparate militant groups.{{Sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=96}} The agitation ceased after an agreement was reached between the government and the [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] (GNLF). It resulted in the establishment of an elected body in 1988, the [[Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council]] (DGHC), which received some autonomy to govern the district.{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=89–90}}

In 1992, the Nepali language was recognized officially at the federal level in India by inclusion in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].{{Sfn|Gellner|2014|pp= 138–140|ps=. "Nepali [...] was accepted as the teaching language for all primary schools with a Nepali majority in Darjeeling district in 1935, as a national literary language in 1973 and as a national language of India by inclusion in Schedule Eight of the Constitution in 1992."}} Though Darjeeling became peaceful, the issue of a separate state lingered.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=65}} Agitation for a new state again erupted in 2008, led by the [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] (GJM).{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=94–95}} In July 2011, a pact was signed between GJM, the state and national governments which included an elected [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]] (GTA), with limited autonomy within the state of West Bengal. It evoked little enthusiasm on the streets.{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|p=96}} In 2013, fresh agitation broke out in Darjeeling after [[Telangana]], a region in southern India was granted statehood.{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|p=96}} Four years later, more agitation caused several months of violence, food shortages, and strikes in Darjeeling but resulted in the Morcha splitting into factions.{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|p=96}} In 2017, [[Mamata Banerjee]], the West Bengal chief minister, appointed a moderate Morcha politician to leadership in a reconstituted GTA, marginalizing and eventually ousting the founder of the movement, [[Bimal Gurung]].{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=96–97}}

==Geography and geology==
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Darjeeling Hills.jpg
| caption1 = Darjeeling Hills showing Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Kurseong, the headquarters of the three hill subdivisions
| image2 = Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg
| caption2 = '''Map 1''': Darjeeling municipality, showing the ridges on which the town was settled
}}
The Darjeeling hills (formally [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]]) comprise parts of [[Darjeeling district]] and all of [[Kalimpong district]]; specifically, they contain: [[Darjeeling Sadar|Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]], [[Kalimpong subdivision]] and Kurseong subdivision.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=9}} Darjeeling town lies in the Sadar subdivision. It is located at an average elevation of {{Cvt|6709|ft|m|order=flip}}{{Sfn|Rahamtulla|Roy|Khasim|2020|p=157}} on the Darjeeling–Jalapahar range which runs south to north starting at [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghum]] (Map 1). The range is Y-shaped with its base resting at [[Katapahar]] and [[Jalapahar]] and two arms diverging north of the [[Observatory Hill, Darjeeling|Observatory Hill]]. The north-eastern arm dips swiftly and ends in the Lebong spur, while the north-western arm slopes gently, passing through North Point, and ends in the valley near the [[Tukver Tea Estate]].<ref name="urbanmanagement">{{Cite web |first=Vimal |last=Khawas |year=2003 |url=http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/khawv03e.htm |title=Urban Management in Darjeeling Himalaya: A Case Study of Darjeeling Municipality |publisher=The Mountain Forum |access-date = 1 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041020031749/http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/khawv03e.htm |archive-date=20 October 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kangchenjunga]], the world's third-highest peak at {{Cvt|8598|m|ft}}, which lies {{Convert|74.4|km|mi}} to the north, is the most prominent mountain visible.{{Sfn|Spate|Learmonth|2017|p=476}}{{Sfn|Bernbaum|2022|p=32}}

The Darjeeling hills have been formed by accumulations of [[fold (geology)|folds]], [[thrust fault|faults]] and [[Thrust fault#Reverse faults|tangential thrust]]s caused by a [[compression (geology)|compression]] in the north–south direction as the [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]] has [[subduction|subducted]] under the [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian plate]].{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} Their physical composition varies from unaltered [[sedimentary rock]]s in the southern regions to several types of [[metamorphic rock]] and some [[intrusive rock]]s in the middle and northern, suggesting upward intrusion of the Earth's [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]].{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} The collective process has [[shear (geology)|sheared]], folded, crushed together, [[fracture (geology)|fractured]] and [[joint (geology)|jointed]] the rocks, reducing their strength and making them vulnerable to [[Percolation#Background|water percolating]] down their crevices and causing [[pore water pressure]] to build up.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} [[Phyllite]]s and [[schist]]s are found in the hills around Kalimpong, which lies to the east, and [[gneiss]] predominates the western regions in which Darjeeling lies.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = 1046 IndiaDarjeeling 19931231 (2).jpg
| caption1 = Landslide, Darjeeling Siliguri Road, 1993
| image2 = Overlooking the confluence of Teesta River and Rangeet River from Lover's Point, West Bengal.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Teesta River|Teesta]], flowing south, meets the [[Rangeet River|Rangeet]] on its right
}}
Two studies (1990 and 2019) recorded that landslides were a serious concern in the area.{{Sfn |Mandal|Mondal| 2019 | pp=1–2}} Most are triggered by excessive rainfall, earthquakes, and quick erosion caused by torrents.{{Sfn |Mandal|Mondal| 2019 | pp=1–2}} They are accelerated by extensive deforestation, defective drainage, poorly built [[revetment]]s and the presence of steep slopes that have been undercut to make shelves for paths, roads, and houses.{{Sfn |Mandal|Mondal| 2019 | pp=1–2}}{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=259}} [[Debris flow]]s along existing [[gully|gullies]] can sometimes bring along large boulders and cause damage to roads; in 1968, during a catastrophic rainstorm, the {{Convert|56|km|mi}} Darjeeling–Siliguri road was cut in 92 places by debris flows.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Vinod K. |chapter=Catastrophic Landslides in Indian Sector of Himalaya |pages=191–200 |title=Understanding and Reducing Landslid Disaster Risk |volume=5 |editor1-last=Vilimek |editor1-first=Vit |editor2-last=Wang |editor2-first=Fawu |editor3-last=Strom |editor3-first=Alexander |editor4-last=Sassa |editor4-first=Kyoji |editor5-last=Bobrowsky |editor5-first=Peter T. |editor6-last=Takara |editor6-first=Kaoru |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-030-60318-2 |publisher=Springer}}</ref>{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=262}}

Teesta, the major river of the Darjeeling region, rises at {{Convert|6300|m|ft}} from a glacier in Sikkim, and flows south, at first meeting the [[Rangpo River|Rangpo river]] and then the [[Rangeet River|Rangeet]] before exiting the hills and eventually joining the [[Brahmaputra River]] in [[Bangladesh]].{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}}{{Sfn|Thakur|Das|Kumar|2022|pages=81–99, 85}} The [[discharge (hydrology)|flow rate]] of the Teesta is {{Convert|1500|m3|cuft}} per second during the summer monsoon;{{Sfn|Thakur|Das|Kumar|2022|pages=81–99, 85}} it had had major floods in 1950 and 1968.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}}

The continual tectonic activity of Darjeeling's ancient past can be inferred from the surrounding landscape in such features as [[terrace (geology)|terraces]] that dip in their middle as a result of earlier horizontal pressure.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} Eroded [[fault scarp]]s, or steps, observed in the landscape were caused by vertical slips in the faults below.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} [[Alluvial fan]]s at different heights signify a succession of previous rivers that dried up and spread their silt outwards as their beds were raised by the uplift.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], Darjeeling town falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone-IV]] (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).<ref name="PIB quake">{{Cite web |title=Seismic Mapping |website=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740656 |date=30 July 2021 |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015402/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740656 |url-status=live }}</ref> A study published in 2018 found that residents of Darjeeling's outer areas, which are lower-income and lower-lying, worried about catastrophic loss during an earthquake.{{Sfn|Drew|Rai|2018|p=236}} The [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]] was felt in Darjeeling, and these residents feared that in the instance of a major earthquake, the unplanned upper-level construction could very well give way and tumble down on them.{{Sfn|Drew|Rai|2018|p=236}}

==Climate and environment==
===Climate===
Darjeeling has a temperate [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: Cwb).<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/33809/ |title=Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001173425/http://en.climate-data.org/location/33809/ |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
The average annual precipitation in Darjeeling is approximately {{Cvt|3100|mm|in}}.{{efn|It is {{Cvt|3122|mm|in}},{{Sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=55}} according to one source and {{Convert|3082|mm|in}} according to another.{{Sfn|Barry|2008|p=369}}}} Eighty percent of the annual rainfall takes place between the months of June and September, due to the [[monsoon of South Asia]].{{Sfn|Barry|2008|p=369}} The "June–May ratio", or the percentage by which the rain increases from May to June, is 2.6 or 260%.{{Sfn|Barry|2008|p=369}} In contrast, just 3% of the annual rainfall takes place between December and March.{{Sfn|Barry|2008|p=369}} Darjeeling's altitude—which is greater than some other regions of the Eastern Himalayas at the same latitude (27° N), such as the Assam hills—and its rarified air causes its [[UV radiation]] levels to be correspondingly higher. Its mean monthly UV radiance is approximately 4500 microwatts per square cm per day during the peak months of May, June, and July. It is 50% higher than the Assam hills to the east, whose altitude is {{Convert|170|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandi |first=Swati Sen |title=Natural UV Radiation in Enhancing Survival Value and Quality of Plants |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-81-322-2765-6 |year=2016 |pages=9–10}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Darjeeling, elevation {{convert|2128|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| collapsed = y
| Jan record high C = 19.0
| Feb record high C = 19.2
| Mar record high C = 25.1
| Apr record high C = 27.0
| May record high C = 25.7
| Jun record high C = 27.7
| Jul record high C = 28.0
| Aug record high C = 28.5
| Sep record high C = 27.5
| Oct record high C = 26.0
| Nov record high C = 25.0
| Dec record high C = 23.0
| year record high C = 28.5
 

| Jan record low C = -7.2
| Feb record low C = -6.4
| Mar record low C = -4.8
| Apr record low C = 0.0
| May record low C = 1.4
| Jun record low C = 6.6
| Jul record low C = 3.9
| Aug record low C = 8.0
| Sep record low C = 6.2
| Oct record low C = 3.2
| Nov record low C = -4.4
| Dec record low C = -4.6
| year record low C = -7.2
|Jan high C = 11.1
|Feb high C = 12.4
|Mar high C = 15.9
|Apr high C = 18.6
|May high C = 19.3
|Jun high C = 19.8
|Jul high C = 19.5
|Aug high C = 19.9
|Sep high C = 19.5
|Oct high C = 19.4
|Nov high C = 17.2
|Dec high C = 13.7
| year high C = 17.3
|Jan low C = 1.7
|Feb low C = 3.1
|Mar low C = 6.0
|Apr low C = 9.0
|May low C = 10.8
|Jun low C = 12.8
|Jul low C = 13.4
|Aug low C = 13.5
|Sep low C = 12.7
|Oct low C = 9.9
|Nov low C = 6.2
|Dec low C = 3.5
| year low C = 8.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 10.8
| Feb rain mm = 11.4
| Mar rain mm = 26.4
| Apr rain mm = 89.0
| May rain mm = 160.3
| Jun rain mm = 419.1
| Jul rain mm = 648.5
| Aug rain mm = 529.8
| Sep rain mm = 385.2
| Oct rain mm = 78.8
| Nov rain mm = 11.2
| Dec rain mm = 2.8
| year rain mm = 2373.3
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 1.2
| Mar rain days = 2.6
| Apr rain days = 6.7
| May rain days = 10.2
| Jun rain days = 17.9
| Jul rain days = 23.4
| Aug rain days = 22.0
| Sep rain days = 16.1
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.7
| year rain days = 106.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 82
| Feb humidity = 78
| Mar humidity = 79
| Apr humidity = 82
| May humidity = 90
| Jun humidity = 94
| Jul humidity = 95
| Aug humidity = 94
| Sep humidity = 92
| Oct humidity = 84
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 80
|year humidity = 86
| Jan sun = 167.4
| Feb sun = 139.8
| Mar sun = 145.7
| Apr sun = 147.0
| May sun = 151.9
| Jun sun = 72.0
| Jul sun = 77.5
| Aug sun = 102.3
| Sep sun = 96.0
| Oct sun = 167.4
| Nov sun = 189.0
| Dec sun = 189.1
|year sun =
| Jand sun = 5.4
| Febd sun = 5.0
| Mard sun = 4.7
| Aprd sun = 4.9
| Mayd sun = 4.9
| Jund sun = 2.4
| Juld sun = 2.5
| Augd sun = 3.3
| Sepd sun = 3.2
| Octd sun = 5.4
| Novd sun = 6.3
| Decd sun = 6.1
|yeard sun = 4.5
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Darjeeling Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 9 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M233 |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun 1891–1990)<ref name = DWD>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_422950_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Darjeeling, West Bengal / Indische Union |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (German Meteorological Service) |language=de |trans-title=Climate table of Darjeeling, West Bengal / Indian Union |access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530224015/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_422950_kt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

===Environment===
{{Multiple image |direction=horizontal
|total_width=500
| image1= Average annual temperatures Darjeeling 1890 to 2010.jpg|right|thumb|
| caption1=Annual average, daily max. and min. temperature, Darjeeling, 1890 to 2010
| image2= Forest and pastures vs agricultural land Darjeeling 1900 to 2000.jpg
| caption2= Forests and pastures vs. agricultural land in and around Darjeeling, 1900 to 2000
}}
From the beginning of the twentieth century, Darjeeling's average temperature has increased by 4 °C, which is twice the world's average,{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=165}} and the annual averages of its daily maximum and minimum temperatures have increased by greater margins.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=165}} During the same period, relative humidity has decreased by 7%,{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=165}} and rainfall by {{Convert|300|mm|ft}} annually.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=165}} For its water the Darjeeling municipality and the surrounding hills depend to a large extent on perennial or seasonal ''jhora'' [[spring (hydrology)|spring]]s (see [[:File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg|Map 1]]), especially during the pre-monsoon months from February to May.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=162}} The [[Senchal Lake]]s, two artificial reservoirs built in 1910 and 1932 in a forested high-altitude area to the southeast (see [[:File:Map of Senchal Lakes, the water supply source in relation to Darjeeling.jpg|Map 2]]),{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=372}} which are filled with water from a surrounding catchment area during the monsoon months, have a greatly reduced supply, as of 2016.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=163}} Darjeeling's explosive population growth in the period 1961–2011, and extensive deforestation even within the protected catchment area for the lakes, have caused many springs to have vastly reduced yields during the dry months from February to May. Of the 26 springs that had once fed the lakes, 12 have been affected.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=162}} Forests and pastures have shrunk from 78% in 1900 to 38% in 2000, and cultivated land, which contributes to soil erosion, has correspondingly increased during the same time from 20% to 44%.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=164}} By 2006, land records in Darjeeling showed that foodgrain-producing farmland had decreased proportionally, caused by accelerated levels of urbanisation and by subsistence farming giving way to commercial cropping, especially of tea.{{Sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=108}} In 2016, [[acid rain]], which can be caused by air pollution and can in turn damage forests, was observed in the Eastern Himalayas; the [[pH|pH value]] in Darjeeling was measured at 4.2.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saikawa |first1=Eric |last2=Panday |first2=Arnico |last3=Kang |first3=Shichang |chapter=Air Pollution in the Hindu Kush Himalaya |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People |date=25 January 2019 |editor1-last=Wester |editor1-first=Philippus |editor2-last=Mishra |editor2-first=Arabinda |editor3-last=Mukherji |editor3-first=Aditi |editor4-last=Shrestha |editor4-first=Arun Bhakta |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 |page=366}}</ref> A 2022 article quoting another 2016 study reported a pH value of 5.0±0.825 in the rainwater.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Chemometric approach to evaluate the chemical behavior of rainwater at high altitude in Shaune Garang catchment, Western Himalaya |last1=Kumar |first1=Ramesh |last2=Kumar |first2=Rajesh |last3=Singh |first3=Atar |last4=Arif |first4=M Mohammad |last5=Kumar |first5=Pankaj |last6=Kumari |first6=Anupma |journal=Scientific Reports |year=2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=122774–122817; 122777 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-15422-0 |pmid=35896609 |pmc=9329433|bibcode=2022NatSR..1212774K }}</ref>

According to a 2014 study, the influx of the excess population in the tea plantations around Darjeeling into "marginal areas of city—on backfill, slopes, septic tanks, and jhorās (springs)—has strapped the city's colonial-era infrastructure. Despite building codes that prohibit buildings taller than three stories, the market for cheap housing in Darjeeling inspires developers to go skyward, often as many as eight stories. Hastily built apartment houses ... are falling into the jhorās and sliding down the mountainside."{{Sfn|Besky|2014|p=84}}

== Flora and fauna ==
{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|total_width=500
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Darjeeling Botanical Garden 02.jpg
| caption1 = The {{convert|40|acre|ha|0|adj=on|order=flip}} [[Lloyd Botanic Garden]], founded in 1878
| image2 = Ailurus fulgens.ogv
| caption2 = A [[red panda]] (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park|Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoo]]
}}
Darjeeling is a part of the [[Eastern Himalaya]]n zoo-geographic zone.{{Sfn|Negi|1992|p=185}} Flora around Darjeeling comprises [[Shorea robusta|sal]], [[oak]], semi-evergreen, [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|temperate]] and [[alpine plant|alpine]] forests.{{Sfn|Negi|1992|pp=28–29}} Dense evergreen forests of sal and oak lie around the city, where a wide variety of rare [[orchids]] are found. The [[Lloyd's Botanical Garden]] preserves common and rare species of plants, while the [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]] specialises in conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species.<ref name="zoo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/29/stories/2009102957821300.htm |title=Himalayan Tahrs, Blue sheep for Darjeeling Zoo arrive from Japan |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 October 2009 |access-date = 10 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121107112906/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/29/stories/2009102957821300.htm |archive-date = 7 November 2012}}</ref> Darjeeling and the surrounding region face [[deforestation]] due to increasing demand for wood fuel and timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic.<ref name="teri">{{Cite web |author=TERI |year=2001 |url=http://static.teriin.org/reports/rep17/rep17.pdf |title=Sustainable Development in the Darjeeling Hill Area |page=20 |publisher=Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi. (TERI Project No.2000UT64) |access-date=1 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623100515/http://static.teriin.org/reports/rep17/rep17.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2006}}</ref>

Forests and wildlife in the district are managed and protected by the Divisional Forest Officer of the Territorial and Wildlife wing of the West Bengal Forest Department.{{Sfn|Negi|1992|p=185}} The fauna found in Darjeeling includes several species of [[duck]]s, [[Eurasian Teal|teals]], [[plover]]s and [[gull]]s that pass Darjeeling while migrating to and from [[Tibet]].{{Sfn|Mackintosh|2009|p=2}} Small mammals found in the region include [[civet]]s (such as [[Small Indian civet|small]] and [[large Indian civet]]s, [[masked palm civet]], [[spotted linsang]] and [[binturong]]), [[mongoose]]s (such as [[Indian grey mongoose]] and [[crab-eating mongoose]]) and [[badger]]s (such as [[Burmese ferret-badger]] and [[greater hog badger]]).{{Sfn|Negi|1992|pp=43–48}} Other carnivores found in the area include [[Himalayan black bear]] and [[red panda]].{{Sfn|Negi|1992|p=46}} A conservation centre for red pandas opened at Darjeeling Zoo in 2014, building on a prior captive breeding program; this [[Species Survival Plan]] had about 25 red pandas by 2016.<ref name="panda">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Snow leopard, red panda get new conservation centre in Darjeeling |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/snow-leopard-red-panda-get-new-conservation-centre-in-darjeeling/ |access-date=21 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151122111421/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/snow-leopard-red-panda-get-new-conservation-centre-in-darjeeling/ |archive-date=22 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Kumar, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rai, U. |author3=Roka, B. |author4=Jha, A. K. |author5=Reddy, P. A. |year=2016 |title=Genetic assessment of captive red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') population |journal=SpringerPlus |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=1750 |doi=10.1186/s40064-016-3437-1 |pmid=27795893 |pmc=5055525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Himalayan newt ''[[Tylototriton verrucosus|Tylotriton verrucosus]]'', one of two salamander species occurring in India, is found in wetlands in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Seglie, Daniele |author2=Roy, D. |author3=Giacoma, Cristina |author4=Mushahiddunnabi, M. |year=2003 |title=Distribution and conservation of the Himalayan newt (Tylototriton verrucosus, Urodela, Salamandridae) in the Darjeeling District, West Bengal (India) |journal=Russian Journal of Herpetology |volume=10 |pages=157–162}}</ref> The Himalayan relict dragonfly ''[[Epiophlebia laidlawi]]'', one of just four species in the family [[Epiophlebiidae]], was first described from the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Ram Devi Tachamo |last2=Narayan Shah |first2=Deep |last3=Domisch |first3=Sami |year=2012 |title=Range shifts of a relict Himalayan dragonfly in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region under climate change scenarios |url=https://worlddragonfly.org/article/13887890-2012-697399/ |journal=International Journal of Odonatology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=209–222 |doi=10.1080/13887890.2012.697399 |bibcode=2012IJOdo..15..209S |s2cid=83803104 |issn=1388-7890 |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221090055/https://worlddragonfly.org/article/13887890-2012-697399/ |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Darjeeling}}

The Indian [[Decadal survey|decennial]] [[census]] of 2011 (the last for which there is processed data)<ref name="Mandal 2022"/> recorded the population of the Darjeeling municipality to be 118,805 individuals. Of these, 59,618 were females and 59,187 were males, yielding a [[sex ratio|gender ratio]] of 1007 females for every 1000 males.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The population density of the municipality was 15,990 individuals per km2 (41,000 per square mile).{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The [[literacy rate]] was 93.9%—the female literacy rate was 91.3% and the male was 96.4%.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} Among groups whose historical disadvantages have been recognized by the Constitution of India and designated for amelioration in subsequent commissions and programmes, the [[scheduled tribe]]s of Darjeeling town constituted approximately 22.4% of the population, and the [[scheduled castes]] 7.7%.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The [[Unemployment#Labor force participation rate|work participation rate]] was 34.4%.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The number of people living in [[slum]]s was 25,026 individuals (which was 21.1% of the population).{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=1;2|total_width=450
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
|image1=Darjeeling Municipality 10-yearly census data from 1881 to 2011.jpg
|caption1='''Figure 1''': Darjeeling 10-yearly census data from 1881 to 2011{{efn|Based on the data in Mondal and Roychowdhury, 2018.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=369}}}}
| image3= Women in Traditional Dress - Darjeeling - West Bengal - India (12406166323).jpg
| caption3 = Women in traditional dress, 2014
| image2 = Gorkha family shopping in Darjeeling.jpg
| caption2 = Males with [[Dhaka topi]] shopping, Darjeeling, 2008

}}
Darjeeling began to be an "administrative" town in independent India after being made the headquarters of [[Darjeeling district]] in 1947.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=367}} During the period 1961–2011, the town's population increased at an accelerated rate (Figure 1).{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=367}} An "aspirational middle class" arose, comprising families of professionals in the administration, and retail and service industries.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=367}}

"[[Indian Gorkha]]" is a term that denotes the Nepali-speaking people of India, as distinct from the Nepali-speaking inhabitants of Nepal.{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | loc=pp. 158–159: "Early Nepali literary stalwarts like Parasmani Pradhan used both the terms ''Nepali'' and ''Gorkha'' interchangeably... Thus early associations of the Nepalis in India... used the word "Gorkha" to denote Nepalis of Indian origin"}} As of 2016, the population of Darjeeling was predominantly Indian Gorkha. There were also smaller numbers of [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]s, [[Bhutia]]s, [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]]s, [[Bengali people|Bengali]]s, [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] and [[Biharis]].{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}} In the 2011 census,<ref name="Mandal 2022"/> between them they practised [[Hinduism]] (66.5%), [[Buddhism]] (23.9%), [[Christianity]] (5.1%) and [[Islam]] (3.9%).{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The Lepchas were considered the main indigenous community of the region; their original religion was a form of animism.{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}} The Nepali community was a complex mix of numerous castes and ethnic groups, with many roots in tribal and animist traditions.{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}} The accelerated growth of the town's population and the tightly packed living conditions in which different ethnicities mixed created syncretic cultures in Darjeeling which evolved away from their historical roots.{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}}

According to a 2014 study, although the demand for labour in the tea estates surrounding Darjeeling had stayed roughly constant since 1910, the population of Nepali-speaking workers and their families in the tea estates had grown throughout.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|p=84}} As the excess population migrated up to Darjeeling in search of jobs and housing, their cause was championed by the Gorkhaland movement in the 1980s; this had the effect of making a considerable number of non-Gorkha families leave their homes in Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|p=84}}

Seasonal migration out of Darjeeling has long been a local feature, especially among the lower-income groups; substantial migration among middle-class youth is a 21st-century occurrence.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} Many educated young people in Darjeeling have begun to migrate out because the growth of jobs in the area has not kept pace with the numbers of people with [[tertiary education|tertiary degrees]].{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} For both groups of migrants, favoured destinations fall into three groups:
*neighbouring [[Gangtok]] in [[Sikkim]], and [[Siliguri]] in [[North Bengal]] at the base of the Darjeeling hills;
*the large bustling cities of [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], and [[Mumbai]]; and
*[[Kathmandu]], the capital of Nepal.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=535–536}} Those looking for immediate employment commonly work in call centres, beauty parlours, and dumpling stands.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=535–536}}

Those looking for eventual employment in professional careers pursue higher education.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=535–536}} Both groups have experienced racism and economic and social discrimination in India's big cities, caused by their distinctive, more East Asian, physical appearance.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=535–538}}

== Governance ==
[[File:Darjeeling Municipality Wards Schematic Map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|A schematic map of Darjeeling Municipality wards]]
[[File:Darjeeling Municipality.JPG|thumb|upright=1.0|Darjeeling Municipality building]]

The Darjeeling Municipality is one of the oldest in India, established on 1 July 1850, with ten [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]]s.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} It was governed by commissioners who were nominated until 1916, then elected until 1932, and nominated again until 1947.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} After India's independence that year, the commissioners continued to be appointed until 1964, when the first election was held. It was overturned by a court injunction; further elections and continual interference by West Bengal's state government became the prevalent state of affairs.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} As of 2021, the municipality is governed by a board of councillors headed by a [[chairperson]] and a [[Chairperson#Vice-chairperson|vice chairperson]]. The number of wards in the municipality increased to 32 in 1988.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} Wards represent electoral subdivisions; in 2017, 32 councillors were elected, one from each ward.<ref name="Chauhan 2017"/> The wards were reorganized and bifurcated in 2011.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}}

The area of the city (municipality) was reduced from {{Convert|10.75|km2|mi2}} to {{Convert|7.43|km2|mi2}} in 2011 after bifurcation.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} By 2016, the municipality was surrounded by tea gardens and forestry department land and had minimal room for expansion.{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}}

In 2021, the city had approximately 22,000 households and 350 hotels and restaurants.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} That same year the following statistics were collected: the municipality considered wards 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 to be the core areas; most businesses, hotels, restaurants, and educational institutions were located in these wards and they were better connected to municipal electricity and water;{{Sfn|Koner|Samanta|2021|p=9}} wards 10, 15, 20 and areas of ward 30 were the most developed, whereas wards 1, 2, 13, 14, 27, 31, and 32 were the most deprived;{{Sfn|Koner|Samanta|2021|p=11}} and the latter group of wards contained 37 slums in which 23% of the population of Darjeeling resided.{{Sfn|Koner|Samanta|2021|p=10}}

In 1988, the [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]]-dominated hill areas of Darjeeling district were given an autonomous form of governance under the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC).{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=397}} In 2012, the DGHC was replaced by a similar body called the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA).{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=397}} The elected members of GTA manage certain affairs of the hills, including education, industry and land revenue; they cannot legislate or levy taxes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?728097 |title=Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Agreement signed |publisher=Outlook |date=18 July 2011 |access-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719180442/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?728097 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> The Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) held power in the municipality until March 2022,<ref name="Chauhan 2017">{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Chanchal |title=Darjeeling Municipality Election Results 2017: GJM keeps Darjeeling, wins 31 seats; TMC 1 |website=India.com |date=17 May 2017 |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/darjeeling-municipality-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-2139743/ |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214184908/https://www.india.com/news/india/darjeeling-municipality-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-2139743/ |url-status=live }}</ref> when it was defeated by the newly-formed [[Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front|Hamro Party]].<ref name="IndExp bhatta">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ravik |title=Explained: How Hamro Party, formed 3 months ago, won Darjeeling civic polls |website=The Indian Express |date=4 March 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-hamro-party-formed-3-months-ago-won-darjeeling-civic-polls-7799232/ |access-date=13 March 2022 |ref=none |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313155523/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-hamro-party-formed-3-months-ago-won-darjeeling-civic-polls-7799232/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Darjeeling is within the [[Darjeeling Assembly constituency]] that elects one [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in state legislative elections every five years.<ref name="ABPLive 2022">{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West Bengal Darjeeling Constituency Election News LIVE |website=ABP News |date=2 May 2021 |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-darjeeling-constituency-23.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801235413/https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-darjeeling-constituency-23.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The town is part of the [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling parliamentary constituency]] that elects one [[Member of Parliament (India)|member]] for the [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of India's [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref name="Standard">{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling Lok Sabha Election Results 2019: Darjeeling Election Result 2019 |website=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/west-bengal/darjeeling-election-results-36_1372.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724000206/https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/west-bengal/darjeeling-election-results-36_1372.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy ==
A 2017 study described the Darjeeling area as entirely dependent on the production of tea and the inflow of tourists to create employment.{{Sfn|Taylor|Taylor|2017|p=96}}

=== Tea ===
[[File:Darjeeling tea processing unit (7168687423).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Tea garden workers, some waiting to turn in their pickings; others have done so]]
{{further|Darjeeling tea}}
Darjeeling tea is produced on plantations in which a few leaves{{efn|the fabled, "two leaves and a bud"}} on each [[Camellia sinensis|tea bush]] are plucked by women. During the tea bush's [[Dormancy#Plants|dormancy]] period in the short winter season, it is [[pruning|pruned]] by the women to stimulate growth the following season. Unlike China, where the tea bush grew into a tree, the early British planters devised these means to [[monocropping|monocrop]] tea in tightly packed hedges on vast estates. In the plantation factories, men operate machines to [[fermentation|ferment]], dry, and package the normally short-lived green tea leaves.{{Sfn|Besky|2020|p=6}}

After India's independence in 1947, many of Darjeeling's governmental and economic arrangements remained unchanged. When British planters auctioned off their estates, they were bought by Indians from the plains or corporations from elsewhere in India.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=10}} Darjeeling's labour force had long consisted of workers recruited from Nepal. Mid-19th-century British [[ethnology|ethnologists]] had commended Nepalese for their step farming and other forms of settled agriculture in the Himalayan foothills. They were contrasted with Darjeeling's native population of the Lepcha at the time of British annexation,{{Sfn|Booth|2009|p=10|ps=. "Workers were needed to meet the increasing demands for Darjeeling tea, and Nepalis were considered more suitable for tea cultivation than local groups such as the Lepcha. By British estimations, Nepali people had been farming on hill terraces in the Kathmandu Valley for thousands of years, and so the cultural practices and technical skills necessary to work in tea plantations were already ingrained and would not need to be taught."}} who practised "shifting agriculture".{{Sfn|Besky|2017|p=624}} Planters believed that if allotted a house and a yard in which to grow vegetables and fruit, the Nepalis would be more inclined to stay.{{Sfn|Besky|2017|p=624}} The arrangement, which lasted during the colonial period, was formalized in independent India's Plantations Labour Act, 1951. As of 2017, workers maintain their two or three-bedroom homes which they do not own, become attached to their upkeep, and eventually hope to retire in them when an adult child who also works on the plantation inherits the house.{{Sfn|Besky|2017|p=624}}

In 2017, the average basic daily wage (that is, without [[employee benefit]]s) of a Darjeeling tea garden worker was [[Rupee]]s 144.60 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|144.6|USD|2017}}) per day.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=56}} With benefits, it was Rupees 277.10 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|277.10|USD|2017}}) per day.{{efn|The employee benefits for Darjeeling included Rs 14.20 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|14.60|USD|2017}}) per day for foodgrains; Rupees 5.20 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|5.20|USD|2017}} in 2017) per day for dry tea, and Rupees 5.55 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|5.55|USD|2017}}) for fuel (for cooking or heating).{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=56}}}}{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=56}}{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=56}} Comparatively, Darjeeling's tea estate workers were paid less in 2017 than tea estate workers in several [[South India|southern Indian]] states.{{efn|The same study recorded the basic 2017 daily wages (without employee benefits) for tea estate workers in the southern states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] to be Rs 310 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|310|USD|2017}}) per day, Rs 263 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|263|USD|2017}}) per day, and Rupees 241 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|241|USD|2017}}) per day respectively.}} The auction price of Darjeeling tea for 2017 was comparatively higher.{{efn| Rs 128.54 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|128.54|USD|2017}}) per {{Convert|1|kg|lb}}; whereas it was Rs 115.48 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|115|USD|2017}}), Rs 99.07 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|99.07|USD|2017}}), and Rs. 93.07 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|93.07|USD|2017}}) for Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu respectively.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=58}}}}

A 2017 study found that some 60% of the plantation labour jobs in the Darjeeling area were held by women.{{Sfn|Taylor|Taylor|2017|p=96}} The protection and economic development of the tea labour force was one of the motivations for India's enactment of the [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999]]. According to a 2017 study, "India has pursued the recognition of iconic brands, not only to create market share but also to recognise the value of the GI system to encourage development in poor, rural regions with high unemployment rates. This is consistent with the broad [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] objective to encourage trade liberalisation in developing countries to reduce poverty."{{Sfn|Taylor|Taylor|2017|p=96}} Darjeeling tea was given GI recognition in Europe in spite of some [[European Union]] member nations objecting to the use of the indication for blended tea.{{Sfn|Marie-Vivien|2017|p=238}} It was recognized in US Geographical Indication mark, "DARJEELING, Registration No. 1,632,726."{{Sfn|Gervais|Slider|2017|p=32}}
[[File:Darjeeling Tea Cultivation Area 1951 to 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Area of cultivation of Darjeeling tea in [[hectare]]s ([[acre]]s) from 1951 to 2014]]

Tea is produced in the Darjeeling hills and farther below in two different forms. Orthodox tea looks like the twisted and dried version of the green leaves on the bushes.{{efn|Citing 2017 data, a 2021 study recorded the number of tea estates in the Darjeeling hills to be 81, but their yields per {{Convert|1|hectare|acre}} were generally less than {{Convert|1500|kg|lb}}.}} The Darjeeling sub-division of the Darjeeling hills had 46 tea estates in 2017, producing mostly orthodox tea. This is commonly exported and is some of the world's most expensive.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=9}}{{Sfn|Besky|2020|pp=6–7}} In the [[crush, tear, curl]], or CTC version, which is commonly grown in the Kurseong sub-division (with 29 tea estates), and the Kalimpong (with 6),{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=9}} the tea leaves are mechanically manipulated, fired, and turned into tiny hard pellets that look like instant coffee.{{Sfn|Besky|2020|p=7}} Cheaply available, and boiled with milk and sugar, when CTC tea was introduced into the Indian market in the early 1950s, it turned India into a nation of tea drinkers.{{Sfn|Besky|2020|p=8}}

The area of cultivation of Darjeeling tea increased from 16,569 hectares (in 1951) to a high of 20,065 (in 1990) and dropped to 17,820 (in 2014) according to a 2021 study.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=28}} There were 99 tea estates in 1961; these increased until 1990 (when 102 were recorded) but dropped to 83 by 1995 and to 81 by 2014.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=29}} The 20% drop from 1990 to 1995 was attributed in the study to India's economic liberalisation which came into force in the very early 1990s.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=29}} A 2017 study similarly reported the Indian tea industry to have been adversely affected by price drops after India's economic liberalisation in the 1990s.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} Darjeeling tea garden owners invested their [[economic surplus|surplus]]es in more profitable industries elsewhere,{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} causing a decline in productivity in the local tea industry.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} The [[Tea Board of India]] estimated {{Convert|7010000|kg|lb}} of Darjeeling tea was produced in 2021; this constitutes about 0.5% of total {{Convert|1343060000|kg|lb}} produced in India.<ref name="teaboard.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=State/region wise and month wise tea production data for the year 2021 |author=Tea Board of India |url=https://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Production_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713223725/https://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Production_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Tourism===

Darjeeling has two peak tourism seasons, September to November and April to May.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|p=107}} A 2014 study suggested that domestic tourism is the foundation of the city's vacation business.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}} The [[Chowrasta (Darjeeling)|Chowrasta]] is a popular shopping and gathering area where a tourist might get their picture taken dressed in colourful and rustic local clothes.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}} The tea plantations below are particularly visited by foreign tourists.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}} Old bungalows in some plantations have been converted to deluxe lodgings in which rooms rent out dearly by any global standard.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}} Some tourists hold dear the escape to a peaceful, unspoilt, and picturesque landscape evoked in [[Satyajit Ray]]'s 1962-film ''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjungha]]''.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}}
{{Multiple image
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| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Terraced gardens in Rock Garden, Darjeeling, India.jpg
| caption1 = A terraced rock garden in Darjeeling
| image2 = Buddhist view.jpg
| caption2 = The Japanese [[Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling]] during rain
}}
Darjeeling had become an important tourist destination as early as 1860.{{Sfn|Lamb|1986|p=71}} Since India's economic liberalisation in 1991, tourism in Darjeeling has become cheaper, and Darjeeling, once considered a luxury destination, has become accessible to [[mass tourism]].{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} A 2016 study recorded the tourist influx into Darjeeling between 2009 and 2014 as ranging from a low of 243,255 individuals in the 2010–2011 season to a high of 488,675 in 2012–2013; the large majority were domestic tourists, with foreign tourists never comprising more than 35,000 annual visitors.{{Sfn|Samanta|Koner|2016|p=52}}

Darjeeling can be reached by the [[narrow-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]] [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] (DHR) which travels a route {{Cvt|88|km|mi}} long from Siliguri.{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=584}} Pulled by steam [[locomotive]]s, it moves at speeds of between {{Convert|20|km|mi}} and {{Convert|25|km|mi}} per hour.{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=584}} Although the service was begun in the 19th century to move humans and freight efficiently, its primary clients today are tourists who are availing themselves of the opportunity to experience the [[mobilities]] of travel of a bygone era.{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|pp=585–588, 590–592}} After an international and national campaign for its support, the railway was declared a [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] by [[UNESCO]] in December 1999 at the 23rd Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Morocco.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aygen |first=Zeynep |title=International Heritage and Historic Building Conservation: Saving the World's Past |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Studies in Heritage Series |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-88814-1 |page=159 |quote=The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society was formed in 1997 in London to demonstrate both international and national concern in India about plans to close the historic Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in the early 1990s. This led directly to the railway being inscribed by UNESCO in 1999 as a World Heritage Site.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=585}} In ''Notes on Defining the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: World Heritage Property'', Unpublished manuscript. The DHR Archive, Kurseong, 2005, K. Weise had written:

<blockquote>The railway begins on the plains of West Bengal and soon begins climbing through a remnant of lowland jungle, including stands of teak. As the railway climbs, so the flora changes and its upper sections are dominated by enormous Himalayan pines, which in misty weather give a surreal quality to the landscape. It frequently hugs the ages of hillsides with drops, often of thousands of feet, to the plains and valleys below. Towering over the entire scene is the perennially snow-covered bulk of Kanchenjungha. ... From Kurseong the railway offers frequent views of this stupendous mountain, which by Ghoom dominates the entire landscape.{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=554}}</blockquote>

In a 1999 study, it was thought the tourist influx into Darjeeling had been adversely affected by the political instability in the region, including agitations in the 1980s.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=66}} According to a 2018 study, tourism in Darjeeling is limited to a small area of the town so its effect on local employment is inadequate for alleviating Darjeeling's high unemployment rate.{{Sfn|Chettri|2018|pp=151–152}} According to the author, "The majority of the employees and almost all of the top ranking officers in West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation are Bengalis; locals generally get employed as photographers, drivers, and guides."{{Sfn|Chettri|2018|pp=151–152}}

