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Tihar Prisons

2026-05-07T04:01:26Z

Meherhospital: Starting Basic Details Nd Citations - done

{{short description|Prison centre in Delhi, India}}
{{Other uses|Tihar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox prison
| name = Tihar Jail
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi##Location in India
| location = [[Tihar Village, New Delhi]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|37|03|N|77|06|02|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operating
| classification = [[Prison#Security levels|Maximum]]
| capacity = 5,200 (out of total 10,026 of other two jail)
| population = 14,059 (out of total 20,458 of other two jail)<ref name=dept/>
| populationdate = 31 December 2023
| opened = {{start date and age|1957}}
| managed_by = Department of Delhi Prisons 
[[Government of Delhi]]
| website = {{URL|tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in}}
}}
'''Tihar Prisons''', popularly known as '''Tihar Jail''', is a prison complex in [[India]] and is one of the largest complexes of prisons in India. There are 9 functional prisons spread over more than 400 acres.<ref>[https://tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/generic_multiple_files/rtijail1.pdf, Tihar jail factsheet], TiharPrisons.delhi.gov.in, Retrieved 9 May 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/asia/2012/05/05/more-dovecote-than-jail Tihar prison in India: More dovecote than jail]. The Economist (5 May 2012). Retrieved 31 May 2012.</ref> Run by Department of Delhi Prisons, the [[prison]] contains nine central prisons, and is one of the three prison complexes in Delhi. The other two prison complexes are at [[Rohini Sub City|Rohini]] and [[Mandoli, Delhi|Mandoli]] with one and six central prisons respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Central Jail, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India |url=https://tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in/ |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in}}</ref> Tihar prison complex is located in [[Janakpuri]], approximately 3 km from [[Tihar Village|Tihar village]] in [[West Delhi]].

The prison is styled as a [[correctional institution]]. Its main objective is to convert its inmates into ordinary members of society by providing them with useful skills, education, and respect for the law. It aims to improve the inmates' self-esteem and strengthen their desire to improve. To engage, rehabilitate, and reform its inmates, Tihar uses [[music therapy]], which involves music training sessions and [[concert]]s.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Now-a-Tihar-Idol/articleshow/13962136.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126092721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/news-and-interviews/32141512_1_tihar-inmates-tihar-prisons-jail-authorities | url-status=live | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Now, a Tihar Idol| date=10 June 2012}}</ref> The prison has its own radio station, run by inmates.<ref>{{cite news | title =Tihar gets its own radio station – TJ FM Radio | newspaper =The Economic Times| date =30 July 2013 | url =http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/news/40895457_1_tihar-jail-central-jail-radio-station | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151003011002/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/news/40895457_1_tihar-jail-central-jail-radio-station | url-status =dead | archive-date =3 October 2015 | access-date =6 June 2014 }}</ref> There is also a [[Jail industry (India)|prison industry]] within the walls, manned wholly by inmates, which bears the brand ''Tihar''.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/tihar-is-a-brand-talk-business/top/32707-3.html Mukharji, Arunoday (4 February 2007) "Brand Tihar is serious business" "CNN-IBN"]. Ibnlive.com (20 June 2007). Retrieved 31 May 2012.</ref>

==History==

===Origin===

Originally, Tihar was a maximum-security prison run by the [[Punjab, India|State of Punjab]]. In 1966 control was transferred to the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]. Beginning in 1984, additional facilities were constructed, and the complex became Tihar Prison, also the largest jail in India.

===Reforms===

Under the charge of IPS officer [[Kiran Bedi]], when she was Inspector General of Prisons, she instituted a number of prison reforms at Tihar, including changing its name to Tihar Ashram. She also instituted a [[Vipassana meditation]] program for both staff and inmates; initial classes were taught by [[S. N. Goenka]]. The prison has also produced an inmate who passed the [[Civil Services Examination (India)|UPSC civil service examinations]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090217032254/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/11/stories/2009021157300100.htm Relief to Tihar inmate after he makes it to IAS ] The Hindu, 11 February 2009</ref>

Many of the inmates continue their higher education through distance education. The campus placement program was launched in 2011 for the rehabilitation of inmates about to complete their sentences. In 2014, a recruitment drive led to 66 inmates selected on the basis of their good conduct, received job offers with salaries up to {{INR Convert|35000|}} per month, from as many as 31 recruiters, which included educational institutions, NGOs and private companies.<ref>{{cite web | title = Recruitment drive in Tihar jail: Inmate offered Rs 35,000 per month | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Recruitment-drive-in-Tihar-jail-Inmate-offered-Rs-35000-per-month/articleshow/34745638.cms |date= 6 May 2014|access-date = 8 May 2014 | work = The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Photo story: from jail to job, Tihar inmates get employed |work= Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jail-to-job-it-s-hiring-time-in-tihar/article1-1216274.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140507002811/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jail-to-job-it-s-hiring-time-in-tihar/article1-1216274.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 7 May 2014 |author=Soumya Pillai|date=7 May 2014| access-date = 8 May 2014 }}</ref>

===Escapes===

In 1986, [[Charles Sobhraj]], a French serial killer, threw a big party for his prison guards and fellow inmates, drugged them with sleeping pills and walked out of the Tihar prison in March.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/12-things-you-didn%E2%80%99t-know-about-the-infamous-charles-sobhraj-233025.html|title=12 Things You Didn't Know About The Infamous Charles Sobhraj|work=indiatimes.com|date=28 May 2015 |access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="nandiniramnath">{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/764804/charles-sobhraj-hated-india-but-the-country-got-to-him-in-the-end|title=Charles Sobhraj hated India, but the country got to him in the end|author=Nandini Ramnath|date=27 October 2015|work=Scroll.in|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2004, [[Sher Singh Rana]], who had been arrested for the murder of [[Phoolan Devi]] in 2001, escaped from Tihar jail in February. He was arrested again in 2006, in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2006|title=Phoolan murder accused arrested in Kolkata |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-phoolan-murder-accused-arrested-in-kolkata-1025995|access-date=9 June 2022|website=DNA India|language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174346/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-phoolan-murder-accused-arrested-in-kolkata-1025995 |archive-date= 20 September 2022 }}</ref>

In 2015, two prisoners who were waiting for their trial in Tihar jail escaped through a tunnel in June.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33307912|title=India prisoners dig tunnel to escape from Tihar jail |date=29 June 2015|publisher=BBC |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231216222714/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33307912 |archive-date= 16 December 2023 }}</ref>

==Jail factory==
[[File:Tihar Jail Products Muffin and Brownie.jpg|thumb|Tihar Jail muffin and brownie.]]

In 1961, the Jail Factory was established in Central Jail No. 2 at Tihar. Over the years, its activities have expanded to include carpentry, weaving (handloom & powerloom), tailoring, chemicals, handmade paper, commercial art, and baking. Later, in 2009, a shoe manufacturing unit was established using the Public-Private Partnership model, and thus, the brand ''TJ's'' was launched. As of May 2014, 700 inmates work in these units, and 25% of their earnings are deposited in the Victim Welfare Fund, which provides compensation to the victims and their families.<ref>{{cite web | title = Tihar Jail Products | url = http://tihartj.nic.in/tihar_jail.asp| access-date = 8 May 2014 |publisher=Tihar Jail}}</ref> A CSR initiative has been launched to provide a Level 4 training program comprising 340 hours of coursework to 1,200 inmates from the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) to empower inmates for a productive post-release life, as a step toward the rehabilitation of undertrials incarcerated for minor offences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=25 November 2023 |title=Good news for prison inmates in Tihar! Now, they will get skills training |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/good-news-for-prison-inmates-in-tihar-now-they-will-get-skills-training-11700903840103.html |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==Prisoners==

===Politicians===

* [[Arvind Kejriwal]] — political vendetta by central agencies (later discharged by lower court).

* [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]] — former member of the [[Samajwadi Party]], arrested in a [[cash-for-votes scandal]]<ref name="IT">[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/cash-for-votes-scam-amar-singh-140459-2011-09-06 Cash-for-votes scam: Court sends Amar Singh to judicial custody till 19 September],''[[India Today]]'', 6 September 2011</ref>

* [[Anubrata Mondal]] — Indian politician accused of cow smuggling<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Atri |date=2024-09-25 |title=Cattle Smuggling Case: Out from Tihar on bail, Anubrata says 'will always be with Didi' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/tmc-anubrata-mondal-cattle-smuggling-scam-bengal-delhi-hc-9585198/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Anca Verma]] — wife of [[Abhishek Verma (arms dealer)|Abhishek Verma]], co-accused in all his corruption cases<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/abhishek-bhalla/story/abhishek-verma-universe-of-lust-and-lucre-111535-2012-07-28|title=Press reports about Anca Neacsu wife of Abhishek Verma|publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/arms-dealer-abhishek-vermas-wife-anca-neascu-goes-into-news-photo/146029316|title=Anca Neacsu photos from press reports|date=9 June 2012 |via=Getty Images}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/multi-crore-arms-deals-videos-of-home-ministry-alleged-kickbacks/268821|title=Multi-crore arms deals: videos of Home Ministry, alleged kickbacks}}</ref>
* [[2G spectrum case]] accused, including [[A. Raja]], [[M. K. Kanimozhi]], [[Vinod Goenka]], [[Shahid Balwa]], and [[Sanjay Chandra]]<ref name="BW" />

* [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]], an Indian politician<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=Bhim Army chief Chandra Shekhar Azad released from Tihar Jail |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bhim-army-chief-chandra-shekhar-azad-released-from-tihar-jail-1637563-2020-01-16 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Delhi liquor scam]] accused, including [[K. Kavitha]], [[Manish Sisodia]], [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]], and [[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]]

* [[D. K. Shivakumar]] — former Minister in [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Govt.]], sent to prison in money laundering case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-leader-dk-shivakumar-sent-tihar-jail-money-laundering-case-109156|title = Congress leader DK Shivakumar sent to Tihar jail in money laundering case|date = 19 September 2019}}</ref>

* [[Kanhaiya Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2016-03-03 |title=Kanhaiya walks out of Tihar on bail |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/english-news-e214a3fc |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

* [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] — former Union [[Minister of Railways]], former [[Chief Minister of Bihar]], incarcerated for the [[Fodder Scam]]

* [[P. Chidambaram]] — former Union [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]], Judicial custody in relation to the [[INX Media case|INX media Corruption case]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/inx-media-case-p-chidambaram-kapil-sibal-rouse-avenue-court-updates-1-1116939.html|title=14 दिन के लिए तिहाड़ जेल भेजे गए पूर्व वित्त मंत्री पी. चिदंबरम|work=Aaj Tak|language=en-IN}}</ref>

*[[Ripun Bora]] — education minister of [[Assam]]'s [[Tarun Gogoi]]-led [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]ional government, the main suspect in the Daniel Topno murder case, was arrested by CBI officials on 3 June 2008 and sent to Tihar on 7 June 2008{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}

* [[Sanjay Gandhi]] — former [[Member of Parliament]] and husband of [[Maneka Gandhi]], son of [[Indira Gandhi]]

* [[Suresh Kalmadi]] — former president of the [[Indian Olympic Association]], who was arrested for alleged [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games|corruption regarding the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]<ref name="BW">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110613221314/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_25/b4233013968530.htm India's Powerful Can't Escape Jail], ''[[BusinessWeek]]'', 9 June 2011</ref>

===Gangsters and criminals ===

* [[Charles Sobhraj]] — an international serial killer, secretly escaped from Tihar on 16 March 1986, but was recaptured shortly thereafter, returned to the prison and sentenced to an additional ten years for the escape. He was released and deported upon the completion of his term on 17 February 1997.

* [[Chhota Rajan]] — Mumbai-based gangster<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Raj Shekhar |date=2024-04-22 |title=9 years after arrest, first pic of don Chhota Rajan from Tihar is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/chhota-rajan-in-focus-9-years-after-arrest/articleshow/109485755.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

* [[Lawrence Bishnoi]], Indian gangster<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2024 |title=How Lawrence Bishnoi Continues To Operate From Jail? Everything You Need To Know About The Gangster |url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/how-lawrence-bishnoi-continues-to-operate-from-jail-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-gangster-9085584.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Sonu Punjaban]], Indian [[Procuring (prostitution)|pimp]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-21 |title=Caught with mobile, pimp attempts suicide in Tihar Jail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Caught-with-mobile-pimp-attempts-suicide-in-Tihar-Jail/articleshow/17300662.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Rapists ===

* [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] accused; Ram Singh (died by suicide in March 2013),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-11 |title=Delhi rape case: Main accused Ram Singh commits suicide in Tihar Jail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-rape-case-Main-accused-Ram-Singh-commits-suicide-in-Tihar-Jail/articleshow/18902304.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Mukesh Singh, Akshay Thakur, Pawan Gupta and Vinay Sharma; four surviving convicts executed on 20 March 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-03-20 |title=Seven years later, all four Nirbhaya gang rape convicts hanged to death |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Mar/20/seven-years-later-all-four-nirbhaya-gangrape-convicts-hanged-to-death-2119251.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case]] accused - Kuljeet Singh and Jasbir Singh — executed in 1982<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2020 |title=Tihar witnessed hanging of two other rape convicts in 1982 - Ranga and Billa |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tihar-witnessed-hanging-of-two-other-rape-convicts-in-1982-ranga-and-billa-120032000544_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321171648/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tihar-witnessed-hanging-of-two-other-rape-convicts-in-1982-ranga-and-billa-120032000544_1.html |archive-date=2020-03-21 |access-date=2025-07-07 |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

===Terrorism and anti-nationalism===

Following convicts and/or under-trial accused of terrorism and/or anti-nationalism:

* [[Abhishek Verma (arms dealer)|Abhishek Verma]] — accused in Navy War Room Leak case & [[Scorpene deal scam|Scorpene Submarines deal.]]

* [[Afzal Guru]] — Kashmiri separatist and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] terrorist involved in the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]], who was executed on 9 February 2013

* [[Asif Iqbal Tanha]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paniyath |first=Nabeela |date=28 June 2021 |title=Our movement against CAA-NRC remains alive: Asif Iqbal Tanha on activism, faith, and a year in Tihar |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/crime/asif-iqbal-tanha-caa-nrc-delhi-violence-tihar-interview |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Erappungal Abubacker]], anti-national activities done under banned [[Popular Front of India]] organization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdulla |first=Shaheen |date=2022-10-29 |title=Chronic illnesses put jailed PFI founder E Abubacker's "life at risk" |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/features/chronic-illnesses-put-jailed-pfi-founder-e-abubacker-life-at-risk/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Maktoob Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

* [[Jagtar Singh Hawara]] and Paramjit Singh Bheora, Khalistani militants, main accused in the assassination of Punjab Chief minister [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040123/main2.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

* [[Arrest of Jagtar Singh Johal|Jagtar Singh Johal]] — accused in 2016–17 targeted killings in Punjab, India<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Taggar |first1=Rajinder S. |title=Khalistanis in US, UK, Canada plan protests to seek release of KLF activist Jaggi Johal from jail |work=Indianarrative |date=3 November 2022 |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/world-news/khalistanis-in-us-uk-canada-plan-protests-to-seek-release-of-klf-activist-jaggi-johal-from-jail-67677.html}}</ref>

* [[Maqbool Bhat]] — Kashmiri separatist and convicted terrorist<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Srijan |date=2020-02-11 |title=Maqbool Bhat, Kashmir's first radical separatist, hanged by Indira after diplomat's killing |url=https://theprint.in/past-forward/maqbool-bhat-kashmirs-first-radical-separatist-hanged-by-indira-after-diplomats-killing/363201/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

* [[Saquib Nachan]], Indian terrorist<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Diwakar |date=2025-06-26 |title=2003 Mulund blast: Terror convict Saquib Nachan suffers stroke in Tihar jail |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/terror-convict-saquib-nachan-suffers-stroke-in-tihar-jail-23578629 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Mid-Day |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Kehar Singh]] — security guards, hanged for the [[Indira Gandhi#Assassination|assassination of Indira Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1989-01-06 |title=2 Sikhs Hanged in Slaying of Indira Gandhi |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-06-mn-257-story.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

* [[Umar Khalid]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Who is Umar Khalid and why has he been behind bars for four years? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-umar-khalid-and-why-has-he-been-behind-bars-for-four-years/3611360/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Sports person===

* [[Milkha Singh]] — former Indian [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]], for travelling in a train without ticket.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/when-his-sister-thought-milkha-was-shot/article4870333.ece|title=When his sister thought Milkha was shot|last=Lokapally|first=Vijay|date=1 July 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 May 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* [[Sushil Kumar]] — Indian wrestler, arrested in connection with the murder of a 23-year-old wrestler at Chhatrasal Stadium<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Olympian Sushil Kumar, main accused in junior wrestler's murder case, surrenders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/olympic-medalist-sushil-kumar-accused-of-junior-wrestlers-murder-surrenders-2420577-2023-08-14 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Others===

* [[Abhijit Banerjee]] — Indian born American Nobel laureate. While studying at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), he was arrested and imprisoned in Tihar Jail for protesting against JNU's vice-chancellor<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-14 |title=When Nobel Laureate Abhijit Banerjee spent 10 days in Tihar jail |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nobel-laureate-abhijit-banerjee-tihar-jail-jnu-protest-1609360-2019-10-14 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vincent |first=Pheroze L. |date=15 October 2019 |title=Banerjee's JNU arrest and 12 days in Tihar jail |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/banerjee-s-jnu-arrest-and-12-days-in-tihar-jail/cid/1711818 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225104748/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/banerjee-s-jnu-arrest-and-12-days-in-tihar-jail/cid/1711818 |archive-date=2024-12-25 |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Anna Hazare]] - Indian social activists fighting against corruption, were imprisoned in Tihar for protesting conflicts between differing Civil Society and UPA Government anti-corruption bills, known as the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] and the [[Lokpal Bill]], respectively

* [[Subrata Roy]] — founder of [[Sahara India Pariwar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Subrata-Roy-pays-Rs-1-23-crore-for-special-facilities-in-Tihar-jail/articleshow/50070082.cms|title=Subrata Roy pays Rs 1.23 crore for special facilities in Tihar jail|work=The Times of India|date=7 December 2015 }}</ref>

* [[Sudhir Chaudhary (journalist)|Sudhir Chaudhary]] — Indian [[journalist]] sent to 14-day judicial custody but was later released on bail in extortion case<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2012 |title=Zee News editors sent to Tihar jail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/zee-news-editors-sent-to-tihar-jail/story-YhQqQk8V9HgADnCLtt5K0H.html |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Issues==

===HIV===

The prison complex has no facilities for keeping [[paraplegic]] pre-trial inmates or convicts.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tihar-says-no-facility-for-paraplegic-murder-accused-gets-bail/973310/| title= Tihar says no facility for paraplegic, murder accused gets bail| date= 12 July 2012|work=The Indian Express |url-access=subscription |first1=Aneesha |last1=Mathur |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926194819/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/tihar-says-no-facility-for-paraplegic-murder-accused-gets-bail/ |archive-date= 26 September 2022 }}</ref> The Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre reports that around 6% to 8% of the 11,800 Tihar inmates are [[HIV-positive]], which is considerably higher than [[HIV/AIDS in India|the HIV rate among the general population in India]].<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106074350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-30/delhi/29599215_1_positive-prisoners-tihar-jail-jail-authorities |archive-date=6 November 2012 |first1=Neeraj |last1=Chauhan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/340-HIV-positive-prisoners-in-Tihar/articleshow/8650866.cms |title=340 HIV positive prisoners in Tihar |website=The Times of India |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=31 May 2012}}</ref>

===Overcrowding ===

{{As of|2023|12}}, Tihar jail has 14,059 inmates against the sanctioned capacity of 5,200. The prison population as of 31 December 2023 has increased by double in comparison to the population as of 31 December 2018.<ref name=dept>{{cite web | title = Department of Tihar Prisons | url = http://tte.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/lib_centraljail/Central+Jail/Home/Prisoner+Profile |publisher=Government of Delhi| access-date = 22 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/inside-delhi-s-tihar-jail-gang-violence-overcrowding-and-security-gaps-threaten-law-and-order-101683053714685.html ''25 crime lords, 160 gangs: Why Delhi jails are a security nightmare''].Hindustan times (December 2023).</ref>

==In popular culture==

* ''[[Black Warrant (book)|Black Warrant]]'', non-fiction book about prisoners in the jail

* ''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]'' (2025) Netflix Series is based on the story Sunil Gupta, a Tihar jailer, and included notable events such as the execution of [[Ranga Billa]] and [[Maqbool Bhat]].

* ''[[Doing Time, Doing Vipassana]]'' (1997) documentary about the introduction of [[S. N. Goenka]]'s 10-day Vipassana classes at Tihar Jail in 1993 by then Inspector General of Prisons in New Delhi, Kiran Bedi. Bedi had her guards trained in Vipassana first, and then she had Goenka give his initial class to 1,000 prisoners.<ref>{{cite web | title = Prisoners Finding New Hope in the Art of Spiritual Bliss | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/08/movies/08doin.html |url-access=subscription | access-date = 8 January 2014 | first = Stephen | last = Holden |author-link=Stephen Holden| date = 8 July 2005| work = The New York Times}}</ref>

* ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (2023), [[Rajinikanth]] is shown as Tihar Jailer "Tiger" Muthuvel "Muthu" Pandian in this film.

== See also ==

* [[Crime in India]]
* [[National Crime Records Bureau]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tiharprisons.nic.in/ Tihar Prisons Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222104436/http://tiharprisons.nic.in/ |date=22 December 2013 }}
* [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/Lib_CentralJail_Hindi/central+jail/home/ Tihar Prisons Official Website] {{in lang|hi}}
* [http://tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in/ Official website of Central Jail] Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi

[[Category:Prisons in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Delhi]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1950s]]

Victoria Memorial, Kolkata

2026-05-06T11:14:07Z

Meherhospital: Starting Basic Details Nd Citations - done

{{Short description|Memorial-museum in West Bengal, India}}
{{About|the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata|other memorials to Queen Victoria|Victoria Memorial (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

{{Infobox museum
| name = Victoria Memorial
| logo =
| image = Victoria Memorial situated in Kolkata.jpg
| image_size = 300 px
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| former_name =
| established = {{Start date and age|1921|df=y}}
| location = 1, Queens Way, [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta), [[West Bengal]] 700071
| type = Museum
| curator = Samarendra Kumar
| architect = [[William Emerson (British architect)|William Emerson]], [[Vincent Esch]]
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| collection = 50,000
| visitors = 5 million annually
| founder = [[Lord Curzon]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.victoriamemorial-cal.org/|victoriamemorial-cal.org}}
}}
{{Coord|display=title|22.5449|88.3425}}
The '''Victoria Memorial''' is a large marble monument in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] in Central [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta), having its entrance on the Queen's Way. It was built between 1906 and 1921 by the [[British Raj]]. It is dedicated to the memory of [[Queen Victoria]], the [[Empress of India]] from 1876 to 1901.
The work of construction was entrusted to [[Martin Burn| Martin & Co.]] of Calcutta founded by [[Rajendranath Mukherjee]] and [[Thomas Acquin Martin]], and work on the superstructure began in 1910.
It is the largest monument to a [[monarch]] anywhere in the world. It stands at {{convert|26|ha|acre}} of gardens and is now a museum under the control of the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]].<ref>[http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/victoria-memorial.html Victoria Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202094428/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/victoria-memorial.html |date=2 December 2009 }}. ''http://www.iloveindia.com''.</ref> Possessing prominent features of the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]], it has evolved into one of the most popular attractions in the city.

== History ==
[[File: Queen Victoria -Golden Jubilee -3a cropped.JPG|thumb|200px|Empress Victoria]]
According to historian Durba Ghosh, [[Viceroy of India]] [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon's]] "plans for the historical museum that became the Victoria Memorial Hall predated Victoria's death in 1901. When he addressed a group at the Asiatic Society, he admitted that he had always planned to build such a historical museum. The queen's death had provided an appropriate occasion to monumentalize the empire."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Durba |date=March 2023 |title=Stabilizing History through Statues, Monuments, and Memorials in Curzon's India |journal=The Historical Journal |language=en |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=348–369 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X22000322 |issn=0018-246X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

After Victoria's death on 22 January 1901, Curzon wrote to [[Lord George Hamilton]], the [[Secretary of State for India]] on 24 January, noting the "importance of Victoria's matriarchy to promoting loyalist feeling."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Plunkett |first=John |date=2022-02-09 |title=A Tale of Two Statues: Memorializing Queen Victoria in London and Calcutta |url=http://19.bbk.ac.uk/article/id/6408/ |journal=19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century |volume=2022 |issue=33 |doi=10.16995/ntn.6408 |doi-access=free |issn=1755-1560|hdl=10871/129016 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> He proposed the construction of a grand building with a museum and gardens.<ref>Herbert E. W. [https://books.google.com/books?id=f_S9sNe8f7AC&q=curzon+viceroy+india+victoria+memorial "Flora's Empire: British Gardens in India."] (Penn Studies in Landscape Architecture, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), p. 224. {{ISBN|0-8122-0505-7}}</ref>
Curzon said on 26 February 1901 in his address to the Asiatic Society,

{{blockquote|"Let us, therefore, have a building, stately, spacious, monumental and grand, to which every newcomer in Calcutta will turn, to which all the resident population, European and Native, will flock, where all classes will learn the lessons of history and see revived before their eyes the marvels of the past; and where father shall say to son and mother and daughter — ‘This Statue and this great Hall were erected in memory of the greatest and best Sovereign whom India has ever known. She lived far away over the seas, but her heart was with her subjects in India, both of her own race, and of all others. She loved them both the same. In her time, and before it, great men lived, and great deeds were done. Here are their memorials. This is her monument.’<ref name="Dutta">Dutta K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&q=victoria+memorial+calcutta+opening "Kolkata: a cultural and literary history."] S – 131. {{ISBN|1-902669-59-2}}</ref>}}

The government officials, princes, politicians, and people of India responded generously to Lord Curzon's appeal for funds, and the total cost of construction of the monument, amounting to one crore, five lakhs of [[Rupee|Rupees]], was entirely derived from their voluntary subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Victoria Memorial Hall |url=http://www.victoriamemorial-cal.org/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030613111755/http://www.victoriamemorial-cal.org/history.html |archive-date=13 June 2003 |website=Official Website of the Victoria Memorial Hall}}</ref><ref name="Dutta"/>

The site chosen was near the present-day [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhawan]], known at the time as Government House. The construction of the Victoria Memorial was delayed by Curzon's departure from India in 1905, with a subsequent loss of local enthusiasm for the project. There was also some uncertainty about the strength of the foundations, and tests on them were carried out.<ref name=Sharma/> On 4 January 1906, [[George V|George]], the [[Prince of Wales]] laid the [[foundation stone]].<ref name=Know>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=68 |title=Monuments - Victoria Memorial - Culture and Heritage - Know India: National Portal of India |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212061246/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=68 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The work of construction was entrusted to [[Martin Burn|Messrs. Martin & Co.]] of Calcutta, and work on the superstructure began in 1910.<ref name=Know/> In 1911, before construction was finished, [[George V]], the [[Emperor of India]], announced the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to [[New Delhi]].<ref>Gordon D. (ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=uxqUTnAdoP4C&q=capital+india+calcutta+to+delhi "Planning twentieth-century capital cities."] (Planning, History and Environment Series. Routledge, 2006) p. 182 {{ISBN|0-203-48156-9}}</ref> Thus, the Victoria Memorial would come to stand in what would be a major provincial capital, rather than the national capital. The Victoria Memorial was completed and formally opened to the public in December 1921 by the Prince of Wales, the future [[Edward VIII]].<ref name="Sharma">Sharma A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rTbv4jcRHccC&q=%22victoria+memorial%22+1921 "Famous monuments of India."] Pinnacle Technology, 2011. {{ISBN|1-61820-545-5}}</ref><ref name="Know" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Plunkett |first=John |date=2022-02-09 |title=A Tale of Two Statues: Memorializing Queen Victoria in London and Calcutta |url=http://19.bbk.ac.uk/article/id/6408/ |journal=19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century |volume=2022 |issue=33 |doi=10.16995/ntn.6408 |doi-access=free |issn=1755-1560|hdl=10871/129016 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

After 1947, some additions were made to the Memorial.

A smaller Victoria memorial was also constructed in the [[Hardoi district]] in [[North-Western Provinces]] (in modern [[Uttar Pradesh]]), which has since been converted into a city club for recreation. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] addressed meetings in Hardoi in the 1930s.

== Design and architecture ==

[[File: Queen Victoria's statue inside the memorial in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|200px|Thomas Brock's statue of Queen Victoria inside the memorial]]
The architect of the Victoria Memorial was [[William Emerson (British architect)|William Emerson]] (1843–1924).<ref>[http://www.kolkatainformation.com/calhert/v_mem.htm "Victoria Memorial."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310203805/http://www.kolkatainformation.com/calhert/v_mem.htm |date=10 March 2007 }} ''http://www.kolkatainformation.com''.</ref><ref>Kumar R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BT77yuqxGj4C&q=%22william+emerson%22+architect+india "Essays on Indian art and architecture."] Discovery Publishing House, 2003. p16. {{ISBN|8171417159}}, 9788171417155. Accessed at Google Books, 13 December 2013.</ref> The design is in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]], mixing British and [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] elements with [[Venetian Gothic architecture|Venetian]], [[Ancient Egyptian architecture|Egyptian]], and [[Deccan Plateau|Deccani]] architectural influences.<ref>Knight L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NVfTufIqlD8C&q=%22william+emerson%22+architect+india "Britain in India, 1858 – 1947."] Anthem Press, 2012. p85. {{ISBN|0-85728-517-3}}, 9780857285171. Accessed at Google Books, 13 December 2013.</ref> The building is {{convert|338|by|228|ft|m|abbr=on}} and rises to a height of {{convert|184|ft|m|abbr=on}}. It is constructed of white [[Makrana marble]].<ref name="hermann">Hermann M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=c8EDZqQqK2gC&q=%22william+emerson%22+architect+india "Architecture in India."] GRIN Verlag, 2011. {{ISBN|3-640-92977-2}}, 9783640929771. Accessed at Google Books, 13 December 2013.</ref> Curzon deliberately intended the central chamber to be {{convert|64|ft|m|abbr=on}} in diameter in order to be slightly larger than the Taj Mahal. In design it echoes the [[Taj Mahal]] with its dome, four subsidiaries, octagonal-domed [[chattris]], high [[Portal_(architecture)|portals]], terrace, and domed corner towers. He also suggested that on the walls might be inscribed in golden letters [[Government_of_India_Act_1858|Victoria's proclamation of 1858]]. Around the interior walls of the [[rotunda]] of the memorial are a series of twelve canvas [[Lunette|lunettes]] by [[Frank O. Salisbury|Frank Owen Salisbury]] celebrating key moments in Victoria's life, such as her first [[Privy Council]] — moments already mythologized in countless other biographies, prints, and paintings.<ref name=":0" />

The gardens of the Victoria Memorial were designed by [[Lord Redesdale]] and [[David Prain]]. Emerson's assistant, [[Vincent Jerome Esch]], designed the bridge of the north aspect and the garden gates. In 1902, Emerson engaged Esch to sketch his original design for the Victoria Memorial.

On top of the central dome of the Memorial is the {{convert|16|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} figure of [[Nike (mythology)|the Angel of Victory]] by Esch, which was cast by [[H.H. Martyn & Co.]] of [[Cheltenham]].<ref>Whitaker, John, "The Best: a history of H.H. Martyn & Co", 1985, Page 136</ref> Surrounding the dome are [[allegorical sculpture]]s including ''Art'', ''Architecture'', ''Justice'', and ''Charity'' and above the North Porch are ''Motherhood'', ''Prudence'' and ''Learning''.

The Victoria Memorial would end up with two statues of Victoria rather than one. George Frampton had been commissioned to produce a statue in Calcutta to commemorate the Queen's [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Diamond Jubilee]] in 1897. "Cast in bronze and depicts an enthroned and aged Victoria, looking down on her world while wearing the robes of the [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]] and holding the [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|orb and sceptre]]." It arrived in Calcutta in 1902 and was unveiled on the maidan by Lord Curzon. In January 1914, Curzon commissioned [[Thomas Brock]], who had also created the [[Victoria Memorial, London|Victoria Memorial in London]] to produce a statue of Victoria in her [[Coronation of Queen Victoria#Crown jewels and coronation robes|coronation robes]] to serve as the 'keynote' of the central hall.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Angel_of_Kolkata_Victoria_Memorial.jpg|thumb|200x200px|The Angel of Victory, on top of the Memorial]]

The bronze gate at the entrance to the memorial, bearing the [[Coat of arms of the United Kingdom|royal coat of arms]], was also cast by Martyns.

== Museum ==
The Victoria Memorial has 25 galleries.<ref>Chander P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4_Rl5c_v1-kC&q=%22william+emerson%22+architect+india "India past and present."] APH Publishing, 2003. p148 {{ISBN|8176484555}}, 9788176484558. Accessed at Google Books, 13 December 2013.</ref> These include the royal gallery, the national leader's gallery, the portrait gallery, central hall, the sculpture gallery, the arms and armory gallery, and the newer, Kolkata gallery. The Victoria Memorial has the largest single collection of the works of [[Thomas Daniell]] (1749–1840) and his nephew, William Daniell (1769–1837).<ref>Freitag W. M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=beHYAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22thomas+daniell%22+victoria+memorial&pg=PT251 "Artbooks: a basic bibliography of monographs on artists."] 2503. Victoria Memorial (Calcutta). ''A descriptive catalog of Daniells work in the Victoria Memorial (Museum). 1976.'' Routledge, 2nd edition, 2013. {{ISBN|1-134-83041-6}}, 9781134830411. Accessed at Google Books, 13 December 2013.</ref> It also has a collection of rare and [[antiquarian]] books such as the illustrated works of [[William Shakespeare]], the ''[[Arabian Nights]]'' and the ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|Rubaiyat]]'' by [[Omar Khayyam]] as well as books about [[kathak]] dance and [[thumri]] music by [[Wajid Ali Shah|Nawab Wajid Ali Shah]]. However, the galleries and their exhibitions, the programmatic elements of the memorial do not compete with the purely architectural spaces or voids.<ref>Dutta A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=T-cJ1DJHG7IC&q=%22william+emerson%22+architect+india "The Bureaucracy of beauty: design in the age of its global reproducibility."] Routledge, 2013 p294. {{ISBN|1-135-86402-0}}, 9781135864026. Accessed at Google Books, 13 December 2013.</ref><ref>Moorhouse G. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eR0WhGXILVYC&q=Calcutta+gallery+victoria+memorial "Calcutta."] Faber & Faber, 2012. {{ISBN|0-571-28113-3}}, 9780571281138. Accessed at Google Books, 13 December 2013.</ref>
[[File:Statue_of_Lord_Curzon_at_Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata.jpg|thumb|303x303px|Statue of [[Lord Curzon]]]]

=== Victoria Gallery ===
The Victoria Gallery displays several portraits of Queen Victoria and [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], and paintings illustrating their lives, by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter|Winterhalter]], [[Frank O. Salisbury|Frank Salisbury]], and [[William Powell Frith|W. P. Frith]].<ref name=RG/> These are copies of works of art in England. They include Victoria receiving the sacrament at her coronation in [[Westminster Abbey]] in June 1838; [[Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Victoria's wedding to Prince Albert]] in the [[Chapel Royal]] at [[St James's Palace]] in 1840; the christening of the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]] in [[St. George's Chapel]], [[Windsor Castle]], 1842; the wedding of the Prince of Wales to [[Alexandra of Denmark]] in 1863; and paintings of Victoria at the service for her [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Golden Jubilee]] at Westminster Abbey in 1887 and her [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Diamond Jubilee]] service at [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in June 1897.
Queen Victoria's childhood rosewood [[pianoforte]] and her correspondence desk from Windsor Castle stand in the center of the room, having been presented to the Victoria Memorial by her son Edward VII. On the south wall hangs the oil painting by [[Vasily Vereshchagin]] of the state entry of the Prince of Wales into [[Jaipur]] in 1876.<ref name=RG>[http://www.victoriamemorial-cal.org/royalgal.html "The Royal gallery."] ''http://www.victoriamemorial-cal.org''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050224035004/http://www.victoriamemorial-cal.org/royalgal.html|date=24 February 2005}} Retrieved 1 January 2017.</ref><ref>Dutta A. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/gallery-reopens-at-victoria-memorial-after-a-decade/article3887521.ece "Gallery reopens at Victoria Memorial after a decade."] ''The Hindu'', 12 September 2012. Accessed 14 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.culturalindia.net/monuments/victoria-memorial.html Victoria Memorial Hall.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806082140/http://www.culturalindia.net/monuments/victoria-memorial.html |date=6 August 2013 }} ''http://www.culturalindia.net''. Accessed 14 December 2013.</ref>

=== Kolkata gallery ===
In the mid-1970s, the matter of a new gallery devoted to the visual history of Kolkata was promoted by [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]], the minister for education. In 1986, Hasan became the governor of [[West Bengal]] and chairman of the Victoria Memorial board of trustees. In November 1988, Hasan hosted an international [[seminar]] on the ''Historical perspectives for the Kolkata tercentenary''. The Kolkata gallery concept was agreed and a design was developed leading to the opening of the gallery in 1992.<ref name="Dutta" /> The Kolkata gallery houses a visual display of the history and development of Kolkata when the capital of India was transferred to New Delhi. The gallery also has a life-size [[diorama]] of [[Chitpur]] road in the late 1800s.<ref>[http://www.victoriamemorial-cal.org/calgallery.html "Calcutta Gallery."] ''http://www.victoriamemorial-cal.org''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422214037/http://www.victoriamemorial-cal.org/calgallery.html|date=22 April 2016}}. Accessed 1 January 2017.</ref>

== Gardens ==

[[File:Victoria_Memorial_Gardens,_Calcutta,_India.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Victoria Memorial gardens]]

The gardens at the Victoria memorial cover {{convert|26|ha|acre}} and are maintained by a team of 21 gardeners. They were designed by Redesdale and [[David Prain]]. On Esch's bridge, between narrative panels by [[Goscombe John]], there is a bronze statue of Victoria, by [[George Frampton]]. Empress Victoria is seated on her throne. In the paved quadrangles and elsewhere around the building, other statues commemorate Hastings, [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis]], [[Robert Clive]], [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], and [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie]]. To the south of the Victoria, Memorial building is the Edward VII memorial arch. The arch has a bronze equestrian statue of Edward VII by [[Bertram Mackennal]] and a marble statue of Curzon by [[F. W. Pomeroy]]. The garden also contains statues of [[Lord William Bentinck]], governor-general of India (1833–1835), [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon]], governor-general of India (1880–84), and [[Rajendra Nath Mookerjee]], a pioneer industrialist of Bengal.<ref name="Dutta" />
Following an order of the West Bengal High Court in 2004, an entry fee was imposed for the gardens, a decision welcomed by the general public except for few voices of dissent.<ref>{{ cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Victoria-fee-for-a-good-cause-say-morning-walkers/articleshow/965979.cms | title=Victoria Fee for Good Cause | work=Times of India | date=2004-12-21 | access-date=2020-03-31 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="170" heights="140" mode="packed">
File:Victoria Memorial Kolkata at night.jpg|Victoria Memorial with [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata]], in the foreground.
File:Victoria Memorial Night 5.jpg|Victoria Memorial illuminated at night.
File:Victoria Memorial Illuminated at Night.jpg|Victoria Memorial Illuminated at night
File:Sunset-at-victoria-memorial.jpg|Summer sunset
File:Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.jpg|Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata
File:Lakes of victoria.jpg|One of the ponds surrounding the Victoria Memorial
File:Kolkata3.JPG|The moon and Angel of Victory at Victoria Memorial
File:Kolkata Victoria Memorial South side.JPG|South side
File:India - Kolkata Victorian museum - 4258.jpg|King [[Edward VII]] Arch in the Victoria Memorial Gardens.
File:Victoria Memorial Kolkata (37610124104).jpg|George Frampton's statue of [[Queen Victoria]] outside the Victoria Memorial Hall
File:Victoria Memorial Pano 5.jpg|Victoria Memorial and [[The 42 (Kolkata)|The 42]].
File:Mother and Child sculpture on the Victoria Memorial.jpg|A sculpture of a Mother holding a child in one hand and a sword in the other hand
File:Ketan donate5.jpg|Statue of ''Motherhood''
File:The Apotheosis - C381 - Victoria Memorial (cropped).jpg|Gallery under the dome with scenes from the life of Queen Victoria: 1. The Apotheosis of Queen Victoria's reign
File:The Jubilee service at Westminster Abbey - C382 - Victoria Memorial (cropped).jpg|2. 1887 Golden Jubilee Service at [[Westminster Abbey]]
File:The Diamond Jubilee Service at St Pauls - C383 - Victoria Memorial (cropped).jpg|3. 1897 Diamond Jubilee Service at [[St Paul's Cathedral]]
File:The Lying in State - C384 - Victoria Memorial (cropped).jpg|4. 1901 lying in state of Queen Victoria.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Victoria Memorial, Kolkata}}
{{Wikivoyage|Kolkata/Maidan}}
*{{Official website|www.victoriamemorial-cal.org/}}
*[http://indiatourism.ws/kolkata/victoria_memorial/ "360 degree spherical panoramas of Victoria Memorial."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020094703/http://indiatourism.ws/kolkata/victoria_memorial/ |date=20 October 2016 }} India Tourism.

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}
{{Queen Victoria}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1921]]
[[Category:City museums]]
[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:20th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Marble buildings]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1921]]
[[Category:Museums in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]
[[Category:National museums of India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

Dubey

2026-05-03T19:46:02Z

Meherhospital: adding entry - done

'''Dubey''' or [[Dwivedi]] or '''Duvedi''' or '''Dave ''' or '''Duve''' or [[Dube (surname)|Dube]] is a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] surname of Northern India. It refers to experts of the Yajurveda. In Southern India, it is referred to as '''Dwivedula'''.
It may also refer to [[Dube (surname)|Dubé]] - a surname among some people of [[French people|French]] and other [[Europe]]an origins.

==Notable people==
Notable people with this name include:


* [[Abhay Kumar Dubey]]
* [[Amrapali Dubey]]
* [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
* [[Bodhram Dubey]]
* [[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]
* [[Chandrashekhar Dubey]]
* [[Dushyant Dubey]]
* [[Harsh Dubey]]
* [[Ira Dubey]]
* [[Jitender P. Dubey]]
* [[Lillete Dubey]]
* [[Lushin Dubey]]
* [[Muchkund Dubey]]
* [[Neha Dubey]]
* [[Nishikant Dubey]]
* [[Pradeep Dubey]]
* [[Praveen Dubey]]
* [[Prem Ram Dubey]]
* [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
* [[Ravi Dubey]]
* [[Rambola Dubey]]
* [[Satyadev Dubey]]
* [[Satyajeet Dubey]]
* [[Satyendra Dubey]]
* [[Saurabh Dubey (disambiguation)|Saurabh Dubey]] - several people
* [[Shar Dubey]]
* [[Shivam Dube|Shivam Dubey]]
* [[Shubham Dubey]]
* [[Sourav Dubey]]
* [[Surendra Dubey]]
* [[Tulsidas]]
* [[Vijay Kumar Dubey]]
* [[Vikas Dubey]]
* [[Yash Dubey]]



==See also==
* [[Indian names]]
* [[Dubey & Schaldenbrand]]
* [[Dwivedi]]

{{Surname|Dubey}}
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Jagdish Gandhi

2026-04-25T07:03:06Z

Meherhospital: creating a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician and educationist (1936–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jagdish Gandhi
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1969
| predecessor = Nek Ram Sharma
| term_end = 1974
| successor = Farzand Ali
| party = Independent
| constituency = [[Sikandra Rao (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra Rao]]
}}
| birth_name = Jagdish Agrawal
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|11|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Barsauli, [[Sikandra Rao]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|1|22|1936|11|10|df=y}}
| death_place =
| spouse = Bharti Gandhi
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce]]
| known_for = Founder of [[City Montessori School]] and Convener of [[International Conference of Chief Justices of the World]]
| title =
| alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]]
| awards = {{ubl
| [[Yash Bharti Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Feb 9, 2015 |title=Luminaries to receive Yash Bharti today {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/luminaries-to-receive-yash-bharti-today/articleshow/46168417.cms |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| UP Ratna Award
| Global Pioneer Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=जगदीश गांधी को मिला ग्लोबल पायनियर अवार्ड |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-jagdish-gandhi-receives-global-pioneer-award-5574353.html |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>
| Honorary doctorate Award<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=From 5 to 55,000 students: Educationist Dr. Jagdish Gandhi awarded his 6th honorary doctorate by Queen's University, UK |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/educationist-dr-jagdish-gandhi-awarded-his-6th-honorary-doctorate-by-queen-s-university-uk-1857398-2021-09-26 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=India Today |date=26 September 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Gusi Peace Prize]]
| [[UNESCO]] Peace Education Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO Prize for Peace Education, 2002 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129085 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=UNESCO}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Jagdish Gandhi''', also '''Jaggu Dadda''' (born '''Jagdish Agrawal''';<ref>{{Cite news |title=52,000 students and 1,050 classrooms: inside the world's largest school
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2015/dec/16/52000-students-and-1050-classrooms-inside-the-worlds-largest-school|access-date=2023-06-24 |website=The Guardian|date=16 December 2015 |last1=Overdorf |first1=Jason }}</ref> 10 November 1936 – 22 January 2024) was an Indian politician and educationist<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=His dream: world peace through education
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/his-dream-world-peace-through-education/story-pmRpMNKgZVUIc6fRm9CUwL.html|access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Hindustan Times |date=4 January 2020 }}</ref> who founded the [[City Montessori School]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Founders of City Montessori School, Lucknow |url=http://www.cmseducation.org/founders/jagdishgandhi.html |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=City Montessori School [CMS] |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517023047/http://www.cmseducation.org/founders/jagdishgandhi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=मानद उपाधि मिलने पर डॉ. जगदीश गांधी सम्मानित |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-dr-jagdish-gandhi-honored-for-receiving-honorary-degree-4848911.html |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> with his wife Bharti.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Swadeshi स्कूल {{!}} School as a Lighthouse of Society {{!}} Dr Jagdish Gandhi, Founder Manager- City Montessori School (CMS) by Masterclass With Fearless Educator |url=https://anchor.fm/future-school-leaders/episodes/Swadeshi---School-as-a-Lighthouse-of-Society--Dr-Jagdish-Gandhi--Founder-Manager--City-Montessori-School-CMS-e153dtv |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Anchor }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=CMS founder Dr. Jagdish Gandhi and Dr. Bharti Gandhi declared their personal wealth {{!}} NEET Bulletin |url=https://neetbulletin.in/cms-founder-dr-jagdish-gandhi-and-dr-bharti-gandhi-declared-their-personal-wealth/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415180922/https://neetbulletin.in/cms-founder-dr-jagdish-gandhi-and-dr-bharti-gandhi-declared-their-personal-wealth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=EducationWorld |date=2012-06-30 |title=50 Leaders Changing Indian Education |url=https://www.educationworld.in/50-leaders-changing-indian-education/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=EducationWorld}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Sil |first=Debarghya |date=2019-11-02 |title=Lucknow: "World's Largest School" Has Only 15 Students Under Right To Education |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/rte-city-montessori-school/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=The Logical Indian }}</ref> He was an independent member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sikandra Rao (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra Rao constituency]] from 1969 to 1974.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Jagdish Gandhi, Sikandra Rao Assembly Elections 1969 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1969/sikandra-rao/jagdish-gandhi/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=LatestLY }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=शिक्षा के 'गांधी' बन गए जगदीश |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/naaz-e-lucknow-jagdish-gandhi/articleshow/22021551.cms |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=TV |first=Barcroft |title=With 55,000 students and 18 campuses, this school in Lucknow is one of the world's biggest |url=https://scroll.in/video/855257/with-55000-students-and-18-campuses-this-school-in-lucknow-is-one-of-the-world-s-biggest |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Scroll.in|date=24 October 2017 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gandhi was born to Phool Chand Agarwal and Bansmati Devi on 10 November 1936, in Barsauli Village, [[Sikandra Rao]], [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He [[Matriculation|matriculated]] from G. S. College in Aligarh and passed his intermediate exam from Champa Agarwal College in [[Mathura]]. He earned a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[Lucknow University]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
Dr. Gandhi died from complications of a heart attack on 22 January 2024 in Medanta Hospital, Lucknow at the age of 87.His body was kept in a ventilator and his funeral was being delayed due to property and NGO payment disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=लखनऊ : CMS स्कूल के संस्थापक जगदीश गांधी का निधन, लंबे समय से मेदांता में चल रहा था इलाज |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-cmsschool-founder-jagdish-gandhi-passes-away-2024-01-22 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagdish Gandhi: सीएमएस के संस्थापक डॉ जगदीश गांधी का निधन, लंबे समय से थे बीमार; बनाया था ये रिकॉर्ड - CMS founder Dr Jagdish Gandhi passes away was ill for a long time |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-cms-founder-dr-jagdish-gandhi-passes-away-was-ill-for-a-long-time-23635194.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Jagdish}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:People from Hathras district]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]

Uma Dogra

2026-04-25T07:02:19Z

Meherhospital: Starting The Details Nd Citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Uma Dogra
| image = Uma Dogra.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|04|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| origin =
| genre = [[Indian Classical Dance]]
| occupation = Kathak Dancer, [[Teacher]], [[Choreographer]], Promoter, Organizer
| years_active = 1972
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Durga Lal]], Raghavan Nair, [[Amjad Ali Khan]], [[Hema Malini]], Asha Parikh, Saroja Vidyanathan, [[Ranjana Gauhar]], Daksha Mashruwal, Vaibhav Arekar
| website = [http://umadogra.com/ umadogra.com]
}}

'''Uma Dogra''' (born 23 April 1957)
is an Indian exponent of [[Kathak]],<ref name="Hindu28052009">{{cite news|last1=Sridharan|first1=Divya|title=A Katha on Kathak|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-katha-on-kathak/article647891.ece|work=The Hindu|date=28 May 2009|language=en-IN}}</ref> an [[Indian Classical Dance]] form. She is the senior most disciple of Pt. [[Durga Lal]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering the Legend |website=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Remembering-the-Legend/articleshow/1080507156.cms|date=8 February 2008|language=en-IN}}</ref> the Kathak Maestro from [[Jaipur Gharana]]. She is a Kathak soloist, a choreographer and a teacher.
<ref name="Hindu28052009"/><ref name="Hindu05032016">{{cite news|last1=Modi|first1=Chintan Girish|title=Remembering a maestro|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/remembering-a-maestro/article8317656.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 March 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> She has been performing in India and abroad for more than 40 years.

== Early life ==

She was born to Motiram and Shakuntala Sharma in Malviya Nagar in [[New Delhi]]. Uma began to dance at the age of 7 {{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} . She initially trained under Guru Bansilal and then Reba Vidyarthi at [[Kathak]] Kendra [[National Institute of Kathak Dance]] [[New Delhi]]. Later she joined [[Jaipur Gharana]], Pt. [[Durga Lal]].<ref name="Hindu11022011">{{cite news|title=Repose in rhythm|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/repose-in-rhythm/article1327302.ece|work=The Hindu|date=11 February 2011|language=en-IN}}</ref> She was trained in [[Hindustani Classical]] Vocal under her father Pt. Motiram Sharma who was a [[sitar]] player and a disciple of Pt. [[Ravi Shankar]].

== Career ==

Uma Dogra is a ganda bandh shagird of Pt. [[Durga Lal]].<ref name="Hindu060815">{{cite news|last1=Kothari|first1=Sunil|title=Young, able and willing|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/raindrops-festival-of-indian-classical-dance/article7508411.ece|work=The Hindu|date=6 August 2015|language=en-IN}}</ref> She learned Kathak under Reba Vidyarthi and Pt. [[Birju Maharaj]] from 1969 to 1972. From 1972 to 1984 she learned [[Kathak]] under guru Pt. [[Durga Lal]]<ref name="Hindu11022011"/> and danced in productions SBKK, Ramleela, Surdaas, Shah-ne-Mughal. She moved to Bombay in 1984 and worked with [[Hema Malini]] in Nritya Bharati, Nupur serial and Ballet Meera. She worked with [[Asha Parekh]] in serial Jhankaar.

Uma Dogra established the Sam Ved Society for Performing Arts in 1990<ref name="Hindu05032016"/> to promote Indian performing arts. Under its banner, for the last 25 years<ref name="Hindu060815" /><ref name="Hindu08102015">{{cite news|last1=Kothari|first1=Sunil|title=In memory of a dance guru|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/in-memory-of-a-dance-guru/article7738974.ece|work=The Hindu|date=8 October 2015|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghosh|first1=Tanushree|title=A dance tribute|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/p7OzAYadNE1wgnod7lxaUL/A-dance-tribute.html|publisher=Mint (newspaper)|date=6 February 2014}}</ref> she has been organizing two festivals in Mumbai's cultural calendar.<ref name="Hindu08102015"/> The first one, the Pt. Durga Lal Festival, takes place in the first half of the year.<ref name="Hindu060815"/> It has seen the who's who from the field of music, dance and theater perform.<ref name="Hindu05032016"/> In the year 2020, the Festival completed 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.classicalclaps.com/prominent-dancers-perform-at-the-30th-pandit-durgalal-festival/|title=Prominent dancers perform at the 30th Pandit Durgalal Festival|date=31 March 2020}}</ref> The second, the Raindrops Festival of Indian Classical Dance<ref name="Hindu060815"/> is held in July with the aim to give a platform to the upcoming soloists. She has participated in many other festivals such as [[Khajuraho Dance Festival]], Margazhi festival.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Subramanian|first1=Mahalakshmi|title=Dancers like Uma Dogra and Vaibhav Arekar, drew an overwhelming crowd|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=O3dPulsIHTqlwJYreYPEfBgblGl3MQF/73GzIQ2XTGSwNSOs=|website=DNA|access-date=31 December 2013}}</ref> She conducts classes in [[Kathak]] at the Uma Dogra School of Kathak in Mumbai. She has trained several students, including Kathak soloist<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/joining-the-dots-with-dance/article23515544.ece|title = Joining the dots with dance|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 12 April 2018|last1 = Dave|first1 = Ranjana}}</ref> [[Tina Tambe]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-opening-minds-to-classical-arts-1256975|title=Opening minds to classical arts|date=19 May 2009}}</ref> [[Bollywood]] actress [[Sonam Kapoor]],<ref>{{cite news|title=The restless actor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/in-conversation-with-shabana-azmi/article8256363.ece|work=The Hindu|date=19 February 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> and television actress [[Rachana Parulkar]].

{{blockquote|When the dancers goes on stage, they are not portraying Hinduism or Islam, this thing or that thing. It's an expression of your own life, your own thinking and your own wisdom.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yang|first1=Melissah|title=Kathak Dance Puts Hinduism And Islam in the Same Circle|url=http://www.neontommy.com/news/2014/06/kathak-dance-puts-hinduism-and-islam-same-circle|website=neontommy.com}}</ref>|Uma Dogra}}

She has won several local, regional and national awards, including [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sarkar|first1=Gaurav|title=Danseuse Uma Dogra to get National Award for Kathak|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/mumbai-north-west/danseuse-uma-dogra-get-national-award-kathak-62333|website=dna|access-date=12 June 2015|language=en-US|date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Prez Confers Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3844820041.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911203935/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3844820041.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2016|date=23 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi delegation meets PM Modi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sangeet-natak-akademi-delegation-meets-pm-modi/story-gx6488zlZ2eG63BTVxYU1N.html|agency=HT|date=24 October 2015}}</ref>

On 18 May 2016, Uma performed with Indian Folk exponent [[Geetanjali Sharma]]<ref name="OffCitePageId_24">{{cite web|last1=Denishua|first1=HPA|title=School of Kathak {{!}} Uma Dogra|url=http://www.umadogra.com/cms/?page_id=24|website=umadogra.com|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415022829/http://www.umadogra.com/cms/?page_id=24|url-status=dead}}</ref> in a monthlong cultural festival [[Ujjain Simhastha]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Manjari|title=Joy sheer joy…|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/joy-sheer-joy/article8650838.ece|work=The Hindu|date=26 May 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Uma Dogra is married to National Award-winning Director<ref>[[28th National Film Awards]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2021}} Chitrartha Singh. They have one daughter, Suhani Singh writer & journalist in [[India Today]] and a son Manas Singh an actor turned sports presenter. Uma is settled in Mumbai, where she had a dispute with the society for alleged illegal use of her house for commercial purpose without society's permission. "The neighbours are disturbed because of the noise and have given us written complaints," said the society chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-kathak-dancer-takes-on-goregaon-society-over-feeding-stray-dogs/20612182|title=Mumbai: Kathak dancer takes on Goregaon society over feeding stray dogs|date=24 March 2019|website=mid-day}}</ref>

== Books ==

She has written a book "In Praise of Kathak" about her journey as a dancer and the techniques of [[Kathak]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Denishua|first1=HPA|title=Book {{!}} Uma Dogra|url=http://www.umadogra.com/cms/?page_id=1169|website=umadogra.com|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425235116/http://www.umadogra.com/cms/?page_id=1169|url-status=dead}}</ref> This book was released by [[Member of Parliament]] [[Hema Malini]] on 30 January 2015 at Samved's Rajat Jayanti Mahotsav.<ref>{{cite web|title=Book Review – In praise of Kathak – Shyamhari Chakra|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/bookrev/bkrev16.html|website=narthaki.com|publisher=Samved Society}}</ref>

== Discography ==

Nirvana Through Dance – A film which was produced to celebrate the life and achievements of Uma's Guru Pt. [[Durga Lal]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Moving Stories – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/moving-stories/941700/0|work=archive.indianexpress.com|date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

== School of Kathak ==

Uma Dogra's School of Kathak is run by Uma Dogra in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="OffCitePageId_24"/> Its activities include classroom teaching, workshops, master classes, performances, seminars and festivals.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.umadogra.com/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629193013/http://www.umadogra.com/ |date=29 June 2020 }}
* [http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm/ List of Sangeet Natak Akademi Awardee]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dogra, Uma}}

[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Dancers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]

Bhashyam Praveen

2026-04-24T23:15:48Z

Meherhospital: adding a info first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhashyam Praveen
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Namburu Sankara Rao]]
| constituency = [[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Pedakurapadu]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Bhashyam Praveen''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=2024-04-06 |title=Naidu promises IT Park, junior colleges at Pedakurapadu in Palnadu district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-promises-it-park-junior-colleges-at-pedakurapadu-in-palnadu-district/article68036597.ece |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Praveen was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhashyam Praveen, TDP Candidate from Pedakurapadu Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing — News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/bhashyam-praveen-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a085e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhashyam Praveen , TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Bhashyam Praveen , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/assembly-election-candidates-list-2024/bhashyam-praveen-01085-3 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He won the elections by a margin of 21089 votes defeating Namburu Sankara Rao of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0185.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202192416/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0185.htm |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Praveen, Bhashyam}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

{{Indiana-politician-stub}}

Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri

2026-04-24T21:12:11Z

Meherhospital: adding new article w/ refs

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri
| width =
| partof = [[Delhi Sultanate]] invasion of [[Yadava]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = 1296
| place = [[Devagiri]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
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| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] victory
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| combatant2 = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]]
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| commander1 = {{Flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Alauddin Khalji]] {{Flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]
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<mapframe text="Known places lying along Alauddin's route from Kara to Devagiri" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="78.29" latitude="22.82">
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.3640022, 25.6958063] }
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{
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.1364889, 24.7128343] }
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{
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "title": "[[Bhilsa]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.8081363, 23.5251102] }
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{
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{
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[[File:Daulatabad Fort Geography.jpg|thumb|280px|The Devagiri hill]]
In 1296, [[Alauddin Khalji]] (then known as Ali Gurshasp) [[military raid|raided]] [[Devagiri]], the capital of the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava kingdom]] in the [[Deccan]] region of India. At the time, Alauddin was the governor of [[Kara-Manikpur|Kara]] in [[Delhi Sultanate]], which was ruled by [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalaluddin Khalji]]. Alauddin kept his march to Devagiri a secret from Jalaluddin, because he intended to use the wealth obtained from this raid for dethroning the Sultan.

When Alauddin reached Devagiri, the Yadava king [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] retreated to the hill fort, and Alauddin's army thoroughly ransacked the lower city. The defenders were under-prepared for a siege, as the Yadava army was away on an expedition under Ramachandra's son Simhana and the fort of Devagiri had insufficient provisions. Therefore, Ramachandra agreed to a peace treaty, offering Alauddin a large sum of money. However, Simhana soon arrived in the capital and engaged Alauddin in a battle. Alauddin emerged victorious, and forced the Yadavas to agree to a peace treaty. This time, the Yadavas were forced to pay a much larger [[war indemnity]], and had to offer the revenues of the [[Achalpur]] province to Alauddin as tribute.

Alauddin returned to Kara after spending some days in Devagiri. He subsequently dethroned Jalaluddin, and sent a [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|second expedition to Devagiri]] in 1308, which forced Ramachandra to become his vassal.