== Utilities ==
[[File:Map of Senchal Lakes, the water supply source in relation to Darjeeling.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|'''Map 2''': A schematic map showing the [[Senchal Lake]]s in relation to Darjeeling]]
The chief [[catchment area]] for Darjeeling municipality's water is the [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]], located approximately {{Convert|11|km|mi}} to the southeast, covering an area of {{Convert|37.97|km2|mi2}} and lying between {{Convert|1500|m|ft}} and {{Convert|2600|m|ft}} in altitude.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=372}} Natural springs in the sanctuary, not all perennial, are the main source of the water supply.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | pp=370–372}} The steep slopes of the surrounding ridges (at inclines of between 20° and 48°) can lead to high surface run-off, subsequent absorption, and collection of water in partially confined spaces.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=370}} Upon reaching a critical volume, this groundwater can surge out as seasonal springs.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=370}} Water collected from 26 perennial and seasonal springs is routed through stone conduits to the [[Senchal Lake]]s (Map 2) constructed in 1910 and 1932. From Senchal the water is piped to the town after purification at a filtration plant in [[Jorebungalow]].{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=372}} There are a combined {{Convert|35|km|mi}} of pipes transporting water from Senchal to Darjeeling, and a further {{Convert|83|km|mi}} in the [[water distribution system]] within Darjeeling.{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} In the months before the monsoon during which water in the Senchal lakes is reduced, it is augmented by pumping water electrically from another reservoir located near [[Khong Khola]].{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=372}}

A 2012 report of the Darjeeling Municipality Waterworks Department stated that from the 1930s little or no maintenance had been undertaken on the water pipeline from Senchal.{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} Engineers in the department suggested that there might be up to 35% transmission loss, and more within Darjeeling.{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} Once in Darjeeling, the water is distributed along the colonial pattern, first serving more expensive and sought-after uphill neighbourhoods and then the low-income downhill ones, which have more restricted access to the supply.{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} The system was designed to serve a population of up to 20,000 individuals. Between 1911 and 2011, there had been a six-fold increase in the population of the municipality, not including the large number of transients such as students, migrant workers, and tourists (see [[:File:Darjeeling Municipality 10-yearly census data from 1881 to 2011.jpg|Figure 1]]).{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} Increasing demand has led to a worsening shortfall in the water supply.{{Sfn|Koner|Samanta|2021|p=}} As a result, many residents have to purchase water from private vendors who either supply it in water tankers or in hand-pushed carts; they sometimes collect the water from the local ''jhora'' or springs. (see [[:File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg|Map 1]]).{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=374}} Larger private businesses are involved in supplying households but do so at a substantially higher cost.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=374}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400
| align = left
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Senchal WLS.jpg
| caption1 = [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]], during a downpour, July 2011
| image2 = Darjeeling India truck delivering water May 2009.jpg
| caption2 = A water tanker delivering water in Darjeeling, May 2009
}}
As of 2020, every day 30 [[metric tonnes]] of [[solid waste]] are generated in Darjeeling, and during the peak tourist seasons, the amount goes up to 50 metric tonnes.{{Sfn|Dutta|Ghosh|Debnath|Ghosh|2020|pp=661–662}} Bulk waste, which is chiefly produced in [[residential area]]s, markets and hotels, is deposited in common dumping areas from which it is taken in [[tractor-trailer]]s to dumping grounds.{{Sfn|Dutta|Ghosh|Debnath|Ghosh|2020|pp=661–662}} Open dumping, which is the disposal of waste in sites not designed for waste management, is commonly practiced, and has created economic and social tensions in Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Dutta|Ghosh|Debnath|Ghosh|2020|pp=661–662}}

In 1897 Darjeeling became the first town in India to be supplied by [[hydroelectricity]], which was generated at the nearby [[Sidrapong Hydel Power Station]]; it was primarily for use in street lighting and private houses.{{efn|"Crompton helped Darjeeling to earn the distinction of possessing India's first water-turbine-driven hydroelectric generating station. The power station was situated at Sidrapong (1897) and at the heart of this were two turbo-dynamos of 100 HP each situated between the hospital and the Kotwalla ''jhora'' (spring), about 3 miles from the town and 3,500 feet lower. The plant was intended primarily for street lighting and private houses."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Suvobrata |title=Let there be Light: Engineering, Entrepreneurship and Electricity in Colonial Bengal, 1880–1945 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-108-83598-5 |pages=121–122}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradnock |first=Robert W |others=Cartography by Catherine Lawrence |title=The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs |publisher=Routledge |page=73 |isbn=978-0-415-54512-9 |year=2016 |quote=India's first hydro-power plant, located near Darjiling (Darjeeling), started production in 1897.}}</ref> Today, electricity is supplied by the [[West Bengal State Electricity Board]] from other locations.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Awasthi |first1=Shambhu Ratan |last2=Pandey |first2=Shiv Vishal |title=Renewable Energy from Small & Micro Hydro Projects: Practical Aspects and Case Studies |date=24 March 2021 |pages=25–26 |publisher=TERI: The Energy and Resources Institute |isbn=978-93-8653-092-9}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Transport ==
{{Further|Transport in Darjeeling}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Darjeeling street (8131988436).jpg
| caption1 = Walking and taxis are the two main forms of getting around.
| image2 = GTA-Battery powered taxis Darjeeling 2015.jpg
| caption2 = [[Golf cart]]-style battery-powered taxi, 2015
}}
Darjeeling has two major [[arterial road]]s: Hill Cart Road—which is a continuation of [[National Highway 110 (India)|National Highway 110]] connecting Siliguri at the base of the Darjeeling hills to Darjeeling—and Lebong Cart Road (see [[:File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg|Map 1]]).{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=490}} The average width of Darjeeling's roads in 2018 was between {{Convert|6|m|ft}} and {{Convert|7|m|ft}}.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}} According to a Darjeeling Municipality report of 2008, a little over half (55%) of Darjeeling's roads were both metalled (paved with [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]], or bitumen) and motorable; the rest were too narrow to admit traffic whether concrete roads or [[dirt road|unpaved]].{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=490}} There were three parking areas that were not located on the street and 13 on-street. Illegal parking along narrow roads has created congestion for both pedestrians and wheeled transport.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}}

As of 2018, Darjeeling had no public transport system of buses.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}} Less than one in 20 residents owned any form of vehicular transport, two-wheeled or four.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}} For both locals and tourists motorized travel was limited to six- or eight-seater [[paratransit]] taxis that have no set routes or timetables. Passengers embark and disembark in the central shopping district of the city, making the area both congested and polluted.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}} In 2015, in an attempt to tackle the pollution, the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA), which governs the district, introduced three battery-powered street-legal [[golf-cart]]-taxis on a trial basis. The taxis had cost approximately [[Rupees]] 36 [[lakh]] (or $14,670 in the 2015 exchange rate) per vehicle.<ref name=telegraph-battery-powered/> Although the vehicles were factory-designed for a battery life of {{Convert|60|km|mi}} before requiring a recharge, their batteries were found to run out in {{Convert|5|km|mi}}. Chalking up the disparity to the challenges of Darjeeling's steep streets, and the lack of mechanics to correct the malfunction, the administration withdrew the vehicles from the streets in 2016.<ref name=telegraph-battery-powered>{{Cite news |last=Chhetri |first=Vivek |newspaper=The Telegraph |title=Battery cars go off roads: GTA lacks mechanics to repair vehicles bought for Rs 36 lakh |date=10 May 2016 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/battery-cars-go-off-roads/cid/1524781 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713155504/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/battery-cars-go-off-roads/cid/1524781 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Darjeeling can be reached by motorized vehicles on National Highway 110, from Siliguri, {{Cvt|77|km|mi}} away.{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Venkatraman|Joshi|2008|p=578}} Darjeeling has road connections with [[Bagdogra]], [[Gangtok]] and [[Kathmandu]] and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong and Kalimpong.{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Venkatraman|Joshi|2008|p=578}} However, road and railway communications often get disrupted in the monsoons because of landslides.{{Sfn | Pal | Shaw | 2017 | pp=367–369}}{{Sfn | Mandal | Mondal | 2019 | p=8}} The nearest airport is [[Bagdogra Airport]], located {{Cvt|90|km|mi}} from Darjeeling.{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Venkatraman|Joshi|2008|p=578}}

== Culture ==
{{Further|Culture of Darjeeling}}
{{Multiple image |perrow=2
|total_width= 480
| image1 = Temple, Observatory Hill, Darjeeling.jpg
| caption1 = Prayer flags festoon the [[Mahakal Temple (Darjeeling)|Mahakal Temple]], built 1782|alt=A worshipper praying at a the shrine of Mahakal.. Several colourful flags on buntings are strung across poles in front of the shrine.
| image2 = St Andrews Church, Darjeeling.jpg
| caption2=[[St. Andrew's Church, Darjeeling]] (founded 1843) during a rare snowfall}}

The culture of Darjeeling is diverse and includes a variety of indigenous practices and festivals; it has a regional distinctness from the rest of India.{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | p=8}} Mixing and intermarriage between ethnic groups have led to hybrid cultural forms and practices.{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | p=8}}

Major festivals are [[Dashain]] ([[Vijayadashami]]), [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]] ([[Diwali]]), [[Holi]], [[Lakshmi Puja]],{{Sfn | West Bengal (India) | 1980 | p=126}} [[Maghe Sankranti]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://darjeeling.gov.in/festival/maghey-sakranti/ |title=Maghey Sankranti |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015403/https://darjeeling.gov.in/festival/maghey-sakranti/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Losar]], [[Buddha Jayanti]], and [[Christmas]]. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is followed by some ethnic groups such as Tibetans, Lepchas, Bhutias, Sherpas, [[Hyolmo people|Yolmos]], [[Gurung people|Gurungs]], and Tamangs; their common festivals are the Tibetan new year festival Losar,{{Sfn | West Bengal (India) | 1980 | p=123}} [[Saga Dawa]] and [[Tendong Lho Rumfaat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://garlandmag.com/article/saga-dawa-the-blessing-of-the-scriptures/ |title=Saga Dawa: The blessing of the scriptures |last=Agrawal |first=Shruti |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=5 February 2022 |publisher=Garland Magazine |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205185634/https://garlandmag.com/article/saga-dawa-the-blessing-of-the-scriptures/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=darjonlinefestivals>{{Cite web |url=https://www.darjeelingonline.in/city-guide/festivals-of-darjeeling |title=Festivals of Darjeeling |publisher=Darjeeling Online |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015402/https://www.darjeelingonline.in/city-guide/festivals-of-darjeeling |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kirati people|Kirati]] ethnic group [[Rai people|Rais]], [[Limbu people|Limbus]], [[Sunuwar people|Sunuwars]] and [[Yakkha people|Yakkhas]] celebrate [[Udhauli]] and [[Ubhauli]] as their main festival.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ecsas2021.univie.ac.at/panels/s1eqe/ |title=Cultural Flows in the Singalila Borderlands Trans-Border Linkages in East-Nepal, Sikkim and Darjeeling |publisher=European Association for South Asian Studies |work=ECSAS 26th European Conference on South Asian Studies |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531181033/https://ecsas2021.univie.ac.at/panels/s1eqe/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Popular [[Hindu deities]] are [[Durga]], [[Kali]], and [[Shiva]]; other deities with both Hindu and Buddhist influences, such as [[Manjushri]] and [[Matsyendranatha|Macchindranāth]], are popular among [[Newar people]], and [[Gorakhnath]], and worshipped by Gorkhas.{{Sfn | West Bengal (India) | 1980 | p=123}} The [[Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling|Mahakal Temple]] on Observatory Hill is a pilgrimage site for Hindu and Buddhists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/67546/mahakal-mandir-darjeeling |title=There is much more to the queen of hill stations than clock towers, post offices, toy tra\ins and tea. Welcome to the land of pious pleasure and holiness...on a height! |last=Chodon |first=Thinley |work=Outlook Traveller |date=21 June 2018 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131434/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/67546/mahakal-mandir-darjeeling |url-status=live }}</ref> Followers of Tibetan Buddhism, or [[Lama]]ism, have established several ''[[gompa]]'' or [[Buddhist monasticism|monasteries]].{{Sfn | West Bengal (India) | 1980 | p=123}} [[Ghoom Monastery]] (8 km or 5 miles from the town), [[Bhutia Busty monastery]], and [[Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery|Mag-Dhog Yolmowa]] preserve ancient Buddhist scripts. A [[Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling|Peace Pagoda]] was built in 1992 by the Japanese Buddhist organisation [[Nipponzan Myohoji]].<ref name="outlooktraveller 2018">{{Cite web |title=A Peace Pagoda Pathway: Discover The Lesser-Seen Locations Around India |work=Outlook Traveller |date=5 September 2018 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69012/a-peace-pagoda-pathway-discover-the-lesser-seen-locations-around-india |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213195156/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69012/a-peace-pagoda-pathway-discover-the-lesser-seen-locations-around-india |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre]], Tibetan crafts like carpets, wood and leather work are displayed.

The Darjeeling Initiative, a civil society movement, holds the ten-day [[Darjeeling Carnival]]; it celebrates Darjeeling Hill's musical and cultural heritage each year usually in November.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=S.S. |last=Chattopadhyay |date=December 2003 |title=The spirit of Darjeeling |journal=Frontline |volume=20 |issue=25 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm |access-date=1 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107132238/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> A literary culture has matured in the Nepali-speaking population of the Darjeeling region; in 2013, [[Asit Rai]], a resident and Nepali-language writer, was elected to the [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour of India's National Academy of Letters.<ref name=sahitya-akademi>{{Cite web |last=Sahitya Akademi |title=Sahitya Akademi Fellowship: Fellows |publisher=Sahitya Akademi, National Academy of Letters, India |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/fellows/sahitya_akademi_fellowship.jsp |access-date=7 July 2022 |quote=The highest honour conferred by the Akademi on a writer is by electing him as its Fellow. This honour is reserved for 'the immortals of literature' and limited to twenty-one (individuals) only at any given time. ... 2013: Sri Asit Rai (1940–2019)}}</ref>

According to a 2017 study, Western music has long been popular in Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Liechty|2017|p=147}} In the "lively hippie music scene" in Kathmandu in the late 1960s, some of the earliest "Western pop performers" were from Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Liechty|2017|p=147}} The earliest Nepali-led hotel bands were from Darjeeling and many among them had played in hotels in Calcutta before.{{Sfn|Liechty|2017|p=147}} A 2004 study suggested that one possible reason for such leadership might have been that many Nepalis in Darjeeling had become Christians and were no longer bound by Hindu caste prejudices in which "musical performance is associated with low caste standing".{{Sfn|Liechty|2017|p=147}} By the early 1990s, a common middle-class western popular music culture was much in evidence among the young people of Kathmandu, Nepal and the Nepalese-speaking youth in Darjeeling.{{efn|The author of a 2004 study recalled that at a 1991 Kathmandu "Rock and Roll Music Festival", an accomplished band, the "Hell Riders", from Darjeeling had star billing.{{Sfn|Liechty|2003|pp=196–197}} The crowd became restless when the group played music that appealed to an older audience ([[The Doors]], [[The Rolling Stones]], and [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]]), but sang along when they switched to contemporary popular groups like [[AC/DC]] and [[Bon Jovi]].{{Sfn|Liechty|2003|pp=196–197}}}}{{Sfn|Liechty|2003|pp=196–197}}

[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most popular sport in Darjeeling; the annual Gold Cup tournament was once a favourite event in the hills. An improvised form of ball made of rubber bands is often used for playing in the steep streets, and is known as [[Chungi]].<ref name="Nepali Times">{{Cite web |title=Chungi on the Chowrasta- Nepali Times |website=Nepali Times |date=1 December 2005 |url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=9219#.Yg5O9E3MK3A |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531170100/http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=9219#.Yg5O9E3MK3A |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Bal |title=Darjeeling – Games We Played |website=The Darjeeling Chronicle |date=9 March 2019 |url=https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/darjeeling-games-we-played/ |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217133744/https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/darjeeling-games-we-played/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Colonial architecture is exemplified in Darjeeling by cottages, [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] churches,<ref name="HTbuildings">{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling's British legacy: A journey in time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darjeeling-s-british-legacy-a-journey-in-time/story-7hPeYh3E6MvdCISrqNDUzM.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=11 June 2017 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darjeeling-s-british-legacy-a-journey-in-time/story-7hPeYh3E6MvdCISrqNDUzM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Darjeeling Planters' Club|Planters' Club]],<ref name="The Statesman 2020">{{Cite web |title=Planters Club members want lost glory back |website=The Statesman |date=14 February 2020 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/planters-club-members-want-lost-glory-back-1502855976.html |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213165754/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/planters-club-members-want-lost-glory-back-1502855976.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Raj Bhavan, Darjeeling|Raj Bhawan]] and various educational institutions.<ref name="archi">{{Cite web |title=Transformation of Architectural Character of Darjeeling |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145361 |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Suryendu |last2=Garg |first2=Pushplata |date=November 2016 |access-date=12 February 2022 |work=Urban heritage conservation of Colonial hill stations of India: A case of Darjeeling.}}</ref>{{Sfn | Bhattacharya | 2013 | p=442–461}}

===Food===
{{Multiple image |direction=vertical
|total_width= 280| image1 = Under the watchful eyes! (8169221693).jpg | caption1 = [[Momo (food)|Momos]] in a roadside stall
| image2 = Tongba at Hot Stimulating Cafe (2).jpg| caption2 = Fermented [[Tongba]]}}

The traditional dietary culture of Darjeeling has much in common with that of the Darjeeling hills, though urbanisation has affected the food habits throughout the region. A mug of tea with milk, with or without sugar, is traditionally the first drink of the day. [[Butter tea]], made from [[Compressed tea|compressed tea leaves]], butter, water, milk and salt is a popular delicacy.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}} The staple diet is eaten twice a day. The food in these regions is less spicy, cooked with either little or no oil, and semi-boiled. The first meal is eaten in the morning with cooked rice, [[dal]], cooked vegetables mixed with potatoes, some fermented meat or milk products—[[Dahi (curd)|dahi]], or yoghurt; [[Mattha|mohi]], which is spicy buttermilk; and ''[[chhurpi]]'', a kind of hard cheese made from [[cow]] or [[yak]] milk—and pickles commonly called [[Dal bhat|bhat-dal-tharkari-achar]]. The second meal is dinner in the early evening, which consists of the same bhat-dal-tharkari-achar. Bhutia and Lepcha usually eat [[thukpa]] noodles in soup.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

Traditionally, the people of the region have preferred cooked rice as the staple; however, [[roti]] made of wheat is also popular, mostly among the urban population. Cooked ground maize is sometimes eaten as staple food mostly in rural areas, where it might be eaten with mohi and [[gundruk]], a fermented vegetable.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}} [[Goyang (fermented food)|Goyang]], another fermented food, is made from the leaves of a local wild plant, abundantly available during the monsoon. The leaves are fermented for a month and then consumed for several months afterwards. Boiled with yak meat or beef to make a hearty thukpa soup, it is commonly prepared in Sherpa homes though seldom sold.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

Some ethnic foods have cultural value in festivals. Celebration of festivals with the consumption of [[sel roti]], a fermented cereal-based fried doughnut-like confectionery, is a custom of the Gorkha. Dahi, a fermented milk product, is consumed as a savoury addition to daily diets.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}} It is also used by the Gorkha to make a paste with rice and food colour for applying to the foreheads of the younger members of the family by their elders during festivals and marriages. Alcoholic drinks can have a similar dual purpose; in addition to being consumed directly they are offered to gods and in the [[veneration of the dead]]. In some communities, they have been employed in [[spirit possession]] rituals.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

Some [[Brahmin]] Gorkhas are vegetarians. [[Non-vegetarian]]s eat chicken, mutton, buffalo, and pork. Beef is taboo to a majority of the Gorkha except for Tamang and Sherpa. Newar prefers buffalo meat.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}} About two-thirds of people prepare ethnic fermented foods at home for consumption. Cooking is usually done by women. Traditionally members of the family sit together on bamboo mats in the kitchen, and meals are served by the female members of the family and then usually eaten by hand, though chopsticks made of bamboo are commonly used by the Bhutia and Tibetans. Plates are made of brass or have a thin layer of brass.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

Popular alcoholic beverages sold in Darjeeling include ''[[tongba]]'', ''Jnaard'' (pronounced as Jaar) and ''[[chhaang]]'', variations of a local beer made from fermenting [[finger millet]].{{Sfn|Tamang|Sarkar|Hesseltine|1988|p=382}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Tibetan-English Dictionary |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |year=1881 |isbn=978-81-208-0321-3 |edition=1987 reprint |page=341 |author=H. Ä. Jaschke |place=Delhi}}</ref> A popular food in Darjeeling is the ''[[momo (food)|momo]]'', a steamed dumpling containing pork, beef, chicken or vegetables (cabbage or potatoes) cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with watery soup. [[Wai-Wai (food)|Wai-Wai]] is a packaged snack consisting of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

== Education ==
{{Multiple image|total_width=280|direction=vertical
|image1=Darjeeling India march for increased water supply May 10 2007.jpg
|alt2=
|caption1=Students join a march for increased water supply in Darjeeling, May 2007
|image2=Darjeeling-32-Gruppe tibetischer Schueler-1976-gje.jpg
|alt1=
|caption2=Primary school children in 1976
}}
A study conducted between 2012 and 2014 observed that the elite schools established in Darjeeling during the late 19th century for the education of British children{{efn|In the mid-to-late-1800s, missionaries had established schools, churches and welfare centres for British residents.{{Sfn|Zivkovic|2014|p=9}}}} were offering English-medium instruction of high quality to Indian children.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} The [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] boys' school, [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling|St Joseph's]] (usually called North Point), the Anglican boarding school for boys, [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling|St Paul's]], the co-educational [[Methodism|Methodist]] school [[Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling|Mount Hermon]], and the Catholic girls' school [[Loreto Convent, Darjeeling|Loreto Convent]] (see [[:File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg|Map 1]]) were attracting students from faraway places, including Burma and Thailand.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} North Point and Loreto had established colleges, [[St Joseph's College, Darjeeling|St. Joseph's College]] and [[Loreto College, Darjeeling|Loreto College]] (now [[Southfield College]]); these along with the [[Darjeeling Government College]], a co-educational college founded in 1948, made up the three colleges of Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} All were affiliated to [[University of North Bengal]] in [[Siliguri]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Darjeeling MLA Amar Singh Rai is "son of soil" nominee |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-mla-amar-singh-rai-is-son-of-soil-nominee/cid/1686723 |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=The Telegraph |date=12 March 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430130509/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-mla-amar-singh-rai-is-son-of-soil-nominee/cid/1686723 |url-status=live }}</ref> The same study suggested that the private schools were no longer catering only to children of the affluent.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} Some lower-middle-class families in Darjeeling were sending their children to North Point and Loreto, despite their high fees, in order to give them better future opportunities.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}}

By 2014, colleges had increased the enrollment of students from rural backgrounds.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} In fields such as engineering and computer science, the local colleges, however, were less able to offer the professional training or career placement facilities of India's growth centres, which had caused some students to leave Darjeeling after high school.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=534–535}}

In the Darjeeling municipality in 2003–2004, there were 16,015 students in [[education in India#Primary education|primary schools]], 5,169 in [[Education in India#12th (senior secondary or Intermediate Course) exam|higher-secondary schools]], and 3,825 in [[Education in India#Higher education|colleges and universities]].{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|p=55}} According to a 2013 study, few students attended college for there seemed little scope for realizing "middle-class aspirations in Darjeeling through educational credentials".{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|p=55}} It noted that the fees in the better-funded private colleges, although affordable for the upper-level government officials or successful businesspersons, were too high for the lower-middle-classes in town.{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|pp=56–57}} This put pressure on the only affordable college, the government college in the town's centre.{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|pp=56–57}} It was lower-priced but poorly funded, with broken windows, leaking roofs, and absent teachers, causing the students to feel neglected and affecting their attendance.{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|pp=56–57}} The teachers for their part were unable to meet the extra demands placed on them.{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|pp=56–57}}

A 2022 study noted that among the population of Darjeeling that lives in slums (comprising 11.72% of the city's population as per the 2011 census), 13% had finished primary school but had gone no further, 45% had finished high school (grade 10) but no further, 13% had finished higher-secondary (grade 10+2), and 10% had been to college.<ref name = chhetri-slums-education>{{Cite journal |last=Chhetri |first=Bishal |title=Assessing the urban sustainability of the slum settlements in the hill resorts of India: a case study of Darjeeling town |date=3 August 2022 |doi=10.1007/s10708-022-10728-y |pages=11–12 |journal=GeoJournal |volume=88 |issue=2 |publisher=Springer Nature |s2cid=251331284}}</ref> A 2018 study reported that the water crisis in the Darjeeling town has especially affected adolescent girl students who go to government schools.{{Sfn|Koner|2018|pp=95–95}} Many do not have [[WASH|access to hygiene facilities such as toilets and bathrooms]], either in their homes or at school, particularly for [[Menstrual hygiene management#Sanitation facilities at schools|hygiene management]] during [[menstruation]]. The study found that most toilets in government schools were not usable and that no government schools had "proper sanitary facilities for girls. There is no system of water in the toilets and no arrangement for cleaning the toilets daily." It stated that many girls do not drink water during the day for fear of having to use the school toilets.{{Sfn|Koner|2018|pp=95–95}}

Most tea plantations make no more than lower primary school instruction available on site.{{Sfn|Lama|2022|p=345}} As a result, tea garden workers have typically had fewer opportunities for education.{{Sfn|Lama|2022|p=338}} As of 2022, a little over a third of the female workforce and half the male were educated up to grade 8. The workers attributed this to their tea garden's remoteness and lack of means in the family during their childhood.{{Sfn|Lama|2022|p=338}} Some families have raised chickens or livestock or opened a [[corner shop]] to make more money; their children have gone to nearby towns to study in private schools in which the medium of instruction is English, which is thought to offer better career opportunities.{{Sfn|Lama|2022|p=345}} The Nepali language was accepted as a teaching language in all primary schools with a Nepali-speaking majority in the Darjeeling district in 1935.{{Sfn|Gellner|2014|pp= 138–140|ps=. "Nepali [...] was accepted as the teaching language for all primary schools with a Nepali majority in Darjeeling district in 1935, as a national literary language in 1973 and as a national language of India by inclusion in Schedule Eight of the Constitution in 1992."}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist
| colwidth = 30em
}}

=== General and cited references ===


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* {{Cite book |last1=Spate |first1=O. H. K |last2=Learmonth |first2=A. T. A |author1-link=Oskar Spate |title=India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography |series=Routledge Library Editions: British in India Series, Volume 12 |location=London and New York; originally London |publisher=Routledge; originally, Methuen and Co. Ltd |year=2017|orig-year=1967 |isbn=978-1-138-29063-1}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Susanne |last2=Taylor |first2=Madeline |chapter=The Aroma of Opportunity: The Potential of Wine Geographical Indications in the Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement |publisher=Springer International Publishing AG |year=2017 |editor1-first=William van |editor1-last=Caenegem |editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=Cleary |title=The Importance of Place: Geographical Indications as a Tool for Local and Regional Development |series=Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 58 |pages=81–107 |isbn=978-3-319-53072-7 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-53073-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thakur |first1=Alok Kumar |last2=Das |first2=Aparna |last3=Kumar |first3=Manish |chapter=Vulnerability and Resilience Status of River Systems of North-Eastern India: A Special Reference to Brahmaputra |editor1-last=Mukherjee |editor1-first=Abhijit |title=Riverine Systems: Understanding the Hydrological Hydosocial and Hydro-heritage Dynamics |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-87066-9 |year=2022}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thapa |first1=Namrata |last2=Tamang |first2=Jyoti Prakash |author2-link=Jyoti Prakash Tamang |chapter=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of Sikkim and Darjeeling Hills (Gorkhaland Territorial Administration) |pages=479–537 |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |editor-last=Tamang |editor-first=Jyoti Prakash |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2020 |isbn=978-981-15-1485-2|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1486-9_18|s2cid=216295554 }}
* {{Cite book |author=West Bengal (India) |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Darjeeling |publisher=West Bengal District Gazetteers |series=Gazetteer of India |year=1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08794 |access-date=5 February 2022 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Zivkovic |first=Tanya |title=Death and Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism: In-between bodies |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism Series |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-83067-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Zurick |first1=David |last2=Pacheco |first2=Julsun |others=Basanta Shrestha & Birendra Bajracharya |year=2006 |title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya |location=Lexington |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-7384-9 |oclc=704517519}}
{{Refend}}

==== Journals ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Besky |first=Sarah |title=Fixity: On the inheritance and maintenance of tea plantation houses in Darjeeling, India |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=617–361 |issn=0094-0496 |doi=10.1111/amet.12561 |year=2017}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nandini |title=Leisure, economy and colonial urbanism: Darjeeling, 1835–1930 |journal=Urban History |volume=40 |issue=3 |date=1 August 2013 |pages=442–461 |pmid=24273391 |doi=10.1017/S0963926813000394 |pmc=3837203}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Trent |last2=Scrase |first2=Timothy J. |last3=Ganguly-Scrase |first3=Ruchira |title=Globalised dreams, local constraints: migration and youth aspirations in an Indian regional town |journal=Children's Geographies |volume=15 |issue=5 |year=2017 |pages=531–544 |doi=10.1080/14733285.2016.1274948 |s2cid=152220638}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Atis |year=1999 |title=Ethnic Problems and Movements for Autonomy in Darjeeling |periodical=Social Scientist |volume=27 |issue=11–12 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.2307/3518047 |jstor=3518047 }}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Deuchar |first=Andrew|title=Middle class youth and education in neoliberal India [Thesis] |publisher=Australian Catholic University |doi=10.4226/66/5a963000c689e |url=https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a963000c689e |year=2013 |type=Thesis |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015408/https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/88406/middle-class-youth-and-education-in-neoliberal-india |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Koner |first1=Kaberi |last2=Samanta |first2=Gopa |title='Where does water go'? A critical analysis of nature of water crisis in Darjeeling city, India |journal=Applied Water Science |volume=11 |issue=12 |date=6 November 2021 |page=184 |issn=2190-5487 |doi=10.1007/s13201-021-01523-0 |bibcode=2021ApWS...11..184K |s2cid=243767248|doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Koner |first=Kabita |title=Sanitation and Hygiene of Darjeeling City: A Crisis for Women and Adolescent Girls |journal=Space and Culture, India |issn=2052-8396 |volume=5 |issue=3 |year=2018 |doi=10.20896/saci.v5i3.292 |pages=89–105|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lama |first1=Mahendra P. |last2=Rai |first2=Roshan P. |title=Chokho Pani: An Interface Between Religion and Environment in Darjeeling |journal=Himalaya |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2016 |url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/13/ |issn=1935-2212 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712041422/https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/13/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Nag |first1=Dipanjan |last2=Paul |first2=Subrata Kr. |last3=Saha |first3=Swati |last4=Goswami |first4=Arkopal K. |title=Sustainability assessment for the transportation environment of Darjeeling, India |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=213 |year=2018 |pages=489–502 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.042 |pmid=29398182 |bibcode=2018JEnvM.213..489N }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Sujama |last2=Hannam |first2=Kevin |title=Embodying the Mobilities of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway |journal=Mobilities |year=2013 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=580–593 |doi=10.1080/17450101.2012.745695 |s2cid=144614737}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Samanta |first1=Gopa |last2=Koner |first2=Kaberi |title=Urban political ecology of water in Darjeeling, India |journal=South Asian Water Studies|volume=6 |issue=1, Special Issue on Urbanization and Periurbanization: Challenges for Water Governance in South Asia |year=2016 |pages=42–57 |url=http://saciwaters.org/sawasj.php |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427084347/http://saciwaters.org/sawasj.php |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Scrase |first1=Timothy J. |last2=Ganguly-Scrase |first2=Ruchira |last3=Deuchar |first3=Andrew |title=Young men, education and ethnicity in contemporary Darjeeling |journal=South Asia Research |doi=10.1177/0262728015615487 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=98–114 |year=2016 |s2cid=151733116}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tamang |first1=Jyoti P. |last2=Sarkar |first2=Prabir K. |last3=Hesseltine |first3=Clifford W. |doi=10.1002/jsfa.2740440410 |year=1988 |title=Traditional Fermented Foods and Beverages of Darjeeling |periodical=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=375–385 |url=http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071349/http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://darjeeling.gov.in/public-utility/darjeeling-municipality/ Darjeeling Municipality]


{{Subject bar
|b =
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|n = yes
|q = yes
|s = yes
|species =
|v = yes
|voy = yes
|wikt = yes
}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Darjeeling District}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Darjeeling| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Gundeninda Gudigantalu

2026-03-20T09:14:06Z

Meraki03: creating

{{Short description|2023 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Romance film|Romance]]|Drama|Family}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
| director = Jai R V Akhil Kurapaati Bairi Naresh Goud
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 640 
| producer = Gutta Venkateshwara Rao
| creator = Gutta Venkateshwara Rao
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2023|10|02|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| open_theme =
}}

'''''Gundeninda Gudigantalu''''' ({{translation|''Heartful Bells''}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language]] romantic drama television series airing on [[Star Maa]]. It is an official remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=స్టార్ మాలో సరికొత్త సీరియల్.. గుండె నిండా గుడిగంటలు.. ఆ రోజు నుంచే.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-maa-new-serial-gunde-ninda-gudi-gantalu-to-telecast-from-october-2nd-121695988807460.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101031611/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-maa-new-serial-gunde-ninda-gudi-gantalu-to-telecast-from-october-2nd-121695988807460.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Hindustan Times Telugu |language=te}}</ref> It stars Vishnukanth and [[Amulya Gowda]] in lead roles.

== Plot ==
The series centers on the unexpected marriage of Meena, the eldest daughter from a lower-class family, and Balu, a taxi driver struggling with alcoholism.

Circumstances force Meena, with traditional familial values, into marriage with Balu, who is more unconventional. With an aversion to love, he and Meena are introduced into their contrasting worlds. Balu's struggles with alcoholism and family conflict contrast with Meena's familial harmony while working at her family's flower shop. Together, they face challenges like Gaja, a predatory loan shark with eyes on Meena, and financial challenges.