== Background ==

Alauddin Khalji was a nephew and a son-in-law of [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalaluddin Khalji]], the ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. At that time, he was the governor of a province within the Sultanate and lived in the provincial capital [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]]. The [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava kingdom]] was located to the south of the Sultanate, in the [[Deccan]] region. The [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] and the [[Chandela]] kingdoms, which separated the Delhi Sultanate and the Yadava kingdom, had declined in power. Alauddin wanted to usurp the power from Jalaluddin and had decided to plunder other kingdoms to raise money towards this objective. During his [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Bhilsa|1293 raid on Bhilsa]], he had come to know about the immense wealth of the Yadava capital of [[Devagiri]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=45}}

Over the next few years, he made preparations to attack Devagiri. He intended to complete the raid secretly and in a very short time, to avoid suspicion of Sultan Jalaluddin and to prevent any countermeasures by the Hindu kingdoms of Deccan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=50}} Therefore, he spread the false news that he was marching to [[Chanderi]]. He handed over the administration of Kara to Ala-ul-Mulk (the uncle of [[Ziauddin Barani]]), who sent fabricated news about Alauddin's movements to Jalaluddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=49}}

== March to Devagiri ==

On 26 February 1296, Alauddin left Kara with an 8000-strong [[cavalry]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=49}} He marched to Chanderi, and then secretly moved to Bhilsa. Next, he crossed the [[Vindhya Range]], and reached [[Achalpur]]. Until this point, Alauddin had moved quickly to prevent any attacks from the local rulers of central India. However, at Achalpur, he allowed his troops to rest for two days to prepare for the raid. To avoid any attacks, he spread the news that he was a discontented nobleman who had come to seek asylum after rebelling against Jalaluddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=50}}

From Achalpur, Alauddin marched to Devagiri via a pass known as Ghati Lajaura (or Lasaura). At this pass, Alauddin faced resistance from Kanhan, a feudatory of the Yadava king Ramachandra.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=50}} According to the 14th-century historian [[Isami (historian)|Isami]], Kanhan's army included two women commanders who fought like "tigresses", and forced Alauddin to fall back. However, Alauddin's second charge was successful and resulted in a complete rout of Kanhan's forces.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=51}}

== At Devagiri ==

Devagiri was a fortified city, but it was largely unprotected when Alauddin reached there. The fortifications had weakened because of complacency of the Yadavas, who had not faced any recent attacks on their capital.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=52}} The major portion of the Yadava army was away on an expedition led by the crown prince Simhana.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=322-323}} In addition, the fort was short on provisions. The old Yadava king Ramachandra retreated to the fort, which was located on the top of a hill. Alauddin's army plundered houses and businesses in the lower part of the city, which had been left undefended. The invaders imprisoned the prominent merchants of the city. They also captured 30-40 elephants and around 1,000 horses from the royal stables.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=53}}

Meanwhile, Alauddin spread a rumour that his force was only the vanguard of a 20,000-strong cavalry, which would shortly reach Devagiri. Under these circumstances, Ramchandra realized that he would not be able to withstand a siege. Therefore, he sent messengers to Alauddin, warning him that Simhana would arrive with the Yadava army anytime, and it would be in Alauddin's best interests to agree to a peace treaty. Alauddin wanted to return to Kara quickly, in order to keep his march a secret. Therefore, he accepted Ramachandra's offer of a monetary payment, and in exchange, promised to release all prisoners and leave the city within a fortnight.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=54}}

However, before the treaty could be realized, Simhana returned to Devagiri. When he arrived near Devagiri, Ramachandra sent him a message advising him to honour the peace treaty, as the invading army was very powerful. However, Simhana ignored his father's advice, and sent a message to Alauddin, asking the invader to return all the loot and retreat. According to the 16th-century historian [[Firishta]], this message angered Alauddin so much that he blackened the faces of Simhana's messengers, and paraded them in his camp.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=54}}

Alauddin left a 1000-strong cavalry under [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] in the city and led the rest of his men to fight against Simhana. The Yadava army, which outnumbered Alauddin's force, overcame the invaders in the initial part of the battle. When Nusrat Khan received this news, he left the city without waiting for Alauddin's order and led his army to the battlefield. The Yadavas mistook his contingent for the rumored 20,000-strong cavalry and fled from the battlefield in panic.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=55}}

Alauddin then returned to the fort and laid a siege. He ordered several Brahmin and merchant prisoners to be killed, and paraded close relatives and nobles of Ramachandra in front of the fort. At first, Ramachandra considered seeking assistance from the neighbouring Hindu kings. However, it was soon discovered that the fort did not have sufficient food provisions: the Yadavas had bought inside the fort around 2,000-3,000 [[bag]]s left by panicked merchants when Alauddin's army first reached the city. They had assumed that these bags contained grain, but it was discovered that they contained only salt.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=55}}

A dejected Ramachandra then pleaded with Alauddin for a peace treaty. Alauddin, who wanted to return to Kara quickly, agreed to a truce.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=55}} This time, he demanded a much larger sum as [[war indemnity]]. According to the 14th-century chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], the wealth obtained by Alauddin during this raid was so much that even after being squandered by Alauddin's successors, a large part of it remained till the reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] in the 1350s. According to the 16th-century historian Firishta, the wealth obtained by Alauddin included:{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=56}}

* 600 [[mann (unit)#Persia|mann]] of gold
* 1,000 mann of silver
* 7 mann of pearls
* 2 mann of precious stones including rubies, sapphires, diamonds, and emeralds
* 4,000 pieces of silk and other items

In addition, Ramachandra agreed to send the revenues from the Achalpur province to Alauddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=56}} As part of the treaty, Alauddin released the surviving prisoners. He left Devagiri five days after he had entered the city.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=57}}

== Aftermath ==

Alauddin's raid was the first successful Muslim invasion of [[Deccan]].{{sfn|George Michell|Mark Zebrowski|1999|p=5}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=51}} Instead of surrendering the loot from Devagiri to Sultan Jalaluddin, Alauddin took it to his residence in Kara. Later, he invited Jalaluddin to Kara and killed him there. He then proclaimed himself as the new Sultan.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=323-324}} In the 1300s, when Ramachandra stopped sending yearly tributes to Delhi, Alauddin sent a large army to subdue him. This [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|second expedition to Devagiri]] resulted in Ramachandra becoming a vassal to Alauddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|pp=188-193}}

Alauddin married Ramachandra's daughter [[Jhatyapali]], who became the mother of his son and successor [[Shihabuddin Omar]] and [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]].{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|pp=446}} Historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] believes that Ramachandra gave his daughter to Alauddin after the 1296 raid,{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|pp=56-57}} but historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] states that this probably happened after the second expedition.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=92}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author1=George Michell |author2=Mark Zebrowski |title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHcfv6zkJgQC&pg=PA5 |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56321-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA92 |year=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 }}
*{{cite book |author=Mohammad Habib |author-link=Mohammad Habib |chapter=The Khaljis: Nasiruddin Khusrau Khan |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
{{refend}}

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji|Devagiri]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]]
[[Category:Military raids]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]

2025–26 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season

2026-04-24T10:53:29Z

Meherhospital: adding new info with sources - done

{{Short description|136th football season of Mohun Bagan}}
{{About|2025–26 Mohun Bagan Super Giant senior team season|Mohun Bagan SG U23s, U21s, U17s, and Academy (Football)| 2025–26 Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy season|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]] [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[José Francisco Molina]] (until 26 November) [[Sergio Lobera]] (from 26 November)
| league = [[2025–26 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]
| league result = TBD
| cup1 = [[AFC Champions League Two|ACL Two]]
| cup1 result = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|Group Stage]]
| cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup2 result = [[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|Quarter-finals]]
| cup3 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| cup3 result = [[2025 CFL Premier Division#Group A|Group Stage]]
| cup4 = [[IFA Shield]]
| cup4 result = [[2025 IFA Shield#Final|Champions]]
| cup5 = [[AIFF Super Cup]]
| cup5 result = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Group Stage]]
| league topscorer = [[Jamie Maclaren]] ( 8 goals)
| season topscorer = [[Jamie Maclaren]] ( 13 goals)
| average attendance = 23,478
| highest attendance = 41,003 vs [[Ahal FK]] [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|ACL Two]] (16th September, 2025)
| lowest attendance =
| largest win = 5–1 vs [[Diamond Harbour FC]] ([[2025 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]) 5–1 vs [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] ([[2025 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]]) 5–1 vs [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] ([[2025-26 Indian Super League season|ISL]]) 5–1 vs [[Odisha FC]] ([[2025-26 Indian Super League season|ISL]])
| largest loss = 2–3 vs [[East Bengal FC]] ([[Calcutta Football League]])
| kit_alt1 =
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| updated = 19 April 2026
| prevseason = [[2024–25 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2024–25]]
| nextseason = [[2026–27 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2026–27]]
}}

The '''2025–26 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season''' is the club's 6th season in Indian Super League and 136th season since its establishment in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |author=AIFF Media Team|title=AIFF Club licensing Premier 1 results for 2025-26 season announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-club-licensing-premier-1-results-for-2025-26-season-announced |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref>

==Team management==
===Current Technical Staff===
{| class="wikitable" "margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | Position
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|SER}} [[Igor Taševski]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bastob Roy]]
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Francisco J. Martinez
|-
| Fitness coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Sergio Garcia Toribo
|-
| Team Doctor
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nelson Pinto
|-
| Team Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Abhishek Bhattacharjee
|-
| rowspan="2" | Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Abhinandan Chatterjee
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kaushik Bhuiya
|-
| Youth/Reserve team Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Deggie Cardozo
|}

==Squad==
{{As of|2026|4|19}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
| colspan="11" |''' First team players'''
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | No.
! style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" | Name
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | Position
! style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" | {{abbr|Nat|Nationality}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | {{nowrap|Date of Birth}} (Age)
! style="background:#7a1024; color: white; text-align: center;" | Date signed
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | Contract end
! style="background:#7a1024; color: white; text-align: center;" | {{abbr|App|Appearances}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | Goals
! style="background:#7a1024; color: white; text-align: center;" | Assists
! style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;" | Transfer notes
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" |Goalkeepers
|-
| 1
| align=left | [[Vishal Kaith]]
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|7|22}}
| 8 July 2022
| 2029
| 118
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|-
| 24
| align=left | Syed Zahid
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|16}}
| 1 September 2023
| 2027
| 3
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Defenders
|-
| 5
| align=left | [[Tom Aldred]]
| [[Centre-back|CB]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|09|11}}
| 2 July 2024
| 2026
| 50
| 4
| 1
| Signed from [[Brisbane Roar FC]]
|-
| 15
| align=left | [[Subhasish Bose]] ''(Captain)''
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Left back (association football)|LB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|8|15}}
| 13 August 2020
| 2027
| 182 {{efn|Has Previously played for Mohun Bagan(2016-17)}}
| 11
| 9
| Signed from [[Mumbai City FC]]
|-
| 21
| align=left | [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]]
| [[Centre-back|CB]]
| {{flagicon|SPA}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|12|31}}
| 5 July 2024
| 2026
| 43
| 7
| 1
| Signed from [[Persib Bandung]]
|-
| 27
| align=left | [[Abhishek Singh (footballer)|Abhishek Tekcham Singh]]
| [[Left back (association football)|LB]]/[[Right back (association football)|RB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2005|1|2}}
| 24 July 2025
| 2028
| 17
| 0
| 2
| Signed From [[Punjab FC]]
|-
| 32
| align=left | Dippendu Biswas
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Right back (association football)|RB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|24}}
| 1 January 2024
| 2027
| 29
| 1
| 2
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 44
| align=left | [[Asish Rai]]
| [[Right back (association football)|RB]] / [[Right midfielder|RM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|1|27}}
| 20 June 2022
| 2027
| 98
| 2
| 8
| Signed from [[Hyderabad FC]]
|-
| 53
| align=left | [[Leewan Castanha]]
| [[Right back (association football)|RB]] / [[Right midfielder|RM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|15}}
| 12 June 2024
| 2026
| 3
| 0
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 55
| align=left | [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Right back (association football)|RB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|6|5}}
| 23 August 2025
| 2030
| 13
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[Mumbai City FC]]
|-
| 77
| align=left | Thangjam Roshan Singh
| [[Left back (association football)|LB]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2007|1|2}}
| 1 June 2025
| 2027
| 2
| 0
| 1
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" |Midfielders
|-
| 6
| align=left | [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| [[Defensive midfielder|DM]] / [[Centre midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|1|15}}
| 23 June 2023
| 2028
| 75
| 6
| 5
| Signed from [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|-
| 9
| align=left | [[Dimitri Petratos]]
| [[Attacking midfielder|AM]] / [[Right winger|RW]] / [[Second striker|SS]] / [[Striker (association football)|ST]] / [[Left winger|LW]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|11|10}}
| 18 July 2022
| 2026
| 103
| 36
| 23
| Signed from [[Al Wehda FC]]
|-
| 16
| align=left | [[Abhishek Suryavanshi]]
| [[Central midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|3|12}}
| 14 August 2021
| 2027
| 52
| 0
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 18
| align="left" | [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| [[Attacking midfielder|AM]] / [[Left winger (football)|LW]] / [[Right winger|RW]] / [[Left midfielder|LM]] / [[Right midfielder|RM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|4|1}}
| 14 July 2023
| 2028
| 67
| 8
| 14
| Signed from [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|-
| 22
| align=left | [[Deepak Tangri]]
| [[Centre-back|CB]] / [[Defensive midfielder|DM]] / [[Central midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|02|01}}
| 29 June 2021
| 2026
| 100
| 2
| 2
| Signed from [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|-
| 25
| align=left | [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
| [[Attacking midfielder|AM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|11|17}}
| 4 July 2025
| 2028
| 78 {{efn|Has Previously played for Mohun Bagan (2019-2024)}}
| 9
| 3
| Signed from [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|-
| 33
| align=left | [[Glan Martins]]
| [[Defensive midfielder|DM]] / [[Centre midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|7|01}}
| 23 January 2023
| 2026
| 41
| 0
| 0
| Signed from [[FC Goa]]
|-
| 45
| align=left | [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]]
| [[Defensive midfielder|DM]] / [[Centre midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|10|07}}
| 25 June 2024
| 2029
| 43
| 2
| 0
| Signed from [[Mumbai City FC]]
|-
| 71
| align=left | Salahudheen Adnan K
|[[Right winger|RW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|5|26}}
| 12 June 2024
| 2026
| 3
| 0
| 1
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 81
| align=left | Thumsol Tongsin
| [[Centre midfielder|CM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2005|2|28}}
| 2023
| 2027
| 1
| 0
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
! colspan="11" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Attackers
|-
| 7
| align=left | [[Liston Colaco]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]] / [[Midfielder#Wide midfielder|LM]] / [[Left winger|LW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|11|12}}
| 9 June 2021
| 2027
| 143
| 34
| 26
| Signed from [[Hyderabad FC]]
|-
|10
| align=left | [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]]
| [[Attacking Midfielder|AM]] / [[Left winger|LW]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|7|21}}
| 30 August 2025
| 2027
| 13
| 4
| 3
| Signed from [[Esporte Clube Água Santa|Água Santa]]
|-
| 11
| align=left | [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]] /[[Right winger|RW]]/ [[Midfielder#Wide midfielder|RM]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|11|06}}
| 25 August 2020
| 2027
| 160
| 32
| 28
| Signed from [[FC Goa]]
|-
| 23
| align=left | Pasang Dorjee Tamang
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|6|14}}
| 10 January 2025
| 2026
| 3
| 0
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 29
| align=left | [[Jamie Maclaren]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|7|29}}
| 22 July 2024
| 2028
| 43
| 25
| 3
| Signed from [[Melbourne City FC]]
|-
| 35
| align=left | [[Jason Cummings]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]]/[[Second striker|SS]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|8|1}}
| 1 July 2023
| 2026
| 85
| 33
| 12
| Signed from [[Central Coast Mariners FC]]
|-
| 72
| align=left | [[Suhail Bhat]]
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2005|4|8}}
| 1 June 2023
| 2028
| 37
| 6
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
| 98
| align=left | Karan Rai
| [[Striker (association football)|ST]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|8|11}}
| 20 June 2025
| 2025
| 2
| 0
| 0
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Transfers==
===Contract Extension===
{| class="wikitable" "margin-left:1em;style="text-align:center;float:center"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | Position
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" | Name
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" | Year
|-
| Centre Back
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Tom Aldred]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Aldred signs one-year contract extension with Mohun Bagan Super Giant |date=11 May 2025 |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/tom-aldred-signs-one-year-contract-extension-with-mohun-bagan-super-giant |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>
| 2026
|-
|Striker
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhail Bhat]]
|2028
|}

=== In ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:20px;" |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:60px;" |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Name
! style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:150px;" |Signed From
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:120px;" |Fee
! style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:140px;" |Date
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:20px;" | Ref
|-
|17
|[[Midfielder|AM]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|30L
|4 July 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= 4 July 2025 |last1=Guchait |first1=Probudhya |title=তিন বছরের চুক্তিতে মোহনবাগানে ফিরলেন কিয়ান নাসিরি|trans-title=Kiyan Nassiri returned to Mohun Bagan on a three-year contract|url=https://www.mbft.in/2025/07/KiyanBackToMB.html |access-date=4 July 2025|website=MBFT|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[Defender (association football)#Full-back|LB]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Singh Tekcham]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC]]
|1.8 Cr
|24 July 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= 24 July 2025|title= Mohun Bagan announce signing of Abhishek Tekcham from Punjab FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-mohun-bagan-announce-signing-abhishek-tekcham-202507 |access-date=24 July 2025|website=Khel Now|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|55
|[[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|CB]]
| style="text-align: left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
| style="text-align: left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|Undisclosed Fee
|23 August 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-08-23 |title=Mohun Bagan announces signing Mehtab Singh from Mumbai City in a deal till 2030 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-super-giant-signs-india-defender-mehtab-singh-from-mumbai-city/article69967610.ece |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Forward (association football)|ST]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Esporte Clube Água Santa|Água Santa]]
|Free Transfer
|30 August 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2025-08-30 |title=Mohun Bagan rope in Brazilian winger Robinho ahead of AFC Champions League |url=https://revsportz.in/mohun-bagan-rope-in-brazilian-winger-robinho-ahead-of-afc-champions-league/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=Revsportz {{!}} Sports News Portal {{!}} Latest Sports Articles |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="7" | {{loss}} Spending: {{INRConvert|2.1|c}}
|}

=== Out ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:160px;" |Exit Date
! style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:15px;" |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:60px;" |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Name
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:175px;" |Signed to
! style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120px;" |Fee
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:20px;" | Ref
|-
| 14 June 2025
|31
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Arsh Anwer Shaikh
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|''Free Transfer''

|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Arsh signs for the Blasters|url=https://keralablastersfc.in/arsh-signs-for-the-blasters/ |access-date=14 June 2025|website=KBFC |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
|19
|[[Left winger|LW]]/[[Right winger|RW]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC]]
|style= text: align centre| ''Free Transfer''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2025 |title=Ashique Kuruniyan returns to Bengaluru FC on four-year contract|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ashique-kuruniyan-returns-to-bengaluru-fc-on-four-year-contract/articleshow/121868014.cms |access-date=16 June 2025|website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 16 June 2025
|30
|[[Right winger|RW]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Taison Singh
|
|''Free Transfer ''
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2025 |title=Taison, Sibajit are expected to leave Mohun Bagan, with Engson and 6 other notable names|url=https://www.mbft.in/2025/06/Taison-Sibajit-to-leave%20Mohun%20Bagan.html |access-date=16 June 2025|website=MBFT|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 16 June 2025
|27
|[[Striker (association football)|ST]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Fardin Ali Molla
|
|''Free Transfer ''
|-
|16 June 2025
|13
|[[Left winger|LW]]/[[Right winger|RW]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ningomba Engson Singh|Engson Singh]]
|
|''Free Transfer ''
|-
|16 June 2025
|77
|[[Right back (association football)|RB]]/[[Left-Back|LB]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi Bahadur Rana]]
|
|''Free Transfer ''
|-
|
|10
|[[Attacking midfielder|AM]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|
|''Free Transfer''
|
|-
|24 July 2025
|36
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Left-Back|LB]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Amandeep Vrish Bhan
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC]]
|''Free Transfer ''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2025 |title=সবুজ-মেরুন ছেড়ে আবেগপ্রবণ এই ভারতীয় ডিফেন্ডার|url=https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/amandeep-vrish-bhan-leaves-mohun-bagan-for-new-challenge-emotional-farewell-to-green-maroon-legacy/#google_vignette |website= Kolkata24x7|access-date=14 July 2025|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|25 August 2025
|66
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sibajit Singh
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|''Free Transfer''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=Gokulam Sign Sibajit|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DNxyhzbYvb-/|website=Instagram|access-date=25 August 2025|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|
|63
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Saurabh Bhanwala
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC]]
|''Free Transfer''
|
|-
|24 September 2025
|4
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Nuno Reis]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|POR}} [[União de Santarém]]
|''Free Transfer''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=পর্তুগালের তৃতীয় ডিভিশনের ক্লাবে যোগদান করলেন নুনো রেইস|url=https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/nuno-reis-joins-uniao-santarem-portugal-third-division-isl-mohun-bagan-2025/#google_vignette|website=kolkata24x7|access-date=24 September 2025|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="7" | {{gain}} Income: {{INR|0}}
|}

==Friendlies (Senior Team)==
Mohun Bagan played against [[FC Goa]] in a friendly at Kolkata on Sept 9, ahead of their AFC Champions League Two Campaign.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marcus Mergulhao|website= Twitter|title= Mohun Bagan vs Goa (Friendly) |url=https://x.com/MarcusMergulhao/status/1963248013045809216?t=4UkTb_of-ml6VINBxmYfoQ&s=19 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2025|9|9|df=y}}
|time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 0–0
|team2 = [[FC Goa]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}
|stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance =
|report =
|referee =
|result = D
}}

Mohun Bagan played a friendly match against Diamond Harbour FC on 19th December, 2025 under new coach Sergio Lobera.
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|19|df=y}}
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 6–2
|team2 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|goals1 = [[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]]{{goal}} {{goal}} [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal}} {{goal}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal}} [[Liston Colaco]] {{goal}}
|goals2 =
|location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}
|stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance =
|report =
|referee =
|result = W
}}

==Competitions (Senior Team)==
===Overview===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:150px; background:#1A5026; color:white;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px; background:#7a1024; color:white;" | First match (round)
! style="text-align:center; width:170px; background:#1A5026; color:white;" | Latest match (round)
! style="text-align:center; width:150px; background:#7a1024; color:white;" | Final position
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2025 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]
| 31 July Group stage
| 17 August Quarter Finals
! Quarter Finals
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|AFC Champions League Two]]
| colspan="2" | 16 September Matchday 1
! Withdrawn
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2025 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]]
| 9 October Matchday 1
| 18 October Final
! style="background:Gold;"|Champions
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]
| 25 October Group Stage
| 31 October Group Stage
! Group Stage
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2025–26 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]
| 14 February Matchday 1
| 17 May Matchday 13
! TBD
|}
{{Fb overview
| c=4
| c1=[[2025 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] | w1=3|l1=1|d1=0|f1=13|a1=4
| c2=[[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|AFC Champions League Two]] | w2=0|l2=1|f2=0|d2=0|a2=1
| c3=[[2025 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]] | w3=3|l3=0|f3=8|d3=0|a3=2
| c4=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] | w4=1|l4=0|d4=2|f4=2|a4=0
| c5=[[2025–26 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]] | w5=6|l5=1|d5=2|f5=19|a5=6
| u= 19 April 2026 }}

==Matches==
===Durand Cup===
{{Main|2025 Durand Cup}}

;Group stage
{{:2025 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group B|showteam=MBG}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[2025 Durand Cup group stage|Group stage]]
| date = {{Start date|2025|07|31|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| score = 3–1
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 = [[Liston Colaco]] {{goal|23||90+6|pen}} [[Asish Rai]] {{yel|37}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{sentoff|0|43}} Dippendu Biswas {{yel|44}} [[Suhail Bhat]] {{goal|63}}
| goals2 = Tangva Ragui {{yel|43}} Ashley Alban Koli {{goal|50}} Pukhrambam Dinesh Meitei {{yel|90+6}}
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance = 6,584
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan SG)
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/53902 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53902 I-League]
| result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[2025 Durand Cup group stage|Group stage]]
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|4|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| score = 4–0
| team2 = [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
| goals1 = [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]] {{goal|24}} [[Liston Colaco]] {{goal|53||58}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad]] {{goal|61}} Dippendu Biswas {{yel|88}}
| goals2 = Mohammed Asif Khan {{yel|87}}
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance = 3,121
| referee = Ashwin
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan SG)
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/53910 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53910 I-League]
| result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[2025 Durand Cup group stage|Group stage]]
| date = {{start date|2025|08|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| score = 1–5
| team2 = Mohun Bagan
| goals1 = [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|24}} Melroy Melwin Assisi {{yel|40}} Paul Ramfangzauva {{yel|45}} Naresh Singh Y {{sent off|0|50}} Lalliansanga Renthlei {{yel|90+2}}
| goals2 = [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|19}} [[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|35}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{yel|38}} [[Liston Colaco|Liston]] {{goal|51|pen.}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]] {{goal|64}} [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|80}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 8,592
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan SG)
| referee = Ashwin
|result =W
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/53920 AIFF] 
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53920 I-League]
}}
;Knockout stage
{{#lst:2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|Bracket}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = [[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|Quarter final]]
| date = {{start date|2025|08|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 1–2
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| goals1 = [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{yel|45+3}} [[Anirudh Thapa]] {{goal|68}} [[Deepak Tangri]] {{yel|90+4}} [[Dimi Petratos]] {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 = [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]] {{goal|38|pen|52}}, {{yel|52}} [[Saúl Crespo]] {{yel|45+3}} [[Miguel Figueira]] {{yel|45+2}} [[Mohammad Rakip]] {{yel|71}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance = 58,676
| referee = R. Venkatesh
| motm = [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]] (Emami East Bengal)
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/54790 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=54790 I-League]
| result = L
}}
 
----

===AFC Champions League Two===
{{Main|2025–26 AFC Champions League Two}}

;Group stage (Group C)
{{2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group tables|Group C|show_matches=yes
|teamwidth=240|showteam=MBG}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group C|Group Stage]]
|date = {{Start date|2025|9|16|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:15|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] {{fbaicon|IND}}
|score = Voided (0–1)
|team2 = {{fbaicon|TKM}} [[Ahal FK|Ahal]]
|goals1 = [[Tom Aldred]] {{yel|45+1}}
|goals2 = N. Tovakelov {{yel|70}} Enver Annayev {{goal|83}}
|location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, India
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee = Clifford Daypuyat ([[Philippine Football Federation|Philippines]])
|attendance = 41,003
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597734
|result=V
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group C|Group Stage]]
|date = {{Start date|2025|9|30|df=y}}
|time = 21:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Sepahan S.C.|Sepahan]] {{fbaicon|IRN}}
|score = Cancelled{{efn|On 27 September 2025, AFC announced that Mohun Bagan SG were considered to have withdrawn from the AFC Champions League Two after they failed to appear for their fixture against [[Sepahan S.C.|Sepahan]] in [[Isfahan]]. Their single match was voided.<ref name="MBSG"/>}}
|team2 = {{fbaicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = {{nowrap|[[Isfahan]]}}, Iran
|stadium = [[Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium]]
|referee =
|attendance =
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597737
|result = V
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group C|Group Stage]]
|date = {{Start date|2025|10|21|df=y}}
|time = 23:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Al-Hussein SC (Irbid)|Al-Hussein]] {{fbaicon|JOR}}
|score = Cancelled
|team2 = {{fbaicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = {{nowrap|[[Amman]]}}, Jordan
|stadium = [[Amman International Stadium]]
|referee =
|attendance =
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597739
|result = V
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group C|Group Stage]]
|date = {{Start date|2025|11|4|df=y}}
|time = 19:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] {{fbaicon|IND}}
|score = Cancelled
|team2 = {{fbaicon|JOR}} [[Al-Hussein SC (Irbid)|Al-Hussein]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, India
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee =
|attendance =
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597740
|result = V
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group C|Group Stage]]
|date = {{Start date|2025|11|25|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Ahal FK|Ahal]] {{fbaicon|TKM}}
|score = Cancelled
|team2 = {{fbaicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = {{nowrap|[[Isfahan]]}}, Iran
|stadium = [[Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium]]
|referee =
|attendance =
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597742
|result = V
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group C|Group Stage]]
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|23|df=y}}
|time = 19:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] {{fbaicon|IND}}
|score = Cancelled
|team2 = {{fbaicon|IRN}} [[Sepahan S.C.|Sepahan]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, India
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee =
|attendance =
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597744
|result = V
}}
 
----

===IFA Shield===
{{main|2025 IFA Shield}}

On 27 September, [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] confirmed their participation in the [[2025 IFA Shield]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/mohunbagansg/status/1971936912786247862 |title=Mohun Bagan Super Giant have confirmed participation in the upcoming edition of the IFA Shield |website = Twitter|language=en|access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref> and are clubbed with [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] and [[United SC]] in group B.

====Group Stage====
{{:2025 IFA Shield#Groupstage |transcludesection=Group B|showteam=MBG}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 9 October 2025
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 1
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = Kishore Bharati Krirangan
|team2= [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 1–5
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|goals1 =
*Emil Benny {{yel|24}}
*Athul Unnikrishnan {{yel|35}}
*[[Lalengmawia Ralte]] {{goal|48|og}}
|goals2 =
*Rishad {{goal|11|og}}
*[[Subhasish Bose]] {{yel|23}}
*[[Jamie Maclaren]] {{goal|27||75}}
*[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]] {{goal|51}}
*[[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]] {{goal|54}}
*[[Lalengmawia Ralte]] {{yel|71}}
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/56916 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56916 I-League]
|attendance = 1,400
|referee = Surojit Das
|motm = [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 15 October 2025
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 2
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = Kishore Bharati Krirangan
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 2–0
|team2 = [[United SC]]
|goals1 =
*[[Dimi Petratos]] {{goal|45}}
*[[Jason Cummings]] {{goal|49}}
|goals2 =
*Seila Toure {{yel|38}}
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/56965 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56965 I-League]
|attendance = 2,667
|referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu
|motm = [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]] (Mohun Bagan)
|result = W
}}

====Final====
{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 October 2025
|time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = Final
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 1–1
|aet = y
|team1 =[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|penaltyscore= 4–5
|goals1 = [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]] {{yel|4}} [[Hamid Ahadad]] {{goal|35}} [[Lalchungnunga]] {{yel|63}} [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Naorem Mahesh]] {{yel|111}}
|goals2 = [[Jason Cummings]] {{penmiss}} {{small|34'}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{goal|45+3}} [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]] {{yel|49}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]] {{yel|91}} [[Subhasish Bose]] {{yel|109}}
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/57337 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57337 I-League]
|attendance = 50,236
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Liston Colaco]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Dimitri Petratos]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
| penalties1 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Miguel Figueira]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Kevin Sibille]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Naorem Mahesh]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Jay Gupta]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Hiroshi Ibusuki]]
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachadran
|motm= [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Naorem Mahesh]] (East Bengal)
|result = W
}}

===AIFF Super Cup===
{{Main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup}}

[[2024–25 Indian Super League]] champions [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] have been designated as the top-seeded team and will be placed at the top of Group A as A1, for next month’s [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] in [[Goa]]. The virtual official draw ceremony of the Super Cup will be held on Sept 25 at 4pm. According to the tentative draw, Mohun Bagan will play on the opening day – October 25, and the remaining group stage games on October 28 and October 31 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2025 |title= Mohun Bagan, FC Goa top seeded for Super Cup, 16 teams to take part. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa/mohun-bagan-fc-goa-top-seeded-for-super-cup-16-teams-to-take-part/articleshow/124055437.cms |access-date=22 September 2025|website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
;Group stage
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group A|showteam=MBG}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|25|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/57384 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57384 I-League]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 = [[Jamie Maclaren]] {{goal|38||67}} [[Anirudh Thapa]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodriguez]] {{yel|47}}
| goals2 = [[Vignesh Dakshinamurthy]] {{yel|33}}
| attendance = 323
| motm = [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = TV Nagvenkar
| result = W
| location=[[Fatorda]]
| stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/57386 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57386 I-League]
| team2 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| goals1 = Dippendu Biswas {{yel|26}}
| goals2 = [[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Md Ali]] {{yel|34}}
| attendance = 576
| motm = Ashish Sibi (Dempo)
| referee = Crystal John
| result = D
| location=[[Fatorda]]
| stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|31|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/57388 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57388 I-League]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 = [[Subhasish Bose]] {{yel|26}}
| goals2 = [[Miguel Figueira]] {{yel|26}} [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Naorem Mahesh]] {{yel|26}} [[Jay Gupta]] {{yel|62}}
| attendance = 1,245
| motm = [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodriguez]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Harish Kundu
| result = D
| location=[[Fatorda]]
| stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
}}
 
----

===Indian Super League===
{{Main|2025–26 Indian Super League}}

==== League table ====
{{2025–26 Indian Super League points table|showteam=MSG}}
==== Result summary ====
{{Fb rs|hw=5|hd=0|hl=1|hgf=17|hga=5|aw=1|ad=2|al=0|agf=2|aga=1|dp=0}}

==== Results by round ====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round
| label2= '''Home/Away'''
| rnd10=12
| rnd11=10
| rnd12=11
| rnd13=13
| res2= H/H/H/H/A/H/A/H/A/A/H/H/H
| label3= '''Result'''
| res3= W/W/W/W/D/L/D/W/W///
| label4 = '''Position'''
| res4 = 3/2/1/1/1/2/2/2/1////
| label5=Points
| pos5=3p/6p/9p/12p/13p/13p/14p/17p/20p/
| color_W=green2|text_W=Win
| color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
| color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
| color_P=lightgrey|text_P=Postponed
| text_H=Home|text_A=Away
| color_1=gold |color_2=silver|color_3-4=green1|color_5-6=blue1|color_14=red1

| updated= 14 March 2026
| source= [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League]
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2026|2|14|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| score = 2–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63334
| team2 = [[ Kerala Blasters FC ]]
| goals1 = *[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|36}}
*[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto]] {{yel|51}}
*[[Tom Aldred|Aldred]] {{goal|90+7}}
| goals2 = *[[Danish Farooq Bhat| Farooq]] {{yel|30}}
*[[Huidrom Naocha Singh|Naocha]] {{yel|48}}
*[[Bikash Yumnam|Bikash]] {{yel|82}}
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance = 29,110
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
| result = W
| motm = [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2026|2|23|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| score = 2–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63346
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC]]
| goals1 = *[[Abhishek Singh Tekcham|Tekcham]] {{yel|36}}
*[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|45+3}}
*[[Dimi Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|65}} , {{yel|84}}
*[[Tom Aldred|Aldred]] {{yel|80}}
| goals2 = [[Gurkirat Singh|Gurkirat]] {{yel|71}}
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance = 22,765
| referee = Ashwin
| result = W
| motm = [[Dimi Petratos]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2026|02|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)| Mohammedan SC ]]
| score = 5–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63352
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| goals1 = *[[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]] {{goal|22||27}}
*[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|35}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|62}}
*[[Dimi Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|70}}
| goals2 = *Lalthankima {{goal|12}}
*Tangva Ragui {{yel|64}}
*Mahitosh Roy {{yel|87}}
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| attendance = 30,047
| referee = Senthil Nathan S
| result = W
| motm = [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2026|3|6|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team2 = [[Odisha FC]]
| score = 5–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63357
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| goals1 = *[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|14||24||45+1||88}}
*[[Dimi Petratos|Petratos]] {{yel|16}}
*[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto]] {{goal|42}}
| goals2 = *[[Saurabh Bhanwala|Bhanwala]] {{yel|18}}
*[[Rahim Ali]] {{goal|43}}
*[[Lalthathanga Khawlhring|Khawlhring]] {{yel|44}}
*[[Rahul K. P.|Rahul KP]] {{yel|62}}
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| attendance = 19,727
| referee = I Jamal Mohammed
| result = W
| motm = [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2026|3|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63365
| team2 = Mohun Bagan
| goals1 = Sanchez {{yel|60}}
| goals2 = [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{yel|86}}
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| attendance = 20,214
| referee = Lakshay
| result = D
| motm = [[Dimi Petratos]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2026|3|20|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| score = 0–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63371
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC ]]
| goals1 = *[[Deepak Tangri|Tangri]] {{yel|48}}
*[[Dimi Petratos|Petratos]] {{yel|62}}
| goals2 = *[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{yel|2}}
*[[Noufal PN|Noufal]] {{goal|28}}
*[[Hmingthanmawia Ralte|Hmingthanmawia]] {{yel|45+3}}
*[[Akash Mishra|Akash]] {{yel|63}}
*[[Vikram Pratap Singh|Vikram]] {{yel|80}}
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance = 26,997
| referee = Venkatesh R
| result = L
| motm = [[Phurba Lachenpa]] (Mumbai City FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|4|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63377
| team2 = Mohun Bagan
| goals1 = *[[Stephen Eze|Eze]] {{yel|72}}
*[[Ritwik Das]] {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 = *[[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{goal|15}}
*[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto]] {{yel|38}}
*[[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{yel|50}}
| location = [[Jamshedpur]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| attendance = 12789
| referee = Harish Kundu
| result = D
| motm = [[Ritwik Das]] (Jamshedpur FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| score = 3–2
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63388
| team2 = [[Punjab FC]]
| goals1 = *[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|29}} , {{yel|90+8}}
*[[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{yel|40}}
*[[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]] {{goal|74}}
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|90+1}} , {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 = *[[Dani Ramírez|Ramírez]] {{goal|12}}
*[[Pramveer Singh|Pramveer]] {{yel|42}}
*[[Effiong Nsungusi|Effiong]] {{goal|60}} , {{yel|67}}
*Rakesh Meitei {{yel|90}}
*[[Arshdeep Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Arshdeep]] {{yel|90+2}}
*[[Ricky Shabong|Ricky]] {{yel|90+2}}
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance = 12,222
| referee = Venkatesh R
| result = W
| motm = [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2026|4|19|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC]]
| score = 0–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63395
| team2 = Mohun Bagan
| goals1 = *[[Jairo Samperio|Samperio]] {{yel|1}}
*[[Thoi Singh Huidrom|Thoi Singh]] {{yel|49}}
*Samte {{yel|90+8}}
| goals2 = *[[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]] {{goal|5}}
*[[Vishal Kaith|Kaith]] {{yel|25}}
*[[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{yel|45+2}}
| location = [[Guwahati]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,847
| referee = Crystal John
| motm = [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]] (Mohun Bagan)
| result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|09|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa ]]
| score =
| report =
| team2 = Mohun Bagan
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Panaji]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result =
| motm =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = <s>{{Start date|2026|04|26|df=y}}</s> {{Start date|2026|05|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| score =
| report =
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result =
| motm =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = <s>{{Start date|2026|05|03|df=y}} </s> {{Start date|2026|05|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| score =
| report =
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result =
| motm =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|17|df=y}}
| time = :[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohun Bagan
| score =
| report =
| team2 = [[SC Delhi]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result =
| motm =
}}

==Player Statistics==
===Appearances===
::''Players with no appearances are not included in the list.''
{{As of|2026|4|19}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="18" |'''Appearances for Mohun Bagan in 2025–26 season'''
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:170px;" rowspan="2"|Name
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|Durand Cup
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|Indian Super League
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|Super Cup
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|ACL TWO
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|IFA Shield
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" width:86px;" colspan="2"|Calcutta League
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Goalkeepers'''
|-
| 1 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Vishal Kaith]]
|4 || 4
|9||9
|3||3
|1||1
 |2||2
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 19 !! 19
|-
| 24 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Syed Zahid
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |1||1
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 1 !! 1
|-
| 61 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Deeprobhat Ghosh
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 10 || 10
! 10 !! 10
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Defenders'''
|-
| 4|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sahil Inamdar
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 6 || 5
! 6 !! 5
|-
| 4|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Amey Ranawade]]
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|7||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| colspan=2|{{sort dash}}
! 7 !! 1
|-
|5|| [[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|SCO}} || [[Tom Aldred]]
| 3 || 3
|8||4
|3||3
|1||1
 |3||3
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 18 !! 14
|-
|15|| [[Defender (association football)|LB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Subhasish Bose]]
| colspan=2|{{sort dash}}
|8||8
|2||2
|1||0
 |2||2
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 13 !! 12
|-
|21|| [[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} || [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]]
| 2 || 1
|8||8
|3||2
|1||1
 |3||2
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 17 !! 14
|-
| 27|| [[Defender (association football)|LB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Abhishek Singh (footballer)|Abhishek Tekcham]]
| 4 || 3
|9||9
|1||1
|1||1
 |2||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 17 !! 15
|-
| 32|| [[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Dippendu Biswas
| 3 || 2
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|1||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |1||0
| 1 || 1
! 6!! 4
|-
| 32 {{efn|name=CFL|CFL Jersey No.}}|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Aditya Mondal
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 9 || 3
! 9 !! 3
|-
| 36 || [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Muhammad Bilal CV
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 10 || 9
! 10 !! 9
|-
|44|| [[Defender (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Asish Rai]]
| 3 || 3
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|1||1
|1||1
| 2||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 7!! 6
|-
| 53 || [[Right back (association football)|RB]]|| {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Leewan Castanha]]
|3||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 7
! 10 !! 8
|-
|55|| [[Defender (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
| colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|7||6
|3||2
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |3||3
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 13 !! 11
|-
| 65 || [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Marshal Kisku
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 8 || 7
! 8 !! 7
|-
| 73 || [[Defender (association football)|DF]]|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Umer Muhthar
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 1 || 1
! 1 !! 1
|-
| 77 || [[Defender (association football)|DF]]|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Thangjam Roshan Singh
|2||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 6 || 4
! 8 !! 5
|-
| 78 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Piush Thakuri
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 2
! 7 !! 2
|-
| 96 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Pabitra Mandi
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 1
! 2 !! 1
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Midfielders'''
|-
|6|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| 4 || 4
|9||9
|2||2
|1||0
 |3||2
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 19 !! 17
|-
|9||[[Attacking midfielder|AM]]/ [[Second striker|SS]]|| {{flagicon|AUS}} || [[Dimi Petratos]]
| 1|| 0
|8||5
|2||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |2||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 13 !! 7
|-
|16|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Abhishek Suryavanshi]]
| 3 || 2
|1||0
|1||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 2||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 7 !! 4
|-
| 17 {{efn|name=CFL}} || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} || Muhammad Niyaj
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 0
! 2 !! 0
|-
|18|| [[Midfielder|AM]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| 3 || 2
|7||1
|3||3
|1||1
 |1||1
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 15 !! 8
|-
| 22|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Deepak Tangri]]
| 4 || 3
|6||2
|3||1
|1||1
 |1||0
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 15 !! 7
|-
| 30 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} || Pallujam Rohan Singh
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 1
! 2 !! 1
|-
| 42 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} || Gurnaj Singh Grewal
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 3 || 1
! 3 !! 1
|-
| 44 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} || Nishar
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 4 || 3
! 4 !! 3
|-
|45|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]]
| 3 || 3
|7||7
|3||2
|1||1
 |2||2
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 16 !! 15
|-
| 50 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} || Gogocha Chungkham
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 4 || 2
! 4 !! 2
|-
| 55 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} || Rohit Singh
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 3 || 0
! 3 !! 0
|-
| 56 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sandeep Malik
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 7
! 7 !! 7
|-
| 63 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} || Aditya Adhikary
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 3 || 1
! 3 !! 1
|-
| 71 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Salahudheen Adnan K
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 4 || 4
! 4 !! 4
|-
| 74 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sahil Kar
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 0
! 2 !! 0
|-
| 79 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Taibangnganba Pangambam
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 1
! 2 !! 1
|-
| 80 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Mingma Sherpa
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 8 || 8
! 8 !! 8
|-
| 81 || [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Thumsol Tongsin
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |1||1
| 9 || 7
! 10 !! 8
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Forwards'''
|-
| 7 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Liston Colaco]]
|4 || 4
|9||8
|2||2
|1||1
 |1||1
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 17 !! 16
|-
| 10 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|BRA}} || [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]]
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|7||6
|2||1
|1||0
 |3||2
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 13 !! 9
|-
| 11 || [[Forward (association football)|RW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|1 || 1
|9||4
|3||2
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |2||1
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 15 !! 8
|-
| 17 || [[Forward (association football)|RW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
|2 || 1
|3||0
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|1||1
 |2||2
| 1 || 1
! 9 !! 5
|-
| 23 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Pasang Dorjee Tamang
|3||2
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 8 || 7
! 11 !! 9
|-
| 25 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Tushar Biswakarma
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 4
! 7 !! 4
|-
| 27 {{efn|name=CFL}} || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Bharat Lairenjam
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 1 || 0
! 1 !! 0
|-
| 29 || [[Forward (association football)|ST]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} || [[Jamie Maclaren]]
|2||2
|9||9
|3||2
|1||0
 |3||2
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 18 !! 15
|-
| 35 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} || [[Jason Cummings]]
|2||0
|9||4
|3||1
|1||1
 |3||2
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
! 18 !! 8
|-
| 43 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Shibam Munda
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|8 || 4
! 8 !! 4
|-
| 62 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Bivan Jyoti Laskar
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|1 || 0
! 1 !! 0
|-
| 72 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Suhail Bhat]]
|3 || 2
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|2||0
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |1||0
| 1 || 1
!7 !! 3
|-
| 90 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Adil Abdullah
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 4 || 0
! 4 !! 0
|-
| 98 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Karan Rai
|2||0
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
 |colspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| 8 || 8
! 10 !! 8
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

===Goals===
{{As of|2026|4|19}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Durand Cup
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Indian Super League
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|IFA Shield
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Super Cup
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Calcutta League
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total
|-
|rowspan=1|1
|29 ||{{flagicon|AUS}}
|[[Jamie Maclaren]]
|1
|8
|2
|2
|{{sort dash}}
!rowspan=1|13
|-
|rowspan=1|2
|7||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Liston Colaco]]
|5
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
!rowspan=1|6
|-
|3
|98 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|Karan Rai
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|5
!5
|-
|rowspan=2|4
|10 ||{{flagicon|BRA}}
|[[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]]
|{{sort dash}}
|3
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
!rowspan=2|4
|-
|43|| {{flagicon|IND}}
|Shivam Munda
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|4
|-
|rowspan=4|5
|9 ||{{flagicon|AUS}}
|[[Dimi Petratos]]
|{{sort dash}}
|2
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
!rowspan=4|3
|-
|18 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
|2
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|23|| {{flagicon|IND}}
|Pasang Tamang
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|3
|-
|35 ||{{flagicon|AUS}}
|[[Jason Cummings]]
|1
|1
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|rowspan=4|6
|6 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Anirudh Thapa]]
|2
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
!rowspan=4|2
|-
|11 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|1
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|21 ||{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]]
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|56 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Sandeep Malik
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|2
|-
|rowspan=10|7
|-
|5||{{flagicon|AUS}}
|[[Tom Aldred]]
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
!rowspan=9|1
|-
|17 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Kiyan Nassiri]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|25||{{flagicon|IND}}
|Tushar Biswakarma
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|45||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|53 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Leewan Castanha]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|63||{{flagicon|IND}}
|Aditya Adhikari
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|72 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Suhail Bhat]]
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|78 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|Piyush Thakuri
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|90 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|Adil Abdullah
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
!colspan=4| Own Goal(s)
!{{sort dash}}
!{{sort dash}}
!1
!{{sort dash}}
!1
!2
|-
! colspan=4| Total
!13
!19
!8
!2
!21
!63
|}

===Assists===
{{As of|2026|4|19}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Durand Cup
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Indian Super League
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|IFA Shield
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Super Cup
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Calcutta League
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total
|-
|rowspan=1|1
|7 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Liston Colaco]]
|2
|2
|1
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|rowspan=1|'''6'''
|-
|rowspan=1|2
|18 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
|4
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|rowspan = 1|'''5'''
|-
|3
|81 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Thumsol Tongsin
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|4
|'''4'''
|-
|rowspan=2|4
|10 ||{{flagicon|BRA}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]]
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|2
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|rowspan=2|'''3'''
|-
|15 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Subhasish Bose]]
|{{sort dash}}
|3
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|rowspan=5|5
|6 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Anirudh Thapa]]
|{{sort dash}}
|2
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|rowspan=5|'''2'''
|-
|9 ||{{flagicon|AUS}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Dimi Petratos]]
|{{sort dash}}
|2
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|11 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|27 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Abhishek Singh Tekcham]]
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|53 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Leewan Castanha]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|2
|-
|style="text-align:center", rowspan=15|6
|4 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Sahil Imandar
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|style="text-align:center", rowspan=15|'''1'''
|-
|22 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Dipendu Biswas
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|23 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Pasang Dorjee Tamang
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|25 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Kiyan Nassiri]]
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|29 ||{{flagicon|AUS}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Jamie Maclaren]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|30 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Pallujam Rohan Singh
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|35 ||{{flagicon|AUS}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Jason Cummings]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|43 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|Shivam Munda
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|44 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Asish Rai]]
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|50 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|Gogocha Chungkham
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|56||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Sandeep Malik
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|71 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Salahudheen Adnan K
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|77 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Thangjam Roshan Singh
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|80 ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|Mingma Sherpa
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|98||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Karan Rai
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|-
|}

===Cleansheets===
{{As of|2026|4|19}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Durand Cup
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Indian Super League
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|IFA Shield
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Super Cup
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Calcutta League
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total
|-
|rowspan=1|1
|1 ||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|[[Vishal Kaith]]
|1
|4
|0
|3
|{{sort dash}}
|rowspan=1|'''8'''
|-
|rowspan=1|2
|61 ||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Deepprobhat Ghosh
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|3
|rowspan=1|'''3'''
|-
|rowspan=1|3
|24 ||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ||{{flagicon|IND}}
|style="text-align:center"|Syed Zahid
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|1
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|rowspan=1|'''1'''
|-
|}

== Disciplinary record ==
{{As of|2026|4|19}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:80%; width:80%;"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:220;" rowspan="2"| Name
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:100; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| Durand Cup
! colspan="3" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| Indian Super League
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:80; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| ACL TWO
! colspan="3" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:80; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| IFA Shield
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:80; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| Super Cup
! colspan="3" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:150; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| Calcutta League
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| Total
|-
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}
|-
|45
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]]
|2||0||1
|2||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!5!!0!!1
|-
|15
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Subhasish Bose]]
 |colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|2||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|2||0||0
|1||0||0
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!5!!0!!0
|-
|21
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]]
 |colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|2||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|1||0||0
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!4!!0!!0
|-
|9
|{{flagicon|AUS}}
|[[Dimi Petratos]]
|1||0||0
 |3||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!4!!0!!0
|-
|32
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Dippendu Biswas
|2||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!3!!0!!0
|-
|53
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Leewan Castanha
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|3 ||0 ||0
!3!!0!!0
|-
|65
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Marshal Kisku
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|3 ||0 ||0
!3!!0!!0
|-
|5
|{{flagicon|SCO}}
|[[Tom Aldred]]
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|1||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!2!!0!!0
|-
|22
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Deepak Tangri]]
|1||0||0
|1||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!2!!0!!0
|-
|71
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Salahudheen Adnan K
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|0||0||1
!0!!0!!1
|-
|1
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Vishal Kaith]]
 |colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!1!!0!!0
|-
|4
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Sahil Inamdar
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1 ||0 ||0
!1!!0!!0
|-
|6
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Anirudh Thapa]]
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!1!!0!!0
|-
|10
|{{flagicon|BRA}}
|[[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]]
 |colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!1!!0!!0
|-
|27
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Abhishek Singh Tekcham]]
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!1!!0!!0
|-
|29
|{{flagicon|AUS}}
|[[Jamie Maclaren]]
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!1!!0!!0
|-
|35
|{{flagicon|AUS}}
|[[Jason Cummings]]
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!1!!0!!0
|-
|44
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Ashish Rai]]
|1||0||0
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}
!1!!0!!0
|-
|44 {{efn|CFL Jersey No.}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Nishar
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1 ||0 ||0
!1!!0!!0
|-
|61
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Deeprobhat Ghosh
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1 ||0 ||0
!1!!0!!0
|-
|78
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Piyush Thakuri
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1 ||0 ||0
!1!!0!!0
|-
|80
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Mingma Sherpa
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1 ||0 ||0
!1!!0!!0
|-
|81
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Thumsol Tongsin
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1 ||0 ||0
!1!!0!!0
|-
|98
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Karan Rai
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}
|1 ||0 ||0
!1!!0!!0
|-
! colspan=3| Total
 !7!!0!!1
!15!!0!!0
!1!!0!!0
!5!!0!!0
!3!!0!!0
!13!!0!!1
!44
!1
!1
|}
{{notelist}}

==Manager Stats==
===José Francisco Molina===
{{Fb overview
| c=4
| c1=[[2025 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] | w1=2|l1=1|d1=0|f1=10|a1=3
| c2=[[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|AFC Champions League 2]] | w2=0|l2=1|f2=0|d2=0|a2=1
| c3=[[2025 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]] | w3=3|l3=0|f3=8|d3=0|a3=2
| c4=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] | w4=1|l4=0|d4=2|f4=2|a4=0
| u= 31 October 2025 }}
*Includes Only The Games Played Under José Francisco Molina

===Bastob Roy===
{{Fb overview
| c=2
| c1=[[2024 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] | w1=1|l1=0|d1=0|f1=3|a1=1
| u= 31 July 2025 }}
*Includes Only The Games Played Under Bastob Roy (Asst of José Francisco Molina)
===Sergio Lobera===
{{Fb overview
| c=2
| c1=[[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL]] | w1=6|l1=1|d1=2|f1=19|a1=6
| u= 19 April 2026 }}
*Includes Only The Games Played Under Sergio Lobera

==Youth Teams==
For Detailed Stats and Information refer to [[2025–26 Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy]]
{{See also|Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy{{!}}Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:850px;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:150px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | First match (round)
! style="text-align:center; width:170px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | Latest match (round)
! style="text-align:center; width:150px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | Final position
|-
| [[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]]
| 30 June Group stage
| 30 August Round 12
! | ''6/12 Group stage''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | RFDL
| TBD TBD
| TBD TBD
! TBD
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2025–26 Indian Youth League|AIFF U18 League]]
| 17 November Zonal Group stage
| TBD TBD
! TBD
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | AIFF Junior League (U16)
| TBD TBD
| TBD TBD
! TBD
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | AIFF Sub Junior League (U14)
| TBD TBD
| TBD TBD
! TBD
|}
===Calcutta Football League===
{{Main|2025 CFL Premier Division}}

====Summary====
Mohun Bagan participated in the [[2025 CFL Premier Division]] and was drawn into group A for the first phase of the tournament where twenty-six teams were divided into two groups of thirteen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/mohun-bagan-and-east-bengal-are-in-group-a-in-the-kolkata-league-premier-division-prnt/cid/1607317|title=কলকাতা লিগে একই গ্রুপে দুই প্রধান|trans-title=Two Kolkata Giant teams in the same group in the Kolkata League|language=bn|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Anandabazar.com}}</ref> Mohun Bagan fielded mostly the reserve squad led by head coach Deggie Cardozo for the Calcutta Football League like the previous three seasons. Mohun Bagan began its Calcutta Football League 2025–26 campaign with a slender 0–1 loss against Police AC on 30.06.2025 at the Naihati Stadium.

===Group A===
{{:2025 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=MBG}}

===Matches===
{{football box collapsible
|round = 1
|date = {{Start date|2025|06|30|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 0–1
|team2 = Police AC
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Md Amil Naim {{goal|45+3}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium]], [[Naihati]]
|motm =
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/53421/ AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53421 I-League]
|attendance = 2000
|referee= Debabrata Naskar
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date = {{Start date|2025|07|03|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Kalighat SLA
|score = 0–4
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = Pravakar Naskar {{yel|28}}
|goals2 = Sandeep Malik {{goal|21}} Lenminlun Doungel {{goal|30|og}} Pasang Tamang {{goal|51}} Adil Abdullah {{goal|73}} Leewan Castanha {{yel|79}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium]], [[Naihati]]
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/53577/ AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53577 I-League]
|attendance = 2790
|motm = Pasang Dorjee Tamang (Mohun Bagan SG)
|referee = Rabin Biswas
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date = {{Start date|2025|7|07|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Railways FC
|score = 0–2
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = Soumik Koley {{sentoff|1|45+2|60}} Abhishek Aich {{sentoff|0|60}} Sudipta Banerjee {{sentoff|0|60}}
|goals2 = Sandeep Malik {{goal|6}} Mingma Sherpa {{yel|28}} Marshal Kisku {{yel|35}} Sahil Inamdar {{yel|60}} Salahudheen Adnan K {{sentoff|0|60}} Shibam Munda {{goal|90}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay Stadium, [[Barrackpore]]
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/53672/ AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53672 I-League]
|attendance = 600
|motm = Sandeep Malik (Mohun Bagan SG)
|referee = Bimalendu Mondal
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 4
|date = {{Start date|2025|7|11|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
|score = 0–0
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = Rakesh Bahadur {{yel|76}}
|goals2 = Leewan Castanha {{yel|90+2}}
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium]], [[Naihati]]
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/53722 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53722 I-League]
|attendance = 250
|motm = Rakesh Bahadur (George Telegraph)
|referee = Rohan DasGupta
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 5
|date = {{Start date|2025|7|16|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|score = 1–2
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = Surajit Halder {{goal|18}} Sourav Chowdhury {{yel|45+3}} Amritpal Singh {{yel|90+8}}
|goals2 = Pasang Tamang {{goal|4}} Karan Rai {{goal|65}}
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/53882 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53882 I-League]
|attendance = 1000
|motm = Pasang Dorjee Tamang (Mohun Bagan)
|referee = Suvajit Pramanik
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 6
|date = {{Start date|2025|07|26|df=y}}
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|score = 3–2
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = [[Jesin TK]] {{goal|9}} [[Sayan Banerjee]]{{goal|45+6}} Martand Raina {{yel|45+7}} Suman Dey {{yel|53}} Aman CK {{sentoff|2|63|90+8}} [[David Lalhlansanga|David]] {{goal|69}}, {{yel|70}} [[Debjit Majumder]] {{yel|90+8}}
|goals2 = Karan Rai {{yel|31}} Deeprobhat Ghosh {{yel|45}} Leewan Castanha {{goal|55}} [[Kiyan Nassiri]] {{goal|67}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/54144 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=54144 I-League]
|attendance = 14,350
|motm = Sayan Banerjee (East Bengal FC)
|referee = Aditya Purkayastha
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 7
|date = {{Start date|2025|08|13|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = Measurers Club
|score = 0–3 [[Walkover|w/o]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|report = https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/calcutta-football-league-points-of-mohun-bagan-deducted/
|attendance =
|motm =
|referee =
|result = L
|note = Mohun Bagan didn't field their team and as a result, they were deducted 2 points and IFA counted it as a 3–0 victory to Measurers.
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 8
|date = {{Start date|2025|08|21|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = Suruchi Sangha
|score = 1–1
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = [[Leewan Castanha]] {{yel|22}} Marshal Kisku {{yel|41}} Thumsol Tongisn {{yel|74}} Tushar Biswakarma {{goal|87}}
|goals2 = Balaram Mandi {{yel|19}} Tapan Halder {{yel|39}} Seijoseph Haokip {{goal|45+3}} Debjit Basak {{yel|74}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Naihati Stadium]]
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/54902 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=54902 I-League]
|attendance = 500
|motm = Tanmoy Ghosh (Suruchi Sangha)
|referee = Dipu Roy
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 9
|date = {{Start date|2025|08|24|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[BSS Sporting Club|Behala SS Sporting Club]]
|score = 2–5
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals2 = Shivam Munda {{goal|29||41||54}} Aditya Adhikary {{goal|63}} Karan Rai {{goal|88}}
|goals1 = Romin Goldar {{goal|48}} Tuhin Pore {{goal|50}} Vijay Kumar {{yel|52}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Naihati Stadium]]
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/54967 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=54967 I-League]
|attendance = 300
|motm = Shivam Munda (Mohun Bagan)
|referee = Dipak Singha
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 10
|date = {{Start date|2025|08|27|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Calcutta Customs Club]]
|score = 0–1
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = Piush Thakuri {{yel|24}} Marshal Kisku {{yel|90+6}}
|goals2 = Bishal Roy {{yel|25}} Zahid Yousif {{yel|61}} Batas Murmu {{yel|71}} Rahul Soren {{yel|76}} Rounak Pal {{goal|90+6}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Naihati Stadium]]
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/54999 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=54999 I-League]
|attendance = 700
|motm = Rounak Pal (Calcutta Customs)
|referee = Tarun Kumar Biswas
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 11
|date = {{Start date|2025|08|30|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Pathachakra
|score = 2–5
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = David Motla {{goal|14}} Sagun Soren {{yel|29}} Soumyajit Tarafder {{goal|69}} Ronaldo Murmu {{yel|82}}
|goals2 = Pasang Dorjee Tamang {{goal|6}} Karan Rai {{goal|24||48||65}} Nishar {{yel|37}} Piyush Thakuri {{goal|45}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Naihati Stadium]]
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/55126 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=55126 I-League]
|attendance = 300
|motm = Karan Rai (Mohun Bagan)
|referee = Rohan Das Gupta
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{sort dash}}
|round=12
|time=
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 3–0 [[Walkover|w/o]]
|report =
|note=[[Army Red football team|Army Red]] didn't field their team in group stage, thus IFA gave free 3 points to all other teams of Group A with 3–0 victory.
|team2=[[Army Red football team|Army Red]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=
|stadium=
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=W
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.mohunbaganclub.com/ Mohun Bagan]
* [https://theawayend.co/category/football-clubs/mohun-bagan-ac/mohun-bagan-super-giant/#google_vignette/ Away End]
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1874-mohun-bagan-super-giant-profile/ Indian Super League]
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season}}
[[Category:2025–26 Indian Super League season by team|Mohun Bagan SG]]
[[Category:2025–26 AFC Champions League Two participants seasons|Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]

Sher Shah Suri

2026-04-22T04:09:21Z

Meherhospital: expanded information for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Sultan of Hindustan from 1540 to 1545}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sher Shah Suri
| title = [[Sultan|Al-Sulṭān]] [[Adil|al-Āḍil]]{{efn|name="Al-Adil"|al-Āḍil was a title donned by Sher Shah, meaning "the Just King".}} [[Ustad|Usṭāḍ]]-i-[[Padishah|Bāḍshahān]]{{efn|name="Ustad"|Humayun, the rival of Sher Shah Suri, referred to Sher Shah as Ustad-i-Badshahan, meaning "Teacher of Kings".}} [[Hazrat|Hazraṭ]]-i-[[Ala (name)|Āla]]
| image = Painting of Sher Shah Suri (colored) from a manuscript of Tarikh-i-Khandan-i-Timuriya, prepared by the court painters of Mughal emperor Akbar, circa 16th century (Detailed).jpg
| caption = Painting of Sher Shah Suri from a manuscript of ''[[Tarikh e Khandan e Timuriyah|Tarikh-e-Khandan-e-Timuriyah]]'' (dated between {{circa|1570–1590}}), prepared by the court painters of Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]
| alt = Painting of Sher Shah Suri as depicted by Mughal courtiers
| succession = [[List of Indian monarchs|Sultan of Hindustan]] [[Sur Empire#List of rulers of the Sur Empire|Sur Emperor]]{{efn|name="Reign"|Sher Shah held his first coronation on 6 April 1538 after he captured Gauda, the capital of the Bengal Sultanate. However, his second coronation took place on 17 May 1540, after he defeated Humayun at the Battle of Kannuaj. Historians dispute when the Sur Empire was founded as a result, and both dates are used in different sources.}}
| succession2 = [[List of Indian monarchs|Hazrat-i-Ala of Bihar]]
| reign2 = 1530 – 6 April 1538
| predecessor2 = [[Noohani dynasty|Jalal Khan Lohani]]
| successor2 = ''Position abolished'' (''Himself'' as [[List of rulers of Bengal|Sultan of Bengal and Bihar]])
| succession1 = [[List of rulers of Bengal|Sultan of Bengal and Bihar]]
| reign1 = 6 April 1538 – 17 May 1540
| coronation1 = 6 April 1538, [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] (as [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultan of Bengal]])
| successor1 = ''Position abolished'' (''Himself'' as [[Emperor of Hindustan|Sultan of Hindustan]])
| reign = 17 May 1540 – 22 May 1545
| coronation = 17 May 1540, [[Kannauj]]
| predecessor = [[Humayun]] (as [[Mughal Emperor]])
| successor = [[Islam Shah Suri]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rani Shah|1506}} {{marriage|Lad Malika|1530}} {{marriage|Guhar Gusain|1530}}
| issue = [[Islam Shah Suri|Jalal Khan Suri]] Adil Khan Suri
| house = [[Sur (tribe)|Sur]]
| native_lang1_name1 = Pashto
| dynasty = [[Sur Empire|Suri]]
| full name = Farid al-Din Khan ({{lang|fa|فرید الدین خان}})
| father = Hasan Khan Sur
| birth_name = Farid al-Din Khan
| birth_date = 1472 or 1486
| birth_place = [[Sasaram]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| death_date = 22 May 1545 (aged 73 or 59)
| death_place = [[Kalinjar]], [[Sur Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Sher Shah Suri]], Sasaram
| signature = Seal of Sher Shah Suri.png
| signature_type = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Sur Empire]]
| branch = [[Sur Empire#Government and administration#Army|Sur Army]]
| battles = {{collapsible list
|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}
|[[Battle of Ghaghra|Battle of Ghaghra (1529)]]
|[[Sher Shah Suri#Reign in Bihar (1528–1538/1540)#Acquisition of Chunar (1530)|Acquisition of Chunar (1530)]]
|[[Sher Shah Suri#Reign in Bihar (1528–1538/1540)#First conflict with the Mughals (1530–1532)|Siege of Chunar (1532)]]
|[[Battle of Surajgarh|Battle of Surajgarh (1534)]]
|[[Sher Shah Suri#Reign in Bihar (1528–1538/1540)#Second Bengal campaign and conflict with the Mughals (1537–1540)|Siege of Gauda (1538)]]
|[[Battle of Chausa|Battle of Chausa (1539)]]
|[[Battle of Kannauj|Battle of Kannauj (1540)]]
|[[Malwa Sultanate#History#Restored Khalji dynasty|Conquest of Malwa (1542)]]
|[[Siege of Raisen|Siege of Raisen (1542–1543)]]
|[[Battle of Sammel|Battle of Sammel (1544)]]
|[[Kalinjar Fort#History#Medieval period|Siege of Kalinjar (1545)]]
}}
}}
}}
{{leadcite comment}}
'''Sher Shah Suri'''{{efn|{{langx|ps|ﺷﯧﺮ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ}}; {{langx|fa|شیرشاه سوری}}}} (born '''Farid al-Din Khan'''; 1472 or 1486 – 22 May 1545),{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=55}} also known by his title '''Sultan Adil''' ({{lit|the Just King}}), was the [[Emperor of Hindustan|Sultan of Hindustan]], as the first [[Sur Empire#List of rulers|Sur Emperor]], from 1540 until his death in 1545.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=33}} Prior to his ascension, he also served as the ruler of [[Bihar]] (1530–1540) and [[Bengal]] (1538–1540). He established the [[Sur Empire]] after defeating the [[Mughal Empire]] and declaring [[Delhi]] his seat of power. The influence of his innovations and reforms extended far beyond his brief reign, being recognized as one of the greatest administrative rulers in India. Sher Shah is renowned as one of the most skillful [[Afghans|Afghan]] generals in history,{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=216}} and by the end of his reign, his empire covered nearly all of [[Northern India]].

Born between [[#Early life and origin (1472/1486–1497)|1472 and 1486]] and given the name Farid Khan, his early childhood saw him flee from home due to internal family strife. He pursued an education in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], where his rise to power began after his father offered him a managerial position over his [[jagir]]s. Sher Shah effectively governed these territories, gaining a reputation for his reforms that brought prosperity to the region. However, due to family intrigues, he eventually relinquished his position over the jagirs. Sher Shah then moved to [[Agra]], where he stayed until his father's death. This event allowed him to return to his family's jagirs and take control, thereby solidifying his leadership and furthering his rise to power.

Sher Shah spent time in Agra after the Mughals gained power, observing the leadership of [[Babur]]. After leaving Agra, he entered the service of the governor of Bihar. Following the governor's death in 1528, Sher Shah obtained a high position in Bihar and, by 1530, became the [[regent]] and de facto ruler of the [[Noohani dynasty|kingdom]]. He engaged in conflicts with the local nobility and the [[Sultanate of Bengal]]. In 1538, while Mughal Emperor [[Humayun]] was engaged in military campaigns elsewhere, Sher Shah overran the Bengal Sultanate and established the Suri dynasty. He defeated the Mughals and drove them out of India, establishing himself as emperor in Delhi. As ruler of Hindustan, Sher Shah led numerous military campaigns, conquering [[Punjab]], [[Malwa]], [[Marwar]], [[Mewar]], and [[Bundelkhand]]. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah was both a gifted administrator and a capable general. His reorganization of the empire and strategic innovations laid the foundations for future Mughal emperors, notably [[Akbar]]. Sher Shah died in May 1545 while besieging [[Kalinjar fort]]. Following his death, the empire descended into civil war until it was eventually [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)|re-conquered]] by the Mughals.

During his rule as Emperor of the Sur Empire, Sher Shah implemented numerous economic, administrative, and military reforms. He issued the first [[Rupiya]], organized the postal system of the [[Indian subcontinent]], as well as extending the [[Grand Trunk Road]] from [[Chittagong]] in [[Bengal]] to [[Kabul]] in Afghanistan, significantly improving trade. Sher Shah further developed Humayun's Dina-panah city, renaming it [[Purana Qila|Shergarh]], and revived the historical city of [[Pataliputra]], which had been in decline since the 7th century CE, as [[Patna]].<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Patna.html Patna] encyclopedia.com.</ref> Additionally, he embarked on several military campaigns that restored [[Pashtuns|Afghan]] prominence in India.

==Name and title==
His birth name was Farid al-Din Khan.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=55}} After 1526, he was conferred the title Sher Khan, and following his ascension as Sultan of Hindustan in 1540, he became known as Sher Shah.<ref>{{harvnb|Kolff|2002|p=33}}: "The names Farid (proper name), Sher Khan (title conferred about 1526) and Sher Shah (title as sultan of Hindustan from 1540 onwards)"</ref> His full title was ''Al‑Sultān al‑ʿĀdil Abū’l‑Muzzafar Farīd al‑Dunyā wa’d‑Dīn Sher Shah Khallada Allāhu Mulkahu wa Saltanahu''.{{efn|{{lang|fa|السلطان العادل ابوالمظفر فرید الدنیا و الدین شیر شاہ خلد اللہ ملکہ و سلطنہ}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=AR rupee of Sher Shah Suri (1538-1545), 948 AH, NM, Delhi Sultanate (D |url=https://www.numismall.com/products/w6263 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=NumisMall.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sher Shah Suri’s Silver Rupee |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/7893-sher-shah-suris-silver-rupee/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Mintage World |language=en}}</ref>

His surname 'Suri' was taken from his Pashtun [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)|Sur]] tribe.{{sfn|Khan|2022|p=130}} He was a distant kinsman to [[Babur|Babur's]] brother-in-law, Mir Shah Jamal, who remained loyal to Humayun. The name ''Sher'' (means ''lion'' in Persian and ''tiger'' in Indo-Persian) was conferred upon him for his courage when, as a young man, he killed a tiger that leapt suddenly upon the governor of Bihar, Behar Khan Lohani.{{sfn|Qanungo|1965|p=71-72}}<ref name=EBSur>{{cite web |title=Sur Dynasty |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Sur-dynasty |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and origin (1472/1486–1497)==
Sher Shah was born in [[Sasaram]], located in present-day [[Bihar]], India. His birthdate is disputed, with some accounts stating he was born in 1472,{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=71}}{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=157}} while others claim 1486.{{sfn|Wright|Wright|2015|p=402}} He was of [[Pashtun]] [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] origin, belonging to the [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)|Sur]] clan.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=57}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163}}

Sher Shah's grandfather, Ibrahim Khan Sur, migrated from the region of [[Roh (historical region)|Roh]] in present-day Afghanistan in the reign of [[Bahlol Lodi]] and began his career as a horse trader, eventually becoming a landlord (Jagirdar) in the [[Narnaul]] area of present-day [[Haryana]]. He represented his patron, Jamal Khan Lodi Sarangkhani, who assigned him several villages in [[Hisar (city)|Hissar Firoza]].{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=43}} Sher Shah's father, Hasan Khan Sur, entered the service of Jamal Khan. In 1494, Jamal Khan was promoted and established in Bihar by [[Sikandar Khan Lodi]]. At Jamal Khan's request, Sikandar granted Hasan the jagirs of Khwaspur, Sasaram, and [[Hajipur]] in Bihar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=71}}

Hasan had several wives and fathered over eight sons, with Nizam Khan being Sher Shah's only full brother.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=72}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163}}<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Shēr Shah of Sūr |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067304/Sher-Shah-of-Sur |access-date=23 August 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> His step-brothers were Sulaiman, Ahmad and Muda who were from a [[Concubinage|concubine]]. One of Sher Shah's stepmothers was cruel to him, and Hasan, being too submissive to his wife, was unable to intervene. As a result, Sher Shah sought refuge with Jamal Khan, aiming to gain experience and further his education.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=72}}

Sher Shah pursued his education in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] for several years, studying subjects such as history and religion. On one occasion, Hasan visited Jamal Khan in Jaunpur and encountered some of Sher Shah's relatives, who spoke of Sher Shah's potential for future greatness. Impressed by these accounts, Hasan invited Sher Shah to manage his domains in 1497.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=164}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=72}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=72}}

===Rise to power (1497–1528)===
[[File:Sher Shah Suri by Breshna.jpg|thumb|alt=An imaginative sketch of Sher Shah Suri|Imagined sketch of Sher Shah Suri by Afghan artist [[Abdul Ghafoor Breshna]]]]
Sher Shah accepted his father's offer and embarked on implementing numerous reforms. His early administrative career focused on combating corruption. One of Sher Shah's significant reforms as administrator of his father's domains was the assessment of land revenues, along with defining and establishing commissions for tax collectors. However, despite these reforms, Sher Shah faced resentment and intrigue from his stepmother, who had initially forced him to flee, and his step-brothers. This opposition eventually led to Sher Shah resigning from his post in 1518, after serving as manager for 21 years.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=72}} Following his resignation, he initially engaged in [[banditry]] before departing for [[Agra]], which was under the rule of the [[Lodi dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and gained the support of [[Daulat Khan Lodi]].{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163-164}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=72}}

Sher Shah remained in Agra until his father's death, after which he received his father's [[jagir]]s from Sultan [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]] which were initially held by his step-brother Sulaiman Khan. Returning to his jagirs in 1520–21, Sher Shah began administering them while in the service of [[Noohani dynasty|Behar Khan Lohani]]. Conflict emerged however over the split of his father's land between his brothers, and [[Muhammad Khan Sur]] initially drove Sher Shah from the estate by defeating one of his governors.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=73}}{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=72-74}} In 1526, the Lodis were [[First Battle of Panipat|overthrown]], bringing the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] to power under [[Babur]].{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=30-31}}{{sfn|Davis|2000|p=181}} During this time, Behar Khan Lohani established an independent state in Bihar and assumed the title of Sultan Muhammad. With the aid of Junaid Khan, the Mughal governor of Jaunpur, Sher Shah joined Mughal service. In April 1527, after [[Babur]] launched a campaign against the Afghans in Bihar, Sher Shah distinguished himself, and his estates were restored in 1528.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=74}}{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=43}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=73-74}}

With his jagirs secured, Sher Shah accompanied Junaid Khan to Agra, where he met Mughal Emperor Babur.{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=}} During this time, Sher Shah was conferred the title of Sher Khan after killing a [[tiger]] that leapt upon the ruler of Bihar.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=73}}{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=33}} Sher Shah remained in Agra, observing Mughal military organization and administration.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=164-165}}

Once, while dining with [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] Babur, Sher Shah encountered a dish he was unfamiliar with eating. In response, he drew his [[dagger]], cut the dish into smaller pieces, and then ate it with a spoon. Babur took notice and informed his minister, [[Mir Khalifa]]:

{{blockquote|Keep an eye on Sher Khan, he is a clever man and the marks of royalty are visible on his forehead. I have seen many Afghan nobles, greater men than he, but they never made an impression on me, but as soon as I saw this man, it entered into my mind that he ought to be arrested for I find in him the qualities of greatness and the marks of mightiness.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=162}}|[[Babur]]}}

Suspecting a rising plot against him, Sher Shah departed Agra and left Mughal service, returning to his Jagirs in 1528. He sought refuge under the protection of Sultan Muhammad of Bihar. Upon Sher Shah's arrival, he was warmly received and appointed as the guardian of Muhammad's son, Jalal Khan.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=164-165}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=74}}

==Reign in Bihar (1528–1538/1540)==
In October 1528, Sultan Mohammad of Bihar died, and his queen, Dudu Bibi, assumed the role of [[regent]]. Sher Shah was appointed as her deputy governor, allowing him to begin consolidating his position in the region through a myriad of military and administrative reforms.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=74}} These reforms significantly strengthened his position, making him one of the most influential Afghan leaders in India.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=165}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=74-75}}

In 1529, Sher Shah anticipated joining Mahmud Lodi, the younger brother of [[Ibrahim Lodi]], in his [[insurrection]] against the Mughals that rallied most of the significant Afghan leaders in India. Sher Shah, however, recognized the division among the Afghans and Mahmud's incompetence, thus refusing to aid Mahmud. Intending for the unification of all Afghan leaders, Mahmud marched with his army to Sasaram, persuading Sher Shah to join the rebellion. Hesitatingly, Sher Shah accompanied the expedition with his own set of men, and the insurrection initially succeeded, capturing [[Ghazipur]] and [[Banaras]]. However, upon the arrival of Mughal forces, Mahmud Lodi abandoned the army. After this, many Afghan nobles including Sher Shah submitted to Babur.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=75}} In early 1530, the death of Dudu Bibi enabled Sher Shah to become the regent for Jalal Khan, effectively making him the de facto ruler of Bihar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=166}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=75-76}}

Despite his growing power, many of the Lohani nobles opposed Sher Shah's dominance. Although he offered to share power, the Lohani nobles rejected his proposal and instead fled to Bengal with Jalal Khan, seeking the support of [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]], the [[List of rulers of Bengal#Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)|ruler]] of the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. Consequently, Sher Shah became the sole ruler of [[Bihar]]. However, he did not adopt any grand titles, preferring to style himself as Hazrat-i-Ala.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=166}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=76-77}}

===Acquisition of Chunar (1530)===
[[File:North view of the fort of Chunargarh on the Ganges from across the river..jpg|thumb|right|alt=Depiction of Chunar fort from its northern view across the Ganges River|View of Chunar fort from the north across the Ganges river]]
Taj Khan, the governor of [[Chunar]], was assassinated by his stepson. In the aftermath, his wealthy widow, Lad Malika, sought a protector to secure her position. Recognizing Sher Shah's growing influence, she agreed to marry him. Through these negotiations, which were kept secret from Taj Khan's sons, Sher Shah gained control of Chunar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=166}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=74-75}} This acquisition significantly bolstered Sher Shah's power and influence in the region, as he now controlled a significant fort and a large treasury.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=77}}

===First conflict with the Mughals (1530–1532)===
[[File:Mughal Emperor Humayun (Mughal art, circa 1650).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Depiction of Mughal Emperor Humayun|Portrait of Mughal Emperor Humayun seated in a garden]]
The death of Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] in December 1530 saw the Afghan insurrection rejuvenated, and Mahmud Lodi again returned.<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia">{{Cite web |title=Rule of Afghans |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rule_of_Afghans |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> Sher Shah immediately ignored Mahmud's attempts of garnering Sher Shah's aid until he was promised all of Southern [[Bihar]]. After further being visited by Mahmud, Sher Shah acquiesced. The combined Afghan forces marched on [[Banaras]] and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], with Junaid Khan withdrawing to Agra.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=53}} The Afghan forces followed up their victories by seizing [[Lucknow]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=77-78}}

Humayun, entrenched in a siege of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]], immediately withdrew, crossing the [[Ganges]] and began a battle against Mahmud Lodi at Dadrah in 1531. The Afghan forces were decisively defeated, and the coalition was shattered.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=53}} Mahmud Lodi fled to [[Orrisa]], while Sher Shah emerged on top by keeping Southern Bihar.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=78}}

Humayun followed up his victory by [[Siege|besieging]] Chunar, a fortress owned by Sher Shah, in September 1532. The siege continued for over four months to no avail. In order to make peace, Sher Shah offered his loyalty to the Mughals on the condition that he remained in control of Chunar, offering to send his third son, Qutb Khan, as hostage. Humayun accepted and lifted the siege in December 1532, returning to [[Agra]] due to the rising threat of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], the ruler of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. Humayun did not wish to split up his forces under the command of a noble to continue the siege, as this would split his strength, additionally giving reason for peace to be established.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=212-213}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=167}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=78}}

===Lohani conflict and Bengal campaign (1533–1537)===
{{main|Battle of Surajgarh}}
Makhdum Alam, the administrator of [[Hajipur]],{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=}} refused to recognize [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] as the [[Bengal Sultanate#List of dynasties|Sultan of Bengal]], accusing him of assassinating the previous Sultan, [[Alauddin Firuz Shah II|Alauddin Firuz]]. He formed an alliance with Sher Shah, who saw this as an opportunity to crush the power of the Lohani nobles allied with Mahmud Shah. Mahmud Shah sent several expeditions against Sher Shah, which were all defeated. Makhdum Alam however, was killed, and his estates fell to Sher Shah upon his death.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=46}} In 1534, Mahmud Shah sent an army of [[artillery]], [[cavalry]] and [[infantry]] under Ibrahim Khan to conquer Bihar, with Jalal Khan accompanying the campaign.{{sfn|Ahmed|2012}} However, Sher Shah launched a sudden attack on the combined forces of the Lohani chiefs of Bihar and Mahmud Shah of Bengal, defeating them at Surajgarh in March 1534, winning a decisive victory.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=76}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=79}} Ibrahim Khan was killed during the battle, and Jalal Khan was forced to retreat to Bengal. Following the victory, Sher Shah consolidated his control over Bihar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=167}}

Between 1536 and 1537, Sher Shah followed up his victories by invading Bengal and defeating Mahmud Shah numerous times, occupying all lands west of the [[Teliagarhi]] pass. Mahmud Shah repeatedly requested the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] to aid him, which they did by fortifying the Teliaghari and [[Sakrigali]] passes. Sher Shah, however, out-flanked the combined armies and reached [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] by way of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Mahmud_Shah |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> Mahmud Shah immediately capitulated, and was forced to pay over 13,000,000 gold coins, and cede territory up to Sakrigali.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=79}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=215}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=41}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=76}}

===Second Bengal campaign and conflict with the Mughals (1537–1540)===
{{main|Battle of Chausa|Battle of Kannauj}}
[[File:Sher Shah Suri's capture of Rohtasgarh fort.png|thumb|alt=Capture of Rohtasgarh by Sher Shah Suri|Depiction of Sher Shah's capture of Rohtasgarh fort through stratagem]]
Eager to conquer the Bengal Sultanate, Sher Shah prepared for another invasion, and an opportunity came when Mahmud Shah failed to send annual tribute, forcing him to seek refuge in Gaur and frantically ask [[Humayun]] for aid.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=80}} In response, Humayun mobilized a [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] in July 1537, and advanced towards [[Chunar Fort|Chunar]]. The Mughals reached the fort in November 1537 and laid siege to it. The siege lasted over six months before the fort finally fell. Following this, Sher Shah began a second invasion into Bengal, seizing [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtasgarh]] in March 1538 through stratagem. He used Rohtasgarh to situate Afghan families and loot he obtained during the war. Following up his victory, Sher Shah besieged Gauda, which fell in April 1538. Split detachments would also be sent to conquer [[Chittagong]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=80-82}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=41}}<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia"/> Another force battled against Mahmud Shah led by [[Khawas Khan Marwat]], a general of Sher Shah, which saw Mahmud Shah decisively defeated and mortally wounded.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=82}} With these victories, Sher Shah held his first coronation.{{sfn|Jenkins|2015|p=64}}

After the fall of Gauda, Sher Shah offered favorable peace terms to Humayun, proposing to pay 1,000,000 dinars, and cede Bihar in exchange for control of Bengal. Humayun refused the offer, not wishing to leave Bengal's rich resources to a hostile state. Additionally, the wounded Mahmud Shah, who had entered Humayun's camp, urged him to continue the war against Sher Shah. Mahmud Shah died from his wounds soon after.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=215-216}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=168}}

Following this, Humayun marched towards Bengal to confront Sher Shah. However, the Mughal army was troubled with heavy rains, causing the loss of their baggage between [[Patna]] and [[Munger|Monghyr]]. Humayun eventually reached [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] and seized it without opposition on 8 September 1538. However, the city had been abandoned by the Afghans, and the treasury looted.<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia"/> Humayun remained in Gauda for months, restoring order to the city, as he was trapped with his army due to the weather. Sher Shah capitalized on this, seizing Bihar and [[Varanasi]], reclaiming control over Chunar, and laying siege to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]. Other detachments of the Afghan army extended as far as [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=84}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=168}} As a result, Humayun found himself effectively stranded in Gauda with no lines of communication. Learning of unrest in [[Agra]], Humayun immediately sought to settle for peace with Sher Shah. However, as he crossed the [[Karmanasa River]], where his army was vulnerable to attack, Sher Shah capitalized on the Mughal army's fragile state and attacked at the [[Battle of Chausa]]. The Afghans descended on the Mughal army, which was 200,000 strong.{{sfn|Mahajan|2007|p=40}} Overwhelmed, the Mughal army was completely [[rout]]ed.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=86}} Humayun barely escaped with his life, with the Mughals suffering over 7,000 casualties, including many prominent noblemen.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=216-217}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=42}}

With his defeat, Humayun returned to Agra, and restored order after unrest began due to his brother, [[Hindal Mirza]]. Humayun then began mobilizing another army and advanced against Sher Shah, who raised his own army, although being numerically inferior. The two armies met at [[Battle of Kannauj|Kannuaj]], mirroring each other across the [[Ganges]] river. Humayun crossed the river and engaged in skirmishes with Sher Shah's forces. During the fighting, many of Humayun's nobles hid their insignia to avoid recognition by the Afghans, and several fled the battle. The Mughal army was ultimately defeated, forcing Humayun to flee. Following this victory, Sher Shah was crowned a second time on 17 May 1540, being declared the ruler of [[Hindustan]] and adopting the epithet Sultan Adil, meaning "Just King." He further took on the name Sher Shah.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=33}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=217}}

==Reign as Sur emperor (1540–1545)==
{{main|Sur Empire}}
[[File:Portrait of Sher Shah Sur. Water colour painting.png|thumb|right|upright|alt=Watercolour painting of Sher Shah Suri|Illustration of Sher Shah Suri]]

===Consolidation and Punjab campaign (1540–1542)===
As Humayun fled, Sher Shah pursued him with split detachments. He then seized [[Agra]], defeating the Mughals there, and sent Khawas in pursuit of Humayun. The pursuit and flight of Humayun allowed Sher Shah to capture and enter [[Delhi]], beginning the consolidation of his rule there by reorganizing its administration.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=830}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=168-169}} As Humayun reached Lahore in July 1540, the Afghans were at [[Sultanpur Lodhi]]. With the approach of the Afghans, the Mughals fled Lahore. At [[Khushab]], Humayun and Kamran quarreled and parted ways, with Humayun leaving for [[Sindh]], and Kamran to [[Kabul]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=89}}

As Humayun began withdrawing, Khawas Khan initially gave up the pursuit, halting on the [[Jhelum]] river. Sher Shah then advanced from [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] toward Lahore, and then continued toward the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] river before arriving at Khushab. At Khushab, Sher Shah sent two detachments under Khawas Khan and Qutb Khan to pursue Humayun and his contingent out of the region. The pursuit continued as far as the [[Panjnad River]] before withdrawing back to Khushab and merging with Sher Shah's force.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=89}}

Remaining encamped at Khushab, Sher Shah received the submission of Baloch chiefs, including prominently Ismail Khan, Fateh Khan, Ghazi Khan, and many others who inhabited the region between the Chenab and the [[Indus]] rivers.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=89-90}} Sher Shah then entered into conflict with the [[Gakhars]], who had historically been difficult to subjugate despite attempts by previous rulers. Sher Shah initially attempted diplomacy, inviting the Gakhar chief [[Sarang Khan Gakhar|Sarang Khan]] to acknowledge him as the emperor of India. However, he gave an insulting response, which enraged Sher Shah. In retaliation, Sher Shah marched through Punjab, subjugating the Gakhars, devastating much of the countryside, and taking many prisoners. To further secure his rule, Sher Shah established [[Rohtas Fort]] and stationed 50,000 men in Punjab under his generals [[Haibat Khan Niazi]] and Khawas Khan Marwat.{{sfn|Qanungo|1921|p=236}} Subsequently, Sher Shah turned his attention to Bengal, where the governor he had appointed had become rebellious.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=77}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=90}}

===Reforms in Bengal (1541)===
Recognizing the importance of [[Bengal]], Sher Shah focused much of his administrative efforts in the region. In March 1541, [[Khidr Khan Surak|Khijir Khan]], the governor of Bengal under Sher Shah, led a revolt, as well as marrying a daughter of the former Sultan, Mahmud Shah.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=77}} Sher Shah mobilized an army and personally led it to defeat Khijir Khan, restoring Bengal to his suzerainty. He then divided Bengal into 47 smaller administrative divisions, each overseen by a [[Sikdar|shiqdar]], with [[Qazi Fazilat|Kazi Fajilot]] established as the chief supervisor of the [[Mukhtar|Muqtars]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=90-91}}{{sfn|Qanungo|1921|p=237-244}} These reforms increased the prominence of Afghans in Bengal, leading many to settle in the region. Some of these Afghan settlers later established the [[Bengal Sultanate#List of dynasties|Muhammad Shahi dynasty]], which ruled Bengal from 1553 to 1563, and the [[Karrani dynasty]], which ruled from 1563 to 1576.<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia"/>{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=169}}

===Conquest and consolidation of Malwa (1542)===
In 1542, Sher Shah embarked on a campaign to [[Malwa]]. Qadir Khan, the ruler of the [[Malwa Sultanate]], had offended Sher Shah by claiming he was equal to him, as well as failing pledged aid against the Mughals. Upon arriving in [[Gwalior]], the governor of the city submitted to the Afghans. The Afghan army continued their march to [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]]. Believing defeat was imminent, Qadir Khan left [[Ujjain]] and awaited at Sarangpur for Sher Shah's arrival. Sher Shah received him, and they together advanced into Ujjain. Sher Shah then made Qadir Khan the governor of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]]. However, suspicious of Sher Shah's intentions, Qadir Khan fled to [[Gujarat]], leaving Malwa annexed to Sher Shah's domain.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=91}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=169}}

Sher Shah consolidated his new territories before returning to Agra, also receiving submission from the ruler of [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]].{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=170}} Shujaat Khan was appointed as the new governor of Malwa, with further attempts from Qadir Khan to reclaim Malwa ending in failure against Shujaat Khan.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=91}}

===Conquest of Raisen (1543)===
{{Main|Siege of Chanderi|Puran Mal}}
After the death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, [[Puran Mal]] regained control of [[Raisen]], which had been annexed by Bahadur Shah in 1532. Following the re-capture of the city, Puran Mal was accused of committing tyrannies unto the Muslim populace, which Puran Mal denied.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=78}} After assembling an army, the Rajputs, facing defeat, surrendered under the promise of safe conduct. Puran Mal withdrew from the fort with 4,000 Rajputs, including their families. However, after being ill-advised by fanatic Muslims, as well as Muslim widows appealing to him after allegedly suffering under Puran Mal's rule, Sher Shah gave permission for the Afghan army to attack the Rajputs while they were still leaving the fort. The Rajputs killed their women and children before engaging in battle with the Afghans, before being defeated as the Afghans massacred them.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=170}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=78}} This act is considered the darkest mark on Sher Shah's reign.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=92}}

===Conquest of Marwar (1543–1544)===
{{Main|Battle of Sammel}}
[[File:H0900-L185162829.jpg|alt=Depiction of Rao Maldeo Rathore|Portrait of Rao Maldeo Rathore|thumb|right]]
Having initially attempted to aid Humayun in regaining his throne, as well as having failed to capture Humayun for Sher Shah, and Marwar itself being a formidable kingdom and threat to his rule, Sher Shah began preparing for war in August 1542.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=93-95}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=80}}

In early 1543, Sher Shah Suri, with a force of 80,000 cavalry, set out against [[Maldeo Rathore]], the [[Rajput]] king of [[Marwar]]. The Afghan army advanced through Merta before Maldeo advanced with his own army of 50,000 to face Sher Shah, which had halted in the village of Sammel in the pargana of [[Jaitaran]], near [[Jodhpur]].{{sfn|Hooja|2006|p=526-527}} Establishing defenses, Sher Shah's strong position made it difficult for Maldeo to launch an attack,{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=80}} while Sher Shah's position became dangerous due to supply difficulties for his large army. Sher Shah thus resorted to intrigue by dropping forged letters near Maldeo's camp, falsely indicating that some of his commanders intended to defect to the Afghans. This caused great distress to Maldeo, leading him to abandon his commanders and retreat to Jodhpur with his men.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=95}}{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2006|p=81-82}}

Maldeo's generals, Jaita and Kumpa, split off a contingent of 12,000 men to fight against the Afghans. In the resulting Battle of Sammel, Sher Shah emerged victorious.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2006|p=81-82}} Following the victory, Khawas Khan Marwat took possession of Jodhpur and occupied the territory of Marwar from [[Ajmer]] to [[Mount Abu]] in 1544, with [[Kingdom of Bikaner|Bikaner]] also submitting to Afghan rule.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2006|p=81-82}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=95-98}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=80}} Maldeo was initially forced to retreat to [[Siwana]], however after the death of Sher Shah he was able to recapture Jodhpur by July 1545 and the rest of his territories by 1546. In doing so he had to defeat the chain of garrisons that had been posted by Sher Shah before his death.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|p=531}}

==Death (1545)==
{{Further|Sher Shah Suri Tomb}}
[[File:Sher Shah Suri Tomb.jpg|thumb|alt=Tomb of Sher Shah Suri|Tomb of Sher Shah Suri at Sasaram]]
Following the conquest of Marwar, Sher Shah besieged [[Kalinjar Fort]] in 1544. Due to continuous resistance from the Rajputs, he besieged the fort for seven months.{{sfn|Rizvi|2005|p=101}} The circumstances regarding Sher Shah's death are uncertain. Some sources state that he was mortally wounded by a [[gunpowder]] explosion when one of his cannons burst. Another account suggests that during a battle, as he descended from a [[Rampart (fortification)|rampart]] and ordered his men to hurl bombs into the fort, one bomb fell back and hit a cache of bombs, causing a large explosion. Some people escaped with minor burns, while Sher Shah was found [[Burn|half-burned]] and taken to his tent, where he remained for two days. Despite his critical condition, he ordered his men to swarm the fort, advancing close to the fort with his troops.{{sfn|Qanungo|1921|p=338-340}} Upon hearing that the fort had finally fallen, he remarked, "Thanks to Almighty god." Sher Shah succumbed to his [[Mortal wound|wounds]] and died on 22 May 1545, at the age of 73 or 59.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=830}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=97}}

[[File:The Sur Empire at its height.png|thumb|left|alt=Sher Shah's empire at its height in 1545|The Sur Empire at its height prior to the death of Sher Shah {{Circa|1545}}]]
At the end of his reign, Sher Shah's empire spanned nearly the entirety of Northern India, excluding [[Assam]], [[Kashmir]], [[Gujarat]], and the [[North-West Frontier Province]].{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=182}} Sher Shah's [[heir apparent]] was his eldest son, Adil Khan. However, Jalal Khan was more favored by the nobility and seen as more experienced. As a result, Jalal Khan was invited by the nobility to be crowned, becoming Sher Shah's successor, and taking the [[regnal name]] [[Islam Shah Suri]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=424-425}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=220}} Sher Shah was buried in the [[tomb of Sher Shah Suri]], which stands in the middle of an artificial lake at [[Sasaram]], a town on the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The tomb finished its construction on 16 August 1545, three months after his death.{{sfn|Asher|1977|p=273-298}}

[[Hermann Goetz (art historian)|Hermann Goetz]] posited that one of the motivations for Sher Shah choosing his birthplace, Sasaram, as the site of his tomb, was that:

{{blockquote|For Sher Shah ... [Sasaram] was the very symbol of his life and glory.{{sfn|Asher|1977|p=273-298}}|author=|title=|source=}}

Decades after his death, the [[Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi]] was commissioned by Akbar to detail the reign of Sher Shah. Written by [[Abbas Sarwani]], the source was significant toward detailing the conquest of Bengal by Sher Shah as well as the magnitude of his reforms, and greatly benefited in contribution towards the history of medieval India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi – Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Tarikh-i-Sher_Shahi |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref><ref>''Abbas Sarwani'', I.H. Siddiqui, '''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''', Vol. XII, ed. P.J.Bearman, T. Bianquis, C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P.Heinrichs, (Brill, 2004), 1.</ref><ref>''Abbas Khān Sarwānī and the Tuḥfa-yi Akbar Shāhī. A Critical Study'', Rahim Raza, '''East and West''', 143.</ref>

==Children and succession==
[[File:Islam Shah Suri.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Depiction of Islam Shah Suri|Illustration of Islam Shah Suri, son and successor of Sher Shah]]
Sher Shah had two surviving sons upon his death, Jalal Khan (known as [[Islam Shah Suri]]), and Adil Khan. Conflict emerged after Sher Shah's death and Islam Shah was victorious after a battle at [[Agra]], with Adil Khan fleeing and his fate unknown.{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=94-95}} Islam Shah would rule until his death in 1553, being succeeded by his minor son, [[Firuz Shah Suri]] who was assassinated by [[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Muhammad Adil Shah]], a nephew of Sher Shah from his full brother, Nizam Khan.{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=424-431}}

The turbulence of succession and the instability afterward in the reign of Adil Shah unraveled the Sur Empire, including the rise of many military adventurers such as [[Taj Khan Karrani]] in Bihar, [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]] in [[Bayana]], [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] in Lahore, and [[Muhammad Khan Sur]] in Bengal.{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=431-433}}

Initially having aborted an attempt against Islam Shah in 1553,{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=428}} Humayun returned to invade India. Capitalizing off of the instability to invade the Punjab, Mughal forces seized Lahore without opposition due to the civil war, and Afghan forces were defeated at [[Battle of Machhiwara|Machhiwara]]. Sikander Shah attempted to give battle to Humayun at [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)|Sirhind]] before being defeated as well, allowing the Mughals to re-occupy Delhi.{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=432-433}}

==Legacy and reforms==
===Currency===
[[File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Coinage of Sher Shah Suri|''Rupiya'' released by Sher Shah Suri, 1538–1545 CE, was the first [[Rupee]]]]
The system of tri-metalism that came to characterize Mughal coinage was introduced by Sher Shah.{{sfn|Thomas|1967|p=403}} While the term ''rūpya'' had previously been used as a generic term for any silver coin, during his rule the term ''rūpee'' came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern [[rupee]].<ref name="RBI">{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |title=Mughal Coinage |website=[[RBI Monetary Museum]] |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> The ''Rupee'' is today used as the national currency in India, [[Indonesia]], the [[Maldives]], [[Mauritius]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Seychelles]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. [[Gold coin]]s called the ''[[Mohur]]'' weighing 169 grains and copper [[coin]]s called [[Paisa]] were also minted during his reign.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=107}}<ref name="RBI"/> According to numismatists Goron and Goenka, it is clear from coins dated AH 945 (1538 AD) that Sher Shah had assumed the royal title of Farid al-Din Sher Shah and had coins struck in his own name prior to the [[battle of Chausa]].{{sfn|Goron|Goenka|2001|p=98}}

===Provincial and local administration===
Historians widely acclaim Sher Shah for his administrative ability, being referred to as one of the greatest Administrators in India. Some of his reforms took off the institutions of [[Alauddin Khalji]].{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=187}}{{sfn|Staff|Rao|1989|p=41}} The Sur Empire was divided into many [[Subdivision (land)|subdivisions]] called [[Iqtas]], which were often ruled by military governors. [[Haibat Khan Niazi|Haibat Khan]], who governed the Punjab, commanded over 30,000 men and could distribute jagirs to his soldiers. [[Khawas Khan Marwat|Khawas Khan]], another military governor, ruled over [[Rajasthan]] with a force of over 20,000 men. The heads of Iqtas were known by various titles such as [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]], [[Faujdar]], or Momin and typically commanded bodies of men usually numbering less than 5,000. Their responsibilities included maintaining order and enforcing law within their jurisdictions.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=176}}

Iqtas were further divided into [[districts]] known as [[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkars]], each overseen by two chief officers: the Shiqar and the Munsif. The Shiqar was responsible for civil administration and could field 200–300 soldiers to maintain law and order. The Munsif handled [[Tax revenue|revenue collection]] and civil justice, while chief Shiqars often dealt with criminal justice cases.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=176-177}}

Sarkars were in turn divided into smaller units called [[Parganas]], which consisted of a town and its surrounding villages. Each Pargana had a Shiqar, a Munsif, a Fotdar (treasurer), and a Karkun (clerk) proficient in [[Hindi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. The Shiqar of a Pargana was a military officer under the Sarkar's Shiqar's oversight and was responsible for maintaining stability and assisting the Munsif in land revenue collection and measurement. The Munsif in the Pargana was under the supervision of the chief Munsif in the Sarkar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=177}}
[[File:Panchayat India.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A modern Panchayat in India|An open Panchayat in Narsingarh, Madhya Pradesh]]
Villages within the Parganas often operated autonomously and were governed by assemblies called [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]]. This was respected by Sher Shah during his reign. These assemblies consisted of village elders who managed local needs and enforced community-specific punishments. The village chief acted as a liaison between the village and the higher levels of government.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=177-178}}

===Religious policy===
The religious policy of Sher Shah is debated amongst historians. Dr. Qanungo states that Sher Shah upheld religious tolerance toward [[Hindus]]. Ram Sharma states that Sher Shah Suri was heavily devoted to his faith, always praying the [[Salah|five prayers]], while also claiming that Sher Shah's wars against the Rajputs were a [[Jihad]]. The war against [[Puran Mal]] in particular was described as a Jihad, and his treatment of [[Maldeo Rathore|Maldeo]] were argued as signs of [[religious intolerance]]. However, Sher Shah was always tolerant of Hindus. He did not bear grudges against them or wage [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|anti-Hindu propaganda]].{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=53}}<ref name="Britannica" />

Srivastava elaborates, stating that Sher Shah's balanced approach satisfied his fellow Muslims despite his lenient treatment of Hindus. His policy was that Islam would hold supremacy over the lands he conquered, but without displacing [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=53-54}}

===Military===
Noted by historians as an excellent military leader,{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=187}} Sher Shah invited [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghans]] from across the empire as well as [[Afghanistan]], giving them high positions and personally taking an interest in recruiting troops. Sher Shah promoted individuals based on merit rather than [[nepotism]]. The Afghan army emphasized [[cavalry]], while their [[infantry]] were armed with [[muskets]]. One of his military reforms included dividing his army into divisions, each led by a commander. Discipline was strict, with provisions supplied by [[Banjaras]] who accompanied the army. Roles were assigned through the Dagh system, which also helped root out foreign spies.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=49}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=102}} Salaries for soldiers were established at a fixed rate, and salaries were often regular.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=187}}

During Sher Shah's first Bengal campaign from 1536 to 1537, his army was reportedly 240,000 strong, comprising 40,000 horsemen, 200,000 Infantry, 1,500 elephants, and 300 boats. In his second invasion from 1537 to 1538, his forces were said to include 100,000 horsemen and 300,000 footmen. These figures are likely exaggerated.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=51}} A distressed Mughal commander in 1535 reported that Sher Shah only had 6,000 horsemen, while merely a few years later, he had over 70,000. These figures are put into question by [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]], but he emphasizes the capabilities of Sher Shah in his methods of recruitment.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=53}}

Chaurasia describe Sher Shah's commanding abilities through his patience, and foresight, being able to attack at a critical moment. Experienced with numerous military tactics, he often capitalized off of taking enemy forces by surprise.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=187}} Sher Shah considered [[Pashto]] as a sign of friendliness, and gave higher salaries to Afghans who could speak Pashto in his army.<ref name="Sarwani">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFGTzQEACAAJ |title=Táríkh-i Sher Sháhí; or, Tuhfat-i Akbar Sháhí, of 'Abbás Khán Sarwání. CHAPTER I. Account of the reign of Sher Sháh Súr. |page=78 |author=Abbas Khan Sarwani |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |location=London |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |year=1580 |access-date=4 September 2010 |author-link=Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi}}</ref> By 1540, his [[standing army]] consisted of over 150,000 cavalrymen, 25,000 infantrymen, and over 5,000 [[war elephants]].{{sfn|Roy|2015|p=54}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=103}}

===Social justice===
Sher Shah was renowned for his social justice.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=108}} Courts were held by [[Qadis]], with Sher Shah himself observing [[Civil law (common law)|civil cases]]. Hindus settled their disputes in [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] assemblies, while in criminal cases, nobody was exempt from the law of the empire. The criminal law of the empire was extremely harsh to deter others from committing crimes out of fear of the repercussions. Sher Shah imposed heavy punishments on individuals in high posts, including government officials.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=51}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=180-182}}

Sher Shah's reputation grew as he became known for being a formidable and [[Justice|just]] ruler, to the point where merchants could travel and sleep in deserts without fear of being harassed by [[Banditry|bandits]] or [[Robbery|robbers]]. His soldiers acted as police, with the duty of finding thieves and robbers. Sher Shah Suri also implemented the reform of self-responsibility, assigning officials the duty to find culprits in cases such as murder; if they failed, they would be held responsible and [[Hanging|hanged]]. Historians praise these reforms for their effectiveness.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=52}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=180-182}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=110}}

===Buildings===
{{main|Indo-Islamic architecture}}
[[File:Kabuli Gate - Rohtas Fort by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Entrance to the Kabul gate of Rohtas fort|The Kabuli gate of Rohtas fort]]
Sher Shah built several monuments, including [[Rohtas Fort]] (now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in Pakistan), many structures in the [[Rohtasgarh Fort]] in Bihar, the [[Sher Shah Suri Masjid]] in [[Patna]], the [[Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque]] inside the [[Purana Qila]] complex in Delhi, and the Sher Mandal, an octagonal building also inside the Purana Qila complex, which later served as the library of Humayun. He built a new city, [[Bhera]], in present-day Pakistan in 1545, including within it [[Jamia Mosque, Bhera|a grand masjid]] named after him.{{sfn|Asher|Hambly|1994}}{{sfn|Matta|2005|pp=215–216}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=54}}{{sfn|Brown|1939|p=636-646}}

Sher Shah was responsible for greatly rebuilding and modernizing the [[Grand Trunk Road]], a major artery that runs all the way from modern-day Bangladesh to Afghanistan. Caravanserais (inns) and mosques were built, and trees were planted along the entire stretch on both sides of the road to provide shade to travelers. Wells were also dug, especially along the western section. He also established an efficient postal system, with mail being carried by relays of horse riders.{{sfn|Kumar|2019}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=110-111}}

The [[Tomb of Sher Shah Suri|mausoleum of Sher Shah Suri]] was described as one of the most beautiful monuments in India due to its grandeur and dignity. British archaeologist [[Alexander Cunningham|Cunningham]] was even inclined to prefer it over the [[Taj Mahal]].{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=54}}

===Trade===
Among his reforms while consolidating the empire, Sher Shah [[Tax reform|abolished taxes]] at the borders of provinces to invigorate trade throughout India. Only two levies remained in place: one on [[goods]] brought into the country and another when goods were sold. As a result, customs duties were entirely removed.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=52}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=182}}

== In popular culture ==
''Sher Khan'' (1962), an Indian [[Hindi]]-language action film by Radhakant starring [[Kamaljeet]] in the titular role along with [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], is ostensibly based on the emperor's life.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999}} ''Shershah Suri'', a television show about the emperor, was [[List of programs broadcast by DD National|aired on DD National]] by [[Doordarshan]], the Indian national public broadcaster.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shershah Suri - Episode 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iczbpmS53vM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/iczbpmS53vM |archive-date=31 October 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=14 September 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[The Jungle Book]], written by [[Rudyard Kipling]], has its antagonist [[Shere Khan]] named after Sher Shah Suri.{{sfn|Welsh|2013|p=188}}

==See also==
* [[Isa Khan Niazi]]
* [[Khalji dynasty]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[Jahangir Kabir (politician)]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Shershabadia]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=ABM Shamsuddin |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |year=2012 |chapter=Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Mahmud_Shah |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Aquil |first1=Raziuddin |year=2007 |title=Sufism, Culture, and Politics: Afghans and Islam in Medieval North India |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-568512-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=DELHI SULTANATE |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine |last2=Hambly |first2=Gavin |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/delhi-sultanate |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=1994}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |year=1977 |title=The Mausoleum of Sher Shāh Sūrī |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |pages=273–298 |doi=10.2307/3250169 |jstor=3250169}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Percy |author-link=Percy Brown (art historian) |year=1939 |title=The Influence of Sher Shah Sur on the Islamic Architecture of India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252417 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=3 |pages=636–646 |jstor=44252417 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2005 |orig-year=First published 1999 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals - Part Two: Mughal Empire (1526–1748) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |edition=3rd |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2007 |title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=J. N. |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R. C. |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 1974 |chapter=Sher Shāh and His Successors |title=The Mughal Empire |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=7 |location=Mumbai |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=3012164}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Paul K. |author-link=Paul K. Davis (historian) |year=2000 |title=100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16MGEAAAQBAJ |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-442-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goron |first1=Stan |last2=Goenka |first2=J. P. |year=2001 |title=The Coins of the Indian Sultanates |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1010-3}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |year=2006 |title=A history of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rima%20hooja%20rajasthan |publisher=Rupa and Company |isbn=978-81-291-1501-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jansari |first1=Sushma |author-link=Sushma Jansari |year=2023 |title=Chandragupta Maurya: The creation of a national hero in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOG9EAAAQBAJ&q=sher+shah+suri+1472 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-80008-388-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Everett Jr |year=2015 |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&q=coronation+of+sher+shah+suri |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=MD I. A. |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Medieval_History_Emergence_of_Islam_to_d/bLB4EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Medieval History (Emergence of Islam to downfall of mughal empire) |date=2022-07-04 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}
* {{cite book |first=Dirk |last=Kolff |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Anu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZunDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher+Shah+Suri+postal+system&pg=PT134 |title=Kings and Queens of India: All about famous rulers and dynasties that shaped the country |date=2019-08-06 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5009-948-3 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Jonathan |year=2019 |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-010-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Vidya Dhar |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |year=1968 |title=India Since 1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ |edition=8th |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&q=chausa+sher+mughal |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Matta |first1=Basheer Ahmad Khan |author-link=Basheer Matta |year=2005 |title=Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VduAAAAMAAJ&q=sher+shah+Puran |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-597882-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&q |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=1984 |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |language=en |orig-year=1981}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mikaberidze |first1=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Mikaberidze |year=2011 |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=1-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=sher+shah+suri+bengal+campaign+1537 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-337-8 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Qanungo |first1=Kalikaranjan |year=1921 |title=Sher Shah |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52228 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Kar, Majumdar & Co.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qanungo |first=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ&q=Sher%20Shah%20tiger |title=Sher Shah and His Times |date=1965 |publisher=Orient Longmans |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author1-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author2-link=Paul Willemen |year=1999 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja |url-access=registration |access-date=12 August 2012 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-669-6}}
* {{Cite book |first=Saiyid Atthar Abbas |last=Rizvi |title=The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-continent from the Coming of the Muslims to the British Conquest, 1200-1700, Volume 2 |publisher=Picador |year=2005 |pages=101 |isbn=978-0-330-43910-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucpLPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |year=2015 |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&q=sher+shah+suri+150,000+cavalry |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6k9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Mughal Empire, 1526-1803 A.D. |date=1964 |publisher=S. L. Agarwala |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |date=1971 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Edward |year=1967 |title=The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi |location=Delhi |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0360-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Welsh |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZZhBQAAQBAJ |title=The History of the World: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day |date=2013-03-28 |publisher=Quercus |isbn=978-1-78206-110-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas Edmund Farnsworth |last2=Wright |first2=Edmund |year=2015 |title=A Dictionary of World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POAwBwAAQBAJ&q=sher+shah+suri+1486 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-968569-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Staff |first1=Rao P. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-p8Zg62USYC |title=Indian Heritage and Culture |last2=Rao |first2=P. Raghunadha |date=1989 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-0930-0 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Sur Empire|House of Sur]]||{{circa|1472/1486}}||1545}}
{{S-reg}}
|-
{{S-new
| reason = [[Sur Empire]] established
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Sultan]] of [[Hindustan]]
| years = 1538/1540-1545
}}
{{S-aft
| before = [[Humayun]]
| after = [[Islam Shah Suri]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Pashtun}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Islam|Afghanistan|Royalty|History}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri, Sher Shah}}
[[Category:Sultans of the Sur Empire]]
[[Category:15th-century births]]
[[Category:1545 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:16th-century regents]]
[[Category:Afghan Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:City founders]]
[[Category:Emperors in India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:People from Sasaram]]
[[Category:People from Dera Ismail Khan District]]
[[Category:Generals of the medieval Islamic world]]

Ganaur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:07Z

Meherhospital: adding article - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ganaur Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Ganaur Assembly constituency map.svg
|state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency|Sonipat]]
| reservation = None
|established = 2009
|abolished =
| constituency_no = 28
|mla = [[Devender Kadyan]]
|party = {{Party index link|Independent}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,94,417
}}
'''Ganaur''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganaur Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/ganaur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Kuldeep Sharma (politician)|Kuldeep Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Nirmal Rani|Nirmal Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Devender Kadyan]]
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ganaur<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ganaur">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ganaur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0728.htm |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Devender Kadyan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=77,248 |percentage=54.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Sharma (politician)|Kuldeep Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,039 |percentage=29.81% |change={{decrease}}9.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Kaushik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,605 |percentage=12.48% |change={{decrease}}35.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kavita Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,931 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=230 |percentage=0.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,209 |percentage=24.96% |change= {{increase}}16.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,41,038 |percentage=72.57% |change= {{increase}}4.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,94,417 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ganaur<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nirmal Rani]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=57,830 |percentage=48.33 |change={{increase}}23.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,550 |percentage=39.74 |change={{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Singh Malik |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=6,518 |percentage=5.45 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,377 |percentage=3.66 |change={{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijender Shekhpura |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,480 |percentage=1.24 |change={{decrease}}30.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajneesh Kumar |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=744 |percentage=0.62 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,280 |percentage=8.59 |change= {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,19,656 |percentage=68.22 |change= {{decrease}}9.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,399 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ganaur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,146 |percentage=38.35% |change={{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nirmal Rani]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=38,603 |percentage=32.08% |change={{decrease}}2.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,798 |percentage=24.76% |change={{increase}}19.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,254 |percentage=2.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Parkash |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=891 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,543 |percentage=6.27% |change= {{decrease}}4.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,343 |percentage=78.09% |change= {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,111 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ganaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,180 |percentage=46.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Gopal Tyagi |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=32,144 |percentage=35.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nirmal Rani]] |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=9,562 |percentage=10.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azad Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,910 |percentage=5.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,158 |percentage=1.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Nandal |party=Independent politician |votes=582 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=484 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,036 |percentage=10.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,702 |percentage=71.89% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,556 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sonipat district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.14|77.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Sonipat district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Sahajanwa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:21Z

Meherhospital: Starting First Stub Needs Work

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sahajanwa
| map_image = 324-Sahajanwa.svg
| mla = [[Pradeep Shukla]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,79,627
| constituency_no = 324
}}

'''Sahajanwa''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Sahajanwa in the [[Gorakhpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[India]]. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 324 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=SahajanwaElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sahajanwa.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Karan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Sharda Prasad Rawat
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kishori Shukla
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Triyugi Narain Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Sharda Prasad Rawat
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Tarkeshwar Prasad Shukla
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Prabha Rawat
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Tarkeshwar Prasad Shukla
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Dev Narayan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Yashpal Singh Ravat
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Rajendra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sheetal Pandey]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Pradeep Shukla]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sahajanwa<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradeep Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:105981}}
|percentage = 47.21
|change = {{increase}}12.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Yashpal Singh Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:62575}}
|percentage = 27.87
|change = {{increase}}0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sudhir Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:43905}}
|percentage = 19.56
|change = {{decrease}}6.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manoj Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3338}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1604}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change = {{decrease}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43406}}
|percentage = 19.34
|change = {{increase}}11.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224489}}
|percentage = 59.13
|change = {{increase}}0.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Sheetal Pandey won in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Yaspal Singh Rawat by a margin of 15,377 votes.<ref name="Election Result">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sahajanwa.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sahajanw<ref name="Election Result"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sheetal Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:72213}}
|percentage = 34.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Yaspal Singh Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:56836}}
|percentage = 27.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Devnarayan Singh Urf G.M. Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:54143}}
|percentage = 25.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Shivaji Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:15780}}
|percentage = 7.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shoshit Samaj Dal
|candidate = Asha Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:2024}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1723}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15377}}
|percentage = 7.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209383}}
|percentage = 58.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.75|83.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Cheekatilo

2026-04-14T15:07:51Z

Meherhospital: adding new data - done

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu film by Sharan Koppisetty}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cheekatilo
| image = Cheekatilo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = Sharan Koppisetty
| story =
| producer = [[D. Suresh Babu]]
| writer = [[Chandra Pemmaraju]]
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Sobhita Dhulipala]]
* [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]]
}}
| music = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| cinematography = Mallikarjun
| editing = KSN
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor = [[Amazon MGM Studios]] (via [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]])
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|1|23}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Cheekatilo''''' ({{Translation|In the darkness}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by Sharan Koppisetty and written by [[Chandra Pemmaraju]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=Sobhita Dhulipala-starrer Cheekatilo to premiere on OTT on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/08/sobhita-dhulipala-starrer-cheekatilo-to-premiere-on-ott-on-this-date |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=Sobhita Dhulipala leads new Telugu crime thriller Cheekatilo. Check release date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/sobhita-dhulipala-leads-new-telugu-crime-thriller-cheekatilo-check-release-date-2848666-2026-01-08 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Produced by [[D. Suresh Babu]] for [[Suresh Productions]], it stars [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] and [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Producer Suresh Babu On ‘Cheekatilo’ and Changing Film Landscape: If OTT Platforms Don't Buy The Film Today, You Don't Know What To Do |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/producer-suresh-babu-on-cheekatilo-and-changing-film-landscape-if-ott-platforms-dont-buy-the-film-today-you-dont-know-what-to-do |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sobhita Dhulipala's Look As a True Crime Podcaster in Cheekatilo Out, Film to Release on This Date {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/sobhita-dhulipalas-look-as-a-true-crime-podcaster-in-cheekatilo-out-film-to-release-on-this-date-80741.html |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 23 January 2026 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sobhita Dhulipala's Telugu Crime Thriller 'Cheekatilo' Sets Premiere Date |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/prime-video-sets-january-premiere-for-telugu-crime-thriller-cheekatilo-starring-sobhita-dhulipala |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2026-01-08 |title=Sobhita Dhulipala’s Cheekatilo: Prime Video Announces Streaming Date |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sobhita-dhulipalas-cheekatilo-ott-release-date-announced-1929112 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film starts with a dancer rani's murder 20 years ago in a peculiar way that Jasmine flower on her head. Her friend went to the police station to complain about this. But the police refused to take the case. In the present Sandhya is working as a journalist on a TV channel. She is in love with amar who is 2 years younger than her. Sandhya is a stubborn character and will not let anything hurt her feelings. One day she found out that her report about a case to the TV channel was changed for the trp. She got upset. And her friend bobby gave her the idea to start a podcast which can give them freedom to investigate and expose true crime.
One day Sandhya's family decided to go to amars home for their engagement. When they return from his home she found that her friend was murdered in her flat with her boyfriend in a brutal manner. After Sandhya’s best friend is found dead in a suspicious way, she resigned her job from the channel and she starts investigating the case. She starts her own podcast. Her search for the truth leads her to a dark past and forces her to face her own fears.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheekatilo (2026) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cheekatilo_2026|website=www.rottentomatoes.com|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] as Sandhya Nelluri
* [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]] as Amar
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Rajeev
* Vadlamani Srinivas as Anand
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Chinna Babu
* [[Isha Chawla]] as Ananditha
* [[Aamani]] as Padma
* [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]] as Sandhya's mother
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Rajamani
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Nallama Reddy
* [[Aziz Naser]] as Irfan
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Buchi Raju
* [[Pradeep Kondiparthi]] as Sandhya's father
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Sandhya's grandma
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Ravikanth
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Murali
* Aditi Myakal as Bobby
* Kranthi Balivada as Vani
* Ramya Ponduri
* Sonakshi Verma
* Harshini
* Swara

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by [[Sricharan Pakala]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_lyrics = Chetan Prasad
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Theme Song
| extra1 = Sahithi Chaganti, Sricharan Pakala
| title2 = Aigini
| extra2 = Sindhu Budhavarapu
}}

==Release and reception==
''Cheekatilo'' was released on 23 January 2026 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=Sobhita Dhulipala Starrer Telugu Crime Drama Cheekatilo Release Date Out |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/sobhita-dhulipala-starrer-telugu-crime-drama-cheekatilo-release-date-out |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

Sanjana Pulugurtha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 and cited it as a "well-staged thriller despite flaws", referring to the writing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheekatilo Movie Review: A well-staged thriller that holds attention despite flaws |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/cheekatilo/ottmoviereview/127532382.cms |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Echoing the same, Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Cheekatilo'' is an engaging, thoughtful drama that finds its strength in empathy rather than spectacle, but it could have benefited from sharper writing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2026-01-23 |title=‘Cheekatilo’ movie review: Sobhita Dhulipala anchors a crime drama that occasionally thrills |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cheekatilo-movie-review-sobhita-dhulipalas-telugu-crime-drama-streams-on-prime-video/article70536586.ece |access-date=2026-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 felt that a film like this needed more "sensitivity and nuance" citing its subject.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-23 |title=Cheekatilo movie review: Sobhita Dhulipala film questions society for enabling abuse, but falters in places |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/cheekatilo-movie-review-sobhita-dhulipala-film-questions-society-for-enabling-abuse-but-falters-in-places-prime-video-101769069324000.html |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31852038|Cheekatilo}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1999]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sricharan Pakala]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Amazon MGM Studios films]]
[[Category:2026 direct-to-video films]]

Hosadurga Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:32Z

Meherhospital: creating new post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hosadurga
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 101
| map_image = 101-Hosadurga constituency.svg
| mla = [[B. G. Govindappa]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Goolihatti. D. Shekar
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:197693}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Hosadurga Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Chitradurga district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || G. Basappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || B. S. Shankarappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || G. T. Rangappa || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. Ramappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || M. V. Rudrappa
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || K. Venkataramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1982 elections in India#Karnataka|1982 By-election]] || M. V. Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || G. Basappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || G. Ramdas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || E. Vijayakumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || T. H. Basavaraja
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[B. G. Govindappa]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Gulihatti D. Shekar || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[B. G. Govindappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Gulihatti D. Shekar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[B. G. Govindappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hosadurga">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hosadurga |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10101.htm?ac=101 |access-date=1 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501174957/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10101.htm?ac=101 |archive-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. G. Govindappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 81,050 |percentage = 48.36% |change = {{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Lingamurthy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,234 |percentage = 28.78% |change = {{decrease}}27.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Manjunath |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,812 |percentage = 12.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulihatti D. Shekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,449 |percentage = 6.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thippeswamy. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,914 |percentage = 1.14% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Panduranga Garag |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,835 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,030 |percentage = 0.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,816 |percentage = 19.58% |change = {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,787 |percentage = 84.87% |change = {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,580}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,693 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gulihatti D. Shekar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,562 |percentage = 56.66% |change = {{increase}}55.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. G. Govindappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,570 |percentage = 40.40% |change = {{increase}}4.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashikumar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,575 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,326 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,992 |percentage = 16.26% |change = {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,910 |percentage = 85.45% |change = {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,846}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,137 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}21.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. G. Govindappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,010 |percentage = 35.59% |change = {{increase}}2.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulihatti D. Shekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,993 |percentage = 23.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Lingamurthy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 37,717 |percentage = 23.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Lakshmana |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,866 |percentage = 1.14% |change = {{decrease}}26.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Shivanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,190 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,017 |percentage = 12.28% |change = {{increase}}11.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,205 |percentage = 79.94% |change = {{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 162,979}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,379 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gulihatti D. Shekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 41,798 |percentage = 33.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. G. Govindappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,630 |percentage = 32.97% |change = {{decrease}}8.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Lingamurthy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,565 |percentage = 27.24% |change = {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Meenakshamma Nandeesh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,806 |percentage = 3.09% |change = {{decrease}}21.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shreedhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 885 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mohankumar Yadav |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 776 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,168 |percentage = 0.95% |change = {{decrease}}16.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,357 |percentage = 73.43% |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,237}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,004 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. G. Govindappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,780 |percentage = 41.73% |change = {{increase}}36.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Elkal Vijaya Kumar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 29,052 |percentage = 24.35% |change = {{increase}}22.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guruswamy. D |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,715 |percentage = 19.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjuna. H. C |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 14,600 |percentage = 12.24% |change = {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash. B. O |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,388 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemaraya Shetty. S. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 982 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thippeshappa. L. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 783 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,728 |percentage = 17.37% |change = {{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,529 |percentage = 72.73% |change = {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,300}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,339 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.94 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. G. Govindappa]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,372 |percentage = 24.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Elkal Vijaya Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,145 |percentage = 22.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Basavaraja |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 17,517 |percentage = 16.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Kambesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,367 |percentage = 13.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjuna. H. C |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,136 |percentage = 8.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Pandurangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,956 |percentage = 8.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umadevi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,721 |percentage = 5.23% |change = {{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Jagadish |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,271 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 1.12% |change = {{decrease}}3.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,004 |percentage = 77.60% |change = {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,485}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,425 |percentage = 5.54% |change = {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,482 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Basavaraja |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,453 |percentage = 25.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. V. Vijay Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,384 |percentage = 20.63% |change = {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Pandurangappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 18,669 |percentage = 18.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sanna Chikkanna |party = Janata Dal |votes = 17,073 |percentage = 16.47% |change = {{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Kallesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,834 |percentage = 11.42% |change = {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Garagada Basappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,701 |percentage = 5.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Rasheed |party = Independent politician |votes = 765 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,069 |percentage = 4.89% |change = {{decrease}}19.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,567 |percentage = 73.85% |change = {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,649}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,918 |percentage = 1.82% |change = {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,952 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}19.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = E. Vijayakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 41,703 |percentage = 44.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Dyamappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,615 |percentage = 20.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramdas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,940 |percentage = 16.07% |change = {{decrease}}32.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mallappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 10,333 |percentage = 11.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. R. Manjunatha |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,755 |percentage = 4.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Sadashivappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,572 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Chidanandappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,270 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,088 |percentage = 24.83% |change = {{increase}}24.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,040 |percentage = 76.48% |change = {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,996}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,044 |percentage = 7.04% |change = {{increase}}5.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,798 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramdas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,562 |percentage = 48.21% |change = {{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sanna Chikkanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,328 |percentage = 47.91% |change = {{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharmappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,255 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishkindapuri Swamiji |party = Independent politician |votes = 790 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 506 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Honnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 472 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 234 |percentage = 0.30% |change = {{decrease}}16.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,997 |percentage = 74.94% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,913}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,084 |percentage = 1.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,409 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 39,877 |percentage = 57.06% |change = {{increase}}23.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,913 |percentage = 39.94% |change = {{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 831 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hottepaksha Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 619 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,964 |percentage = 17.12% |change = {{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,960 |percentage = 75.15% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,885}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,075 |percentage = 1.51% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,424 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1982 elections in India#Karnataka|1982 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,448 |percentage = 42.02% |change = {{increase}}19.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,256 |percentage = 33.44% |change = {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Gupta. R. A |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,348 |percentage = 8.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kesavanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,699 |percentage = 7.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. G. S. R. Puri |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,480 |percentage = 5.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindappa. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 455 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,192 |percentage = 8.57% |change = {{decrease}}20.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,568}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}9.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Venkataramaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,539 |percentage = 51.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shivaprakash |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,285 |percentage = 22.33% |change = {{decrease}}41.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channaiah Odeyar |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,943 |percentage = 20.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tapalappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,755 |percentage = 4.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sivalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 970 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,254 |percentage = 29.00% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,086 |percentage = 72.87% |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,492}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,594 |percentage = 2.61% |change = {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,832 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,375 |percentage = 63.36% |change = {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 18,141 |percentage = 36.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,234 |percentage = 26.73% |change = {{increase}}15.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,621 |percentage = 66.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,516}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,242 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ramappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,157 |percentage = 55.48% |change = {{increase}}12.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Rudrappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,781 |percentage = 44.52% |change = {{decrease}}12.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,376 |percentage = 10.96% |change = {{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,745 |percentage = 66.81% |change = {{decrease}}6.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,938}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,486 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.61 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. T. Rangappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,024 |percentage = 57.45% |change = {{increase}}44.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Nijalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,315 |percentage = 42.55% |change = {{increase}}11.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,709 |percentage = 14.89% |change = {{decrease}}2.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,803 |percentage = 73.64% |change = {{increase}}16.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,339}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,048 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.46 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Shankarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,727 |percentage = 47.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,175 |percentage = 30.80% |change = {{decrease}}17.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Bhadran |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,360 |percentage = 12.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramdas |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,277 |percentage = 8.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,552 |percentage = 17.15% |change = {{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,539 |percentage = 57.18% |change = {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,539}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,411 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosadurga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,552 |percentage = 48.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channaiah Odeyar |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,608 |percentage = 31.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Shankarappa |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 3,365 |percentage = 14.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rayappa |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 1,408 |percentage = 5.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,944 |percentage = 16.48% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,933 |percentage = 59.64% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,933}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,126 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chitradurga district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|13.8|76.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Urooj Ashfaq

2026-04-01T06:12:26Z

Meherhospital:

{{Short description|Indian comedian}}
{{Infobox person
| image = UroojAshfaq-byPhilipRomano.jpg
| caption = Ashfaq in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|08|24|df=y}}
| education = [[Jai Hind College]]
| occupation = Comedian
| awards = Best Newcomer, [[Edinburgh Comedy Awards]] 2023
}}

'''Urooj Ashfaq''' (born 24 August 1995)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urooj Ashfaq {{!}} Actress, Additional Crew, Writer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8821619/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DNzh70I5OsS/?hl=en |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> is an Indian comedian, writer and actor from [[Mumbai]]. She won the Best Newcomer Award at the [[Edinburgh Comedy Awards]] in 2023.