Satyam opts for Meena to marry Manoj instead of providing financial assistance, and complications arise as Balu's brother Manoj elopes with Shailaja. Conflict arises at the wedding with the revelation of Manoj's actions, leaving the family destitute and sparking violent confrontations.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Vishnukanth as Balasubramanyam alias Balu: Meena's husband; Prabavathi and Satyam's son; Manoj, Ravi and Mounika's brother; Sushila's grandson (2023-present)
** Pushkar as Young Balu
* [[Amulya Gowda]] as Meena: Balu's wife; Sambayya and Parvathi's daughter; Sumathi and Shiva's sister; Manoj's ex-fiancee (2023-present)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Anila Sreekumar]] as Prabavathi: Balu, Manoj, Ravi and Mounika's mother; Satyam's wife; Meena, Rohini, Sruthi and Sanju's mother-in-law (2023-present)
* Srikanth Hebligar as Satyam: Balu, Manoj, Ravi and Mounika's father; Prabavathi's husband; Meena, Rohini, Sruthi and Sanju's father-in-law; Sushila's son (2023-present)
* Yashwant Kanigiri as Manoj Kumar: Balu, Ravi and Mounika's elder brother; Prabavathi and Satyam's eldest son; Rohini's husband; Chintu's step-father; Meena's ex-fiance; Kalpana's former lover (2023-present)
** Roshan as Young Manoj (2023)
* Bobby as Ravi: Balu and Manoj's younger brother; Mounika's elder brother; Prabavathi and Satyam's youngest son; Sruthi's husband (2023-present)
* Tulasi Krishna (2023-2024) / Jyothika Poornima (2024-present) as Rohini alias Kalyani: Manoj's wife; Suguna's daughter; Chintu's mother
* Viharika Chowdary as Sruthi: Ravi's Wife; Surendra and Shobana's daughter; Sanju's ex-fiancee (2023-present)
* [[Dubbing Janaki]] as Sushila aka Sheela darling: Balu, Manoj, Ravi and Mounika's paternal grandmother; Satyam's mother (2023-present)
* [[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]] as Kamakshi: Prabavathi's best friend; Ranga's wife (2023-present)
* Jyothi Gowda as Mounika: Balu, Manoj and Ravi's younger sister; Sanju's wife; Prabavathi and Satyam's daughter (2023-present)
* Sujatha Reddy as Shobana: Sruthi's mother; Surendra's wife (2023-present)
* JL Srinivas as Surendra: Sruthi's father; Shobana's husband; Satyam's former boss (2023-present)
* Usha Sri as Parvathi: Meena, Sumathi and Shiva's mother; Balu's mother-in-law; Sambayya's wife (2023-present)
* Bharath as Shiva: Meena and Sumathi's brother; Balu's brother-in-law; Sambayya and Parvathi's son (2023-present)
* Prasanna as Sumathi: Meena and Shiva's sister; Balu's sister-in-law; Sambayya and Parvathi's younger daughter (2023-present)
* Bhanu Prakash as Sanju: Mounika's Husband; Sruthi's ex-fiance; Neelakantam and Suvarna's son (2024-present)
* Radha Krishna as Neelakantam: Sanju's father; Suvarna's husband; Kantham's brother (2024-present)
* Unknown as Suvarna: Sanju's mother Neelakantam's wife (2024-present)
* Bharadwaz Kundurthi as Gaja: a goon; Shiva's employer (2023-present)
* KK Naidu as Vardhan(Dinesh): Rohini's blackmailer (2023-present)
* Bus stop Koteswar Rao as Ranga: Satyam's colleague and best friend; Kamakshi's husband (2023-present)
* Bhagyashree as Kalpana: Manoj's former lover; a con artist (2023)
* Sreerama Chandra as Kalpana's boyfriend (2023)
* Yashodha Krishna as Rajesh: Balu's friend (2023-present)
* Chatrapathi Sekhar as Sambayya: Meena, Sumathi and Shiva's father; Sumitra's husband
* Umadevi Appala as Chandrakantham aka Kantham: Sanju's aunt; Neelakantam's sister (Special Appearance)

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]'' சிறகடிக்க ஆசை
|23 January 2023
|[[Star Vijay]]
| rowspan="5" |Ongoing
|Original
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Gundeninda Gudigantalu'' గుండెనిండా గుడిగంటలు
|2 October 2023
|[[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="6" |Remake
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Aase'' ಆಸೆ
|11 December 2023
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]'' ചെമ്പനീർ പൂവ്
|29 January 2024
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'' उडने की आशा
|12 March 2024
|[[StarPlus]]
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Sadhi Manasa]]'' साधी माणसं
|18 March 2024
|[[Star Pravah]]
|29 March 2026
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Uraan'' উড়ান
|27 May 2024
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|15 March 2025
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/gunde-ninda-gudi-gantalu/1260154100 ''Gundeninda Gudigantalu''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

Poola Rangadu (1967 film)

2026-03-19T22:43:18Z

Meraki03: started data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Poola Rangadu
| image = Poola Rangadu 1967 poster.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
| writer = [[Ranganayakamma]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Adurthi Subba Rao
| story = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Beyond This Place (novel)|Beyond This Place]]''|[[A. J. Cronin]]}}
| producer = [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] [[Sobhan Babu]] [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = T. Krishna
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Annapurna Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1967|11|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Poola Rangadu''''' is a 1967 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime drama film]], produced by [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]] under [[Annapurna Pictures]] and directed by [[Adurthi Subba Rao]] and produced by [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]], with music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. The film, loosely based on [[A. J. Cronin]]'s novel ''[[Beyond This Place (novel)|Beyond This Place]]'', was released on 24 November and became a box office success. It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in 1970 as ''[[En Annan]]'' and in [[Hindi]] in 1972 as ''[[Jeet (1972 film)|Jeet]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=APK |date=11 October 2007 |title=Poolarangadu (1967) |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/poolarangadu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422094801/http://www.cinegoer.com/poolarangadu.htm |archive-date=22 April 2009 |access-date=27 August 2009 |website=CineGoer}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=6 July 2018 |title=Poola Rangadu (1967) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/poola-rangadu-1967/article24347040.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418064738/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/poola-rangadu-1967/article24347040.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ranga Rao is a carefree jovial person and is better known as Poola Rangadu. He makes a living pulling horse carts and is in love with Venkatalakshmi. When both he and his sister were children, their father Veerayya used to work as a manager at a mill, owned by Purushotham. Purushotham was murdered by his business partners Dharma Rao and Chalapathi. Veerayya is framed by them and is sentenced to life imprisonment leaving his children completely helpless. Despite hardships, Ranga has managed to raise his sister Padma with great care and loves her very much. Venkatalakshmi's no-good brother, Narasimhulu, has an eye for Padma, but she falls in love with Dr. Prasad. Ranga gets her married to the doctor. However, he happens to be the son of Purushotham. A vengeful Narasimhulu uses the fact that Padma is Purushotham's alleged murderer Veerayya's daughter to poison her mother-in-law against her who promptly throws the now pregnant Padma out of the house. Ranga becomes furious at this and beats up Narasimhulu. This ends up getting Ranga arrested and he is sent to prison for a year. In jail, Ranga bumps into his father who tells him about how he was framed. Once his one-year sentence is up, Ranga decides to prove his father's innocence at all cost. With this intention, he makes his way into Dharma Rao's house where he cleverly stirs up trouble between Dharma Rao and Chalapathi. Through various schemes, Ranga finally manages to prove his father's innocence. Padma is reunited with her husband and Ranga marries Venkatalakshmi.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Ranga Rao<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Venkata Lakshmi<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Sobhan Babu]] as Dr. Prasad<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Vijaya Nirmala]] as Padma<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Veeraiah<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Dharma Rao<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Police Punaiah
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Bujji
*[[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as Narasimhulu
*Bhanu Prakash as Chalapathi<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Baby
*Malathi as Prasad's mother<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]] as Lilly
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Punaiah's wife<ref name="thehindu" />
}}

== Production ==
Producer [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]] sought to work on the adaptation of the [[A. J. Cronin]] novel ''[[Beyond This Place (novel)|Beyond This Place]]'', on the suggestion of [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]. He hired [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] to write the story taking a basic plot point from the novel while [[Ranganayakamma]] provided the dialogues. Prisons scenes were shot at real locations at [[Chanchalguda]] and [[Musheerabad]] Central Prisons in [[Hyderabad]] with the permission of the state government. Though the film was predominantly shot in black-and-white, the "Nee Jilugu Paita" song sequence alone was in colour.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poolarangadu (1967)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CGR/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230116044258/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CGR/info |archive-date=16 January 2023 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Neetiki Nilabadi Nijayiteega"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|4:13
|-
|"Neevu Raavu Nidura Raadu"
|[[Dasarathi Krishnamacharya|Dasaradhi]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:49
|-
|"Nee Nadumupaina Cheyi Vesi"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:50
|-
|"Chigurulu Vesina Kalalannee"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|[[P. Susheela]], Mohan Raju
|4:11
|-
|"Chillara Rallaku Mokkutu"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala, [[V. Nagayya]]
|3:24
|-
|"Misamisalade Chinadana"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:59
|-
|"Siggenduke Pilla"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], Vasantha
|3:18
|-
|"Eyra Sinnodeyra"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|P. Susheela
|3:49
|-
|"Burrakatha"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|6:08
|}

== Release and reception ==
Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'', in his review dated 1 December 1967, criticised the film for its poor direction and performances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=1 December 1967 |title=అభిప్రాయం: పూల రంగడు |trans-title=Opinion: Poola Rangadu |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1967/Dec/1-dec-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628012027/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1967/Dec/1-dec-1967.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9 |language=te}}</ref> The film ran for more than 100 days in 11 centres in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ram |date=14 January 2007 |title=Sobhanbabu's 100 Days Films List |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/sobhanbabu100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927124102/http://www.cinegoer.com/sobhanbabu100.htm |archive-date=27 September 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=CineGoer}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Mullapudi Venkata Ramana won the [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Nandi Award for Second Best Story Writer]] (1967).<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Beyond This Place}}
{{Adurthi Subba Rao}}

[[Category:1967 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films based on Beyond This Place (novel)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Adurthi Subba Rao]]
[[Category:Films partially in color]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Jaunsari people

2026-03-17T14:20:14Z

Meraki03:

{{Short description|Ethnolinguistic group in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Jaunsari
| native_name = जौनसारी
| image = Spinning yarn traditionally.jpg
| flag =
| caption = Jaunsari men in traditional clothing
| population = c. 137,000 (2011 census)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>
| popplace = [[Jaunsar-Bawar]], [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu]]
| langs = [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], [[Mahasui]], [[Sirmauri]]
| religions = '''Predominantly:''' {{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]][[Hinduism]]}}
| related = [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
}}
The '''Jaunsari''' is a community found in the [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] region of the North Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. They speak the [[Jaunsari language]] which is a [[Western Pahari|Western Pahari language]] as well as [[Indo-Aryan language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euttarakhand.com/jaunsari|title=Jaunsari|website=euttarakhand|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Jns-Jaunsari-Deepak Joshi-Subhashish Panigrahi-Introduction Village.webm|thumb|A native speaker from [[Uttarakhand]] speaking in [[Jaunsari language]]]]

The Jaunsari community reveres ‘[[Mahasu Devta Temple|Mahasu Devta]]’ which is the principal deity of that community.
Dance and music are integral part of Jaunsari culture. During festivals both men and women dance under the intoxication of the folk music. Local people perform folk dances such as [[Harul]], Ghundiya Raso, Jhenta Raso, Jangbazi, Thoude, and many more.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euttarakhand.com/jaunsari-culture|title=Jaunsari Culture: Occult and Mysticism|website=euttarakhand|date=11 March 2016|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/jaunsar-mahotsav-enthralls-with-a-mix-of-culture---history.html|title=Jaunsar Mahotsav enthralls with a mix of culture & history|website=dailypioneer|date= 10 February 2020}}</ref> Fairs like Moroj and Bissu are held which mark the harvesting period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/uttarakhand-boodhi-diwali-ram-ravana-ayodhya-diwali/story/1/20158.html|title=For one region in Uttarakhand, Diwali is still a month away|website=dailyo|date=20 October 2017|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Ancient Wooden Mahasu Devta Temple at Hanol Jaunsar ,Garhwal(Uttrakhand).jpg|thumb|View of Mahasu Devta Temple.]]
[[File:Jaunsari Garhwali Harul dance.jpg|right|thumb|362x362px|Traditional Harul dance]]

==Clothing==
As a society which resides in the harsh climate of the Himalayas, their clothing is primarily woollen oriented which would keep them warm. Their attire stands out from the rest of Uttarakhand.

'''Men's Clothing:''' Jaunsari men wear a woolen pyjama known as Jhangel (झंगेल) and on top of that they wear a woollen robe known as 'Choro (चोड़ो)', both made up of sheep wool. The Choro can be kept loose, or it can be tucked in both of the sides and can be bound at the waist with a woollen belt known as Manjan (मँजण). It can also be draped over the shoulders without tucking in the arms. As for headwear, traditionally men have been wearing Diguwa (डिगुवा) or popularly known as [[Gandhi Cap]] for a very long time, but in modern fashion men can be seen sporting a [[Himachali cap]]. During winters when it snows a lot people wear woollen shoes known as Khurshe (खुर्शे) which keeps the wearer's feet warm.

Judo (जुडो) is a local variation of the [[Jama (coat)]] which was popular during early modern times. It covers the entire body like a gown, it reaches just above the ankles. The sleeves, shoulders, chest and back portion of the dress are embroidered whereas the rest of the region remains as it is. It is accompanied by a cotton/silk [[Katzeb|Cummerbund]] at the waist, a white [[Pagdi|Turban]] on the head and a silk shawl over the shoulders. It was to be worn by everyone attending the darbar of the [[Sirmur State|Sirmaur]] King in its capital [[Nahan]] as the official court uniform in old times. Nowadays, it is worn during festivals for performing folk dances.

'''Women's Clothing:''' Jaunsari women wear
[[Ghagra choli|Ghagra]] which is usually a 6 to 7 meters long piece of cloth, stitched together to form a long skirt, it's unique due to its sharp folds/pleats known as Luria (लुड़िया), such a texture is achieved by heat-pleating the folds. The portion which divides the Ghagra from the [[Hem]] at the lower portion of the Ghagra is embroidered with floral patterns which forms a strip which is known as Phita (फिता). The Ghagra is paired with a Jhagga (झग्गा) which is [[Jaunsari language| Jaunsari]] for [[Shalwar kameez|Kameez]]. It can be paired with a sleeve-less Waistcoat or it can be paired with a Kurti (कुर्ति) - which is an overcoat especially made for women, simmilar to an [[Angarkha]]. Women cover their head with a [[Headscarf]] known as Dhantu (ढाँटु) which is tied at the back of the head. For jewellery women wear Tungal (तुंगल), [[Bulak|Bulak (बुलाक)]], [[Nose-jewel#South Asia|Nāth (नाथ)]], Utraiyan (उतरैइयाँ), etc. A smaller Ghagra for younger girls is known as Ghaguti (घागुटि).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Uttarakhand]]

{{india-ethno-stub}}

Literacy in Bihar

2026-03-15T14:42:03Z

Meraki03:

{{Short description|none}} 
[[Bihar]] has a total [[literacy rate]] of [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|70.9%]] in 2017. Overall Male and Female [[literacy rate]] is 79.7% and 60.5% respectively. Total [[Rural]] literacy rate is 59.5%. In rural areas of Bihar, Male and Female literacy rate is 18.6% and 58.7% respectively. Total [[Urban area|Urban]] literacy rate is 13.1%. In urban areas of Bihar, Male and Female literacy rate is 89.3% and 75.9% respectively. Total number of [[Literate|literates]] in Bihar is 3,16,75,607 which consists 2,09,78,955 Male and 1,06,96,652 Female. [[Patna district|Patna]] has highest Literacy Rate of 87.82% followed by [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]] (80.36%) and [[Munger district|Munger]] (78.11%). [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] has lowest Literacy Rate of 61.05% followed by [[Araria district|Araria]] (64.95%) and [[Katihar]] (65.46%). A recent survey by [[Pratham]] rated the receptivity of Bihari children to their teaching as being better than those in other states. Bihar is striving to increase female literacy, now at 60.5%. At the time of independence, women's literacy in Bihar was 4.20%.

==Overview of literacy rates==
{|class=wikitable
|+[[Literacy rate]]s in [[Bihar]]<ref name=":1" />
! !!Total!!Males!!Females
|-
|Total Literacy rate
[https://www.thehinducentre.com/resources/article30980071.ece/binary/KI_Education_75th_Final_compressed.pdf#page=68 (NSC Survey 2017)]
|70.9%<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Times of India Literacy rate of Bihar 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=8 November 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/18-increase-in-literacy-rate-in-over-one-decade/articleshow/105054963.cms}}</ref>||79.7%||60.5%
|-
|Rural areas<ref name=":1" />||69.5%||78.6%||58.7%
|-
|Urban areas<ref name=":1" />||83.1%||89.3%||75.9%
|-
|Total numbers of [[literate]]s||3,16,75,607||2,09,78,955||1,06,96,652
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Highest and lowest literacy rates by district
!District!!Literacy rate
|-
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]||73.37%
|-
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]||72.79%
|-
|[[Patna district|Patna]]||70.68%
|-
| ||<nowiki>|</nowiki> <nowiki>|</nowiki> <nowiki>|</nowiki>
|-
|[[Katihar]]||52.24%
|-
|[[Purnea district|Purnea]]||51.18%
|-
|[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]||51.08%
|}
A recent survey by [[Pratham]] rated the receptivity of Bihari children to their teaching as being better than those in other states. Bihar is striving to increase female literacy, now at 60.5<ref name=":1" />%. At the time of independence, women's literacy in Bihar was 4.22%.

The state's low literary rates stem from the region's complex educational challenges.{{clarify|date=March 2025}} [[Education in Bihar]] significantly lags behind other states in India.

== Growth in Literacy Rate ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:.6em; text-align:right;"
|+Literacy Rate from 1951–2025<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/CensusStats-03.htm |title=Census Statistics for Bihar |access-date=2008-10-03 |archive-date=2008-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524094302/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/CensusStats-03.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!Year||Total||Males||Females
|-
|1951 || 13.45 || 22.68 || 4.20
|-
|1961 || 21.98 || 35.85 || 8.11
|-
|1971 || 22.86 || 35.86 || 9.86
|-
|1981 || 31.86 || 47.11 || 16.61
|-
|1991 || 36.68 || 51.37 || 21.99
|-
|2001 || 46.94 || 60.32 || 33.57
|-
|[[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|2011]]|| 61.35 || 71.20 || 51.50
|-
|[[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|2017]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |first= |year=2017–18 |title=NSC Report 2017-18 List of Indian States and UT by literacy rate |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/resources/article30980071.ece/binary/KI_Education_75th_Final_compressed.pdf#page=68}}</ref>|| 70.90 || 79.70 || 60.50
|-
|2025 || 74.30 || — || —
|}

==Anubhav{{clarify|date=March 2025}}==
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col1left" style="margin-left:.6em; text-align:right;"
|+[[Education in Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Literates_and_educational_level.htm|title = Census of India - Literates and educational level}}</ref>
! Level !! Total!! Male!! Female
|-
| Literate with education||17,15,049 ||11,09,731|| 6,05,318
|-
| Below Primary||78,90,329 || 47,54,137 || 31,36,192
|-
| Primary||83,34,709|| 51,30,917|| 32,03,792
|-
| Middle||43,90,226 || 30,12,151 || 13,78,075
|-
| Secondary||47,51,560|| 34,39,918 || 13,11,642
|-
| Higher Secondary||18,26,093|| 13,85,282 || 4,40,811
|-
| Technical Diploma||24,989 || 20,088 || 4,901
|-
| Non-technical Diploma ||48,532 || 40,458 || 8,074
|-
| Graduate & above||21,09,415|| 17,37,651 || 3,71,764
|-
| Unclassified ||18,675 || 14,043 || 4,632
|}

==Literacy in Districts==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:.6em;"
|+ Literacy in Bihar<ref>http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/CensusStats-03.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524094302/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/CensusStats-03.htm |date=2008-05-24 }} Literacy in Bihar</ref>
! rowspan="3" |[[Districts of Bihar]]
! colspan="3" |2011
! colspan="3" |2001
! colspan="3" |1991
|-
! rowspan="2" |Total
! colspan="2" |By gender
! rowspan="2" |Total
! colspan="2" |By gender
! rowspan="2" |Total
! colspan="2" |By gender
|-
!Male
!Female
!Male
!Female
!Male
!Female
|-
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|55.7
|
|
|39.63
|51.91
|25.85||27.99||39.62||14.41
|-
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|55.79
|
|
|42.74
|67.90
|74.47||44.41||58.49||85.45
|-
|[[Sheohar district|Sheohar]]
|53.78
|
|
|37.01
|45.54
|27.43||26.18||36.36||14.34
|-
|[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|52.05
|
|
|39.38
|51.02
|26.35||28.49||39.86||15.49
|-
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|58.62
|
|
|42.35
|57.26
|26.56||33.22||48.49||16.75
|-
|[[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|57.67
|
|
|37.8
|53.23
|21.02||28.11||40.96||13.74
|-
|[[Araria district|Araria]]
|53.53
|
|
|34.94
|46.5
|22.14||26.19||36.99||14.01
|-
|[[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
|55.46
|
|
|31.02
|42.8
|18.49||22.22||33.12||10.38
|-
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|51.08
|
|
|35.51
|46.16
|23.72|| 28.52||38.92||16.8
|-
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|52.24
|
|
|35.29
|45.51
|24.03|| 28.7||39.24||16.88
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|52.25
|
|
|36.19
|48.87
|22.31||27.72||39.31||14.41
|-
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|53.2
|
|
|39.28
|52.04
|25.31|| 29.98||42.37||15.83
|-
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|56.56
|
|
|44.32
|54.15
|45.35||35.94||48.31||20.09
|-
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|63.43
|
|
|48.15
|82.19
|87.2||74.11||48.44||22.33
|-
|[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
|65.47
|
|
|48.19
|63.81
|32.81||34.96||51.62||17.75
|-
|[[Siwan district]]
|69.45
|
|
|52.01
|67.67
|37.26||39.13||57.51||21.33
|-
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|65.96
|
|
|52.01
|67.81
|35.74|| 41.79||60.18||22.71
|-
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|66.66
|
|
|51.63
|64
|38.14||40.56||55.62||24.08
|-
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|61.86
|
|
|69.76
|80.83
|90.69||60.37||76.39||85.17
|-
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|63.87
|
|
|48.55
|59.71
|36.21||36.88||48.66||23.52
|-
|[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|57.92
|
|
|41.56
|52.02
|29.62||32.33||42.97||19.79
|-
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|63.14
|
|
|50.28
|60.11
|38.83||41.84||53.41||28.11
|-
|[[Banka district|Banka]]
|58.17
|
|
|43.4
|56.28
|29.1|| 34.55||48.17||18.99
|-
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|70.46
|
|
|60.11
|70.68
|47.97|| 52.25||64.95||37.07
|-
|[[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|62.42
|
|
|48.21
|60.97
|34.26||39.4||53.12||23.48
|-
|[[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
|63.86
|
|
|49.01
|62.56
|34.13||40.92||55.43||24.41
|-
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|64.43
|
|
|53.64
|66.94
|39.03|| 46.95||61.95||29.97
|-
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|70.68
|
|
|63.82
|73.81
|52.17|| 56.33||69.07||41.35
|-
|[[Bhojpur District, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
|70.47
|
|
|59.71
|74.78
|42.81|| 48.18||66.35||27.95
|-
|[[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|70.14
|
|
|57.49
|72.82
|40.36|| 33.49||62.94||25.74
|-
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|69.34
|
|
|55.57
|70.57
|38.9|| 39.35||55.68||20.69
|-
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|73.37
|
|
|62.36
|76.54
|46.62|| 48.52||64.5||30.29
|-
|[[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]
|66.8
|
|
|56.03
|70.9
|40.08||45.83||63.11||26.81
|-
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|70.32
|
|
|57.5
|71.99
|42.04||45.14||61.8||26.67
|-
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|63.67
|
|
|61.07
|73.81
|47.4||50.47||65.22||34.2
|-
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|59.76
|
|
|47.36
|61.22
|32.64|| 38.96||54.85||21.82
|-
|[[Jamui district|Jamui]]
|59.79
|
|
|42.74
|57.1
|26.92|| 33.41||48.48||16.41
|}

==Key data==
* [[Literacy]]
** '''In Absolute Numbers''' - 5,96,75,607
*** ''[[Male]]'' - 3,99,78,955
*** ''[[Female]]'' - 1,97,96,652
** '''Percentage of Total Population''' - 70.90%
*** ''[[Male]]'' - 79.70%
*** ''[[Female]]'' - 60.50%
** '''Percentage of Urban Population''' - 83.1%
*** ''[[Male]]'' - 89.3%
*** ''[[Female]]'' - 75.9%
** '''Percentage of Rural Population''' - 69.5%
*** ''[[Male]]'' - 78.6%
*** ''[[Female]]'' - 58.7%
** '''Highest [[Literacy Rate]]'''
*** [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]] - 75.59%
** '''Lowest Literacy Rate'''
*** [[Purnia district|Purnia]], 52.49%

==See also==
* [[Education in Bihar]]
* [[Literacy in India]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Literacy]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in Official website] of [[Census of India]]
* [http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/ Official website] of [[Government of Bihar]]

[[Category:Education in Bihar]]
[[Category:Literacy in India]]

Sahibi River

2026-03-13T11:06:08Z

Meraki03:

{{short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sahibi River
| name_other =
| etymology =
| image = Delhi aerial photo 03-2016 img2.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| source1_location = [[Aravalli Range]], from Jitgarh, [[Manoharpur]], and Saiwar Protected Forest (PF) hills in Sikar District
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_location = [[Delhi]]
| mouth_elevation =
| basin_size =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| length_km = 120
| discharge1_location= [[Yamuna]] in [[Delhi]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| tributaries_right = [[Sota river, Rajasthan|Sota river]], [[Kotkasim drain]], [[Krishnavati river]] and [[Indori river]] (''Indori Nallah''), Dohan River
| tributaries_left = Narayanpur Nala, Surakh Nali, Hajipur Nala, Kasoti Nala, Khar Nali
| waterbodies = [[Masani barrage]], [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary|Najafgarh Lake]]
| waterfalls =
| bridges = Masani Bridge on NH-48, Sodawas Bridge on SH-14, Bridge onSH-52, Ajarka Bridge on Rewari-Alwar Railway Line, Pataudi Bridge on Rewari-Delhi Railway Line, Railway Bridge Nangal Pathani
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Sahibi River''', also called the '''Sabi River''', is an [[ephemeral]], rain-fed river flowing through [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] (where its canalised portion is called the "Outfall Drain No 8") and [[Delhi]] states in India.<ref name="AKjain"/> It originates in the eastern slopes of the Saiwar Protected Forest (PF) hills in Sikar District, enters Jaipur district near the foot of these hills, and after initially flowing southeast and east turns northeastwards near Shahpura and continues further till it exits Rajasthan to enter Haryana and further drains into [[Yamuna]] in [[Delhi]], where its channeled course is also called the [[Najafgarh drain]], which also serves as [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary]].<ref name=mas14>[https://indiariversblog.wordpress.com/2017/04/04/haryana-rivers-profile/#more-235 Haryana rivers profile]</ref><ref name=mas11>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/ropeway-for-tourist-pull-at-barrage-site/articleshow/57678931.cms Ropeway for tourist pull at barrage site], [[Times of India]]</ref> It flows for 300 km of which 157 km is in Rajasthan 100 km is in Haryana and 40 km in Delhi.

The current and [[paleochannel]]s of the Sahibi River have several important wetlands that lie in series, including the [[Masani barrage]] wetland, [[Matanhail#Forest|Matanhail forest]], [[Chhuchhakwas|Chhuchhakwas-Godhari]], [[Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary]], Outfall Drain Number 6 (canalised portion in Haryana of Sahibii river), Outfall Drain Number 8 (canalised portion in Haryana of [[Dohan river]] which is a [[tributary]] of the Sahibi), [[Sarbashirpur]], [[Sultanpur National Park]], [[Basai Wetland]], [[Najafgarh lake]] and [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary]], and [[The Lost lake of Gurugram]], all of which are home to endangered and migratory birds, yet largely remain unprotected under extreme threat from the colonisers and builders.

Several [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] sites (also identified as late Harappan phase of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] culture)<ref name=IVCOCP>{{Citation | editor-last = Gupta | editor-first = S.P. | title = The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilization | place = Jodhpur | publisher = Kusumanjali Prakashan | year = 1995}}</ref> have been found along the banks of the Sahibi and its tributaries such as [[Krishnavati River]], [[Dohan River]] (originates near [[Neem Ka Thana]] in Alwar district) and Sota River (merges with the Sahibi River at [[Behror]] in Alwar district and its canalised portion in Haryana is called the "Outfall Drain No 6").<ref name=culture1>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0391023586 Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume, Vijai Shankar Śrivastava, 1981]. {{ISBN|0391023586}}</ref> The drainage pattern for all these rivers is [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Dendritic drainage pattern|dendritic]].

==Geography==
The Sahibi River originates from the eastern slopes of the Saiwar Protected Forest hills in [[Aravalli Range]] near Jitgarh and Manoharpur in [[Sikar district]] of [[Rajasthan]] state. After covering about 157 km distance in the [[Rajasthan]] state. After gathering volume from a hundred [[tributary|tributaries]], the Sahibi River forms a broad stream around [[Alwar]] and [[Kotputli]].

===Tributaries===
These west to north-west flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of [[Aravalli Range]] in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid historical [[Shekhawati]] region, and drain into southern Haryana.

* Sahibi River originates near [[Manoharpur]] and [[Neem Ka Thana ]] district, and flows through Haryana, along with its following tributaries:<ref name=culture1/><ref name="Sahibi1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river |title=Sahibi river |access-date=18 June 2017 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012201926/http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=AKjain>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1PjJD61h8Q0C&q=sahibi+riverGoogle&pg=PA41 Books: Page 41, 42, 43, 44, 47 (b) Sahibi Nadi (River), River Pollution, By A.k.jain]</ref><ref name=Dariba>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=812460049X Minerals and Metals in Ancient India: Archaeological evidence], Arun Kumar Biswas, Sulekha Biswas, University of Michigan. 1996. {{ISBN|812460049X}}.</ref>
** [[Dohan river]] ([[Kotkasim]] drain), tributary of the Sahibi River, originates near [[Neem Ka Thana]] in Sikar division.
** [[Sota River, Rajasthan|Sota River]] is a major tributary of the Sahibi River, merges with the Sahibi at [[Behror]] in Kot Behror district.
** [[Krishnavati river]], former tributary of the Sahibi River, originates near [[Dariba, Rajasthan|Dariba]] copper mines in [[Rajsamand district]] of Rajasthan, flows through [[Patan, Rajasthan|Patan]] in [[Dausa district]] and Mothooka in [[Alwar district]], then disappears in [[Mahendragarh district]] in [[Haryana]] much before reaching Sahibi River.
** Narainpur Nala carries the drainage of north-west of Bansur Tehsil and drains into the Sahibi.
** Surakh Nali from babariya bund in Bansur drains into the Sahibi at Sodawas
** Khar Nali drains at Sodawas.
** Kasaoti Nala in Behror drains into Sahibi River.
** Hajipur or Harsora Nala from Bansur drains into the Sahibi at Bijwar in Mundawar tehsil.
** [[Indori river]] is also a tributary of Sahibi River.

===Basin and catchment area===
Sabi River Basin is located in the mid north eastern part of Rajasthan. It stretches between 27° 18' 39.13” to 28° 13' 55.10” North
latitude and 76° 58' 21.09’’ to 75° 45' 35.05’’ East longitude. It is bounded in the northwest by Shekhawati River Basin and Ruparail and Banganga River Basins in
the southeast. The northern boundary is shared administratively with Haryana State. The Basin extends over parts of Jaipur Rural and Neem Ka Thana, Kot Behror, Khairthal, Rewari, Jhajjar, Gurugram districts. The total [[Catchment area (hydrology)|catchment area]] of the Basin is 4607.9 km2.

The catchment area of the Sahibi River encompasses the following cities and towns: [[Sikar]], [[Jaipur]], and [[Kotputli-Behror district|Kotputli]] in northeastern [[Rajasthan]] state; [[Rewari district]], [[Gurgaon district]] and [[Jhajjar district]] in southern [[Haryana]] state; and [[Delhi]] state.

====Rajasthan====
The catchment area of the Sahibi River in [[Rajasthan]] is {{convert|4523.67|km2|mi2}} of Jaipur, Alwar and Sikar districts, between latitudes 27°16' and 28°11' and longitudes 75°42' and 76°57'. The Sahibi Basin falls in three districts of Rajasthan: [[Alwar district]] (62.11%), [[Jaipur district]] (29.30%) and [[Sikar district]] (8.59%).

The mean annual rainfall in Sahibi Basin is 627.60 mm. Highest maximum temperature ranges from 45.45 to 45.99 °C with a mean value of 45.8 °C, while Lowest minimum temperature ranges from 1.64 to 3.14 °C with a mean value of 2.45 °C.

====Haryana====
The river leaves [[Rajasthan]] state beyond [[Kotkasim]] in [[Alwar district]] near village Lalpur and covers a total distance of about 222 km up to Dhasa Bund.

It enters [[Haryana]] state at Jhabua, near the city of [[Rewari]] in [[Rewari district]], after which it re-enters first [[Rajasthan]] state near [[Kotkasim]], and then Haryana again near the village of Jarthal. The dry riverbed near Jarthal is {{convert|2|km|mi}} wide. During light [[monsoon]] rainfall, the river's flat and sandy bottom absorbs all rainwater. [[Masani barrage]] on the river lies near Dahuhera. During heavy rains, the river has a defined course up to [[Pataudi]] railway station and branches off into two smaller streams to [[Jhajjar]], finally reaching the outskirts of Delhi through [[Najafgarh drain]] and ending at the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]].

====Delhi====
{{Main|Najafgarh drain}}
The '''Najafgarh Drain''' or '''Najafgarh Nallah''' (''nullah'' in [[Hindi]] means ''drain'') is another name for the Sahibi River, which continues its flow through Delhi where it is channelised for flood control purposes. It is a tributary to the Yamuna River, into which it flows. The Najafgarh Drain gets its name from the once famous and huge [[Najafgarh Lake]] near the town of [[Najafgarh]] in southwest Delhi. The Najafgarh Drain is the capital's most polluted body of water due to the direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. Assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats, a January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board rated the Najafgarh Drain under category D, along with 13 other highly polluted wetlands.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=138509 Blot across the Capital: Najafgarh most polluted]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Sunday, 10 July 2005,[[The Indian Express]]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20140107054520/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=118627Environment minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel], 22 February 2005, The Indian Express</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/najafgarh-basin-delhis-most-polluted-area/558870/ Najafgarh basin Delhi's most polluted area], 25 December 2009, The Indian Express</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912184105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-25/pollution/28101026_1_industrial-clusters-industrial-hubs-najafgarh-drain Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters], 25 December 2009, The [[Times of India]]</ref><ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191225Najafgarh drain causes less pollution in Yamuna now]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 4 July 2006, The Indian Express</ref>

Regulators at the Keshopur Bus Depot on the Outer Ring Road are wide with thick and high embankments. A vast amount of water is retained in this widened drain by closing the Kakrola regulators under Najafgarh Road to recharge the local groundwater table.<ref>[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+riverFloodProblemdue to Sahibi River], Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India. Website last updated: 3 May 2010, [http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/88045/A sewage drain is now called the Yamuna], by Sonu Jain, 27 March 1999, Indian Express, [http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Cr081906Killing_Delhi.asp CRUSADE: Killing Delhi's Lifeline] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130104232039/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Cr081906Killing_Delhi.asp |date=4 January 2013 }}, Charu Soni, 19 August 2006, New Delhi. [[Tehelka]],[https://archive.today/20140107054502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-05/pollution/32055139_1_najafgarh-drain-stormwater-drain-riverRiversutra gone all wrong], By [[Sunita Narain]], 5 June 2012, Times of India, [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/236685/better-management-haryana-may-solve.html ‘Better management in Haryana may solve Delhi's water problems’], New Delhi, 22 March 2012, DHNS, Deccan herald, [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sunita-narain-bats-for-sustainable-development/917565/ Sunita Narain bats for sustainable development], Express News Service : Pune, 28 February 2012, The Indian Express</ref>

In January 2026, the Irrigation and Flood Control Department deployed a [[Finland|Finnish]]-made Watermaster [[Amphibious excavator|amphibious dredger]] and three self-propelled [[Hopper barge|hopper barges]] to desilt the drain, which is estimated to contribute nearly 70% of the pollution load entering the Yamuna, as part of a technology-driven, long-term effort to improve water flow, enhance flood resilience, and to reduce pollution before it reaches the river.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-17 |title=Imported Rs 8-crore dredger begins work to clean Yamuna |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/imported-rs-8-crore-dredger-begins-work-to-clean-yamuna-10478749/ |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Anup |date=2026-01-17 |title=Yamuna gets GPS-based dredger for sludge and weed clearance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2026/Jan/17/yamuna-gets-gps-based-dredger-for-sludge-and-weed-clearance |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland-made advanced dredger deployed to clean Najafgarh Drain |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/finland-made-advanced-dredger-deployed-to-clean-najafgarh-drain/ |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi Uses Rs 8-Crore High-Tech Finnish Machine To Tackle Yamuna Pollution |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-uses-rs-8-crore-high-tech-finnish-machine-to-tackle-yamuna-pollution-10765023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260117015113/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-uses-rs-8-crore-high-tech-finnish-machine-to-tackle-yamuna-pollution-10765023 |archive-date=2026-01-17 |access-date=2026-02-02 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Barrages and bridges===
Several bridges cross the Sahibi River. A bridge on State Highway 14 crosses the river between Behror and Sodawas (Behror to Alwar Road). On State Highway 52, a bridge crosses the river between Ajaraka and Dadhiya. The [[Masani barrage]] is also used as the bridge on [[National Highway 919 (India)|NH 919]] which merges with [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] (Delhi-Jaipur-Mumbai, formerly NH 8) at this barrage near [[Dharuhera]], [[Rewari]].<ref name=masani1>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/toll-plaza-on-nh-8-to-be-shifted-says-nitin-gadkari/ "Toll plaza on NH 8 to be shifted, says Nitin Gadkari."], [[Indian Express]], 14 August 2017.</ref> Buchara dam is located in Buchara Leopard Sanctuary Kotputli on Sota River, a major tributary. Railway bridges between Ajaraka and [[Bawal]] and near [[Pataudi]] also cross the river. A railway bridge near Nangal Pathani also crosses the river.

==History==
Prior to 1960, the rain-fed Sahibi River entered Delhi near Dhansa and spilled its overflow in the Najafgarh Lake (Jheel) basin, creating a seasonal lake. A vast area of more than {{convert|300|km2|mi2}} was submerged in some seasons. In the following decades, the Sahibi River flow reaching Dhansa was channelised by digging a wide drain and connecting it directly to the Yamuna River, completely draining the seasonal Najafgarh Jheel.

The Sahibi River flooded in 1977. In response, the Masani barrage was constructed on Delhi-Jaipur highway near [[Masani]] village, Rewari.<ref>[http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Haryana/Rewari.pdf Ground Water Information Booklet Rewari District, Haryana], Contributors: Dr. Sunil Kumar, Scientist – ‘B’, Prepared under supervision of Sushil Gupta Regional Director. Our Vision "Water Security through Ground water Management" . Rewari District Haryana, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, North Western Region, CHANDIGARH, 2007</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160201121800/http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm Geography of Haryana]}}</ref> Several smaller dams have also been constructed throughout the hills of Rajasthan to store rainwater. The construction of dams has restricted the flow of water on the Sahibi River and it is now rare for water overflow from monsoon rains to reach up the Masani Barrage.

===Archaeological sites in the area===
[[File:Harrapan period earthen ware from village, Hansaka, Rewari District, Haryana, on the bed of Sahibi River.JPG|thumb|300px|Earthenware (pottery) found on the Sahibi riverbed by INTACH-Rewari, at Hansaka village, Rewari District, 2012]]

Parts of Rajasthan and Haryana that Sahibi river flows through are arid and have only seasonal monsoon rainfall, in the past river might have held perennial flow as evident by the presence of several sites of the [[Ganeshwar–Jodhpura culture]] on the banks of present-day Sahibi River meanders and its tributaries. Among the finds are handmade and wheel-made pottery dated to 3309–2709 BCE and 2879–2384 BCE found on the banks of the Sahibi River at Jodhpura.<ref name=Pear1/><ref name=MMI1/>

Other findings include pottery found on the Sahibi riverbed at [[Hansaka]] in the [[Rewari district]] by [[INTACH]]-Rewari.<ref name=Pear1/><ref name=MMI1/>

A red stone statue of [[Vamana]] Dev, now displayed at the Shri Krishna Museum, [[Kurukshetra]] was unearthed in 2002 on the Sahibi riverbed near [[Bawal]].<ref name=Pear1/><ref name=MMI1/>

In various other places on Sahibi riverbed, many artifacts have been found, including arrowheads, fishhooks, spearheads, awls, and chisels.<ref name=Pear1>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India from the stone age to the 12th century, Pearson 2009, page 116</ref><ref name=MMI1>[http://www.indiamapped.com/rivers-in-india/sahibi-river/ India Mapped - Sahibi river]</ref>

===Identification with Vedic rivers===
{{See also|Drishadvati river}}
Several modern scholars identify the old [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] (of which Tangri river is a tributary) as the [[Sarasvati River]] and the Sahibi River with the [[Drishadvati river]] of [[Vedic period]], on the banks of which in the Vedic state of [[Brahmavarta]], [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus-Sarasvati civilisation]] or Vedic Sanskriti developed. Such scholars include Bhargava<ref>"Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River", Sudhir Bhargava, International Conference, 20–22 Nov. 2009, "Saraswati-a perspective" pages 114–117, [[Kurukshetra University]], Kurukshetra, Organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana.</ref> The [[Drishadwati]] River had formed one border of the [[Vedic]] state of [[Brahmavarta]] while other was Saraswati river. This is mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the ''[[Manusmriti]]'', and the other Hindu texts as well.

==Ecology==
This is an important part of the ecological corridor along the route of Sahibi River which traverses from Aravalli hills in Rajasthan to [[Yamuna]] via [[Masani barrage]], [[Matanhail#Forest|Matanhail forest]], [[Chhuchhakwas|Chhuchhakwas-Godhari]], [[Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary, Outfall Drain Number 8 and 6, [[Sarbashirpur]], [[Sultanpur National Park]], [[Basai]] and The Lost Lake (Gurugram). It lies 5 km northwest of Bhindawas Bird Sanctuary and 46 km northwest of Sultantpur National Park via road.

===Ecological concerns===
The entire 100 km stretch of Sahibi River and its streams (Sota river, Kotkasim drain and [[Indori river]]) in Haryana are [[Ecological death|ecologically dead]].<ref name=mas14/> [[Gurugram]] also dumps polluted discharge in the riverbed of Sahibi.<ref name=mas14/> In some of its reaches, from Mandawar and [[Kotkasim]] to Haryana border, meandering of the river causes bank erosion.

===Restoration===
[[Government of Haryana]] is coordinating with [[Government of Rajasthan]] to ensure water reaches usually-dry [[Masani barrage]] and dying seasonal Sahibi River. Another government project is being implemented to direct the extra water of Yamuna river during monsoon to Masani barrage through Jawahar Lal Nehru Canal and [[Western Yamuna Canal]] (c. July 2015).<ref name=masani3>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/centre-of-aiims-to-come-up-in-rewari-district-khattar-115070400731_1.html "Centre of AIIMS to come up in Rewari district: Khattar ."], [[Business Standard]], 4 July 2015.</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Saraswati river]]
* [[Dangri]], a tributary of [[Sarsuti]]
* [[Tangri river]], a tributary of [[Sarsuti]], merge if Dangri and Tangri are same
* [[Sarsuti]], a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Kaushalya river]], a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Chautang]], a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Sutlej]], a tributary of [[Indus]]
* [[Ganges]]
* [[Indus]]
* [[Western Yamuna Canal]], branches off [[Yamuna]]
* [[List of rivers of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[List of most-polluted rivers]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===External links===
{{commons category|Sarasvati River}}
{{commons category|Ghaggar-Hakra river}}
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization and Sarasvati River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101164930/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html |date=1 January 2007 }}
* [http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/archaeology/site/archs0001.htm The Saraswati: Where lies the mystery by Saswati Paik]

{{coord|28|29|N|76|44|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Hydrography of Haryana}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Delhi]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Drainage canals]]
[[Category:Canals in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indus basin]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Rigvedic rivers]]

Devi Singh of Sikar

2026-03-12T22:40:57Z

Meraki03: bio

{{Short description|Rao of Sikar from 1763 to 1795}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Devi Singh
| succession = [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]]
| reign = 1763 – 1795
| predecessor = [[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]]
| successor = [[Lachhman Singh of Sikar|Lakshman Singh]]
| birth_date = 1753
| death_date = 1795
| issue = [[Lachhman Singh of Sikar|Lakshman Singh]] (adoptive)
| house = [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]]
| father = Chand Singh
| dynasty = [[Shekhawat]]
}}
'''Devi Singh''' was the [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]] (in [[Rajputana]]) from 1763 until his death in 1795.