== Early life and education ==
Ashfaq was born on 24 August 1995 in [[Dubai]], moving to [[Mumbai]] at the age of 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Family Jewels: Ep. 10. UROOJ ASHFAQ |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/ep-10-urooj-ashfaq/id1721155997?i=1000646539530 |access-date=2024-05-01}}</ref> She has a Bachelor's degree in Psychology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title=mid-day lunchbox: Talking about the generation |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/mumbai-food/article/midday-lunchbox-shayan-roy-and-urooj-ashfaq-talking-about-the-generation-19956194 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> She went to [[Jai Hind College]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghosts and Periods - Stand Up Comedy by Urooj Ashfaq |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2aoVJoUB80 |website=YouTube}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ashfaq started performing in stand up comedy in 2016, the age of 21.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ryan |first=Anya |date=2023-08-29 |title=‘I need to have a big party and show off!’ Edinburgh comedy award-winners reveal what’s next |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2023/aug/29/edinburgh-comedy-award-winners-south-asian-urooj-ashfaq-ahir-shah |access-date=2023-08-30 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In interviews she has stated that her inspirations include [[Sarah Silverman]], [[Bridget Christie]], [[Josie Long]], [[Mindy Kaling]], [[Bill Burr]], [[James Acaster]], [[Stewart Lee]], [[Norm Macdonald]], and [[Aparna Nancherla]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=Urooj Ashfaq: Watching really good comedy makes me want to do it - EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/urooj-ashfaq-watching-really-good-comedy-makes-me-want-to-do-it/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ashfaq worked as an intern at the now-defunct agency [[All India Bakchod]], and as a writer on the shows ''Son of Abish'' and ''Better Life Foundation.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Nitika |date=2025-03-05 |title=Urooj Ashfaq: Lot of jokes strike me on stage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Mar/05/urooj-ashfaq-lot-of-jokes-strike-me-on-stage |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji |first=Alwin Benjamin |date=2023-09-29 |title=EXCL: Comedian Urooj Ashfaq on winning the Best Newcomer at the Edinburgh Comedy Awards |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/comedy/2023/Sep/28/we-catch-up-with-comedian-urooj-ashfaq-after-her-win-of-best-newcomer-at-the-edinburgh-comedy-awards-53635.html |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, she participated and finished as a finalist on the television channel [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]]'s show ''Queens of Comedy.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-30 |title=Queens of Comedy review: TLC's new show is a milestone in comedy of, by and for women |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queens-of-comedy-review-tlcs-new-show-is-a-milestone-in-comedy-of-by-and-for-women-4097041.html |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Vaibhavi |date=2020-03-30 |title=New age stand-up comics of India |url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/new-age-stand-up-comics-of-india/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Media India Group |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, she was part of a group of comedians brought to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe by London's [[Soho Theatre]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Steve |title=Urooj Ashfaq: Oh No! : Reviews 2023 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2023/08/04/53724/urooj_ashfaq |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.chortle.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soho Theatre India |url=https://sohotheatre.com/about-us/soho-theatre-india/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Soho Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> Whilst there, Ashfaq won the Best Newcomer award at the Edinburgh Comedy Awards for her show ''Oh No!,''<ref name=":1" /> the first person of South Asian heritage to win, since [[Arj Barker]] in 1997,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Premier |title=1997 Winner - Arj Barker - Best Newcomer |url=https://www.comedyawards.co.uk/best-newcomer/1997/arj-barker |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Edinburgh Comedy Awards |language=en-GB}}</ref> and the first India-based artist to ever win the award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Rebekah |date=2023-08-29 |title=Urooj Ashfaq wins Best Newcomer at Edinburgh Comedy Awards |url=https://sohotheatre.com/news/urooj-ashfaq-wins-best-newcomer-at-edinburgh-comedy-awards/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Soho Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> The show was Ashfaq's first experience of performing in the UK, with a run at Soho Theatre in London earlier in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Brian |date=26 August 2023 |title=British-Asian stand-up Ahir Shah wins main Edinburgh Comedy Awards prize at the Fringe - Indian comic Urooj Ashfaq wins best newcomer honour |work=[[The Scotsman]] |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/british-asian-stand-up-ahir-shah-wins-main-edinburgh-comedy-awards-prize-at-the-fringe-4269990 |access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Women |first=Funny |date=2023-08-26 |title=Edinburgh Award Winners 2023: Urooj Ashfaq and Ahir Shah |url=https://funnywomen.com/2023/08/26/edinburgh-award-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Funny Women |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Best Newcomer, [[Edinburgh Comedy Awards]] 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Premier |title=Best Newcomers 1992 - 2023 |url=https://www.comedyawards.co.uk/best-newcomer |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Edinburgh Comedy Awards |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8821619/bio/?ref_=nm_ql_1 Urooj Asfaq biography at IMDB]

{{Edinburgh Comedy Award winners|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashfaq, Urooj}}
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jai Hind College alumni]]
[[Category:Comedians from Mumbai]]

Saint Thomas Christians

2026-03-26T20:59:59Z

Meherhospital: further rework intro for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian ethnoreligious group}}
{{About|the people|their denominations|Saint Thomas Christian denominations}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = [[File:St Thomas Cross.svg|20px]] Saint Thomas Christians {{nobold|(മാർ തോമാ നസ്രാണി)}}
| image = Nasrani cross.jpg
| caption = [[Saint Thomas Christian cross|Mar Thoma Cross]]
| pop = Approx. 6,000,000 (2018){{sfnp|Thomas|2018|p=4}}
| popplace = India ([[Kerala]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]]); UAE ([[Dubai]]); [[Oman]]; [[Kuwait]]; USA ([[New York metropolitan area]], [[Chicago]], [[Houston]], [[Dallas]], [[Tampa]], [[Detroit]], [[Atlanta]], [[Philadelphia]], [[New Jersey]], [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco Bay Area]]); Canada ([[Toronto]], [[Edmonton]], [[Whitehorse]]); UK ([[London]], [[Birmingham]]); The Netherlands ([[Amsterdam]])<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dchsm|Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Chicago (Syro-Malabarese)|23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/STCEI.htm |title=The Stcei |publisher=Indianchristianity.com |access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref>
| langs = {{ubli|Vernacular: [[Malayalam]]|Liturgical: [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ([[Aramaic]])<ref name = "Ross">{{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Israel J. |year=1979 |title=Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala |journal=Asian Music |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=80–98 |doi=10.2307/833968 |jstor=833968 }}</ref>}}
| religions = '''[[Christianity]]'''{{plainlist|
*''[[Saint Thomas Christian denominations]]''
*'''[[Catholic]]'''
*[[Syro-Malabar Church]] ([[East Syriac Rite]])
*[[Syro-Malankara Church]] ([[West Syriac Rite]])
*'''[[Oriental Orthodox]]''' (West Syriac Rite)
**[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
**[[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]
**[[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
*'''[[Assyrian Church of the East]]''' (East Syriac Rite)
**[[Chaldean Syrian Church]]
*'''[[Oriental Protestant Christianity]]''' ([[Reformation|Reformed]]-West Syriac Rite)
**[[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]
**[[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]]
*'''[[Protestantism|Protestant]]'''
**[[Saint Thomas Anglicans]] of the [[Church of South India]] ([[Church of South India|C.S.I.]] Rite)
**[[Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians]] (riteless/nonliturgical)}}
| related = [[Malayalis]],<ref name="King">{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Daniel |title=The Syriac World |date=12 December 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-48211-6 |page=784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-GEDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[Knanaya]], [[Cochin Jews]], [[Assyrians]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://phylogeographer.com/some-syrian-christians-of-india-descend-from-roman-era-levantine-fgc64029/ | title=J-L283 Syrian Christians of India descend from J-Y146401 that lived in the Levant 900 BC and likely Europe before that – Mygrations | date=4 November 2019 }}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
{{Nasrani people|}}
The '''Saint Thomas Christians''', also called '''Syrian Christians of India''', '''''Marthoma Suriyani Nasrani''''', '''''Malankara Nasrani''''', or '''''Nasrani Mappila''''', are an [[Ethnoreligious group|ethno-religious]] community of [[Indian Christians]] in the state of [[Kerala]] ([[Malabar region]]),{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=416}} who, for the most part, employ the [[East Syriac Rite|Eastern]] and [[West Syriac Rite|Western]] [[liturgical rite]]s of [[Syriac Christianity]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} They trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century.<ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch">{{cite book |last1=Fahlbusch |first1=Erwin |author-link1=Erwin Fahlbusch |last2=Bromiley |first2=Geoffrey William |author-link2=Geoffrey W. Bromiley |last3=Lochman |first3=Jan Milic |author-link3=Jan Milic Lochman |title=The Encyclodedia of Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC |year=2008 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2 |page=285}}</ref><ref name="Orpa Slapak">{{cite book |author=Israel Museum |author-link=Israel Museum |title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC |year=1995 |publisher=UPNE |isbn=978-965-278-179-6 |page=27}}</ref> The Saint Thomas Christians had been historically a part of the hierarchy of the [[Church of the East]] but are now divided into several different [[Eastern Catholic Church|Eastern Catholic]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and independent bodies, each with their own liturgies and traditions.<ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch"/> They are based in [[Kerala]] and they speak [[Malayalam]].<ref name="King"/><ref name="Considine">{{cite book |last1=Considine |first1=John Joseph |last2=Kernan |first2=Thomas |title=Across a World |date=1942 |publisher=Longmans, Green |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaVlAAAAMAAJ&q=saint+thomas+christians+dravidian |language=en}}</ref> ''Nasrani'' or [[Nazarene (title)|Nazarene]] is a [[Syriac term for Christians]], who were among the first converts to Christianity in the [[Near East]].

Historically, this community was organised as the [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Province of India]] of the Church of the East, by [[Patriarch of the Church of the East|Patriarch]] [[Timothy I (Nestorian patriarch)|Timothy I]] (780–823 AD) in the eighth century, it was served by bishops and a local dynastic [[archdeacon]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=52}}<ref name="Bundy">{{cite encyclopedia |first=David D. |last=Bundy |title=Timotheos I |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011 |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Timotheos-I |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> In the 14th century, the Church of the East declined in the Near East, due to [[Persecution of Christians#Timurid Empire|persecution from Tamerlane]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20221212130216/https://dailyhistory.org/How_did_Timur_change_the_history_of_the_world%3F</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://listverse.com/2018/01/15/10-terrors-of-the-tyrant-tamerlane/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915114837/https://listverse.com/2018/01/15/10-terrors-of-the-tyrant-tamerlane/ | archive-date=15 September 2024 | title=10 Terrors of the Tyrant Tamerlane | date=15 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240902072605/https://cnewa.org/web/20240902072605/https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/the-assyrian-church-of-the-east/</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://eurasia.sil.org/culture-and-society/history_and_religion/forgotten-church-east | title=The Forgotten Church of the East {{pipe}} SIL in Eurasia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/church-east-two-thousand-years-martyrdom-and-mission | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417053308/https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/church-east-two-thousand-years-martyrdom-and-mission | archive-date=17 April 2024 | title=The Church of the East: Two Thousand Years of Martyrdom and Mission | date=27 January 2016 }}</ref> [[Portuguese East Indies|Portuguese]] colonial overtures to bring St Thomas Christians into the [[Latin Church]] of the [[Catholic Church]], administered by their ''[[Padroado]]'' system in the 16th century, led to the first of several rifts ([[schism]]s) in the community.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=111}}<ref name=BritannicaIndia>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115623/Christians-of-Saint-Thomas "Christians of Saint Thomas"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 9 February 2010.</ref>{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=134–136}} The attempts of the Portuguese culminated in the [[Synod of Diamper]], formally subjugating them to the Portuguese Padroado and imposing upon them the [[Roman Rite]] of worship. The [[Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein|Portuguese oppression]] provoked a violent resistance among the Thomasine Christians, that took expression in the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] protest in 1653. This led to the permanent schism among the Thomas' Christians of India, leading to the formation of ''[[Puthankoor]]'' or ''Puthankūttukār'' ("New allegiance" ) and ''[[Paḻayakūṟ]]'' or ''Pazhayakūr'' ("Old allegiance") factions.<ref name=Garshuni>{{cite journal |title=Garshuni Malayalam: A Witness to an Early Stage of Indian Christian Literature|first=István|last=Perczel|author-link=István Perczel |url=https://www.academia.edu/8456992 |journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|date=September 2014 |page=291|volume=17|issue=2}}</ref> The ''Paḻayakūṟ'' comprise the present day [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] which continue to employ the original East Syriac Rite.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Synod of Diamper |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Synod-of-Diamper|year=2011 |access-date= 23 December 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>For the Acts and Decrees of the Synod cf. Michael Geddes, "A Short History of the Church of Malabar Together with the Synod of Diamper &c." London, 1694; Repr. in George Menachery (ed.), Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, Ollur 1998, pp. 33–112.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Addai and Mari, Liturgy of |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |edition=3rd rev. |editor1=F. L. Cross |editor2=E. A. Livingstone |year=2009 |orig-year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001/acref-9780192802903-e-78 |isbn=9780192802903}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Report on the Census of Travancore - Census 1871 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/27961/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Cochin, Part I, II, Vol-XIX - Census 1941 |url=https://new.census.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28355/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=new.census.gov.in}}</ref> The ''Puthankoottukar'', who continued to resist the Catholic missionaries, organized themselves as the independent Malankara Church and entered into a new communion with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch]], inheriting from them the West Syriac Rite, replacing the old East Syriac Rite liturgy.{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Syrian Christian, Apostle in India, The tomb of the Apostle, Persian Church, Syond of Diamper – Coonan Cross Oath, Subsequent divisions and the Nasrani People |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2007/02/13/kerala-syrian-christian-the-tomb-of-the-apostle-persian-church-syond-of-diamper-coonan-cross-oath-divisions/ |date=13 February 2007 |website=Nasranis}}</ref>

The Chaldean Syrian Church based in [[Thrissur]] represents the continuation of the traditional pre-sixteenth century church of Saint Thomas Christians in India.{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}}<ref name="George1977">{{cite book |last1=George |first1=V. C. |title=The Church in India Before and After the Synod of Diamper |publisher=Prakasam Publications |language=en |quote=He wished to propagate Nestorianism within the community. Misunderstanding arose between him and the Assyrian Patriarch, and from the year 1962 onwards the Chaldean Syrian Church in Malabar has had two sections within it, one known as the Patriarch party and the other as the Bishop's party.}}</ref> It forms the Indian archdiocese of the [[Iraq]]-based [[Assyrian Church of the East]], which is one of the descendant churches of the Church of the East. They were a minority faction within the Paḻayakūṟ faction, which joined with the Church of the East Bishop during the 1870s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Church of the East in India |url=http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515041838/http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>

The Eastern Catholic faction is in [[full communion]] with the Holy See in Rome. This includes the aforementioned Syro-Malabar Church, which follows the East Syriac Rite, as well as the West Syriac [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011b}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} The Oriental Orthodox faction includes the autocephalous [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] along with the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], an integral part of the Syriac Orthodox Church headed by the Patriarch of Antioch.{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}}

[[Protestant Eastern Christianity|Oriental Protestant]] denominations include the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] and the [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=South Asia |year=1980 |publisher=Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center |isbn=978-0-912552-33-0 |page=114 |language=en |quote=The Mar Thoma Syrian Church, which represents the Protestant Reform movement, broke away from the Syrian Orthodox Church in the 19th century.}}</ref> Being a [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed]] church influenced by [[Anglicanism|Anglican missionaries]] in the 1800s, the Mar Thoma Church employs a Reformed variant of the liturgical West Syriac Rite.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011b}}<ref name="marthomanae.org">{{cite web |title=Ecumenical Relations |url=https://www.marthomanae.org/website/portaltemplate.php?mainmenu=MAR%20THOMA%20CHURCH&submenu=Ecumenical%20Relations&subsubmenu=&subsubsubmenu= |work=marthomanae.org|date=9 May 2016|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701175743/https://www.marthomanae.org/website/portaltemplate.php?mainmenu=MAR%20THOMA%20CHURCH&submenu=Ecumenical%20Relations&subsubmenu=&subsubsubmenu=|url-status=dead}}</ref> The St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India is an [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] faction that split off from the Marthoma Church in 1961.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission & Vision |url=http://steci.org/mission-vision/ |website=St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (steci) is an episcopal Church |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118143751/http://steci.org/mission-vision/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[CSI Syrian Christians]] represents those [[Malankara Syrian Church|Malankara Syrian Christians]], who joined the [[Anglican Church]] in 1836 and eventually became part of the [[Church of South India]], a [[United Protestant]] denomination. The CSI is in full communion with the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.<ref name="Dalal2014">{{cite book |last1=Dalal |first1=Roshen |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-81-8475-396-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Church+of+South+India%22+united+Protestant&pg=PT363 |language=English}}</ref>{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=247–251}}<ref name="Encyclopedia1999">{{cite book |last1=Fahlbusch |first1=Erwin |last2=Lochman |first2=Jan Milic |last3=Bromiley |first3=Geoffrey William |last4=Mbiti |first4=John |last5=Pelikan |first5=Jaroslav |last6=Vischer |first6=Lukas |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |year=1999 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |pages=687–688 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA688 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MeltonBaumann2010">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |last2=Baumann |first2=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] |date=21 September 2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 |page=707 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA707 |language=en}}</ref> By the 20th century, various Syrian Christians joined [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] and other evangelical denominations like the [[Kerala Brethren]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God]], [[Assemblies of God]], among others. They are known as [[Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians]].<ref name="Syrianpentecostals1">{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Allan |last2=Tang |first2=Edmond |title=Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia |year=2005 |publisher=OCMS |isbn=978-1-870345-43-9 |pages=192–193, 195–196, 203–204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDZgKELq7AoC&q=pentecostalism+kerala+syrian+christian&pg=PA196 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Syrianpentecostals2">{{cite book |last1=Bergunder |first1=Michael |title=The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century |date=6 June 2008 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2734-0 |pages=15–16, 26–30, 37–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGiv3riaunQC&q=Pentecostal+evangelical+saint+thomas+syrian+christian |language=en}}</ref>

== Terminology ==
The Saint Thomas Christians have also been nicknamed such due to their reverence for Saint [[Thomas the Apostle]], who is said to have brought Christianity to India. The name dates back to the period of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colonisation]]. They are also known, especially locally, as ''Nasrani'' or ''Nasrani Mappila''. The former means ''Christian''; it appears to have been derived from the Hebrew word Netzer or the Aramaic Nasraya from Isaiah 11:1. ''[[Nasrani (Arabic term for Christian)|Nasrani]]'' is evolved from the Syriac term for "Christian" that emerges from the Greek word ''Nazōraioi'', [[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarene]] in English. ''Mappila'' is an [[honorific]] applied to members of non-Indian faiths and descendants of immigrants from the Middle East who had intermarried with the local population, including Muslims (''[[Jonaka Mappila]]'') and Jews (''[[Yuda Mappila]]'').<ref name=Zupanov>{{cite book|last=Županov|first=Ines G.|author-link=Ines G. Županov|year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nix4M4dy7nQC|title=Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)|page=99 and note|publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=0-472-11490-5}}</ref><ref name="BMalieckal">{{cite journal |first=Bindu |last=Malieckal |year=2005 |title=Muslims, Matriliny, and A Midsummer Night's Dream: European Encounters with the Mappilas of Malabar, India |journal=The Muslim World |volume=95 |issue=2 |page=300|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00092.x }}</ref> Some Syrian Christians of [[Travancore]] continue to attach this honorific title to their names.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Mappila fisherfolk of Kerala: a study in inter-relationship between habitat, technology, economy, society, and culture |year=1977 |first=P. R. G. |last=Mathur |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |page=1}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] designates members of the community as ''Syrian Christians'', a term originating with the [[Dutch India|Dutch colonial authority]] that distinguishes the Saint Thomas Christians, who used Syriac (within [[East Syriac Rite]] or [[West Syriac Rite]]) as their liturgical language, from newly evangelised Christians who followed the [[Roman Rite]].{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=52}} The terms ''Syrian'' or ''Syriac'' relate not to their ethnicity but to their historical, religious and liturgical connection to the [[Church of the East]], or East Syriac Church.<ref name=Zupanov />

==Ethnic divisions==
Internally the Saint Thomas Christian community is divided into two ethnic groups, the majority ''Vadakkumbhagar'' or Northist and the minority ''Tekkumbhagar'' or Southist. Saint Thomas Christian tradition traces the origin of these ethno-geographical epithets to the city of [[Kodungallur]], the historic capital of the medieval [[Chera dynasty]]. The early converts of Saint Thomas the Apostle and those who later joined the faith in India are believed to have initially resided on the northern side of the city of Kodungallur and for that reason became known as Vadakkumbhagar or Northist.{{sfnp|Vellian|1986|p=0-1}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2003|pp=19–20}}{{sfnp|Podipara|1971|p=2}}{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2010|p=113}}

In either the 4th or 8th century, the Syriac Christian merchant magnate [[Knai Thoma]] is noted to have arrived and settled in southern Kodungallur with a cohort of merchants and clergymen. Because they dwelled on the southern side, the descendants of Thoma's migration became known as Tekkumbhagar or Southist.{{sfnp|Vellian|1986|p=0-1}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2003|pp=19–20}}{{sfnp|Podipara|1971|p=2}}{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2010|p=113}} The Southist community is primarily known by the appellation ''K'nā'nāya'' (Syriac for Canaanite), an adjectival epithet of Knai Thoma.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1992|pp=84–85}}

The ''Oxford History of the Christian Church'' summarizes the division of the community in the following quote:
<blockquote>"In time, Jewish Christians of the most exclusive communities descended from settlers who accompanied Knayil Thomma (Kanayi) became known as 'Southists' (Tekkumbha ̄gar)...They distinguished between themselves and 'Northists' (Vatakkumbha ̄gar). The 'Northists', on the other hand, claimed direct descent from the very oldest Christians of the country, those who had been won to Christ by the Apostle Thomas himself. They had already long inhabited northern parts of Kodungallur. They had been there even before various waves of newcomers had arrived from the Babylonian or Mesopotamian provinces of Sassanian Persia."

– Historian of South Asian Studies, Robert E. Frykenberg (2010){{sfnp|Frykenberg|2010|p=113}}</blockquote>

== History ==

=== Origin ===

{{see also|Acts of Thomas}}According to tradition, Thomas the Apostle came to [[Muziris]] on the Kerala coast in 52 AD<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117/|title=The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India|first=Paul|last=Zacharia|author2=Lynn Johnson|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stthoma.com/|title=Thomas The Apostole|date=8 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208073816/http://stthoma.com/|archive-date=8 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch"/> which is in present-day [[Pattanam]], near [[Kodungallur]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4970452.stm|title = Search for India's ancient city|date = 11 June 2006}}</ref> However, the visit of St. Thomas is still a matter of dispute among historians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrival of St. Thomas-The visit of St. Thomas is still a matter of dispute among historians. There are only very limited details about him in the Bible. |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/arrival-stthomas/6 |website=Kerala Tourism (Archived) |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-07-10 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114231100/https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/arrival-stthomas/6 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

The [[Cochin Jews]] are known to have existed in Kerala in the 1st century AD,<ref name="Orpa Slapak"/>{{sfnp|Bayly|2004|p=244}} and it was possible for an [[Aramaic]]-speaking [[Jew]], such as St. Thomas from [[Galilee]], to make a trip to Kerala then.<ref name="Puthiakunnel">Thomas Puthiakunnel, (1973) "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas", The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur.</ref> The earliest known source connecting the Apostle to Northwest India, specifically the [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]], is the ''[[Acts of Thomas]]'', likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]].{{sfnmp|Frykenberg|2008|1p=99|Klijn|2003|2p=15|3a1=Childers|3y=2011|4a1=Medlycott|4y=1912}}

A number of 3rd and 4th century Roman writers also mention Thomas' trip to India, including [[Ambrose of Milan]], [[Gregory of Nazianzus]], [[Jerome]], and [[Ephrem the Syrian]], while [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] records that St. Clement of Alexandria's teacher [[Pantaenus]] from [[Alexandria]] visited a Christian community in India using the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] in the 2nd century.{{sfnmp|1a1=Eusebius|1loc=Book V Chapter 10 |2a1=Frykenberg|2y=2008|2p=103 |3a1=Baum|3a2=Winkler|3y=2003|3p=52 |4a1=Medlycott|4y=1912 |5a1=Whitehouse|5y=1873|5pp=12–20}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4g.htm |title=Indian Christianity}}</ref>

The tradition of origin of the Christians in Kerala is found in a version of the Songs of Thomas or ''Thomma Parvam'', written in 1601 and believed to be a summary of a larger and older work.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=92}}<ref name="Ramban">"The Song of Thomas Ramban" in Menachery G (ed); (1998) ''The Indian Church History Classics'', Vol. I, ''The Nazranies'', Ollur, 1998. {{ISBN|81-87133-05-8}}</ref> Thomas is described as arriving in or around [[Maliankara]] and founding ''[[Ēḻarappaḷḷikaḷ]]'' (Seven great churches): [[Kodungallur]], [[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Church, North Paravur|Kottakavu]], [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor|Palayoor]], [[St. Thomas Church, Kokkamangalam|Kokkamangalam]], [[St. Thomas Church, Angamoozhy|Nilackal]], [[St. Mary's Church, Niranam|Niranam]] and [[Kollam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitehouse |first=Thomas |title=Lingerings of light in a dark land: Researches into the Syrian church of Malabar|date=1873 |publisher=William Brown and Co. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie4CAAAAQAAJ |language=en|pages=23–42}}</ref> Some other churches, namely [[Thiruvithamcode Arappally]] (a "half church"),<ref>{{cite book |title=The pastoral care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic migrants |author=James Arampulickal |publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications |year=1994 |page=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17–18 |publisher=Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum |year=1951 |page=233}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author=Adrian Hastings| title=A World History of Christianity| date=15 August 2000| publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans| isbn=978-0-8028-4875-8| page=149}}</ref> [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Malayattoor|Malayattoor]] and [[St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Aruvithura|Aruvithura]] are often called ''Arappallikal''.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Department of Tourism|title=Seven and half Churches (Ezhara Pallikal)|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/seven-half-churches/7}}</ref> The ''Thomma Parvam'' also narrates the conversion of Jews, natives, and the local King at Kodungallur by St Thomas. It is possible that the [[Jewish Christian|Jews who became Christians]] at that time were absorbed by what became the Nasrani Community in Kerala.<ref name="Puthiakunnel"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Muthiah |first=S. |title=Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around, Supplemented with Tales of 'Once Upon a City' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zl8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22long-settled+Jews%22 |publisher=East West Books|isbn=818-685-222-0|year=1999|page=113}}</ref> The ''Thomma Parvam'' further narrates St Thomas's mission in the rest of South India and his martyrdom at [[Mylapore]] in present-day [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=99}}{{sfnp|Mundadan|Thekkedath|1982|pp=30–32}} According to legend, the community began with Thomas's conversion of 32 [[Brahmin]] families, namely [[Pakalomattom family|Pakalomattom]], Sankarapuri, Kalli, Kaliyankal, Koikara, Madapoor, Muttodal, Kottakara, Nedumpilly, Palackal, Panakkamattom, Kunnappilly, Vazhappilly, Payyappilly, Maliakkal, Pattamukku, Thaiyil, etc.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mani |first=Thattunkal Zachariah |year=2016 |title=ThomaaSleehaayude Kerala ChristhavaSabha Onnaam Noottaandil |page=14 |publisher=T.Z.Mani}}{{ISBN?|date=July 2024}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2024|reason=I can find the cite, but I can't find the book.}}</ref><ref name="Ayyar 1926 3">{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=L. K. Anantakrishna |year=1926 |title=Anthropology of the Syrian Christians |page=3 |publisher=Cochin Government Press |url=https://archive.org/details/AnthropologyOfTheSyrianChristians/page/n39/mode/2up}}</ref>{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=101–102}}

While there is much doubt on the cultural background of early Christians, there is evidence that some members of the St Thomas Christian community observed Brahmin customs in the Middle Ages, such as the wearing of the [[Upanayana]] (sacred thread) and having a [[kudumi]].{{refn|{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010|pp=38–61}}{{sfnp|Menachery|2000}}{{sfnp|Brown|1956|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2014}}}} The medieval historian [[Pius Malekandathil]] believes these were customs adopted and privileges won during the beginning of the Brahmin dominance of medieval Kerala. He argues that the Syrian Christians in Kerala, integrated with Persian Christian migrant merchants, in the 9th century to become a powerful trading community and were granted the privileges by the local rulers to promote revenue generation and to undermine Buddhist and Jain traders who rivaled the Brahmins for religious and political hegemony in Kerala at the time.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010|pp=38-61}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2014}}

[[File:Mar Knai Thoma.jpg|thumb|Icon of Mar Knai Thoma the Merchant]]
An organized Christian presence in India dates to the arrival of [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] settlers and missionaries from [[Persia]], members of what would become the Church of the East, in around the 3rd century.{{sfnp|Medlycott|1912}}{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=102–107,115}} Saint Thomas Christians trace the further growth of their community to the arrival of Jewish-Christians (early East Syriac Christians) from the region of Mesopotamia led by [[Thomas of Cana|Knāi Thoma]] ([[Anglicisation|anglicized]] as Thomas of Cana), which is said to have occurred either in the 4th or 8th century.{{sfnmp|1a1=Medlycott|1y=1912 |2a1=Kollaparambil|2y=1992|2pp=1–20 |3a1=Frykenberg|3y=2010|3p=113 |4a1=Fahlbusch|4a2=Bromiley|4a3=Lochman|4y=2008|4p=286}} The subgroup of the Saint Thomas Christians known as the [[Knanaya]] or Southists trace their lineage to Thomas of Cana, while the group known as the [[Northists]] claim descent from the early Christians evangelized by Thomas the Apostle.{{sfnmp|Frykenberg|2010|1p=113 |2a1=Baum|2a2=Winkler|2y=2003|2p=52 |3a1=Swiderski|3y=1988a}} The traditional histories of the Thomas Christians note that the immigration of the Knanites reinvigorated the church of India, which was at the moment of their arrival deprived of ecclesial leadership.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|2015|p=129}} The arrival of the migrants is also associated with connecting the native Church of St. Thomas with the Syriac Christian tradition of the [[Church of the East]].{{sfnp|Thomas|2018|p=4}}{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=42–43}}{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=41|ps=: Related with East Syriac Church: The spatial separateness of the St Thomas Christians from Christian centres in other lands was not in every way absolute, as at an early stage of their history they found themselves in rapport with the East Syriac Church. Neither their traditions nor their posterior documents exhibit any sign of constraint or bad blood occasioned by such a relationship. On the other hand everything goes to show that it was a happy working arrangement. Their being in dire straits early on in their history and the arrival on the scene of the progenitors of the present-day "Southists" as benefactors, appears to coincide with the Community's acceptance of fellowship with the East Syriac Church. – Dr. Benedict Vadakkekara}}

During this time period Thomas of Cana received copper plates of socio-economic and religious rights for his relations, his party, and all people of his religion. The granting of these plates is noted to have enhanced the social position of all the ancient Christians of India and secured for them royal protection from the Chera dynasty. The [[Thomas of Cana copper plates]] were extant in Kerala until the 17th century after which point they were lost.<ref name=":12">D'Aguiar, Rev. J. Monteiro. 'The Magna Carta of St. Thomas Christians', ''K. S. P.'', no. 4, p. 172 and 195.</ref>{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|2015|p=129}}{{sfnp|Medlycott|1912}}

=== Classical period ===
[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plates 1 and 4.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Tharisapalli plates|Tharisapalli Copper plate grant]] (9th century) – One of the reliable documentary evidences of the privileges and influence that Saint Thomas Christians enjoyed in early Malabar.<ref>Burjor Avari – India, the ancient past, Taylor & Francis, 2007, p.221, {{ISBN|0-415-35615-6}}</ref> The document contains signatures of the witnesses in [[Pahlavi script|Pahlavi]], [[Kufic]] and [[Hebrew]] scripts.{{sfnp|Pothan|1963|pp=102–105}} It is the oldest documentary evidence from India that attest the presence of a Persian Christian community in South India.<ref name="SundermannHintze2009">{{cite book|author1=Werner Sundermann|author2=Almut Hintze|author3=François de Blois|title=Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&pg=PA31|year=2009|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05937-4|page=38}}</ref>]]

As the community grew and immigration by [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] Christians increased, the connection with the Church of the East, centred in the Persian capital of [[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]], strengthened. From the early 4th century the [[Patriarch of the Church of the East]] provided India with clergy, holy texts, and ecclesiastical infrastructure, and around 650 Patriarch [[Ishoyahb III]] solidified the Church of the East's jurisdiction over the Saint Thomas Christian community.{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=53}}{{sfnp|Walker|2011}} In the 8th century Patriarch [[Timothy I (Nestorian Patriarch)|Timothy I]] organised the community as the [[India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)|Ecclesiastical Province of India]], one of the church's Provinces of the Exterior.<ref name="Bundy"/> After this point the Province of India was headed by a [[metropolitan bishop]], dispatched from Persia, the "Metropolitan-Bishop of the Seat of Saint Thomas and the Whole Christian Church of India".{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=52}} His [[metropolitan see]] was probably in [[Cranganore]], or (perhaps nominally) in [[Mylapore]], where the shrine of Thomas was located.{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=52}} Under him were a varying number of bishops, as well as a native [[Archdeacon]], who had authority over the clergy and who wielded a great amount of secular power.{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=52}}

Some contact and transmission of knowledge of the Saint Thomas Christians managed to reach the Christian West, even after the rise of the [[Islamic empires]].{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=112}} [[Byzantine]] traveller [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] wrote of Syrian Christians he met in India and [[Sri Lanka]] in the 6th century.<ref name="Indicopleustes2010">{{cite book|author=Cosmas Indicopleustes|editor=J. W. McCrindle|title=The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction|date=24 June 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp9S9o5lj5oC&pg=PA119 |access-date=3 November 2012|edition=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-01295-9|pages=48, 119–120, 365–366}}</ref>{{sfnp|Walker|2011}}{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=105,110}} In 883 the English king [[Alfred the Great]] reportedly sent a mission and gifts to Saint Thomas' tomb in India.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=112}} During the [[Crusades]], distorted accounts of the Saint Thomas Christians and the Nestorian Church gave rise to the European legend of [[Prester John]].<ref>Silverberg, Robert (1996). ''The Realm of Prester John'', pp. 29–34. Ohio University Press. {{ISBN|1-84212-409-9}}.</ref>

[[File:King_of_Colombo_(Kollam),_Catalan_Atlas_1375.jpg|thumb|left|The "King of Colombo" ([[Kollam]], flags: [[File:Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo,_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png |30x15px]], identified as Christian due to the Christian presence there) in the contemporary [[Catalan Atlas]] of 1375.{{sfnp|Liščák|2018|pp=4–5}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Albuquerque |first2=Luís de |last3=Brown |first3=Jonathan |last4=González |first4=J. J. Martín |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions |date=17 June 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44603-8 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref> The caption above the king of [[Kollam]] reads: ''Here rules the king of Colombo, a Christian''.{{sfnp|Liščák|2018|p=5}} The black flags ([[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|30x15px]]) on the coast belong to the [[Delhi Sultanate]].]]
The port at [[Kollam]], then known as Quilon, was founded in 825 by Maruvān Sapir Iso, a Persian Christian merchant, with sanction from Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, the king of the independent [[Venad]] or the State of Quilon, a feudatory under [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]] ''[[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Perumal]]'' of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] kingdom.<ref>Kerala Charithram P.59 Sridhara Menon.{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Travancore Manual page 244">V. Nagam Aiya (1906), [[Travancore State Manual]], p. 244.</ref> Sapir Iso is usually identified either as the East Syriac Christian merchant who led the East Syriac bishops [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]] to the Christians of Malabar or as the first of those two bishops. This accompanied the second Assyrian migration into the Malabar coast other than the [[Knanaya]] migration. The two bishops were instrumental in founding many Christian churches with Syrian liturgy along the Malabar coast and were venerated as ''[[Kantheesangal|Qandishangal]]'' (saints) since then by the Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Perczel|2018}} It is believed that Sapir Iso also proposed that the Chera king create a new seaport near Kollam in lieu of his request that he rebuild the almost vanished inland seaport at Kollam (kore-ke-ni) near Backare (Thevalakara), also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils, which had been without trade for several centuries because the Cheras were overrun by the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] in the 6th century, ending the spice trade from the Malabar coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.quilon.com/history.htm |website=Quilon.com}}</ref> The Tharisapalli plates presented to Maruvan Sapor Iso by Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal granted the Christians the privilege of overseeing foreign trade in the city as well as control over its weights and measures in a move designed to increase Quilon's trade and wealth.<ref name="Sharma2010">{{cite book |author=Yogesh Sharma |title=Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC |year=2010 |publisher=Primus Books|page=78|isbn=978-93-80607-00-9}}</ref>

Thus began the Malayalam Era, known as [[Kollavarsham]] after the city, indicating the importance of Kollam in the 9th century.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010|p=43}}
[[File:Church of the East in the Middle Ages.svg|thumb|right |upright=1.15|[[Church of the East]] and its [[Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552|dioceses]] and missions throughout [[Asia]], including [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]]]]
The great distances involved and the geopolitical turmoil of the period caused India to be cut off from the church's heartland in Mesopotamia at several points. In the 11th century the province was suppressed by the church entirely, as it had become impossible to reach,<ref>Fiey, J. M. (1993). ''Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux'', p. 96. Beirut: Orient-Institut.</ref> but effective relations were restored by 1301.{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|p=343, 391}} However, following the collapse of the Church of the East's hierarchy in most of Asia later in the 14th century, India was effectively cut off from the church, and formal contact was severed. By the late 15th century India had had no metropolitan for several generations, and the authority traditionally associated with him had been vested in the archdeacon.{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=105}}

MS Vatican Syriac 22 is the oldest known Syriac manuscript copied in India.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}{{sfnp|Van der Ploeg|1983|p=3}} It is a lectionary of [[Pauline Epistles]] copied on 1301 AD (1612 [[Seleucid era|AG]]) in [[Kodungallur|Kodungallūr]] (Cranganore, {{langx|syc|ܫܸܢܓܲܲܠܐ|Shengala}}) at the Church dedicated to [[Quiricus and Julietta|Mar Quriaqos]].{{sfnp|Van der Ploeg|1983|p=3}}<ref name="MS Vatican Syriac 22" />{{sfnp|Perczel|2018}}{{sfnp|Mingana|1926|p=451-452}}

MS Vatican Syriac 22 has the following passage about the "Catholicos-Patriarch of the East" and the "Metropolitan of India" in folio 93r- 94v:
{{blockquote
|This holy book has been copied in the royal, renowned and famous town Shengala, which is in Malabar in the land of India, in the holy Church dedicated to the Mar Quriaqos, the glorious martyr... whilst our blessed and holy father Mar Yahballaha the fifth, the Turk, qatoliqa Patriakis of the East, the head of all the countries, was great governor, holding the offices of the Catholic Church of East, the shining lamp which illuminates its regions, the head of the pastors and Pontiff of the pontiffs, Head of great high priests, Father of the fathers... The Lord may make long his life and protect his days in order that he may govern her, a long time, for her glory and for the exaltation of her sons. Amen... 
And when Mar Jacob, Metropolitan Bishop was the overseer and governor of the holy see of Saint Thomas the Apostle, that is to say governor of us and of all the holy Church of the Christian India. May God grant him strength and help that he may govern us with zeal and direct us according to the will of his Lord, and that he may teach us His commandments and make us walk in His ways, till the end of time, through the intercession of the holy Apostle St. Thomas and all his colleagues ! Amen!..
|source = [https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.sir.22 MS Vatican Syriac 22]
}}
This manuscript is written in [[Estrangela]] script by a very young deacon named Zakharya bar Joseph bar Zakharya who was just 14 at the time of writing.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|p=378}}{{sfnp|Van der Ploeg|1983|p=3}}<ref name="MS Vatican Syriac 22">{{Cite web |website=Nasranis |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2012/04/07/ms-vatican-syriac-22-ms-vatican-syriac-17-copied-in-south-india/|title=MS Vatican Syriac 22 & MS Vatican Syriac 17: Syriac Manuscripts copied in South India|date=6 April 2012}}</ref> The scribe refers Catholicos-Patriarch of the East [[Yahballaha III]] as Yahaballaha ''the fifth''.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} [[Johannes P. M. van der Ploeg]] comments that this may indicate that the patriarch was not well known among the Indian Christians.{{sfnp|Van der Ploeg|1983|p=4}}

[[File:Jordanus, on Saint-Thomas Chrsitians in India (Mirabilia Descripta, 1329–1338).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Catholic critical account of Saint-Thomas Christians in India, written by traveller and missionary [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus]] in 1329–1338 in ''Mirabilia Descripta''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordanus |first1=Catalani |last2=Yule |first2=Henry |last3=Parr |first3=Charles McKew donor |last4=Parr |first4=Ruth |date=1863 |title=Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East |page=23, para. 31 |publisher=London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wQUVAAAAQAAJ/page/n52/mode/1up}}</ref>]]
In 1490, a delegation from the Saint Thomas Christians visited the [[Patriarch of the East]], [[Shemon IV]], to bring a bishop for India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Antony|first=Martin Thomas|date=5 June 2010|title=The Story of Joseph, the Indian; A Historical Appraisal of the Affairs of St Thomas' Christians in the Pre Portuguese period|website=Nasranis |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2010/06/05/the-story-of-joseph-the-indian-with-a-historical-appraisal-of-the-affairs-of-st-thomas-christians/}}</ref> One among them was Joseph the Indian, who later became famous for his visit to Rome and the account of Malabar in Book VI of ''Paesi novamente retrovati'' (1507) by Fracanzano da Montalboddo.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} The patriarch responded positively to the request of Saint Thomas Christians, and appointed two bishops, Mar Thoma and Mar [[Yohannan (Yoseph of Awgin)|Yohannan]], dispatching them to India. These bishops, and three more (Mar Yahballaha, Mar Dinkha and Mar [[Yaqob Abuna|Yaqov]]) who followed them in 1503–1504, reaffirmed and strengthened traditional ties between [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]] and the Patriarchate. They were later followed by another bishop, Mar [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]], who died in 1597. By that time, Christians of the [[Malabar Coast]] were facing new challenges, caused by the establishment of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] presence in India.{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|pp=20, 347, 398, 406–407}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|pp=106–111}}

=== Portuguese contact ===
{{Further|Goa Inquisition|Portuguese Inquisition}}

The Saint Thomas Christians first encountered the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in 1498, during the expedition of [[Vasco da Gama]]. At the time the community was in a tenuous position: though thriving in the [[spice trade]] and protected by their own militia, the local political sphere was volatile and the Saint Thomas Christians found themselves under pressure from the [[raja]]s of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and other small kingdoms in the area. The Saint Thomas Christians and the Portuguese newcomers quickly formed an alliance.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=122–124}}

The Portuguese had a keen interest in implanting themselves in the spice trade and in spreading their version of Christianity, which had been forged during several centuries of warfare in the [[Reconquista]].{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=125–127}} Facilitating their goals was the ''[[Padroado Real]]'', a series of treaties and decrees in which the Pope conferred upon the Portuguese government certain authority in ecclesiastical matters in the foreign territories they conquered. They set up in [[Goa]], forming a [[Portuguese India|colonial government]] and a [[Latin church]] hierarchy under the [[Archbishop of Goa]], and quickly set to bringing the Saint Thomas Christians under his authority.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=127–128}}

The Portuguese subjection of the Saint Thomas Christians was relatively measured at first, but they became more aggressive after 1552, the year of the death of Metropolitan Mar Jacob and of a [[Schism of 1552|schism in the Church of the East]], which resulted in there being two rival Patriarchs—one of whom entered communion with the Catholic Church. Both patriarchs sent bishops to India, but the Portuguese consistently managed to outmaneuver them, and effectively cut off the Saint Thomas Christians from their hierarchy in 1575, when the Padroado legislated that neither patriarch could send representatives to India without Portuguese approval.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=130–134}}

By 1599 the last Metropolitan, [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]], had died, and the Archbishop of Goa, [[Aleixo de Menezes]], had secured the submission of the young [[Givargis of the Cross|Archdeacon Givargis]], the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=208–210}} The Archbishop convened the [[Synod of Diamper]], which implemented various liturgical and structural reforms in the Indian church. The Synod brought the parishes directly under the Archbishop's purview; anathematised certain "superstitious" social customs characteristic of their Hindu neighbors, including [[untouchability]] and a [[caste]] hierarchy; and purged the liturgy, the [[East Syriac Rite]], of elements deemed unacceptable according to the Latin protocol.{{sfnmp|1a1=Medlycott|1y=1912 |2a1=Takahashi|2y=2011 |3a1=Neill|3y=2004|3pp=208–214 |4a1=Vadakkekara|4y=2007|4p=78 |5a1=Prasad|5y=2009|5p=484}} A number of Syriac texts were condemned and ordered burnt,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/tracing-the-heritage-of-syrian-christians/article1476371.ece |url-access=subscription |title=Tracing the heritage of Syrian Christians |work=The Hindu |date=21 February 2011}}</ref> including the [[Peshitta]], the Syriac version of the Bible.{{sfnp|Van der Ploeg|1983|p={{Page needed|date=May 2012}}}} Some of the reforms, especially the elimination of caste status, reduced the Saint Thomas Christians' standing with their socially stratified Hindu neighbors.{{sfnp|Prasad|2009|p=484}} The Synod formally brought the Saint Thomas Christians into the Catholic Church but the actions of the Portuguese over the ensuing years fueled resentment in segments of the community, and ultimately led to open resistance to their power.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=136}}{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011}}{{sfnp|Medlycott|1912}}

=== Division and defiance ===
Over the next several decades, tensions seethed between the Portuguese and the remaining native hierarchy, and after 1641 Archdeacon [[Mar Thoma I|Thomas]], the nephew and successor to Archdeacon George of Cross, was often at odds with the Latin prelates.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=367}} In 1652, the escalating situation was further complicated by the appearance in [[Mylapore]] of a mysterious figure named [[Ahatallah]], who claimed to have been sent by the [[Pope]], from the [[Church of Antioch]] to serve as "Patriarch of the Whole of India and of China".{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=367}}{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=316–317}}

Ahatallah made a strong impression on the native clergy, but the Portuguese quickly decided he was an impostor, and put him on a ship bound for Europe by way of Goa. Archdeacon Thomas, desperate for a new ecclesiastical leader to free his people from the Padroado, travelled to Cochin and demanded to meet Ahatallah and examine his credentials. The Portuguese refused, stating the ship had already left for Goa.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=316–317}} Ahatallah was never heard from in India again, inspiring false rumours that the Portuguese had murdered him and inflaming anti-Portuguese sentiments even more.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}

This was the last straw for the Saint Thomas Christians; in 1653, Thomas and community representatives met at the Church of Our Lady in [[Mattancherry]] to take bold action. In a great ceremony before a crucifix and lighted candles, they swore a solemn oath that they would never obey Padroado Archbishop Francisco Garcia or the Portuguese again, and that they accepted only the Archdeacon as their shepherd.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}}
There are various versions about the wording of oath, one version being that the oath was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another version that it was directed against the authority of Catholic [[Latin Church]].<ref name=Gazette>{{cite book |title=Census of India (1961: Kerala)|year=1965 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JCaAAAAIAAJ|language=en|page=111|quote="There are various versions about the wording of swearing, one version being that it was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another that it was directed against the authority of church of Rome."}}</ref> The independent [[Malankara Church]] regards the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] as the moment their Church regained its independence from the Catholic Church, which they lost during the [[Synod of Diamper]].<ref>{{harvp|Neill|2004|p=319}}: "...which to this day all members of the independent Malankara church of Kerala regard as the moment at which their church recovered its independence and returned to its own true nature."</ref>

After the events of Coonan Cross Oath three letters were circulated claiming that they had been sent by [[Ahathalla]]. One such letter was read at a meeting at Edappally on 5 February 1653. This letter granted to the archdeacon some powers of the archbishop. On hearing it, a vast crowd enthusiastically welcomed Archdeacon Thomas as the governor of their Church{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=320}} and four senior priests were appointed as his counsilors, namely, [[Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar|Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen]] of Kallisseri, Kuravilangad Parambil [[Palliveettil Mar Chandy|Palliveettil Chandy]], Kaduthuruthi [[Kadavil Chandy]], Angamali Vengur Giwargis Kathanar. At a further meeting held at Alangat, on 23 May 1653, another letter was read stating that it was from Ahathalla. It instructed the Saint Thomas Christians in the absence of a bishop, twelve of the cattanars (priests) might lay their hands on Thomas, and that this would be adequate as episcopal consecration.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=320}} The authenticity of these letters is not clear. Some are of the opinion that these letters might be forged by [[Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar]] who was a skilled Syriac writer.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=320}} The letters were read with enthusiasm in the churches of the Thomas Christians and Archdeacon Thomas was later proclaimed bishop in a ceremony in which twelve priests [[laying on of hands|laid hands]] on him, elevating him as Metropolitan with the title ''[[Thoma I]]''<ref name="Frykenberg_on_ADeaconAsHighMetran">{{harvp|Frykenberg|2008|p=368}}: "Archdeacon Thomas, having been elevated to High Metran by the laying on of hands by twelve cattanars, took the title of Mar Thoma I."</ref>{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=320–321}} and he added such ancient titles as 'Metran of All India', 'Gate of India'.<ref name="Frkbrg_MetranGateOfIndia1_Thoma">{{harvp|Frykenberg|2008|p=361}}: "At the beginning, most remained with the old Archdeacon who, after his elevation at Koonen Cross to the position of Metran, took the title Mar Thoma I and added such ancient titles as 'Metran of All India', 'Gate of India'."</ref>

At this point, the Portuguese missionaries attempted reconciliation with Saint Thomas Christians but were not successful. Later, in 1657, [[Pope Alexander VII]] sent the Italian priest Joseph Sebastiani as the head of a [[Carmelite]] mission of the ''[[Propaganda Fide]]'' to regain the trust of the dissident St. Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Mundadan|Thekkedath|1982|pp=96–100}} Sebastiani and other Carmelites pressed that the ordination of the archdeacon as metropolitan by the priests in the absence of another bishop was not in accordance with Church laws.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=323}} They succeeded in convincing a large group of Saint Thomas Christians, including [[Kadavil Chandy]], [[Palliveettil Chandy]] and Vengur Giwargis, and Thoma I began to lose his followers. In the meantime, Sebastiani returned to Rome and was consecrated as bishop on 15 December 1659. He reached Kerala again in 1661, being appointed as the Vicar Apostolic of Malabar by the pope. Within a short time period he restored majority of the churches that had been with Thoma I to Catholic Church. However, in 1663, with the conquest of Cochin by the Dutch, the control of the Portuguese on the Malabar coast was lost. The Dutch declared that all the European missionaries had to leave Kerala. Before leaving Kerala, on 1 February 1663, Sebastiani consecrated Palliveettil Chandy was consecrated as the bishop of the Thomas Christians who adhered to Catholic Church. He soon also designated himself as 'Metran of All India' and 'Gate of India'.<ref name="Frkbrg_MetranGateOfIndia2_Chandy">{{harvp|Frykenberg|2008|p=361}}: "...the Dutch permitted 'old party' Catholics to be placed under the 'guidance' of the Carmelites and allowed them to keep Mar Alexander Parampil (aka Alexander de Campos) as Vicar Apostolate. He soon also designated himself as 'Metran of All India' and 'Gate of India'."</ref>

[[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg |thumb|upright=1.8|A diagram showing the history of the divisions among the Saint Thomas Christians]]
Thoma I, meanwhile sent requests to various Oriental Churches to receive canonical consecration as bishop. In 1665, [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]], a bishop sent by the Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius ʿAbdulmasīḥ I, arrived in India and the faction under the leadership of Thoma I welcomed him.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} The bishop was sent in correspondence to the letter sent by Thoma I to the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch]]. Bishop Abdul Jaleel consecrated Thoma I canonically as a bishop and regularised his episcopal succession.{{refn|{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}}<ref name=M3>{{harvs|txt|last1=Menachery|year1=1973|year2=1982|year3=1998}}</ref>{{sfnp|Podipara|1970}}{{sfnp|Brown|1956}}{{sfnp|Tisserant|1957}}{{sfnp|Mundadan|Thekkedath|1982|p={{page needed|date=July 2019}}}}}} This led to the first lasting formal schism in the Saint Thomas Christian community. Thereafter, the faction affiliated with the Catholic Church under Bishop [[Palliveettil Chandy]] came to be known as ''[[Pazhayakoor|Paḻayakūṟ]]'' (or "Old Allegiance"), and the branch affiliated with [[Thoma I]] came to be known as ''[[Malankara Church|Puthenkur]]'' (or "New Allegiance").{{sfnmp|Vadakkekara|2007|1p=84|Frykenberg|2008|2p=361|3a1=Fernando|3a2=Gispert-Sauch|3y=2004|3p=79|Chaput|1999|4pp=7–8|Perczel|2013|5p=425}} These appellations have been somewhat controversial, though, as both parties considered themselves the true heirs to the Saint Thomas tradition, and saw the other party as schismatic.{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=84}} The ''Paḻayakūṟ'' faction was also known as Romo-Syrians<ref name="MS">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. Vol.3 |year=1911 |publisher=Mythic Society |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JtEAQAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=This incident marks an epoch in the history of the Syrian Church, and led to a separation of the community into parties, namely the Pazhayakuru (the Romo-Syrians) who adhered to the Church of Rome according to the Synod at Diamper; and the Puttankuru, the Jacobite Syrians, who after the oath of the Coonan Cross got Mar Gregory from Antioch, acknowledged the spiritual supremacy thereof. The former owed its foundation to the Archbishop Menezes and the Synod at Diamper in 1599 and its reconciliation after the revolt to the Carmelite Bishop Father Joseph of St.Mary whom the Pope appointed in 1659.}}</ref> and organized as the Syrian Catholic Church whereas the ''Puthenkur'' faction was also known as ''Jacobite Syrians''<ref name="MS"/> and organized as the Malankara Syrian Church.<ref name="ChurchInIndiaAndPak">{{cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |title=The Story of the Christian Church in India and Pakistan |year=1970 |publisher=Christian Literature Society |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwgXAAAAIAAJ |language=en |quote=At the end of a period of twenty years, it was found that about two – thirds of the people had remained within the Roman allegiance; one – third stood by the archdeacon and had organized themselves as the independent Malankara Church, faithful to the old Eastern traditions and hostile to all the Roman claims.}}</ref>

Between 1661 and 1665, the Paḻayakūṟ faction (Syrian Catholics) claimed 72 of the 116 churches, while Archdeacon [[Thoma I]] and the Puthenkur faction (Malankara Syrians) claimed 32. The remaining 12 churches were shared between the two factions until the late nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Christianity in Travancore |first=Gordon Thomson |last=MacKenzie |year=1901 |publisher=Travancore Government Press |isbn=9781230341651 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVQoAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> The Paḻayakūṟ faction is the body from which the modern [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] descend. The Puthenkur faction is the body from which the [[Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church|Jacobite]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Orthodox]], [[CSI Syrian Christians]], [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Marthoma]], [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] and [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] originate.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}{{sfnp|Amaladass|1993|pp=14–15}}{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=249}}

This visit of Gregorios Abdal Jaleel gradually introduced the [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]] liturgy, customs and script to the Malabar Coast.{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=88}} The visits of prelates from the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch]] continued since then and this led to gradual replacement of the East Syriac Rite liturgy with the [[West Syriac Rite]] and the Malankara Church affiliated to the [[Miaphysitism|Miaphysite Christology]] of the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox Communion]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} Furthermore, ʿAbdulmasīḥ I sent [[Maphrian]] [[Baselios Yeldo|Baselios Yaldo]] in 1685, along with Bishop Ivanios Hidayattullah who vehemently propagated the West Syriac Rite and solidified the association of the Malankara Church with the Syriac Orthodox Church.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}

The main body of the Paḻayakūṟ faction (Syrian Catholics) came to be known as the [[Syro-Malabar Church]]. They continued with their [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] traditions and stayed within the Catholic Church with [[Diophysite]] creed.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=417}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} They had to remain under the foreign Latin bishops, with the only exception of Palliveettil Chandy and [[Kariattil Ousep]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}} Their Indian [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] Catholic hierarchy was restored on 21 December 1923, with [[Augustine Kandathil]] as the first [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] and Head.{{sfnmp|1a1=Medlycott|1y=1912|Koonammakkal|2013|2pp=266, 267, 276|3a1=Thalian|3y=1961}}

===Failed attempts for reunification and solidification of the schism===
A minority within the community of Saint Thomas Christians tried to preserve the use of the [[East Syriac Rite]] and re-establishing ties with [[List of patriarchs of the Church of the East|Patriarchs of the Church of the East]], who occasionally sent envoys to India.{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}} At the beginning of the 18th century, Bishop [[Malankara Church (Paḻayakūṟ)#Metropolitan Shemʿon and his mission in Malabar|Shemʿon of ʿAda]] (d. {{circa|1720}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdomins.html|title=Archbishop Simon Dominicus |website=Catholic-hierarchy}}</ref> and in ({{circa|1708|lk=no}}), Bishop [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)#18th and 19th century Nestorian and Chaldean missions to India|Gabriel of Ardishai]] (d. {{circa|1733|lk=no}}) arrived to India, sent by the Chaldean Patriarch.{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}} Bishop Gabriel temporarily succeeded in reviving the traditionalist community, but was faced with prolonged rivalry, both from West Syriac (Jacobite) and Latin Catholic (''Propaganda Fide'' and ''Padroado'') leadership.{{sfnmp|Brown|1956|1pp=115–117|Mooken|1977|2pp=50–51|Mooken|1983|3pp=25–26|Neill|2002|4pp=62–65|Perczel|2013|5pp=428–431}}

In 1751, Jacobite Maphrian [[Baselios Sakralla III of Aleppo|Baselios Shakrallah Qasabgi]] came to Kerala.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}} He was highly instrumental in replacing the East Syriac Rite with West Syriac Rite among the ''Puthenkur'' faction.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}} He was accompanied by Gregorios Hanna Bakhudaidi,{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=427 and note}} the Jacobite Archbishop of Jerusalem, and Yukhannon (Ivanios) Christophoros of Mosul,{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=427 and note}} whom the Maphrian consecrated as a bishop during his tenure in Kerala.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}} The delegation was sent from the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate to firmly establish West Syriac Rite among the ''Puthenkur'' and regularise the orders of their leader, [[Thoma V]].{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} However, [[Thoma V]] died without having reconsecrated, but having himself consecrated his successor as Thoma VI.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}}{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=67}} [[Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Malankara|Thoma VI]] strongly resisted the efforts of the delegation.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Very often the Syriac Orthodox delegates selected their own candidates and ordained them as priests, without consulting Thoma VI.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Meanwhile, the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' were being increasingly subjugated by their colonial Latin ecclesiastical administrators.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}}

Thoma VI, therefore, initiated efforts to reunify both the factions.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=68–69}} However, the Carmelite missionaries working among the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' were reluctant to reciprocate to his efforts fearing that the indigenous bishop would take away their authority and influence over the faction after the proposed reunification of the Saint Thomas Christians was fulfilled.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} On the other hand, the Syriac Orthodox delegates were extending their influence upon the ''Puthenkur'', insisting the faction to shift to the West Syriac Rite.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Shakrallah, immediately prior to his death, consecrated Kurian Kattumangat as Bishop Abraham Koorilose in 1764.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}}

By 1770, Gregorios and Ivanios had Thoma VI reconsecrated as 'Dionysios I'.{{Sfnp|Joseph|2011}}{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}} Thoma VI had to receive all orders of priesthood from the tonsure to the episcopal consecration.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=67–68}} Thoma VI received support from ''Paḻayakūṟ'' leaders, who informed him of the ill-treatment and discrimination that they faced from the missionaries.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Consequently, two priestly leaders among them: [[Kariattil Iousep]] Malpan and [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] decided to meet the Pope to convey the message of Thoma VI.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} The Jacobite delegates were soon at odds with Thoma VI and hence in 1772 they raised Abraham Koorilose to the Metropolitan rank at the new Mattancherry Church in Cochin,{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}} constructed by Shakrallah. Abraham Koorilose received recognition from the Rajah of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}} Kariyattil Iousep, accompanied by Paremmakkal Thoma and two other deacons, made the trip from Kerala in 1778{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} and he was consecrated as the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cranganore|Archbishop of Cranganore]] in 1782.{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}} However, the efforts drastically failed because of the unexpected death of Iousep while in Goa.{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}}{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|pp=431-432}} ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'', written by Thoma Kathanar in 1785, provides the detail of this journey until the death of the archbishop.{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}}

Following this, in 1787, representatives from eighty-four ''Paḻayakūṟ'' churches assembled at Angamaly and drew up the ''[[Angamaly Padiyola|Angamāly Padiyōla]]'' against the colonial Latin hegemony, declaring their allegiance to the Paremmakkal Thoma and urged for the reinstatement of their native East Syriac hierarchy.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Meanwhile, Dionysios I (Thoma VI) managed to imprison his rival, Abraham Koorilose who finally escaped from the states of [[Travancore]] and Cochin where the majority of Saint Thomas Christians lived to Anjoor in the territory of the [[Samuthiri]] (Zamorin of Calicut).{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}} There Koorilose spent his days in prayer and meditation in a hut. A few relatives and friends joined him there. This group, originally known as the ''Thozhiyur Church'', was later confirmed as an independent Syrian Church in Malabar by the [[Madras High Court]], through a verdict in 1862.{{refn|<ref name=M3/>{{sfnp|Podipara|1970}}{{sfnp|Brown|1956}}{{sfnp|Tisserant|1957}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Mathew |first=N.M. |date=2006 |title=History of the Marthoma Church |language=Malayalam |volume=1 |pages=205–207}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kochumon |first=M.P. |title=Saintly bishops of Kattumangat |language=Malayalam |pages=42–44}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Varghese Kassessa |first=K.C. |title=History of Malabar Independent Syrian Church |language=Malayalam |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Fenwick |title=The Forgotten Bishops |publisher=Georgias Press |place=NJ |date=2009 |pages=200–246}}</ref>}} Subsequently, they took the name [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]].{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Burgess |title=The Eastern Orthodox Churches |publisher=McFarland |date=2005 |isbn=0-7864-2145-2 |page=175}}</ref>

=== British period ===
In 1795, the kings of Travancore and Cochin entered into [[tribute|tributary alliance]] with the [[British East Indian Company]] to repel the attacks from [[Tipu Sultan]]. The states soon became client regimes of the company: both were forced to disband their military. The political order of the states also began to collapse. Saint Thomas Christians were hit hard by the loss of their privileged military role, their [[Kalaripayattu|kalari]] network was dissolved and many families lost their livelihood.{{sfnp|Bayly|2004|pp=281–286}} The trading class, as well as the office bearers, also suffered the setback and many Europeans who visited the states between 1801 and 1820 noted the poor and depressed condition of Saint Thomas Christians of the ''Puthenkur''. Some partisan fund allocation for the churches by the British officials triggered a breakdown in the relationship between Saint Thomas Christians and prominent Hindu castes, at least temporarily.<ref>George Joseph, The life and times of a Kerala Christian nationalist, Orient Blackswan, 2003, pp. 33–39, {{ISBN|81-250-2495-6}}</ref> In 1815, the British Resident, Colonel [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]], founded a [[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary|seminary]] in [[Kottayam]], for the theological education of Jacobite Christian priests and invited the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]] missionaries to teach there. This could be regarded as the beginning of the relationship between the [[Church Mission Society|CMS]] (Church Mission Society) and the Saint Thomas Christians of the ''Puthenkur''.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=241}}

==== Further divisions ====
[[File:Original Syrian-Anglican cattanars from the nineteenth century (available freely in public domain).jpg|thumb|Original Syrian–Anglican [[Kathanar|cattanars]] from the nineteenth century]]
As a protest against the interference of the Anglican Church in the affairs of the ''Puthenkur'' faction of the Saint Thomas Christians, the Metropolitan, [[Dionysius IV of Cheppad|Cheppad Dionysios]], convened a Synod at [[Mavelikara]] on 16 January 1836. There it was declared that ''Malankara Church'' would be subject to the Syrian traditions and [[Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref>Cherian, Dr. C.V., ''Orthodox Christianity in India''. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003.p. 254-262.</ref> The declaration resulted in the separation of the [[Church Mission Society|CMS]] missionaries from the communion with the ''[[Malankara Church]]''.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=247–251}}{{sfb|Bayly|2004|p=300}} Cheppad Dionysios, abdicated during the tenure of an Antiochian prelate named Yuyakim Koorilose{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}} (arrived {{circa|1846}}, d. {{circa|1874|lk=no}}).{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}} During his stay in among the ''Puthenkur'', Koorilose completed the transition to West Syriac ritual practices.{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}} However, a minority from the ''[[Malankara Church]]'', who were in favour of the [[Reformation|Reformed]] ideologies of the missionaries, stood along with them and joined the [[Anglican Church]].{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=247–251}}{{sfb|Bayly|2004|p=300}} These [[Saint Thomas Anglicans]], were the first Reformed group to emerge from the Saint Thomas Christian community and they worked along with the missionaries in their evangelical, educational and reformative activities.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=247–251}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Missionaries led State to renaissance: Pinarayi |work=The Hindu |date=13 November 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Missionaries-led-State-to-renaissance-Pinarayi/article16444369.ece |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Kerala to celebrate CMS mission |journal=Church Mission Society |date=9 November 2016 |url=https://churchmissionsociety.org/our-stories/kerala-celebrate-cms-mission |language=en}}</ref> By 1879, the [[Diocese of Travancore and Cochin]] of the [[Church of England]] was established in [[Kottayam]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=A History of the Church of England in India, by Eyre Chatterton (1924) |website=anglicanhistory.org |url=https://anglicanhistory.org/india/chatterton1924/20.html}}</ref><ref name="Keralawindow">{{cite web |title=Church of south India (CSI) |website=keralawindow.net |url=https://www.keralawindow.net/Church_CSI.html}}</ref> On 27 September 1947, the Anglican dioceses in [[South India]], merged with other [[Protestant churches]] in the region and formed the [[Church of South India]] (CSI); an independent [[United Church]] in full communion with all its predecessor denominations.<ref name="Encyclopedia1999"/><ref name="MeltonBaumann2010"/> Since then, Anglican Syrian Christians have been members of the Church of South India and also came to be known as [[CSI Syrian Christians]].<ref name="Keralawindow" />
[[File:Elias Mellus.png|thumb|upright|[[Elias Mellus|Mar Elias Mellus]]]]
In 1860, tired of their Latin subjugation, the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' sent a delegation headed by Antony Thondanatt (d. {{circa|1900|lk=no}}) to [[Mosul]] to make a plea to the [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon|Chaldean Catholic patriarch]] to consecrate a bishop of their own rite for them.{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}} In response, Patriarch [[Joseph VI Audo]] consecrated Thomas Rokos,{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}} titular archbishop of [[Basra]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brokuss.html|title=Archbishop Thomas Rokuss |website=Catholic-Hierarchy}}</ref> and dispatched him to visit the alienated Malabar Christian flock in 1861.{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}} However, the mission failed due to the protests of the apostolic delegate at Mosul, Henri Amanton, and the vicar apostolic of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]]. As a result, the Pope forced the Patriarch to call back the bishop.<ref>{{cite book|first=Giacomo|last=Martina|title=Pio IX (1851–1866)|year=1986|isbn=8876525432 |pages=372–374|publisher=Pontificia università gregoriana }}</ref>{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|p=34}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}} There was yet another incident on 5 June 1864. Patriarch Joseph VI consecrated [[Elias Mellus]], bishop of {{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Aqra,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmellus.html |title=Bishop Jean-Élie Mellus |website=Catholic-Hierarchy}}</ref> and sent him to India. But this effort too was met with the same fate as before and Mellus was called back in 1882.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/the-church.php|title = Church of the East – India}}</ref>{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|p=75}} Meanwhile, in 1862, an attempt was made to reestablish direct ties between traditionalist Christian communities in India and the [[List of Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian Patriarch]] [[Shimun XVIII Rubil|Shimun XVIII]] consecrated the aforementioned Thondanatt as Abdisho, the Metropolitan of India, but his task proved to be very difficult and challenging. He intensified his activity after 1882, fulfilling the aspirations of local Christians of the [[East Syriac Rite]] for the full re-establishment of traditional ecclesiastical structure. Until his death in 1900, he partially succeeded in organizing the local church, that was named the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]].{{sfnp|Mooken|1987|p=}} After his death, local Christians appealed to [[Shimun XIX Benyamin|Shimun XIX]], Patriarch of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] in [[Qochanis]] who was forthcoming, and in December 1907 consecrated [[Abimalek Timotheus]] as [[metropolitan bishop]] for India. He reached his diocese in February 1908, and took over the administration.{{sfnp|Mooken|1975|p=11-26}}{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=435-436}} He organized ecclesiastical structures, and continued with revitalisation of the [[East Syriac Rite]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}}{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=103}}

By June 1875, there were two factions among the ''[[Malankara Church]]'': ''Conservative Party'' and ''Reform Party''. [[Mathews Athanasius]] was the Malankara Metropolitan approved by the Governments of Travancore and of Cochin and he was supportive to the reforming of the Jacobite church with evangelistic ideologies. Hence the group with Mathews Athanasius was known as "Reform Party"{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011b}}<ref name="Varghese2008" /> The conservative faction, under the leadership of Metropolitan [[Pulikkottil Joseph Dionysious II]], opposed the attempts to do away with the age-old traditions of the church, which resulted in a stir in the community.<ref name="Varghese2008" /> Being invited by this faction, the Antiochene Patriarch [[Ignatius Peter IV|Ignatius Peter III]] arrived in Kerala.<ref>M.P. Varkey, ''[[Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II]], Metropolitan of Jacobite faction of Malankara Church''.(Malayalam), [[Malayala Manorama]]. 1901.</ref> In June 1876, at the synod of [[Mulanthuruthy]], presided over by the Patriarch, the Syrian faction formally came under the Antiochene Patriarchate.{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}}<ref>Cheriyan, C.V., ''Orthodox Christianity in India''. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003. p. 294.</ref> The synod condemned Mathews Athanasius for abstaining from it, but his followers stayed firm with him.<ref name="Varghese2008">Varghese, A.P. – [https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC ''India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World''], Atlantic Publishers 2008, {{ISBN|978-81-269-0903-2}}, pp. 376–378</ref> His successor [[Thomas Athanasius]] and the bishop's faction lost the lawsuit to the Patriarchal faction in the Royal Court of Travancore on 12 July 1889.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mathew |first=N.M. |title=History of the Marthoma Church |language=Malayalam |volume=II |date=2007 |page=125}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Reform Party continued as an independent Church and thereafter a series of suits arose on the rights over churches and associated properties. Later they chose the name [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].<ref name="Varghese2008" />{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011b}}

In 1911, Patriarch [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II|Ignatius ʿAbdullāh II]] excommunicated [[Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril|Vattasseril Geevarghese Dionysios]] (Dionysios VI), the Malankara Metropolitan,{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}} due to dispute of authority over the properties of the ''Malankara Church''.{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}} This led to the division of the Church into two groups, with one group accepting the supreme authority of the patriarch and the other supporting Dionysios VI.{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}} The group led by Dionysios VI invited Patriarch [[Ignatius Abded Mshiho II|Ignatius ʿAbdulmasīḥ II]], who was deposed from Patriarchate by the Turkish authorities.{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}} In 1912, ʿAbdulmasīḥ II arrived in India and he consecrated [[Paulose I (Indian Orthodox Church)|Baselios Paulose I]] (d. {{circa|1914|lk=no}}) as Maphrian (Syriac Orthodox Catholicos).{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}} This was not recognised by the Syriac Orthodox Church.<ref>{{cite encyclopaedia |last=Kiraz |first=George A.|author-link=George A. Kiraz|title=ʿAbdulmasīḥ II |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/entry/Abdulmasih-II|year=2011b |encyclopaedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition}}</ref> Previously ʿAbdulmasīḥ II himself had declined the request for the installation of a Maphrianate for India in 1902 during his patriarchate.{{sfnp|Kiraz|2011a}} The independent group under Metropolitan Dionysios VI, known as the 'Metropolitan's Party', started endorsing the claims for [[autocephaly]].{{sfnp|Kiraz|2011a}}{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}} The other group, known as the 'Patriarch's Party', remained loyal to the Patriarch and was led by [[Coorilos Paulose of Panampady|Coorilos Paulose]], succeeded by [[Athanasius Paulose]].{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}}<ref>{{cite book |author=K Mani Rajan|year=2017|title=Holy Fathers of The Syrian Orient Entombed in Kerala|pages=111–116|publisher=JSC Publications |url=http://rajanachen.com/files/eng3.pdf}}</ref> The two sides filed a series of lawsuits in the civil courts and some parallel attempts to reconcile both the parties also took place. In 1958, bishops of both the parties sealed their reconciliation and signed a treaty which in turn recognised the autonomy of reunited factions, with its own synod of bishops under the presidency of the Catholicos.{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QUMOAAAAQAAJ ''A History of Eastern Christianity''] – Taylor & Francis, pp. 372–374.</ref> The verdict of the Supreme Court of India in 1958, legitimizing the autonomy of Kerala church, was instrumental in this formal reconciliation between the two sides. In 1964, Patriarch [[Ignatius Jacob III|Ignatius Yaʿqub III]] consecrated [[Baselios Augen I]] (d. {{circa|1975}}) as the Catholicos.{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}} Nonetheless, in 1975, both the parties split again with the decision of the ''Universal Syrian Synod'', held in Damascus, to depose the Catholicos in Kerala and [[Baselios Paulose II]] was consecrated as the Catholicos for the 'Patriarch faction'.{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}} Today the West Syriac Oriental Orthodox community in India is divided between the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] (an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church) and the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] (an autonomous church under the Antiochene Patriarchate).{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}}{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}}{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=94-96}}{{sfnp|Kiraz|2011a}}

In 1930, a section of the ''[[Malankara Church]]'' under the leadership of Archbishop [[Geevarghese Ivanios]] and [[Jacob Theophilos]] left the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]<ref>Cherian, Dr. C.V., ''Orthodox Christianity in India''. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003.p. 354.</ref> and came into communion with the Catholic Church. They are known as [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011b}} On 11 June 1932, [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Trivandrum]] was recognised as a [[Metropolitan See]] [[sui juris]], with [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla|Thiruvalla]] as its suffragan.{{sfnp|Brock|2011b}} On 10 February 2005, the church was raised to the status of a [[Major archiepiscopal church]]. The canonical installation of [[Cyril Baselios]] as the first [[Major Archbishop]] took place on 14 May 2005 and simultaneously the title 'Catholicos' was legitimized.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chediath|first=Geevarghese| year=2012| author-link=Geevarghese Chediath| isbn=978-81-88456-91-8| url=https://malankaralibrary.com/ImageUpload/2f994b126f0c07feb01530cc639479f5.pdf|pages=201, 226| publisher=OIRSI publications| location=Vadavathoor|title=The Malankara Catholic Church}}</ref> The [[St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute]] (SEERI), inaugurated on 14 September 1985, comes under the Syro-Malankara Catholic Archbishop of Thiruvalla.{{sfnp|Brock|2011b}}

In 1961, there was a split in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church which resulted in the formation of [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]].<ref>Rev. Thomas, P.T. & Rev. P.C. Zachariah. ''It Happened in The Mar Thoma Church''. 1961.</ref><ref>Thomas, K.T. & Rev. T.N. Koshy. ''Faith on Trial''. Ernakulam. 1965.</ref>

[[Pentecostalism]] began to spread among Saint Thomas Christians from 1911, due to [[Americans|American]] missionary work.<ref name="Syrianpentecostals1"/> The first [[Pentecostal Syrian Christians|Syrian Pentecostals]] came from [[Kerala Brethren]], who were in turn mostly ex-[[Marthomite]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Valayil C |first1=John |title=Transnational Religious Organization and Practice: A Contextual Analysis of Kerala Pentecostal Churches in Kuwait |date=22 February 2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-36101-0 |pages=96–108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kntTDwAAQBAJ&q=pentecostal+evangelical+saint+thomas+syrian+christian&pg=PA105 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Syrianpentecostals3">{{cite book |last1=John |first1=Stanley |title=The Rise of 'New Generation' Churches in Kerala Christianity |date=10 December 2020 |pages=271–291 |url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004444867/BP000019.xml |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004444867_014 |isbn=9789004444867 |s2cid=234532613 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Kumar |editor1-first=P. Pratap |title=Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies |journal=Nidan: Journal for the Study of Hinduism |date=December 2019 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=7–18 |url=https://www.academia.edu/41899624 |language=en |issn=2414-8636}}</ref> As the movement gained momentum, groups of people from all traditional St. Thomas Christian denominations became part of various emerging Pentecostal and [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] fellowships.<ref name="Syrianpentecostals3" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karkkainen |first1=Veli-Matti |title=The Spirit in the World: Emerging Pentecostal Theologies in Global Contexts |date=26 August 2009 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-6281-5 |pages=72–87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6qJ_lP3dSAC&q=pentecostal+evangelical+saint+thomas+syrian+christian&pg=PA72 |language=en}}</ref> Pentecostals from Syrian Christian background spearheaded the movement in Kerala and to a lesser extent in India, by providing the necessary leadership for establishing denominations like [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God]], [[Assemblies of God in India]], [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India]], [[The Pentecostal Mission]] and many other [[Neo-charismatic church]]es.<ref name="Syrianpentecostals2"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Christians – Later developments |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thomas-Christians/Later-developments |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Allan |title=An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity |date=13 May 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-53280-8 |pages=124–127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPbPTOi0Rk4C&q=pentecostalism+kerala+syrian+christian&pg=PA127 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Samuel |first1=Joy T. |title=The Pneumatic Experiences of the Indian Neocharismatics |publisher=University of Birmingham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGoTxQEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=Chapter 1. A brief history of pentecostal and neocharismatic movements in Kerala, India|year=2018 }}</ref> The [[Syro-Malabar Church]] too has a very active [[Charismatic movement|Charismatic ministry]], operated through establishments such as the [[Divine Retreat Centre, Muringoor]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Candy Gunther |title=Global Pentecostal and Charismatic Healing |date=24 February 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979306-8 |page=334 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WW4A9Nv7KgC&dq=syro+malabar+church+charismatic+ministries&pg=PA334 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Turner |editor-first1=Bryan S. |editor-last2=Salemink |editor-first2=Oscar |title=Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-63646-5 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7qbBAAAQBAJ&dq=syro+malabar+church+charismatic+ministries&pg=PA90 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Involvement in politics ====
Participation based on caste and community divisions and sympathies has been a feature of politics in the present day state of Kerala and its predecessor entities. Until the mid-20th century the primary cause of the divisions between the various communities was competition for rights and resources.

Like other communities, Saint Thomas Christians have been involved in regional politics on a community basis. In 1888, Travancore became the first [[princely state]] in India to establish a Legislative Council, which was reformed as the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]] in 1904. A few Saint Thomas Christian leaders were elected to the Legislative Council but there was resentment that their share of the available seats was proportionately less than that of other prominent castes. This resentment led to a series of campaigns for equal representation both in the legislature and in government positions.<ref name=Nossiter1982pp78-82>Thomas Johnson Nossiter, ''Communism in Kerala: a study in political adaptation'', University of California Press, 1982, pp. 78- 82, {{ISBN|0-520-04667-6}}</ref> ''Jatiaikya Sangham'', an organization formed with an objective of reuniting the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' and ''Puthenkur'' communities, came up with the idea of a newspaper that resulted in the establishment of ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Nasrani Deepika]]'' by [[Nidhiry Mani Kathanar|Nidhirikkal Manikkathanar]] in 1887.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NXK445Q1nIwC Encyclopedia of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh]</ref> Newspapers such as the ''Nasrani Deepika'' and ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' disseminated their grievances.{{sfnp|Devika|Varghese|2010|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}

In 1918, Saint Thomas Christians formed the League for Equal Civic Rights, which sought the opening of all branches of government service to Christians, Muslims and [[avarna]] Hindus, as well as an end to the practice of untouchability. Their demands were partially met in 1922 when the Revenue Department was separated from the ''[[Devaswom boards in Kerala|Devaswom]]'', a semi-government organization that managed the Hindu temples, thus removing the restriction on non-Hindus and avarnas in the executive service. In the 1920s, Saint Thomas Christian leaders such as [[George Joseph (Kerala)|George Joseph]] were advised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to detach from [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], an agitation for the [[Temple Entry Proclamation|temple entry rights]] of avarna Hindus, as he considered the issue to be one of concern to Hindus alone.{{sfnp|Devika|Varghese|2010|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |title=Temple Entry Movement in Travancore |journal=Social Scientist |volume=4 |issue=8 |date=March 1976 |pages=11–12 |url=http://www.cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/vaikom_agitation.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603155447/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/vaikom_agitation.html |archive-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Titusji|Titus Theverthundiyil]] was one of the 78 marchers selected by Gandhi to take part in the 1930 [[Dandi March]], to break the [[History of the British salt tax in India|British salt monopoly]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/recreating-an-unsung-hero/article7875442.ece/|title=Recreating an unsung hero |newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

With the institution in 1932 of a [[bicameral]] legislature in Travancore, four Saint Thomas Christians found a place in among the 24 seats of the [[lower house]], but not comparable with other forward castes.<ref name=Nossiter1982pp78-82 /> The 1931 census recorded over 31 per cent of the population as being Christian, compared to around 4 per cent in 1820.{{sfnp|Devika|Varghese|2010|pp=19–20}} Some restrictions were imposed on Saint Thomas Christian parishes to start new schools and later on the Diwan attempted to take over the schools owned by the community.{{sfnp|Devika|Varghese|2010|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}} There followed a period of fierce confrontation between the Diwan and Saint Thomas Christians—many leaders were arrested, prominent news papers were banned and large banks owned by the community members were liquidated.{{sfnp|Devika|Varghese|2010|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}<ref>Donald Eugene Smith et al.- South Asian politics and religion, Princeton University Press, 1966, p. 190.</ref> In 1937, general elections were held and Joint Political Congress played a significant role to attain much better representation for allied communities.<ref>George Mathew – Communal Road to a Secular Kerala, Concept Publishing Company, 1989, {{ISBN|81-7022-282-6}}, pp. 91–103.</ref> [[T.M. Varghese]] was elected as the Deputy President of the Assembly where [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] was the ex officio President. On the collapse of Joint Political Congress due to internal conflicts, Saint Thomas Christian leaders allied with [[Nair]]s in a common platform- ''Travancore State Congress'' where they fought together for responsible government and also to oust Iyer.<ref name=Nossiter1982pp78-82 /> [[Abraham Thoma|Abraham Marthoma]] mobilised Syrian Christians against the divan's move not to unite with free India.<ref>{{cite book |author=P.R. Saraswati |chapter=The Impact of Indian Christianity on Indian Society |title=Christianity in India Through the Centuries |date=2007 |url=http://www.stichtingup.nl/Artikelen/008_theImpactofIndianChristianity.pdf |pages=205–252 |publisher=Authentic Books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711064914/http://www.stichtingup.nl/Artikelen/008_theImpactofIndianChristianity.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2012 |isbn=9788173627866}}</ref> In the three-member Cabinet of Travancore formed after the first general elections in 1948, Varghese was a Cabinet Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/history/bicameral.html |title=History of legislative bodies in Kerala |website=keralaassembly.org |access-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> However the first Saint Thomas Christian to become a minister in the central government of India was [[Padma Vibhushan]] [[John Mathai]], who served as India's first [[Indian Railways|Railway Minister]] and subsequently as India's [[Finance Minister]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Reflections on Finance Education and Society|date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publication |page=114|isbn=9788120830752 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5QxQ3sOVPcC}}</ref> taking office shortly after the presentation of India's first Budget, in 1948.

On 1 November 1956, [[Kerala|the state of Kerala]] was formed and the [[Communism in Kerala|Communist Party of India]] formed the first government of the state in 1957 on [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|winning the assembly elections]]. Though the government initiated the legislation process for reforming the land and the education sectors, these were considered as infringements over the rights by the school managements and landowners, who were predominantly Saint Thomas Christians and [[Nair]]s.<ref>Kerala socio economic survey 1968</ref> The disagreements of the Saint Thomas Christians further widened and they allied with [[Nair Service Society]] to mobilize against the government, which culminated in a violent struggle, called the [[Liberation Struggle]], in 1958.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Johnson Nossiter|title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&pg=PA153|year=1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04667-2|pages=155–156}}</ref> The Communist government was dismissed on 31 July 1959 and the [[President's rule]] was imposed in the state under [[Article 356]] of the [[Constitution of India]].

== Socio-cultural and religious identity ==
[[File:Malabar Christians of 19th century.jpg|thumb|265 px|Nasranis or Syrian Christians of Kerala in ancient days (from an old painting). Photo published in the Cochin Government Royal War Efforts Souvenir in 1938.]]
Saint Thomas Christians are a distinct community in terms of culture and religion. Though their liturgy and theology remained that of East Syrian Christians of Persia, their lifestyle customs and traditions were basically Indian. It is oft-quoted: "Nazranis are Indian in culture, Christian in faith and Syrian in liturgy".{{sfnp|Amaladass|1993|p=16}}

At present, Saint Thomas Christians represent a multi-cultural group. Their culture is largely derived from [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]], [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]], [[Jews|Jewish]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]],<ref name="Pallan">Pallan, M (2018) Ethnocultural Transformation of Social Identity. Syrian Christians in Kerala. Chapter 2 and 6. Grin Verlag. {{ISBN|9783668858749}}</ref> and [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin liturgical]] influences, blended with local customs and later elements derived from indigenous Indian and European colonial contacts. Their language is Malayalam—the language of Kerala—and [[Syriac language|Syriac]] is used for liturgical purposes.
[[File:Old Karingachira Church.png|thumb|Old [[Karingachira Church]] which was seen by Anglican Missionary Dr. [[Claudius Buchanan]] in 1806]]
Jewish influence has been observed in Malabar Nasrani liturgy and traditions.<ref name="Ross" /><ref name="Pallan"/> Their celebration of [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] was and still is called the [[Holy Qurbana|Qurbana]], which is derived from the [[Aramaic language]] term ''Qurbana'' ({{lang|sem-x-aramaic|ܩܘܪܒܢܐ}}), meaning "sacrifice". Nasrani Qurbana used to be held in Syriac until the early 20th century.<ref name="RossI">Ross, Israel J. (1979) Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala (pp. 80–98). vol 11, no 1. doi: 10.2307/833968</ref>
Saint Thomas Christians typically follow the social customs of their Hindu neighbours, and their devotional practices can show the vestiges of Hindu symbolism.{{sfnp|Prasad|2009|pp=484–487}} Social sins like [[untouchability]] entered their practices, and the [[Synod of Diamper]] abolished it.{{sfnp|Prasad|2009|pp=482–483}} The sacraments related to birth, marriage, pregnancy, death, etc., also adapted nuances from Hindu religious practices. Even today, tying [[Mangala sutra|Minnu]], a Hindu symbol of marriage, is the most important rite in Christian marriages. In 1519, Portuguese traveler [[Duarte Barbosa]], on his visit to Malabar, commented on the practice of Saint Thomas Christian priests using [[Kudumi]] similar to that of Hindus in his manuscript ''Book of Duarte Barbosa''.{{sfnp|Collins|2007|p=142}}

In the social stratification of medieval Malabar, Saint Thomas Christians succeeded in relating their social status with that of upper-caste Hindus on account of their numerical strength and influence, and observance of many Brahmin and upper caste customs.{{sfnp|Prasad|2009|pp=482–483}}{{sfnp|Ananthakrishna Iyer|1926|pp=205–219}} In the 13th and 14th centuries, many Saint Thomas Christians were involved in the pepper trade for the local rulers, and many were appointed as port revenue officers. The local rulers rewarded them with grants of land and many other privileges. With growing numerical strength, a large number of Saint Thomas Christians settled in the inland pepper-growing regions.{{sfnp|Bayly|2004|pp=246–247}} They had the right to recruit and train soldiers, and Christian trainers were given the honorary title ''Panikkar'' like their [[Nair]] counterparts.{{sfnp|Pothan|1963|p=58}} They were also entitled to collect the tax, and the tax collectors were honored with the title ''Tharakan''.

Like Brahmins, they had the right to sit before the kings and ride horses or elephants like the royals.{{sfnp|Prasad|2009|pp=482–483}} They were protectors of seventeen lower castes and communities and hence were called ''Lords of Seventeen Castes''.{{sfnp|Prasad|2009|pp=482–483}}{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=325-330}} They did not allow the lower castes to join their community for fear that it could imperil their upper-caste status.{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=325-330}}{{sfnp|Amaladass|1993|pp=15–19}} The regal period ended when the community fell under the power of the [[raja]]s of Cochin and Travancore.<ref>Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General, p. 290.</ref> They owned a large number of [[Kalaripayattu]] training centers, and the rajas of Travancore and Cochin, including the renowned [[Marthanda Varma]], recruited trained Christian warriors to defend their kingdom.{{sfnp|Bayly|2004|p=273}}

[[File:Mr & Mrs C.P.Matthen with their children.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A Saint Thomas Syrian Christian family from Thiruvalla (1937)]]
Upper-caste Hindus and Saint Thomas Christians took part in one another's festival celebrations. In some places in Kerala, the Hindu temples and Saint Thomas Christian churches were built on adjoining sites by the [[Hindu king]]s. Until the 19th century, Saint Thomas Christians had the right of access to Hindu temples, and some leading Saint Thomas Christians held the status of sponsors at Hindu shrines and temple festivals.{{sfnp|Bayly|2004|pp=274–279}} In the 19th century, however, Saint Thomas Christian integration with the Hindu caste system was disrupted: their clean-caste status was questioned in some localities, and they were denied access to many Hindu temples. They tried to retaliate by denouncing Hindu festivals as heathen [[idolatry]]. Clashes between upper-caste Hindus and Saint Thomas Christians occurred beginning in the late 1880s, especially when festivals coincided. Internecine violence among various Saint Thomas Christian denominations aggravated their problems.{{sfnp|Bayly|2004|pp=310–315}}

=== Existing traditions, music, rituals and social life ===
[[File:Pesaha at Payyappilly's.jpg|thumb|[[Passover|Pesaha]] Appam (unleavened bread) similar to a [[matzah]] is prepared on [[Maundy Thursday]] to commemorate the [[Passover]] of the Lord, rooted in its Jewish traditions.]]
[[File:Kozhukatta Nasrani food.jpg|thumb|''[[Kozhukkatta]]'' is prepared by Nasranis on the Saturday prior to [[Palm Sunday]] and the day is hence called ''Kozhukatta Saturday''.]]
Saint Thomas Christians still retain many of their ancient traditions and rituals, both in their social and religious life. Prior to the 1970s, the Nasrani ''[[Qurbana]]'' was sung in only Syriac. Many of the tunes of Saint Thomas Christian worship in Kerala, especially those in the East Syriac tradition, are remnants of Syriac tunes of antiquity.<ref name="Palackal">{{Cite thesis |last=Palackal |first=Joseph J. |author-link=Joseph J. Palackal |title=Syriac Chant Traditions in South India |degree=PhD, Ethnomusicology |publisher=City University of New York |year=2005}}</ref>{{sfnp|Palackal|2016}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Palackal |first=Joseph J. |author-link=Joseph J. Palackal |title=The Survival Story of the Sound, Sentiments, and Melodies of the Aramaic Chants in India |journal=ARAM Periodical |editor=Shafiq Abouzayd |publisher=ARAM Society |year=2020 |pages=287–292 |url=https://www.thecmsindia.org/PDF-Flip-Book/index.php?p=Sound-sentiments-of-Aramaic-chants-ARAM-Periodical-2020.pdf}}</ref>

* Saint Thomas Christians observe [[Holy Thursday]] with high reverence. The day is referred to as ''Pesaha'', a Malayalam word derived from the Aramaic or Hebrew word for [[Passover]]—''Pasha'' or Pesakh ({{lang|he|פסח}}). The tradition of consuming ''[[Pesaha Appam]]'' after the church service is observed by the entire community under the leadership of the head of the family. Special long services followed by the ''Qurbana'' are conducted during the ''Pesaha'' eve service in the churches.<ref>{{cite web |orig-date=Updated: 12 October 2014 |url=https://nasrani.net/2007/03/25/passover-among-nasrani-syrian-christians-of-kerala/ |website=NSC Network |title=Palm Sunday (Kuruthola Perunnal), Maundy Thursday (Pesaha), Good Friday (Dukha Velli) And Easter Among Saint Thomas Christians Of India |date=25 March 2007 |access-date=16 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Weil">Weil, S. (1982) "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala. in Contributions to Indian Sociology, 16.</ref>
* The community observes [[Lent]], locally called ''Anpathu noyambu'' ('the fifty days' fast') or the ''Valiya noyambu'' (''[[Sawma Rabba]]'', 'the Great Fast'), from [[Clean Monday]] or the preceding Sunday (called the ''Pētūrttà'' ['looking back'], this is the original practice and it still prevails among the Chaldean Syrian Church)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syro-Malabar Catechesis |url=http://www.syromalabarcatechesis.com/home/season/4 |access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183657/http://www.syromalabarcatechesis.com/home/season/4|url-status=dead}}</ref> to the day before Easter, abjuring all meat, fish and egg. They also traditionally observe a 25-day fast that ends on Christmas Day.<ref name="Worldmark1">{{cite web|title=Syrian Christians in India |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2131107461.html#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510132548/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2131107461.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily |year=2009|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref>
* Generally, [[Tradition of removing shoes in the home and houses of worship|footwear is removed before entering the church]] and [[Christian headcovering|women cover their heads]] with a veil, scarf, shawl, [[mantilla]], or the end of a sari during worship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross-Cultural Head Coverings |url=https://csames.illinois.edu/system/files/2020-12/Cross-Culture_Head_Coverings.pdf#:~:text=The%20practice%20of%20head%20covering,a%20sari%20during%20religious%20services. |publisher=[[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] |access-date=9 March 2024 |page=3 |date=2020 |quote=Many Christian women in India still cover their heads with a veil, scarf, shawl or the end of a sari during religious services. |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823050737/https://csames.illinois.edu/system/files/2020-12/Cross-Culture_Head_Coverings.pdf#:~:text=The%20practice%20of%20head%20covering,a%20sari%20during%20religious%20services. |url-status=live }}</ref>
*On the day of [[Palm Sunday]], known as ''Oshana'' or ''Hoshana'' Sunday, flowers are strewn about the sanctuary, loaned from the Hindu ritual of offering flowers, and the crowd shouts "''[[Hosanna|Oshana]]''" ({{lang|syr|ܐܘܿܫܲܥܢܵܐ}} ''ʾōshaʿnā''; 'save, rescue, savior' in [[Aramaic]]). Then, palm leaves are blessed and distributed after the Mass is recited.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turek|first=Przemysław |date=5 November 2011|title=Syriac Heritage of the Saint Thomas Christians: Language and Liturgical Tradition Saint Thomas Christians – origins, language and liturgy|journal=Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia|volume=3|pages=115–130 |doi=10.15633/ochc.1038|issn=2081-1330|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* The celebration of Mass is commonly called the ''Holy Qurbana'', regardless of whether it is the East Syriac [[Holy Qurbana]] or West Syriac [[Holy Qurobo]]. The ''Holy Qurbana'' is mostly conducted in Malayalam. However, large parts of the ''Holy Qurbana'' are sung in [[Syriac language|Syriac]]. During the 20th century, the ''Qurbana-kramam'' (i.e., the book containing the order of worship) was translated into English for the benefit of worshipers who lived outside Kerala and did not know how to read or write Malayalam.
* Saint Thomas Christians use East Syriac term ''[[Maran|Māràn]] [[Isho|Īshoʿ Mîshîħa]]'' (Jesus's name in [[Aramaic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.v-a.com/bible/jesus.html |title=Eashoa Msheekhah (Aramaic), Jesus the Messiah (English) or the Christ (Greek) |publisher=V-a.com |access-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831092557/http://www.v-a.com/bible/jesus.html |archive-date=31 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) to refer to Jesus of Nazareth.
* The Saint Thomas Christians, particularly of the [[West Syriac Rite]], pray the [[canonical hours]] of the ''[[Shehimo]]'' seven times a day.<ref name="Kurian2020">{{cite web |last1=Kurian |first1=Jake |title="Seven Times a Day I Praise You" – The Shehimo Prayers |url=http://www.ds-wa.org/seven-times-a-day-i-praise-you-the-sheema-prayers.html |publisher=[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Southwest America|Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]|access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref>
* Another surviving tradition is the use of ''[[muthukkuda]]'' (ornamental [[Umbrella#Ancient India|umbrella]]) for church celebrations, marriages, and other festivals. The church celebrations include traditional drums, arch decorations, ornamental umbrellas, and [[Panchavadyam]]. Their use has become popular all over Kerala.
* The sacraments and ceremonies of Saint Thomas Christians related to house-building, birth, and marriage have close similarity with those of Hindus in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Varghese|first=Pathikulangara|title=Mar Thomma Margam: a new catechism for the Saint Thomas Christians of India |year=2004|publisher=Denha Services|isbn=81-904135-0-3|oclc=255155413}}</ref> The sacrament of death reflects Christian canonical themes to a limited extent, with a noticeably significant influence from Hindu culture. Emphasis is placed on concepts related to eternal life after death and the anticipation of Jesus's final coming.<ref>Rowena Robinson: Christians of India, p. 106, {{ISBN|0-7619-9822-5}}</ref>
* Saint Thomas Christians do not marry close relatives. The rule is that the bride and groom must not be related for at least five or seven generations.
* Saint Thomas Christians generally prefer arranged marriages, and the prospective partners see each other in the Pennukanal (bride-viewing) ceremony at the bride's home.<ref name="Canadian Anthropology Society p. 258">Anthropologica Vol 46, 2004, Canadian Anthropology Society, p. 258.</ref>
* Saint Thomas Christian marriage customs are uniquely different from Western Christian marriage and local Hindu marriage customs. For example, engagement and marriage are usually performed together in the same service. Unlike Western Christian traditions, there is no direct ring exchange between groom and bride during engagement; rather, it is offered and mediated by the [[Kathanar]], who represents Jesus, symbolizing that it is God who brings the couple together into marriage.<ref name="marriage_customs_syro_malabar">{{Cite web |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/resources_details.php?res=115 |title=Inculturation of the East Syrian Liturgy of Marriage By the St. Thomas Christians in India|website=syromalabarchurch.in|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212124612/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/resources_details.php?res=115|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tying of the ''Minnu'' ([[Mangala sutra|Mangalasutra]]) and the giving of the "''Manthrakodi''" or "''Pudava''" to the bride are the major wedding rituals loaned from Hinduism. ''Manthrakodi'', a [[Silk|silk saree]] with a [[Zari|golden zari]] border, is blessed by the priest and is placed by the bridegroom by covering the hair of the bride; it symbolises the "''Pudavakodukkal''" ceremony of the [[Nambudiri Brahmins]], wherein the bridegroom places a silk cloth by covering the head of the bride.<ref name="Canadian Anthropology Society p. 258"/><ref>{{Cite journal |title=NAṢRĀNĪ|website=Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936)|date=24 April 2012|doi=10.1163/2214-871x_ei1_dum_0652}}</ref>
* Saint Thomas Christians widely use [[Nilavilakku]] (a lighted metal lamp), [[Kindi (vessel)|Kindi]], [[Kalasha]], and other bronze articles in their houses and churches.{{sfnp|Collins|2007|p=120}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Holly Donahue |date=November 2020 |title=Privileged Minorities: Syrian Christianity, Gender, and Minority Rights in Postcolonial India. Sonja Thomas. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2018. 224 pp. |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=475–476 |doi=10.1111/amet.12982 |s2cid=229510798 |issn=0094-0496}}</ref>
*The night before the marriage, a ceremony known as ''[[Madhuram Veppu]]'' is conducted. The ceremony is conducted separately for the bride and the bridegroom. It includes serving the bride and the bridegroom sweets by the maternal uncle. The tradition is borrowed from the [[Knanaya]] (Southist) community's tradition called ''Chantham Charthal'', wherein the couple is served sweets. ''Chantham Charthal'' for the bride includes applying [[Henna]], [[Sandalwood]], and [[turmeric]] over the palms and legs as a symbolism of purity. The face of the bridegroom is cleanly shaved as a ritual. All the traditions are accompanied by the ''Panan Pattu'' performed by the ''Panan'' caste, who sings the grants and privileges given to the Syrian Christians.{{sfnp|Menachery|2000}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grysa |first=Bartłomiej |date=7 November 2011 |title=The Cultural Heritage of the Knanaya Christians |journal=Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia |volume=3 |pages=43–53 |doi=10.15633/ochc.1022 |issn=2081-1330 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{sfnp|Swiderski|1988|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}
* The traditional dress of a Saint Thomas Christian woman is the [[Chattayum Mundum]], a seamless white garment now limited to older female adherents. Following the general trend, the [[Sari]] and [[Churidar]] have become predominant among the younger generations.<ref name="Worldmark1" /><ref>Anthropologica Vol 46, 2004, Canadian Anthropology Society, p. 262.</ref>
* Many artforms, such as [[Margamkali]] (an ancient dance form performed in a circular configuration with a [[Nilavilakku]] at the centre) and [[Parichamuttukali]] (an ancient martial dance form in which Syrian Christian men with swords and shields follow the movements and steps of [[Kalaripayattu]]), still exist amongst the Saint Thomas Syrian Christian community.

===Church architecture===
[[File:St Mary,'s Orthodox church , Kottayam (cheriya palli).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[St. Mary's Church, Kottayam|Kottayam Saint Mary's Minor Church]] (''Kottayam Cheriyapally'') with the traditional tile roofing and wall]]
The earliest documentary evidence is the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]], which refers to the construction of the church of Tharisapally in Quilon between 823 and 849 AD. Antonio Gouvea, Portuguese envoy to Malabar, mentions in his 16th-century work ''Jornada'' that almost all the churches of Saint Thomas Christians followed the models of Hindu temples of that period, but were distinguished by the huge granite cross in the front yard of the church. Despite the external similarity with temples, the structuring of the church's interior space always followed the [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] architectural theology. Thus, the contemporary style is formed as an amalgamation of Indian architecture and Assyrian liturgical concepts.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2010|pp=48-50}} The church is arranged east-to-west, with the interior structured into three levels: the ''madbaha'' ([[sanctuary]]), the ''qestroma'' ([[Choir (architecture)|choir]]), and the ''haykla'' ([[nave]]).

The ''madbaha'', arranged in the topmost platform at the eastern side of the building, represents [[Heaven]]. The primary [[altar]] is attached to the eastern wall. To the north of the ''madbaha'' is the ''diaqonikon'' ([[sacristry]]); to the south is the [[baptistery]]. The ''madbaha'' is protected with rails and is veiled by a red curtain most of the time; this is opened during the [[Holy Qurbana]] ([[Eucharist]]). An oil lamp within the sanctuary is always kept glowing to represent God's presence. The ''madbaha'' is connected to the ''qestroma'' and ''haykla'' by a low-walled path called the ''sqaqona''. The ''qestroma'' contains seats for the [[choir]] and lower clergy. The ''haykla'' contains an elevated platform or ''[[bema]]'', which includes an [[altar]], two [[lectern]]s for reading, and chairs for higher clergy. Worshipers stand before the altar, with separate seating for men and women.

The main entrance is on the western side of the building; a [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]], [[Column|pillars]], [[pilaster]]s, and other architectural ornaments adorn the front end, and a flag mast stands in the front yard. One or two bells are installed in the backyard to signal the timing of ritual services, the death of a church member, or to inform the public of calamities.<ref>{{cite book |first=Samuel |last=Mateer |title=The Land of Charity: A Descriptive Account of Travancore and its People |publisher=J. Snow & Co |location=London |year=1871 |url=https://archive.org/details/landcharityades00mategoog|pages=[https://archive.org/details/landcharityades00mategoog/page/n267 241]–243}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Paul F. |last=Bradshaw |title=The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship |publisher=Westminster John Knox |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fgkAb0rhcoC&pg=PA160 |page=160 |isbn=0-664-22655-8}}</ref>

===The Persian Crosses===
[[File:Persian Cross at Kottayam valiya pally.png|thumb|An ancient St Thomas Cross at Kottayam Knanaya Valiyapally]]
The East Syriac churches of the Saint Thomas Christians use the [[Syrian Cross|Persian cross]] as their symbol. They call it the "Nasrani [[Temple menorah|Menorah]]"{{sfnp|Collins|2007|p=119}} or "Mar Thoma Sleeva" (St. Thomas's Cross).<ref name=Antony2020>{{cite web |last=Antony |first=Martin Thomas |website=NSC Network |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2010/10/09/saint-thomas-cross-a-religio-cultural-symbol-of-saint-thomas-christians/ |title=Saint Thomas Cross – A Religio Cultural Symbol Of Saint Thomas Christians |date=14 June 2020|access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> There are several interpretations for the Saint Thomas Christian symbol. The interpretation, based on [[Judaism|Jewish]] tradition, assumes that its design was based on the Jewish [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]] [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]], an ancient symbol in Judaism, which consists of a seven-branched lamp stand (candelabra).{{sfnp|Collins|2007|p=119}} The St. Thomas Cross also appears on the official emblem of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.

The interpretation, based on local culture, states that the cross—without the figure of Jesus—with flowery arms symbolising "joyfulness" points to the resurrection theology of [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]], and the downward-facing bird (most likely a dove) on the top represents the role of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] in the resurrection of Jesus. The cross indicates Jesus. The lotus symbolizes God the Father, who has begotten the Son in Christianity. The three steps{{which|date=October 2025}} indicate [[Calvary]] and symbolise the [[Christian Church|Church]], the channel of grace flowing from the cross.{{what|date=October 2025}} The lotus may also symbolise the cultural association with [[Buddhism]], and the cross over it shows that Indian Christianity was established in the region in which Buddhism arose.<ref name=Antony2020/><ref>Dr. Geo Thadikkatt – Liturgical Identity of the Mar Toma Nazrani Church</ref>

== Today ==

Writing in 2010, Devika and Varghese noted that "[The St. Thomas Christians] are at present a substantial minority, a powerful presence in all fields of life in Kerala."{{sfnp|Devika|Varghese|2010|p=11}}

=== Socioeconomic status ===
Even though the Saint Thomas Christians had to compromise their social and religious privileges in the aftermath of Portuguese subjugation, they started reemerging as a powerful community from the 19th century onward. They played a pioneering role in many spheres such as banking, commerce, cash crops, print media, the film industry, etc.<ref name="Kumar">A Kumar — Social Reforms in Modern India, p. 180, Sarup and Sons 2001, {{ISBN|81-7625-227-1}}</ref> Around 2003, among Saint Thomas Christians, 17.4 percent of the adult population are self-employed—the highest rate statistically among all the communities in the state of Kerala.<ref>Kunniparampil Curien Zachariah et al. – Dynamics of migration in Kerala: dimensions, differentials, and consequences, pp. 85–89, Orient Blackswan, 2003, {{ISBN|81-250-2504-9}}</ref> Saint Thomas Christians lead all others with respect to per capita ownership of land, with many of them owning large [[Estate (house)|estates]]. With changing conditions, they have shifted from the agriculture of rice and coconut to plantation based agriculture and the trading of [[natural rubber|rubber]], spices and [[cash crops]]. They also take a prominent role in the educational institutions of Kerala and throughout India.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/08/13/stories/0413404r.htm |title=Syrian Christians are in a class of their own |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728040744/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/08/13/stories/0413404r.htm |archive-date=2011-07-28 |date=31 August 2001}}</ref> The educational accomplishments of the community have helped its members to attain a good proportion of the Central and State Government jobs.<ref name="Kumar" /> Kerala Government in the year 2024 happened to present the community wise account of the government employees in its Legislative Assembly. According to the data, out of the then total 5,45,423 government employees in the state, 73,713 are from forward Christian communities, ie., Saint Thomas Christians, which accounts for the 13.5 percent of the total government employees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala govt employs 5.45 lakh staff from 238 communities; Ezhavas hold highest number, OBCs occupy 52% |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/03/kerala-govt-staff-communities-ezhavas-obc.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=സ്വന്തം |date=2024-07-03 |title=Community wise statistics of government employees in the Assembly |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/kerala/latest/2024/07/03/community-wise-statistics-of-government-employees-in-the-assembly.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Manoramanews |language=en-US}}</ref> With their level of education and limited employment opportunities within the state of Kerala, they became the community with the highest rate of migration. Their resultant foreign remittances have also helped the socioeconomic progress of the community. According to the Kerala Migration Survey (1998) by the Center for Developmental Studies, Kerala, Saint Thomas Christians top all other communities in Kerala with respect to the Socioeconomic Development Index which is based on parameters such as the possession of ''land, housing & consumer durables'', education and employment status.{{sfnp|Zachariah|2006|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}

=== Demographics ===
The Saint Thomas Syrian Christians form 12.5 percent of the total population of Kerala and 70.73 percent of the Christians in the state.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} K. C. Zachariah notes that the 20th century was period of significant transition for the Saint Thomas Christians in terms of its demographic and [[socioeconomic status]]. Around 1900, the community was concentrated in a few areas, was geographically static and "... was characterised by very high death rate, very high birth rate, very early age at marriage, and 10 to 12 children per married woman". The population had increased eight-fold during the preceding century, from a base figure of about 100,000, and comprised nearly 50 per cent children. But, the population growth of Saint Thomas Christians came down drastically after the 1960s, with the lowest birth rate, highest age at marriage, highest family planning user rate, and lowest fertility rate compared to other communities in Kerala. The proportion of children has come down to less than 25 percent. The absolute and relative size of the community is in a diminishing trend and is approaching a [[zero population growth]] regime.{{sfnp|Zachariah|2006|p=3}}

{{As of|2001}}, in Kerala, more than 85 per cent of the Saint Thomas Christian population live in the seven southern districts of the state—[[Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Kottayam]], [[Idukki]], [[Ernakulam]] and [[Trissur]]. They have also migrated to other cities in India like [[Ooty]], [[Mangalore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] and [[Kolkata]]. Migration steeply increased in the post-independence period and major destinations were United States of America, Canada, Western Europe, Australia and the Middle East. According to a rough estimate, 20–25 percent of the Saint Thomas Christians live outside the state of Kerala.{{sfnp|Zachariah|2006|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}

With respect to [[Christian denomination]], 55% of Saint Thomas Christians in the Indian state of Kerala belong to the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landy |first1=Thomas M. |title=Syrian- and Latin-rite Catholic churches side-by-side in Kerala |date=21 February 2014 |url=https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/india-syrian-rite-churches-find-home-kerala |publisher=McFarland Center for Religion, Ethics and Culture |access-date=5 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In 1980, the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] (Reformed) had a [[church membership]] of around 400,000 communicants, while the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] (Oriental Orthodox) had 1,400,000 members.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Christianity: South Asia |date=1980 |publisher=WVI |isbn=978-0-912552-33-0 |page=53 |language=en}}</ref>

==Syrian Christian caste status ==
Despite the sectarian differences, Saint Thomas Syrian Christians share a common social status within the [[Caste system of Kerala]] and is considered as an [[Forward Caste|Upper caste]] community.<ref name="Forrester">{{cite book |title=Caste and Christianity |publisher=Curzon Press |first=Duncan |last=Forrester |year=1980 |pages=98, 102|isbn=9780700701292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyQRAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

In historic kingdoms of Kerala such as those of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and Travancore, Saint Thomas Christians were granted caste privileges that put them on the same level as Upper caste Hindus.{{sfnp|Menachery|2000}} Anthropologist, [[L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer]] recorded that they were given privileges in addition to those granted to groups such as [[Nairs]], such as the right to have enclosures in front of their houses, which was otherwise only granted to the Brahmins, and were placed "almost on par with the Sovereigns".{{sfnp|Ananthakrishna Iyer|1926|pp=55–56}} They followed the same rules of caste and pollution as did Hindus, and sometimes they were considered to be pollution neutralisers.{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|pp=325-330}} Decree II of Action IX of the [[Synod of Diamper]] enforced by the Portuguese Inquisition in 1599 prohibited the practice of untouchability by the Saint Thomas Christians except in practical circumstances when required by law and when it was necessary to ensure social contact with the Varna Hindus.<ref>Geddes, Michael. The History of the Church of Malabar Together with the Synod of Diamper 1599, pp. 394–395. Published in 1694</ref>

They tend to be endogamous, and tend not to [[Exogamy|intermarry]] even with other Christian groupings. Internal division of Saint Thomas Christians into Northists and Southists and also into a number of sects based on the ecclesiastical orientation makes the pattern of segmentation an exceedingly complex. Forrester suggests that the Northist-Southist division forms two groups within the Saint Thomas Christian community which are closely analogous to sub-castes.<ref name="Forrester" />

== Christian conventions ==
The [[Maramon Convention]] is one of the largest annual Christian gatherings in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/press-centre/news/wcc-general-secretary-to-address-largest-christian-gathering-in-asia|title=WCC general secretary to address largest Christian gathering in Asia|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> It takes place in [[Maramon]], near [[Kozhencherry]], during February on the vast sand-bed of the [[Pamba River]] next to the [[Kozhencherry]] Bridge. The first convention was held in March 1895 for 10 days.

Another major convention in Kerala is the annual Central Travancore Convention held at Saint Stephen's Cathedral, [[Pathanamthitta|Makamkunnu]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan opens 95th Central Travancore Orthodox Christian meet |date=29 January 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Metropolitan-opens-95th-Central-Travancore-Orthodox-Christian-meet/article13386240.ece |url-access=subscription |work=The Hindu |publisher=THG Publishing PVT LTD. |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Orthodox Convention begins |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/Feb/02/orthodox-convention-begins-22624.html |website=New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> The first convention was held in 1915.

One of the biggest conventions of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church is the [[Kallooppara]] Orthodox Convention.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan opens Kallooppara Orthodox Christian meet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/metropolitan-opens-kallooppara-orthodox-christian-meet/article6851104.ece |url-access=subscription |work=The Hindu |date=2 February 2015 |publisher=THG Publishing PVT LTD. |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> It takes place on the Koithottu sand banks of the [[Manimala River]] with over 5,000 annual participants.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Mary's Orthodox Church Kallooppara Thirunnal Convention |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1515493346-0.pdf |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> This convention was started in 1943 lasting 8 days.

Ranni Orthodox Convention is an annual convention of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.<ref>{{cite news |title=Catholicos opens Orthodox convention |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/catholicos-opens-orthodox-convention/article6774325.ece |url-access=subscription |work=The Hindu |date=9 January 2015 |publisher=THG Publishing PVT LTD. |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> The convention is now held in [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]] town at Mar Gregorios Catholicate Centre and began in 1967.

Mallapally Orthodox Syrian Convention of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church is an annual convention in [[Mallapally]], Pathanamthitta.<ref>{{cite web |title=33rd MALLAPPALLY CONVENTION Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Niranam Diocese Day 1 LIVE |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/5A4rDQ6eVp0?si=2m7SqaHgTwPMbKEA |website=Youtube |publisher=Didymos Live |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> The first convention took place in 1989 at Mallapally Valiyapally (St. John's Bethany Orthodox Valiyapally).