== Early life and family ==
He was born in 1753 in [[Balaran, Sikar|Balaran]] to [[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]].<ref name="Dundlod-1970" /> As he had no children, he adopted [[Lachhman Singh of Sikar|Lakshman Singh]], the son of the Thakur of [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]], as his son and heir.<ref name="Agarwal-1960" /><ref name="Sinh-2001" />

== Succession ==
Upon the death of his father Chand Singh in 1763, Devi succeeded him as [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]].<ref name="Sinh-2001" /> At the time of his succession, he was only ten years old.<ref name="Hooja-2006">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=693–695 |language=en}}</ref> Consequently, his uncle, Budh Singh, was appointed regent to govern on his behalf until he reached the age of majority.<ref name="Hooja-2006" /> When the [[Battle of Maonda and Mandholi|Battle of Maonda]] was fought between [[Madho Singh I]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] and [[Jawahar Singh|Jawahar Mal]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], Budh Singh participated in it with the forces of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]].<ref name="Dundlod-1970">{{Cite book |last=Dundlod |first=Harnath Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T1XAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sheikhawats & Their Lands |date=1970 |publisher=Raj Educational Printers |pages=67–69 |language=en}}</ref> He fell in the battle, and for his meritorious service, [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]] permanently reduced the tribute paid by [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]] to [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] by 4,000 rupees.<ref name="Dundlod-1970" /> To commemorate the memory of his uncle Budh Singh, Devi erected his cenotaph at [[Katrathal]].<ref name="Dundlod-1970" /> In 1779, when Murtaza Khan Bhadech came to [[Shekhawati]] with an army of 52,000 to collect revenue on behalf of the [[Mughal emperor]] of [[Delhi]], he wrote to Devi Singh to send him at once the expenditures incurred in the campaign.<ref name="Thakur Marendra Singh-1939">{{Cite book |last=Thakur Marendra Singh |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66970/ |title=Thirty Decisive Battles Of Jaipur |date=1939 |pages=222–224}}</ref> In response, he wrote back that he was a vassal of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] and Bhadech had nothing to do with [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]].<ref name="Thakur Marendra Singh-1939" /> When Bhadech subsequently marched toward [[Jaipur]], he was blocked by the forces of Jaipur at [[Khatoo, Rajasthan|Khatu]].<ref name="Thakur Marendra Singh-1939" /> Devi participated in this battle along with the forces of other [[Shekhawat]] chiefs and supported [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name="Thakur Marendra Singh-1939" /><ref name="Sinh-2001" /> The battle was won by [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], and in recognition of the meritorious services rendered by him during it, [[Pratap Singh of Jaipur|Pratap Singh]] exempted 9,000 rupees in perpetuity from the annual tribute that [[Sikar]] paid to [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name="Sinh-2001" /> He renovated the Jamoon Mahal and redecorated the Gopinath temple in the 1780s.<ref name="Cooper-1994" /> He built a fort at [[Deogarh, Rajasthan|Deogarh]] in 1784.<ref name="Jain-1935">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=kesharlal Ajmera |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66091/ |title=The Jaipur Album Or All About Jaipur |date=1935 |pages=50}}</ref> Raja of Khandela objected to its construction and sent a force to stop it but it was of no use.<ref name="Sinh-2001" /> He also built the fort of Raghunathgarh in 1791.<ref name="Jain-1935" /> He founded the town of [[Ramgarh Shekhawati|Ramgarh]] in 1793.<ref name="Jain-1935" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=R.K Gupta |url=https://archive.org/details/rajasthan-through-the-ages-set-of-4-vol/ |title=Studies In Indian History Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs Set Of 4 Vols. by R.K. Gupta |date=2008 |pages=5}}</ref> When Sheo Singh, Thakur of [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]], imposed heavy taxes on the Poddars, they approached him.<ref name="Cooper-1994" /> He asked them to move to [[Ramgarh Shekhawati|Ramgarh]].<ref name="Cooper-1994" /> He enlarged his estate by adding no fewer than twenty-five large villages including Lohagarh and Koh.<ref name="Agarwal-1960">{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=B. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120406/ |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers Sikar |date=1960 |pages=32}}</ref> When he found that frequent conflicts between the senior and junior branches of the rulers of [[Khandela]] had left the senior branch financially, militarily, and administratively weak, he saw an opportunity.<ref name="Thakur Natwar Singh-2012">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qiVAgAAQBAJ |title=Khandela Raj: A Short History of the Rulers of Khandela |date=2012-07-06 |publisher=Thakur Natwar Singh |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref> He attacked the senior branch and annexed 28 villages of its estate into [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]].<ref name="Thakur Natwar Singh-2012" /> He had his eyes set on taking Raiwasa, but before he could attack it, he died.<ref name="Agarwal-1960" />

== Death ==
He died in 1795 at Sikar and was succeeded by [[Lachhman Singh of Sikar|Lakshman Singh]].<ref name="Sinh-2001">{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Ranbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EduAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Shekhawats |date=2001 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-74-3 |pages=148, 150–153 |language=en}}</ref> After his death, a [[chhatri]] was erected in his memory.<ref name="Cooper-1994">{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Ilay |url=https://archive.org/details/paintedtownsofsh0000coop/ |title=The painted towns of Shekhawati : a Mapin guide to India |date=1994 |publisher=Ahmedabad, India : Mapin ; Middletown, N.J. : Grantha |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-944142-80-6 |pages=65, 134, 217, 220}}</ref> Its dome features the work of Lala Ram Chitera and eighty painted panels.<ref name="Cooper-1994" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1795 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Sikar]]
[[Category:People from Rajputana]]
[[Category:1753 births]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]

Adoor Gopalakrishnan

2026-03-11T15:39:15Z

Meraki03: enhance section for consistency

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and screenwriter (born 1941)}}
{{family name hatnote|Adoor|Gopalakrishnan|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adoor Gopalakrishnan
| image = Director Adoor Gopalakrishnan.jpg
| caption = At an event in Thiruvananthapuram in 2012
| birthname = Mouttathu Gopalakrishnan Unnithan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1941|07|03}}
| birth_place = [[Mannadi]], [[Adoor]], [[Kollam district]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Pathanamthitta district]], [[Kerala]], India)
| othername = Adoor
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|film producer}}
| years_active = 1965–present
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) keen to go global, train foreign actors & technicians - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/film-and-television-institute-of-india-ftii-keen-to-go-global-train-foreign-actors-technicians/articleshow/63067198.cms|website=The Times of India|date=25 February 2018 |access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225154915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/film-and-television-institute-of-india-ftii-keen-to-go-global-train-foreign-actors-technicians/articleshow/63067198.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sunanda||2015|reason=died}}
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|adoorgopalakrishnan.com}}
| awards = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Padma Vibhushan]] (2006)|[[Padma Shri]] (1984)|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (2004)}}
}}

'''Mouttathu Gopalakrishnan Unnithan''' (born 3 July 1941), known professionally as '''Adoor Gopalakrishnan''', is an Indian [[film director]], screenwriter, and [[film producer|producer]] who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. With the release of his first feature film ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' (1972), Gopalakrishnan pioneered the "new wave" in Malayalam cinema during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Golden rigmaroles: Adoor Gopalakrishnan on the Malayalam screen|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/310716/golden-rigmaroles-adoor-gopalakrishnan-on-the-malayalam-screen.html|access-date=25 April 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 July 2016|language=en|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426014950/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/310716/golden-rigmaroles-adoor-gopalakrishnan-on-the-malayalam-screen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In a career spanning over five decades, Gopalakrishnan has made 12 feature films. His films often depict the society and culture of [[Kerala]]. Nearly all of his films premiered at [[Venice Film Festival|Venice]], [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] and [[Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto]] film festivals. Along with [[Satyajit Ray]] and [[Mrinal Sen]], Gopalakrishnan is one of the most recognized Indian film directors in the world cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0329715/ |title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=15 June 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811224017/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0329715/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adoor-Gopalakrishnan |title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan | Biography, Movies, & Facts |access-date=15 June 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812183242/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adoor-Gopalakrishnan |url-status=live }}</ref>

For his films, Gopalakrishnan has won 16 [[National Film Awards]], next only to Ray and Sen. He also won 17 [[Kerala State Film Awards]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1984 and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2006. He received the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 2004 for his valuable contributions to Indian cinema.<ref name="falkeaward">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090606830700.htm |title=Adoor selected for Phalke award |access-date=3 July 2011 |date=6 September 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505174552/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090606830700.htm |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref> In 2016, he was awarded the [[J. C. Daniel Award]], Kerala government's highest honour for contributions to Malayalam cinema. The [[University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]] have established an archive and research center, the Adoor Gopalakrishnan Film Archive and Research Center, at their Peck School of Arts where research students will have access to 35 mm prints of the 11 feature films and several documentaries made by Gopalakrishnan.<ref name="Milwaukee chose me: Adoor Gopalakrishnan">{{Cite web |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2013/05/06/adoor-gopalakrishnan-film-archive-research-center-at-peck-school-of-arts/ |title=Milwaukee chose me: Adoor Gopalakrishnan |last=Attipetty |first=Peter |date=6 May 2013 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US |access-date=11 October 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011052034/https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2013/05/06/adoor-gopalakrishnan-film-archive-research-center-at-peck-school-of-arts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Gopalakrishnan was born on 3 July 1941 in the village of Pallickal [http://wikimapia.org/31200983/Medayil-Bungalow-Pallickal (Medayil Bungalow)] near [[Adoor]], present-day [[Kerala]], to a Malayali [[Nair]] family.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

After securing a degree in Economics, Political Science and Public Administration in 1961 from the [[Gandhigram Rural Institute]] near [[Dindigul]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Page on Adoor Gopalakrishnan at Kerala tourism | url = http://www.keralatourism.org/index.php?zone=4&menu=59&id=21 | access-date = 8 February 2008 | archive-date = 17 July 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135042/http://www.keralatourism.org/index.php?zone=4&menu=59&id=21 | url-status = live }}</ref> he worked in Kerala as a statistical investigator for the Government of India's [[National Sample Survey Office (India)|National Sample Survey Office]] in its early years.

In 1962, he left his job to study screenwriting and direction at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], Pune. He completed his course with a scholarship from the [[Government of India]]. With his classmates and friends, Gopalakrishnan established Chithralekha Film Society and Chalachithra Sahakarana Sangham; the organization was the first film society in Kerala and it aimed at production, distribution and exhibition of films in the co-operative sector.

==Film career==
[[File:Adoor Gopalakrishnan, South Indian film director, script writer, and producer at IFFK2016 01.jpg|thumb|left|Gopalakrishnan at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]], 2016]]
Gopalakrishnan's debut film, the national award-winning ''Swayamvaram'' (1972) was a milestone in [[Malayalam film]] history. The film was exhibited widely in various international film festivals including those held in Moscow, [[Melbourne]], London and Paris. The films that followed namely ''[[Kodiyettam]], [[Elippathayam]], [[Mukhamukham]], [[Anantaram]], ''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]'', [[Vidheyan]]'' and ''[[Kathapurushan]]'' lived up to the reputation of his first film and were well received by critics at various film festivals and fetched him many awards. However, ''Mukhamukham'' was criticized in Kerala while ''Vidheyan'' was at the centre of a debate due to the differences in opinion between the writer of story of the film Sakhariya and Gopalakrishnan.

Gopalakrishnan's later films are ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'', narrating the experiences of an executioner who learns that one of his subjects was innocent, and ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]'', a film adaptation of four short stories by [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]].

All his films have won national and international awards (National award for best film twice, best director five times, and best script two times. His films have also won his actors and technicians several national awards). Gopalakrishnan's third feature, ''Elippathayam'' won him the coveted British Film Institute Award for 'the most original and imaginative film' of 1982. The International Film Critics Prize (FIPRESCI) has gone to him six times successively for ''Mukhamukham, Anantharam, Mathilukal, Vidheyan, Kathapurushan'' and ''Nizhalkkuthu''. Winner of several international awards like the UNICEF film prize (Venice), [[OCIC]] film prize (Amiens), INTERFILM Prize (Mannheim) etc., his films have been shown in [[Cannes]], [[Venice]], [[Berlin]], [[Toronto]], [[London]], [[Rotterdam]] and every important festival around the world.

In consideration of his contribution to Indian cinema, the nation honoured him with the title of [[Padma Shri]] (India's fourth highest civilian award) in 1984 and [[Padma Vibhushan]] (India's second highest civilian award) in 2006.

==Personal life==
[[File:Adoor Gopalakrishnan in 2022 4.jpg|thumb|Gopalakrishnan in 2022]]

Gopalakrishnan is settled in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in Kerala. His daughter Aswathi Dorje is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer (part of the Assam cadre, 2000 batch), currently acting as Deputy Commissioner of Police in [[Mumbai]] since June 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author=A correspondent Date: 2 June 2010 Place: Mumbai |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/jun/020610-mumbai-dcp-husband-wife-chhering-dorje-aswati.htm |title=Husband-wife set to take charge as Mumbai's DCPs |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625202448/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/jun/020610-mumbai-dcp-husband-wife-chhering-dorje-aswati.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050123/asp/look/story_4279220.asp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Crimebusters | date=23 January 2005 | access-date=3 June 2010 | archive-date=24 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124035252/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050123/asp/look/story_4279220.asp | url-status=dead }}</ref>

His biography ''Face to Face: The Cinema of Adoor Gopalakrishnan'' (2016) has been written by film scholar [[Parthajit Baruah]] of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Face-to-Face |url=https://www.analpabooks.com/face-to-face |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.analpabooks.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Parthajit |title=Face to Face: The Cinema of Adoor Gopalakrishnan |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2016 |isbn=9789351361954 |language=English}}</ref>

In December 2023, alongside 50 other filmmakers, Gopalakrishnan signed an open letter published in ''[[Libération]]'' demanding a ceasefire and an end to the [[2023 Gaza war]], and for a humanitarian corridor into Gaza to be established for humanitarian aid, and the release of hostages.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2023|title=Gaza : des cinéastes du monde entier demandent un cessez-le-feu immédiat|url=https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/gaza-des-cineastes-du-monde-entier-demandent-un-cessez-le-feu-immediat-20231228_WMAUSVJVLFEBNK4ME4XU3ZRU3M/|newspaper=[[Libération]]|language=fr|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefilmstage.com/claire-denis-ryusuke-hamaguchi-kiyoshi-kurosawa-christian-petzold-apichatpong-weerasethakul-more-sign-demand-for-ceasefire-in-gaza/|title=Claire Denis, Ryusuke Hamaguchi, Kiyoshi Kurosawa, Christian Petzold, Apichatpong Weerasethakul & More Sign Demand for Ceasefire in Gaza|last=Newman|first=Nick|date=29 December 2023|website=The Film Stage|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=31 December 2023|title=Directors of cinema sign petition for immediate ceasefire|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-780176|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref>

==Documentaries and 'New Cinema' movement==
Apart from nine feature films, he has over 30 short films and documentaries to his credit. The [[Helsinki Film Festival]] was the first film festival to have a retrospective of his films. He has headed the jury at the [[National Film Awards]] and many international film festivals.

Apart from his films, Gopalakrishnan's major contribution towards introducing a new cinema culture in Kerala was the constitution of the first Film Society in Kerala, "Chitralekha Film Society". He also took active part in the constitution of "Chitralekha", Kerala's first Film Co-operative Society for film production. These movements triggered a fresh wave of films, called "art films", by directors like G Aravindan, PA Becker, KG George, Pavithran, and Raveendran. At a time this movement was so strong that even popular cinema synthesised with art cinema to create a new genre of films. Bharat Gopi starred as hero 4 times in his ventures.

==Style and trademarks==
According to Gopalakrishnan "[i]n movies, the actor is not performing to the audience like the stage actor. Here they are acting for me. I am the audience and I will decide whether it is correct or not, enough or not."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adoorgopalakrishnan.com/profile.htm|title='Naalu Pennungal' not complex like my other films: Adoor|access-date=28 May 2009|publisher=[[Yahoo]] India Movies|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082245/http://www.adoorgopalakrishnan.com/profile.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2014, Gopalakrishnan, then heading the advisory committee of [[International Film Festival of Kerala|The International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK)]], irked controversy for introducing measures such as delegate passes being given only to those who can speak English since foreign films come with [[Subtitles|English subtitles]], these changes were criticized for promoting old-world elitism and restricting the festival's appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2014-11-13 |title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan stirs controversy by restricting entry at state-run film fest to viewers who know English |url=https://scroll.in/article/689662/adoor-gopalakrishnan-stirs-controversy-by-restricting-entry-at-state-run-film-fest-to-viewers-who-know-english |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, he faced criticism for defending the [[K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts]] director, Shankar Mohan, accused of violating reservation norms and discriminating based on caste and class. Gopalakrishan's statements, dismissing allegations and emphasizing Shankar Mohan's credentials, have drawn ire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=Sukanya |date=2023-01-17 |title=Dear Adoor, caste did not end because you discarded your surname at age 20 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/dear-adoor-caste-did-not-end-because-you-discarded-your-surname-age-20-172093 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

The students accused Gopalakrishnan, the chairman of the film institute, of shielding the institute director and not addressing their concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film institute row: Jeo Baby withdraws 'Freedom Fight' from Kannur festival |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/20/jeo-baby-withdraws-movie-kannur-film-festival-protest-adoor-gopalakrishnan.html |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Awards and milestones==
[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award – 2006 to Shri Adoor Gopalakrishnan, a leading luminary of New Indian Cinema, in New Delhi on March 20, 2006.jpg|thumb|File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award – 2006 to Shri Adoor Gopalakrishnan in New Delhi on March 20, 2006]]

Some of the awards and appreciation Gopalakrishnan has won for his films include:

* 2016 - On the occasion of India celebrating its [[Independence Day (India)|70th Independence day]], news agency ''[[NDTV]]'' compiled a list called "70 Years, 70 Great Films" and ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' was among the four Malayalam films that found place in the list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Independence Day: 70 Years, 70 Great Films |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-independence-day-70-years-70-great-films-15114 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* 2015 - [[Biswaratna Dr Bhupen Hazarika International Solidarity Award]]
* 2013 - [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] C. B. Kumar Endowment for ''Cinema yum Samskaravum'' (Essay)
* 2010 - [[Honorary Doctorate]] ([[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt]]) from [[University of Kerala]]
* 2006 - Padma Vibhushan — Second highest civilian award from Government of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/21adoor.htm|title=Adoor honoured with Padma award|access-date=28 May 2009|date=21 March 2006|work=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=25 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325051242/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/21adoor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2004 - [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] — Lifetime Achievement Award in Film awarded by the [[Government of India]]<ref name="falkeaward" />
* 1996 - [[Honorary Doctorate]] ([[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt]]) from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3408 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141005131914/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2014 |title=Mahatma Gandhi University |date=5 October 2014 |website=[[Government of Kerala]] |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>
* 1984 - Padma Shri — Fourth highest civilian award from Government of India.
* 1984 - [[Legion of Honour]] — French order, the highest decoration in France<ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrating Cinema: 5 Reasons You Should Know About this Pioneer of New Wave – The Penguin Digest|url=https://penguin.co.in/thepenguindigest/celebrating-cinema-5-reasons-you-should-know-about-this-pioneer-of-new-wave/|website=penguin.co.in|date=27 June 2017|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426011916/https://penguin.co.in/thepenguindigest/celebrating-cinema-5-reasons-you-should-know-about-this-pioneer-of-new-wave/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[National Film Awards]] — Various categories for ''Swayamvaram'', ''Kodiyettam'', ''Elippathayam'', ''Mukhamukham'', ''Anantaram'', ''Mathilukal'', ''Vidheyan'', ''Kathapurushan'', ''[[Nizhalkkuthu]]'' and ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]''
* [[Kerala State Film Awards]]: — Various categories for ''Kodiyettam'', ''Elippathayam'', ''Mukhamukham'', ''Anantaram'', ''Vidheyan'' and ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]''
*International Film Critics Prize ([[FIPRESCI]]) — won consecutively for six feature films (Mukhamukham, Anantaram, Mathilukal, Vidheyan, Kathapurushan and Nizhalkkuthu)<ref name="officialsite">{{cite web|url=http://www.adoorgopalakrishnan.com/profile.htm|title=Official Website of Adoor Gopalakrishnan|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082245/http://www.adoorgopalakrishnan.com/profile.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[London Film Festival]] — [[Sutherland Trophy]] — in 1982 for ''Elippathayam''
*[[British Film Institute]] Award — Most Original Imaginative Film of 1982 — ''Elippathayam''<ref>{{cite web|title=Dadasaheb Phalke awardee Adoor Gopalakrishnan completes 50 years in cinema|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/malayalam-filmmaker-adoor-gopalakrishnan-completes-50-years-in-cinema-335690-2016-08-17|website=India Today|date=17 August 2016 |access-date=25 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012219/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/malayalam-filmmaker-adoor-gopalakrishnan-completes-50-years-in-cinema-335690-2016-08-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] by [[French Government]] (2003)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-245928,prtpage-1.cms|title=Adoor receives French honour|access-date=14 July 2008|date=22 October 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021033923/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-245928,prtpage-1.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Lifetime achievement award at [[Cairo International Film Festival]].

'''[[National Film Awards|National Film Awards (Detailed):]]'''

* 1973 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]] - ''Swayamvaram''
* 1973 - [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] - ''Swayamvaram''
* 1978 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] - ''Kodiyettam''
* 1980 - [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Non-Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Non-Feature Film)]] - ''The Chola Heritage''
* 1982 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] - ''Elippathayam''
* 1984 - [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]] - ''Cinemayude Lokam''
* 1985 - Best Director - ''Mukhamukham''
* 1985 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] - ''Mukhamukham''
* 1985 - [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] - ''Mukhamukham''
* 1988 - Best Director - ''[[Anantaram|Anantharam]]''
* 1988 - [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] - ''Anantharam''
* 1990 - Best Director - ''Mathilukal''
* 1990 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] - ''Mathilukal''
* 1994 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] - ''Vidheyan''
* 1995 - Best Film - ''Kathapurushan''
* 2003 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] - ''[[Nizhalkkuthu]]''
* 2008 - Best Director - ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]''

'''[[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards (Detailed):]]'''

''[[Best Film]]''

* 1977 - Best Film - ''[[Kodiyettam]]''
* 1981 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''[[Elippathayam]]''
* 1984 - Best Film - ''[[Mukhamukham]]''
* 1993 - Best Film - ''[[Vidheyan]]''
* 2008 - Best Film - ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]''

''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]''

* 1977 - Best Director - ''[[Kodiyettam]]''
* 1984 - Best Director - ''[[Mukhamukham]]''
* 1987 - Best Director - ''Anantharam''
* 1993 - Best Director - ''[[Vidheyan]]''
* 2008 - Best Director - ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]''

''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]]''

* 1977 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] - ''[[Kodiyettam]]''

''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screen Play]]''

* 1993 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screen Play]] - ''[[Vidheyan]]''
* 2008 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screen Play]] - ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]''

''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary Film]]''

* 1982 - Best Documentary Film - [[Krishnanattam]]
* 1999 - Best Documentary Film - [[Kalamandalam Gopi]]

''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Short Film|Best Short Film]]''

* 2005 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Short Film|Best Short Film]] - [[Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]]

''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]''

* 2004 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]] - Cinemanubhavam

'''[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Awards (Detailed):]]'''<ref name="Critics Awards List">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</ref>
* 1984 - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''Mukhamukham''
* 1987 - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - ''Anantaram''
* 1989 - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''Mathilukal''
* 1989 - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - ''Mathilukal''
* 1993 - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''Vidheyan''
* 1993 - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - ''Vidheyan''
* 1995 - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''Kathapurushan''
* 1995 - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - ''Kathapurushan''
* 2016 - [[Ruby Jubilee Award]]

A retrospective of his films was conducted in

*[[Kolkata]], by Seagull Foundation for the Arts and Nandan, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/PRIVOXY-FORCE/movies/fullstory.php?id=14867560 |title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan's Retrospective in Kolkata |access-date=29 May 2009 |date=9 March 2009 |website=[[Sify]] }}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* The Slovenian International Film Festival, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.thehindu.com/films/?p=4845|title=Adoor retrospective at Slovenian festival|access-date=29 May 2009|date=15 November 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701181606/http://blogs.thehindu.com/films/?p=4845|archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref>
* The [[Munich Film Museum]], 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.thehindu.com/films/?p=4845|title=Adoor retrospective|access-date=29 May 2009|date=5 September 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701181606/http://blogs.thehindu.com/films/?p=4845|archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref>
* The French Cinematheque, Paris, 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/adoor_interview_df.html|title=Interview: Adoor|access-date=29 May 2009|publisher=Cinema of Malayalam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819081200/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/adoor_interview_df.html|archive-date=19 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year !! Title !! Duration !! Category !! Awards
|-
| 1965 || ''A Great Day'' || 20 mins || Short fiction ||
|-
| 1966 || ''A Day at Kovalam'' || 30 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1967 || ''The Myth'' || 50 Seconds || Short fiction || Merit Certificate, [[Expo 67|Expo 67, Montreal]]
|-
| 1968 || ''Danger at Your Door-step'' || 20 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1968 || ''And Man created'' || 8 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Manntharikal (Grains of Sand)'' || 20 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Towards National STD'' || 20 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1969 || ''A Mission of Love'' || 30 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1966 || ''Your Food'' || 60 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Pratisandhi (The Impasse)'' || 55 mins || Docu-drama ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Romance of Rubber'' || 30 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram (One's Own Choice)]]'' || 125 mins || Feature film || [[National Film Awards|National Awards]] for [[National Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]], [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] and [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematographer]]. Entered into the [[8th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1973">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973 |title=8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973) |access-date=3 January 2013 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194922/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973 |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| 1973 || ''Kilimanooril Oru Dasalakshadhipati (A Millionaire is Born)'' || 20 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Guru Chengannur'' || 17 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Past in Perspective'' || 20 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Idukki'' || 60 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Kodiyettam|Kodiyettam (Ascent)]]'' || 128 mins || Feature film || [[National Film Awards|National Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|-
| 1978 ||''Four Shorts on Family Planning'' || 16 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Yakshagana'' || 20 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Chola Heritage'' || 20 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Elippathayam]]'' (''The Rat Trap'') || 121 mins || Feature film || [[Sutherland Trophy]] at 1982 [[London Film Festival]] [[National Film Awards|National Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] and [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|-
| 1982 || ''Krishnanattam'' || 20 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Mukhamukham|Mukhamukham (Face to Face)]]'' || 107 mins || Feature film ||FIPRESCI Prize, New Delhi, [[National Film Awards|National Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]], [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] and [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|-
| 1985 || ''Eau/Ganga (Ganges-Water)'' || 140 mins || Documentary || Grand Prize, Cinema du reel, Paris
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Anantaram]] (Monologue)''|| 125 mins || Feature film || FIPRESCI Prize, Karlovy Vary. National awards for best director, best screenplay, and best audiography
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal (The Walls)]]'' || 117 mins || Feature film || FIPRESCI prize, Venice, UNICEF Film Prize, Venice, OCIC Prize, Amiens. National Award for best director, best actor, best regional film and best audiography
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Vidheyan|Vidheyan (The Servile)]]'' || 112 mins || Feature film || Feature FIPRESCI and Special Jury Prize, Singapore. Interfilm Jury Prize, Mannheim. Netpac prize, Rotterdam. National Award for best actor and best regional film
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Kathapurushan|Kathapurushan (The Man of the Story)]]'' || 107 mins || Feature film ||FIPRESCI Prize, National award for the best film
|-
| 1995 || ''Kalamandalam Gopi'' || 43 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Koodiyattam'' || 180 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' || 90 mins || Feature film ||FIPRESCI, Mumbai. National award for best regional film
|-
| 2005 || ''Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair'' || 73 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Dance of the Enchantress'' || 72 mins || Documentary ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Naalu Pennungal|Naalu Pennungal (Four Women)]]'' || 105 mins || Feature film || National Award for best director
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]] (A Climate for Crime)'' || 115 mins || Feature film ||Kerala State award for best director 2009
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pinneyum|Pinneyum (Once Again)]]'' || || Feature film ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Sukhantyam (A Happy End)'' || || Short fiction ||
|-
| Upcoming || ''Padayaatra'' || || Feature film ||
|}

== Trivia==
Kaamuki (Lover) is an incomplete 1967 movie directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan and starring [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Usha Nandini|Ushanandini]], and [[Adoor Bhasi]]. The movie, produced by a friend from Kuwait, was dropped midway due to financial problems. The screenplay of the movie was later adapted, with some changes, as [[Theerangal |Theerangal (1978)]] by [[Rajeevnath|Rajeev Nath]]. Two of the four songs rendered by [[K. J. Yesudas|Yesudas]] in the original movie were also included in Theerangal (1978). The lyrics were by Ettumaanoor Somadasan, and the music was composed by the team of V.K. Sasidharan<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Oct/07/veteran-singer-v-k-sasidharan-passes-away-2368532.html</ref> and P.K. Sivadas.<ref>https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/adoor-gopalakrishnan-movie-kamuki-kj-yesudas-song-1.5800325</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan: A Life in Cinema |author=Gautaman Bhaskaran |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2010 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=A Door to Adoor |author=Lalit Mohan Joshi, [[C. S. Venkiteswaran]] |publisher=South Asian Cinema Foundation |year=2006 |location=[[London]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=Adoorinte Lokam |language=ml |editor=M. F. Thomas |publisher=Mulberry |year=1986 |location=[[Kozhikode|Calicut, India]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=Adoorinte Chalachithrayathrakal |language=ml |editor=M. F. Thomas |publisher=Sign Books |year=2005 |location=[[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum, India]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=Varoo, Adoorilekku Pokam (Interview with Adoor Gopalakrishnan) |language=ml |author=Akbar Kakkattil |author-link=Akbar Kakkattil |publisher=[[DC Books]] |year=2006 |location=[[Kottayam|Kottayam, India]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=Adoorinte Sarga Yathra |language=ml |author=B. Sreeraj |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kazhchayile Kana Thalangal |language=ml |author=R. Pavithran |location=India}}
* {{Cite interview |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Adoor |interviewer=Patrick McGilligan |title="The Story Is Just an Excuse" |url=https://www.cineaste.com/fall2011/the-story-is-just-an-excuse-an-interview-with-adoor-gopalakrishnan-web-exclusive |date=2011}}
* {{Cite book |last=Attipetty |first=Peter Lal |title=Bodhadarayil Adoor |publisher=Logos Books |year=2023 |isbn=978-9390118823 |location=India |language=ml |trans-title=Adoor - Reminiscences}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.adoorgopalakrishnan.com/profile.htm Official website of Adoor]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm Official Website of Information and Public Relation Department of Kerala]
* {{IMDb name|id=0329715|name=Adoor Gopalakrishnan}}
* [https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/06intro.htm Adoor's oeuvre on Rediff]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070111182806/http://indulekha.com/moviegallery/2006/03/adoor-gopalakrishnan.html Collection of photos of Adoor]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071210155029/http://weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/adoor.htm Profile of Adoor on Weblokam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100214113448/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/adoor.html Profile at 'Cinema of Malayalam' ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110827210736/http://staging.livemint.com/articles/2007/09/08000758/The-road-to-modern-times.html 'The Road to Modern Times', Naalu Pennungal and the cinema of Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Mint Lounge 8 September 2007, by Arjun Razdan]
* {{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBFPi2dowI0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/tBFPi2dowI0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Adoorinte Sargaprapancham ''[Documentary] (in six parts)'' |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}

{{Adoor Gopalakrishnan}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Adoor Gopalakrishnan
| list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{J. C. Daniel Award}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Director}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalakrishnan, Adoor}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:J. C. Daniel Award winners]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film directors from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]

Disha (film)

2026-03-03T23:30:52Z

Meraki03: done

{{short description|1990 film by Sai Paranjpye}}
{{for|the directions in Indian tradition|Guardians of the directions#Directions_in_Hindu_tradition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Disha
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Sai Paranjpye]]
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Sai Paranjpye Films
| writer = Sai Paranjpye](Screenplay & Dialogue)
| story =
| starring = [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Nana Patekar]] [[Om Puri]] [[Raghuvir Yadav]]
| music = [[Anand Modak]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]] [[G.S. Bhaskar]]
| editing = Om Prakash Makkad
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1990}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Disha''''' (English: ''Direction'') was a 1990 Hindi film directed by [[Sai Paranjpye]], based on the plight of immigrant workers in urban India, starring [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Om Puri]] in lead roles.

The film was a part of the Indian Panorama at the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021006132447/http://www.geocities.com/curlybraces/movies/hindimovies.htm NFDC films]</ref> It was awarded the Best Jury and Most Popular film award at Rencontres Cinematographiques.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cannes-cinema.com/ |title=Cannes-CinĂŠma |publisher=Cannes-cinema.com |accessdate=2012-08-05}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The Story is about a little village of Bakuri, where water scarcity leads to a man named Parshuram Sarpat, to continuously dig for water resulting in the recognition as 'The pagal parsha'. Vasanta, another young man who gets married on insistence of his father to Phulwanti. Soma, who sees the MUMBAI as the solution for his unemployment.

The story narrates how Vasanta's father takes loan for his marriage against his wish. yet, he had a great start in married life. Soma looking for work from local landlord ,unable to get, goes to Mumbai to work in Cotton Mill, living among 40 others , working and surviving all in the same debt, work , merely 8 hour sleep shift , away from family since so many years yet hoping to give them support from their hard work.

Vasanta too, could not find sustaining work after marriage leaves for Mumbai. Hansa along with Phoolwanti starts working in a Bidi factory , 5 km away from village.
Munshi, manager of Bidi factory had bad intentions for Phoolwanti.
Vasanta , in Mumbai, starts working and seeing the conditions thinks of leaving in 2-3 years after having a saving to open a cooperate scheme in village. He calls his wife for few days in Mumbai after arranging a shelter for them to live separately. One night, relatives of the Kholi(smallest flat in old times in old buildings) owner barge in and oust them. Vasanta along with his wife Phoolwanti , with the help of Soma and other men, living in the man's only place spends the night. The next day, Phoolwanti comes back to village. Vasanta starts doing multiple works to earn more. Soma says not to go back to village and Vasanta decides opposite to do as he feels real life is in village.

Phoolwanti again starts going to Bidi factory. She takes care of his father in law, having extra- marital affair with Munshi. Vasanta's father posts him to come back to village.

Meanwhile, Parsha gets success in having water from well and gets praise and announces that it will be used for everyone.
Vasanta leaves village forever after understanding what his father could not write in letter.
Soma decides to leave Mumbai as his brother writes about starting scheme for farming in village.

The Movie shows the conditions of migrants, unemployment in rural area, OLD Mumbai -how it was in those days along with harsh realities of life that somewhere might be prevalent in some other ways for many.

==Cast==
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Hansa P. Sarpat , wife of Parshuram
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Vasanta D. Mandre
* Rizwan Shaikh
* [[Om Puri]] as Parshuram Sarpat
* [[Raghuvir Yadav]] as soma Sarpat , younger brother of Parshuram
* [[Nilu Phule]] as dashrath Mandre ,father of Vasanta
* [[Sayaji Shinde]]
* Rajshree Sawant as Phoolwanti, wife of Vasanta
* [[Achyut Potdar]], Munshi of Bidi Making factory
* Prashant Subhedar,
* Jayamala Inamdar
* [[Datta Rane]]
* Jairaj Nayar
* Vijay Parulkar
* Riju Bajaj
* Anil Bhagwat

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://journals.mup.man.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pdfdisp//MUPpdf/FSS/V11I0/110001.pdf Bombay and the Village in 1990s Women's Cinema, Rashmi Sawhney], Journal: Film Studies, {{ISSN|1469-0314}}, Volume 11, 2007.

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0099437}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sai Paranjpye]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Modak]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Onde Roopa Eradu Guna

2026-03-03T22:23:19Z

Meraki03: slightly cleanup formatting for clarity and improved wording per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Onde Roopa Eradu Guna
| image =
| caption =
| director = A. M. Sameevulla
| producer = A. M. Sameevulla
| story = A. M. Sameevulla
| writer = [[R. N. Jayagopal]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = A. M. Sameevulla
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Bhavani (actress)|Bhavani]] [[Chandrakala]] [[Chandrashekar]]
| music = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| cinematography = K. Janakiram
| editing = T. R. Srinivasulu
| studio = Bawa Movies
| distributor = Bawa Movies
| released = {{Film date|1975|07|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 min
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
}}

'''''Onde Roopa Eradu Guna''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಒಂದೇ ರೂಪ ಎರಡು ಗುಣ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[Kannada films of 1975|1975]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film, directed by A. M. Sameevulla and produced by A. M. Sameevulla. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Bhavani]], [[Chandrakala]] and [[Chandrashekhar]] in lead roles. The film had musical score by [[Salil Chowdhury]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/onde-roopa-eradu-guna-1975|title=Onde Roopa Eradu Guna|accessdate=2015-01-23|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/onde-roopa-eradu-guna.html|title=Onde Roopa Eradu Guna|accessdate=2015-01-23|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] in dual roles as Ashok and Vikram
* [[Bhavani (actress)|Bhavani]] as Rajani
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]] in Special Appearance
* [[Chandrakala]] as Shanthi
* [[Chandrashekar (Kannada actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Chandrashekhar
* [[Ambareesh]] as Daadaa in Jail
* [[Shivaram]] as Padmanabhayya, Rajani father
* [[Sampath (Kannada actor)|Sampath]] as Anantha Murthy, Ashok and Shanthi father
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Kathri, Kittu
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] Chathri, Juttu
* [[M. Jayashree]] as Susheela, Ashok and Shanthi mother
* [[Chethan Ramarao]]
* Manmatha Rao
* Raghu
* Shyam
* Nandagopal
* Muniyappa
* Maccheri
* Halam
* [[Tiger Prabhakr]] in a fight scene takes photo of Chandru
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==

{{Empty section|date=November 2019}}
shiva

== Reception ==
{{empty section|date=August 2019}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1360195}}
* {{YouTube|id=brIArckPYeE|title=Onde Roopa Eradu Guna}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren

2026-03-03T04:58:28Z

Meraki03: Made A Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Sridev
| producer = [[Kovaithambi]]
| writer = Sridev
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]]|[[Suman Ranganathan]]|[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[M. V. Panneerselvam]]
| editing = M. N. Raja
| studio = [[Motherland Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|02|07}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Unnai Vaazhthi Paadukiren''''' ({{translation|I will wish and sing for you}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by Sridev in his debut and produced by [[Kovaithambi]]. The film stars [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]], [[Suman Ranganathan]] and [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]. It was released on 7 February 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=உன்னை வாழ்த்தி பாடுகிறேன் / Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren (1992) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/unnai-vaazhthi-paadugiren |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530071854/https://screen4screen.com/movies/unnai-vaazhthi-paadugiren |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=May 2023}}
Ravi is a poor mechanic who works in the garage of and lives with his mother. He is very close to the owner so much that he sees him as his son. He is deeply in love with Priya, a rich girl. Priya hates him and flashback reveals that Ravi and Priya are married and hada [[marital breakdown]] because he lied to her that his mother was dead and about his financial status.

Priya stays with her parents who resent that she is staying with them instead of taking responsibility of her [[love marriage]]. In the meantime, Asha, another rich girl, falls in love with Ravi and she proposes to him. Ravi tells her that he is, in fact, Priya's husband and is working to convince Priya to live with him. The rest of the story is what happens to Ravi, Priya and Asha.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] as Ravi
*[[Suman Ranganathan]] as Priya
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Asha
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Asha's father
*[[J. V. Ramana Murthi]] as Priya's father
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ravi's mother
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Priya's mother
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]]
*[[Typist Gopu]]
*[[Halwa Vasu|Vasu]]
*[[Prabhu Deva]] (special appearance)
}}

==Production==
The film marked the debut of director Sridev,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chidambaram |first=S. |date=21 February 1992 |title=Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920221&printsec=frontpage |access-date=9 October 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and cinematographer [[M. V. Panneerselvam]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=27 October 1996 |title=எனக்குள்ளே வேள்வி நடக்கிறது..! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1996-10-27/kalki1996-10-27.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=32–34 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren |url=https://gaana.com/album/unnai-vaazhthi-paadugiren |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705055139/https://gaana.com/album/unnai-vaazhthi-paadugiren |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnai Vazhthi Paadukiren Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/unnai-vazhthi-paadukiren-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201211717/https://mossymart.com/product/unnai-vazhthi-paadukiren-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Oh Oh Oh Kaalai" uses the [[anupallavi (music)|anupallavi]] of the [[Hindi]] song "Khoya Khoya Chand Khula Aasman" from ''[[Kala Bazar]]'' (1960).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=5 March 2021 |title=Tamil film music and plagiarism: What fans feel about recurring issue |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-film-music-and-plagiarism-what-fans-feel-about-recurring-issue-144703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705054330/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-film-music-and-plagiarism-what-fans-feel-about-recurring-issue-144703 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Ippodhum Nippen" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:57
|-
| "Oh Oh Oh Kaalai" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] || 4:46
|-
| "Oru Maalai Chandiran" || [[Minmini]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Na. Kamarasan]] || 4:52
|-
| "Oru Raagam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], S. Janaki || [[Piraisoodan]] || 5:00
|-
| "Kurukkanikuthu" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Uma Ramanan]] || rowspan=2|Vaali || 4:12
|-
| "Kathukaruppu" || Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki || 5:00
|-
| "Unnai Vaazhthi" || K. J. Yesudas || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:50
|}

== Reception ==
S. Chidambaram of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Debutant director Shridev, who has also penned the story, screenplay and dialogue, is able to keep your interest intact till the interval through a suspense [..] So you feel bored when the second part drags on" and called Ilaiyaraaja's music the "redeeming feature of this movie".<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 romance films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Dreams (2004 film)

2026-03-03T04:31:04Z

Meraki03: Updated entries and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dreams (2004 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kasthuri Raja]]
| writer = Kasthuri Raja
| producer = Saraswathi Srikanth
| starring = [[Dhanush]] [[Diya (actress)|Diya]] [[Parul Yadav]]
| cinematography = Kichas
| music = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| studio = Akshay Films
| distributor = [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|11|11}}
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}
'''''Dreams''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Kasthuri Raja]] and produced by Saraswathi Srikanth. The film stars the director's youngest son [[Dhanush]], with [[Diya (actress)|Diya]] and [[Parul Yadav]] as the lead actresses. The music was composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] with cinematography by Kichas. The film was released on 11 November 2004 and became a box office failure.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2024}}
Shakti, a young man, is spoilt by his father and leads a wayward life. However, when he falls in love, he works on changing himself for the better but things take a turn for the worse.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dhanush]] as Shakthi
* [[Diya (actress)|Diya]] as Shruti
* [[Parul Yadav]] as Charu
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Ramanathan
* [[Rajyalakshmi]] as Lakshmi
* [[Kaajal Pasupathi]] as Shakthi's friend
* [[Ram G]] as Guna
* [[Manobala]] as Moosa
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Mahendran, Shruti's father
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Pattu
* [[Nithin Sathya]] as Shiva, Shakthi's friend
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Lawyer Varadharajan
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Appu Kuttan
* Karthik Sabesh
* [[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]]
* [[Bala Singh]]
* [[Sujibala]]
* Vasanthi in a special appearance<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=7 June 2022 |title=Calling Agent Tina: Vasanthi on her journey from dance assistant to Vikram's ferocious spy |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/tamil/vasanthi-who-plays-agent-tina-in-kamal-haasans-vikram-opens-up-on-cracking-the-part-174838 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712002803/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/tamil/vasanthi-who-plays-agent-tina-in-kamal-haasans-vikram-opens-up-on-cracking-the-part-174838 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=News9live}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film began production shortly after the success of director [[Kasthuri Raja]] and actor [[Dhanush]]'s ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' in 2002, but as Dhanush's ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003) became a major success, ''Dreams'' was stalled as he began signing numerous projects. When production resumed, Kasthuri Raja scrapped the earlier footage and started anew due to changes in Dhanush's appearance causing continuity issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2004 |title='Dreams' in the making |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/24/stories/2004092402000800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050201020927/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/24/stories/2004092402000800.htm |archive-date=1 February 2005 |access-date=29 July 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Near the release in late 2004, Kasthuri Raja and the producer Srikanth were engaged in legal and financial issues.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2004 |title=Diwali films censored |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-films-censored-news-tamil-kkfvEFdedea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203205126/http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-films-censored-news-tamil-kkfvEFdedea.html |archive-date=3 February 2012 |access-date=29 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2004 |title=Danush dreams problem solved! |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/01022004-1.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040204191038/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/01022004-1.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2004 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], with lyrics by Kasthuri Raja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreams (2004) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/dreams-songs-T0000637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241226010610/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/dreams-songs-T0000637 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BOSE / DREAMS / 4 STUDENTS - Yuvan Shankar Raja & Bharadwaj Audio Cd (FACTORY SEALED PACK) |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/bose-dreams-4-students-yuvan-shankar-raja-bharadwaj-audio-cd-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809155321/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/bose-dreams-4-students-yuvan-shankar-raja-bharadwaj-audio-cd-2/ |archive-date=9 August 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 42:07
| title1 = Alai Alaiyai
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| length1 = 5:25
| title2 = Appa Amma
| extra2 = Nithish Gopalan, [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
| length2 = 5:29
| title3 = Unnai Unnai
| extra3 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], Camli
| length3 = 5:33
| title4 = Uyire Uyire
| extra4 = Harish Raghavendra
| length4 = 6:04
| title5 = Payyanukku Meesa Vandha
| extra5 = Nitish Gopalan, Kaushik
| length5 = 4:48
| title6 = Oh Penne
| extra6 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| length6 = 5:57
| title7 = Dreams Music
| length7 = 4:54
| note7 = [[Instrumental]]
| title8 = Violin
| length8 = 3:57
| note8 = Instrumental
}}

== Release ==
''Dreams'' was released on 11 November 2004, during [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreams |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/dreams |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111110530/https://screen4screen.com/movies/dreams |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> It opened up against ''[[Attahasam]]'', ''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'', ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]'' and ''[[Neranja Manasu]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=8 November 2004 |title=Treat from tinseldom |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/08/stories/2004110801810500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050503213916/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/08/stories/2004110801810500.htm |archive-date=3 May 2005 |access-date=29 July 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film became a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2004 |title=Dhanush postpones honeymoon! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-postpones-honeymoon-news-tamil-kkfvDLigcja.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021191307/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-postpones-honeymoon-news-tamil-kkfvDLigcja.html |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=29 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2005 |title=Dhanush's desperate hours |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-desperate-hours-news-tamil-kkfv6oijcaf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021191355/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-desperate-hours-news-tamil-kkfv6oijcaf.html |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=29 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote "''Dreams'' has no style in presentation or any logic story wise. The plot is far-fetched and by the end you can’t figure out what’s happening to the screenplay that has gone haywire".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2004 |title=Dreams |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dreams-review-tamil-pclvDedjajjci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422060920/https://www.sify.com/movies/dreams-review-tamil-pclvDedjajjci.html |archive-date=22 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=22 April 2022 }}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "You only hope that Dhanush does some serious retrospection and in future chooses films with care. He should not relent even for the sake of dad's dream projects. After all, having acquired such incredible fan following in a very short while, he cannot afford to be reckless".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=26 November 2004 |title="Dreams" |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/11/26/stories/2004112602800300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305055918/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/11/26/stories/2004112602800300.htm |archive-date=5 March 2005 |access-date=29 July 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' called it "a technically well-packaged film, with a thoughtfully-written script, aesthetically taken shots, with appealing music and camera work, and a relevant message for the younger generation and the parents".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=6 December 2004 |title=Dreams |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/11dreams.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204125958/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/11dreams.asp |archive-date=4 February 2007 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Kasthuri Raja}}

[[Category:2000s erotic films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 romance films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kasthuri Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian erotic romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Kalasangham Films]]

Bindu Menon

2026-03-02T00:37:53Z

Meraki03: creating

{{Short description|Indian neurologist, health activist, researcher (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bindu Menon
| image = Bindu Menon.jpg
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1970}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| education = [[MBBS]], [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] (Medicine), [[Diabetic neuropathy|DM]] (Neuro), [[Diplomate of National Board|DNB]] (Neuro)
| alma_mater = [[Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal]] [[Gajara Raja Medical College]] [[Bombay Hospital |Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences]] [[University College London]]
| occupation = [[Neurologist]], [[Academic staff|Academic]], [[Health activist]], Founder of Neurology-on-Wheels
| awards = Mridha Spirit of Neurology Humanitarian Award (2022) by [[American Academy of Neurology]] A. B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award (2022) by [[American Academy of Neurology]] J J Rao Oration Award (2019) by the Geriatric Society of India H. C. Bajoria oration Award (2016) by Indian Epilepsy Association and Indian Epilepsy Society
| website ={{URL|http://drbindumenon.com/| Official website}}
}}
'''Bindu Menon''' (born 1970) is an Indian neurologist, health activist, researcher and academician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="E5">{{cite news |last1=Rajpal |first1=Seema |title=This Nellore doctor is hitting the road to spread awareness about strokes, epilepsy and more |url=https://www.edexlive.com/happening/2019/sep/05/dr-bindu-menon-from-nellore-is-hitting-the-road-to-spread-awareness-about-strokes-eplipsey-and-more-7801.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=5 September 2019}}</ref> She is known for providing free treatment to patients with [[Neurological disorder]] in rural areas of India through her organization, the Dr. Bindu Menon Foundation.<ref name="A1"/><ref name="C3">{{cite news |title=Neurologist takes up mission to spread health awareness |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/neurologist-takes-up-mission-to-spread-health-awareness/article29676082.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=Mahesh B |title=Free neurology services for villagers.. Doctor's generosity..! (పల్లెవాసులకు ఉచితంగా న్యూరాలజీ సేవలు.. వైద్యురాలి ఉదారత్వం..!) |url=https://manalokam.com/news/dr-bindu-menon-free-neurology-services-to-villagers.html |publisher=Manalokam |date=16 February 2020 |language=Telugu |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131130355/https://manalokam.com/news/dr-bindu-menon-free-neurology-services-to-villagers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She runs an initiative called Neurology-on-Wheels, offering free healthcare services to remote areas since 2013.<ref name="A1">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=D Surendra |title=Sa, re, ga, ma...musical notes to fight stroke |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/24/sa-re-ga-mamusical-notes-to-fight-stroke-2445841.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=24 April 2022}}</ref>

Menon received the Mridha Spirit of Neurology Humanitarian Award<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrate these 2022 AAN Award Recipient |url=https://issuu.com/americanacademyofneurology/docs/22_aannews_april_web_v11 |agency=[[American Academy of Neurology]] |publisher=[[American Academy of Neurology|AAN News]] |date=April 2022}}</ref> and the A. B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award<ref>{{cite news |title=A.B. Baker Award for Lifetime Achievement in Neurologic Education |url=https://www.aan.com/research/education-award-recipients |publisher=[[American Academy of Neurology]] |date=2022}}</ref> from the [[American Academy of Neurology]] in 2022. In 2021, the [[World Stroke Organization]] honoured her with the [[World Stroke Organization|Fellowship of the World Stroke Organization]] (FWSO).<ref name="A1"/> She is also noted for her research in the field of epilepsy and other neurological diseases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Bindu Menon |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bindu-Menon-4|publisher=[[ResearchGate]] |date=2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
She was born in 1970. She received her [[MBBS]] at [[Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal|Gandhi Medical College]] in [[Bhopal]] and her MD at [[Gajara Raja Medical College]]. In 2002, she obtained her DM Neurology and [[Diplomate of National Board]] in Neurology from [[Bombay Hospital |Bombay Hospital Institute Medical Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Bindu Menon: Past Events: Speakers |url=https://www.tedxaiimsbhubaneswar.com/past-events |publisher=TEDX |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131125731/https://www.tedxaiimsbhubaneswar.com/past-events |url-status=dead }}</ref> She conducted research on the effects of prolonged medication on [[Epilepsy]] patients on bone health as part of a project funded by the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name="C3"/> Menon received additional training in neurology at [[University College London]].<ref>{{cite web |title=We reach, We teach, We treat |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hf5049qxiyE |publisher=TEDx Talks |date=17 September 2019}}</ref>

== Work ==
Bindu Menon began her career as an assistant professor at [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] in [[Tirupati]]. After eight years there, she moved to [[Nellore]] and worked as the Professor and Head of the Department of Neurology at Narayana Medical College and Hospital.<ref name="E5"/> She is currently serving as a Professor and Head of the Neurology Department at [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Specialty Hospitals]] in Nellore.<ref name="D4"/>

Bindu Menon founded the Dr Bindu Menon Foundation in 2013 as a non-profit organisation. She runs a program called Neurology on Wheels, which she started in 2015 and provides medical care to needy patients in rural areas using a small van. As of 2019, the program served hundreds of patients in about 23 villages in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The program delivers medical screenings, distributes medications, and holds awareness programs to educate the community about stroke and epilepsy risks and symptoms. It operates in randomly selected villages on Sundays. She also conducts school and college awareness camps.<ref name="B2">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ankita |title=Neurology On Wheels – The Doctor Carrying Her Services To The Villages Of India |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/dr-bindu-menon-neurologist/ |publisher=The Logical Indian |date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="D4">{{cite news |last1=Dagar |first1=Nisha |title='न्यूरोलॉजी ऑन व्हील्स': 5 सालों से खुद गाँव-गाँव जाकर लोगों का मुफ्त इलाज करती हैं यह न्यूरोलॉजिस्ट! |url=https://hindi.thebetterindia.com/medical/andhra-pradesh-nellore-neurologist-dr-bindu-menon-started-neurology-on-wheels-free-healthcare-to-village-poor-people-india/ |publisher=[[The Better India]] |date=20 January 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Richi |first1=Priyanka |title=Neurology on wheels: This AP doctor is treating patients in villages for free |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/neurology-wheels-ap-doctor-treating-patients-villages-free-109301 |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |date=22 September 2019}}</ref>

Menon has launched an app for persons with epilepsy to track their treatment and manage their seizures. The app includes features such as a medication list with reminders and the ability to upload videos of seizure events for review by a doctor.<ref name="B2"/> She has been working to create awareness about [[Epilepsy]], [[Stroke]], and other [[Neurological disorder]] since 2008.<ref name="A1"/> Her Neurology on Wheels has provided stroke and epilepsy screening and treatment to over 12,000 people. Menon has organized 250 free medical camps and through her Neurology on Wheels initiative as of September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Bindu Menon Foundation celebrates 11th anniversary |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/dr-bindu-menon-foundation-celebrates-11th-anniv-905463 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=September 9, 2024}}</ref> She has provided treatment for 352 cases of hypertension, 129 cases of diabetes, 138 cases of stroke, and 105 cases of epilepsy, as of January 2023. She has also conducted 210 awareness programs, reaching approximately 35,000 people and educating them on epilepsy, brain stroke, and other related diseases.<ref name="A1"/><ref>{{cite news |title=బ్రెయిన్ స్ట్రోక్, మూర్చ వ్యాధిగ్రస్తులకు వరం డాక్టర్ బిందు మీనన్ ఫౌండేషన్…. |url=http://suryaepaper.com/viewclip.php?img=ldii64ht.png |publisher=[[Suryaa (newspaper)|Suryaa]] |date=23 January 2023 |language=Telugu |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131121853/http://suryaepaper.com/viewclip.php?img=ldii64ht.png |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She also serves as the Convenor of the [[Indian Women Scientists' Association]], Nellore. In 2019, she delivered a TEDx talk at [[AIIMS Bhubaneswar]] about her life and her project, Neurology on Wheels.<ref>{{cite journal |title=TEDx Talk by Prof. Bindu Menon |journal=IWSA Newsletter |date=August 2019 |volume=46 |issue=2 |page=36 |url=https://iwsa.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/IWSA-Newsletter-May-August-2019.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Women Scientists' Association]] |issn=0972-6195}}</ref> She was chosen as a OneNeurology Ambassador by the European Federation of Neurological Associations (EFNA) and the [[European Academy of Neurology]] (EAN) to collaborate on the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)'s global action plan for epilepsy and other neurological disorders.<ref>{{cite web |title=OneNeurology Ambassadors |url=https://oneneurology.net/ambassadors/ |publisher=Oneneurology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229135647/https://oneneurology.net/ambassadors/ |archive-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[World Federation of Neurology]] awarded her an education grant to study the impact of community intervention to reduce the risk of stroke in the rural community.<ref>{{cite news |title=2020 Educational Grants |url=https://wfneurology.org/activities/education-grants-and-awards/educational-grants/educational-grant-recipients |publisher=[[World Federation of Neurology]] |date=2020}}</ref> She also serves as the chief editor for the Epilepsy India Newsletter, a magazine published jointly by the Indian Epilepsy Association and the Indian Epilepsy Society.<ref>{{cite web |title=Editorial Team |url=https://epilepsyindia.org/editorial-team/ |website=Epilepsyindia.org}}</ref>

In July 2023, Menon was elected Secretary General of the Indian Epilepsy Association.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murali |first1=S. |title=Nellore neurologist elected Indian Epilepsy Association’s Secretary General |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nellore-neurologist-elected-indian-epilepsy-associations-secretary-general/article67138178.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=July 30, 2023}}</ref> In November 2024, Menon was appointed as Adjunct Faculty at the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]]–[[National Institute of Epidemiology]], Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Updated Result Notification of Selected ICMR Adjunct Faculty |url=https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/Documents/1743499857_adjunct_faculty_list_updated_signed_ao.pdf |publisher=[[ICMR]] |date=March 20, 2025}}</ref> She is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

== Awards and honours ==
In February 2025, Menon received the Asian and Oceanian Outstanding Achievement Epilepsy Award from the [[International League Against Epilepsy]] at the 15th Asian and Oceanian Epilepsy Congress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Bindu Menon gets Asian & Oceanian Outstanding Achievement Epilepsy Award |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/dr-bindu-menon-gets-asian-oceanian-outstanding-achievement-epilepsy-award-948463 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=February 24, 2025}}</ref> In May 2024, Menon was elected to the Board of Directors of the [[World Stroke Organization]] for the 2024–2028 term<ref>{{cite news |title=WSO Board of Directors elections results 2024-2028 |url=https://www.world-stroke.org/news-and-blog/news/wso-board-of-directors-elections-2024-2028 |publisher=[[World Stroke Organization]] |date=May 22, 2024}}</ref> and is also a member of its Gender Equity and Diversity in Stroke Care (GENESIS) Committee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Committees |url=https://www.world-stroke.org/about-wso/committees |publisher=[[World Stroke Organization]] |date=May 2024}}</ref>

In August 2023, she was selected to participate in the Palatucci Advocacy Leadership Forum of the [[American Academy of Neurology]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murali |first1=S. |title=Nellore neurologist chosen for prestigious Palatucci Advocacy Leadership Forum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/international-recognition-for-nellore-neurologist/article67190621.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=August 13, 2023}}</ref> In the same year, 2023, Menon received the Indian Medical Association Doctors Day Award by the [[Indian Medical Association]] in New Delhi and the Achiever Award from the [[Indian Women Scientists' Association]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nellore doctor receives IMA Doctors Day award |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/030723/nellore-doctor-receives-ima-doctors-day-award.html |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=July 3, 2023}}</ref>

In April 2022, she was awarded the Fellowship of the [[American Academy of Neurology]] (FAAN) and the Mridha Spirit of Neurology Humanitarian Award from the [[American Academy of Neurology]] and the American Brain Foundation.<ref name="A1"/> In 2021, she received the A. B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the [[American Academy of Neurology]] for her work in education. She also received the Fellowship of the World Stroke Organization (FWSO) from the [[World Stroke Organization]].<ref name="A1"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Apollo Consultants Honour list |url=https://www.apollohospitals.com/apollo_pdf/Honors-list-April-2022.pdf |work=[[Apollo Hospitals]] |date=April 2022}}</ref> She has been a research committee member of the World Stroke Organization since 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Committees |url=https://www.world-stroke.org/about-wso/committees |publisher=[[World Stroke Organization]]}}</ref>

In 2018, she received the World Stroke Organization Award in the Individual Achievement category from the [[World Stroke Organization]]. In 2019, she was honoured with the J J Rao Oration by the Geriatric Society of India.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Awards and Recognitions for Dr. Bindu Menon, Convenor, IWSA, Nellore Branch |journal=IWSA Newsletter |date=December 2019 |volume=46 |issue=3 |page=26 |url=https://iwsa.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IWSA-Newsletter-September-to-December-2019.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Women Scientists' Association]] |issn=0972-6195}}</ref> In August 2019, she received the Sakshi Excellence Award for Healthcare at a ceremony in [[Hyderabad]], presented by [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]], the [[Governor of Telangana]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Prof. Bindu Menon receives "Sakshi Excellence Award in Health Care" |journal=IWSA Newsletter |date=August 2019 |volume=46 |issue=2 |page=35|url=https://iwsa.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/IWSA-Newsletter-May-August-2019.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Women Scientists' Association]] |issn=0972-6195}}</ref>

In 2017, she received the International League Epilepsy (ILAE) Leadership Award at the International Epilepsy Congress and in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof. Bindu Menon |url=http://storage.unitedwebnetwork.com/files/340/708d224b6de779cbc32ab50f70b840ba.pdf}}</ref> she was given the H. C. Bajoria oration Award at the Joint Annual Conference of the Indian Epilepsy Association and Indian Epilepsy Society.<ref>{{cite news |title=Recepients[sic] of Prof. B.M. Sharma Oration and H.C. Bajoria Award Prize |url=https://epilepsyindia.org/about-iea/ |work=Indian Epilepsy Association}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://drbindumenon.com/ Official website]
* {{Google Scholar ID | id= VxkHAxUAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Bindu}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian health activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social workers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian neurologists]]
[[Category:Indian epileptologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Neurology]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians]]

13th Kerala Assembly

2026-03-01T20:38:15Z

Meraki03: made entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kerala State Legislative Assembly
| native_name = കേരളം നിയമസഭ
| transcription_name = ''Kerala Niyamasabha''
| legislature = 13th Assembly

| coa_res = 300px
| coa_alt =
| foundation = 
| disbanded = 
| preceded_by = [[12th Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[14th Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| house_type = Unicameral
| body =
| houses =
| leader1_type = Speaker of the Assembly
| leader1 = [[N. Sakthan]]
| party1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| election1 = [[Kerala State legislative assembly election, 2011|2015]]
| leader3_type = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| leader3 = [[Oommen Chandy]]
| party3 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| election3 = [[Kerala State legislative assembly election, 2011|2011]]
| leader4_type = [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Leader of Opposition]]
| leader4 = [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| party4 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| election4 = [[Kerala State legislative assembly election, 2011|2011]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 =
| party2 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| election2 = [[Kerala State legislative assembly election, 2011|2011]]
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| leader6_type =
| leader6 =
| party6 =
| election6 =
| seats = '''Total :''' 141 {{Collapsible list | title=Elected : 140 | {{color box|#1609F7}} [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]: 73 | {{color box|#ff0000}} [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]: 67}} '''Nominated :''' 1
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| structure1_alt =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| structure2_alt =
| political_groups1 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[Kerala State legislative assembly election, 2011|2011]]
| last_election2 =
| previous_election2 =
| session_room =
| session_res = 200px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Niyamasabha Mandiram]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| website = {{URL|www.niyamasabha.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Kerala Legislative Assembly''', popularly known as the '''Niyamasabha''' ({{indic | lang=ml | indic=നിയമസഭ | trans=niyamasabha }}, literally ''Hall of laws''), is the law making body of [[Kerala]], one of the 29 States in India. The Assembly is formed by 140 elected representatives and one nominated member from the [[Anglo-Indian]] community. Each elected member represents one of the 140 constituencies within the borders of Kerala and is referred to as [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).

==Composition==
This Legislature assembly was the 13th Assembly, since formation of Kerala. Speaker post fell vacant due to the death of Shri G. Karthikeyan on 7 March 2015 and Shri N Sakhthan is the Deputy Speaker. The leader of the Assembly is Oommen Chandy, who is also Congress Legislative Party leader, whereas V.S. Achuthanandan is the Leader of the opposition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/kerala/6318-kerala-assembly-election-schedule-2016.html|title=Kerala Assembly Election Schedule 2016|work=infoelections}}</ref>

==Political parties or coalitions==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|-
! scope="col" | Sl. No:
! scope="col" | Front
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | No. of Candidates
! scope="col" | Seats won
! scope="col" | Votes
! scope="col" | Percentage
|-
| 1||[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] ||140 ||73|| 8,002,874||45.83
|-
| 2||[[Left Democratic Front]] ||140||67|| 7,846,703||44.94
|-
| 3||[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] ||140 ||0|| 1,058,504||6.06
|-
| 4||Independents and Others ||550 ||0|| 553,832||3.17
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly of Kerala==

[[File:Niyamasabha Mandiram.JPG|thumb|Kerala State Legislative Assembly or the Niyamasabha at night]]
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|-
! scope="col" | Sl. No:
! scope="col" | Constituency
! scope="col" | Winner
! scope="col" | Party
|-
| 1 ||[[Manjeshwar]] || P. B. Abdul Razaq ||IUML
|-
| 2 ||[[Kasaragod]] ||N. A. Nellikunnu||IUML
|-
| 3 ||[[Udma]] ||[[K. Kunhiraman]]|| CPI(M)
|-
| 4 || [[Kanhangad]] ||E. Chandrasekharan ||CPI
|-
| 5 ||[[Trikarpur]] ||K. Kunhiraman||CPI(M)
|-
| 6 ||[[Payyanur]] ||C. Krishnan||CPI(M)
|-
| 7 ||[[Kalliasseri]] ||T. V. Rajesh||CPI(M)
|-
| 8 ||[[Taliparamba]] ||James Mathew||CPI(M)
|-
| 9 ||[[Irikkur]] ||[[K. C. Joseph (Irikkur politician)|K. C. Joseph]]||INC
|-
| 10 ||[[Azhikode, Kannur|Azhikode]] ||[[K.M. Shaji]] ||IUML
|-
| 11 ||[[Kannur]] ||[[A. P. Abdullakutty]] ||INC
|-
| 12 ||[[Dharmadam]] ||K. K. Narayanan ||CPI(M)
|-
| 13 ||[[Thalassery]] ||[[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]||CPI(M)
|-
| 14 ||[[Kuthuparamba]] ||[[K. P. Mohanan]] ||JD(U)
|-
| 15 ||[[Mattannur]] ||E. P. Jayarajan ||CPI(M)
|-
| 16 ||[[Peravoor]] ||Sunny Joseph ||INC
|-
| 17 ||[[Mananthavady]] ||[[P. K. Jayalakshmi]]||INC
|-
| 18 ||[[Sulthanbathery]] ||I. C. Balakrishnan ||INC
|-
| 19 ||[[Kalpetta]] ||M. V. Shreyams Kumar ||JD(U)
|-
| 20 ||[[Vadakara]] ||C. K. Nanu ||JD(S)
|-
| 21 ||[[Kuttiadi]] ||K. K. Lathika||CPI(M)
|-
| 22 ||[[Nadapuram]] ||E. K. Vijayan ||CPI
|-
| 23 ||[[Koyilandy]] ||K. Dasan ||CPI(M)m
|-
| 24 ||[[Perambra]] ||K. Kunhahammed Master ||CPI(M)
|-
| 25 ||[[Balusseri]] ||Purushan Kadalundy ||CPI(M)
|-
| 26 ||[[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]] ||A. K. Saseendran ||NCP
|-
| 27 || [[Kozhikode]] North||A. Pradeepkumar ||CPI(M)
|-
| 28 ||[[Kozhikode]] South ||[[M. K. Muneer]]||IUML
|-
| 29 ||[[Beypore]] ||[[Elamaram Kareem]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 30 ||[[Kunnamangalam]] ||[[P. T. A. Rahim]] ||Independent
|-
| 31 ||[[Koduvally]] ||V. M. Ummer Master ||IUML
|-
| 32 ||[[Thiruvambady]] ||C. Moyinkutty||IUML
|-
| 33 ||[[Kondotty]] ||P. Mohammedunni Haji||IUML
|-
| 34 ||[[Eranad taluk|Ernad]] ||P. K. Basheer||IUML
|-
| 35 ||[[Nilambur]] ||[[Aryadan Mohammed]] ||INC
|-
| 36 ||[[Wandoor]] (SC) ||[[A.P. Anil Kumar]] ||INC
|-
| 37 || [[Manjeri]] ||M. Ummer||IUML
|-
| 38 ||[[Perinthalmanna]] ||[[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]||IUML
|-
| 39 ||[[Mankada]] ||T. A. Ahammed Kabeer ||IUML
|-
| 40 ||[[Malappuram]] ||P. Ubaidulla||IUML
|-
| 41 || [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]] ||[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]||IUML
|-
| 42 ||[[Vallikunnu]] ||K. N. A. Khader||IUML
|-
| 43 ||[[Tirurangadi]] ||[[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]||IUML
|-
| 44 ||[[Tanur, India|Tanur]] ||Abdurahman Randathani||IUML
|-
| 45 ||[[Tirur]] ||C. Mammootty||IUML
|-
| 46 ||[[Kottakkal]] ||[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]||IUML
|-
| 47 ||[[Tavanur|Thavanur]] ||[[K T Jaleel|K.T. Jaleel]] ||Independent
|-
| 48 ||[[Ponnani]] ||[[P. Sreeramakrishnan]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 49 ||[[Thrithala]] ||V. T. Balram ||INC
|-
| 50 || [[Pattambi]] ||[[C. P. Mohammed]] ||INC
|-
| 51 || [[Shornur]]||K. S. Saleekha ||CPI(M)
|-
| 52 ||[[Ottappalam]] ||M. Hamsa ||CPI(M)
|-
| 53 || [[Kongad (gram panchayat)|Kongad]] ||K. V. Vijayadas ||CPI(M)
|-
| 54 ||[[Mannarkkad]] ||N. Shamsudheen ||IUML
|-
| 55 ||[[Malampuzha]]||[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]||CPI(M)
|-
| 56 || [[Palakkad]] ||Shafi Parambil ||INC
|-
| 57 ||[[Tarur (gram panchayat)|Tarur]] ||[[A. K. Balan]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 58 ||[[Chittur]] ||K. Achuthan ||INC
|-
| 59 || [[Nemmara]]||V. Chenthamarakshan ||CPI(M)
|-
| 60 ||[[Alathur]] ||M. Chandran ||CPI(M)
|-
| 61 ||[[Chelakkara]] ||K. Radhakrishnan ||CPI(M)
|-
| 62 ||[[Kunnamkulam]] ||Babu M. Palissery ||CPI(M)
|-
| 63 ||[[Guruvayoor]] ||K.V. Abdulkhader ||CPI(M)
|-
| 64 || [[Manalur]] ||P. A. Madhavan ||INC
|-
| 65 ||[[Wadakkanchery]] ||[[C. N. Balakrishnan]] ||INC
|-
| 66 ||[[Ollur]] ||M. P. Vincent ||INC
|-
| 67 ||[[Thrissur]] ||Therambil Ramakrishnan ||INC
|-
| 68 ||[[Nattika]] ||[[Geetha Gopi]] ||CPI
|-
| 69 || [[Kaipamangalam]]|| [[V. S. Sunil Kumar]] ||CPI
|-
| 70 ||[[Irinjalakuda]] ||[[Thomas Unniyadan]] ||KC(M)
|-
| 71 || [[Puthukkad]] ||C. Raveendranath ||CPI(M)
|-
| 72 || [[Chalakudy]]||B.D. Devasi ||CPI(M)
|-
| 73 || [[Kodungallur]] ||T N Prathapan ||INC
|-
| 74 ||[[Perumbavoor]] ||[[Saju Paul]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 75 ||[[Angamaly]]||[[Jose Thettayil]] ||JD(S)
|-
| 76 ||[[Aluva]] ||Anwar Sadath ||INC
|-
| 77 ||[[Kalamassery]] ||[[V. K. Ibrahimkunju]] ||IUML
|-
| 78 ||[[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]] ||[[V. D. Satheesan]] ||INC
|-
| 79 ||[[Vypeen]] ||[[S. Sharma]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 80 ||[[Kochi]] ||[[Dominic Presentation]] ||INC
|-
| 81 || [[Thripunithura]] ||[[K. Babu]] ||INC
|-
| 82 ||[[Ernakulam]]||[[Hibi Eden]] ||INC
|-
| 83 ||[[Thrikkakara]] ||[[Benny Behanan]] ||INC
|-
| 84 || [[Kunnathunad]] (SC) ||[[V.P. Sajeendran]] ||INC
|-
| 88 ||[[Piravom]] ||[[Anoop Jacob]] ||KC(JACOB)
|-
| 86 ||[[Muvattupuzha]] || [[Joseph Vazhackan|Joseph Vazhakkan]] ||INC
|-
| 87 ||[[Kothamangalam, Ernakulam|Kothamangalam]] ||[[T. U. Kuruvilla]] ||KC(M)
|-
| 88 ||[[Devikulam]] ||S. Rejandran ||CPI(M)
|-
| 89 ||[[Udumbanchola]] ||K. K. Jayachandran ||CPI(M)
|-
| 90 || [[Thodupuzha]]||[[P. J. Joseph]] ||KC(M)
|-
| 91 ||[[Idukki]] ||[[Roshy Augustine]] ||KC(M)
|-
| 92 ||[[Peerumade]] ||[[E. S. Bijimol]] ||CPI
|-
| 93 ||[[Palai|Pala]] ||[[K. M. Mani]] ||KC(M)
|-
| 94 ||[[Kaduthuruthy]] ||[[Monce Joseph]] ||KC(M)
|-
| 95 ||[[Vaikom Assembly Constituency|Vaikom]] ||K. Ajith ||CPI
|-
| 96 ||[[Ettumanoor]] ||[[K. Suresh Kurup]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 97 ||[[Kottayam]]||[[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]] ||INC
|-
| 98 || [[Puthuppally, Kottayam|Puthuppally]] ||[[Oommen Chandy]] ||INC
|-
| 99 || [[Changanassery]]||[[C. F. Thomas]] ||KC(M)
|-
| 100 ||[[Kanjirappally]] ||N. Jayaraj ||KC(M)
|-
| 101 ||[[Poonjar]] ||[[P. C. George]] ||KC(M)(Rebel)
|-
| 102 ||[[Aroor]] ||[[A. M. Arif]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 103 ||[[Cherthala]] ||P. Thilothaman ||CPI
|-
| 104 ||[[Alappuzha]] ||[[Thomas Isaac]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 105 ||[[Ambalappuzha]] ||[[G. Sudhakaran]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 106 ||[[Kuttanad]] ||Thomas Chandy ||NCP
|-
| 107 ||[[Haripad]] ||[[Ramesh Chennithala]] ||INC
|-
| 108 ||[[Kayamkulam]] ||C. K. Sadasivan ||CPI(M)
|-
| 109 ||[[Mavelikkara]] ||R. Rajesh ||CPI(M)
|-
| 110 ||[[Chengannur]] ||P. C. Vishnunath ||INC
|-
| 111 ||[[Thiruvalla]] ||[[Mathew T. Thomas]] ||JD(S)
|-
| 112 ||[[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]] ||[[Raju Abraham]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 113 || [[Aranmula]]||K. Sivadasan Nair ||INC
|-
| 114 ||[[Konni, Pathanamthitta|Konni]] ||[[Adoor Prakash]] ||INC
|-
| 115 ||[[Adoor]] ||Chittayam Gopakumar ||CPI
|-
| 116 ||[[Karunagapally]] ||[[C. Divakaran]] ||CPI
|-
| 117 ||[[Chavara]]||[[Shibu Baby John]] ||RSP(B)
|-
| 118 ||[[Kunnathur (Kerala)|Kunnathur]] ||Kovoor Kunjumon ||RSP
|-
| 119 ||[[Kottarakkara]] ||P. Ayisha Potty ||CPI(M)
|-
| 120 ||[[Pathanapuram]] ||[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] ||KC(B)
|-
| 121 || [[Punalur]] ||K. Raju ||CPI
|-
| 122 ||[[Chadayamangalam]] ||[[Mullakara Ratnakaran]] ||CPI
|-
| 123 ||[[Kundara]] ||[[M. A. Baby]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 124 ||[[Kollam]] ||[[P. K. Gurudasan]] ||CPI(M)
|-
| 125 ||[[Eravipuram]] ||[[A. A. Azeez]] ||RSP
|-
| 126 || [[Chathannoor]] ||G. S. Jayalal ||CPI
|-
| 127 ||[[Varkala]] ||Varkala Kahar || INC
|-
| 128 ||[[Attingal]] ||Adv. B. Sathyan ||CPI(M)
|-
| 129 ||[[Chirayinkeezhu]] ||V. Sasi ||CPI
|-
| 130 ||[[Nedumangad]] ||[[Palode Ravi]] ||INC
|-
| 131 || [[Vamanapuram]] ||Koliyakkode Krishnan Nair ||CPI(M)
|-
| 132 ||[[Kazhakoottam]] ||[[M. A. Wahid]] ||INC
|-
| 133 ||[[Vattiyoorkavu]] ||[[K. Muraleedharan]] ||INC
|-
| 134 ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]] ||[[V. S. Sivakumar]] ||INC
|-
| 135||[[Nemom]] ||V. Sivankutty ||CPI(M)
|-
| 136||[[Aruvikkara]] ||[[K. S. Sabarinathan]] ||INC
|-
| 137||[[Parassala]] ||A. T. George ||INC
|-
| 138|| [[Kattakkada]] ||[[N. Sakthan]] ||INC
|-
| 139||[[Kovalam]] ||Jameela Prakasam ||JD(S)
|-
|140||[[Neyyattinkara]] || [[R. Selvaraj (politician)]] ||INC
|}

==Speakers of the Kerala Legislative Assembly==
{{Main|Category:Speakers of the Kerala Legislative Assembly}}

==See also==
* [[Kerala Legislative Assembly election, 2011]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://niyamasabha.org/codes/legislatorsupto2006.pdf Legislators up to 2006]
* http://klaproceedings.niyamasabha.org

==External links==
{{commons category|Kerala Niyamasabha}}
* [http://www.niyamasabha.org niyamasabha.org]
* [http://www.keralaassembly.com Kerala Assembly Election 2016 Website]
* [http://www.keralaassembly.org Election Database]
* [http://www.klaproceedings.niyamasabha.org klaproceedings.niyamasabha.org]

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Kerala elections}}
{{Government of Kerala}}

[[Category:Terms of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016| ]]

Bachoobai A. Moos

2026-02-21T21:04:20Z

Meraki03: made new article

{{Short description|Indian educationist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bachoobai A. Moos
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 17 June 1850
| birth_place = Mumbai, India
| death_date = 30 July 1946
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Educator
| years_active = 1888-1946
| known_for = Founder [[Girton High School]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Bachoobai Ardeshir Framji Moos''' (17 June 1850 to 30 July 1946) was an Indian educationist who was the first Parsi woman in India to establish a school for girls.<ref>{{cite book |title=Parsiana |date=1988 |publisher=P. Warden |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TcvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kochhar |first=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENP2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 |title=Science and the British Empire |publisher=Routledge |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-032-43518-3 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Menant |first1=Delphine |last2=Murzban |first2=M. M. |title=The Parsis |date=1996 |page=339}}</ref><ref name=Dadachanji1989>{{cite book |last1=Dadachanji |first1=Faredun Kavasji |title=Parsis, Ancient and Modern and Their Religion: Never Before Has So Much Been Achieved by So Few |date=1989 |publisher=F.K. Dadachanji |pages=130-138 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bachoobai Moos was the only daughter of Ardeshur Framji Moos.<ref name=Darukhanawala1953>{{cite book |last1=Darukhanawala |first1=H. D. |title=Parsi Lustre On Indian Soil |date=1953 |pages=485-486 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62648/page/n499/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Girton High School |url=http://www.girtonhighschool.com |website=www.girtonhighschool.com |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> Her brother was Nanabhoy Ardeshir Moos who later joined the Colaba Observatory.<ref name=Darukhanawala1953/> She received her early education at the [[J.B. Petit High School for Girls|Frere Fletcher School]] in the [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] neighbourhood of [[Mumbai]], where she excelled in piano.<ref name=Darukhanawala1953/>

In 1888 Moos founded [[Girton High School]], then known as Miss Moos School for Girls, with five students.<ref name=Darukhanawala1953/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gehi |first1=Reema |title=What it takes to be 90+ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/what-it-takes-to-be-90/articleshow/45345354.cms |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=4 December 2014}}</ref> One of here earliest pupils was [[Dossibai Patell]] who later became the first woman to become a member of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]] (RCS).<ref name=JOGI2000>{{Cite journal |date=October 2000 |title=Dossibai J. R. Dadabhoy |url=https://www.jogi.co.in/articles/files/filebase/Archives/2000/oct/2000_40_Oct.pdf |url-status= |journal=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India |volume=50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102182837/https://www.jogi.co.in/articles/files/filebase/Archives/2000/oct/2000_40_Oct.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2026 |access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
{{Educationist-stub}}

Paschim Medinipur district

2026-02-13T04:23:43Z

Meraki03:

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{update|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Paschim Medinipur district
| other_name = West Medinipur district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = NavratnaTempleComplex-Pathra-WestBengal-Fig1.jpg
|photo1b = Takshashila 2 (421071209).jpg
|photo2a = Kangsabati-River.jpg
|photo2b = Kurumbera Fort 1.jpg
|photo3a = Gangani, Grand Canyon of Bengal, Garbeta 03.jpg
|photo3b = Silver Jubilee Bhavan - Vidyasagar University - West Midnapore - 2015-02-25 6169.JPG
|size = 300
|foot_montage = Clockwise from top-left: Nabaratna Temple in [[Pathra, Paschim Medinipur|Pathra]], Takshashila building at [[IIT Kharagpur]], [[Kurumbera Fort]], [[Vidyasagar University]] in [[Midnapore]], [[Gongoni Danga]], [[Kangsabati River]]
}}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q1855537 |stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Paschim Medinipur District}}
| image_map1 = Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal (India).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption1 = Location of Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22.424|N|87.319|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medinipur division|Midnapore]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Midnapore]]
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]
| leader_name = [[Medinipur Sadar subdivision|Medinipur Sadar]], [[Kharagpur subdivision|Kharagpur]], [[Ghatal subdivision|Ghatal]]
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name1 = [[Midnapore Sadar (community development block)|Midnapore Sadar]], [[Garhbeta I]], [[Garhbeta II]], [[Garhbeta III]], [[Keshpur (community development block)|Keshpur]], [[Salboni (community development block)|Salboni]], [[Dantan I]], [[Dantan II]], [[Pingla (community development block)|Pingla]], [[Kharagpur I]], [[Kharagpur II]], [[Sabang (community development block)|Sabang]], [[Mohanpur (community development block)|Mohanpur]], [[Narayangarh (community development block)|Narayangarh]], [[Keshiari (community development block)|Keshiari]], [[Debra (community development block)|Debra]], [[Chandrakona I]], [[Chandrakona II]], [[Daspur I]], [[Daspur II]], [[Ghatal (community development block)|Ghatal]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]], [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]], [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]], [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Dantan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dantan]], [[Keshiary (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keshiary]], [[Kharagpur Sadar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharagpur Sadar]], [[Narayangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayangarh]], [[Sabang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabang]], [[Pingla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pingla]], [[Kharagpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharagpur]], [[Debra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Debra]], [[Daspur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daspur]], [[Ghatal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]], [[Chandrakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandrakona]], [[Garbeta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garbeta]], [[Salboni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salboni]], [[Keshpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keshpur]], [[Medinipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 6,308
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 47,76,909
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 11.9 per cent
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 79.04 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 960 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{url|www.paschimmedinipur.gov.in}}
}}

'''Paschim Medinipur''' (English: ''West Medinipur'', alternative spelling ''Midnapore'') district is one of the districts of the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It was formed on 1 January 2002 after the [[partition of Midnapore]] into Paschim Medinipur and [[Purba Medinipur]]. On 4 April 2017, the [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]] subdivision was upgraded to a district. GDP of West Midnapore district is 12 billion USD.