Trivandrum Orthodox Convention is an annual convention organized by [[Thiruvananthapuram Orthodox Diocese|Trivandrum Orthodox Diocese]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Trivandrum Orthodox Convention |url=https://malankaraorthodox.tv/?p=55177 |website=Malankara Orthodox TV |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> The convention takes place at Holy Trinity Aramana, [[Ulloor]] and was started in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=36th Trivandrum Orthodox Convention 2023 @ Holy Trinity Aramana Chapel Day 2 |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/cQ3OIdO6wEo?si=9XHgXZDtqnmWFBNL |website=Youtube |publisher=Matha Mariam Media |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Christianity|India}}
* [[Saint Thomas Christian denominations]]
* [[List of Saint Thomas Christians]]
* [[Indo-Persian ecclesiastical relations]]
* [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)]]
* [[Nestorianism and the church in India]]
* [[Christianity in Kerala]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[Churches of Kerala]]
* [[Suriyani Malayalam]]

== Sources ==
===References===
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography ==
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* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church in India|year=1977|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkuAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East|year=1983|location=Delhi|publisher=National Council of Churches in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMoP4lsmGXoC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Abdisho Thondanat: A Biography|year=1987|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZxKAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Moraes|first=George M.|title=A History of Christianity in India: From Early Times to St. Francis Xavier: A. D. 52-1542|year=1964|location=Bombay|publisher=Manaktalas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Mundadan|author1-first=Anthony Mathias|author1-link=Mathias Mundadan|year=1943|title=History of Christianity in India|volume=1|location=Bangalore|publisher=Church History Association of India}}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Mundadan|author1-first=Anthony Mathias|author2-first=Joseph|author2-last=Thekkedath|author1-link=Mathias Mundadan|year=1982|title=History of Christianity in India|volume=2|location=Bangalore|publisher=Church History Association of India}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Anthony Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498–1552|year=1967|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqEhAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Anthony Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians|year=1970|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI4hAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Anthony Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=Indian Christians: Search for Identity and Struggle for Autonomy|year=1984|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXUAAAAMAAJ}}

* {{Cite book|last=Nedungatt|first=George|title= The Synod of Diamper Revisisted|year=2001|publisher=Pontificio Istituto Orientale|isbn=8872103312}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill |title=Colonialism and Christian Missions|year=1984|orig-year=1966 |location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgdLAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill |title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004 |orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521548854 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill |title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858|year=2002 |orig-year=1985 |location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC}}


*{{cite book|last=Palackal|first=Joseph J.|author-link=Joseph J. Palackal|chapter=The Survival Story of the Syriac Chants among the Saint Thomas Christians in South India|title=The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities|editor1=Suzel Ana Reily |editor2=Jonathan M. Dueck |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016|isbn=978-0-19-061417-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9beDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT527}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Four apologetic church histories from India|last=Perczel|first=István|author-link=István Perczel |title=The Harp |volume=24 |year=2011|publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=9781463233136|pages=189–218|editor1=Baby Varghese |editor2=Jacob Thekeparampil|editor3=Abraham Kalakudi |editor1-link=Baby Varghese |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333954350}}
*{{cite book|last=Perczel|first=István|author-link=István Perczel |chapter=Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction |editor1=Peter Bruns |editor2=Heinz Otto Luthe |title=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag |pages=415–436 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |year=2013 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5266468}}
*{{cite book|last=Perczel|first=István|author-link=István Perczel |chapter=Syriac Christianity in India|title=The Syriac World |editor=Daniel King|isbn=978-1-317-48211-6|publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-GEDwAAQBAJ |pages=653–697 |year=2018}}
* {{cite book |last=Podipara |first=Placid J. |date=1970 |title=The Thomas Christians |place=London |publisher=Darton, Longman and Tidd}}
* {{cite book |last=Podipara |first=Placid |year=1971 |title=The Varthamanappusthakam |publisher=Pontifical Oriental Institute |isbn=978-81-2645-152-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Pothan |first=S.G. |date=1963 |title=The Syrian Christians of Kerala |place=Bombay |publisher=Asia Publishing House}}
* {{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Rajendra |year=2009 |series=History of Science, Philosophy, and Culture in Indian Civilization |title=A Historical-Developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals |volume=12 |issue=2 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-8069-595-7}}



* {{Cite book |last=Swiderski |first=Richard M. |year=1988 |title=Blood weddings: the Knanaya Christians of Kerala |publisher=New Era Publications |oclc=614902709}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Swiderski |first1=Richard Michael |year=1988a |title=Northists and Southists: A Folklore of Kerala Christians |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=76–80, 80–83 |publisher=[[Nanzan University]] |jstor=1178253 |doi=10.2307/1178253}}

* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Hidemi |last=Takahashi|title=Diamper, Synod of |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Diamper-Synod-of |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|access-date=22 September 2016}}
* {{cite book |last=Thalian |first=George |year=1961 |url=http://geocities.ws/kandathil/kandathil/kandathil.html |title=The Great Archbishop Mar Augustine Kandathil, D. D.: the Outline of a Vocation |publisher=Mar Louis Memorial Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas|first=Sonja|year=2018|title=Privileged Minorities:Syrian Christianity, Gender, and Minority Rights in Postcolonial India|publisher=University of Washington Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Tisserant |first=E. |date=1957 |title=Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |translator=E. R. Hambye |editor=E. R. Hambye |place=Westminster, MD |publisher=Newman Press}}


* {{Cite book|last=Vadakkekara|first=Benedict|title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|year=2007 |location=Delhi |publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Van der Ploeg |first=J. P. M. |author-link=Johannes P. M. van der Ploeg|title=The Christians of St. Thomas in South India and their Syriac Manuscripts |location=Rome; Bangalore |publisher=Center for Indian and Inter-Religious Studies; Dharmaram Publications |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAI7AAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Baby|last=Varghese|author-link=Baby Varghese|year=2011|title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church |publisher=Gorgias Press|access-date=22 September 2016}}
* {{cite book |last=Vellian |first=Jacob|year=1986|title=Symposium on Knanites|series=Syrian Church Series|volume=12|publisher=Jyothi Book House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PIMGwAACAAJ}}

* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Joel T. |last=Walker |title=Fars |year=2011 |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Fars |publisher=Gorgias Press |access-date=22 September 2016}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000 |location=Louvain |publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}



* {{cite book |last=Zachariah |first=K. C. |year=2006 |title=The Syrian Christians of Kerala: Demographic and Socioeconomic Transition in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=9788125030096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BBuAAAAMAAJ}}
{{Refend}}

===Primary sources===
* {{cite book |author=Eusebius |title=Church History |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm |translator-first=Arthur Cushman |translator-last=McGiffert |editor-first=Kevin |editor-last=Knight}}. Book V Chapter 10 "Pantaenus the Philosopher".

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite web |last=Antony |first=Martin Thomas |date=13 September 2009 |title=Catalogue of ancient Nasrani Churches, their affiliations and population statistics in the background of division and attempts of Reconciliation – A review of Literature |website=Nasranis |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2009/09/13/catalogue-of-ancient-nasrani-churches-their-affiliations-and-population-statistics-in-the-background-of-division-and-attempts-of-reconciliation/}}
* Iyer, K.V. Krishna, Kerala's Relations with the Outside World, pp. 70, 71 in "The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume", Kerala History Association, Cochin, 1971.
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Harris |editor-first=Ian C. |title=Contemporary Religions: A World Guide |year=1992 |location=Harlow |publisher=Longman |isbn=9780582086951 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EYUAQAAIAAJ}}
* Landstrom, Bjorn (1964) "The Quest for India", Doubleday English Edition, Stockholm.
* Mariamma Joseph (1994).Marriage Among Indian Christians. Jaipur: Rawat Publications
* Mathew, N. M. ''St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages''. CSS [[Tiruvalla]]. 2003.
* Menachery, George. (2000) Kodungallur – The Cradle of Christianity in India, Thrissur: Marthoma Pontifical Shrine.
* Menachery, George (Ed.). (1982) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, VOL.I, Thrissur.
* Menachery, George (Ed.). (1973) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, VOL.II, Thrissur.
* Menachery, George (Ed.). (2010) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, VOL.III, Ollur, Thrissur.
* Menachery, George (Ed.with Ponnumuthan, Aerath). (2006) Indian Christians and Nation Building, CBCI-KCBC Kochi-Alwaye.
* Menachery, George (Ed.with Snaitang). (2011) India's Christian Heritage, Church History Assn. of India, Bangalore (DVK).
* Menachery, George & Chakkalakal, Werner (ed.) (1987) ''Kodungallur: City of St. Thomas'', Azhikode, 16 pp.
* Miller, J. Innes. (1969). The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. {{ISBN|0-19-814264-1}}.
* Podipara, Placid J. (1970) "The Thomas Christians". London: Darton, Longman and Tidd, 1970. (is a readable and exhaustive study of the St. Thomas Christians.)
* Poomangalam C.A (1998) The Antiquities of the Knanaya Syrian Christians; Kottayam, Kerala.
* Puthur, B. (ed.) (2002): The Life and Nature of the St Thomas Christian Church in the Pre-Diamper Period (Cochi, Kerala).
* {{cite book |last=Samuel |first=V. C. |author-link=V.C. Samuel |orig-date=February 1992 |date=August 2007 |edition=2nd |title=The Growing Church: An Introduction to Indian Church History |volume=7 |series=Divyabodhanam series |place=Kottayam |publisher=Divyabodhanam Publications |url=http://malankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Growing-Church-Final.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701142748/http://malankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Growing-Church-Final.pdf}}
* Tamcke, M. (ed.) (2001): ''Orientalische Christen zwischen Repression und Migration'' (Studien zur Orientalischen Kirchengeschichte 13; Münster: LIT).
* Thayil, Thomas (2003). ''The Latin Christians of Kerala: A Study on Their Origin''. Kristu Jyoti Publications. {{ISBN|81-87370-18-1}}
* Tisserant, E. (1957) Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Trans. and ed. by E. R. Hambye. Westminster, MD: Newman Press.
* Vellian Jacob (2001) Knanite community: History and culture; Syrian church series; vol. XVII; Kottayam: Jyothi Book House.
* Veluthat, K. (1978). Brahmin settlements in Kerala: Historical studies. Calicut: Calicut University, Sandhya Publications.
* Visvanathan, Susan (1993) The Christians of Kerala: History, Belief and Ritual Among the Yakoba. New Delhi/Madras/New York: Oxford University Press
* Visvanathan, Susan (1989) "Marriage, Birth and Death-Property Rights and Domestic Relationships of the Orthodox Jacobite Syrian Christians of Kerala", Economic and Political Weekly, Vol – XXIV No. 24, 17 June 1989.
* Visvanathan, Susan (1986) "Reconstructions of the Past among the Syrian Christians of Kerala", Contributions to Indian Sociology (Sage Publishers), July 1986; vol. 20, 2: pp. 241–260.
* Visvanathan, Susan (2010)."The Status of Christian Women in Kerala", in 'World Christianity: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies', edited by Elizabeth Koepping, London: Routledge, 2010.
* Visvanathan, Susan (2011) "The Eucharist in a Syrian Christian Church", in T.N.Madan (edited) 'India's Religions: Perspectives from Sociology and History'. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Saint Thomas Christians}}
* [https://www.jacobitesyrianchurch.org/ Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]
* [https://www.smcim.org/ The Syro Malabar Church]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081001003331/http://www.niranamchurch.com/IndianOrthodoxChurch.asp Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Indian Orthodox Church)]
* [http://www.marthomasyrianchurch.org/ Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610062447/http://www.marthomasyrianchurch.org/ |date=10 June 2010 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131016110920/http://www.syrianchurch.org/MalankaraChurch/DEFAULT.HTM Population of Christians in India and Kerala based on 2001 report of Indian census]
* [https://nasrani.net/ The Nasrani Syrian Christian Network]
* [http://www.srite.de/ Project for preserving the manuscripts of the Syrian Christians of Kerala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828233907/http://www.srite.de/ |date=28 August 2014 }}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Syriac Christianity}}
{{Eastern Christianity footer}}
{{Christianity footer}}

[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians| ]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Syriac ethnic groups]]

Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum

2026-03-25T19:08:49Z

Meherhospital: adding new biography

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum
| image = Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policum.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Haridas Kesavan
| producer = Anand Kumar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Jagadeesh]] [[Suraj Venjaramood]] [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]]
| music = Thej
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|2|27}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum''''' is a 2010 [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Haridas Kesavan. The film stars [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Jagadish]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], and [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/cheriya-kallanum-valiya-police-um-review-malayalam-pclx37dfegcai.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119105756/https://www.sify.com/movies/cheriya-kallanum-valiya-police-um-review-malayalam-pclx37dfegcai.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 January 2022 | title=Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Police um | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/cheriya-kallanum-valiya-policeum-review-malayalam-movie-12135 | title=Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum review. Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum Malayalam movie review, story, rating }}</ref>

== Plot ==
This film tells the story of a mysterious man Sadasivan, who walks into a house in a village called Pancharakkara, knowing that the man of the house, Kumaran, has committed suicide. Soon he becomes dear to everyone around, and is a big help to Kumaran's widow Soumini who has been left adrift after her husband's demise.

The Panchayat President sneaks around with ulterior motives in mind at midnight. The local tea shop owner, the tailor and the drunkard are also involved. The story goes on to show Kumaran return one afternoon and the people of the town see him and celebrate. He then reveals to his wife what actually happened when she mentions to him about Sadasivan who stayed through the difficult time. He tells her that Sadasivan is actually his childhood friend who he bumped into one day before his disappearance, and confided in him about their worsening financial situation. Sadasivan offered a way out—he told Kumaran to invest a large sum of money in the company where he was employed, claiming it would solve his financial problems. He also promised Kumaran a job in the same company. Trusting his friend, Kumaran borrowed ₹10 lakhs from a moneylender, despite already being in debt and handed over the money directly to Sadasivan's boss.

However, the next day, Kumaran discovered that the company was a sham. Sadasivan had disappeared, and he couldn't contact him. Devastated by the betrayal, burdened by debt, and unable to face his wife, Kumaran decided to end his life. He wrote a suicide letter and posted it to Soumini. But just as he was about to go through with it, someone knocked on his door—a mysterious figure who helped him find the strength to carry on.

After recounting all this to Soumini, Kumaran sets out to confront Sadasivan. But when they finally meet, Kumaran learns that Sadasivan himself has been tricked by the fraudulent company. Realizing his friend's plight, Sadasivan had traveled to Kumaran's village, repaid the moneylender on his behalf and had been trying to make things right. The two friends then join forces to track down the real culprits behind the scam. In a climactic sequence, they confront the fraudsters, bring them to justice, and hand them over to the police.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Sadasivan
* [[Jagadish]] as Kattiparambil Kumaran Nair
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Simon Sebastian
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Gopalan
* Vidhya as Soumini
* [[Usha (actress)|Usha]] as Padmini
* [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] as Sumi
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Kuttappan
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
* [[Mala Aravindan]]
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]]
* [[Ponnamma Babu]]
* [[Charle]] as Kurukkuvatti Duraichamy
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1736560}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Siege of Warangal (1318)

2026-03-24T17:39:48Z

Meherhospital: Starting A Article V1

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Other uses|Siege of Warangal (disambiguation){{!}}Siege of Warangal}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Warangal
| width = 280
| partof = Sieges of [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| image = Shiv Linga at Warangal Fort Complex.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = View of the Shiva Lingam at the Fort complex
| date = 1318 A.D
| place = [[Warangal]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] victory
| status =
| combatants_header = Belligerents
| combatant1 = {{flag|Delhi Sultanate}}
| combatant2 = [[Kakatiya dynasty]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|23px]] [[Khusrau Khan]] [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|23px]] Ghazi Kamil [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|23px]] Tamar
| commander2 = [[Prataparudra]]{{surrendered}} Diwar Mehta
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 = Prataparudra surrendered over 100 elephants, 12,000 horses, and treasures to the invaders
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
{{Location map+
|India
|float = right
|width = 280
|caption = Delhi and Warangal, present-day India
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|places =
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.661898|N |long=77.2273958|E |label= |position=top }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.968901|N |long=79.5940544|E |label=Warangal |position=top }}
}}

In 1318, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]] sent an army to subjugate the [[Kakatiya]] ruler [[Prataparudra]] who had stopped making tribute payments to [[Delhi]]. The invading army, led by [[Khusrau Khan]] and other generals, besieged the [[Kakatiya]] capital [[Warangal]]. Prataparudra negotiated a truce after a brief siege, agreeing to resume payment of tribute to [[Delhi]].

== Background ==

The [[Kakatiya]] kingdom, with its capital at [[Warangal]], had been [[Siege of Warangal (1310)|subdued]] by the forces of Qutbuddin's father [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 1310. However, the Kakatiya ruler [[Prataparudra]] had stopped making tribute payments to Delhi. Therefore, [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah|Mubarak Shah]] sent an army to subjugate him. The army was led by [[Khusrau Khan]], Khwaja Haji (who had served as Alauddin's minister of war), and Malik Qutlugh (''amir-i shikar'').{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=435}}

== The siege ==

After reaching the vicinity of Warangal, Khusrau Khan surveyed the city from the [[Hanamkonda]] hill. His initial attack forced the defending garrison to retreat inside the [[Warangal Fort]]. The invaders then besieged the fort, and set fire to the fort's gate. The fire seems to have failed to achieve the desired results, as the invaders next pitched their tents around the fort.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=435}} The Delhi army deployed highly advanced military technology by contemporary standards, including several [[siege engine]]s.{{sfn|Richard M. Eaton|2005|p=19}}

At night, Prataparudra's general Diwar Mehta launched an attack on the Delhi camp. However, the attack was repulsed by Ghazi Kamil (governor of [[Awadh]]) and Tamar (governor of [[Chanderi]]). The Delhi soldiers then climbed up to a tower of the outer fort wall, and captured Prataparudra's minister Anil Mehta in a skirmish. Khusrau Khan spared the captive's life. During the first half of the next day, the invaders captured the outer mud-fort. The invaders then decided to construct a ''pasheb'' under the supervision of Malik Ambar and Shihab Arb. At this time, Prataparudra sent his messengers to negotiate peace.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=435}}

== Prataparudra's surrender ==

As part of the truce negotiations, Prataparudra surrendered over 100 elephants, 12,000 horses, and treasures to the invaders. Khusrau Khan also demanded an annual tribute payment of 60 gold bricks and cessation of five districts (Badarkot, Kailas, Basudan, Elor, and Kobar) from Prataparudra. After negotiations, this demand was reduced to 40 gold bricks and cessation of Badarkot.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=435}} As a sign of Prataparudra's surrender, the canopy (''chatr''), baton (''durbash''), and banner given to him by Alauddin were taken back, and brought back as a gift from Mubarak Shah. Prataparudra paid obeisance to the royal canopy from the ramparts of his fort on three successive mornings.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=436}}

After subduing the [[Kakatiya]]s, Khusrau Khan marched to [[Ellora]] near [[Daulatabad Fort]], where Mubarak Shah had been residing for a month. The rest of the army joined him on the banks of the [[Narmada River]] on his way back to Delhi.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=436}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Qutubuddin Mubarak Khalji |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor-link=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |editor-link2=K. A. Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1970 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The [[Indian History Congress]] / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}
* {{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA19 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25484-7 |author-link=Richard M. Eaton}}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Kakatiya kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate|Warangal]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1318|Warangal]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kakatiya dynasty]]

Shyok River

2026-03-24T14:56:27Z

Meherhospital: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|River in India and Pakistan}}
{{about|the river|other uses|Shyok (disambiguation){{!}}Shyok}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Shyok River
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| nickname =
| image = View of Saling Bridge over Shyok River, Khaplu.jpg
| image_size = 280
| image_caption = The Shyok River near [[Khaplu]], Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| map = Shyok.png
| map_size = 280
| map_caption = Course of the Shyok River
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size = 280
| pushpin_map_caption = Course of the Shyok River
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 4
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type2 = Territories
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ladakh]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| source1 = Rimo Glacier
| source1_location = Ladakh, India
| source1_coordinates = {{Coord|35.3527|77.6180|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Indus River]]
| mouth_location = Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|35.2286|75.9172|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|2314|m|abbr=on}}
| progression = {{RIndus}}
| length = {{convert|550|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| basin_size = {{convert|33465|km2|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_location = [[Yugo, Baltistan|Yugo]] gauging station, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| discharge1_min = 859 m3/sec
| discharge1_avg = 1041 m3/sec
| discharge1_max = 1199 m3/sec
| river_system = [[Indus Basin]]
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population =
| tributaries_left = [[Chip Chap River]], [[Galwan River]], [[Chang Chenmo River]]
| tributaries_right = [[Nubra River]], [[Hushe River]]
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Shyok River''' (sometimes spelled '''Shayok''') is a major tributary of the [[Indus River]] that flows through northern [[Ladakh]] in [[India]] and into [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] in [[Pakistan]]. Originating from the Rimo Glacier in the eastern [[Karakoram]], it runs for about {{convert|550|km|mi|abbr=on}} before joining the Indus near [[Skardu]]. Its basin, covering {{convert|33465|km2|abbr=on}}, extends across three countries: India, Pakistan, and [[China]]. Its major tributaries include the [[Chip Chap River|Chip Chap]], [[Galwan River|Galwan]], [[Chang Chenmo River|Chang Chenmo]], [[Nubra River|Nubra]], and [[Hushe River|Hushe]] rivers.

== Name and etymology ==
At least three hypotheses have been formulated regarding the origin of the river's name, ''Shyok'', also spelled ''Shayok''.

In 1854, [[Alexander Cunningham]] mentioned that the river took its name from the village of [[Shyok (village)|Shyok]], which he spelled ''Shayok'', located along its course,<ref name="Cunningham1854" /> but he did not substantiate this statement or provide etymological information about the village’s name.

In 1977, Friedrich A. Peter observed that ''Shyok'' was a misspelling of the Tibetan name ''Shayog'' ({{bo|t=ཤ་གཡོག་|w=sha-gyog}}). And he identified the name ''Shayog'' as being formed by the syllables ''shag'' ({{bo|t=ཤག་}}, ‘gravel’) and ''gyog'' ({{bo|t=གཡོག་}}, ‘to spread’) and meaning ‘gravel spreader’, alluding to the vast quantities of gravel deposited by the river floods.<ref name="Peter1977">{{cite journal | last = Peter | first = Friedrich A. | title = Glossary of Place Names in Western Tibet | journal = The Tibet Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | year = 1977 | pages = 26–27 | publisher = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives | jstor = 43299854 | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/43299854 | url-access = registration | language = English}}</ref>

In 1992, [[Harish Kapadia]] argued that many geographical names along the historic trade route in the upper Shyok valley were of Yarkandi origin, the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] dialect spoken by travellers from [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] in Central Asia. He interpreted ''Shyok'' as meaning ‘river of death’, from the Yarkandi ''sheo'' (‘death’), and related this interpretation to the river's deadly floods.<ref name="Kapadia1992">{{cite journal | last = Kapadia | first = Harish | title = Lots in a Name | journal = The Himalayan Journal | volume = 48 | year = 1992| url = https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/48/18/lots-in-a-name/ | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190818164203/https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/48/18/lots-in-a-name/ | archive-date = 18 August 2019 | access-date = 25 May 2025 | language = English | quote = Shyok ('the river of death', Sheo: death)}}</ref>

The three hypotheses differ in their linguistic and historical contexts, and do not allow for a clear preference among them.

== Course ==
{{see also | Geography_of_Ladakh#ShyokR | l1= The course of Shyok River}}
The Shyok rises from the Rimo Glacier in the eastern Karakoram,<ref name="Kaul1998">{{cite book | last = Kaul | first = Hriday Nath | title = Rediscovery of Ladakh | publisher = Indus Publishing Company | year = 1998 | isbn = 9788173870866 | pages = 30–31 | language = English | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&dq=shyok&pg=PA30 | url-access = limited}}</ref> with its source located in Ladakh, India,<ref name="Negi1991">{{cite book | last = Negi | first = Sharad Singh | title = Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers | publisher = Indus Publishing Company | year = 1991 | isbn = 9788185182612 | language = English | url = https://archive.org/details/himalayanriversl0000negi | url-access = registration}}</ref>{{rp|pp=124–125}} and flows for approximately {{convert|550|km|mi|abbr=on}} through Ladakh and then Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, where it joins the Indus River.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Shyok River | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | language = English | url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Shyok-River | access-date = May 23, 2025}}</ref> Its general course is south-southeastward at first,<ref name="SurveyIndia1923">{{cite map | title = India and Adjacent Countries: Sheet 52 – Leh | publisher = Survey of India | date = 1916 | edition = Published 1923 | url = https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/india_1m/sheet-52-leh-1923.jpg | access-date = 28 May 2025 | scale = 1:1,000,000 | language = English}}</ref> then it makes a major V-shaped bend,<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|pp=124–125}} and continues west-northwestward.<ref name="Cunningham1854">{{cite book | last = Cunningham | first = Alexander | title = Ladák: Physical, Statistical, and Historical; with Notices of the Surrounding Countries | publisher = W.H. Allen and Co. | year = 1854 | location = London | pages = 94–96 | language = English | url = https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich | url-access = registration}}</ref>

The river originates at the snout of the Rimo Glacier in the Rimo Muztagh, a subrange of the eastern Karakoram.<ref name="Kaul1998" /><ref name="AMSChulung1955">{{cite map | title = Chulung | publisher = Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army | date = 1955 | series = India and Pakistan 1:250,000 | sheet = NI 43-4 | scale = 1:250,000 | url = https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ni-43-04.jpg | access-date = 28 May 2025 | language = English}}</ref> Its source is located west of the Depsang Plains,<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|pp=124–125}}<ref name="SurveyIndia1923" /> at approximately {{Coord|35.3527|77.6180}} and {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} elevation,<ref name="GoogleEarthImagery">{{cite map | title = Google Earth imagery | url = https://earth.google.com/ | publisher = Google | access-date = November 24, 2025}}</ref> in northern Ladakh, India.<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|pp=124–125}} Near its source, it is joined by the Chip Chap River, which can be regarded as part of its headwaters.<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|pp=124–125}}<ref name="AMSChulung1955" />

[[File:Shyok River Headwaters System 1923.png|left|thumb|Headwaters system of the Shyok River on a 1923 reprint of a 1916 Survey of India map]]

From the Chip Chap confluence to its major bend, the river flows generally south-southeastward,<ref name="SurveyIndia1923" /> between the Rimo Muztagh and Saser Muztagh ranges to the west and Aksai Chin to the east.<ref name="SurveyIndia1923" /><ref name="AMSChulung1955" /><ref name="AMSShyok1955">{{cite map | title = Shyok | publisher = Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army | date = 1955 | series = India and Pakistan 1:250,000 | sheet = NI 44-5 | scale = 1:250,000 | url = https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ni-44-05.jpg | access-date = 28 May 2025 | language = English}}</ref> About midway along this reach, it receives the Galwan River,<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|pp=124–125}}<ref name="AMSShyok1955" /> and a little upstream of the bend, it is joined by the Chang Chenmo River.<ref name="Kaul1998" /><ref name="AMSShyok1955" /> At the Chang Chenmo Range, it forms a major V-shaped bend, reversing its direction to the northwest, a distinctive feature.<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|pp=124–125}}<ref name="SurveyIndia1923" />

After the bend, and as it approaches the confluence with the Nubra River, the valley widens and the river becomes braided.<ref name="Cunningham1854" /><ref name="AMSLeh1955">{{cite map | title = Leh | publisher = Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army | date = 1955 | series = India and Pakistan 1:250,000 | sheet = NI 43-8 | scale = 1:250,000 | url = https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ni-43-08.jpg | access-date = 7 June 2025 | language = English}}</ref> It receives the Nubra near the village of Diskit.<ref name="SurveyIndia1923" /><ref name="AMSLeh1955" />

[[File:Shyok-River.jpg|left|thumb|The Shyok Valley near the confluence of the Shyok and Nubra Rivers]]

From the Nubra confluence to that with the Hushe River, the river flows generally west-northwestward,<ref name="Cunningham1854" /><ref name="SurveyIndia1923" /> between the Saltoro Range to the north and the Ladakh Range to the south.<ref name="AMSLeh1955" /> Some distance downstream of the Nubra confluence, the valley narrows and, near the hamlet of Yagulung (also known as Changmar), turns into a gorge.<ref name="Cunningham1854" /><ref name="AMSLeh1955" /> Farther downstream, the river crosses from Ladakh, India, into Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.<ref name="Britannica" /> The valley widens and the river becomes braided again shortly before the Hushe confluence.<ref name="AMSMundik1955">{{cite map | title = Mundik | publisher = Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army | date = 1955 | series = India and Pakistan 1:250,000 | sheet = NI 43-3 | scale = 1:250,000 | url = https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ni-43-03.jpg | access-date = 7 June 2025 | language = English}}</ref> Near the town of Khaplu, it is joined by the Hushe.<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|pp=124–125}}<ref name="AMSMundik1955" />

From the Hushe confluence to its mouth, where it joins the Indus, the river flows generally westward, between the Masherbrum Range to the north and the Ladakh Range to the south.<ref name="AMSMundik1955" /> The mouth is located near the village of Keris,<ref name="Cunningham1854" /><ref name="AMSMundik1955" /> at approximately {{Coord|35.2286|75.9172}} and {{cvt|2314|m|abbr=on}} elevation,<ref name="GoogleEarthImagery" /> in eastern Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.<ref name="Britannica" />

== Tributaries ==

[[File:Shyok2.svg|right|thumb|Sketch map showing the Shyok River, its tributaries, and the Indus River]]

Upstream of its major V-shaped bend, the Shyok has three main tributaries that originate in Aksai Chin and flow into its left bank generally from the east:<ref name="SurveyIndia1923" />
* The Chip Chap River rises at the eastern edge of the Depsang Plains, flows around them to the north in a generally westward direction, and joins the Shyok near its source, from the northeast.<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|pp=56–57}}<ref name="AMSTsorulTso1955">{{cite map | title = Tsorul Tso | publisher = Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army | date = 1955 | series = India and Pakistan 1:250,000 | sheet = NI 44-1 | scale = 1:250,000 | url = https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ni-44-01.jpg | access-date = 23 January 2026 | language = English}}</ref><ref name="AMSChulung1955" />
* The Galwan River originates in western Aksai Chin, flows generally westward, and merges with the Shyok roughly halfway between its source and its major bend, from the east.<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|p=63}}<ref name="AMSShyok1955" />
* The Chang Chenmo River rises near Lanak La Pass in Aksai Chin, flows north of the Chang Chenmo Range in a westward direction, and enters the Shyok a little upstream of its major bend, from the east.<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|p=53}}<ref name="Sharma2017">{{cite book | first = Raghav Sharan | last = Sharma | title = The Unfought War of 1962: An Appraisal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ntNBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39 | date = 6 December 2017 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 9781351056366 | page = 39 | quote = The tributary originates from Lanak la under Chinese possession.}}</ref><ref name="AMSShyok1955" />

Downstream of the major bend, the Shyok has two main tributaries that originate in the eastern and central Karakoram and flow into its right bank generally from the north:<ref name="SurveyIndia1923" />
* The Nubra River comes from the Siachen Glacier in the eastern Karakoram and flows south-southeastward between the Saltoro Range to the west and the Rimo Muztagh and Saser Muztagh ranges to the east. It joins the Shyok near the village of Diskit, from the north-northwest.<ref name="BritannicaSiachen">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Siachen Glacier | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | language = English | url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Siachen-Glacier | access-date = January 23, 2026}}</ref><ref name="Kale">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t_MsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 | title = Landscapes and Landforms of India | last = Kale | first = Vishwas S. | date = 2014-05-23 | publisher = Springer | isbn = 9789401780292 | page = 106 | language = en}}</ref><ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|p=106}}<ref name="AMSChulung1955" /><ref name="AMSLeh1955" />
[[File:Shoyok and Nubra Valley map.jpg|right|thumb|Map-style sign showing points of interest near the confluence of the Shyok and Nubra Rivers]]
* The Hushe River originates from the Gondogoro Glacier in the central Karakoram, flows generally southward, and enters the Shyok near the town of Khaplu, having been joined shortly before by the Saltoro River.<ref name="Negi1991" />{{rp|p=74}}<ref name="AMSMundik1955" />

== Basin and hydrology ==
The Shyok basin primarily drains part of the southern slopes of the central Karakoram, the southern slopes of the eastern Karakoram, part of Aksai Chin, and part of the northern slopes of the Ladakh Range.<ref name="Ahmad2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Ahmad | first1 = I. | last2 = Ahmad | first2 = Z. | last3 = Munir | first3 = S. | last4 = Rehman | first4 = Obaid Ur | last5 = Ali | first5 = S. R. | last6 = Shabbir | first6 = Y. | title = Characterization of Upper Indus Basin based on DEM Hypsometric Analysis | journal = The Nucleus | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | date = 13 April 2018 | pages = 8–16 | doi = 10.71330/thenucleus.2018.315 | language = English | url = http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/index.php/Nucleus/article/view/315 | access-date = 9 February 2026 }}</ref> It covers approximately {{convert|33465|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, distributed across India (54%), Pakistan (28%) and China (18%).<ref name="Farooq2023">{{cite journal | last1 = Farooq | first1 = Muhammad Umar | last2 = Kharal | first2 = Muhammad Ashiq | last3 = Bogacki | first3 = Wolfgang | last4 = Ismail | first4 = Muhammad Fraz | last5 = Mehmood | first5 = Asif | title = Estimation of component-wise runoff contribution using temperature index approach, in a snow- and glacier-fed transboundary Shyok River catchment of the Upper Indus Basin | journal = Arabian Journal of Geosciences | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | year = 2023 | page = 460 | doi = 10.1007/s12517-023-11583-y | bibcode = 2023ArJG...16..460F | language = English | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-023-11583-y | url-access = limited | quote = Shyok River is a transboundary stream that has a catchment area of 33,465 km2 over three countries; Pakistan 28%, India 54%, and China 18%.| doi-access = free }}</ref>

The Shyok is fed approximately 49% by glacier melt, 39% by snowmelt and 12% by rainfall.<ref name="Farooq2023" /> Its discharge and sediment transport regime is predominantly glacial and nival, with a peak in summer, during the melt season, and a trough in winter.<ref name="Tarar2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Tarar | first1 = Zeeshan Riaz | last2 = Ahmad | first2 = Sajid Rashid | last3 = Ahmad | first3 = Iftikhar | last4 = Majid | first4 = Zahra | title = Detection of Sediment Trends Using Wavelet Transforms in the Upper Indus River | journal = Water | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | year = 2018 | page = 918 | doi = 10.3390/w10070918 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018Water..10..918T | language = English }}</ref> Over the period 1983–2015, its mean discharge at the Yugo gauging station, near where it joins the Indus River, was {{val|1041|u=m3/s|fmt=commas}}, with a minimum of {{val|859|u=m3/s|fmt=commas}} and a maximum of {{val|1199|u=m3/s|fmt=commas}}.<ref name="Tarar2018" /> Over the same period and at the same station, the suspended sediment concentration showed notable seasonal and interannual variability, ranging from {{val|10|u=mg/L|fmt=commas}} to {{val|35600|u=mg/L|fmt=commas}}.<ref name="Tarar2018" />

== Geology ==
The Shyok flows through the geologically significant Shyok Suture Zone, a complex ophiolitic mélange representing a former Cretaceous–Paleogene back‑arc basin situated between the Kohistan–Ladakh arc and the Karakoram terrane.<ref name="Upadhyay2022">{{cite journal | last1 = Upadhyay | first1 = Rajeev Umar | last2 = Gautam | first2 = Saurabh | last3 = Awatar | first3 = Ram | title = Discovery of an Entrapped Early Permian (ca. 299 Ma) Peri-Gondwanic Sliver in the Cretaceous Shyok Suture of Northern Ladakh, India: Diverse Implications | journal = GSA Today | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | year = 2022 | pages = 4–9 | doi = 10.1130/GSATG481A.1 | bibcode = 2022GSAT...32a...4U | language = English | url = https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/GSA/GSAToday/science/G481A/article.aspx| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Upadhyay1997">{{cite journal | last1 = Upadhyay | first1 = Rajeev | title = Tectonics and sedimentation in the passive margin, trench, fore-arc and backarc areas of the Indus Suture Zone in Ladakh and Karakorum: a review | journal = Geodinamica Acta | year = 1997 | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–11 | doi = 10.1080/09853111.1997.11105289 | bibcode = 1997GeoAc..10....1S | language = English | url = https://www.academia.edu/62448058 | url-access = limited}}</ref><ref name="Martin2025">{{cite journal | last1 = Martin | first1 = C. R. | last2 = Van Buer | first2 = N. J. | last3 = Matchette-Downes | first3 = H. | last4 = Mueller | first4 = P. A. | last5 = Cruz-Uribe | first5 = A. M. | last6 = van Tongeren | first6 = J. A. | last7 = Hanchar | first7 = J. M. | last8 = Upadhyay | first8 = R. | last9 = Jagoutz | first9 = O. | title = The geology of the Shyok suture zone: evidence for Cretaceous extension of the southern Eurasian margin and Eocene India–Eurasia collision | journal = Journal of the Geological Society | volume = 182 | year = 2025 | issue = 2 | article-number = jgs2024-082 | doi = 10.1144/jgs2024-082 | bibcode = 2025JGSoc.182...82M | language = English | url = https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/abs/10.1144/jgs2024-082 | url-access = limited}}</ref><ref name="Robertson2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Robertson | first1 = Alastair H. F. | last2 = Collins | first2 = Alan S. | title = Shyok Suture Zone, N Pakistan: late Mesozoic Tertiary evolution of a critical suture separating the oceanic Ladakh Arc from the Asian continental margin | journal = Journal of Asian Earth Sciences | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | year = 2002 | pages = 309–351 | doi = 10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00041-4 | bibcode = 2002JAESc..20..309R | language = English | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/q=author%3A%22Robertson%2C%20Alastair%20H.%20F.%22&sort=date%20desc%2C%20bibcode%20desc&p_=0 | url-access = limited}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2023">{{cite journal | last1 = Chandra | first1 = Rakesh | last2 = Kowser | first2 = Nazia | last3 = Brookfield | first3 = Michael E | last4 = Satyanarayanan | first4 = Manavalan | last5 = Stöckli | first5 = Daniel | title = Nature of the Shyok (Northern) Suture Zone between India and Asia: petrology, geochemistry and origin of the Tirit granitoids and associated dykes (Nubra Valley Ladakh Himalaya, NW India) | journal = Geological Magazine | volume = 160 | issue = 5 | year = 2023 | pages = 1020–1039 | doi = 10.1017/S0016756823000134 | bibcode = 2023GeoM..160.1020C | language = English | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/nature-of-the-shyok-northern-suture-zone-between-india-and-asia-petrology-geochemistry-and-origin-of-the-tirit-granitoids-and-associated-dykes-nubra-valley-ladakh-himalaya-nw-india/F5D327C944AF1AF807BC1A378E49D640 | url-access = limited}}</ref> The central portion of this suture comprises Jurassic fore‑arc ophiolite sequences overlain by Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks deposited under extensional tectonics between approximately 115 Ma and 72 Ma.<ref name="Martin2025" /><ref name="Thakur1990">{{cite journal | last1 = Thakur | first1 = V. C. | title = Indus tsangpo suture zone in ladakh—its tectonostratigraphy and tectonics | journal = Journal of Earth System Science | volume = 99 | year = 1990 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–185 | doi = 10.1007/BF02839388 | bibcode = 1990InEPS..99..169T | language = English | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf02839388 | url-access = limited}}</ref><ref name="Gokarn2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Gokarn | first1 = S. G. | last2 = Gupta | first2 = Gautam | last3 = Rao | first3 = C. K. | last4 = Selvaraj | first4 = C. | title = Electrical structure across the Indus Tsangpo suture and Shyok suture zones in NW Himalaya using magnetotelluric studies | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | volume = 29 | issue = 8 | year = 2002 | page = 1251 | doi = 10.1029/2001GL014325 | bibcode = 2002GeoRL..29.1251G | language = English | url = https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001GL014325}}</ref><ref name="Saktura2021">{{cite journal | last1 = Saktura | first1 = Wanchese M. | last2 = Buckman | first2 = Solomon | last3 = Nutman | first3 = Allen P. | last4 = Bennett | first4 = Vickie C. | title = Late Jurassic Changmar Complex from the Shyok ophiolite, NW Himalaya: a prelude to the Ladakh Arc | journal = Geological Magazine | volume = 158 | issue = 2 | year = 2021 | pages = 239–260 | doi = 10.1017/S0016756820000400 | bibcode = 2021GeoM..158..239S | language = English | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/late-jurassic-changmar-complex-from-the-shyok-ophiolite-nw-himalaya-a-prelude-to-the-ladakh-arc/B7684261AB66BD4656BE1551A9FF0E26 | url-access = limited}}</ref> Within the mélange, pervasively deformed metasedimentary units and Paleozoic-era pebbly mudstones—interpreted as glacial‑marine deposits—are found, preserving Gondwanan signatures.<ref name="Gokarn2002" /><ref name="Thakur1981">{{cite journal | last1 = Thakur | first1 = V. C. | last2 = Virdi | first2 = N. S. | last3 = Rai | first3 = Hakim | last4 = Gupta | first4 = K. R. | title = A Note on the Geology of Nubra-Shyok Area of Ladakh, Kashmir, Himalaya | journal = Journal of the Geological Society of India | volume = 22 | year = 1981 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–50 | doi = 10.17491/jgsi/1981/220106 | bibcode = 1981JGSI...22...46T | language = English | url = https://www.academia.edu/72231572 | url-access = limited}}</ref><ref name="Borneman2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Borneman | first1 = Nathaniel L. | last2 = Hodges | first2 = Kip V. | last3 = van Soest | first3 = Matthijs C. | last4 = Bohon | first4 = Wendy | last5 = Wartho | first5 = Jo-Anne | last6 = Cronk | first6 = Stephanie S. | last7 = Ahmad | first7 = Talat | title = Age and structure of the Shyok suture in the Ladakh region of northwestern India: Implications for slip on the Karakoram fault system | journal = Tectonics | volume = 34 | issue = 10 | year = 2015 | pages = 2011–2033 | doi = 10.1002/2015TC003933 | bibcode = 2015Tecto..34.2011B | language = English | url = https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015TC003933}}</ref><ref name="Paul2024">{{cite journal | last1 = Paul | first1 = Abdul Qayoom | last2 = Bahuguna | first2 = Harish | last3 = Kumar | first3 = Parveen | title = A glaciotectonic landform in the Shyok valley, Trans-Himalayan Karakoram Range, India | journal = Journal of Glaciology | volume = 70 | issue = e44 | year = 2024 | article-number = e44 | doi = 10.1017/jog.2024.22 | bibcode = 2024JGlac..70E..44P | language = English | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/glaciotectonic-landform-in-the-shyok-valley-transhimalayan-karakoram-range-india/2D5CCC7C7CCD0C13F4F85F431EE050D5| doi-access = free }}</ref> The region’s tectonic architecture is further imprinted by the active [[Karakoram fault system]], which bisects the Shyok Valley and exhibits pronounced dextral-oblique shear fabrics affecting ophiolitic, granitic, and sedimentary lithologies.<ref name="Upadhyay2022" /><ref name="Upadhyay1997" /><ref name="Borneman2015" />

== Valley ==
The Shyok flows through a rocky gorge carved into the Karakoram, with broad semiarid valleys in places that allow limited vegetation and agriculture.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="Paul2024" /> The valley floor descends from {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} at the snout of the Rimo Glacier to {{cvt|2314|m|abbr=on}} at the river’s confluence with the Indus at the village of Keris, near Skardu. In its lower reaches, seasonal meltwaters inundate the floodplain, supporting irrigated fruit orchards—apricots, walnuts, apples—and small villages.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="LadakhTravelMart">{{cite web | title = Shyok Valley Ladakh | url = https://www.ladakhtravelmart.com/ladakh/shyok-valley | website = Ladakh Travel Mart | date = 22 October 2022 | access-date = June 8, 2025 | language = English}}</ref> During winter, the river often freezes solid, providing a natural passage between the Nubra Valley and Khaplu.<ref name="Cunningham1854" /><ref name="LadakhTravelMart" />

== History ==
During the 19th century, the Shyok and its valley became increasingly documented as part of British efforts to map the remote frontier regions of Ladakh and [[Baltistan]].<ref name="Dutta2019">{{cite book | last1 = Dutta | first1 = Sutapa | last2 = Mukherjee | first2 = Nilanjana | title = Mapping India, Transitions and Transformations, 18th–19th Century | publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 2019 | isbn = 9781000186406 | language = English | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VUagDwAAQBAJ | url-access = limited}}</ref> Survey teams from the [[Survey of India]]—which conducted extensive frontier surveys following the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]]—charted parts of the Shyok and its tributaries. These expeditions laid the groundwork for modern cartographic understanding of the western [[Himalayas|Himalaya]] and Karakoram ranges.<ref name="Gazetteer1890">{{cite book | title = Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak | publisher = Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta | year = 1890 | pages = 749–750 | language = English | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256 }}</ref>

The Shyok Valley also held historical significance as a segment of trade and travel routes connecting Leh with Baltistan and western [[Tibet]]. Caravans moving between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent frequently navigated its upper reaches, making use of natural passes and riverine paths.<ref name="Warikoo2009">{{cite book | last = Warikoo | first = Kulbhushan | chapter = India’s Gateway to Central Asia: Trans-Himalayan Trade and Cultural Movements Through Kashmir and Ladakh, 1846–1947 | editor = Kulbhushan Warikoo | title = Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives | publisher = Routledge | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780415468398 |language = English | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Z8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | url-access = limited | quote = Those traders and passersby who opted to travel to Yarkand in winter would cross Digar La and follow the narrow and winding valleys of the Shyok river. This river, which was frozen during winter, was to be crossed and re-crossed several times.}}</ref><ref name="Trotter1878">{{cite journal | last = Trotter | first = Henry | title = On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashghar, under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873–74 | journal = Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London | volume = 48 | year = 1878 | pages = 173–234 | publisher = Royal Geographical Society | doi = 10.2307/1798763 | jstor = 1798763 | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798763 | url-access = registration | language = English}}</ref><ref name="Gazetteer1890" /><ref name="Hayward1870">{{cite journal | last = Hayward | first = George W. | title = Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River | journal = Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London | volume = 40 | year = 1870 | pages = 33–166 | issn = 0266-6235 | doi = 10.2307/1798640 | jstor = 1798640 | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798640 | language = English| url-access = subscription }}</ref> This strategic utility continued into the colonial period, when the British occasionally used these routes for communications and patrols along the mountain frontiers.

[[File:Leh-Yarkand Routes through Shyok and Nubra Valleys 1878.png|right|thumb|Leh-Yarkand routes through the Shyok and Nubra Valleys on an 1878 British map]]

In the 20th and 21st centuries, the river has taken on renewed strategic importance due to its proximity to contested border zones—specifically near the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) with China and the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) with Pakistan. Infrastructure such as the [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk–Shyok–Daulat Beg Oldi]] (DS–DBO) road has been built along the river’s banks, enhancing military logistics in the region adjacent to the Siachen Glacier and Aksai Chin.<ref name="Subramanian2020">{{cite news | last = Subramanian | first = Nirupama | date= June 11, 2020 | title = Explained: The strategic road to DBO | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/lac-stand-off-india-china-darbuk-shyok-daulat-beg-oldie-dsdbo-road-6452997/ | url-access = limited | work = The Indian Express | language = English | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200611003958/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/lac-stand-off-india-china-darbuk-shyok-daulat-beg-oldie-dsdbo-road-6452997/ | archive-date = June 11, 2020 | access-date = June 10, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Banerjee2019">{{cite news | last = Banerjee | first = Ajay | date= April 22, 2019 | title = India completes vital Ladakh road | url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/india-completes-vital-ladakh-road-762332 | work = The Tribune (India) | language = English | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200609194834/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/india-completes-vital-ladakh-road-762332 | archive-date = June 9, 2020 | access-date = June 10, 2025 }}</ref>

==Tourism==
The Shyok Valley provides access to the Nubra Valley, a popular destination in Ladakh. Key attractions along the Shyok include the sand dunes and Bactrian camel rides near the village of [[Hundar, India|Hundar]] (also spelled Hunder), as well as the [[Diskit Monastery]] and its annual Diskit [[Gustor Festival]].<ref name="LadakhTourismDpt">{{cite web | title = Tourism - The Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh - India | url = https://ladakh.gov.in/tourism/ | website = Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh | language = English | access-date = June 12, 2025}}</ref><ref name="LehLadakhTourism">{{cite web | title = Shyok Valley | url = https://www.lehladakhtourism.com/shyok-valley/ | website = Leh Ladakh Tourism | language = English | access-date = June 12, 2025}}</ref><ref name="LehLadakhKashmir">{{cite web | title = Shyok Valley | url = https://www.lehladakhkashmir.in/destinations/shyok-valley/ | website = Leh Ladakh Kashmir Travels | language = English | access-date = June 12, 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Geography of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[List of rivers of Pakistan]]
* [[Daulat Beg Oldi]]
* [[Khardung La]]
* [[Ladakh Range]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last = Hedin | first = Sven Anders | title = Southern Tibet: Discoveries in Former Times Compared with My Own Researches in 1906–1908 | volume = 7 | publisher = Lithographic Institute of the General Staff of the Swedish Army | year = 1916 | language = English | url = https://archive.org/details/southerntibetdis07hedi}}
* {{cite book | last = Kapadia | first = Harish | title = Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram | publisher = Indus Publishing Company | year = 1999 | isbn = 9788173871009 | language = English | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pl5qHu_K45kC&pg=PA230 | url-access = limited}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ Index of U.S. Army Map Service topographic maps of India (1955)] – includes sheets covering the Shyok River region
* [https://www.harishkapadia.com/climbs-explorations/east-karakoram/on-death-trail-shyok/ On Death Trail – Shyok], a travelogue and exploration account by [[Harish Kapadia]]
* [http://www.kultur-in-asien.de/Ladakh/nubra.htm Photo galleries of the Shyok and Nubra Valleys] (in German)

{{Hydrography of Ladakh}}
{{Ladakh}}
{{Gilgit-Baltistan}}

[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Karakoram]]

Tovino Thomas

2026-03-19T21:36:53Z

Meherhospital:

{{short description|Indian actor and producer (born 1989)}}
{{Indian name|Tovino|Thomas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tovino Thomas
| image = Tovino Thomas At The ‘Maari 2’ Press Meet.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Tovino in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|01|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur district]], Kerala
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}
| years_active = 2012{{endash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Lidiya Tovino|2014}}
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|https://tovinothomas.com}}
}}

'''Tovino Thomas''' (born 21 January 1989) is an Indian actor and film producer who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=I had to skip workouts to play a politician |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-had-to-skip-workouts-to-play-a-politician/articleshow/20795550.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830003357/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/news-and-interviews/40255294_1_abcd-martin-prakkat-dulquer|url-status=live|archive-date=30 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref> He made his debut in 2012 with the film ''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]''. His breakthrough roles were in the films ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]'' (2013), ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]'' (2014), ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' (2015). He starred as the [[Title character|titular character]] in the [[Netflix]] [[superhero film]] ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2021-10-28 |title='Minnal Murali' trailer: Tovino Thomas is Netflix's first superhero from Kerala |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/minnal-murali-trailer-tovino-thomas-is-netflixs-first-superhero-from-kerala/article37206268.ece |access-date=2021-12-27 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129112155/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/minnal-murali-trailer-tovino-thomas-is-netflixs-first-superhero-from-kerala/article37206268.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

He won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tovino wins the Filmfare Best Supporting Actor for Malayalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-wins-the-filmfare-best-supporting-actor-for-malayalam/articleshow/52813213.cms |date=2017-01-27}}</ref> for his performance in ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' (2015). He also won the [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Award]] and the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]] for his performance in ''[[Mayanadi|Mayanadhi]]'' (2017). In 2022, Tovino won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor]] for ''Minnal Murali'' and ''[[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]''.<ref name="indiatoday.JananiK.SIIMA2022.2022.09.12"/><ref name="SIIMA2022.Winners"/>

Tovino has co-produced the film ''[[Kilometers and Kilometers]]''. On 21 January 2021, he launched his production house, Tovino Thomas Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tovino-thomas-launches-his-production-house-142039 |title=Tovino Thomas launches his production house |date=23 January 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003142226/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tovino-thomas-launches-his-production-house-142039 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Kala'' is the first venture by his production house.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-takes-to-social-media-to-announce-his-own-production-company/articleshow/80403133.cms |title=Tovino Thomas takes to social media to announce his own production company |website=The Times of India |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205131045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-takes-to-social-media-to-announce-his-own-production-company/articleshow/80403133.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tovino Thomas was born on 21 January 1989<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tovino-thomas-turns-32-dulquer-salmaan-prithviraj-and-others-send-birthday-wishes-1761349-2021-01-21 |title=Tovino Thomas turns 32. Dulquer Salmaan, Jaick John, Prithviraj and others send birthday wishes |date=21 January 2021|access-date=13 June 2021 |website=India Today|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126014025/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/tovino-thomas-turns-32-dulquer-salmaan-prithviraj-and-others-send-birthday-wishes-1761349-2021-01-21|url-status=live}}</ref> at [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur]], to Sheela and Adv. E. Thomas of the Ellikkal house as the youngest child. His siblings are Tingston Thomas and Dhanya Thomas. He completed primary schooling from [[Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Irinjalakuda]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni Profile – Tovino Thomas |url=http://donboscoijk.edu.in/alumni-profile?id=2718&enc=e278f6e3d932be3aff0b537283aa797d |website=Don Bosco Alumni, Irinjalakuda |publisher=Don Bosco Schools, Irinjalakuda|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113912/http://donboscoijk.edu.in/alumni-profile?id=2718&enc=e278f6e3d932be3aff0b537283aa797d|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="HighSchool">{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Asha |title=Tovino was school leader once, check out his old pic! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-was-school-leader-once-check-out-his-old-pic/articleshow/59177369.cms |access-date=29 April 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=16 June 2017 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430212041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-was-school-leader-once-check-out-his-old-pic/articleshow/59177369.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and Secondary (Plus Two) schooling from St. Mary's Higher Secondary School Irinjalakuda, and graduated with bachelor's degree in [[electronics and communication engineering]] from the [[Tamil Nadu College of Engineering]], [[Coimbatore]]. He was a part of the [[handball]] team of Don Bosco High School and also served as the school leader.<ref>was a student of Don Bosco High School</ref> He later worked in [[Cognizant|Cognizant Technologies]]<ref name="HighSchool" /> as a [[software engineer]]. He was quite active in sports, fitness, and modeling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/tovino-thomas-interview-ennu-ninte-moideen-malayalam-prithviraj.html |title=Prithvi suggested my name for 'Moideen': Tovino |website=English.manoramaonline.com |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110231333/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/tovino-thomas-interview-ennu-ninte-moideen-malayalam-prithviraj.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==

===Debut and early work (2012-2014) ===

Tovino Thomas made his acting debut in ''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]'' (2012) directed by Sajeev Anthikkad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino cherishes memory of first movie |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/tovino-cherishes-memory-of-first-movie-1.4483640|access-date=2020-09-15 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030083617/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/tovino-cherishes-memory-of-first-movie-1.4483640|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, he worked as an assistant director in Roopesh Peethambaran's ''[[Theevram]]''. In ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'' (2013) he portrayed the role of the antagonist. Tovino played one of the leads in the film ''[[Koothara]]'', which also featured [[Mohanlal]].<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140614/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-koothara-good-parts-just-use-and-throw-razor Movie review 'Koothara': Is good in parts, just like a use-and-throw razor]. ''Deccan Chronicle''. (14 June 2014). Retrieved 20 June 20164.</ref> Again, he was cast in an important role in [[Roopesh Peethambaran]]'s second directorial venture ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-avoid-watching-you-too-brutus-south/20150324.htm|title=Review: Avoid watching You Too Brutus|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826100848/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-avoid-watching-you-too-brutus-south/20150324.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

He has played roles in the films including ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]'' (2014) and ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]] (2015).''{{fact|date=November 2025}}

=== Breakthrough and recognition (2015-2019) ===

In 2015, he portrayed the role of Perumparambil Appu in the film ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' which was widely appreciated and received critical acclaim for his performance. He won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance in ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|access-date=2020-09-15 |website=filmfare.com |language=en|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He played the role of Engineer Thejus Varky in ''[[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]'' (2016) which was well received by audiences upon the DVD and digital release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/guppy-review-genuine-honest-review-malayalam-qifve1fcejfhf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807224313/http://www.sify.com/movies/guppy-review-genuine-honest-review-malayalam-qifve1fcejfhf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2016|title='Guppy': Review|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He won the New Sensational Hero Award at the NAFA 2017 for his performance in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last=James |first=Anu |title=North American Film Awards (NAFA) 2017: Nivin Pauly, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas and others in winners list |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/north-american-film-awards-nafa-2017-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-others-winners-714073|access-date=3 February 2018 |website=Ibtimes.co.in |date=30 January 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011181353/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/north-american-film-awards-nafa-2017-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-others-winners-714073|url-status=live}}</ref>

He played the lead role in ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'', ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'', and ''[[Mayanadi]]'' in 2017. He won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]] and Behindwoods Critics Award for Best Actor for ''Mayanadi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887.html|access-date=2020-09-15 |website=filmfare.com |language=en|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620082346/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-17 |title=Best Actor Critics' Choice (Malayalam) – Tovino Thomas {{!}} List of winners for BGM 2018|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-winners-for-behindwoods-gold-medals-2018/best-actor-critics-choice-malayalam.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611133039/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-winners-for-behindwoods-gold-medals-2018/best-actor-critics-choice-malayalam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was praised for the way it tackled with [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] and was included in ''[[The Hindu]]''<nowiki/>'s top 25 Malayalam films of the decade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2019-12-19 |title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-20 |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110115120/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year he appeared in ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'' in a major supporting role.

In 2018, Tovino Thomas was cast in a major role in ''[[Maari 2]]'' with [[Dhanush]] which was his Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino Thomas joins 'Maari 2' sets |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tovino-thomas-joins-maari-2-sets-76871|access-date=2020-09-15 |website=www.thenewsminute.com |date=22 February 2018|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022175024/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tovino-thomas-joins-maari-2-sets-76871|url-status=live}}</ref> His major Malayalam releases for the year includes ''[[Theevandi]]'', ''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]'', and ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]''. Tovino had major roles in ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]], [[Uyare]]'' and [[Virus (2019 film)|''Virus'']] in 2019. His film ''Uyare'' was released in [[South Korea]], becoming the first Malayalam film to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parvathy-s-uyare-becomes-the-first-malayalam-film-to-release-in-south-korea-1528095-2019-05-18 |title=Parvathy's Uyare becomes the first Malayalam film to release in South Korea |agency=Ist |newspaper=India Today|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528180455/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parvathy-s-uyare-becomes-the-first-malayalam-film-to-release-in-south-korea-1528095-2019-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref> His other releases in the year were ''[[And the Oscar Goes To...]]'', ''[[Luca (2019 film)|Luca]]'', ''[[Kalki (2019 Malayalam film)|Kalki]]'', and ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]''.

=== Established actor (2020–present) ===

In 2020, he played the lead role in the crime thriller [[Forensic (2020 film)|''Forensic'']] with [[Mamtha Mohandas|Mamta Mohandas]], which received a good response from the audience and was a major box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-29 |title=Forensic Box Office Collection Report and Review |url=https://theprimetime.in/forensic-box-office-collection-report-and-review/|access-date=2020-09-15 |website=The PrimeTime |language=en-US|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027144534/https://theprimetime.in/forensic-box-office-collection-report-and-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, his first release was ''[[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]'' which was his second venture as a producer. The film received critical acclaim for its narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kala-movie-review-tovino-thomas-starrer-makes-moments-of-violence-feel-like-a-poem-9639661.html |title=Kala movie review: Tovino Thomas starrer makes moments of violence feel like a poem |date=20 May 2021 |website=Firstpost |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525164151/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kala-movie-review-tovino-thomas-starrer-makes-moments-of-violence-feel-like-a-poem-9639661.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' released in 2021, received a positive response and critical acclaim for its narrative and performance by its cast.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/kaanekkaane-review-a-must-watch-thriller-1033013.html |title=Kaanekkaane review: A must-watch thriller |date=22 September 2021 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923051958/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/kaanekkaane-review-a-must-watch-thriller-1033013.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He starred as the titular character in ''[[Minnal Murali]]'', which is the first Malayalam superhero action film, released by [[Netflix]] on 24 December.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2021-09-23 |title=Tovino Thomas’ superhero flick ‘Minnal Murali’ to release December 24 on Netflix |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-superhero-flick-minnal-murali-to-release-december-24-on-netflix/article36624721.ece |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He received immense praise for his work in the film and the movie was also declared as 'Streaming success'.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Praveen|first=S. R.|date=22 December 2021|title='Minnal Murali' movie review: Like a feel-good bolt from the sky|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/minnal-murali-movie-review-like-a-feel-good-bolt-from-the-sky/article38012642.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225072142/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/minnal-murali-movie-review-like-a-feel-good-bolt-from-the-sky/article38012642.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and surpassed the records of most viewed Malayalam Film on [[OTT streaming|OTT]] previously held by ''[[Drishyam 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/23/netflix-sets-december-24-premiere-for-malayalam-movie-minnal-murali-2362671.html |title=Netflix sets December 24 premiere for Malayalam movie 'Minnal Murali' |website=The New Indian Express |date=23 September 2021 |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924080413/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/23/netflix-sets-december-24-premiere-for-malayalam-movie-minnal-murali-2362671.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Tovino appeared in ''[[Naaradan (film)|Naaradan]]'', ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'', ''[[Vaashi (2022 film)|Vaashi]]'', and ''[[Thallumaala]]''. The latter film proved to be a commercial success.