==Geography==
Paschim Medinipur, located in the south-western part of West Bengal, was created with the partition of the erstwhile [[Midnapore district]], then the largest district of India, on 1 January 2002. It ranks second in terms of geographical area (9,295.28  km2) amongst the districts of the state, next to South 24-Parganas (9,960  km2). It ranks third in terms of rural population (4.58 million) following South 24-Parganas (5.82 million) and Murshidabad (5.13 million). It ranked fourth in terms of percentage of tribal population (14.87) following Jalpaiguri (18.87), Purulia (18.27) and Dakshin Dinajpur (16.12) in 2011.<ref name="geography">{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = Chapter I Introduction and Human Development Indices for Paschim Mednipur | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 25 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Broadly speaking, there are two natural divisions of the district. [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] and [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] (old numbering [[National Highway 60 (India, old numbering)|NH 60]]) from Bankura to Balasore, cuts across the district and roughly is the dividing line between the two natural divisions. To the east of this road, the soil is fertile alluvial and the area is flat. To the west, the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] gradually slopes down, creating an undulating area with infertile laterite rocks and soil. The landscape changes from dense dry deciduous forests in the west to marshy wetlands in the east.<ref name="geography"/>

The alluvial portion may be further subdivided into two divisions. First, it is a strip of purely deltaic country nearer to the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] and the Rupnarayan, intersected by numerous rivers and watercourses subject to tidal influences. Second, it is the rest of the eastern half of the district. It is a monotonous rice plain with numerous waterways and tidal creeks intersecting it. The tidal creeks are lined with embankments to prevent flooding of the fields. Much of the area is water-logged.<ref name="geography"/>

===Floods and drought===
Paschim Medinipur district is subject to both [[flood]]s and [[drought]]. Ghatal and parts of Kharagpur subdivision covering an area of {{convert|142647| ha| km2}} are flood prone. Water logging during the rainy season affects Ghatal and the southern parts of Kharagpur subdivision and results in loss of crops in such areas as Sabang, Pingla and Narayangarh CD Blocks. {{convert|335248| ha|km2}} Medinipur Sadar subdivision is drought prone. Although the district is away from the sea, cyclones hit it frequently in October–November.<ref name="geography"/>

===Major cities and towns===
[[Midnapore]] is the district headquarters. [[Kharagpur]] is the largest city in the district. Other important towns and cities in the district include: [[Salboni]], [[Ghatal]], [[Belda]], [[Chandrakona]], [[Ramjibanpur]], [[Garbeta]], [[Balichak]], [[Dantan]], [[Mohanpur (community development block)|Mohanpur]], [[Keshiari]], [[Keshpur]], [[Narayangarh (community development block)|Narayangarh]], [[Sabang (community development block)|Sabang]], [[Daspur]], [[Goaltore]] and [[Debra]].

===Villages===
Paschim Medinipur district is home to the most villages of any district in India. The 2011 census lists Paschim Medinipur as having 8,694 villages, of which 7,600 are populated, and 1,094 uninhabited. The district with the next highest number of villages, [[Mayurbhanj]], in the state of [[Odisha]], has 3,950 villages, 3,751 of which are inhabited.


*[[Jahalda]]
*[[Narma, Paschim Medinipur|Narma]]
*[[Pachakhali]]
*[[Rajkushma]]

==Economy and politics==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Paschim Medinipur one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[List of districts in India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the eleven districts in West Bengal currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

106 districts spanning 10 states across India, described as being part of [[Far-left politics|Left Wing Extremism]] activities, constitute the [[Red corridor]]. In West Bengal the districts of Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Purulia and Birbhum are part of the Red corridor. However, as of July 2016, there has been no reported incidents of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] related activities from these districts for the previous 4 years.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/red-corridor-to-be-redrawn/article8894304.ece |title = Red Corridor to be redrawn |last = Singh|first= Vijayita |newspaper = The Hindu |date = 24 July 2016 | publisher= The Hindu, 25 July 2016 | access-date = 1 August 2016}}</ref> In the period 2009–2011 LWE violence resulted in more than 500 deaths and a similar number missing in Paschim Medinipur district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Page 271 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 31 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Divisions==
Paschim Medinipur district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 October 2016 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
| [[Medinipur Sadar subdivision|Medinipur Sadar]]||[[Midnapore]]||2,441.50||1,435,321||86.05||13.95
|-
| [[Kharagpur subdivision|Kharagpur]]||[[Kharagpur]]||2,913.17||2,293,909||85.67||14.33
|-
| [[Ghatal subdivision|Ghatal]]||[[Ghatal]]||953.09||1,047,679||87.94||12.06
|-
|}

===Administrative subdivisions===
The district comprises three subdivisions: Kharagpur, Medinipur Sadar and Ghatal. Kharagpur subdivision consists of [[Kharagpur]] municipality and ten community development blocks: Dantan–I, Dantan–II, Pingla, Kharagpur–I, Kharagpur–II, Sabang, Mohanpur, Narayangarh, Keshiari and Debra. Medinipur Sadar subdivision consists of [[Midnapore]] municipality and six community development blocks: Medinipur Sadar, Garhbeta–I, Garhbeta–II, Garhbeta–III, Keshpur and Shalboni. Ghatal subdivision consists of five municipalities ([[Ramjibanpur]], [[Chandrakona]], [[Khirpai]], [[Kharar, Ghatal|Kharar]] and [[Ghatal]]) and five community development blocks: Chandrakona–I, Chandrakona–II, Daspur–I, Daspur–II and Ghatal.<ref name=blocdir>{{cite web
|url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|title = Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008
|date = 19 March 2008
|access-date = 6 December 2008
|work = West Bengal
|publisher = National Informatics Centre, India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|archive-date = 25 February 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

[[Midnapore]] is the district headquarters. There are 28 police stations, 21 development blocks, 7 municipalities and 290 [[gram panchayat]]s in this district.<ref name=blocdir/><ref name=adminsetup>{{cite web|url=http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/ADMIN.htm |title=Administration Setup |publisher=Official website of Purba Medinipur district |access-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425202901/http://purbamedinipur.gov.in/ADMIN.htm |archive-date=25 April 2008 }}</ref>

Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 11 urban units: 7 municipalities and 4 [[census town]]s.

====Kharagpur subdivision====
* One municipality: [[Kharagpur]].
* [[Dantan I]] community development block consists of rural areas with 9 gram panchayats and one [[census town]]: Chaulia
* [[Dantan II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
* [[Pingla (community development block)|Pingla]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
* [[Kharagpur I]] community development block consists of rural areas with 7 gram panchayats and two census towns: [[Kharagpur Railway Settlement]] and Kalaikunda.
* [[Kharagpur II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
* [[Sabang (community development block)|Sabang]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 13 gram panchayats.
* [[Mohanpur (community development block)|Mohanpur]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 5 gram panchayats.
* [[Narayangarh (community development block)|Narayangarh]] community development block consists of rural areas with 16 gram panchayats and one census town: [[Deuli, India|Deuli]].
* [[Keshiari]] community development block consists of only rural areas with 9 gram panchayats.
* [[Debra (community development block)|Debra]] community development block consists of rural areas with 14 gram panchayats and one census town: [[Balichak]].

====Medinipur Sadar subdivision====
* One municipality: [[Midnapore]].
* [[Midnapore Sadar (community development block)|Midnapore Sadar]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
* [[Garhbeta I]] community development block consists of rural areas with 12 gram panchayats and two census towns: [[Garbeta]] and [[Amlagora]]
* [[Garhbeta II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
* [[Garhbeta III]] community development block consists of rural areas with 8 gram panchayats and three census towns: [[Durllabhganj]], Dwari Geria and Naba Kola.
* [[Keshpur (community development block)|Keshpur]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 15 gram panchayats.
* [[Salboni (community development block)|Salboni]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.

====Ghatal subdivision====
* Five municipalities: [[Ramjibanpur]], [[Chandrakona]], [[Khirpai]], [[Kharar, Ghatal|Kharar]] and [[Ghatal]].
* [[Chandrakona I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 6 gram panchayats.
* [[Chandrakona II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 6 gram panchayats.
* [[Daspur I]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
* [[Daspur II]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 14 gram panchayats.
* [[Ghatal (community development block)|Ghatal]] community development block consists of rural areas only with 12 gram panchayats.

===Assembly Constituencies===
There are 15 assembly constituencies in Paschim Medinipur district. They belong to four Lok Sabha constituencies. [[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]] and [[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]] constituencies both comprise six constituencies of Paschim Medinipur district and one from Purba Medinipur district. [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram constituency]] contains two constituencies of Paschim Medinipur district, while [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]] contains one constituency.
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Name
!Lok Sabha constituency
!MLA
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
| 219
| [[Dantan Assembly constituency|Dantan]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]
|[[Bikram Chandra Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 223
| [[Keshiary Assembly constituency|Keshiary (ST)]]
|[[Paresh Murmu]]
|-
| 224
| [[Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Sadar]]
|[[Hiran Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 225
| [[Narayangarh Assembly constituency|Narayangarh]]
|[[Surja Kanta Atta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=12}}
|-
| 226
| [[Sabang Assembly constituency|Sabang]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]]
|[[Manas Bhunia]]
|-
| 227
| [[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]]
|[[Ajit Maity]]
|-
| 228
| [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur]]
|[[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]
|[[Dinen Roy]]
|-
| 229
| [[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]]
|[[Humayun Kabir (Debra politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|-
| 230
| [[Daspur Assembly constituency|Daspur]]
|[[Mamata Bhunia]]
|-
| 231
| [[Ghatal Assembly constituency|Ghatal (SC)]]
|[[Sital Kapat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 232
| [[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona (SC)]]
|[[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
|[[Arup Dhara]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 233
| [[Garbeta Assembly constituency|Garbeta]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]]
|[[Uttara Singha]]
|-
| 234
| [[Salboni Assembly constituency|Salboni]]
|[[Srikanta Mahata]]
|-
| 235
| [[Keshpur Assembly constituency|Keshpur (SC)]]
|[[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]]
|[[Seuli Saha]]
|-
| 236
| [[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
|[[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]
|[[June Malia]]
|}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=15,20,130|13=1911|14=15,37,618|15=1921|16=14,53,390|17=1931|18=15,25,569|19=1941|20=17,38,975|21=1951|22=18,30,743|23=1961|24=23,80,446|25=1971|26=30,35,385|27=1981|28=36,97,899|29=1991|30=44,86,279|31=2001|32=51,93,411|33=2011|34=59,13,457|source=[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html censusindia.gov.in]|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Paschim Medinipur district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 5,913,457,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Paschim Medinipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1360/download/4454/DH_2011_1918_PART_A_DCHB_PASCHIM_MEDINIPUR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Eritrea]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote =Eritrea 5,939,484 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011| quote =Missouri 5,988,927}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 14th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 636 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 14.44%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Paschim Medinipur has a [[sex ratio]] of 960 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 79.04%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] collectively account for 33.96% (SC: 19.08% and ST: 14.88%) of the district's total population. The prominent communities in this group, in terms of the district's total population, are [[Santal people|Santal]] (9.05%), [[Bagdi (caste)|Bagdi]]/Duley (6.27%), [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] (1.65%), [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]] (1.33%), [[Namasudra]] (1.3%), [[Munda people|Munda]] (1.13%), [[Jalia Kaibarta|Jalia Kaibartta]] (1.02%), [[Lodha people|Lodha]]/[[Kharia people|Kharia]] (0.88%),{{efn|name=AmbiguousTribes|Although the Kharia and Lodha are two distinct tribes, they interchangeably utilize their respective names and commonly use the honorific name of ''Sabar/Savar'', which is also a name of another tribe.}} [[Dhobi|Dhoba]] (0.83%), Hari/Mehtar (0.81%), [[Bauri (caste)|Bauri]] (0.76%), [[Mal (caste)|Mal]] (0.6%), Dom (0.56%), [[Chamar]] (0.53%), [[Bhuiya]] (0.53%), [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]] (0.49%), [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbanshi]] (0.43%), Pan/Sawasi (0.38%), Sunri (excluding Saha) (0.34%), [[Keot]]/Keyot (0.33%), Kandra (0.31%), Savar (0.31%), [[Rajuar|Rajwar]] (0.26%), [[Ho people|Ho]] (0.25%), [[Mahar]] (0.24%), Kadar (0.23%), [[Baiga]] (0.22%), [[Mahli|Mahali]] (0.21%), Khaira (0.2%), and Pod/Poundra (0.19%).<ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix) [2011] |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43018/download/46686/ST-19-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }}</ref><ref name=Census2011sc>{{cite web|title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), West Bengal - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42898/download/46566/SC-19-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

After bifurcation, the district had a population of 4,776,909, of which 655,250 (13.72%) live in urban areas. The divided district has a sex ratio of 963 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 892,763 (18.69%) and 546,167 (11.43%) of the population, respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />{{fv|date=June 2023}}

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Paschim Medinipur district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=Census |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|12.41}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|1.52}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.81}}
}}



===Language===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Paschim Medinipur district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 87.15 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 6.29 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 2.49 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value4 = 0.93 |color4 = steelblue
|label5 = Others |value5 = 3.14 |color5 = grey
}}
At the 2011 census, 87.15% spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 6.29% [[Santali language|Santali]], 2.49% [[Hindi]] and 0.93% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as their first language. Other languages spoken in the district include [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Urdu]], [[Kurmali language|Kudmali/Kurmali]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]] and [[Koda language|Koda]].<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{See also| List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}

==Culture==

===Tourism===
[[File:Aatchala Khargesvara Temple at Kshirpai of Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 01.jpg|thumb|Aatchala Khargesvara Temple at Kshirpai of Paschim Medinipur district]]
There are many tourist attractions in the district:
* Patachitra Village (Naya, Pingla)
* Gopegarh Heritage Park
* Hatibari Forest banglow and Jhilli Pakhiralay
* Gurguripal Heritage Park
* Parimalkanan park, CKT
* Gangani Garhbeta
*Kriya Yoga Ashram, Chaipat Satmatha
*Raj Rajeswar Temple, Chaipat
* Rameshwar Temple, near Rohini (On the bank of Subarnarekha river with nearby green forest called Tapoban)
* Gourya Temple, near Kharagpur
* Bisnu Temple, Kultikri
* Rashikananda Memorial, Rohini
* Birthplace of Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, Birsingha Village
* Mogolmari Boudhabihar, Mogolmari, Dantan
* Prayag Film City, Midnapore Film City or Chandrakona Film City at Chandrakona Road<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naachgaana.com/2012/04/16/shah-rukh-khan-inaugurates-the-prayag-film-city-in-chandrakona/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan inaugurates the Prayag Film City in Chandrakona | NG |access-date=4 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425172702/http://www.naachgaana.com/2012/04/16/shah-rukh-khan-inaugurates-the-prayag-film-city-in-chandrakona/ |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Education==

===Universities and colleges===
[[File:Main Building - Indian Institute of Technology - Kharagpur - West Midnapore 2013-01-26 3685.JPG|thumb|Main Building, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]]
[[File:Gate 1 - Vidyasagar University - West Midnapore - 2015-02-25 6166.JPG|thumb|Gate No. 1, [[Vidyasagar University]], Medinipur-2]]


*[[Ambigeria Government College]]
*[[Belda College]]
*[[Bhatter College]]
*[[Chaipat S.P.B. Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Debra Thana Sahid Kshudiram Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Dr B C Roy Institute of Medical Sciences & Research]]
*[[Garhbeta College]]
*[[Gourav Guin Memorial College]]
*[[Government General Degree College, Mohanpur]]
*[[Government General Degree College, Keshiary]]
*[[Hijli College]]
*[[IIT Kharagpur]]
*[[Institute of Science and Technology, West Bengal|Institute of Science & Technology]]
*[[K.D. College of Commerce and General Studies]]
*[[Kharagpur College]]
*[[Keshiary Government College]]
*[[Kharagpur Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Midnapore College]] (Autonomous) (formerly known as Day college)
*[[Midnapore City College]]
*[[Midnapore Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Midnapore Law College]]
*[[Midnapore Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore|Oriental Institute of Science and Technology]]
*[[Narajole Raj College]]
*[[Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women's College]]
*[[Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Salboni Government College]]
*[[Sankrail Anil Biswas Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Santal Bidroha Sardha Satabarsiki Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Medinipur Sadar Government Polytechnic]]
*[[Sukumar Sengupta Mahavidyalaya]]
*[[Vidyasagar Teachers' Training College, Midnapore]]
*[[Vidyasagar University]]
*[[Vivekananda Satavarshiki Mahavidyalaya]]



==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the subdivision-wise medical facilities available and patients treated, after the separation of Jhargram, in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Paschim Medinipur district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 November 2016 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Dept, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other state govt depts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central govt depts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / private nursing homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total number of beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total number of doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural hospitals 
!width="40"|Block primary health centres 
!width="40"|Primary health centres 
|-
|align=left|Medinipur Sadar
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|26
|align="center"|53
|align="center"|2,117
|align="center"|323
|align="center"|121,486
|align="center"|1,375,817
|-
|align=left|[[Kharagpur subdivision|Kharagpur]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|27
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|54
|align="center"|98
|align="center"|1841
|align="center"|197
|align="center"|93,110
|align="center"|1,814,309
|-
|align=left|[[Ghatal subdivision|Ghatal]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|46
|align="center"|67
|align="center"|988
|align="center"|66
|align="center"|46,006
|align="center"|742,984
|-
|align=left|Paschim Medinipur district
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|24
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|126
|align="center"|208
|align="center"|4,946
|align="center"|586*
|align="center"|260,602
|align="center"|3,933,110
|-
|}
*Excluding nursing homes
==Notable people==


*[[Serajuddin Ahmad]], MLA for Midnapore
*[[Syed Shah Mehr Ali Alquadri Al Baghdadi]] (1808–1868), Sufi saint
*[[Sheikh Siraj Ali]], politician
* [[Tamal Bandyopadhyay]], Indian business journalist
*[[Syed Shamsul Bari]], politician
* [[Rajnarayan Basu]], writer and proponent of Young Bengal movement
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], actor in Tollywood movies
* [[Khudiram Bose]], one of the youngest martyrs of the Indian Independence Movement.
* [[Soumya Sankar Bose]], Photographer
* [[Byomkes Chakrabarti]], Linguist, writer and poet
* [[Ramapada Chowdhury]], Bengali author and editor
*[[Souhardya De]], orientalist and [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar|Bal Puraskar]] recipient
* [[Mahasweta Devi]], writer and Magsaysay Award winner
* [[Nirmal Jibon Ghosh]], revolutionary
*[[Sheikh Najmul Haque]], six-term legislator
*[[Syed Moazzam Hossain]], politician
*[[Humayun Kabir (Debra politician)|Sheikh Humayun Kabir]], state minister
* [[Hemchandra Kanungo]], an Indian nationalist and prime organiser of [[Anushilan Samiti]]
*[[Sheikh Jahangir Karim]], teacher and politician
*[[Ghulam Faruque Khan]], politician and businessman
*[[Selima Khatun]], teacher and politician
* [[Abha Maiti]], freedom fighter, former minister of West Bengal and [[Government of India]]
*[[Muhammad Momtaz|Moulana Muhammad Momtaz]], Islamic scholar and politician
*[[Mohiuddin Nawab]], novelist, screenwriter and poet
*[[Tawfique Nawaz]], lawyer
* [[Anath Bondhu Panja]], freedom fighter, member of the [[Bengal Volunteers]], martyred after successfully assassinating oppressive [[District magistrate]] Bernard E. J. Burge.
* [[Narayan Chandra Rana]], scientist
* [[Suhrawardy family]]
**[[Begum Badar un nissa Akhtar]], social reformer
**[[Khujista Akhtar Banu]], writer and educationist
**[[Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy]], Islamic scholar, barrister and academic
**[[Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy]], diplomat and poet
**[[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], Chief Minister of Bengal during British period, Prime Minister of Pakistan and founder of the Awami League
**[[Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy]], Islamic scholar, educationist and author
**[[Zahid Suhrawardy]], jurist
**[[Begum Akhtar Sulaiman]], social worker and political activist
* [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], reformer and philanthropist, key figure of the Bengal Renaissance.
*Zamindar family of Midnapore
**[[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Sir Abdur Rahim KCSI]], President of India
**[[Jalaludin Abdur Rahim]], diplomat and political philosopher

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official|http://www.paschimmedinipur.gov.in}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050319130531/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/maps/medinipur.htm Map of old Medinipur district (district has now been split)]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Midnapore}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kharagpur}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Jhargram}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Paschim Medinipur district
|North = [[Bankura district]]
|Northeast = [[Hooghly district]]
|East = [[Howrah district]]
|Southeast = [[East Midnapore|East Midnapore district]]
|South = [[Balasore district]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
|Southwest = [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
|West = [[Jhargram district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Paschim Medinipur District}}
{{Districts of West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Paschim Medinipur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]

Bhanjanagar

2026-02-10T11:55:49Z

Meraki03: enhance references per standard format and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhanjanagar
| other_name = Russellkonda
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Beleswara (Shiva) statue
| image_caption = {{convert|abbr=on|61|ft|m}} Beleshwara statue
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|55|29|N|84|34|54|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| leader_title = Member of Parliament
| leader_name = [[Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title1 = Member of Legislative Assembly
| leader_name1 = [[Pradyumna Kumar Nayak]], [[BJP]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ganjam District|Ganjam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Kabi Samrat [[Upendra Bhanja]]
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Bhanjanagar Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 635.80
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 69
| population_total = 20,482
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having Census 2011-2020 in Orissa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/data/town/801865-bhanjanagar-orissa.html |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 761126
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06821
| registration_plate = OD-32
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes = }}

'''Bhanjanagar''' is a city and [[Municipality]] in [[Ganjam district]] in the state of [[Odisha]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Bhanjanagar is located at {{Coord|19.93|N|84.58|E|}}<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Bhanjanagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Bhanjanagar]</ref> with an average elevation of 69 metres (226 feet).

Bhanjanagar hosts the headquarters for the Bhanjanagar Sub-division, Ghumusar DFO, Bhanjanagar SDPO, Ghumusar Tahasil, Bhanjanagar Block, and Education Block. Bhanjanagar Block shares its borders with [[Surada]], [[Bellaguntha]], [[Jagannath Prasad]] Blocks of [[Ganjam district]] and [[G. Udayagiri]], [[Raikia]], Chakapada Blocks of [[Kandhamal district]]. There are 139 villages in Bhanjanagar Block while Bhanjanagar town is administered as a Municipality. The town is located beside Bhanjanagar Dam.

==History==
Bhanjanagar is a [[planned community]] situated in the confluence of rivers Loharakhandi and Badanadi. Earlier, this patch of land used to be a part of [[Bhanja dynasty#Ghumusar branch|Ghumusar Zamindari]] of [[Bhanja dynasty]] whose headquarter was in [[Kulada, Ganjam|Kulada]]. During British Raj this place became their administrative ground. The town, earlier named as Russellkonda a.k.a. Russell's Hill after George Russell (President of then Board of Revenue) was renamed later as Bhanjanagar in the memory of Kabi Samrat [[Upendra Bhanja]], a poet in [[Odia language|Odia literary history]].

On 13 March 2024, the [[Government of Odisha]] upgraded Bhanjanagar NAC to be a Municipality.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://theprint.in/india/odisha-announces-22-new-nacs-bhanjanagar-upgraded-to-municipality/1999085/|title = Odisha announces 22 new NACs, Bhanjanagar upgraded to municipality| date=13 March 2024 |publisher = The Print|access-date = 2024-03-19
}}</ref>

==Nearby villages==
* Benakunda
* Agajhola
* Kaindi
* Jilundi
* Baruda
* Golapada
* Kullada
* Turumu
* Gallery
* Sardula
* Daha
* Chhedabhumi
* Lalsingi
* Badakodanda
* Baradanda

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bhanjanagar<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having Census 2011-2020 in Orissa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/data/town/801865-bhanjanagar-orissa.html |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|96.26}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|2.36}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|red|1.10}}
{{bar percent|Sikh|Blue|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Buddhist|orange|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Jain|gray|0.00}}
{{bar percent|Not Stated|Black|0.25}}
{{bar percent|Other|red|0.00}}
}}
According to the 2011 India census, Bhanjanagar had a population of 20,482.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=458897 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

==Climate and regional setting==
Maximum summer temperature is 46 °C; minimum winter temperature is 14 °C. The mean daily temperature varies from 33 °C to 38 °C. May is the hottest month; December is the coldest. The average annual rainfall is 1250 mm and the region receives monsoon and torrential rainfall from July to October.
{{Weather box
| location = Bhanjanagar, Odisha
| metric first = Y
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 26
| Feb high C = 29
| Mar high C = 34
| Apr high C = 36
| May high C = 37
| Jun high C = 34
| Jul high C = 31
| Aug high C = 30
| Sep high C = 31
| Oct high C = 31
| Nov high C = 29
| Dec high C = 27
| Jan low C = 14
| Feb low C = 18
| Mar low C = 22
| Apr low C = 26
| May low C = 28
| Jun low C = 28
| Jul low C = 26
| Aug low C = 26
| Sep low C = 25
| Oct low C = 22
| Nov low C = 18
| Dec low C = 14
| Jan rain mm = 15.50
| Feb rain mm = 17.40
| Mar rain mm = 21.70
| Apr rain mm = 21.00
| May rain mm = 40.30
| Jun rain mm = 156.00
| Jul rain mm = 310.00
| Aug rain mm = 294.50
| Sep rain mm = 204.00
| Oct rain mm = 96.10
| Nov rain mm = 30.00
| Dec rain mm = 18.60
| rain colour = green
|source= [https://www.msn.com/en-in/weather/today/Bhanjanagar,Od,India/we-city?iso=IN&form=PRWLAS&q=NH217%2C%20Bhanjanagar%2C%20Od%20761126&el=15NscJQ9Y28IIin%2BLN%2Br1g%3D%3D MSM Weather]
}}

==Educational Institutions==
===Colleges===
* Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja College
* Savitri Women's College
* Bhanja College of Computer & Management (B.C.C.M)
* Bhanja College of Nursing
* Academy of Rational Philosophy for Unanimously Agreeable and Constitutional Governance

===Schools===
* Kendriya Vidyalaya
* PT.SR DAV Public School
* Ghumusar Residential Higher Secondary School
* Upendra Bhanja High School
* Dina Bandhu Government Girls' High School
* Sribatsa High School
* P.S.B. School, RC Road
* Saraswati Sishu Vidya Mandira (Dihapadhala)
* Swami Vivekananda Public School
* Government Middle English Medium School (Bari School)
* St. Xavier's English Medium High School
* St. Anne's English Medium School
* Sri Satya Sai Vidya Vihar
* Kanhu Rauta High School (Lalsing)
* Dibya Shakti English Medium School (Niladri Bihar)
* Govt. Somanath Practicing High School

===Training Institutes===
* Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja College of Teacher Education (KSUB CTE)
* Govt. Elementary Teacher Education Institution (GETEI)
* Govt. Industrial Training Institute (ITI)
* Kalam Institute of Computer Studies (Autonomous body)
* BDPS Software Training (Estd. 1997), High School Square
* ITCT Computer Institute (Khalasi Sahi)
* Bhanjanagar Computer Academy<ref>{{Cite web |title=BNC Academy – Empowering Minds, Transforming Futures |url=https://bncacademy.in |access-date=2024-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* MCC Academy
* OEIT Computer Institute, Landei sahi
* Adyaa Classes, Landei Sahi

==Industries==
Bhanjanagar has fertile lands, and a number of rice paddy processing units, or rice mills.

==Culture==
The Thakurani Yatra, [[Ratha-Yatra|Ratha Yatra]] and [[Danda nata|Danda Jatra]] festivals draw crowds to Bhanjanagar.

Apart from this, Dola Purnima, [[Durga Puja in Odisha|Durga Puja]](Dussehra), [[Sharad Purnima|Kumar Purnima]], [[Pana Sankranti]], Nurshingha Chaturthi, [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]], [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]], [[Danda nata|Danda Yatra]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh Puja]] and [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Puja]] are also celebrated. People with brotherhood celebrating all the festivals.

==Attractions and sites==
A reservoir is located north of Bhanjanagar with a catchment area of {{convert|25|sqmi|km2}}. The water of this reservoir irrigates land in Ghumusar (Bhanjanagar), [[Berhampur]] and [[Chhatrapur]] sub-divisions, and also supplies drinking water to Bhanjanagar and [[Berhampur]] city. Construction was completed in the year 1894.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nuaodisha.com/Article-Inauguration-of-61-feet-height-Lord-Shiva-Statue-at-BhanjanagarGanjam-.aspx |title=Article: Inauguration of 61 feet height Lord Shiva Statue at Bhanjanagar, Ganjam |first= Rakesh Kumar |last= Pattnaik |work=nuaodisha.com |year=2013|quote=119 years old Bhanjanagar Reservoir (previously famous as the Russelkonda Reservoir) |access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> The panoramic view of the reservoir is a popular tourist attraction. To increase further tourism, a huge park, named "Biju Patnaik Children's Park", in a natural surrounding with many Playing Instruments, a toy train, Science Park, Model Zoo, Road Train and swings for kids, boating facility, Family Train, 3D-Hall, Video Games, Aquarium, "Bhanja Doli", "Kalinga Boita" and last but not the least, an extraordinary and unique musical fountain were constructed for amusement. In April 2013, the tallest Shiva statue of [[Odisha]] (7th/8th-tallest Shiva statue in the world) was built at Beleswar Hill Top, located close to the water reservoir.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.orissabarta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12859:worlds-7th-largest-statue-siva-statue-beleswar-mahadev&catid=44:tourism&Itemid=87 |title= World's 7th largest Siva statue Beleswar Mahadev |access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref>

*Maa Soradevi Temple, College Road
*Shirdi Sai Temple, Bypass Road
*Kulada Vagdevi Temple, Kulada
*Jagannath Swami Temple, Kulada
*Vancheshwar Temple, Dhudhua
*The Divine Life Society, Bhanjangar Branch, Main Road, Bhanjanagar
*Gandhi Kailash Hill
*Vana Vihara
*Daha
*Deer Park
*Bhanja Sahitya Parishada

==Transport==
* By Road: Bhanjanagar is connected with [[National Highway 157 (India)|NH-157]], [[State Highway 37 (Odisha)|SH-37]] and [[State Highway 21 (Odisha)|SH-21]] which connect Bhanjanagar to other cities and towns of Odisha. It is {{convert|80|km|mi}} from [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] and 85 km from [[Phulbani]] and 40 kilometres from [[Asika]].
* By Rail: [[Brahmapur railway station]] and [[Nayagarh]] railway station are the nearest railway halts.
* By Air: [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] is about 170 km from the town.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ganjam district]]

Rama Varma X

2026-02-10T06:03:31Z

Meraki03: adjust section further and fixed typos per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rama Varma X
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Maharaja of Cochin]]
| reign = 26 September 1805 – January 1809
| coronation =
| full name =
| native_lang1 =
| native_lang1_name1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = January 1809
| death_place = Vellarapally Palace, Puthiyedam, [[Kaladi]], now [[India]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| predecessor = [[Sakthan Thampuran]]
| suc-type =
| heir =
| successor = [[Kerala Varma III]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| dynasty = [[Cochin royal family]]
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| signature =
}}
'''Rama Varma X''' (died January 1809) was an Indian monarch who ruled the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] from 1805 to 1809.

== Family ==

Rama Varma was the son of [[Sakthan Thampuran]]'s mother's younger sister (famously known as Chittamma Thampuran) and therefore his cousin. He succeeded the Sakthan Thampuran on the latter's death in 1805.

== Reign ==

Rama Varma is generally remembered as a generous, mild-mannered person and an incapable monarch.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Rama Varma was an excellent writer and authored the ''Sundarakanda Purana''.

== Death ==

Rama Varma died at [[Vellarapilly]] in January 1809.

== References ==
* {{cite book| title=History of Cochin| url=http://www.corporationofcochin.net/Cochin.pdf| pages=9| publisher=corporationofcochin| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229045823/http://www.corporationofcochin.net/Cochin.pdf| archivedate=29 December 2009| df=dmy-all}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rama Varma IX]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Cochin|Maharaja of Cochin]]|years=1805–1809}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kerala Varma III]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama Varma 10}}
[[Category:1809 deaths]]
[[Category:Rulers of Cochin]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{india-royal-stub}}

Shri Khuralgarh Sahib

2026-02-05T04:49:08Z

Meraki03: Made New Data

{{Short description|Historical site at Kharali, Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name =Khuralgarh Sahib
| native_name = ਖੁਰਾਲਗੜ ਸਾਹਿਬ
| infobox_width =
| image =Minar-e-Begampura.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =Minar-e-Begampura, Khuralgarh Sahib
| map_type =India Punjab#India#Asia
| map_size =200
| map_caption =
| location =[[Kharali]] village, [[Garhshanker]], [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab, India]].
| geo ={{coord|31|16|19.84|N|76|18|7.56|E|region:IN-PB|display=inline,title}}
| latitude =
| longitude =
| religious_affiliation =[[Ad-Dharmi]], [[Bhagat|Sikh Bhagats]], [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidassi]], [[Ramdasia]]
| rite =
| state =
| consecration_year =
| heritage_designation =
| website =
| architecture =yes
| architect =
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style =[[Sikh architecture]]
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| materials =
| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =
}}
{{Ravidasi}}

'''Khuralgarh Sahib''' ({{langx|pa|ਖੁਰਾਲਗੜ ਸਾਹਿਬ}}) is one of the most prominent historical place of [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidasi]] communities like [[Ad-Dharmi]], [[Chamar]], [[Ramdasia|Ramdasia Sikh]]s and [[Mochi (Sikh)|Mochi]]s. It is situated at village [[Kharali]], [[Garhshanker]], [[Hoshiarpur district]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Guru Ravidass Memorial to carry forward his legacy, to come up at village Khuralgarh near Garhshankar in the Hoshiarpur district|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/State-govt-focuses-on-developing-Guru-Ravidass-memorial-to-woo-dalits/articleshow/18008140.cms}}</ref> Khuralgarh Sahib is also called ''Charan Choh Ganga Sri Guru Ravidas Ji''<ref>{{cite web|title=Ultimate Place of Pilgrimage :|url=http://adidharammission.com/}}</ref> as this place was visited by [[Ravidas|Guru Ravidas]].<ref name="Punjabi News 2015">{{cite web | title=ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਤਪ ਅਸਥਾਨ ਖੁਰਾਲਗੜ੍ਹ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਸਾਮਗਮ | website=Punjabi News | date=29 October 2015 | url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/news/state-aci-8399172.html | language=pa | access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=श्री गुरु रविदास महाराज की चरण छोह प्राप्त खुरालगढ़ के समर्पित यात्रा फगवाड़ा में आज|url=http://www.swadeshnews.com/hindi/sri-guru-ravi-das-maharaj-khuralgarh-dedicated-yatra-in-phagwara-today/}}</ref>

==Religious Significance==
According to the legends, Guru Ravidass visited Khuralgarh after being persuaded by his disciple [[Meera Bai]] to uplift the weaker section of society.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journey of Faith |url=https://gajretreat.com/journey-of-faith/#:~:text=Khuralgarh%20Sahib%20is%20revered%20as,Guru%20was%20arrested%20and%20imprisoned. |website=gajretreat.com |access-date=19 May 2024 |date=17 September 2019}}</ref>

==Minar-e-Begampura==
'''Minar-e-Begampura''' is 151 feet high hallmark of ''Guru Ravidass Memorial'' at Shri Khuralgarh Sahib in Khuralgarh village.<ref>{{cite news|title=The government is working overtime to finalise the project of Minar-e- Begampura, a memorial to preserve the legacy of guru Ravidas|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/guru-ravidas-memorial-to-come-up-in-khuralgarh/story-4LBooLz3aeMEtB2tqyt64I.html}}</ref> This memorial is said to have a spacious congregation hall having the capacity to accommodate 10000 pilgrims.<ref>{{cite news|title=once completed this memorial would have a spacious congregation hall having the capacity to accommodate ten thousand pilgrims|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/badal-approves-design-plan-of-guru-ravidass-memorial-115091500826_1.html}}</ref> Also there is state-of-the art auditorium equipped with all the modern audio-visual aids to showcase the life works of [[Ravidas|Guru Ravidass]] and would accommodate nearly 500 pilgrims during any function or event.<ref>{{cite news|title=BADAL GIVES NOD TO BUILD GURU RAVIDASS MEMORIAL AT KHURALGARH VILLAGE|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/badal-gives-nod-to-build-guru-ravidass-memorial-at-khuralgarh-village.html}}</ref> Guru Ravidass Memorial is built at 14.4 acre of land and is expected to be completed by November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tourism Department to immediately float the tenders to start construction work by November so that the monument could be dedicated to people by November 2016.|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/decks-cleared-for-guru-ravidass-memorial/133673.html}}</ref><ref name="India Today 2015">{{cite web | title=Badal approves design plan of Guru Ravidass Memorial : PTI feed, News | website=India Today | date=15 September 2015 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/badal-approves-design-plan-of-guru-ravidass-memorial-465858-2015-09-15 | access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref>

===Foundation stone===
On 3 April 2016, foundation stone of ''Minar-e-Begampura'' was laid by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hoshiarpur: Eye on Dalit votes, Badal lays foundation stone of Guru Ravidass memorial|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/cities/chandigarh/hoshiarpur-eye-on-dalit-votes-badal-lays-foundation-stone-of-guru-ravidass-memorial/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dalit card: SAD goes all out to woo Ravidasias, memorial work begins|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dalit-card-sad-goes-all-out-to-woo-ravidasias/story-7INMd6ejXbCCaCU7CiDoMM.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Govt poll vaults with 'dalit minar'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Govt-poll-vaults-with-dalit-minar/articleshow/51678335.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BADAL ANNOUNCES DEVELOPING KHURALGARH AS INT’L PILGRIMAGE CENTRE|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/badal-announces-developing-khuralgarh-as-intl-pilgrimage-centre.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CM lays stone of Rs110-cr Guru Ravidass memorial|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/cm-lays-stone-of-rs110-cr-guru-ravidass-memorial/217398.html}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gururavidassguruji.com/apps/photos/photo?photoID=64105067 Jagatguru Ravidass Ji Maharaj's Historical place, Khuralgarh, Punjab]
*[http://www.swadeshnews.com/hindi/cm-gives-nod-for-the-construction-of-guru-ravidass-memorial-at-village-khuralgarh/ मुयमंत्री द्वारा गांव खुरालगढ़ में गुरू रविदास जी की यादगार के निर्माण के लिए स्वीकृति]

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1783]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]

Bermo block

2026-02-05T04:15:33Z

Meraki03: refine section additionally and improved wording to improve readability

{{distinguish|Bharno block}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bermo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|46|49|N|85|57|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 100.32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 214
| population_total = 100,599
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 69,543 (79.04%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 829104 (Bermo)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06549
| registration_plate = JH 09
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bermo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bermo]]
| website = {{URL|bokaro.nic.in/}}
| footnotes = CD Block
}}
'''Bermo''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Bermo subdivision]] of the [[Bokaro district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]].

==Overview==
Bokaro district, a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], has undulating surface with the altitude varying between 200 and 282 m. Topographically, the entire area is divided into three parts – the Bokaro uplands in the west, the Bokaro-Chas uplands in the middle and Barakar basin in the east. The general slope of the region is from the west to the east. The main rivers are the [[Damodar River|Damodar]], Garga, Parga, [[Konar River|Konar]] and Gobei. The district, covered with hills and forests, is a mining-industrial area. With the construction of the gigantic [[Bokaro Steel Plant]] in the nineteen sixties, it has become the focal point of this district.<ref name=admin1>{{cite web | url = http://www.bokaro.nic.in/about_bokaro.html | title = Bokaro district | work = About Bokaro | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 23 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085328/http://www.bokaro.nic.in/about_bokaro.html | archive-date = 2017-10-04 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://ecourts.gov.in/Bokaro/ | title = District Courts of India | work = About Bokaro | publisher = District Court | access-date = 23 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170930134922/http://www.ecourts.gov.in/bokaro | archive-date = 30 September 2017 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by [[Naxalite|Maoist]] activities. {{As of|2012}}, Bokaro was one of the 14 highly affected districts in the state.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/Assessment/2013/Jharkhand.htm |title = Jharkhand Assessment 2013 | publisher= Satp | access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref>{{As of|2016}}, Bokaro was identified as one of the 13 focus areas by the state police to check Maoist activities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/east/jharkhand/ranchi/2016/06/14073809/13-focus-areas-identified-in-Jharkhand-to-check-Maoist.vpf | title = 13 focus areas identified in Jharkhand to check Maoist activities | publisher = Eenadu Jndia, 14 June 2016 | access-date = 3 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170927113900/http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/east/jharkhand/ranchi/2016/06/14073809/13-focus-areas-identified-in-Jharkhand-to-check-Maoist.vpf | archive-date = 27 September 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[Bermo]] is located at {{coord|23|46|49|N|85|57|41|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/16561838/Bermo |title= Bermo | work= Jharkhand| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 5 December 2015}}</ref>

Bermo CD block is bounded by [[Nawadih block|Nawadih]] CD block on the north, [[Chandrapura (community development block)|Chandrapura]] CD block on the east, [[Petarwar block|Petarwar]] and [[Gomia block|Gomia]] CD blocks on the south and [[Bishnugarh (community development block)|Bishnugarh]] CD block, in Hazaribagh district, on the west.<ref name=dchb1>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2010_PART_B_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title= 2011 District Census Handbook Bokaro, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map on Page 3 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/bokaro.html | title= CD Block/ Tehsil Map of Bokaro |publisher= Maps of India| access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref>

Bermo CD block has an area of 100.32 km2.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://desjhrkhand.nic.in/publications.html | title = District Statistical Handbook, Bokaro | work = Tables 2.4 | publisher = Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It has 19 [[gram panchayat]]s, 16 villages and 4 [[census town]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bokaro.nic.in/block_office1.html | title = Bokaro district | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009184259/http://bokaro.nic.in/block_office1.html | archive-date = 2017-10-09 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> [[Bermo#Police stations|Bermo]], [[Bermo#Police stations|Gandhinagar]], and [[Bokaro (Thermal)#Police station|BTPS]] police stations are located in this CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jhpolice.gov.in/police-station/kathara-op-766-1308404713 | title = Jharkhand Police Official Website | work = Contact Bokaro Police | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 1 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140214023553/http://www.jhpolice.gov.in/police-station/kathara-op-766-1308404713 | archive-date = 2014-02-14 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Bermo.<ref name=dchb1/>

[[Konar River]] passes [[Gomia]] to receive the waters of the [[Bokaro River]], shortly before it joins the [[Damodar River]] near [[Jaridih Bazar]] in Bokaro district.<ref name="Lister2009">{{cite book|last=Lister|first=Edward|title=Hazaribagh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ROvfeX34PAC&pg=PA44|access-date=6 June 2012|date=October 2009|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1-115-79277-6|page=9}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bermo CD block had a total population of 100,599, of which 4,222 were rural and 96,377 were urban. There were 52,481 (52%) males and 48,118 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 12,616. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 14,963 (14.87%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 6,538 (6.50%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref>

Bermo CD block has several [[census towns]] (2011 population figure in brackets): [[Bokaro (Thermal)|Bokaro]] (39,305), [[Kurpania]] (7,789), [[Bermo]] (17,401) and [[Jaridih Bazar]] (31,882).<ref name=census2011/>[[Phusro]] Urban Agglomeration is composed of Phusro ([[Nagar Parishad]]), [[Bermo]] ([[Census Town]]), [[Jaridih Bazar]] (CT), [[Bokaro (Thermal)|Bokaro]] (CT) and [[Kurpania]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |title = Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011|work= Constituents of Urban Agglomerations having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |publisher= Government of India| access-date = 5 December 2015}}</ref>

===Literacy===
{{As of|2011}} census the total number of literate persons in Bermo CD block was 69,543 (79.04% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 39,976 (87.09% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 29,567 (70.27% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 16.82%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Bokaro district was 73.48% ,<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> Literacy in Jharkhand was 66.41% in 2011.
<ref name=censushandbook2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2010_PART_B_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Bokaro 2011 Series- 21, Part XII B|work= Page 15 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/literacy.php | title= Literacy in India| work= Census 2011 |publisher= Census population 2015 data | access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bokaro district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
[[Hindi language|Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref> Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111122/jsp/jharkhand/story_14782656.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050803/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111122/jsp/jharkhand/story_14782656.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 5, 2017 | title= Khortha demand for language teachers |publisher= The Telegraph, 22 November 2011| access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/second-official-language-of-jharkhand-governor-syed-ahmad-143959-2011-10-21 | title= Second Language |publisher= India Today, 22 October 2011| access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://post.jagran.com/search/second-official-language-in-jharkhand | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170122203922/http://post.jagran.com/search/second-official-language-in-jharkhand | url-status = dead | archive-date = January 22, 2017 | title= Jharkhand Governor turns down language bill |publisher= Post/Jagran Josh, 19 October 2011 | access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref>

In the 2001 census, the three most populous mother tongues (spoken language/ medium of communication between a mother and her children) in Bokaro district were (with percentage of total population in brackets): [[Khortha dialect|Khortha]] (41.08%), [[Hindi language|Hindi]] (17.05%) and [[Santali language|Santali]] (10.78%). In the 2011 census, scheduled tribes constituted 12.40% of the total population of the district. The five most populous mother tongues were (with percentage of ST population in brackets): [[Santali language|Santali]] (70.12%), [[Mundari language|Munda]] (17.05%), [[Kurukh language|Oraon]] (5.90%), Karmali (4.23%) and Mahli (3.23%).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title= District Census Handbook, Bokaro, Census of India 2011, Series 21 Part XII A| work= Page 20 – Note on mother tongue |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 21 October 2017}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Bermo CD block'''
|value1 = 3.41
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 1.83
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 1.91
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 92.84
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Bermo CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 1,758 and formed 3.41%, agricultural labourers numbered 943 and formed 1.83%, household industry workers numbered 986 and formed 1.91% and other workers numbered 47,804 and formed 92.84%. Total workers numbered 51,491 and formed 27.13% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 138,286 and formed 72.87% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf| title = District Census Handbook 2011 Bokaro, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 42 and 47 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 16 November 2017}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Bokaro, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Page 14 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 16 November 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 3 inhabited villages in Bermo CD block. In 2011, all 3 villages had power supply, drinking water facility, pucca (hard top) village roads and 2 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]]. All three villages had primary schools and 1 village had a middle school. 1 village had a primary health centre, an allopathic hospital and a dispensary.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bokaro, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 341 - 344 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 16 November 2017}}</ref>

===Coal mining===
[[Bokaro and Kargali Area]] of [[Central Coalfields Limited]] operates the following projects in [[East Bokaro Coalfield]] among others in Bokaro district: Bokaro open cast, Karagli OC, Kargali underground, Karo OC, Karo UG, Karo Spl. UG, Khas Mahal OC, Khas Mahal UG and Kargali Washery. [[Dhori Area]] of CCL operates: Amlo OC, Dhori OC, Selected Dhori Quarry No.I OC, Selected Dhori Quarry No. III OC, New Selected Dhori UG and Dhori Khas UG.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccl.gov.in/comp/area.htm |title=Areas |publisher=CCL |access-date=5 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026145917/http://ccl.gov.in/comp/area.htm |archive-date=26 October 2015 }}</ref>

*See also: [[1965 Dhanbad coal mine disaster]]

===Power stations===
Bokaro Thermal Power Station ‘A’ was the first thermal power station of DVC. It had three units of 45 MW each supplied by GE, USA in 1953, and one unit of 40 MW supplied by MAN, Germany in 1960. All the four were decommissioned in 2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=2388 |title = Bokaro ‘A’ Coal Power Station |publisher= Global Energy Observatory| access-date = 5 December 2015}}</ref> As of 2015, a new 500 MW unit is under construction.

[[Bokaro Thermal Power Station B]] of DVC has three units of 210 MW each. These came up in 1987, 1991 and 1994.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/generating-units/ | title = Damodar Valley Corporation | work = Generating Units | publisher = DVC | access-date = 5 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101108/http://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/generating-units/ | archive-date = 8 December 2015 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The average annual rainfall in Bokaro district is 1291.2 mm. The soil is generally [[laterite]] and sandy. 39.21% of the total area is under agriculture. It is generally a single monsoon-dependent crop. 9.90% of the cultivable land is under horticulture. Rice and maize are the main crops. Bajara, wheat, pulses and vegetables are also grown.<ref name=admin1/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Bokaro district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Gomoh-Barkakana line|collapse=y}}

The [[Asansol-Gaya section|Gomoh-Barkakhana line]] serves Bermo block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1380958527846-SALIENT%20FEATURES%20OF%20THE%20DIVISION.pdf |title=Dhanbad Division – a Historical Perspective |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=5 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210202926/http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1380958527846-SALIENT%20FEATURES%20OF%20THE%20DIVISION.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Blocks of Bokaro district}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bermo Block}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in Bokaro district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Jharkhand]]

Surbhi

2026-01-24T14:14:25Z

Meraki03: correct details also and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{distinguish|Surabhi (disambiguation){{!}}Surabhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surbhi
| image =
| caption = Surbhi in 2016
| birth_date = 5 June<ref name="HBSP" />,1993
| birth_name = Surbhi Puranik
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| yearsactive = 2013–present
| othername = Surabhi
| website =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
}}

'''Surbhi Puranik''' (born 5 June,1993), professionally known as '''Surbhi''', is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. She made her film debut with the Tamil film ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' (2013), for which she received [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut - Tamil]] and [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]] nominations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/south-bound/article5080339.ece |title=South bound - Tirupati: Surbhi Puranik |work=The Hindu |date=1 September 2013 |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

Surbhi made her Telugu film debut with ''[[Beeruva]]'' (2015). She has been part of successful films including ''[[Express Raja]]'' and ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]'' both (2016). She made her Kannada film debut with ''[[Sakath]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surbhi: I couldn't have asked for a better launch |author=Interview: CE Features |work=Cinema Express |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2021/nov/18/surbhi-i-couldnt-have-asked-for-a-better-launch-27917.amp |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Surbhi was born as Surbhi Puranik on 5 June,1993 in [[Delhi]].<ref name="HBSP">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-surbhi-captivating-photos-of-voter-actress-from-her-instagram/articleshow/69663661.cms |title=Happy Birthday Surbhi: Captivating photos of Voter actress from her Instagram |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/happy-birthday-surbhi-surbhi-puranik-beautiful-pics-sr-899398.html |title=Happy Birthday Surbhi, The Rising Tollywood and Kollywood Actor |publisher=News18 Telugu |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> She completed her bachelor's degree in Fine Arts from the [[College of Art, Delhi]]. Surbhi took up an acting course at Imago Acting School, where she was taught by [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]] and [[Manoj Bajpai]]. She then did various modelling assignment before her film debut.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Surabhis-Journey-From-Ramp-Walk-to-Kollywood/2013/12/03/article1924085.ece1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204100314/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Surabhis-Journey-From-Ramp-Walk-to-Kollywood/2013/12/03/article1924085.ece1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2013 |title=Surabhi's Journey From Ramp Walk to Kollywood |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and early success (2013-2018)===
Surbhi made her acting debut in 2013 with ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Fresh-face-for-Vikram-Prabhu/articleshow/17413070.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126045838/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-29/news-interviews/35434328_1_fresh-face-vikram-prabhu-surabhi |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Fresh face for Vikram Prabhu |date=29 November 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> She portrayed a college student opposite [[Vikram Prabhu]] in this successful film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/surabhi-s-passion-for-tamil-impresses-director-news-national-nhulEchafdasi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029143239/http://www.sify.com/movies/surabhi-s-passion-for-tamil-impresses-director-news-national-nhulEchafdasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2014 |title=Surabhi's passion for Tamil impresses director |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 July 2013 |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Surabhi is perfectly cast. She brightens up all the scenes she appears in and seems totally natural and fresh."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ivan-veramathiri-is-an-average-entertainer/20131213.htm |title=Review: Ivan Veramathiri is an average entertainer - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=20 May 2016}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said, "Debutant Surabhi can be impressive with some guidance."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/movie-review-ivan-vera-mathiri-is-a-different-tale-of-a-common-man/story-wdwIpUjhT9royAZlpTSxYL_amp.html |title=Movie review: Ivan Vera Mathiri is a different tale of a common man |website=Hindustan Times |date=15 December 2013 |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> She received [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut - Tamil]] and [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]] nominations for her performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-i-have-made-good-film-in-ivan-veramathiri-south/20131209.htm |title=I have made good film in Ivan Veramathiri |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=9 December 2013 |quote=Usually in an action thriller, the heroine is just the love interest. But that is not so in this film. I have deliberately made her role very important.}}</ref>

In 2014, she first appeared in ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'' alongside [[Dhanush]]. It was one of the most successful Tamil films of the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Surabhis-special-role-in-Velai-illa-Pattadhari/articleshow/31476494.cms |title=Surabhi's special role in Dhanush's Velai illa Pattadhari |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=Times of India - India Times |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/surabhi-to-do-a-cameo-in-velai-illa-pattadhari-news-tamil-odekbPcbjjjsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029143242/http://www.sify.com/movies/surabhi-to-do-a-cameo-in-velai-illa-pattadhari-news-tamil-odekbPcbjjjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2014 |title=Surabhi to do a cameo in 'Velai Illa Pattadhari' |website=[[Sify]] |date=4 March 2014 |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted, "Surabhi in cameo fits the bill."<ref>Subramanian, Anupama (19 July 2014). {{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140719/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-velai-illa-pattadhari-wholesome-entertainer |title=Movie review — Velai Illa Pattadhari: A wholesome entertainer |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916090749/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140719/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-velai-illa-pattadhari-wholesome-entertainer |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> She next appeared in a cameo in ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]''. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jeeva-this-willow-wins/article6452818.ece |title=Jeeva: This willow wins |author=Subha J Rao |work=The Hindu |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> In 2015, she made her Telugu debut and appeared opposite [[Sundeep Kishan]] in ''[[Beeruva]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Surbhi-goes-glam-for-her-Tollywood-debut/articleshow/37960052.cms |title=Surbhi goes glam for her Tollywood debut titled Beeruva! |work=The Times of India |date=8 July 2014 |access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' wrote, "Surbhi is good in her role but she could have worked better in the drunk scene."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/beeruva/movie-review/45994469.cms|title=Beeruva Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Beeruva by Times of India|access-date=10 April 2022|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

Surbhi had four releases in 2016. Firstly, she portrayed a dog lover opposite [[Sharwanand]] in ''[[Express Raja]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Surbhi-set-to-romance-Sharwanand/articleshow/47629813.cms |title=Surbhi set to romance Sharwanand in Express Raja |work=The Times of India |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> It was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/express-raja-us-box-office-collection-sharwanands-film-fares-better-sars-lol-3rd-weekend-665400 |title='Express Raja' US box office collection: Sharwanand's film fares better than 'SARS', 'LOL' in 3rd weekend |website=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214143942/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/express-raja-us-box-office-collection-sharwanands-film-fares-better-sars-lol-3rd-weekend-665400 |archive-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted, "Surbhi looks pretty. Though she has a small role she does her part well."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Express Raja Review: A wacky humorous film |work=The Hindu |first=Y. Sunita |last=Chowdhary |date=14 January 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/A-wacky-humorous-film/article14000721.ece/ |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> Next, she appeared opposite [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] in ''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]'', a box office average.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pugazh/pugazh-box-office-mar-27.html |title=Tamil film Pugazh box office collection |access-date=27 March 2016 |website=Behindwoods|date=27 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/pugazh-a-middling-drama-somewhat-redeemed-by-grit-texture/article8374314.ece |title=Pugazh: A middling drama somewhat redeemed by grit, texture |first=Baradwaj |last=Rangan |access-date=19 March 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 March 2016 }}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Attack (2016 film)|Attack]]'' opposite [[Manchu Manoj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugunow.com/movie-news/heroine-confirmed-rgv-manojs-golusu-254072.html |title=Heroine confirmed for RGV-Manoj's 'Golusu' |publisher=Telugu Now |access-date=23 February 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080629/http://www.telugunow.com/movie-news/heroine-confirmed-rgv-manojs-golusu-254072.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her final release of the year came with ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]'' opposite [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], portraying a young entrepreneur. It become a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Surabhi-to-romance-Nani-in-his-next/articleshow/49045056.cms |title=Surabhi to romance Nani in his next |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2016 |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621161241/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Surabhi-to-romance-Nani-in-his-next/articleshow/49045056.cms |archive-date=21 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/best-tollywood-2016-top-25-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-710121 |title=Best of Tollywood 2016: Top 25 highest-grossing Telugu movies of the year |last=H. Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=28 December 2016 |website=International Business Times India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231015638/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/best-tollywood-2016-top-25-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-710121 |archive-date=31 December 2016 |access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "Surabhi as Aishwarya is simple and naïve, like the character demands."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/gentleman-review-nani-and-niveda-are-the-stars-of-this-gripping-thriller-2842180.html |title='Gentleman' review: Nani and Niveda are the stars of this gripping thriller |work=Firstpost |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=19 June 2016 |last=Ramadugu |first=Mridula |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619042631/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/gentleman-review-nani-and-niveda-are-the-stars-of-this-gripping-thriller-2842180.html |archive-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> While ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "Surabhi looks good on screen and has done her job very well."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/180616/gentleman-movie-review-nani-steals-the-show.html |title=Gentleman movie review: Nani steals the show |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=19 June 2016 |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619042801/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/180616/gentleman-movie-review-nani-steals-the-show.html |archive-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>

She appeared opposite [[Allu Sirish]] in her only release of 2017, ''[[Okka Kshanam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/okka-kshanam-trailer-allu-sirish-watch-video-4995648/ |title=Okka Kshanam trailer: Allu Sirish to battle against destiny to protect his lady love |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 December 2017 |access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' mentioned, "Surbhi, as Allu Sirish's love, fits her role to the T."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/okka-kshanam-movie-review-this-allu-sirish-vi-anand-film-redeems-itself-in-an-unexpected-way-4278787.html/amp |title=Okka Kshanam movie review: This Allu Sirish-Vi Anand film redeems itself in an unexpected way |work=Firstpost |date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Further career and recent work (2019-present)===
Surbhi portrayed the lead opposite [[Vishnu Manchu]] in the 2019 film ''[[Voter (film)|Voter]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/voter/movieshow/62376760.cms |title=Vishnu Manchu and Surbhi's film Voter (2019) |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref> ''[[123 Telugu]]'' wrote, "Surabhi looks glamorous and her chemistry with Vishnu Manchu is good too."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voter Movie Review : Voter – Half Baked political Drama |work=123 Telugu |date=21 June 2019 |access-date=22 June 2019 |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/voter-telugu-movie-review.html/amp}}</ref>

Surbhi had two release in 2021. She first portrayed the titular role opposite [[Aadi (actor)|Aadi]] in ''[[Sashi (film)|Sashi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=23 December 2019 |title=First Look Poster Of Aadi's Next Film 'Sashi' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/first-look-poster-of-aadis-next-film-sashi-592079 |access-date=22 January 2021 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' wrote, "Surabhi looked good on screen but could have been more expressive."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sashi Movie Review: A dull love story that lacks in originality |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sashi/movie-review/81591098.cms |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Surbhi next made her Kannada film debut with ''[[Sakath]]''. She portrayed an anchor alongside [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Sakath promises edge-of-the-seat thrills and fun unlimited |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sakath-promises-edge-of-the-seat-thrills-and-fun-unlimited/articleshow/87909527.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2021}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' stated, "Surbhi is charming in her debut outing."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Sakath Movie Review: Ganesh sizzles in this quirky comedy of errors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sakath/movie-review/87929604.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127060618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sakath/movie-review/87929604.cms |archive-date=27 November 2021 |date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

After a small hiatus, Surbhi played Sofia in ''[[DD Returns]]'' alongside [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]. ''[[Times of India]]'' stated, "Surbhi along with the other cast members, has played her part to perfection."<ref>{{Cite news |title=DD Returns |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/dd-returns/movieshow/101796335.cms?_gl=1*2oejd4*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727200921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/dd-returns/movieshow/101796335.cms?_gl=1*2oejd4*_ga*TFFOWE1oaks4ZDg0eTRfWXNXSk9WQjlwSS04NnZBZHBGalNyLUVCYkw4S3hNejV5X3JPX1Rua04zREVHUGdJWA..&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DD Returns Movie Review : A well-staged, hilarious comic caper where the laughs don't run out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dd-returns/movie-review/102186072.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728071743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dd-returns/movie-review/102186072.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]''
| Malini
| rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Debut Film
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vikram-Prabhus-love-interest-unknown/articleshow/19273115.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701224129/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-29/news-interviews/38124734_1_vikram-prabhu-prabhu-solomon-kumki |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2013 |title=Vikram Prabhu's love interest unknown! |date=29 March 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''
| Anitha
| Cameo Appearance
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/cinema-cinema/article6267935.ece |title=Cinema cinema! |work=The Hindu |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014 |author=Saravanan, T. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052832/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/cinema-cinema/article6267935.ece |archive-date=8 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Oruthi Mele"
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Jeeva/movie-review/43568449.cms |title=Jeeva Movie Review |work=The Times of India |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2015 |author=M. Suganth}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Beeruva]]''
| Swathi Adikesavulu
| rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Telugu Debut
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2016
| ''[[Express Raja]]''
| Amulya "Ammu"
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]''
| Bhuvana
| Tamil
|
|
|-
| ''[[Attack (2016 film)|Attack]]''
| Valli
| rowspan="5"|Telugu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]''
| Aishwarya "Aishu"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/290616/surabhi-on-cloud-nine-after-success-of-gentleman.html |title=Surabhi on cloud nine after success of Gentleman |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 June 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630065343/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/290616/surabhi-on-cloud-nine-after-success-of-gentleman.html |archive-date=30 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Okka Kshanam]]''
| Jyotsna "Jyo"
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Voter (film)|Voter]]''
| Bhavana
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| ''[[Sashi (film)|Sashi]]''
| Sashi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2021 |title=Telugu movies we can't wait to watch in 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/8-telugu-films-we-cant-wait-to-watch-in-2021-7135807/ |access-date=22 January 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sakath]]''
| Mayuri
| [[Kannada]]
| Kannada Debut
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Surbhi Puranik turns anchor for her Kannada film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020721/surbhi-puranik-turns-anchor-for-her-kannada-film.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=en |date=2 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[DD Returns]]''
|Sofia
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balachandran |first1=Logesh |title=Santhanam turns 'shameless' for this unique horror comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-turns-shameless-for-this-unique-horror-comedy/articleshow/99479651.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |date=14 April 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416033827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-turns-shameless-for-this-unique-horror-comedy/articleshow/99479651.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{pending film|[[Vishwambhara]]}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Telugu
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/chiranjeevis-important-advice-to-his-vishwambhara-co-star-surbhi.html |title=Surbhi in Vishwambhara|website=[[123 Telugu]]}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of awards and nominations received by Surbhi
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards#Award categories|Best Female Debut - Tamil]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="IBT 1">{{cite news |last1=Seshagiri |first1=Sangeetha |title=SIIMA 2014 Telugu Nominations: Pawan Kalyan's 'Attarintiki Daredi' Nominated in 12 categories |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-telugu-nominations-pawan-kalyans-attarintiki-daredi-nominated-12-categories-list-604920 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=IB Times |date=21 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125160946/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-telugu-nominations-pawan-kalyans-attarintiki-daredi-nominated-12-categories-list-604920 |archive-date=25 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[8th Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=award>{{cite news |last1=Sangeetha |first1=Seshagiri |title=Vijay Awards: Ajith's 'Arrambam', Kamal Haasan, Sivakarthikeyan Bag Awards [Winners List] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 |access-date=7 July 2014 |work=IB Times |date=6 July 2014}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Twitter|Surbhiactress}}
* {{IMDb name|id=6120872|name=Surabhi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surbhi}}
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Koustav Chatterjee

2026-01-20T18:24:30Z

Meraki03: article...

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2003)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Koustav|Chatterjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|7|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2023)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main229423.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2548 (May 2023)
| FideID = 25073060
}}

'''Koustav Chatterjee''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
In October 2021, Koustav scored his first GM-norm at Sheikh Russell GM 2021. He defeated [[Visakh N. R.]] and [[Vignesh N. R.]], and drew with [[J. Deepan Chakkravarthy]], [[Michał Krasenkow]], [[Vugar Asadli]], and [[Stany G.A.]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Koustav-Chatterjee-becomes-Indias-78th-Grandmaster|title=Koustav Chatterjee becomes India's 78th Grandmaster|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

Koustav fulfilled the Grandmaster requirements on 31 December 2022, after drawing against [[Mitrabha Guha]] in the MPL 59th National Senior Chess Championship.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/koustav-chatterjee-becomes-indias-78th-grandmaster-8355030/|title=Koustav Chatterjee becomes India's 78th Grandmaster|date=1 January 2023|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref> In the 58th edition of the event a year prior, he had scored upset wins against [[S. P. Sethuraman]] and [[Karthikeyan Murali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/chess/news-senior-national-chess-championship-koustav-chatterjee-song-five-share-lead-fifth-round|title=Senior National Chess Championship: Koustav Chatterjee on song; five share lead after fifth|date=27 February 2022|first=Suhas|last=Nayse}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Koustav is studying finance at the [[University of Texas at Dallas]] and played on their chess team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/David-Brodsky-triumphs-at-89th-Annual-Southwest-Open-2023-Koustav-Rahul-and-Saksham-share-second-place|title=David Brodsky triumphs at 89th Annual Southwest Open 2023, Koustav, Rahul and Saksham share second place|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=28 September 2023}}</ref> In the 2023 Texas Collegiate Super Finals, he played on board 1 for Team A.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://utdmercury.com/chess-team-comes-up-short-in-collegiate-super-finals/|title=Chess team comes up short in Collegiate Super Finals|first=Aafiya|last=Aslam|date=2 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Koustav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Dallas alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Sanjeet Kundu

2026-01-16T22:36:07Z

Meraki03: Made New Data

{{Short description|Indian freestyle wrestler}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sanjeet Kundu
| image = Sanjeet.jpg
| headercolor = Green
| native_name = संजीत कुंडू
| native_name_lang = hi
| national_team = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age| 1998|10|5}}
| birth_place = [[Jhajjar]], India
| occupation = Chief Petty Officer
| employer = [[Indian Navy]]
| height_cm = 178
| country = India
| sport = [[Amateur wrestling]]
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]
| coach = {{hlist|Veerendra Dalal|Rahul Berwal| Kuldeep Sehrawat}}
| nationals = Gold medal, 2023 National Wrestling Championship
| pb = Participated in [[2022 World Wrestling Championships]]
| show-medals = Yes
}}

'''Sanjeet Kundu''' (born 5 October 1998) is an Indian freestyle wrestler from [[Jhajjar]], [[Haryana]]. He is known for winning a bronze medal at the [[2021 Asian Wrestling Championships]] and gold medals at the National Wrestling Championships in 2023 and 2024. He also represented India at the [[2022 World Wrestling Championships]]. Kundu serves as a Chief Petty Officer in the [[Indian Navy]].

== Early life ==
Sanjeet Kundu was born on October 5, 1998, in Chandpur village, [[Jhajjar district]], [[Haryana, India]], into a [[Jaat]] family with an agricultural background. His father, Nafe Singh, is a farmer, and his mother, Saroj Devi, is a homemaker who also worked in the family's fields. Sanjeet is the youngest of five siblings, with four elder sisters, all of whom are married. His late grandfather was also a farmer, and his father is one of five brothers, further rooting the family in rural Haryana’s farming community.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=झज्जर के संजीत कुंडू ने जीता नेशनल रेसलिंग में गोल्ड मेडल, बधाई देने के लिए उमड़ी भीड़ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/delhi-ncr-haryana/video/jhajjar-sanjit-kundu-won-gold-medal-in-national-wrestling-championship-goa-crowd-gathered-to-congratulate-video/1947843 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Zee News Hindi org |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=नेशनल रेसलिंग प्रतियोगिता में संजीत कुंडू ने जीता गोल्ड |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/jhajjar/news/sanjit-kundu-won-gold-in-national-wrestling-competition-132109364.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=3 August 2025 |title=कौन हैं पहलवान संजीत कुंडू?, कई गोल्ड मेडल पर कब्जा, ओलंपिक और विश्व चैंपियनशिप में पदक जीतना लक्ष्य |url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/india/who-is-wrestler-sanjeet-kundu-won-many-gold-medals-aim-win-medals-olympics-and-world-championships-b507/ |work=[[Lokmat]]}}</ref>

Sanjeet has credited his mother, Saroj Devi, for her significant role in supporting his wrestling career through her hard work and encouragement, despite the family’s modest resources.<ref name=":4" />

Growing up in Chandpur, Sanjeet was exposed to wrestling, a popular sport in Haryana, at a young age. At 12 years old, in 2009, he began training at the Virender Akhada in [[Chhara]], Jhajjar, under the guidance of coaches Arya Virender Dalal and Rahul Berwal. This marked the start of his wrestling journey, where he developed the foundational skills that would lead to his later success. Sanjeet pursued his education alongside his athletic training, earning a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree.<ref name=":4" />

== Wrestling career ==
* At the 2015 [[Asian Cadet Wrestling Championships]] held in [[New Delhi, India]], from 11 to 14 June, Kundu won a gold medal in the men's 76 kg freestyle event. He defeated Iran’s [[Hamed Manafian Darband]] 10-4 in the final bout, securing his first international medal and contributing to India's haul of four medals on the second day of the championship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-12 |title=India win four medals in Asian Cadet Wrestling Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/india-win-four-medals-in-asian-cadet-wrestling-championship/articleshow/47645740.cms |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-13 |title=India wins four medals in Asian Cadet Wrestling |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/india-wins-four-medals-in-asian-cadet-wrestling-16287173 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pro Wrestling League]] (2018): Kundu participated in the Pro Wrestling League Season 3 as part of the [[Delhi Sultans]] team in the 86 kg category. During the league, he had one bout, with a record of 0 wins and 0 blocks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pro Wrestling League Season 3 {{!}} PWL 2018 India |url=https://www.prowrestlingleague.in/player/kundu-2019 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.prowrestlingleague.in}}</ref>
* In 2019, he participated in the [[2019 U23 World Wrestling Championships]] held in [[Budapest, Hungary]], from October 28 to November 3.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-29 |title=Ravinder enters semis of U-23 World Wrestling Championships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/ravinder-enters-semis-of-u-23-world-wrestling-championships/articleshow/71810831.cms |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* At the [[2021 Asian Wrestling Championships]] held in [[Almaty, Kazakhstan]], from 13 to 18 April, Kundu won a [[bronze medal]] in the men's 92 kg freestyle event. He secured an 11-8 victory over Uzbekistan's [[Rustam Shodiev]] in the bronze medal match, marking his first senior international medal. This achievement contributed to India’s tally of 14 medals (5 gold, 3 silver, 6 bronze) at the event, where India finished third in the medal table.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Wrestling Championship: Deepak Punia Bags Silver In 86kg Category, Sanjeet Secures Bronze |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/wrestling/asian-wrestling-championship-deepak-punia-bags-silver-in-86kg-category-sanjeet-secures-bronze-2416642 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=NDTV Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRrGnjjzdLs |title=BRONZE FS - 92 kg: S. SANJEET (IND) v. R. SHODIEV (UZB) |date=2021-04-18 |last=United World Wrestling |access-date=2025-07-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* At the [[2022 Dan Kolov & Nikola Petrov Tournament]] in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgaria]], Kundu won a bronze medal in the men's freestyle 86 kg category contributing to India's total of 16 medals at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-02-21 |title=Wrestling: India finishes with 16 medals at Dan Kolov Nikola Petrov 2022 |url=https://thebridge.in/wrestling/india-16-medals-dan-kolov-nikola-petrov-29417 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=IT "Dan Kolov - Nikola Petrov" | date=February 2022 | url=https://www.bwf.bg/images/new2021/braketi_s_rezult_3DKNP.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729002415/https://www.bwf.bg/images/new2021/braketi_s_rezult_3DKNP.pdf | archive-date=2025-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ansari |first=Aarish |date=21 February 2022 |title=Dan Kolov-Nikola Petrov 2022 wrestling: Indian wrestlers end campaign with 16 medals |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/dan-kolov-nikola-petrov-wrestling-2022-bulgaria-india-results-day-4 |work=Olympic.com}}</ref>
* At the [[2022 National Games of India]] held in Gujarat, he won a bronze medal in the [[Wrestling at the 2022 National Games of India|men's freestyle wrestling even]] in the 86 kg weight category. His achievement was part of Haryana's wrestling contingent securing 14 medals in the sport during the 36th National Games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=HARYANA'S WRESTLERS GAVE A STELLAR PERFORMANCE IN THE ONGOING 36TH NATIONAL GAMES IN GUJARAT. A TOTAL OF 9 MEDALS WERE AT STAKE IN THE WRESTLING MATCHES TODAY |url=https://www.prharyana.gov.in/en/haryanas-wrestlers-gave-a-stellar-performance-in-the-ongoing-36th-national-games-in-gujarat-a-total |website=Public Relations Department of Haryana}}</ref>
* At the [[2022 World Wrestling Championships]], Kundu represented India in the men's 86 kg freestyle event. He competed in the men's 86 kg freestyle event, In his opening bout, he faced [[Tarzan Maisuradze]] of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Despite leading for most of the match, he conceded a takedown with 34 seconds remaining, resulting in a 4-4 loss based on criteria. losing a close match despite leading for most of the bout.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-16 |title=Wrestling Worlds: Nisha misses out on bronze |url=https://www.espn.in/wrestling/story/_/id/34601181/wrestling-world-championships-2022-nisha-dahiya-misses-bronze |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wrestler Nisha Dahiya Loses Bronze Medal bout in World Championships |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/wrestler-nisha-dahiya-loses-bronze-medal-bout-in-world-championships-5967097.html |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Wrestling Championships 2022: Indian team's results |url=https://khelnow.com/wrestling/world-wrestling-championships-2022-indian-results |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>
* In 2023, he won a gold medal at the National Wrestling Championship held in [[Goa]] from 29 October to 9 November, he dominated the final with a 10-0 score. It was celebrated widely in his hometown. Upon his return to Chandpur, he was honoured by DSO Lalita Malik, and his coach Veerendra Dalal was also recognized.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* At the 2024 National Wrestling Championships held in [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]], from 2 to 5 February, Kundu won a gold medal in the men's 86 kg freestyle event, an Olympic weight category. He defeated [[Rahul Rathi]] in the final to claim the title, marking his second senior national championship gold.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2024 |title=National Wrestling Championships 2024: Naveen Malik wins 74kg freestyle title - full winners list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/national-wrestling-championships-2024-men-freestyle-results-medal-winners |work=Olympics.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Triyasha |date=2024-02-06 |title=Wrestling Nationals: Wrestler bolts away on spotting NADA officials |url=https://www.insidesport.in/chak-de-india/wrestling-nationals-wrestler-bolts-away-on-spotting-nada-officials/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Medal record
! Competition !! Gold !! Silver !! Bronze
|-
| Asian Cadet Wrestling Championships || 1 || – || –
|-
| Asian Wrestling Championships || – || – || 1
|-
| Dan Kolov & Nikola Petrov Tournament || – || – || 1
|-
| National Wrestling Championships (India) || 2 || – || –
|-
| National Games of India || – || – || 1
|}

== Career in the Indian Navy ==
Kundu joined the [[Indian Navy]] in 2016 under the sports quota as a freestyle wrestler. He holds the rank of [[Chief petty officer|Chief Petty Officer]]. Since 2019, he has trained with the Navy wrestling team in [[Sonipat, Haryana]], under coach Kuldeep Sherawat, competing in the 86 kg category.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://uww.org/athletes-results/sanjeet-sanjeet-19996-profile Sanjeet Kundu] profile at [[United World Wrestling]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kundu, Sanjeet}}
[[Category:People from Jhajjar]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Sport wrestlers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]

1 naya paisa (Indian coin)

2026-01-09T00:58:30Z

Meraki03: put up bio

{{distinguish|1 paisa (Indian coin)}}
{{Infobox coin
| Denomination = One Naya Paisa एक नया पैसा
| Country = {{flag|India}}
| Value = {{frac|1|100}} [[Indian rupee]]
| Unit =
| Mass_g = 1.5
| Mass_troy_oz = 0.048
| Mass_grain =
| Mass_ounce =
| Mass_special = 
| Gold_troy_oz =
| Silver_troy_oz =
| Diameter_mm = 16
| Diameter_inch = 0.063
| Diameter_special = 
| Thickness_mm = 1.0
| Thickness_inch = 0.04
| Thickness_special = 
| Edge = Smooth
| Composition = [[Bronze]] (1957–1962) [[Nickel silver|Nickel-brass]] (1962–1963)
| Years of Minting = {{Start date|1957}}–{{End date|1963}}
| Mintage = 2,947,906,000
| Mint marks = [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]] = ⧫ Mumbai Proof issues = B [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] = * [[India Government Mint, Noida|Noida]] = ° [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]] = No mint-mark
| Circulation = [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]]
| Catalog Number = KM#8 & KM#8a
| Obverse =
| Obverse Design =
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| Reverse =
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}}
The Indian '''One Naya paisa''' ({{langx|hi|एक नया पैसा}}) was a unit of [[currency]] equaling {{frac|1|100}} (one-hundredth) of the [[Indian rupee]]. The symbol for paisa is '''p'''. In 1955, India adopted metric system for coinage and amended the "Indian Coinage Act". Subsequently, one paisa coins were introduced on 1 April 1957. From 1957 to 1964, one paisa coin was called "Naya Paisa" ({{langx|hi|नया पैसा}}) (English: ''New Paisa'') and on 1 June 1964, the term "Naya" was dropped and the denomination was simply called "One paisa". Naya paisa coin has been [[Legal tender#Demonetization|demonetized]] and is no longer a [[Legal tender]].