In 2023, he starred in ''[[Neelavelicham]]'', in which he portrayed the role of [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]], that film was considered a flop and in ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'', which collected 176 crore and became the [[Highest grossing Malayalam films|4th Highest grossing Malayalam film]] ever.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Malayalam blockbuster 2018, starring Tovino Thomas, selected as India's official entry for 2025 Oscars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-blockbuster-2018-starring-tovino-thomas-selected-as-indias-official-entry-for-2024-oscars-8958300/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927103905/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-blockbuster-2018-starring-tovino-thomas-selected-as-indias-official-entry-for-2024-oscars-8958300/ |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, he starred in films like ''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]'', ''[[Nadikar]]'' and ''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam|A.R.M.]]''. The latter became Tovino's first solo [[100 Crore Club|100 crore]] grosser.

In 2025, he starred in [[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]] which under performed significantly at the box office despite a high budget, followed by [[L2: Empuraan]], where he reprised his role as Jathin Ramdas. He did a guest appearance in [[Basil Joseph]] starrer [[Maranamass]], which was produced under his banner ''[[Tovino Thomas|Tovino Thomas Productions]]''. The same year, he played the role of a police officer in [[Anuraj Manohar|Anuraj Manohar's]] sophomore directorial [[Narivetta]], which was based on the [[Muthanga incident|2003 Muthanga incident and its aftermath.]] He played the role of a[[Chathan|Chathan(goblin)]] in an extended cameo in the [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] starrer [[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]], in which his performance gained praise.

== Media image ==
Tovino is considered among the highest-paid actors of [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest paid Malayalam actors |access-date=21 January 2024 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-the-highest-paid-malayalam-actor-and-its-not-mammootty-dulquer-salmaan-or-prithviraj-sukumaran |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219083321/https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-the-highest-paid-malayalam-actor-and-its-not-mammootty-dulquer-salmaan-or-prithviraj-sukumaran |url-status=live }}</ref> He stood at the 21st place on ''[[Forbes India]]'''s most influential stars on Instagram in South cinema for the year 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 30 most influential social media stars of South cinema |access-date=17 December 2022 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/meet-the-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema/71017/1 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310062133/https://www.forbesindia.com/amp/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/meet-the-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema/71017/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tovino was named the [[Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Men]] in 2016 and 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Kochi Times Most Desirable Man 2016: Tovino Thomas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-man-2016-tovino-thomas/articleshow/56733435.cms |access-date=29 September 2016 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507105405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-man-2016-tovino-thomas/articleshow/56733435.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times 25 Most Desirable Men 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-25-most-desirable-men-of-2018/articleshow/68048374.cms |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507105405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-25-most-desirable-men-of-2018/amp_articleshow/68048374.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also placed 2nd in 2019 and 5th in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Men 2019: Prithviraj Sukumaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2019/articleshow/74226674.cms |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2019/articleshow/74226674.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Men 2019: Dulquer Salmaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2020/articleshow/83175935.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507092445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2020/amp_articleshow/83175935.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, ''Forbes India'' included him in its first ever "Showstoppers – India's Top 50 Outperformers" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showstoppers 2022–23: Meet India's Top 50 Outperformers |access-date=29 December 2022 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/showstoppers-2023/ |work=Forbes India |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106052812/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/showstoppers-2023/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
[[File:Don Bosco Seniors Handball Team.jpg|thumb|Tovino Thomas (fourth from the left) along Don Bosco Seniors Handball Team and Coach Giby V. Pereppadan]]

In 2021, Tovino is announced as the ambassador of the Samoohika Sannadhasena,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jan/09/tovino-is-ambassador-of-samoohika-sannadhasena-2247468.html |title=Tovino is ambassador of 'Samoohika Sannadhasena' |website=The New Indian Express |date=9 January 2021 |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205110907/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jan/09/tovino-is-ambassador-of-samoohika-sannadhasena-2247468.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the community volunteer program launched by the [[Government of Kerala]]. The community volunteer program was launched to tackle natural disasters by imparting training to volunteers and provide aid to the public in times of crisis. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], Chief Minister of Kerala appreciated Tovino's involvement in flood relief activities and noted that his presence will influence the youth to join in the community volunteer program.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/tovino-thomas-named-brand-ambassador-of-kerala-govt-s-community-volunteer-army-kerala-1.5344377 |title=Tovino Thomas named brand ambassador of Kerala govt's community volunteer army |website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205110907/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/tovino-thomas-named-brand-ambassador-of-kerala-govt-s-community-volunteer-army-kerala-1.5344377|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tovino had volunteered during [[2018 Kerala floods]] to lead rescue and rehabilitation missions. In 2021, Tovino received golden visa from the Government of [[UAE]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saving-lives-give-you-a-kick-tovino-thomas/articleshow/65501430.cms |title=Saving lives give you a high : Tovino Thomas |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530153116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saving-lives-give-you-a-kick-tovino-thomas/articleshow/65501430.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[Mammootty]] and [[Mohanlal]], Tovino became the third [[Malayalam film]] actor to receive the Golden Visa issued by the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/in-the-city/tovino-thomas-in-dubai-on-his-golden-visa-films-and-more |title=Tovino Thomas in Dubai: On his Golden Visa, films and more |first=Husain |last=Rizvi |website=Khaleej Times |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028174437/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/in-the-city/tovino-thomas-in-dubai-on-his-golden-visa-films-and-more |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tovino married his longtime [[girlfriend]], Lidiya at [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Irinjalakuda]], on 25 October 2014. The duo had met during their school days and married after nine years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Tovino-Thomas-grand-wedding-celebration-in-Kochi/articleshow/45012121.cms |title=Tovino Thomas grand wedding celebration in Kochi |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920050421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Tovino-Thomas-grand-wedding-celebration-in-Kochi/articleshow/45012121.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple has a daughter and a son born in 2016 and 2020 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/09/29/tovino-thomas-family-vanitha-photoshoot-video.html |title=Tovino and family's video will put a smile on your face |website=English.manoramaonline.com |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204807/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/09/29/tovino-thomas-family-vanitha-photoshoot-video.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-and-wife-lidiya-name-their-baby-son-tahaan/article31785552.ece |title=Tovino Thomas and wife Lidiya name their baby son 'Tahaan' |author=The Hindu Net Desk |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 June 2020 |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116052941/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-and-wife-lidiya-name-their-baby-son-tahaan/article31785552.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.

===As actor===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]'' || Che Guevara Sudheendran
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]'' || Akhilesh Varma
| ||
|-
| ''[[August Club]]'' || Mahesh
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]'' || Eby Ebineser
| ||
|-
| ''[[Koothara]]'' || Tharun
| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 ||''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' || Tovino
| ||
|-
| ''[[Onnam Loka Mahayudham]]'' || Jacob
| ||
|-
| ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' || Perumpparambil Appu
| ||
|-
| ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' || Georgy
| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016 || ''[[Monsoon Mangoes]]'' || Sanjay
| ||
|-
| ''[[2 Penkuttikal]]'' || Sanju
| ||
|-
| ''[[Style (2016 film)|Style]]'' || Edgar and Fletcher Kelly
| Dual role||
|-
| ''[[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]'' || Engineer Thejus Varkey
| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017 || ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'' || Shafeer Ahammed
| ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'' || Paul and Kochaniyan
| Dual role||
|-
| ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'' || Anjaneya Das aka Dasan
| ||
|-
| ''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]'' || G. Padmanabhan Pillai
| ||
|-
| ''[[Mayanadhi]]'' || Mathews aka Mathan
| ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2018 || ''[[Aami]]'' || Lord Krishna
| ||
|-
| ''[[Naam (2018 film)|Naam]]'' || Himself
| Cameo||
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Anuvum]]'' || Abhimanyu / Abhi
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ||
|-
| ''[[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]'' || Maradona
| ||
|-
| ''[[Theevandi]]''|| Bineesh Damodaran
| ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' || Ajayan
| ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]'' || Hameed and Khalid
| ||
|-
| ''[[Maari 2]]'' || Gangadhar Beeja aka Thanatos
| Tamil film||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019 || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' || Jathin Ramdas
| ||
|-
| ''[[Uyare]]'' || Vishal Rajashekharan
| ||
|-
| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Paul K Abraham
| ||
|-
| ''[[And the Oscar Goes To...]]'' || Issak Ebrahem
| ||
|-
| ''[[Luca (2019 film)|Luca]]'' || Luca
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kalki (2019 Malayalam film)|Kalki]]'' || K / Kalki
| ||
|-
| ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]'' || Shafeeque Mohammad
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Forensic (2020 film)|Forensic]]'' || Samuel John Kattookkaran
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kilometers and Kilometers]]'' || Josemon
| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]'' || Shaji
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' || Alan
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]'' || Charlie
|Cameo appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' || Jaison Varghese / Minnal Murali and Martin Rangakala
| Dual role||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2022 || ''[[Naaradan (film)|Naaradan]]'' || Chandraprakash
| ||
|-
| ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' || Vinod
| ||
|-
| ''[[Vaashi (2022 film)|Vaashi]]'' || Ebin Mathew
| ||<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Janani K. |date=21 January 2022 |title=Keerthy Suresh and Tovino Thomas wrap up Vaashi, share pics from film set |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/keerthy-suresh-and-tovino-thomas-wrap-up-vaashi-share-pics-from-film-set-1902701-2022-01-21 |access-date=2022-01-27 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125020300/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/keerthy-suresh-and-tovino-thomas-wrap-up-vaashi-share-pics-from-film-set-1902701-2022-01-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vazhakku]]'' || Siddharthan
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=Tovino Thomas' Vazhakku Officially Selected for IFFSA-SEOUL 2022 {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/tovino-thomas-vazhakku-officially-selected-for-iffsa-seoul-2022-3953615.html |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117125555/https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/tovino-thomas-vazhakku-officially-selected-for-iffsa-seoul-2022-3953615.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thallumaala]]'' || Manavalan Wazim "Wazi"
| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]'' || [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer|Vaikom M. Basheer]]
| || <ref>{{Cite news |title=It's a wrap for 'Neelavelicham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-neelavelicham/articleshow/93412410.cms |date=7 August 2022 |access-date=26 January 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126170112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-neelavelicham/articleshow/93412410.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Anoop
| ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-tovino-thomas-asif-ali-and-kunchacko-bobans-2018-based-on-the-kerala-floods/articleshow/95548628.cms |title=It's a wrap for Tovino Thomas, Asif Ali, and Kunchacko Boban's '2018' based on the Kerala floods |date=16 November 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 March 2023 |quote=The filming of Jude Anthany Joseph's upcoming film '2018 – Everyone is a hero' has been completed. The makers wrapped up the shoot on Sunday (Nov 13). |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316224908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-tovino-thomas-asif-ali-and-kunchacko-bobans-2018-based-on-the-kerala-floods/articleshow/95548628.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adrishya Jalakangal]]'' || Unnamed young Man
| ||<ref name="adrishya">{{Cite web |title=Tovino Thomas: Films like Adrishya Jalakangal offer more space to perform |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2023/nov/14/tovino-thomas-films-like-adrishya-jalakangal-offer-more-space-to-perform-49547.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202141244/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2023/nov/14/tovino-thomas-films-like-adrishya-jalakangal-offer-more-space-to-perform-49547.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024 || ''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]'' || SI Anand Narayanan Pillai
| ||<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2023-06-22 |title=Tovino Thomas, team wrap up 'Anveshippin Kandethum' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-team-wrap-up-anveshippin-kandethum/article66997910.ece |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202000759/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-team-wrap-up-anveshippin-kandethum/article66997910.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nadikar]]'' || David Padikkal
| || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Tovino Thomas wraps up the shoot of 'Nadikar Thilakam', says, "In our journey, we encountered unexpected challenges" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-wraps-up-the-shoot-of-nadikar-thilakam-says-in-our-journey-we-encountered-unexpected-challenges/articleshow/106594939.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 January 2024 |language=en |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107094025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-wraps-up-the-shoot-of-nadikar-thilakam-says-in-our-journey-we-encountered-unexpected-challenges/articleshow/106594939.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-nadikar-thilakam-gets-a-new-title/articleshow/107103375.cms |title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Nadikar Thilakam' gets a new title |date=11 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2 March 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214235005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-nadikar-thilakam-gets-a-new-title/articleshow/107103375.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]''|| Ajayan, Maniyan & Kunjikelu
| 50th film; Triple role|| <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Ajayante Randam Moshanam: Tovino Thomas-Krithi Shetty's fantasy drama goes on floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ajayante-randam-moshanam-tovino-thomas-krithi-shetty-fantasy-drama-goes-on-floors-8202651/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011120015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ajayante-randam-moshanam-tovino-thomas-krithi-shetty-fantasy-drama-goes-on-floors-8202651/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2025 || ''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]'' || Haran Shankar
| || <ref name="TOI.2023.12.27">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-and-trisha-celebrate-christmas-on-the-sets-of-identity/articleshow/106324939.cms |title=Tovino Thomas and Trisha celebrate Christmas on the sets of 'Identity' |date=27 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229225054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-and-trisha-celebrate-christmas-on-the-sets-of-identity/articleshow/106324939.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[L2: Empuraan]]''|| Jathin Ramdas
| || <ref>{{cite news |title=L2- Empuraan: As Prithviraj and Mohanlal start shooting, fans call it the 'biggest Mollywood cinema' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/l2-empuraan-as-prithviraj-and-mohanlal-start-shooting-fans-call-it-the-biggest-mollywood-cinema-23312732 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=Mid Day |date=5 October 2023 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006041119/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/l2-empuraan-as-prithviraj-and-mohanlal-start-shooting-fans-call-it-the-biggest-mollywood-cinema-23312732 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maranamass]]''
|Puthanthottil Umesh
|Cameo appearance; Also producer
|
|-
| ''[[Narivetta]]'' || Varghese Peter
| || <ref>{{cite news |title=Tovino Thomas reveals why 'Narivetta' is one of his most anticipated films |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/14/tovino-thomas-narivetta-movie-anticipated-release-malayalam-film.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=14 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'' || Michael / Maathan ||Dual role; Cameo appearance || <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=Dulquer Salmaan launches Malayalam cinema’s first superhero universe with Lokah – Chapter One: Chandra |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/dulquer-salmaan-launches-malayalam-cinemas-first-superhero-universe-lokah-chapter-one-chandra/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2026 || {{Pending film|italic=no|''[[Toxic (2026 film)| Toxic]]''}} || TBA || [[Kannada]]-[[English language|English]] bilingual film ||
|-
|{{Pending film|italic=no|''[[Dijo Jose Antony | Pallichattambi]]''}} || TBA
| Filming || <ref>{{cite news |title=Pallichattambi: Tovino Thomas-Dijo Jose Antony's Period Drama Officially Begins Production |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/palli-chattambi-tovino-thomas-dijo-jose-antonys-period-drama-officially-begins-production-article-118381873 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]|date=19 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''[[Basil Joseph|Athiradi]]''}} || TBA || Filming||
|}

=== Music Videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| 2018 || ''Ulaviravu'' || Tarun || Tamil || [[Ondraga Entertainment|Ondraga Original]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYVMN11-zek|title=Ulaviravu - Single &#124; Ondraga Originals &#124; Madhan Karky &#124; Karthik &#124; Gautham Menon|date=13 February 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

===As playback singer===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!Ref
|-
|2022 || ''[[Thallumaala]]'' || "Tupathu" || Co-sung with [[Shakthisree Gopalan]] and [[Vishnu Vijay]]
|
|}

=== As producer ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kilometers and Kilometers]]''
| ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]''
| ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Vazhakku]]''
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanal Kumar's next titled Vazhakku |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/jan/02/sanal-kumars-next-titled-vazhakku-2244170.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209184421/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/jan/02/sanal-kumars-next-titled-vazhakku-2244170.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Adrishya Jalakangal]]'' || ||<ref name="adrishya"/>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Maranamass]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-01 |title=Basil Joseph's Maranamass confirms release date, trailer unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/01/basil-josephs-maranamass-confirms-release-date-trailer-unveiled |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
In 2024, Tovino Thomas became the first and only Indian actor to win the [[Septimius Award]], an international recognition based in Amsterdam.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Septimius Awards 2024: Tovino Thomas wins Best Asian Actor |url=https://example.com/article-link |website=The Times of India |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! class="unsortable"| Result
! class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2015
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actor
| rowspan="6"| ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2015-ennu-ninte-moideen-pathemari-premam-win-maximum-awards-655399 |title=Asiavision movie awards 2015: 'Ennu Ninte Moideen', 'Pathemari, 'Premam' win maximum awards [Complete list of winners] |website=International Business Times |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030025304/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2015-ennu-ninte-moideen-pathemari-premam-win-maximum-awards-655399 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2016
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actor
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=18th Asianet Film Awards: Vikram, Trisha, Prithviraj, Mohanlal, Nivin Pauly bag awards [Full winners' list+photos]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/18th-asianet-film-awards-vikram-trisha-prithviraj-mohanlal-nivin-pauly-bag-awards-full-666090|accessdate=18 March 2016|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[CPC Cine Awards]]
| Best Character Actor
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/cinema-paradiso-club-announced-film-award-2015/articlecontent-pf33732-027501.html|title=സിനിമാ പാരഡീസോ ക്ലബ്ബിന്റെ പുരസ്‌കാരം പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; മികച്ച ചിത്രം പ്രേമം|access-date=8 September 2017|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |website=Filmfare |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[1st IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam]]
| Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://iifautsavam.com/nominees-mal.html |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Nominees – Malayalam |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125043413/http://iifautsavam.com/nominees-mal.html|archive-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldhab.com/siima-awards-2016-malayalam-nominees-winners/ |title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Malayalam Nominees |website=WorldHab |date=2 July 2016 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203042331/https://www.worldhab.com/siima-awards-2016-malayalam-nominees-winners/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| Outstanding Performance of the Year
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-announced-sonam-kapoor-nivin-pauly-radhika-apte-ram-charan-others-704008 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2016 announced: Sonam Kapoor, Nivin Pauly, Radhika Apte, Ram Charan, others to be honoured |website=International Business Times |date=15 November 2016 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629053416/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-announced-sonam-kapoor-nivin-pauly-radhika-apte-ram-charan-others-704008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actor
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/64th-filmfare-south-awards-2017-heres-malayalam-tamil-telugu-tamil-nomination-lists-730110 |title=64th Filmfare South Awards 2017: Here's Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Tamil nomination lists |website=International Business Times |date=9 July 2017 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225143252/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/64th-filmfare-south-awards-2017-heres-malayalam-tamil-telugu-tamil-nomination-lists-730110 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-nominations-malayalam-maheshinte-prathikaram-leads-check-date-venue-ticket-728836 |title=SIIMA Awards 2017 nominations (Malayalam): Maheshinte Prathikaram leads; check date, venue, ticket details |website=International Business Times |date=31 May 2017 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170314/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-nominations-malayalam-maheshinte-prathikaram-leads-check-date-venue-ticket-728836 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asianet Comedy Awards]]
| Youth Icon
| ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'', ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2017/10/winners-3rd-asianet-comedy-awards-2017.html |title=Winners of 3rd Asianet comedy Awards 2017 |website=Vinodadarshan |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506150935/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2017/10/winners-3rd-asianet-comedy-awards-2017.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| Man of the Year (Malayalam)
| ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'', ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2017-deepika-padukone-dulquer-salmaan-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-grace-751076 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2017: Deepika Padukone, Dulquer Salmaan, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas grace event [PHOTOS] |website=International Business Times |date=28 November 2017 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193036/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2017-deepika-padukone-dulquer-salmaan-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-grace-751076 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| Performer of the Year
| Various films
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mollywoods-whos-who-attend-20th-asianet-film-awards-81681 |title=20th Asianet Film Awards |website=The News Minute |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020144043/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mollywoods-whos-who-attend-20th-asianet-film-awards-81681 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| rowspan="6"| ''[[Mayanadi]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |website=Filmfare |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830181056/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Critics Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887.html |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |website=Filmfare |date=16 June 2018 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620082346/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers Indian Film Awards]]
| Star of the Year
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/05/flowers-indian-film-awards-2018-winners.html |title=Flowers Indian Film Awards 2018 – Winners List |website=Vinodadarshan |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808061832/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/05/flowers-indian-film-awards-2018-winners.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| Second Best Actor
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece |title=Film critics awards announced |website=The Hindu |date=21 April 2018 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034509/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-leads-with-nine-nods-followed-by-vikram-vedha-4976241.html |title=SIIMA Awards 2018 nominations |website=Firstpost |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918090208/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-leads-with-nine-nods-followed-by-vikram-vedha-4976241.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| Most Romantic Hero
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2018/02/25/vanita-film-awards-2018-live-updates.html |title=വനിത ഫിലിം അവാര്‍ഡ് 2018: ഫഹദ് മികച്ച നടൻ, മഞ്ജു വാരിയർ, പാർവതി മികച്ച നടിമാർ|trans-title=Women's Film Award 2018: Fahadh Best Actor, Manju Warrier and Parvathy Best Actress |language=Malayalam |website=Malayala Manorama |date=27 February 2018|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605202740/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2018/02/25/vanita-film-awards-2018-live-updates.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
| rowspan="2" | [[21st Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Awards]]
| Performer of the Year
| rowspan="2" | Various films
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/asianet-film-awards-2019-winners-193934046.html |title=Asianet Film Awards 2019 Winners List: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier, Prithviraj & Others Bag Top Honours! |website=Yahoo! News |date=22 March 2019 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205815/https://in.style.yahoo.com/asianet-film-awards-2019-winners-193934046.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Most Popular Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| Best Actor – Malayalam
| ''[[Mayanadi]]'', ''[[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]'', ''[[Theevandi]]'', ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2019/02/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-winners.html |title=Winners of Asiavision Movie Awards 2018 -Complete list |website=Vinodadarshan |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122305/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2019/02/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-winners.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[66th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| rowspan="3" | Various films
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |website=Filmfare |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mazhavil Manorama|Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/05/07/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-2019-list-of-winners.html |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2019: here's the list of winners |website=Malayala Manorama |date=7 May 2019 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030145444/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/05/07/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-2019-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan=2|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |website=The Indian Express |date=17 August 2019 |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| ''[[Minnal Murali]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="indiatoday.JananiK.SIIMA2022.2022.09.12">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2022-tamil-and-malayalam-winners-list-doctor-and-minnal-murali-sweep-maximum-awards-1999165-2022-09-12 |title=SIIMA 2022 Tamil and Malayalam Winners list: Doctor and Minnal Murali sweep maximum awards |date=12 September 2022 |first1=Janani |last1=K |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030210811/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2022-tamil-and-malayalam-winners-list-doctor-and-minnal-murali-sweep-maximum-awards-1999165-2022-09-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SIIMA2022.Winners">{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/ |title=Awards 2022 – SIIMA |publisher=South Indian International Movie Awards |access-date=18 March 2023 |quote=BEST ACTOR IN A LEADING ROLE – Tovino Thomas (Minnal Murali, Kala) |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002000846/https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2024|Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| ''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Film Critics Award: ‘Feminichi Fathima’ Best Film, Tovino Thomas, Nazriya Nazim and Rima Kallingal win acting honours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-award-feminichi-fathima-tovino-thomas-nazriya-nazim-rima-kallingal/article69452021.ece |access-date=15 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tovino Thomas}}
* {{Official website|https://www.tovinothomas.com}}
* {{IMDb name|5732707}}

{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – South}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Tovino}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:People from Irinjalakuda]]
[[Category:Actors from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Thiru. Vi. Ka. Poonga

2026-03-17T12:02:18Z

Meherhospital:

{{For|Park in Chennai|Thiru. Vi. Ka. Park}}
{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Senthil Sel Am}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| director = Senthil Sel M
| producer = Senthil Sel M
| writer = Senthil Sel M
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Senthil Sel M
*Swati
*Susan
}}
| music = Praveen Mirra
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Budget Film Company
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|01|02}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Thiru.Vi.Ka.Poonga''''', also spelt as '''''Thiru Vi Ka Poonga''''', ({{Translation|Mr. V. K. Park}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film|drama]] film written, produced and directed by Senthil Sel Am on his directorial debut starring himself, Swati and Susan in the lead role. The film had its theatrical release on 2 January 2015 and opened to mostly mixed to negative reviews from critics and audience.

== Cast ==
*Senthil Sel Am
*Swati
*Susan
*[[John Vijay]]
*Yuga
*[[Kadhal Dandapani]]

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Thiru Vi Ka Poonga'' isn’t entirely a disappointing fare and delivers more than what one expects".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2015-01-10 |title=A Fairly-Impressive Debut Flick |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/Jan/10/a-fairly-impressive-debut-flick-703656.html |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' concluded that the film is not deserted like the Chennai Municipal parks but not full of flowers either. The reviewer added that it was refreshing in some aspects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-31 |title=திரு .வி .க .பூங்கா |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1641/Thiru.V.ka.Poonga/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13005074}}

[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Varun Gandhi

2026-03-17T11:15:40Z

Meherhospital: update lead for consistency and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Varun Gandhi
| image = Varungandhipilibhit (cropped).jpg
| alt = Varun Gandhi
| caption = Gandhi at a rally in 2019
| birth_name = Feroze Varun Gandhi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|03|13}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
| parliament = Indian
| predecessor = [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| successor = [[Jitin Prasada]]
| constituency = [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = {{start date|2019|05|23|df=yes}}
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Sanjaya Sinh|Sanjay Sinh]]
| successor1 = Maneka Gandhi
| term_start1 = {{start date|2014|05|16|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|2019|05|23|df=yes}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency2 = [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = {{start date|2009|05|16|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = {{end date|2014|05|16|df=yes}}
| predecessor2 = Maneka Gandhi
| successor2 = Maneka Gandhi
| office3 = [[National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party#Current National Executive Members|National General Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start3 = {{start date|2013|06|19|df=yes}}
| term_end3 = {{end date|2014|09|16|df=yes}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[University of London]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Yamini Roy Chowdhury|2011}}
| children = {{unbulleted_list|Aadya Gandhi (daughter)|Anasuya Gandhi (daughter)}}
| parents = {{unbulleted_list|[[Sanjay Gandhi]] (father)|[[Maneka Gandhi]] (mother)}}
| relatives = ''See'' [[Nehru–Gandhi family]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[columnist]]|[[writer]]}}
| footnotes = Source [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4277]
}}

'''Feroze Varun Gandhi''' {{Pronunciation|En-us-Varun Gandhi from India pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|listen|(|help=no}} (born 13 March 1980) is an Indian politician who has been a three time Member of Parliament for [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was inducted into [[Rajnath Singh]]'s team in March 2012 as General Secretary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/modi-enters-bjp-parliamentary-board-chauhan-ignored-680050.html|title=Modi Enters Parliamentary Board, Chauhan Ignored.|publisher=firstpost.com|access-date=31 March 2013|date=31 March 2013}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Nehru–Gandhi family]], which has occupied a prominent place in the [[politics of India]] since a time before the country's independence in 1947.

== Early life and education ==
Feroze Varun Gandhi<ref>{{cite web|title=Feroze Varun Gandhi.|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/feroze-varun-gandhi|access-date=21 April 2019|publisher=National Portal of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3ls2014/8109/FEROZE%20VARUN%20GANDHI.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712115115/http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3ls2014/8109/FEROZE%20VARUN%20GANDHI.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> was born in [[Delhi]] on 13 March 1980 to [[Sanjay Gandhi]] and [[Maneka Gandhi]]. He is the grandson of former [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]] and the great-grandson of India's first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He is the nephew of former [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and cousin of [[Rahul Gandhi]]. Varun was born soon after Indira Gandhi regained power in the [[1980 Indian general election|1980 general election]]. Sanjay Gandhi died in a plane crash when Varun was three months old in June 1980. Indira was assassinated when Varun was four years old on 31 October 1984. Varun attended [[Rishi Valley School]] and [[the British School, New Delhi]], where he ran for a position on the student council.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Upala|last2=Kohli|first2=Namita|title=Strange Gandhi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/strange-gandhi/story-s5VHT0PRpehtMbuUWxkQVJ.html|issue=27 March 2009|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2009}}</ref>

== Political career ==
=== Entry into politics ===
Varun Gandhi was first introduced to the Pilibhit constituency by his mother during the 1999 election campaigning.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/voices/story/19990913-i-have-come-to-you-to-seek-justice-atal-bihari-vajpayee-at-an-election-rally-824266-1999-09-12 | title = Quote of the week | date = 13 September 1999 | publisher = India Today }}</ref> Maneka had been a part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) since earlier but she and Varun formally joined BJP in 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/16gandhi.htm | title = Maneka, Varun Gandhi join BJP | author = Omkar Singh | date = 16 February 2004 | work = rediff.com }}</ref> Varun Gandhi campaigned for the party in the 2004 elections, covering over 40 constituencies.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040503-rahul-priyanka-varun-campaign-during-elections-2004-790109-2004-05-02 | title = The charm troopers | date = 3 May 2004 | publisher = India Today | author = Kaveree Bamzai }}</ref>
[[File:Smt. Maneka Gandhi and Shri Varun Gandhi called on the Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in New Delhi on February 16, 2004.jpg|thumb|Maneka Gandhi and Varun Gandhi with 10th [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in New Delhi on 2004.]]

In an interview to [[Stephen Sackur]] on [[BBC]]'s ''[[HARDTalk]]'' in October 2005, Gandhi answered questions about the reasons behind his political affiliation and defended his father as someone who had helped revive the industrialisation of India by starting [[Maruti Udyog]] and whose strategy helped the Congress party's comeback after the first ever non-Congress [[Janata Party]] government following an [[1977 Indian general election|electoral routing]] for the Indira Gandhi-government after [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], among many other things.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sackur|first= Stephen|title=Hardtalk|publisher=BBC|date=18 October 2005|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/hardtalk/4353708.stm}}</ref>

=== Increasing prominence within BJP ===

==== Elected as a Member of Parliament (2009-2014) ====
In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]], the BJP decided to field Varun Gandhi as its candidate from the [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit constituency]] instead of his incumbent mother Maneka Gandhi.<ref>[http://www.bjp.org/Press/nov_2008/nov_1108_p.pdf Bharatiya Janata Party – The Party with a Difference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613121116/http://www.bjp.org/Press/nov_2008/nov_1108_p.pdf |date=13 June 2011 }}. BJP. Retrieved on 9 August 2011.</ref> He won the seat by receiving 419,539 votes and defeated his nearest contending candidate, V.M. Singh, by a margin of 281,501 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Varun-rant--Modi-fail-to-jack-up-BJP-fortunes/461019|title=Varun Gandhi wins from Pilibhit|access-date=16 May 2009|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/uttarpradesh/4_1_5473985.html|title=Varun Gandhi received large chank of votes in 2009 election|access-date=16 May 2009|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/uttarpradesh/4_1_5473988.html|title=Varun Gandhi defeated his opponents in 2009 election|access-date=16 May 2009|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ListofWinningCandidated.pdf|title=ECI declares Varun Gandhi as Winner from Pilibhit|access-date=16 May 2009|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-date=21 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521000007/http://www.eciresults.nic.in/ListofWinningCandidated.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2009/May/opinion_May95.xml&section=opinion&col=|title=Pilibhit Message of 2009|access-date=19 May 2009|publisher=[[Khaleej Times]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918030139/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data%2Fopinion%2F2009%2FMay%2Fopinion_May95.xml&section=opinion&col=|archive-date=18 September 2012}}</ref> The victory was the strongest of any of the four Gandhi family candidates in the election: his mother Maneka Gandhi, aunt [[Sonia Gandhi]] and first cousin [[Rahul Gandhi]]. The security deposits of all other candidates, including those of V.M. Singh of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate Ganga Charan Rajput were forfeited.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1368-candidates-lost-security-deposits-in-UP/articleshow/4571269.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235330/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-24/india/28182006_1_security-deposits-bsp-nominee-congress-leader|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=1,368 candidates lost security deposits in UP|access-date=24 May 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 May 2009}}</ref> A case was filed against Gandhi for allegedly making a provocative speech about Muslims, at a meeting at Dalchand Mohalla area of Pilibhit; however, he was acquitted by in court in the matter.<ref name="Indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/varun-gandhis-hatemuslim-speech-makes-his/435400/|title=Varun Gandhi's hate-Muslim speech makes his BJP squirm|publisher=Indian Express|date=17 March 2009|access-date=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="YN-20130227">{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/court-acquits-varun-gandhi-in-one-hate-speech-case-114032656.html|title=Court acquits Varun Gandhi in 2009 hate speech case|date=27 February 2013|work=Yahoo! News|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> On 5 March 2013, a [[Pilibhit]] court acquitted Gandhi in the second hate speech case registered against him during the 2009 Lok Sabha election campaign.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Varun-Gandhi-acquitted-in-second-hate-speech-case/articleshow/18812786.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509214559/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-05/india/37469147_1_barkhera-police-station-inflammatory-speeches-varun-gandhi|url-status=live|archive-date=9 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Varun Gandhi Acquitted in Second Hate Speech Case|date=5 March 2013}}</ref>

In August 2011, Varun Gandhi strongly pitched for the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]. Gandhi offered his official residence to activist [[Anna Hazare]] to hold his fast, after Hazare was denied permission by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Varun-offers-house-to-Anna-for-protests/828267/|title=Varun offers house to Anna for protests|date=7 August 2011|access-date=7 August 2011|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> When Hazare was jailed, Gandhi offered to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Varun-jumps-in--plans-to-table-Anna-s-Bill/832914/|title=Varun jumps in, plans to table Anna's bill|date=17 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 24 August, he went to [[Ramlila Maidan]] as a common man to support the cause of [[Anna Hazare]], becoming the first politician to openly support the anti-corruption cause.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Varun-Gandhi-visits-Ramlila-Ground-to-support-Anna-Hazare/articleshow/9716896.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106052423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-24/india/29921998_1_varun-gandhi-anna-hazare-ramlila-ground|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012|title=Varun Gandhi visits Ramlila Ground to support Anna Hazare|access-date=24 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2011}}</ref>

==== Appointment as National General Secretary of BJP ====
In March 2013, [[Rajnath Singh]] appointed Varun Gandhi as the national general secretary of the BJP. He became the youngest ever general secretary of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Back to Hindutva in UP? Firebrand leader Uma Bharati, Varun Gandhi get key positions in new BJP team |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/uma-bharati-varun-gandhi-get-key-positions-in-new-bjp-team-157367-2013-03-30 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In May 2013, Varun Gandhi was made in charge of the BJP's affairs in West Bengal.

[[File:BJP Election Campaign meet on 1 August 2013.jpg|thumb|Bharatiya Janata Party election campaign meet on 1 August 2013 in Delhi]]

In August 2013, newspapers reported that Gandhi was the only MP in the country who had spent all of his MP Local Area Development Fund (MPLAD) before stipulated time. According to official sources, Varun Gandhi used his funds for the development in education, health and infrastructure activities. His proposals were worth more than the entire MPLAD fund thus ensuring the entire amount of 25 crore was spent during his tenure as a Member of Parliament.<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/varun-gandhi-only-mp-spending-mplad-fund.html|title=VARUN GANDHI ONLY MP SPENDING MPLAD FUND|date=12 August 2013|work=ThePioneer}}</ref>

Gandhi was highly critical of his cousin [[Rahul Gandhi]] as well as the then [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister]] [[Akhilesh Yadav]]. He was projected as a youth face of the party within Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP grooms its young Varun Gandhi to take on Rahul Gandhi in UP |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-grooms-its-young-varun-gandhi-to-take-on-rahul-gandhi-in-up-1829602 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In September 2013, Varun Gandhi accused the Samajwadi Party-led Uttar Pradesh government of pursuing the politics of appeasement, and said that its mistakes would lead to its collapse, after it denied permission to Varun Gandhi's rally in Agra just two days before it was scheduled to take place.<ref name="economictimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-28/news/42481633_1_prohibitory-orders-party-workers-chief-minister-akhilesh-yadav|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011231517/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-28/news/42481633_1_prohibitory-orders-party-workers-chief-minister-akhilesh-yadav|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2013|title=VARUN GANDHI SLAMS UP GOVERNMENT|date=28 September 2013|work=TheEconomicTimes}}</ref>

He also denounced Rahul Gandhi's infamous outburst against the controversial ordinance against convicted lawmakers, and said that it was an insult to the Prime Minister, who was abroad at the time, and therefore also disgraceful to the nation.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Varun-Gandhi-denounces-Rahul-s-outburst/Article1-1128716.aspx|title=VARUN GANDHI DENOUNCES RAHUL'S OUTBURST|date=29 September 2013|work=TheHindustanTimes|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101231605/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Varun-Gandhi-denounces-Rahul-s-outburst/Article1-1128716.aspx|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Second term as Member of Parliament (2014-2019) ====
In February 2014, Gandhi kickstarted his campaign for the 2014 election in [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]. He gave an emotional speech to an enthusiastic crowd in [[Kadipur]], and said that he had come to Sultanpur to fulfill his father's dreams.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/a-fighting-varun-gandhi-is-all-set-to-storm-sultanpur-1386231.html|title=A FIGHTING VARUN GANDHI IS ALL SET TO STORM SULTANPUR|date=12 February 2014|work=Firstpost}}</ref>

In May 2014, Gandhi defeated Amita Singh from Sultanpur in Lok Sabha 2014 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/election-results-2014-bjp-leader-varun-gandhi-wins-from-sultanpur-525295|title=Election Results 2014: BJP Leader Varun Gandhi Wins From Sultanpur|author=Sanchari Bhattacharya|date=16 May 2014|work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In March 2016, he introduced the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill, 2016 in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{citation |title=Right to recall will keep MPs, MLAs on their toes |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/editorials/right-to-recall-will-keep-mps-mlas-on-their-toes/story-h5nz68rGLTaIdqb3rvpliJ.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 March 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==== Third term as Member of Parliament (2019-2024) ====
He contested from [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]] lok sabha constituency in [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]] and won with approx 250,000 votes to become an MP for the third consecutive time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/pilibhit-lok-sabha-results-2019-bjp-varun-gandhi-wins-with-over-7-lakh-votes-1533168-2019-05-23 |title=Pilibhit Lok Sabha results 2019: BJP's Varun Gandhi wins by margin of over 2.5 lakh votes|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=29 September 2020|agency=Ist}}</ref>

=== Deterioration of Relationship with the BJP Leadership ===
Gandhi's relationship with the top leadership of the BJP declined and he became rather more critical of the policies of the party. It started after an October 2021 tweet in which he criticised the murder of farmer protestors in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Keri District]], Uttar Pradesh, which had potentially been linked to a party politician. This resulted in his removal from the Party’s [[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National Executive Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rise and fall of Varun Gandhi, the Nehru-Gandhi scion in BJP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rise-and-fall-of-varun-gandhi-the-nehru-gandhi-scion-in-bjp-1863089-2021-10-10 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Columnist==
Gandhi writes articles and policy papers for several national dailies and magazines in India, such as ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Asian Age]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' among others. Gandhi writes the largest syndicated column in the country covering 21 newspapers—including ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'', ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', ''[[Punjab Kesari]]'', ''[[Amar Ujala]]'', ''[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]'', ''[[Bartaman]]'', ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]''—reaching more than 200 million readers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Writings==
Gandhi wrote his first volume of poems, titled ''The Otherness of Self'', at the age of 20, in 2000. His second volume of poems, titled Stillness was published by [[HarperCollins]] in April 2015. The book became the bestselling non-fiction book, selling over 10,000 copies in the first two days of its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/10-0-10@05@2015-1001.html|title=Dairy, Mighty Pen|access-date=10 May 2015|publisher=The Telegraph|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717075435/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/10-0-10@05@2015-1001.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2018, he released his book on the Indian rural economy titled ''[[A Rural Manifesto|The Rural Manifesto: Realising India's Future Through Her Villages]]''. The book sold over 30,000 copies in ten days of its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gossipguru.in/swamy-declares-varun-the-pandit/|title=Swamy declares Varun the 'Pandit'|access-date=20 December 2018|publisher=Gossip Guru|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222230006/http://www.gossipguru.in/swamy-declares-varun-the-pandit/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His fourth book, ''[[The Indian Metropolis|The Indian Metropolis: Deconstructing India’s Urban Spaces]]'', was released in February 2023.

==Personal life==
Gandhi is married to Yamini Roy Chowdhury. His first daughter, Aadya Priyadarshini was born in 2011 but died when she was four months old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-loss-that-changed-varun-gandhis-life-and-politics-1.1543130030067|title=The loss that changed Varun Gandhi’s life and politics|date=25 November 2018|website=Gulf News}}</ref> His second daughter, Anasuya was born in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meet-the-newest-gandhi-anasuya-650011|title=Meet the Newest Gandhi, Anasuya|date=18 August 2014|website=NDTV}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of political families]]
*[[Maneka Gandhi]]
*[[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4277 Profile] at Lok Sabha, Parliament of India

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sanjaya Sinh|Sanjay Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Member of Parliament from Sultanpur]] | years=2014 – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{Nehru-Gandhi family tree}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Society|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Varun}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of University of London Worldwide]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:Politicians from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Pilibhit]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People of Parsi descent]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
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[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Sultanpur district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Rishi Valley School alumni]]

Langkyrdem Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T05:19:35Z

Meherhospital:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Langkyrdem
| type= SLA
| state = Meghalaya
| established = 1972
| abolished = 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 19,435
| mla = Prestone Tynsong
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Langkyrdem Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Galynstone Laloo || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=5 | Brington Buhai Lyngdoh
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill People's Union|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | Prestone Tynsong || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Langkyrdem<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prestone Tynsong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,356 |percentage=41.87% |change={{increase}}20.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominic Roblin Nongkynrih |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=6,553 |percentage=37.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel Khongbuh Massar |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,541 |percentage=20.16% |change={{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Christina Majaw |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=118 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=803 |percentage=4.57% |change= {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,568 |percentage=90.39% |change= {{increase}}25.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,435 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}20.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Langkyrdem<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prestone Tynsong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,832 |percentage=21.49% |change={{decrease}}12.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syrpai Khonglah |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=2,415 |percentage=18.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominic Roblin Nongkynrih |party=Khasi Farmers Democratic Party |votes=1,857 |percentage=14.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Richardstone Jana Nongbet |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,602 |percentage=12.15% |change={{decrease}}29.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel Khongbuh Massar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,552 |percentage=11.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khlur Sing Lyngdoh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=769 |percentage=5.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Horen Nongsteng |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=643 |percentage=4.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=417 |percentage=3.16% |change= {{decrease}}3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,181 |percentage=65.28% |change= {{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,192 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}19.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Langkyrdem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brington Buhai Lyngdoh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,843 |percentage=41.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Youngstenshon Tynsong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,026 |percentage=34.33% |change={{decrease}}5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khlur Sing Lyngdoh |party=Hindu Samaj Party |votes=2,777 |percentage=23.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sataw Tynsong |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=81 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=817 |percentage=6.97% |change= {{decrease}}14.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,727 |percentage=63.71% |change= {{decrease}}9.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,972 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= {{decrease}}19.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Langkyrdem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brington Buhai Lyngdoh |party=Hill People's Union |votes=7,989 |percentage=60.52% |change={{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominic Roblin Nongkynrih |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,212 |percentage=39.48% |change={{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,777 |percentage=21.04% |change= {{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,201 |percentage=73.13% |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,483 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Langkyrdem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brington Buhai Lyngdoh |party=Hill People's Union |votes=6,100 |percentage=56.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Denis Ryngjah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,979 |percentage=36.96% |change={{increase}}33.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. Nongrum |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=686 |percentage=6.37% |change={{decrease}}24.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,121 |percentage=19.70% |change= {{increase}}13.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,765 |percentage=73.94% |change= {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,002 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Langkyrdem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brington Buhai Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=3,071 |percentage=37.08% |change={{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Denis Rynjah |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=2,524 |percentage=30.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarson Rynjah |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,390 |percentage=28.85% |change={{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aloysius Wilford Binan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=298 |percentage=3.60% |change={{decrease}}26.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=547 |percentage=6.60% |change= {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,283 |percentage=70.10% |change= {{increase}}1.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,209 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Langkyrdem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brington Buhai Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,591 |percentage=36.43% |change={{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarson Rynjah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,112 |percentage=29.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Peline Lytand |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,282 |percentage=18.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benington Shabong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,128 |percentage=15.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=479 |percentage=6.73% |change= {{increase}}3.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,113 |percentage=67.77% |change= {{increase}}21.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,750 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Langkyrdem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Galynstone Laloo |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,396 |percentage=42.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Herington Mulliem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,285 |percentage=38.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pila Khongkliam |party=Independent politician |votes=618 |percentage=18.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=111 |percentage=3.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,299 |percentage=45.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,359 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}

Baselios Geevarghese II

2026-03-15T06:15:15Z

Meherhospital: adding new data w/ refs

{{Redirect|Geevarghese II|disambiguation|Geevarghese}}
{{short description|Malankara Metropolitan and Catholicoi of Malankara}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = [[His Holiness]] [[Mar (title)|Moran Mar]]
| name = Baselios Geevarghese II
| honorific-suffix = [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the East]] & [[Malankara Metropolitan]]
| bishop_of = [[Malankara Church]]
| image =
| caption =
| see = [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]]
| ordination = 1898
| consecration = 8 September 1912
| enthroned = 15 February 1929 (Catholicos of the East)
&
26 December 1934 (Malankara Metropolitan)
| ended = 3 January 1964
| predecessor = *
*As the Malankara Metropolitan : [[Mar Dionysius VI|Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril]]
*As the [[Catholicos of the East]] : [[Baselios Geevarghese I]]
| successor = [[Baselios Augen I]] (Malankara Metropolitan and Catholicos of the East)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 16 June 1874
| birth_place = [[Kurichy]]
| death_date = {{d-da|3 January 1964|16 June 1874}}
| death_place = Kottayam
| buried = Catholicate Palace, Devalokam, Kottayam
| consecrated_by = [[Ignatius Abded Mshiho II]]
}}

[[Mar (title)|Moran Mor]] '''Baselios Geevarghese II''' of the [[Malankara Church]] (16 June 1874 – 3 January 1964). Third [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the East]] in Malankara and 16th [[Malankara Metropolitan]], was born to Ulahannan and Naithi of the Kallaserri family in Kurichy, [[Kottayam]] [[India]] on 16 June 1874.

On 24 April 1892, Kadavil Paulose Mar Athanasios ordained him as [[deacon]] and on 24 November and 27 November 1898 he was ordained as priest and Ramban respectively by Parumala Mar Gregorios.<ref name=malankara>[http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=39 The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church website]</ref> He resided in Kundara church and took charge of the southern [[diocese]]s of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. He also served as Manager and Malpan of the Old Seminary. His published books included "Sahaden marude Charithram". "Rahasya Prarthanakal". "Parudeesa", and "Mar Yuhanon Mamdana".

On 8 September 1912 [[Ignatius Abded Mshiho II]] consecrated him as [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] Geevarghese Mar Gregorios at Parumala Seminary. He was appointed as the [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of Thumpamon, Kollam and Niranam dioceses. On 15 February 1929, the Episcopal Synod of Malankara headed by Malankara Metropolitan [[Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril|Vattaserril Geevarghese Mar Dionysius]] installed him as the [[Catholicos]] of the East, succeeding [[Catholicos Moran Mar Baselios Geevarghese of the East|Catholicos Baselius Geevarghese I]], who had died in the previous year.<ref name=malankara/>

When the Association met on 26 December 1934 at M.D. Seminary, [[Kottayam]], he was chosen as [[Malankara Metropolitan]]. It was a period when issues within the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] were becoming very complicated. Through prayer and fasting he received the strength from God to lead his people for many years, inspiring his people to work for their Church and for the glory of God. Following the peace pact of 1958, he had the good fortune to guide the destiny of the unified [[Malankara Orthodox Church]].<ref>[http://stgeorgechurchpuduppadi.org/catholicos.html St George's Orthodox Syrian Church website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201071050/http://stgeorgechurchpuduppadi.org/catholicos.html |date=1 February 2009 }}</ref>

Apart from [[consecrated|consecrating]] twelve [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitans]], and [[ordained|ordaining]] more than a thousand priests and deacons, he founded and consecrated many churches. As the Catholicos of the East, he officiated in the consecration of [[Holy Mooron]] (anointing oil) at the Old Seminary on 22 April 1932 and on 20 April 1951. On 2 November 1947 he declared Parumala Mar Gregorios and Catholicos [[Eldho Mor Baselios]] as [[saints]].<ref name=malankara/>

From his time onwards the offices of [[Catholicos]] and [[Malankara Metropolitan]] were united in one and the same person. Baselius Geevarghese II died on 3 January 1964 at Develokam Aramana and was laid to rest beside the Devalokam Aramana Chapel. Every year the Church observes his feast on 3 January.

==Succession==
{{s-start}}
{{S-rel|oo}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril]] 1909–1934
|title=[[Malankara Metropolitan]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
|years=1934–1964
|after=[[Baselios Augen I]] 1964–1975}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Baselios Geevarghese I]] 1925–1928
|title=[[List of Catholicoses of the East|Catholicos of the East]]
|years=1929–1964
|after=[[Baselios Augen I]] 1964–1975}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.org/orthodox/forefathers1.html |title=Baselius Geevarghese II and the Indian Orthodox Church |accessdate=2013-09-24 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723202507/http://www.indianchristianity.org/orthodox/forefathers1.html |archivedate=23 July 2008 |df=dmy }}
*[http://www.stgregorioschurchdc.org/cgi/xpage.cgi?doc=ChurchHistory5.lesson 20th century leaders of the Indian Orthodox Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928150329/http://www.stgregorioschurchdc.org/cgi/xpage.cgi?doc=ChurchHistory5.lesson |date=28 September 2007 }}
*[http://www.lightoflife.com/LOL_Arch_Bsalios_GeevargheseII_Third_Catholicose.htm Baselius Geevarghese II on the Indian Christians website]
*[http://www.indianorthodoxchurch.com/ Website of the Indian Orthodox Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715162004/http://www.indianorthodoxchurch.com/ |date=15 July 2007 }}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geevarghese 02}}
[[Category:Catholicoi of the East and Malankara metropolitans]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kottayam]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox bishops]]
[[Category:19th-century Oriental Orthodox clergy]]

Tuibong

2026-03-13T18:03:29Z

Meherhospital: Starting Initial Post First Draft

{{Short description|Village in Churachandpurrr district, Manipur, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
'''Tuibuang''' is a small sub divisional in [[Churachandpur district]].<ref>
Paojakhup Guite, [https://ukhrultimes.com/churachandpur-lamka-town-the-unplanned-growth-of-urbanisation-its-civic-management-systems/ Churachandpur (Lamka) town: The unplanned growth of urbanisation & its civic management systems], Ukhrul Times, 13 July 2022.
</ref>
The office of Tuibuang subdivision is located at Kholmun village.<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web |title=Tuibuang |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=305069 |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=15 September 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170915205939/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=305069 |archivedate=15 September 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{{coord|24.3610|93.7014|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Churachandpur district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Indra (2002 film)

2026-03-03T18:06:08Z

Meherhospital: add section per sources and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|2002 Telugu film starring Chiranjeevi}}
{{About-distinguish|the 2002 Telugu film|Indira (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Indra
| image = Indra 2002 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. Gopal]]
| producer = [[C. Aswani Dutt]]
| writer = '''Story''': Chinni Krishna '''Screenplay''' & '''Dialogues''': [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Aarthi Agarwal]] [[Sonali Bendre]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2002|07|24}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR| 13 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref name="news18" />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR| 55 crore}}<ref name="htimes" /><ref name="hmtv">{{Cite web|last=Krishna|date=24 July 2020|title=18 Years for Megastar Indra Movie : మెగాస్టార్ 'ఇంద్ర' కి 18 ఏళ్ళు!|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/18-years-complete-for-megastar-indra-movie-49646|access-date=5 July 2021|website=HMTV|language=te}}</ref>
}}

'''''Indra''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[B. Gopal]] and produced by [[C. Aswani Dutt]] under [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] banner. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]] in the title role, alongside [[Aarthi Agarwal]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], and [[Prakash Raj]] in key roles. The music for the film was composed by [[Mani Sharma]].

The film was released on 24 July 2002. Made on a budget of {{INR|13 [[crore]]}}, it grossed over {{INR|55 crore}}, becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest-grossing Telugu film]] at the time,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=మెగాస్టార్ 'ఇంద్ర' కి నేటితో 18 ఏళ్లు.! |trans-title=Megastar's ''Indra'' completes 18 years today! |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/megastar-indra-turns-18-today-60311 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030211027/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/megastar-indra-turns-18-today-60311 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name="htimes">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Saudamini |date=2015-03-05 |title=Why Indra The Tiger is a permanent fixture on Indian television |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/why-indra-the-tiger-is-a-permanent-fixture-on-indian-television/story-ofjy0fOTqSMm7Bh8CClEGN.html |access-date=2020-08-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and the [[List of highest-grossing South Indian films|highest-grossing South-Indian film]], surpassing ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999). It also became the first South Indian film to gross over ₹50 crore in a single language and was the second highest-grossing Indian film of 2002, after [[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|''Devdas'']].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=When Chiranjeevi-starrer Hit Film Indra Was Criticised For This Scene |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-chiranjeevi-starrer-hit-film-indra-was-criticised-for-this-scene-8586119.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Indra'' received positive reviews and won several awards, including three [[Nandi Awards]] and two [[Filmfare Awards South]]. Chiranjeevi received both the [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] for his performance. The film was dubbed into Hindi as ''Indra: The Tiger<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=S. |first1=Vidya |last2=Lidhoo |first2=Prerna |date=22 July 2022 |title=How Movies From the South Conquered Bollywood |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/interactive/longread/how-movies-from-the-south-conquered-bollywood-146-22-07-2022 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |quote=Says Applause Entertainment CEO Sameer Nair: “We used to play Indra: The Tiger (Hindi dub of Telugu film Indra) and our ratings were sorted for two weeks."}}</ref>'' and was remade in Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Dada'' (2005) and [[Bangladesh]]i Bengali as ''Goriber Dada'' (2006).

== Plot ==
In a village in [[Rayalaseema]], two rival clans led by Bharathasimha Reddy and Veera Siva Reddy, are embroiled in a cycle of violence. A police inspector arranges a marriage between Bharathasimha Reddy's brother, Vijayasimha Reddy, and Siva Reddy's sister to broker peace. However, Siva Reddy's sister poisons Vijayasimha Reddy on their wedding night, leading to both their deaths. Following this betrayal, Siva Reddy and his men kill Bharathasimha Reddy. Siva Reddy is arrested and sentenced to 14 years in prison.

With the male leaders of Bharathasimha's family dead, his son, Indrasena "Indra" Reddy, steps up to lead the clan. In a powerful scene, Indra takes a sword and sits on the throne, symbolising his new role as the clan leader, much to the delight of his paternal grandmother and the rest of the clan.

In 2002, Indra is living in [[Varanasi]] under the alias Shankar Narayana, a truthful and honest taxi driver. During a singing competition at his niece's college, her friend Pallavi, the daughter of [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s governor Chenna Kesava Reddy, falls in love with Shankar and pretends to be an orphan to live at his house. When Chenna Kesava Reddy discovers his daughter's whereabouts, he goes to Shankar's home but changes his mind upon recognizing him as Indrasena Reddy. Instead, he requests Shankar to marry Pallavi, but Shankar refuses due to his responsibilities towards his niece, Nandini.

Giri, an orphaned youth who has become Shankar's right-hand man, confesses his love for Nandini, and Shankar arranges their wedding. However, the wedding is disrupted by Snehalatha Reddy, who reveals that Giri is actually Veera Manohar Reddy, the son of Veera Shankar Reddy, Siva Reddy's elder son. She also addresses Shankar as Indrasena Reddy, shocking his adoptive family. After a confrontation, Valmiki, Indra's trusted associate, narrates Indra's past.

Indra, revered in his village, was dedicated to the welfare of the people. After Siva Reddy's release from prison, Indra warned him to stay away, but Siva Reddy instigated violence, leading Indra to kill him. Snehalatha, Siva Reddy's daughter, fell in love with Indra, but Veera Shankar Reddy sought revenge. Indra saved Veera Shankar Reddy's younger son from an accident, but Veera Shankar Reddy killed his own son to maintain his pride.

Indra confronted Veera Shankar Reddy, allowing the boy's mother to mourn before burying him and planting a "[[Ocimum tenuiflorum|Tulasi]]" sapling over his grave, symbolizing the boy's soul. Indra warned Veera Shankar Reddy to protect the plant or face his wrath. Snehalatha then proposed marriage to Indra, but the village's drought led Indra to negotiate for the construction of a reservoir, which required land from Siva Reddy's family. Veera Shankar Reddy demanded Indra's entire property in return, to which Indra agreed. Snehalatha asked to marry Indra as her share of the land, and he accepted.

However, on their wedding day, Veera Shankar Reddy killed Indra's sisters and their husbands, orphaning Nandini and her brother Pradeep. Enraged, Indra killed Veera Shankar Reddy's three brothers and wounded him. Misled by her family, Snehalatha believed Indra was responsible for the violence and broke off the engagement. Indra then left the village for [[Varanasi]] to raise his niece and nephew.