==History==
Prior to 1957, the [[Indian rupee]] was not [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] and the rupee from 1835 to 1957 [[Anno Domini|AD]] was further divided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was further divided into four [[Indian paisa]]s and each paisa into two [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]] till 1947 when the pie was demonetized. In 1955, India amended the "Indian Coinage Act" to adopt the metric system for coinage. Paisa coins were introduced in 1957, but from 1957 to 1964 the coin was called "Naya Paisa" (English: ''New Paisa''). On 1 June 1964, the term "Naya" was dropped and the denomination was simply called "One paisa". Naya paisa coins were issued as a part of "The Decimal Series".<ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=30 November 2016|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref><ref name="1 paisa coin">{{cite news|title=1 paisa coin|publisher=India Numismatics|accessdate=30 November 2016|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref> Naya paisa coin was withdrawn from circulation and demonetized on 30 June 2011.<ref name="Currency Matters">{{cite news|title=Currency Matters|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=30 November 2016|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_CurrencyFAQView.aspx?Id=39}}</ref>

==Variants==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan="13"|Variants (1957-1963).
|-
! colspan="2"| Image !! rowspan="2"| Value !! colspan="4"| Technical parameters !! colspan="3"| Description !! colspan="2"| Year of minting !! rowspan="2"| Monetary status
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Weight !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last
|-
| [[File:1 naya paisa (obverse).jpg|90px]] || [[File:1 naya paisa (reverse).jpg|90px]] || rowspan="2"| 1 Naya Paisa || 1.5 g || 16 mm || 1.0 mm || [[Bronze]] || Plain || rowspan="2"| [[State Emblem of India]] & country name in Hindi and English. || rowspan="2"| Face-value and year. || 1957 || 1962 || [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]].<ref name="1961 Naya paisa">{{cite news|title=1961 Naya paisa| publisher=Numista |accessdate=30 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces5494.html}}</ref>
|-
| || || 1.51 g || 16 mm || 1.1 mm || [[Nickel silver|Nickel-brass]] || Smooth || 1962 || 1963 || [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]].<ref name="Nickel-brass Naya paisa">{{cite news|title=Nickel-brass Naya paisa| publisher=Numista |accessdate=30 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces7802.html}}</ref>
|-
|}

{{Portal bar|India|Money|Numismatics}}

==See also==
* [[Indian paisa]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Indian currency}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:One-cent coins]]

Kanyakumari Glass bridge

2026-01-09T00:56:27Z

Meraki03: done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox bridge
| name = Kanyakumari Glass bridge
| native_name = sea glass bridge
| native_name_lang = Tamil
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.0779|N|77.5545|E}}
| os_grid_reference =
| qid =
| fetchwikidata =
| onlysourced =
| carries =
| crosses = sea
| locale = [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| starts = [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]]
| ends = [[Thiruvalluvar Statue]]
| official_name =
| other_name =
| named_for =
| owner =
| maint =
| heritage =
| id =
| id_type =
| website =
| preceded =
| followed =
| design =
| material = steel & cast iron
| material1 = toughened glass & polymer
| material2 = concrete slab
| length =
| width = 10 m
| height =
| depth =
| traversable =
| towpath =
| mainspan = 77 m
| number_spans =
| piers_in_water =
| load =
| clearance_above =
| clearance_below =
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| electrification =
| architect =
| designer =
| contracted_designer =
| winner =
| engineering =
| builder =
| fabricator =
| built =
| begin =
| complete = December 2024
| cost = ₹37 crore
| opened = yes
| inaugurated = 30 December 2024
| rebuilt =
| collapsed =
| destroyed =
| closed =
| demolished =
| replaces =
| replaced_by =
| traffic =
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| extra =
| references =
}}

'''Kanyakumari Glass bridge''' or '''Kanyakumari Glass fibre footover bridge''' is an footover bridge built for pedestrians to cross the sea connecting [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]] and [[Thiruvalluvar Statue]] both constructed on sea in [[Kanyakumari]] of [[Kanyakumari district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2024 |title=India's first glass bridge now open in Kanniyakumari, know all about it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/indias-first-glass-bridge-inaugurated-in-kanyakumari-tamil-nadu-links-vivekananda-rock-memorial-thiruvalluvar-statue-2657905-2024-12-31 |access-date=31 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> This is said to be the India's first glass bridge built on sea.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2024 |title=India's First Glass Bridge In The Sea Opens At Kanyakumari: Here's All You Need To Know About It |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/indias-first-glass-bridge-in-the-sea-opens-at-kanyakumari-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-it |access-date=31 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
This glass bridge is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|8.0779|N|77.5545|E}}) on the sea in Kanyakumari.

{{Location map many | India Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Kanyakumari Glass bridge
| pos1 = right
| bg1 = yellow
| label1_width = 18
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|8.0779|N|77.5545|E}}
}}
== Details ==
This glass bridge is constructed having a breadth of 10 m and a span of 77 m, at a cost of about ₹37 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=30 December 2024 |title=CM inaugurates India's first glass bridge over sea in Kanniyakumari |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/cm-inaugurates-indias-first-glass-bridge-over-sea-in-kanniyakumari/article69044002.ece |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This bridge is of the shape of a bowstring arch.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Livemint |date=30 December 2024 |title=India's first glass bridge in the sea opens at Kanyakumari: 5 less known facts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-glass-bridge-in-the-sea-opens-at-kanyakumari-5-less-known-facts-11735559272490.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231030922/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-glass-bridge-in-the-sea-opens-at-kanyakumari-5-less-known-facts-11735559272490.html |archive-date=31 December 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> And the bridge was inaugurated on 30 December 2024 by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[MK Stalin]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>

</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Glass-bottomed bridges]]

Sohan Lal Nayak

2026-01-05T19:33:06Z

Meraki03: Made Details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sohan Lal Nayak
| birth_date =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Raisinghnagar Assembly constituency|Raisinghnagar, Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Balvir Singh Luthra]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]|
| alma_mater = [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University]] [[Maharaja Ganga Singh University]]
| education = [[Master of Arts]] [[Bachelor of Laws]]
}}

'''Sohan Lal Nayak''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]] from [[Raisinghnagar Assembly constituency|Raisinghnagar, Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sohan Lal Nayak(Independent(IND)):Constituency- RAISINGHNAGAR (SC) (GANGANAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=2737&scan=original |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Raisinghnagar, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Raisinghnagar सीट पर Sohan Lal Nayak ने Balvir Singh Luthra कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/raisinghnagar-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830380-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Sohan Lal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Anupgarh district]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Mayookha Johny

2025-12-22T06:30:39Z

Meraki03: starting the biography first draft...

{{short description|Indian athlete (born 1988)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Mayookha Johny
| image = Mayookha Jhony at the 12th South Asian Games 2016, in Guwahati.jpg
| caption = Mayookha at the [[2016 South Asian Games]]
| fullname = Mayookha Johny Mathalikunnel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|9|4}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref name=Glasgow>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114159/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/cycling_road/1031497/mayookha_m_devassya_johny.html 2014 CWG profile]}}</ref>
| height = {{convert|1.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name=Glasgow/>
| sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| event = [[Long jump]], [[Triple jump]]
| pb = ''[[Long jump]]'': 6.64 m ([[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|2010]]) ''[[Triple jump]]'': 14.11 m '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Indian}}''' ([[Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium|2011]])
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}} [[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2011 Asian Athletics Championships|2011 Kobe]]|[[2011 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's long jump|Long jump]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2011 Asian Athletics Championships|2011 Kobe]]|[[2011 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's triple jump|Triple jump]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|2013 Pune]]|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's long jump|Long jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2016 Doha]]|[[2016 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships#Women|Long jump]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2016 Doha]]|[[2016 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships#Women|Triple jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games#Women|Long jump]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games#Women|Triple jump]]}}
}}

'''Mayookha Johny Mathalikunnel''' (born 9 April 1988) is an Indian former [[track and field]] athlete who specialized in [[long jump]] and [[triple jump]]. She is the first Indian woman to cross the fourteen-metre mark in triple jump and holds the current [[List of Indian records in athletics|national record]] of 14.11 m set at the [[2011 Asian Athletics Championships|2011 Asian Championships]].<ref name="hindu_May11"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 July 2011 |title=Mayookha books Olympic berth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/athletics-mayookha-books-olympic-berth-137164-2011-07-09 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Mayookha represented India in the [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's triple jump|women's triple jump]] event at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]].

==Early life==
Mayookha was born on 4 September 1988 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]] to parents originally from [[Koorachundu]] in [[Kerala]]. Her father M. Devassya Johny was a [[Bodybuilding|bodybuilder]] and a former Mr. Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayookha Johny Olympics 2012 Player Profile, News, Medals - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/london-olympics-2012/olympics-2012-players/mayookhajohny.cms |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Competing for [[Kannur]] in the 50th Kerala State Athletic Championship at [[Thrissur]], Mayookha won gold in long jump and triple jump (12.38 m) in under-20 category in 2006. In the triple jump event she beat the more experienced M.A. Prajusha and Tincy Mathew.<ref name="hindu_oct06">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/23/stories/2006102308901800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107222834/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/23/stories/2006102308901800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Mayookha completes a fine double|date=23 October 2006|accessdate=9 August 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

She finished seventh in the long jump at the [[Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Asian Games]]. Johny fared better at the [[2011 National Games of India]] the following February, taking a long and triple jump double ahead of [[M. A. Prajusha]].<ref>Krishnan, Ram. Murali (22 February 2011). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=59380.html Raut and Johny takes doubles at Indian National Games in Ranchi]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 22 February 2011.</ref>
Triple Jumper Mayookha Johny has become the first Indian woman to breach the 14-metre mark as she won a bronze medal in the third and final leg of the Asian Athletics Grand Prix in [[Wujiang, Suzhou|Wujiang]].<ref name="hindu_May11">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/30/stories/2011053064042100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531192957/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/30/stories/2011053064042100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 May 2011|title=Mayookha breaches 14m barrier|date=30 May 2011|location=India|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=30 May 2011}}</ref>

At the [[2011 World Championships in Athletics|2011 World Championships]] in [[Daegu]] she qualified for the finals in the women's long jump event, thereby becoming only the third Indian ever to qualify for the final of an individual event in [[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120717103239/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Indias-Mayookha-finishes-ninth-in-long-jump/articleshow/9772122.cms Mayookha finishes ninth]</ref> She finished 9th with a best jump of 6.37 m, far behind her qualifying round performance where she recorded 6.53 m.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://daegu2011.iaaf.org/ResultsByDate.aspx?racedate=08-28-2011%2Fsex%3DW%2FdiscCode%3DLJ%2FcombCode%3Dhash%2FroundCode%3Df%2Fresults.html#detW_LJ_hash_f |title=2011 World Championships in Athletics, Daegu. Women's Long jump results |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113160946/http://daegu2011.iaaf.org/ResultsByDate.aspx?racedate=08-28-2011%2Fsex%3DW%2FdiscCode%3DLJ%2FcombCode%3Dhash%2FroundCode%3Df%2Fresults.html#detW_LJ_hash_f |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 22 July 2012, Mayookha Johny triple jumped 13.91 m to win the top place in a athletics meet in [[Dillingen, Saarland|Dillingen]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/article3675410.ece | title=Mayookha jumps 13.91m | date= 25 July 2012 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu}}</ref> She competed at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] in the [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's triple jump|triple jump]] event where she finished 22nd with a jump of 13.77 m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/jo/mayookha-johny-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418075947/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/jo/mayookha-johny-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-18|title=Mayookha Johny Bio, Stats, and Results|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref> She competed at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] in the [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's long jump|long jump]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/athletics/1031497/mayookha_m_devassya_johny.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Mayookha M. Devassya Johny Profile|website=g2014results.thecgf.com|language=es|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Footer Asian Champions women's long jump}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johny, Mayookha}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women long jumpers]]
[[Category:Indian women triple jumpers]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Asian Indoor Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Herpetoreas tpser

2025-12-16T04:01:01Z

Meraki03: new...

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Herpetoreas
| species = tpser
| authority = Ren, Jiang, Huang, David, & Li, 2022
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Herpetoreas tpser''''' is a [[species]] of [[Natricinae|natricine]] snake [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{EMBL species|genus=Herpetoreas|species=tpser}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q113560950}}

[[Category:Herpetoreas|tpser]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]

{{Natricinae-stub}}

BharatQR

2025-12-08T13:48:39Z

Meraki03: made page

{{short description|QR code payment system in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=June 2019}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = BharatQR
| logo = File:BharatQR Logo.svg
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype = {{Plainlist|
*[[QR code payment]]
}}
| currentowner = [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI)
| country = India
| introduced = {{Start date and age|2017|02|20|df=y}}
| related =
| markets = {{ubl|India}}
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website = {{URL|https://www.rupay.co.in/rupay-advantage/bharat-qr}}
| module = 
| module1 = 
|logo_size=250px}}

'''BharatQR''', developed by [[NPCI]], [[Mastercard]], and [[Visa Inc.|Visa]], is an integrated [[payment system]] in India for [[mobile device]]. The system was launched in September 2016. It facilitates users to transfer their money from one source to another. The money transferred through BharatQR is received directly in the user's linked bank account. It provides a common interface between [[RuPay]], [[Mastercard]], [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] and [[American Express]], and is interoperable with all the banks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/money/bharat-qr-here-are-5-things-to-know-about-the-new-cashless-transaction-mechanism/560282/|title=Bharat QR: Here are 5 things to know about the new cashless transaction mechanism|date=2017-02-21|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en-US|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204062827/http://www.financialexpress.com/money/bharat-qr-here-are-5-things-to-know-about-the-new-cashless-transaction-mechanism/560282/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Overview==
BharatQR was launched in September 2016. The system helps in enabling digital payments to reduce the usage of card machines for payment. A number of banks supported BharatQR, before the system was launched, and got ready to deploy it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npci.org.in/PDF/npci/press-releases/2017/NPCI-Mastercard-Visa-develop-BharatQR.pdf|title=NPCI, Mastercard, Visa develop BharatQR|work=NPCI|access-date=17 November 2017|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825061251/https://www.npci.org.in/PDF/npci/press-releases/2017/NPCI-Mastercard-Visa-develop-BharatQR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although, BharatQR primarily works by scanning [[QR codes]], it is not the only way to make payments. It allows users to pay through [[Aadhaar]] number, [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] payment address or through account number and IFSC code thus, minimizing the need to pay using debit and credit cards which are, supposedly, less secure than BharatQR.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/how-to/how-bharat-qr-works/article9605890.ece|title=How Bharat QR works|date=2017-03-29|work=Business Line|location=Chennai|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528173811/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/how-to/how-bharat-qr-works/article9605890.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The system also supports [[dynamic QR code]] generation, which eliminates the need to enter the amount for payment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/bharat-qr-code|title=BHARAT QR CODE |publisher=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India|language=en|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108190020/http://meity.gov.in/bharat-qr-code|url-status=live}}</ref>

This payment system supports [[RuPay]], [[Mastercard]], [[Visa Inc.|Visa]], [[American Express]] and payment systems of 14 other national banks. Multiple cards can be linked to BharatQR supported bank apps and users can select any one of them to handle transactions conveniently for bank customers, partners, and merchants. BharatQR enables faster & secure mode of transactions with [[Immediate Payment Service|Immediate Payment Service (IMPS)]]. There is no need to share mobile number or account details, or your CVV with anyone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bharatqrcode.com/benefits-bharat-qr-payment-system/|title=What are the Benefits & Features of Bharat QR Code?|date=2018-11-03|website=Bharat QR Code|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422222353/https://bharatqrcode.com/benefits-bharat-qr-payment-system/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

NPCI, Mastercard and Visa developed BharatQR with provisions for three additional fields: bank account and IFS (Indian Financial System) code, Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and Aadhaar. These additional fields provide banks the option to populate them as QR-based payments scale in the country. American Express is also on board to adopt these standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nfcworld.com/2017/02/21/350341/government-backed-bharatqr-launches-india-take-country-one-step-closer-mobile-payments/|title=NPCI, Mastercard and Visa unveil standardised QR code mobile payments for India • NFC World|date=2017-02-21|website=NFC World|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820183938/https://www.nfcworld.com/2017/02/21/350341/government-backed-bharatqr-launches-india-take-country-one-step-closer-mobile-payments/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Usage ==
Bijlipay became the first Indian [[Point of sale|Point-of-Sale (PoS)]] devices-providing company to use BharatQR on the screen of PoS machines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/bharat-qr-code-now-enabled-on-pos-machines-for-12000-merchants-bijlipay-targets-another-50000/683226/|title=Bharat QR code now enabled on POS machines for 12,000 merchants; Bijlipay targets another 50,000|date=2017-05-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820183939/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/bharat-qr-code-now-enabled-on-pos-machines-for-12000-merchants-bijlipay-targets-another-50000/683226/|url-status=live}}</ref>

ItzCash announced rolling-out Bharat QR code features across its retail network to scan and pay money with ItzCash's Point-of-Sale devices by presenting a [[Mobile phone|cell phone]] to a reader, across its network of 75,000 outlets in 3,000 cities and towns across the India.

[[Samsung Pay]], which earlier in 2017, integrated [[Samsung Pay|Samsung Pay mobile wallet]] with [[Unified Payments Interface]], integrated BharatQR to pay at merchants supporting [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI payment system]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/samsung-pay-india-upi-payment-bharat-via-qr-code-update-rollout-1776832|title=Samsung Pay App in India Gets UPI Payments Support for Bharat QR Codes|publisher=NDTV Gadgets360.com|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117165505/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/samsung-pay-india-upi-payment-bharat-via-qr-code-update-rollout-1776832|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal|India|Banks|Money}}

[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Mobile payments in India]]
[[Category:Electronic funds transfer]]

Marusudar River

2025-11-27T07:59:51Z

Meraki03: refine references based on references per sources

{{short description|River tributary in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Marusudar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir relief map.svg
| map_size =
| map_caption = River map of Jammu and Kashmir
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = Flows through
| subdivision_name2 = [[Marwah valley|Marwah]]-[[Dachhan]] in [[Kishtwar district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]

| length = {{convert|133|km|mi|abbr=on}} approx.
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Nunkun glacier
| source1_location = [[Warwan Valley]], [[Kishtwar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|33|27|25.77|N|75|48|48.99|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Chenab river]]
| mouth_location = [[Bhandarkoot]], [[Kishtwar district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label = Dams
| custom_data = [[Pakal Dul Dam]], [[Bursar Dam]]
| extra =
}}
'''Marusudar''' river or '''Maru Sudar''' river is the largest [[tributary|river tributary]] of the [[Chenab River]], beginning at the Nunkun glacier of the [[Warwan Valley]] and joining the Chenab at [[Bhandarkoot]] in the [[Kishtwar district]]. As of 2021, 1000MW [[Pakal Dul Dam]] the 800MW Bursar Hydroelectric Project are under construction on this river.

==Course==

The Marusudar river originates from the Nunkun glacier of the [[Warwan Valley]] of the [[Kishtwar district]] and joins the Chenab river at [[Bhandarkoot]], [[Kishtwar]]. It is {{Convert|133|km|mi}} long and the largest river tributary to the Chenab river.<ref name="journal-marusudar" >{{cite journal |vauthors=Romshoo, Shakil, Altaf, Sadaff, Amin, Muzamil, Ameen, Ummer |date=2017 |title=Sediment Yield Estimation for Developing Soil Conservation Strategies in GIS Environment for the Mountainous Marusudar Catchment, Chenab Basin, J&K, India. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323834481_Sediment_Yield_Estimation_for_Developing_Soil_Conservation_Strategies_in_GIS_Environment_for_the_Mountainous_Marusudar_Catchment_Chenab_Basin_JK_India |journal=Journal of Himalayan Ecology and Sustainable Development. |volume=12 |issue= |pages=16–32 |doi=|ISSN=0973-7502 |pmc= |pmid=}}</ref>

==Dams==
{{see also | Indus_River#Barrages,_bridges,_levees_and_dams | l1 = Dams on Indus | Jhelum_River#Dams | l2= Dams on Jhelum | Chenab_River#Dams | l3= Dams on Chenab | Ravi_River#Dams | l4= Dams on Ravi | Beas_River#Dams | l5= Dams on Beas| Sutlej_River#Dams | l6= Dams on Sutlej}}

This river has the following dams

* [[Pakal Dul Dam]], 1000 W, 109 MCM, near Drangdhuran village in Kishtwar district of the Indian Jammu and Kashmir, upstream of Bursar Hydroelectric Power Project.<ref name=iestat1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-to-fast-track-4-hydro-projects-in-kishtwar-including-dam-at-pakal-dul-9987075 Centre to fast-track 4 hydro projects in Kishtwar, including dam at Pakal Dul], Indian Express, 7 May 2025.</ref>

* '''Bursar Hydroelectric Power Project''', 800 MW, 618 MCM, near Pakal village in the Kishtwar district, proposed stalled project was expedited in April 2025 after the termination of [[Indus Water Treaty|IWT]].<ref name=stat1>[https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/indus-waters-treaty-suspended-modi-government-fast-tracks-five-major-hydropower-projects-in-jammu-kashmir-details-here-article-151516416 Indus Waters Treaty Suspended: Modi Government Fast-Tracks Five Major Hydropower Projects in Jammu & Kashmir - Details Here], timesnownews.com, 28 Apr 2025.</ref> In 2017, the proposal was granted the environmental approval by MoEF,<ref name=apprv1>{{Cite web|url=https://glacierhub.org/2018/01/24/stop-damned-project-outrage-bursar-hydroelectric-project/|title=Stop the Dam(ned) Project: Outrage over the Bursar Hydroelectric Project|date=21 January 2018|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> after considering locals concerns,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/environment/protests-against-the-bursar-dam-in-jammu-and-kashmir-grow-louder|title= Protests Against the Bursar Dam in Jammu and Kashmir Grow Louder|date=8 May 2018|publisher =[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|author=Raqib Hameed Naik|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> who cited the [[Environmental impact assessment|Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)]] that the Bursar Dam project will affect 18 hamlets, 17,000 people, 1150 ha of forest clearing, fish migration.<ref name=apprv1/>

==See also ==

* [[Chenab_River#Dams|Dams on Chenab]]
* [[Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dams on the Chenab River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Dam controversies]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Chenab River]]

Institute of Nano Science and Technology

2025-11-22T17:32:03Z

Meraki03: stub...

{{Short description|Indian research institution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali
| native_name = INST Mohali
| image = Institute_of_Nano_Science_and_Technology_(INST),_Mohali_Logo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = January 2001

| closed = 
| type = Research Institute
| affiliation = [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = [[Dipankar Das Sarma]] (Board of Governors)
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director = Amitava Patra
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = Mohali
| state = Punjab
| province =
| country = India
| address = Sector – 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Mohali-140306
| coordinates = {{coord|30.683529|N|76.736489|E|display=inline,title}}
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
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| nickname = INST
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|www.inst.ac.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST)''' is an autonomous research institution of [[Department of Science and Technology (India)]], under the Society Registration Act, 1960,<ref name=DST>{{cite web|last=Ministry of Science and Technology|title=Societies Registration Act 1860|url=http://dst.gov.in/r&d_funding/rdfs2.htm|work=Department of Science and Technology|publisher=FICCI-BISNET|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013032122/http://dst.gov.in/r%26d_funding/rdfs2.htm|archive-date=13 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> under the umbrella of national mission on Nano Science and Technology (NANO MISSION)",<ref name=Kalpana>{{cite web|last=Palkhiwala|first=Kalpana|title=Nano Mission - Towards Global Knowledge Hub|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=82614|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044644/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=82614|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> which aims to promote growth and outreach of [[nanoscience]] and technology for the benefit of country.<ref name=Establishment-DST>{{cite web|last=Press Information Bureau|first=Government of India|title=Establishment of Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) at Mohali|url=http://dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/establishment-mohali.htm|publisher=Department of Science and Technology, Government of India|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910082256/http://www.dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/establishment-mohali.htm|archive-date=10 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> INST has been set up to undertake research and generate products/devices and technology in the area of Nanoscience and Technology.<ref name="Nano Mission">{{cite web|last=Nano Mission|first=Government of India|title=Nano Mission|url=http://www.nanomission.gov.in/|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307113239/http://www.nanomission.gov.in/|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The institute aims to carry out research in the diverse and rapidly growing areas of nanoscience and technology with specific emphasis on the following areas: Agricultural Nanotechnology, [[Nanomedicine]], Energy and Environmental Science, [[Quantum materials|Quantum Materials and Device Physics]], Nano Electronics, [[Microfluidics|Microfluidics Based Technologies]], [[Nanobiotechnology]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=INST|url=http://www.inst.ac.in/|website=Indian Institute of Nano Science and Technology|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224035934/http://www.inst.ac.in/|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Organization and administration ==
The Institute of Nano Science and Technology is managed by a Board of Governors, composed of academics, researchers and administrators and headed (chairman) by Dipankar Das Sarma of Indian Institute of Science. Founding chairman of the Board of Governors was [[C. N. R. Rao]] of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research|Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)]], Jakkur, Bangalore.<ref name="auto"/> INST started its operations from 3 January 2013, under the former directorship of Ashok K Ganguli. After his tenure, from 1 Jan 2018 and 10 March 2020, Hirendra Nath Ghosh took charge as acting director of the institute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. Ashok K Ganguli, Director, INST|url=http://scm.niscair.res.in/videos/348/prof.-ashok-k-ganguli,-director,-inst|website=CSIR-NISCAIR Tube|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423173022/http://scm.niscair.res.in/videos/348/prof.-ashok-k-ganguli,-director,-inst|archive-date=23 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Amitava Patra is the newly appointed director, since 11 March 2020.<ref name="INST">{{cite web|last=Institute of Nano Science and Technology|title=Institute of Nano Science and Technology|url=http://www.inst.ac.in/director_13-17.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423172020/http://www.inst.ac.in/director_13-17.php|archive-date=23 April 2018|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The institute has shifted to its new campus at Sector – 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali-140306, Punjab. Under the directorship of Ashok K Ganguli the institute started its operations (administration and research) in this campus. Land for setting up the state of the art laboratories at permanent campus of INST was allotted by [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]]. The site is adjacent to [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali|Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]] (IISER) in Sector 81, Mohali.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Facilities ===
INST has a research lab, "Faraday lab" named after British scientist [[Michael Faraday]]. The laboratory is equipped with [[microscope]], [[diffractometer]], scattering system, [[spectrometer]], analyzers, [[Profilometer|surface profiler]], electrochemical workstation, [[fluorometer]], [[calorimeter]], [[rheometer]]. INST also has a laboratory at [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]].<ref>{{cite web|title=INST 'S LAB Facilities- FARADAY LAB|url=http://www.inst.ac.in/laboratory.php|website=Indian Institute Of Nano Science And Technology|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010053436/http://www.inst.ac.in/laboratory.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Sophisticated electron microscopes like
SEM (Scanning electron microscope),
TEM(Transmission electron microscope),
AFM(Atomic Force microscope) belongs to high cost of bruker's company.
Spectroscopies like
UV-Vis spectroscopy,
FTIR,
[[Photoluminescence]] Spectroscopy,
Raman spectroscopy.
Diffractometers like
XRD(x-ray diffractometer)
and also equipments like Thermogravimetric analysis, Differential Thermogravimetric analysis.

== Research ==
Institute of Nano Science and Technology covers basic research addressing the diverse aspects of nanoscience and nanotechnology.<ref name="Director's Message, INST">{{cite web|last=Director's Message|title=INST Director's Message|url=http://www.inst.ac.in/index.php?action=top_nav_contents&id=196|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207062925/http://www.inst.ac.in/index.php?action=top_nav_contents&id=196|archive-date=7 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The major thrust areas which INST intends to explore will be the following: Agricultural nanotechnology, sensors, medical nanotechnology, Quantum materials and device physics, nanotechnology based solutions for energy and environment, nano biotechnology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research Areas|url=http://www.inst.ac.in/research_area.php|website=Indian Institute of Nano Science and Technology|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014045116/http://www.inst.ac.in/research_area.php|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Outreach programs ==
INST organizes a philanthropic program called "School adoption program", launched in May 2015. Under this program, it provides necessary infrastructure, technological information and incentives to government schools in India. The institution also takes part in government programs such as [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan|Swach Bharath]], [[Swasth Bharat]], and [[Make in India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=School Adoption Program|url=http://www.inst.ac.in/school_adoption.php|website=Indian Instiue of Nano Science and Technology|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923140548/http://www.inst.ac.in/school_adoption.php|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[List of autonomous higher education institutes in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Department of Science and Technology (India)}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Nanotechnology institutions]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Education in Mohali]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Vedi (altar)

2025-11-14T16:26:17Z

Meraki03: Made Data

{{Short description|Vedic sacrificial altar}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Garhwal(4).jpg|thumb|Falcon-shaped ''vedi'' excavated from Purola, Uttarkashi; likely belonging to the [[Kuninda Kingdom|Kuninda]] period (150 BCE - 250 CE).]]
'''''Vedi''''' ({{Langx|sa|वेदी|lit=altar|translit=Vedī}}) is the sacrificial [[altar]] in the [[historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-03 |title=Vedi, Vedī, Vedin: 32 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vedi |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Such altars were an elevated outdoor enclosure, generally strewed with [[Kusha grass]], and having receptacles for the [[sacrificial fire]]; it was of various shapes, but usually narrow in the middle.
[[File:ചിതിയുടെയും-ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെയും മാതൃക.jpg|thumb|right|Modern replica of utensils and ''vedi'' used for [[Agnicayana]], an elaborate [[Śrauta]] ritual originating from the [[Kuru kingdom]], {{C.}} 1000 BCE]]

They were used in various types of [[Yajna]] rituals, of which the lengthiest was the ''[[agnicayana]]'', lasting twelve days. In Vedic times, offerings, often including animals, were burnt in the fire, and fully consumed by it. This contrasts with modern Hindu offerings to gods, which are all vegetable, and are preserved to be consumed by the devotees (which was also the case in other religions, such as [[ancient Greek religion]]).

Fire altars remain part of the rituals in some [[Hindu festival]]s and rites of passage; in particular circling around a sacred fire (''[[saptapadi]]'') remains an essential part of [[Hindu wedding]]s.

Although [[Agni]], the Vedic [[god of fire]], has an important place in the [[mandala]] setting out the plan in [[Hindu temple architecture]], in the south-east part of the temple, fire altars are not now a normal part of regular [[Hindu temple]] rituals. Modern fire sacrifices are covered at [[Homa (ritual)|Homa rituals]].

==Types==

As deduced from descriptions in ancient texts, the types of vedi were:
*{{Lang|sa-latn|mahavedi}}, the great or entire altar
*{{Lang|sa-latn|uttaravedi}}, the northern altar made for the sacred fire ({{Lang|sa-latn|agnyayatana}})
*{{Lang|sa-latn|dhishnya}}, a sort of subordinate or side-altar, generally a heap of earth covered with sand on which the fire is placed
*{{Lang|sa-latn|drona}}, an altar shaped like a trough (Shulbas. 3.216)
*{{Lang|sa-latn|adhvaradhishnya}}, a second altar at the [[Soma sacrifice]]

The {{Lang|sa-latn|uttaravedi}} was in the shape of a [[falcon]] ({{Lang|sa-latn|alajacita}} 'piled up in the shape of the bird Alaja'), and was piled up with bricks in the [[Agnicayana]] ritual.

Vedic altars are described in the circum-Vedic texts dealing with [[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpa]] (the proper performance of sacrifice), notably the [[Satapatha Brahmana]], and the [[Sulbasutras]] say that the [[Rigveda]] corresponds to an altar of mantras.<ref>BSS 7, ASS 14.</ref>

Fire altars are already mentioned in the Rigveda. According to [[Taittiriya Samhita]] 5.2.3., they are made of twenty-one bricks.

In ŚBM 10.4.3.14-20, the altar is made of 396 (360 + 36) {{Lang|sa-latn|yajusmati}} (special) bricks, and of 10,800 {{Lang|sa-latn|lokamprna}} (ordinary) bricks. 10,701 {{Lang|sa-latn|lokamprna}} bricks belong to the {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}} altar, 78 to the {{Lang|sa-latn|dhisnya}} hearths and 21 to the {{Lang|sa-latn|garhapatya}}. Around the altar are 360 {{Lang|sa-latn|parisrita}} stones (261 around {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}}, 78 around {{Lang|sa-latn|dhisnya}}, 21 around {{Lang|sa-latn|garhapatya}}).

ŚBM 10.3.1. describes that the altar is symbolically built with [[Vedic meter|''gayatri'']] (24 syllables), {{Lang|sa-latn|usnih}} (breath, 28 syllables), {{Lang|sa-latn|pankti}} (mind, 40 syllables), ''[[tristubh]]'' (ear, 44 syllables), {{Lang|sa-latn|jagati}} (awakening) (48 syllables) and generative breath. The {{Lang|sa-latn|gayatri}} altar's height is to the knees, the {{Lang|sa-latn|tristubh}}''<nowiki/>'s'' to the navel and the {{Lang|sa-latn|jagati}}''<nowiki/>'s'' to a man's height.

== Agnicayana ==
{{main|Agnicayana}}
{| class=wikitable
|-
|'''Layer'''
|'''Number of {{Lang|sa-latn|yajusmati}} bricks in SB'''
|-
|5
|138
|-
|4
|47
|-
|3
|71
|-
|2
|41
|-
|1
|98
|-
|}

In the Agnicayana ritual, the {{Lang|sa-latn|mahavedi}} (great altar) has a length of 24 ''[[prakrama]]'' in the east, 30 in the west and 36 in the north and south.<ref>With 24+30+36=90.</ref> Inside the {{Lang|sa-latn|mahavedi}}, an altar is placed. In the smaller ritual space to the west of the {{Lang|sa-latn|mahavedi}} ({{Lang|sa-latn|pracinavamsa}}, {{Lang|sa-latn|pragvamsa}}), three altars are placed: the {{Lang|sa-latn|garhapatya}} (earth, west), {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}} (sky, east) and {{Lang|sa-latn|daksinagni}} (or {{Lang|sa-latn|anvaharyapacana}}, southwest). The round {{Lang|sa-latn|garhapatya}} and the square {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}} have the same area.<ref>(one square vyama/purusa) SB 7. TS 5.</ref> The [[Squaring the circle]] problem was also investigated because of such ritualistic considerations.<ref>Kak (2000)</ref> The {{Lang|sa-latn|ahavaniya}} altar has five layers ({{Lang|sa-latn|citi}}), representing earth, space and the sky.

== Archaeology ==

The earliest falcon-shaped vedi are dated to the period of [[Kuninda Kingdom]], between 2nd century BCE and 2nd century CE,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=2023-01-27 |title=How the Gayatri Mantra, composed by men, heard by men, for a male deity, became embodied as a goddess |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/how-the-gayatri-mantra-composed-by-men-heard-by-men-for-a-male-deity-became-embodied-as-a-goddess/article66416316.ece |access-date=2023-04-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> examples being discovered at Purola, [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-23 |title=Archaeological Survey of India Dehradun Circle -Uttarkashi |url=http://asidehraduncircle.in/uttarkashi.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423081256/http://asidehraduncircle.in/uttarkashi.html |archive-date=2023-04-23 }}</ref> and [[Kosambi]], [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.18859 |title=Excavations at Kausambi (1957-59) |date=1960 |language=English}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Agiary]]
*[[Yajna]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*[[Subhash Kak]]. ''Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy''. In ''Astronomy across cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy'', [[Helaine Selin]] (ed), Kluwer, 2000
*Subhash Kak, ''The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda'', Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 2000, {{ISBN|81-215-0986-6}}.
*Sen, S.N., and A.K. Bag. 1983. ''The Sulbasutras''. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
*[[Frits Staal]], ''Agni, the Vedic ritual of the fire altar'' (1983).

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/george/vedi.html

{{Hinduism-stub}}
[[Category:Vedas]]
[[Category:Hindu architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Altars]]
[[Category:Yajna]]