In the present, Nandini attempts suicide after becoming pregnant with Manohar Reddy's child. Indra returns to the village, receiving a hero's welcome. He confronts Veera Shankar Reddy and demands that Manohar Reddy marry Nandini. Snehalatha learns the truth about her brothers' actions and tries to help, but is attacked. Indra saves her and decides to end the cycle of revenge without killing Veera Shankar Reddy. Manohar Reddy marries Nandini, but Indra remains focused on his duty to the people, rejecting marriage proposals from both Snehalatha and Pallavi. The film ends with Indra receiving widespread support from the villagers, solidifying his commitment to ending the violence in Rayalaseema.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Indrasena "Indra" Reddy / Shankar Narayana
** [[Teja Sajja]] as young Indrasena Reddy
* [[Aarthi Agarwal]] as Snehalatha Reddy
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Pallavi Reddy
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Veera Manohara Reddy / Giri
** [[Tanish]] as young Veera Manohar Reddy
* [[Ilavarasi|Kalpana]] as Indra's elder sister
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Indra's eldest sister
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Veera Shankar Reddy
* [[Delhi rajeswari]] as Veera Shankar Reddy Wife.
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Chenna Kesava Reddy
* [[Puneet Issar]] as Shoukath Ali Khan
* [[Raza Murad]] as Veera Siva Reddy
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Valmiki Reddy, Indrasena Reddy's assistant
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Krishna Reddy, Indrasena Reddy's brother-in-law
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Balu Natha, Veera Shankar Reddy's brother-in-law
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Pandit
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] as Vijaya Simha Reddy, Indrasena Reddy's uncle
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Pandit's friend
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Gangaram, car driver
* [[Pavala Syamala]] as Bamma
* [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Superintendent of Police Damodar Reddy
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Subba Rayudu
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as Bacchu Peda Pichayya
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Veera Prathap Reddy
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Veera Bhadra Reddy
* [[Lakshmi Sharma|Lahari]] as Nandini Manohara Natha
* [[Rajitha]]
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as himself in a cameo appearance
* [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]] in cameo appearance
* [[:te::శివకృష్ణ|Sivakrishna]] as Bharatha Simha Reddy, Indrasena Reddy's father
* Kalpana as Veera Siva Natha's sister
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Mrs Reddy; Indrasena's grandmother
* Unknown as Pradeep Reddy;
** [[Ananda Vardhan|Aanand Vardhan]] as Indra's nephew (young)
* Unknown as Mamat;
* Yadagiri as Veera Shankar Reddy's henchmen
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
Following the successes of ''[[Gang Leader]]'' (1991) and ''[[Gharana Mogudu]]'' (1992), Chiranjeevi experienced a period without delivering an industry hit, although he continued to deliver major blockbusters. During this time, fans and industry analysts eagerly awaited his return with a strong mass entertainer. Chiranjeevi, meanwhile, considered taking on a family-oriented story to reconnect with his audience.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Indra: 'ఇంద్ర'ను తెరకెక్కించేందుకు వెనకడుగేశారు కానీ: ఈ బ్లాక్‌ బస్టర్‌ మూవీ విశేషాలు తెలుసా? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/interesting-facts-about-indra-starring-chiranjeevi/0208/124136659 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref>

Producer [[C. Aswini Dutt|Aswani Dutt]] and director [[B. Gopal]] were approached by writer Chinni Krishna with a new story set in [[Rayalaseema]], addressing the region's water crisis as a central theme intertwined with factional conflicts.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |date=12 January 2003 |title=Indra 175 days function |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/indra175days.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> While the script showed promise, there were concerns about audience reception to another faction-themed film, given B. Gopal's association with such narratives. B. Gopal was also hesitant to direct the project due to his earlier unsuccessful collaboration with Chiranjeevi on ''[[Mechanic Alludu]]'' (1993). However, writer [[Paruchuri Gopala Krishna]] eventually persuaded him to take on the project.<ref name=":3" />

Chinni Krishna was tasked with further developing the story, which initially had the [[Krishna River|Krishna]]-[[Godavari River|Godavari]] river region as its backdrop. During discussions with Paruchuri Gopala Krishna, the setting was changed to [[Varanasi|Kasi]] (Varanasi) and the [[Ganges|Ganga]] river region to expand the narrative's scope.<ref name=":3" />

The film marked Chiranjeevi's third collaboration with [[Vyjayanthi Movies]], following ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' (1990) and ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998). After two months of filming, Aswani Dutt suggested the title ''Indra'', which Chiranjeevi approved.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=2 July 2002 |title=Interview with Aswini Dutt by Jeevi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_aswinidutt.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Jyothika]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] were initially considered for the lead female roles, but were replaced by [[Aarthi Agarwal|Aarti Agarwal]] and [[Sonali Bendre]]. For the role played by [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], actors such as [[Venkat (actor)|Venkat]] and [[Raja (Telugu actor)|Raja]] were considered before Sivaji was finalised.<ref name=":3" />

=== Filming ===
The film was completed in 120 working days with a budget of ₹7 [[crore]], excluding Chiranjeevi's remuneration.<ref name=":3" /> Sets resembling Varanasi were recreated at [[Annapurna Studios]], while a Rayalaseema village set was constructed at [[Ramoji Film City]]. Two duets were filmed in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Preview - Indra |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/indra.html |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> Portions of the film were shot in Varanasi and [[Lucknow]] in January 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=C. Vanaja |date=2002 |title=News Capsule |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/tidbits.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020206051642/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/tidbits.html |archive-date=6 February 2002 }}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Indra
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = 2002
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 31:52
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Mani Sharma
| prev_title = [[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Chennakesava Reddy]]
| next_year = 2002
}}
The soundtrack of ''Indra'' was composed by [[Mani Sharma]], with the song "Ayyo Ayyo Ayyayyo" composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]] due to Mani Sharma's unavailability.<ref name=":3" /> The album featured six songs, chosen from 11 recorded tracks.<ref name=":4" />

The audio was released on the evening of 14 June 2002 at a set in the first floor of [[Annapurna Studios]].<ref name=":5" /> The audio album of ''Indra'' was released 45 days before the film's theatrical release, instead of the usual 20–30 days, to ensure the music had more time to resonate with the audience.<ref name=":4" />

[[Gemini TV]] covered this event and it was telecast as a 30-minute capsule on Gemini TV. Chiranjeevi selected a coupon from the lucky dip box and called the lucky fan to the stage. Chiranjeevi opened the audio box and handed over the first cassette to that fan. The audio hit the market on 17 June 2002.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/indraaudio.html|title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Idlebrain.com|access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist (Telugu)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:52
| title1 = Bham Bham Bole
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 6:08
| title2 = Ammadu Appachi
| lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & Kalpana
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Radhe Govinda
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| length3 = 4:50
| title4 = Ghallu Ghallu
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Mallikarjun]]
| length4 = 5:52
| title5 = Dayi Dayi Damma
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra5 = [[KK (singer)|KK]] & [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length5 = 5:20
| title6 = Ayyo Ayyo Ayyayyo
| note6 = Composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| lyrics6 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & [[Singer Usha|Usha]]
| length6 = 4:58
| title9 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| all_writing =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| length10 =
}}

 {{track listing
| headline = Tracklist (Tamil)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:52
| title1 = Bom Bom Osai
| lyrics1 = Muthulingam
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 6:08
| title2 = Alva Thundu Penne
| lyrics2 = Snehan
| extra2 = Tippu, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Radhe Gopala
| lyrics3 = Ponniyin Selvan
| extra3 = [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length3 = 4:50
| title4 = Jhallu Jhallu
| lyrics4 = Muthulingam
| extra4 = Ramu
| length4 = 5:52
| title5 = Aadi Aadi Vamma
| lyrics5 = Ponniyin Selvan
| extra5 = [[Yugendran]], Sri Vardhini
| length5 = 5:20
| title6 = Ayayaya
| note6 = Composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| lyrics6 = Snehan
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Shalini
| length6 = 4:58
| all_writing =
}}

 {{track listing
| headline = Tracklist (Hindi)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:52
| all_lyrics = Dev Kohli
| title1 = Bam Bam Bole
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 6:08
| title2 = Main Tera Deewana
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Radhe Govinda Tu Mera Chanda
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length3 = 4:50
| title4 = Jhoom Jhoom Ke Payal
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| length4 = 5:52
| title5 = Yeh Haseena Chehra
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Hariharan, Sadhana Sargam
| length5 = 5:20
| title6 = Kaisi Hai Barfili Thandi Yeh Hawa
| note6 = Composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 =
| length6 = 4:58
| all_writing =
}}

==Release==
''Indra'' was released on 24 July 2002, on 268 screens, including 223 in [[Andhra Pradesh]], 30 in [[Karnataka]], three in [[Odisha|Orissa]], and 15 in the [[United States]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2002 |title=Records - Indra release centers |url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/records/indrareleasecenters.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403163537/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/indrareleasecenters.html |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |website=Idlebrain |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The release generated significant excitement, with long queues forming from midnight on 23rd July and large crowds gathering at theatres across the state. Reports of black ticket sales emerged in several locations, including complaints about police involvement in black marketing, particularly in [[Guntur]].<ref name=":8">{{cite web |date=September 2002 |title=Chiranjeevi Indra records |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/indra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727071118/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/indra.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 23rd July, the film's storywriter, Chinni Krishna, celebrated the release in his hometown, Tenali, by arranging a special premiere show at 9 pm. Fans from neighboring [[Karnataka]] cities, such as [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] and [[Chikkaballapur]], travelled to [[Madanapalle]] to watch the film on its release day.<ref name=":8" />

Several incidents occurred during the film's release, including die-hard Chiranjeevi fans storming a theatre in [[Ballari]] for an early screening. Additionally, a fan attempted suicide over ticket issues but was stopped by other fans.<ref name=":8" />

In September 2002, ''Indra'' faced widespread piracy as 70,000 pirated CDs originating from [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] flooded markets across Andhra Pradesh after the film crossed its 50-day mark, causing a significant drop in collections in areas like [[Ballari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2002 |title=70,000 pirated Indra CDs released |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Box office ===
Upon release, ''Indra'' became a major commercial success, setting several box office records for its opening day, week, and lifetime collections.

''Indra'' grossed over {{Indian Rupee|51.8 crore}} against a budget of {{INR|10 [[crore]]}},<ref name="news18">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=చిరంజీవి బ్లాక్ బస్టర్ 'ఇంద్ర' సినిమాకు 18 ఏళ్లు.. సాధించిన రికార్డులు .. |trans-title=Chiranjeevi's blockbuster ''Indra'' completes 18 years. Box office records |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/megastar-chiranjeevi-b-goapl-aswani-dutt-block-bluster-indra-movie-completed-18-years-ta-561306-page-8.html |access-date=2020-08-01 |website=[[Network18 Group|News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> making it the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest-grossing Telugu film]] at the time of its release.<ref name=":0" /> The film set a record by earning a distributor share of ₹26crore, with ₹22crore from Andhra Pradesh and ₹3-4

crore from other states, including [[Karnataka]], [[Odisha|Orissa]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":8" />

It was the first Telugu film to gross over ₹50 crore, a record later surpassed by ''[[Pokiri]]'' (2006).<ref name=":3" /> It became the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest grossing Telugu film]] ever as well as the all-time [[List of highest-grossing South Indian films|highest-grossing South-Indian film]], surpassing ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999). It was the second highest-grossing Indian film of 2002, following [[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|''Devdas'']].<ref name=":6" />

''Indra'' had a 50-day run in 152 centres, including nine in Karnataka and two in Orissa,<ref>{{cite web |title=Records - Indra 50 days centers |url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/records/indra50dayscenters.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403113242/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/indra50dayscenters.html |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |website=Idlebrain |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and a 100-day run in 122 centres, with four in Karnataka and one in Orissa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Records - Indra 100 days centers |url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/records/indra100dayscenters.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403121342/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/indra100dayscenters.html |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |website=Idlebrain |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-01-11 |title=Indra is 175, not out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/indra-is-175-not-out/articleshow/33976268.cms |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film also had a 175-day run in 32 centres, including a 247-day run at Satyam Theatre in Adoni.<ref name="cinegoer.com">{{cite web |title=Chiranjeevi's 175-Day Centres List |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/chiru175.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814181040/http://www.cinegoer.com/chiru175.htm |archive-date=14 August 2012 |access-date=16 September 2016 |website=CineGoer.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The 175-day celebration event was held in [[Vijayawada]], with Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] as the chief guest.<ref name=":7" />

=== Critical response ===
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave a rating of {{Fraction|4|1|2}} out of 5 stating, "First half is a perfect blend of mass and class elements. It's extraordinary. The interval scene gives the right finishing touch to the first half."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-indra.html|title=Indra Review|access-date=24 January 2013|publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "On the whole the film is refreshing and a good entertainer with Chiru at his best".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11779350&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Indra|work=[[Sify]]|last=Moviebuzz|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107092644/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11779350&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Indra'' is one of the biggest hits in Chiranjeevi's film career.

The film had an excellent run on Hindi television channels through the dubbed version ''Indra: The Tiger''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="htimes" /> Saudamini Jain of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote in 2015, "For a decade now, the Telugu blockbuster ''Indra'' dubbed in Hindi as ''Indra The Tiger'' seems to have become a permanent fixture on TV".<ref name="htimes" /> TV and film writer Mushtaq Sheikh said of the film, "When I was heading [[Sahara One]] (in 2010-11) we had these perpetual, evergreen films: whenever you needed ratings, you could close your eyes and screen them. ''Indra'' was one of them."<ref name="htimes" /> CEO of Applause Entertainment Sameer Nair noted, “We used to play ''Indra: The Tiger'' and our ratings were sorted for two weeks."<ref name=":2" /> Diptakirti Chaudhuri, in his book ''Bioscope: A Frivolous History of Bollywood in Ten Chapters'', listed ''Indra'' as one of the most-watched dubbed films on Indian television.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_e9LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Indra+Chiranjeevi&pg=PA1952 |title=Bioscope: A Frivolous History of Bollywood in Ten Chapters |date=2018-02-25 |publisher=[[Hachette India]] |isbn=978-93-5195-229-9 |pages=1952 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50|url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=2009-10-19|publisher=[[BSNL]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
|[[Raghava Lawrence]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002
| rowspan="3" | [[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Chiranjeevi
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2002|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2002.html|access-date=2020-08-11|website=APFTVTDC}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|Raghava Lawrence
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist|Best Male Dubbing Artist]]
|[[P. Ravi Shankar]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| rowspan="2" | [[CineMAA Awards]]
|[[CineMAA Awards|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Telugu CineMaa Awards 2002 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaaawards2002.html |website=Idlebrain |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[CineMAA Awards|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Aarthi Agarwal]]
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0319557|Indra}}

{{B. Gopal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indra (Film)}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films about feuds]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Gopal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2002 drama films]]
[[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]

Kelviyum Naane Bathilum Naane

2026-03-03T05:17:28Z

Meherhospital: creating new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kelviyum Naane Bathilum Naane
| image = Kelviyum Naane Bathilum Naane.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = N. Murugesh
| writer = Thooyavan
| producer = R. Radha M. S. Akbar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]|[[Mucherla Aruna]]}}
| cinematography = Govindhan–Kumar
| editing = N. Murugesh
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = S. T. Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1982|05|07}}
| country = India
| runtime = 125 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kelviyum Naane Bathilum Naane''''' ({{translation|I am both the question and answer}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by N. Murugesh in his debut, starring [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Mucherla Aruna]]. It was released on 7 May 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கேள்வியும் நானே பதிலும் நானே / Kelviyum Naane Pathilum Naane |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kelviyum-naane-pathilum-naane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120044015/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kelviyum-naane-pathilum-naane |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=April 2023}}
Nirmal teaches piano to Usha. Nirmal meets Radha many times and they fall in love. When his student Usha tells him about her love, Nirmal says that he is in love with Radha and they will get married soon. Melancholic, she commits suicide.

Later, many people cross Nirmal's path thinking it's Babu. At the marriage ceremony, Satyavati tries to stop thinking it's her son Babu and they all explain it's Nirmal. A few days after the marriage, Nirmal gets into an accident, his car burns, and the police officers conclude that he's dead.

In actuality, Satyavati, Usha's mother, created the character of Babu and she escrows Nirmal. When Nirmal says the truth to Radha, she thinks that it's Babu. Radha's father tells Satyavati that Radha is her daughter. Satyavati forgives Nirmal, but he decides to take revenge on her and Usha. He goes to jail for Nirmal's murder as Babu. Satyavati appoints Rajagopal, a lawyer, to save him. Finally, Nirmal is liberated and Satyavati dies to rejoin her late daughter Usha.

==Cast==
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Nirmal / Babu
* [[Mucherla Aruna]] as Radha
* Poornima Devi as Usha
* [[Srividya]] as Satyavati
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Rajagopal (guest appearance)
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Pankajam (guest appearance)

==Production==
''Kelviyum Naane Bathilum Naane'' marked the directorial debut of N. Murugesh who earlier assisted [[K. Bhagyaraj]].<ref name=kalki />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelviyum Naane Pathilum Naane (1982) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kelviyum-naane-pathilum-naane-songs-T0002767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118054926/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kelviyum-naane-pathilum-naane-songs-T0002767 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelviyum Nane Pathilum Nane Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kelviyum-nane-pathilum-nane-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118060502/https://mossymart.com/product/kelviyum-nane-pathilum-nane-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Aadai Kondu Aadum" || [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Unni Menon]] || 4:35
|-
| "Endrum Vaanaveliyil" || Unni Menon || 4:36
|-
| "Ninaithu Ninaithu Varaintha Ovium" || [[P. Susheela]] || 4:32
|-
| "Sollikkodu Sollikkodu" || [[Gangai Amaran]], Sasirekha || 4:42
|}

==Reception==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of the actors, Murugesh's direction and concluded the film is watchable.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |date=30 May 1982 |title=கேள்வியும் நானே பதிலும் நானே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-05-30/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230414122402/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-05-30/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0280830}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Parandhu Sella Vaa

2026-03-03T03:06:54Z

Meherhospital: Put Up First Entry From Scratch

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Dhanapal Padmanaban}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parandhu Sella Vaa
| image = Parandhu Sella Vaa.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Dhanapal Padmanabhan
| producer = P. Arumaichandran
| writer = Sathyarajkumar, Payon and Dhanapal Padmanabhan
| starring = [[Luthfudeen]] [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] [[Narelle Kheng]]
| music = [[Joshua Sridhar]]
| cinematography = Santhosh Vijayakumar Prabhakaran
| editing = Rajesh Kumar
| studio = 8 Point Entertainment
| distributor = [[S. Thanu|Kalaipuli International]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|12|09|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Parandhu Sella Vaa''''' ({{translation|lets fly}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Dhanapal Padmanaban. The film stars [[Luthfudeen]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Narelle Kheng]] in the leading roles. The film features music composed by [[Joshua Sridhar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Do not want to be Typecast: Luthfudeen |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-Do-not-want-to-be-Typecast-Luthfudeen/2016/05/03/article3411816.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503110653/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-Do-not-want-to-be-Typecast-Luthfudeen/2016/05/03/article3411816.ece |archive-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> The film's title is based on a song from ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' (2015).

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Luthfudeen]] as Sampath
*[[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Madhavi
*[[Narelle Kheng]] as Min Yuan / Lily Chan
*[[Sathish]] as Mani
*[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Arun
*[[RJ Balaji]] as Markandeyan (Mark)
*[[Joe Malloori]] as Douglas
*Anandhi Ajay as Radha
*Sri Nisha
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Ponnambalam
*[[Manobala]]
*[[G. Gnanasambandan]] as Sampath's father
*[[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Sampath's mother
*Thayumanavan Mathi as Madhavi's uncle
*[[Gunalan Morgan]] as Raksha
*[[Udaya Soundari]] as Sanghavi
*[[T. M. Karthik]] as Vivek
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In December 2015, Dhanapal Padamanaban revealed that he would be making a romantic comedy film set in [[Singapore]] featuring [[Luthfudeen]] Baasha, who was earlier seen in ''[[Saivam]]'' (2014), in the lead role for the first time. [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Salony Luthra]] were selected to play the lead actresses, while the team revealed that they were searching for one more heroine.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Chinese actress in Paranthu Sella — Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chinese-actress-in-Paranthu-Sella/articleshow/52780193.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Satish]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] and [[RJ Balaji]] signed on to play supporting characters, while Singaporean actors Guna, Mathi, Udaya soundari and Sukanya were also selected to portray supporting roles in the film.<ref name="indiatimes.com" /> Production started for the film in January 2016 in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salony shoots in Singapore — Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Salony-shoots-in-Singapore/articleshow/50654289.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Salony Luthra opted out the film soon after production began, citing that the director had changed the story from the initial narration of the film she had heard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salony walks out of Nasser's son's film — Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Salony-walks-out-of-Nassers-sons-film/articleshow/50751620.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Singaporean actress Narelle Kheng subsequently replaced her in the role.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 April 2016 |title=நடிகர் நாசர் மகன் நடிக்கும் படத்தில் பிரபல சீன நடிகை – நரேல் கெங் ! |url=http://cinematocinema.com/2016/04/05/narelle-kheng-actress-new-tamil-film-singapore/}}</ref> After completing production without a title, it was later named as ''Parandhu Sella Vaa'', taken from the title of a song from [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=29 June 2016 |title=A toast to youth |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/his-new-film-parandhu-sella-vaa-celebrates-the-positivity-of-todays-youngsters-says-director-dhanapal-padmanabhan/article8787938.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The soundtrack and trailer for the film were revealed in a ceremony held in Singapore during June 2016, where Singaporean MPs [[Vikram Nair]], Ganesh Rajaram and R. Dhinakaran were invited as chief guests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2016 |title=Luthfudeen's PSV audio unveiled |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180616/luthfudeens-psv-audio-unveiled.html}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Joshua Sridhar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parandhu Sella Vaa Songs Download: Parandhu Sella Vaa MP3 Tamil Songs Online Free on |url=https://gaana.com/album/parandhu-sella-vaa |access-date=2022-08-23 |publisher=Gaana}}</ref>
*Yaarume Thaniyaai - Haricharan
*Nadhiyil Vizhundha - Shweta Mohan
*Man Meedhu - Rajesh Krishnan
*Kaatril Aeri - Joshua Sridhar, Lady Kash
*Sillendru - Sathyaprakash, MM Manasi
*Rules Maathi - Santhosh Jayakaran, Suvi

== Release ==
''The Times of India'' gave the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Much of it feels like an aimless drifting of one scene after another, with randomly placed songs and stunts".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paranthu Sella Vaa Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Paranthu Sella Vaa by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/paranthu-sella-vaa/movie-review/55909290.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Colors Tamil]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6389070}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films scored by Joshua Sridhar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Indian Air Force Museum, Palam

2026-03-01T02:21:31Z

Meherhospital: slightly update content additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Aerospace museum in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = Indian Air Force Museum Palam, Delhi Cantonment
|image = Entrance to Air Force Museum, Palam, New Delhi.JPG
|imagesize = 240px
|caption = Entrance to the Air Force Museum with a laser guided missile
|map_type =
|map_caption =
|latitude =
|longitude =
|established = 1967
|dissolved =
|location = [[Delhi Cantonment]], [[New Delhi]]
|type = [[Aviation museum]]
|visitors =
|director =
|curator =
|publictransit =
|website =
}}

The '''Indian Air Force Museum Palam''', is the museum of the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF), and is located at the [[Palam Air Force Station]] in [[Delhi Cantonment]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Preserving the glorious history of Air Force |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/27/stories/2007122750760200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229014838/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/27/stories/2007122750760200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 December 2007 }}</ref>
It was established in 1967 and exhibits details about combat operations undertaken by the air force depicting its history since its formation in 1932. Also on display are various aircraft and equipment on the IAF’s inventory since its inception.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149091 |title=Delhi Poised to get New Air Force Aerospace Museum |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date= 22 August 2016 |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
The museum was the only one of its kind in India until the opening of the [[Naval Aviation Museum (India)|Naval Aviation Museum]] in Goa in 1998 and [[HAL Aerospace Museum]] in [[Bangalore]] in 2001.

==Description==
{{wide image|Hangar 2 Indian Air Force Museum, Palam.jpg|900px|Panoramic view of hangar 2 in the museum}}
The Museum entrance features an indoor display gallery that contains historic photographs, memorabilia, uniforms and personal weapons of the Indian Air Force from its inception in 1932. The gallery leads to a hangar exhibiting small aircraft and Air Force inventory including anti-aircraft guns, vehicles and ordnance. Larger aircraft are exhibited outside the hangar. The outdoor gallery contains aircraft as well as several war trophies, radar equipment and captured enemy vehicles.

The Vintage Aircraft Flight services some rare aircraft and maintains them in an airworthy condition. These aircraft are not normally accessible by the general public. Large transport aircraft are stored on the apron of the airbase due to lack of space. These aircraft are displayed only on the annual Air Force Day, October 8. The museum has a small souvenir shop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/index.html|title=Indian Air Force Museum, Palam, Delhi|publisher=[[Bharat Rakshak]]|date=|accessdate=13 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410233124/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/index.html|archivedate=10 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalaviationresource.com/reports/2009/iafmuseum090228.php |title=Indian Air Force Museum, Palam, New Delhi |publisher=Global Aviation resource |date= |accessdate=13 April 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Delhi aerial photo 04-2016 img5.jpg|thumb|Delhi aerial photo including Indian Air Force Museum]]

==New Aerospace Museum==
To improve the presentation of aircraft and to better preserve the historic aircraft, the Indian Air Force decided to procure more space and shift the museum to a location more accessible by the masses. A new site, spread over 43 acres, near the domestic terminal of the airport was chosen. The then Chief of Air Staff and Chairman Chief of Staff Committee, [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Shashindra Pal Tyagi|SP Tyagi]], laid the foundation stone for the project on 1 December 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=22656 |title=India to have a new Aerospace Museum soon |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date= 1 December 2006 |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
The new Aerospace museum will have two main types of displays, indoor and outdoor. The outdoor displays would have aircraft parked and hung in flying altitude with mural depicting the era and atmosphere of its time of operation. The children’s area would also be created where children could enter cockpits of display aircraft.
In October 2020, the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]] invited bids for construction of the museum in October 2020 at an estimated cost of {{INR}} 240 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Tender-floated-for-construction-of-aerospace-museum |title=Tender floated for construction of aerospace museum |publisher=www.Projects Today.com |date= 30 October 2020 |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

==Aircraft on display==

===Hangar===
[[File:Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka on Air Force Museum New.jpg|thumb|Imperial Japanese Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka on display]]
[[File:Ex IAF Mig-25.jpg|thumb|MiG-25R of No. 102 Squadron IAF on display]]
[[File:Hawker Hurricane on display at Palam Air Force Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Hawker Hurricane on display]]
* [[Westland Lysander]] P-9160
* [[Westland Wapiti]] K-813
* [[Percival Prentice]] IV-3381
* [[Hawker Hunter]] A-476 in Thunderbolts colour scheme
* [[Hawker Hurricane]] II B AB-832
* [[Hawker Tempest]] II HA-623
* [[Yokosuka MXY-7]] Okha I-13
* [[Supermarine Spitfire]] XVIII HS-986
* [[Dassault Mystere IV]]a IA-1329
* [[Dassault Ouragan]] IC-554
* [[De Havilland Vampire]] NF10 ID-606
* [[Folland Gnat|HAL Gnat II]] E-2015
* [[Sukhoi Su-7]] BMK B-888
* [[MiG-21]] FL C-992, C-2216
* [[HAL Krishak]] HAOP-27
* [[HAL HF-24 Marut]] D-1205
* [[PZL TS-11 Iskra]] W-1757, W-1758
* [[F-86 Sabre]] 606 in [[Pakistan Air Force|Pakistani]] colour scheme

===Outdoor Gallery===
[[File:HAL HF-24 Marut D-1205.jpg|thumb|227x227px|HAL HF-24 Marut D-1205 on display]]
* [[BAE Canberra]] B(I)58 IF-907
* [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] J HE-924
* [[Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar]] IK-450
* [[Sikorsky S-55#Variants|Sikorsky S55C]] IZ-1590
* [[Mil Mi-4]] BZ-900
* [[MiG-23]]MF SK434
* [[MiG-25]]R KP-355
* [[Mikoyan MiG-27|MiG-27]]

===Vintage Aircraft Flight===
* [[De Havilland DH-82 Tiger Moth]] HU-512
* [[De Havilland Vampire]] FB52 IB-799
* [[Supermarine Spitfire]] VIII NH-631
* [[Folland Gnat|HAL Gnat II]] E-265
* [[HAL HT-2]] IX-737
* [[North American Harvard]] HT-291
* [[Douglas C-47]] IJ-302
* [[HAL HT-2]] IX-732

===Transport Aircraft Section===
* [[Antonov An-12]] BL-727
* [[De Havilland DHC-4 Caribou]] BM-774
* [[Douglas C-47]] IJ-817
* [[Ilyushin Il-14]] IL-860
* [[Tupolev Tu-124]] V-644

==See also==
* [[Indian Air Force Heritage Museum, Chandigarh]]
* [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]
* [[List of aerospace museums]]
* [[Naval Aviation Museum (India)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Indian Air Force Museum, Palam}}
* [http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/air-force-museum Air Force Museum, webpage] at [[Indian Air Force]]

{{Museums in Delhi}}
{{Coord|28|34|26|N|77|07|01|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Air force museums]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Military and war museums in India]]
[[Category:Aerospace museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums with year of establishment missing]]

Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management

2026-02-27T08:10:15Z

Meherhospital: Starting A Pg Nd Citations - done

{{Short description|Business school in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, IIT, Bombay
|image_name = Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, IIT Bombay Logo.png
|type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
|established = 1995
|students =
|research =
|free_label = Head
|free = S.V.D. Nageswara Rao
|city = [[Powai]], [[Mumbai]]
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|country = [[India]]
|colors =
|coordinates = {{Coord|19|7|58|N|72|54|55.27|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|display=it}}
|campus = Urban,
|website = {{url|http://www.som.iitb.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management''' (popularly known as '''SJMSOM''' or simply '''SOM''') is a public [[business school]] and part of [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]. SJMSOM was established in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.som.iitb.ac.in/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61&Itemid=442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412034640/http://www.som.iitb.ac.in/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61&Itemid=442 |archive-date=12 April 2008 |title=Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, IIT Bombay - About Us}}</ref><ref name="sjmsom-avenues.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjmsom-avenues.com/#about|title=Home|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202144815/http://sjmsom-avenues.com/#about|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2000, the school was renamed to Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, in honor of Dr. Shailesh J. Mehta who is a Mechanical Engineer graduate of IIT Bombay<ref name="sjmsom-avenues.com"/> The director of school is S.V.D. Nageswara Rao.<ref>{{cite news|title=Message from the Head|url=https://www.som.iitb.ac.in/hods-message/}}</ref>

== Academics ==


SJMSOM conducts education and research in [[leadership]], [[economics]], [[marketing]], [[entrepreneurship]], [[organizational behavior]], [[Technology Management|technology management]], operations, [[strategy]] and other areas. The school offers a full-time degree course (Master of Business Administration), doctoral course and Management Development Programs (MDP) for company representatives. The school offers short-term programs in areas of management for the faculty of technical and management institutions during summer and winter seasons.<ref>{{cite news|title=SJMSOM: The Best Of Both Worlds|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/SJMSOM-The-Best-Of-Both-Worlds/14-11-2016-108191/|publisher=Business World|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, IIT Bombay and [[Olin Business School]], [[Washington University in St. Louis]] jointly offers Executive MBA (EMBA) degree program for working professionals.
Admissions are through CAT followed by group discussions and personal interview.
==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=Institute
| NIRF_B_2022 = 11
|NIRF_2024=10}}

The school was ranked 10 in India in the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] Management ranking in 2024.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_B_2022 />

==Events==

===Avenues===
Avenues is the annual international business school festival of IIT Bombay. Avenues is the annual flagship event of the Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management (SJMSOM) at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay). Established in 1995.<ref>[http://www.som.iitb.ac.in/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99&Itemid=133 Avenues on SJMSOM site]</ref>

Avenues attracts participants from top business and engineering schools across India and internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avenues – Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, IIT Bombay |url=https://www.som.iitb.ac.in/avenues/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Continuum===
Continuum is the rolling seminar series at the school that covers recent management trends and brings together personalities of the corporate and academic world. They are held in five fields: Systems, Finance, Human Resources, Marketing and Operations.<ref>[http://www.som.iitb.ac.in/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=134 Continuum on SJMSOM site]</ref>

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.som.iitb.ac.in}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Business schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Ever Green High School

2026-02-21T23:52:31Z

Meherhospital: adding a entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Ever Green High School
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto = Excellence through education
| established = 1990
| type = Un-aided
| affiliation = [[Secondary Education Board of Assam|S.E.B.A]]
| grades = Class Pre-nursery - 10
| president =
| head = Mr. Bedanta Hafila.
| dean =
| faculty =
| staff =
| enrollment = 700 (approx)
| campus_type = Rural
| campus_size =
| location = Damadi Hawar, [[Maibang]], [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| information =
}}
'''Ever Green High School''' is a school in [[Dima Hasao district]] of [[Assam]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ever Green High School, Miaibang |url=https://www.feeregulatoryassam.com/schools/ever-green-high-school-miaibang-dima-hasao |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=www.feeregulatoryassam.com}}</ref> affiliated with the [[Secondary Education Board of Assam|SEBA]]. It is a [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] school located in Damadi Hawar, at the central place of [[Maibang]] town.

== Establishment ==
The school was established on 2 February 1990 with the aim of developing the locality of the [[Maibang]] area by the managing committee. The school then had only one permanent teacher.

In 2023, the school was among four in the region to be given financial assistance by the [[Dima Hasao Autonomous Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-28 |title=Financial assistance for students belonging to BPL families |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/financial-assistance-for-students-belonging-to-bpl-families-655880 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://allindiafacts.com/school/assam/dima-hasao/maibang/18200625302.html
*http://studyinfo.in/assam/dima-hasao/maibang/18200625302.html

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Dima Hasao district]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1990]]

{{Assam-school-stub}}

Jhajjar Power Station

2026-02-19T19:06:01Z

Meherhospital: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Jhajjar Power Station
| name_official =
| image = JhajjarPowerStation-August2016.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|28|29|21|N|76|21|05|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = Khanpur, [[Jhajjar District]]
| status = Operational
| construction_began =
| commissioned = 19 July 2012
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator = CLP India Private Limited
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_secondary =
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| th_technology =
| th_feed_mine =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| th_cooling_source =
| ps_units_operational = 2 × 660 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_units_manu_model =
| ps_units_uc =
| ps_units_planned =
| ps_units_cancelled =
| ps_units_decommissioned =
| ps_thermal_capacity =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 1,320 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_storage_hours =
| ps_annual_generation =
| ps_annual_gen_year =
| website = {{URL|https://www.clpindia.in/operations_jhajjar.html}}
| extra =
}}

'''Mahatma Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianpowersphere.com/2012/01/first-unit-660-mw-of-clps-jhajjar.html#.UysrMfmSw9o |title=Indian Power Sphere: First unit (660 MW) of CLP's Jhajjar Project commissioned… |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320204117/http://www.indianpowersphere.com/2012/01/first-unit-660-mw-of-clps-jhajjar.html#.UysrMfmSw9o |url-status=dead }}</ref> is located at Jharli village in [[Jhajjar district]] of [[Haryana]]. The coal based power project was developed by CLP India Private Limited, a subsidiary of [[CLP Group]].

==Capacity==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| Stage I || 1 || 660 || 2012 March || Running <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/clp-puts-660-mw-of-jhajjar-plant-online/article20413834.ece1|title=CLP puts 660 MW of Jhajjar plant online|website=@businessline|accessdate=20 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Stage II || 2 || 660 || 2012 July || Running <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clpindia.in/operations_jhajjar.html|title=CLP India Private Limited|website=www.clpindia.in|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831184230/https://www.clpindia.in/operations_jhajjar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

{{wide image|Panorama near Jhajjar power plant (18576156546).jpg|750px|The two cooling towers of the Jhajjar Power Station}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Energy}}}}
{{Commons category|Jhajjar Power Station}}
* [[List of power stations in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Power Plants of Haryana}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Haryana]]
[[Category:Jhajjar district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Haryana]]

Ishtar Music

2026-02-18T04:33:57Z

Meherhospital:

{{short description|Indian record label}}
{{distinguish|Venus Records}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=June 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ishtar Music
| trade_name = Ishtar Music
| logo = Ishtarmusiclogo.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|1985}}
| founder = [[Ganesh Jain]] and Ratan Jain
|former_name = Venus Records and Tapes
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products = {{Unbulleted list|DVD|CD|Cassettes}}
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = [[Believe Digital|Believe]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/india-based-record-label-venus-music-acquired-by-believe-in-2019-rebrands-as-ishtar/|title=India-based record label Venus Music, acquired by Believe in 2019, rebrands as Ishtar|date=6 August 2021}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.believemusic.com/}}
| module = {{infobox youtube channel
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = @IshtarMusic
| youtube_display_name = Ishtar Music

| youtube_years_active = 2005-present
| youtube_genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Music video]]s
* [[Film trailer]]s
}}
| youtube_subscribers = 52.8 million
| youtube_views = 27.6 billion
| stats_update = 18/02/2026
}}
}}
'''Ishtar Music''', previously known as '''Venus Records & Tapes''', is an Indian [[record label]] company (owned by Believe Digital, a French company), and managed by Chaitany, was originally founded by Ganesh Jain and Ratan Jain as Venus Music in 1985 and currently a subsidiary of [[Believe Digital]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Overview: Venus Worldwide Entertainment Private Ltd. |url=http://venusworld.in/category/corporate/overview/ |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=venusworld.in |publisher=Venus Records & Tapes |location=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204174419/http://venusworld.in/category/corporate/overview/ |archive-date=2019-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/sep/29-news-ganesh-jain-elected-as-new-chairman-of-imi-n-ppl-091207.asp |title=OTT | TV | Bollywood | Hollywood - News, Reviews, Gossips |access-date=2020-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226005311/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/sep/29-news-ganesh-jain-elected-as-new-chairman-of-imi-n-ppl-091207.asp |archive-date=2012-12-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is primarily known for publishing and marketing [[Bollywood music]] soundtracks and [[Indi-pop]] music. In 2021, the company was acquired by [[Believe Digital]] and rebranded as "Ishtar".<ref>{{cite web|first1=Naman|last1=Ramachandran|access-date=2023-04-05|title=Digital Music Giant Believe Acquires India's Venus Music, Rebrands it Ishtar|url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/venus-music-ishtar-believe-india-bollywood-1235035517/|date=5 August 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films produced===
{{Main|Ganesh Jain}}
{{Main|Champak Jain}}

====Other works====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|1993
|''[[Baazigar]]''
|-
|1995
|''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''
|-
|1997
|''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]''
|-
|1999
|''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''
|-
| rowspan="3"|2000
|''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]''
|-
|''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|-
|''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (film)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|-
|''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
|}

==Discography==
===Hindi===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|rowspan="13"|1985
|''Amber''
|-
|''[[Aaj Ka Daur]]''
|-
|''[[Adhikar (1986 film)|Adhikar]]''
|-
|''[[Ghar Sansar]]''
|-
|''[[Jaan Ki Baazi]]''
|-
|''Karamdaata''
|-
|''[[Nasihat]]''
|-
|''Pahunche Huwey Log''
|-
|''Qaidi No. 911''
|-
|''[[Saamri]]''
|-
|''Shabnam''
|-
|''[[Tan-Badan]]''
|-
|''Tulsi''
|-
|rowspan="18"|1986
|''[[Aag Hi Aag]]''
|-
|''[[Aisa Pyaar Kahan|Aisa Pyar Kahan]]''
|-
|''Anjaam''
|-
|''[[Anubhav (1986 film)|Anubhav]]''
|-
|''Aurat Aur Patthar''
|-
|''[[Dak Bangla]]''
|-
|''Ehsaan Aap Ka''
|-
|''Inteqaam Ki Aag''
|-
|''[[Jaan Hatheli Pe]]''
|-
|''Khushkismat''
|-
|''[[Love and God]]''
|-
|''[[Maa Beti]]''
|-
|''Mangal Dada''
|-
|''[[Mera Lahoo]]''
|-
|''[[Naam O Nishan|Naam-O-Nishan]]''
|-
|''[[Tahkhana]]''
|-
|''Tarzan And Cobra''
|-
|''Woh Subha Kabhi To Ayegi''
|-
|rowspan="19"|1987
|''Car Thief''
|-
|''[[Dariya Dil]]''
|-
|''[[Ghar Mein Ram Gali Mein Shyam]]''
|-
|''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]''
|-
|''[[Insaf Ki Pukar]]''
|-
|''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]''
|-
|''[[Kaash]]''
|-
|''Kachchi Kali''
|-
|''[[Kamagni]]''
|-
|''[[Kaun Jeeta Kaun Haara|Kaun Jeeta? Kaun Haara?]]''
|-
|''[[Khudgarz]]''
|-
|''[[Mard Ki Zabaan]]''
|-
|''Mohabbat Ki Aag''
|-
|''[[Paap Ki Duniya]]''
|-
|''[[Param Dharam]]''
|-
|''[[Parivaar (1987 film)|Parivaar]]''
|-
|''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]''
|-
|''[[Thikana (film)|Thikana]]''
|-
|''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]''
|-
|rowspan="23"|1988
|''[[Aakhri Baazi]]''
|-
|''[[Agnee (1988 film)|Agnee]]''
|-
|''[[Asmaan Se Ooncha]]''
|-
|''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1988 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]''
|-
|''[[Gunahon Ka Faisla]]''
|-
|''Gunahon Ki Shatranj''
|-
|''[[Hero Hiralal]]''
|-
|''[[Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharnii]]''
|-
|''[[Paap Ko Jalaa Kar Raakh Kar Doonga|Jalaakar Raakh Kar Doonga]]''
|-
|''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]''
|-
|''[[Laal Paree]]''
|-
|''[[Maalamaal]]''
|-
|''Mardangi''
|-
|''Mera Naseeb''
|-
|''[[Naya Khoon]]''
|-
|''Paanch Paapi''
|-
|''[[Qatil]]''
|-
|''[[Shiv Shakti|Shiva-Shakti]]''
|-
|''[[Sone Pe Suhaaga]]''
|-
|''[[Taaqatwar]]''
|-
|''[[Tohfa Mohabbat Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Veerana]]''
|-
|''[[Yateem]]''
|-
|rowspan="17"|1989
|''[[Aag Ka Gola]]''
|-
|''[[Aakhri Ghulam]]''
|-
|''[[Batwara]]''
|-
|''[[Gola Barood]]''
|-
|''[[Jurm (1990 film)|Jurm]]''
|-
|''[[Kala Bazaar]]''
|-
|''[[Khol De Meri Zuban|Khol De Meri Zubaan]]''
|-
|''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]''
|-
|''[[Kroadh]]''
|-
|''[[Ladaai]]''
|-
|''[[Lashkar (film)|Lashkar]]''
|-
|''[[Mitti Aur Sona]]''
|-
|''[[Na-Insaafi]]''
|-
|''[[Pyar Ka Karz]]''
|-
|''[[Swarg]]''
|-
|''[[Taqdeer Ka Tamasha]]''
|-
|''[[Zakham (1989 film)|Zakham]]''
|-
|rowspan="17"|1990
|''[[Aaj Ka Arjun]]''
|-
|''[[Apmaan Ki Aag]]''
|-
|''[[Baaghi (1990 film)|Baaghi]]''
|-
|''[[Do Pal]]''
|-
|''[[Dushman (1990 film)|Dushman]]''
|-
|''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa]]''
|-
|''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''
|-
|''[[Jawani Zindabad]]''
|-
|''Kanoon Ki Zanjeer''
|-
|''[[Muqaddar Ka Badshaah]]''
|-
|''[[Naach Govinda Naach]]''
|-
|''[[Nyay Anyay]]''
|-
|''[[Pathar Ke Insan]]''
|-
|''Sanam Aap Ki Khatir''
|-
|''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]''
|-
|''[[Yaara Dildara]]''
|-
|''[[Yodha (1991 film)|Yodha]]''
|-
|rowspan="20"|1991
|''[[Akayla]]''
|-
|''[[Bhabhi (1991 film)|Bhabhi]]''
|-
|''[[First Love Letter]]''
|-
|''Garajna''
|-
|''Inspector Kiron''
|-
|''[[Izzat (1991 film)|Izzat]]''
|-
|''[[Lakshmanrekha]]''
|-
|''[[Love (1991 Indian film)|Love]]''
|-
|''[[Nishchaiy]]''
|-
|''[[Phool Bane Angaray]]''
|-
|''[[Pratikar]]''
|-
|''[[Pyaar Ka Saaya]]''
|-
|''[[Ranbhoomi]]''
|-
|''[[Saajan]]''
|-
|''Saanson Ki Sargam''
|-
|''[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]''
|-
|''Sone Ki Zanjeer''
|-
|''[[Suryavanshi (film)|Suryavanshi]]''
|-
|''[[Trinetra]]''
|-
|''[[Yaad Rakhegi Duniya]]''
|-
|rowspan="20"|1992
|''[[Aankhen (1993 film)|Aankhen]]''
|-
|''[[Balmaa]]''
|-
|''[[Balwaan]]''
|-
|''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Hai Betaab]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Ki Baazi]]''
|-
|''Dil Ne Ikraar Kiya''
|-
|''[[Insaniyat Ke Devta]]''
|-
|''[[Jaagruti]]''
|-
|''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''
|-
|''[[King Uncle]]''
|-
|''Koyal''
|-
|''[[Mashooq (film)|Mashooq]]''
|-
|''Nargis''
|-
|''Parasmani''
|-
|''[[Platform (1993 film)|Platform]]''
|-
|''Tilak''
|-
|''[[Umar 55 Ki Dil Bachpan Ka]]''
|-
|''Yugandhar''
|-
|''Zid''
|-
|rowspan="22"|1993
|''[[Aadmi Khilona Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Aulad Ke Dushman]]''
|-
|''[[Baazigar]]''
|-
|''[[Dalaal]]''
|-
|''[[Dhartiputra]]''
|-
|''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]''
|-
|''[[Elaan (1994 film)|Elaan]]''
|-
|''[[Gunaah (1993 film)|Gunaah]]''
|-
|''[[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]]''
|-
|''[[Ishq Mein Jeena Ishq Mein Marna]]''
|-
|''Khoon Ka Sindoor''
|-
|''Kundan''
|-
|''[[Maahir]]''
|-
|''[[Milan (1995 film)|Milan]]''
|-
|''[[Namak (film)|Namak]]''
|-
|''[[Paramaatma]]''
|-
|''[[Pehchaan (1993 film)|Pehchaan]]''
|-
|''[[Pehla Pehla Pyar]]''
|-
|''[[Salaami]]''
|-
|''[[Sangdil Sanam]]''
|-
|''[[Sangram (1993 film)|Sangraam]]''
|-
|''[[Shaktiman (1993 film)|Shaktiman]]''
|-
|rowspan="19"|1994
|''[[Aag (1994 film)|Aag]]''
|-
|''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire]]''
|-
|''[[Hulchul (1995 film)|Hulchul]]''
|-
|''[[Jai Vikraanta]]''
|-
|''[[Jawab (1995 film)|Jawab]]''
|-
|''[[Kranti Kshetra]]''
|-
|''[[Krantiveer]]''
|-
|''[[Maidan-E-Jung]]''
|-
|''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
|-
|''Mere Humsafar''
|-
|''[[Miss 420]]''
|-
|''[[Mohra]]''
|-
|''[[Mr. Azaad]]''
|-
|''[[Nishana (1995 film)|Nishana]]''
|-
|''[[Oh Darling Yeh Hai India]]''
|-
|''[[Papi Gudia]]''
|-
|''[[Saajan Ki Baahon Mein]]''
|-
|''[[Surakshaa (1995 film)|Surakshaa]]''
|-
|''[[Zakhmi Dil (1994 film)|Zakhmi Dil]]''
|-
|rowspan="12"|1995
|''Aag Ka Darya''
|-
|''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''
|-
|''[[Guddu (film)|Guddu]]''
|-
|''[[Gundaraj]]''
|-
|''[[Hum Sub Chor Hain (1995 film)|Hum Sub Chor Hain]]''
|-
|''[[Kadhalan (soundtrack)|Humse Hai Muqabla]]''
|-
|''[[Jaihind (1994 film)|Jai Bharat]]''
|-
|''[[Rajkumar (1996 film)|Rajkumar]]''
|-
|''[[Sanjay (film)|Sanjay]]''
|-
|''[[Smuggler (1996 film)|Smuggler]]''
|-
|''[[Tu Chor Main Sipahi]]''
|-
|''[[Zamana Deewana]]''
|-
|rowspan="16"|1996
|''[[Aar Ya Paar]]''
|-
|''[[Bal Bramhachari]]''
|-
|''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]]''
|-
|''[[Dhaal]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1996 film)|Dil Tera Diwana]]''
|-
|''[[Kadhal Desam|Duniya Dilwalon Ki]]''
|-
|''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]''
|-
|''[[Hasina Aur Nagina]]''
|-
|''Humko Ishq Ne Mara''
|-
|''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]''
|-
|''[[Judwaa]]''
|-
|''[[Mr. Romeo]]''
|-
|''Mukka''
|-
|''Shohrat''
|-
|''[[Udaan (1997 film)|Udaan]]''
|-
|''[[Uff! Yeh Mohabbat|Uff: Yeh Mohabbat]]''
|-
|rowspan="7"|1997
|''[[Aunty No. 1]]''
|-
|''Barsaat Ki Raat''
|-
|''[[Betaabi]]''
|-
|''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''
|-
|''[[Deewana Mastana]]''
|-
|''[[Hameshaa]]''
|-
|''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]''
|-
|rowspan="11"|1998
|''[[Achanak (1998 film)|Achanak]]''
|-
|''[[Bandhan (1998 film)|Bandhan]]''
|-
|''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]''
|-
|''Deewana Hoon Mein Tera/Love Story 98''
|-
|''[[Dil Se..]]''
|-
|''[[Dulhan Banoo Main Teri]]''
|-
|''[[Humse Badhkar Kaun]]''
|-
|''Jungle Love Story''
|-
|''[[Keemat – They Are Back|Keemat: They Are Back]]''
|-
|''[[Laawaris (1999 film)|Laawaris]]''
|-
|''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
|-
|rowspan="9"|1999
|''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''
|-
|''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]''
|-
|''[[Ganga Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Ganga Ki Kasam]]''
|-
|''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]''
|-
|''Le Chal Apne Sang''
|-
|''[[Mast (film)|Mast]]''
|-
|''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]''
|-
|''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]''
|-
|''[[Sooryavansham]]''
|-
|rowspan="8"|2000
|''[[Baaghi (2000 film)|Baaghi]]''
|-
|''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|-
|''[[Joru Ka Ghulam]]''
|-
|''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]''
|-
|''[[Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye]]''
|-
|''[[Karobaar|Karobaar: The Business of Love]]''
|-
|''[[Mujhe Meri Biwi Se Bachaao]]''
|-
|''Tujhko Pukare Mera Pyaar''
|-
|rowspan="5"|2001
|''[[Hum Ho Gaye Aapke]]''
|-
|''[[Mitti (2001 film)|Mitti]]''
|-
|''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]''
|-
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (film)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|-
|''Uljhan''
|-
|rowspan="6"|2002
|''Desh Devi Maa Ashapura''
|-
|''[[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyar]]''
|-
|''[[Humraaz]]''
|-
|''Shaheed Bhagat Singh''
|-
|''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins...]]''
|-
|''[[Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai]]''
|-
|rowspan="7"|2003
|''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]''
|-
|''[[Qayamat: City Under Threat]]''
|-
|''[[Border Hindustan Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Basti (film)|Basti]]''
|-
|''[[Tum?: A Dangerous Obsession]]''
|-
|''[[Market (2003 film)|Market]]''
|-
|''Mission Mumbai''
|-
|rowspan="10"|2004
|''[[Elaan (2005 film)|Elaan]]''
|-
|''[[Yuva]]''
|-
|''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]''
|-
|''[[Meri Biwi Ka Jawaab Nahin]]''
|-
|''[[Sheen (film)|Sheen]]''
|-
|''[[Hawas (2004 film)|Hawas: An Unusual Love Story]]''
|-
|''[[Hatya (2004 film)|Hatya]]''
|-
|''Mashooqa''
|-
|''Yehi Hai Zindagi''
|-
|''Dukaan''
|-
|rowspan="12"|2005
|''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]''
|-
|''[[Pyaar Mein Twist]]''
|-
|''[[Silsiilay]]''
|-
|''[[Mass (2004 film)|Meri Jung: One Man Army]]''
|-
|''[[Rafta Rafta – The Speed]]''
|-
|''[[Shaadi No. 1]]''
|-
|''[[Chaahat – Ek Nasha]]''
|-
|''[[Anjaane]]''
|-
|''[[Rain (2005 film)|Rain: The Terror Within...]]''
|-
|''Shabnam Mousi''
|-
|''Bad Friend''
|-
|''Chetna: The Excitement''
|-
|2006
|''[[Aap Ki Khatir (2006 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]''
|-
|2008
|''[[Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam]]''
|-
|2009
|''[[De Dana Dan]]''
|-
|2012
|''[[Tezz]]''
|-
|2014
|''[[Gang of Ghosts]]''
|-
|2021
|''[[Hungama 2]]''
|-
|2025
|''[[Mahavatar Narsimha (soundtrack)|Mahavatar Narsimha]]''
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''
* ''[[Vaanam]]''
* ''[[Siruthai]]''
* ''[[Kaavalan]]''
* ''[[Singam Puli]]''
* ''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]''
* ''Pesu''
{{div col end}}

===Bengali===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|1987
|''[[Amar Sangi|Amar Sangee]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|1989
|''[[Aamar Tumi]]''
|-
|''Mastan''
|-
|rowspan="3"|1990
|''Balidan''
|-
|''Jowar Bhata''
|-
|''Koyedi''
|-
|rowspan="2"|1991
|''[[Karz Chukana Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Anutap]]''
|-
|1992
|''Priya''
|-
|1994
|''[[Rakta Nadir Dhara]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000
|''[[Sasurbari Zindabad]]''
|-
|''Bhalobasar Choan''
|-
|''Shatruta''
|-
|''Trishul''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2001
|''[[Pratibad]]''
|-
|''Guru Sishya''
|-
|''Aaghat''
|-
|''[[Dada Thakur (2001 film)]]''
|-
| rowspan="6" |2002
|''Phool Aar Pathor''
|-
|''[[Annadata (2002 film)|Annadata]]''
|-
|''[[Sathi (2002 film)|Sathi]]''
|-
|''Shatrur Mokabila''
|-
|''Pratihinsha''
|-
|''Kurukkhetra''
|}

{{Authority control}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Record label distributors]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1988]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Indian music record labels]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2005]]
[[Category:Music-related YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-record-label-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Venus Records and Tapes}}

Association of Malayalam Movie Artists

2026-02-08T06:33:50Z

Meherhospital:

{{short description|Indian film acting organisation}}
{{Infobox union
| name = Association of Malayalam Movie Artists
| location_country = [[India]]
| members =
| native_name =
| image = Association of Malayalam Movie Artists Logo.png
| founded = 1994
| headquarters = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| website = {{URL|https://ammakerala.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Association of Malayalam Movie Artists''', abbreviated as '''AMMA''', is an Indian organization of film actors and actresses working in the [[Malayalam cinema]], formed in 1994.

==Governing body ==

The governing body serves for three years. It includes a President, two Vice-presidents, General Secretary, Joint Secretary, Treasurer and other Executive Committee members. Only members with life membership status can become a member of the governing body.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohanlal elected as AMMA president for third time(2024-2027)|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/06/19/mohanlal-association-of-malayalam-movie-artists-general-body.html|access-date=2024-06-19|website=Manorama|date=19 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='അമ്മ' പ്രസിഡന്‍റായി വീണ്ടും മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍; ശ്വേതാ മേനോനും മണിയന്‍പിള്ള രാജുവും വൈസ് പ്രസിഡന്റുമാര്‍(2021-2024)|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/amma-general-body-meeting-at-kochi-1.6284445|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Mathrubhumi|date=19 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's the new executive body of AMMA(2018-2021)|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/06/25/amma-new-executive-body-list.html|access-date=2018-06-25|website=Manorama|date=25 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Previous Executive Committees(1994-2018)|url=https://ammakerala.com/info/previous-executive-committees|access-date=2024-06-14|website=ammakerala|date=19 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AMMA annual general body meet witnesses high drama; 10 out of 11 executive committee members elected (2024-2027)|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/06/30/amma-annual-general-body-meeting-elections-executive-committee-high-drama.html|access-date=2024-06-30|website=ManoramaOnline|date=30 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Amma Association Executive Committee 2024-27.jpg|thumb|AMMA Executive Committee Members (2024–2027), before the committee's dissolution following allegations of misconduct, August 2024.]][[File:AMMA Executive Committee 2025-2028.jpg|thumb|AMMA Executive Committee Members (2025-2028)]]

== List of AMMA leadership ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! width=5px |Year
! width=50px |President
! width=100px |Vice President
! General Secretary
! Secretary
! Joint Secretary
! Treasurer
! Executive Committee Members
|-
| 2025–2028
| [[Shwetha Menon]]
| [[Jayan Cherthala]] and [[Lakshmi Priya]]
| [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]]
| -
| [[Ansiba Hassan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMMA Election: Ansiba Hassan has been elected unopposed as the Joint Secretary.|url=https://mnol.in/76maz5g|access-date=2025-07-31|website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
| [[Unni Sivapal]]
| [[Joy Mathew]], [[Tini Tom]], [[Vinu Mohan]], [[Sarayu Mohan]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], [[Rony David]], [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Neena Kurup]], [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]], [[Asha Aravind]] and [[Sijoy Varghese]]
|-
| 2024–2027 (Dissolved in 2024)
| [[Mohanlal]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal resigns as AMMA president; executive committee dissolved |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/27/amma-members-mohanlal-resign-sexual-assault-allegations-malayalam-cinema.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
| [[Jagadish]] and [[Jayan Cherthala]]
| [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] (Resigned<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Siddique Resigns Amma General Secretary|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/25/actor-siddique-resigns-amma-general-secretary-sexual-abuse-allegations.html|website=Onmanorama.com|date=25 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>)
| -
| [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
| [[Unni Mukundan]] (Resigned<ref>{{Cite web |title='അങ്ങേയറ്റം ഹൃദയഭാരത്തോടെ രാജി സമർപ്പിക്കുന്നു'; എഎംഎംഎ ട്രഷറർ സ്ഥാനം ഒഴിഞ്ഞ് ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദൻ|url=https://www.reporterlive.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/14/unni-mukundan-resigns-from-amma-treasurer-position|website=reporterlive.com|date=14 January 2025|language=en}}</ref>)
| [[Kalabhavan Shajon]], [[Suraj Venjarammoodu]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Tini Tom]], [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]], [[Vinu Mohan]], [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Sarayu Mohan]], [[Ansiba Hassan]] and [[Jomol]] (Dissolved<ref>{{Cite web |title='അമ്മ'യിൽ കൂട്ടരാജി; മോഹൻലാൽ ഉൾപ്പെടെ എല്ലാവരും രാജിവച്ചു, ഭരണസമിതി പിരിച്ചു വിട്ടു. |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/the-members-are-preparing-for-mass-resignation-and-all-office-bearers-including-mohanlal-will-resign-sivcv9 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=asianetnews.com}}</ref>)
|-
| 2021–2024
| [[Mohanlal]]
| [[Shwetha Menon]] and [[Maniyanpilla Raju]]
| [[Edavela Babu]]
| -
| [[Jayasurya]]
| [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| [[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Manju Pillai]], [[Tini Tom]], [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Rachana Narayanankutty]] and [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
|-
| 2018–2021
| [[Mohanlal]]
| -
| [[Edavela Babu]]
| [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| [[Jagadish]]
| [[Indrans]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Honey Rose]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Rachana Narayanankutty]], [[Shwetha Menon]], [[Muthumani]], [[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Tini Tom]] and Unni Shivapal
|-
| 2015–2018
| [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| [[Mohanlal]] and [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| [[Mammootty]]
| [[Edavela Babu]]
| -
| [[Dileep]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amma accepted Dileeps resignation|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/amma-accepted-dileeps-resignation-mohanlal-announces-after-massive-pressure-90228|website=thenewsminute.com|date=19 October 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I quit Amma on my own claims actor Dileep|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/quit-amma-on-my-own-claims-actor-dileep/article25299068.ece|website=thehindu.com|date=23 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Remya Nambeesan]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
|-
| 2012–2015
| [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] and [[Dileep]]
| [[Mohanlal]]
| [[Edavela Babu]]
| -
| [[Kunchacko Boban]]
| [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] and [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]]
|-
| 2009–2012
| [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
| [[Mohanlal]]
| [[Edavela Babu]]
| -
| [[Jagadish]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Dileep]], [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Vijayaraghavan]]
|-
| 2006–2009
| [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| [[Dileep]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| [[Mohanlal]]
| -
| [[Edavela Babu]]
| [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
| [[Bindu Panicker]], [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]], [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Rajan P. Dev]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[V. K. Sreeraman]] and [[Vijayaraghavan]]
|-
| 2003–2006
| [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| -
| [[Mohanlal]] (Hon.)
| [[Edavela Babu]] and [[T. P. Madhavan]]
| [[Jagadish]]
| [[Sukumari]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Dileep]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Mamukkoya]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
|-
| 2000–2003
| [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| [[Mohanlal]] and [[Suresh Gopi]]
| -
| [[Mammootty]] (Hon.)
| [[T. P. Madhavan]] and [[Suchitra Murali]] / [[Edavela Babu]] (acting)
| [[Jagadish]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Captain Raju]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Edavela Babu]] and [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
|-
| 1997–2000
| [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
| [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Rajan P. Dev]]
| -
| [[Balachandra Menon]] and [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
| [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Suchitra Murali]]
| [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Mamukkoya]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] and [[Vijayaraghavan]]
|-
| 1994–1997
| [[M. G. Soman]]
| [[Mammootty]] and [[Mohanlal]]
| -
| [[T. P. Madhavan]]
| [[Venu Nagavally]]
| [[Jagadish]]
| [[Sukumari]], [[Balachandra Menon]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Cochin Haneefa]]
|}

== Public contributions ==
* The association contributed {{currency|50|INR}} [[lakh]] to the Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund, to extend its support during the [[2018 Kerala floods]].<ref name="filmibeat.com">{{Cite web |title=Amma Makes Generous Contribution of 50 Lakhs |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/amma-makes-generous-contribution-50-lakhs-cmdrf-276470.html |website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
* The AMMA along with [[Asianet Communications|Asianet]] conducted a stage show in [[Abu Dhabi]] in December 2018 to raise {{currency|5|INR}} [[crore]] for the Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund.

== Hema committee report ==
{{Main|Hema Committee report}}
In August 2024, the Association of Malayalam Movie Artistes (AMMA) found itself at the center of a storm when the long-awaited Justice [[Hema Committee report]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://images.assettype.com/thecue/2024-08-20/x9lh47hr/REPORT_1___1_.pdf |title=Hema Committee Report |publisher=thecue.in |accessdate=2024-08-24}}</ref> was finally released to the public, following a Kerala High Court order. This report, which had been kept under wraps since its completion in 2019, shed light on the severe challenges and discrimination faced by women in the Malayalam film industry. The committee, formed in 2017 in the aftermath of the shocking abduction and sexual assault of a prominent actress, was tasked with investigating the working conditions of women in the industry.

The report's findings were deeply troubling, revealing a male-dominated industry where misogyny is not only pervasive but institutionalized. The committee's investigation uncovered the existence of a powerful "mafia" within the industry, comprising a small group of influential male actors, directors, and producers who effectively control the industry's operations. This group was found to have significant control over AMMA, the leading industry organization, dictating its decisions and suppressing any attempts to challenge their authority.

Women in the industry, especially actresses, were found to be particularly vulnerable. The report documented numerous instances of sexual harassment, coercion, and exploitation. For example, actresses testified about being forced to repeatedly perform intimate scenes under duress and facing threats when they resisted. The casting couch was reported to be rampant, with new and aspiring actresses often pressured into compromising situations in exchange for roles. The report also highlighted that women producers and those in smaller roles were frequently at the mercy of the male-dominated power structure, facing discrimination and even being denied basic amenities like quality food on set unless they complied with demands.

The Justice Hema Committee also pointed out the ineffectiveness of the Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) on film sets, which are supposed to address issues of sexual harassment. These committees were found to be largely symbolic, with little real power or will to protect the interests of women. As a result, many women were left without recourse, forced to endure mistreatment or risk being blacklisted from the industry (Telangana Today).

Despite the damning nature of the report, its release was delayed by the Kerala government for several years, leading to widespread criticism. When it was finally made public, key details, including the names of those accused, were redacted, which many saw as an attempt to protect influential figures in the industry. This has led to calls for greater transparency and accountability, with some demanding a judicial inquiry into the allegations and the implementation of the report's recommendations.

The recommendations of the Justice Hema Committee include the establishment of a tribunal with judicial powers to address issues of sexual harassment and contract breaches, mandatory written contracts for all workers in the industry, and gender sensitivity training for those in leadership roles. The committee also emphasized the need for greater representation of women in decision-making roles within AMMA and the industry at large.

As the industry grapples with the fallout from the report, there is growing pressure on AMMA and the Kerala government to take concrete steps to address these issues. The revelations have sparked widespread outrage, not just within the film community but also among the general public, leading to renewed debates about the need for systemic reforms in the Malayalam film industry.

Following the publication of the report, an audio clip of a junior actress naming the late veteran comedian [[Mamukkoya]], the once popular actors [[Sudheesh]], [[Idavela Babu]] and [[Saju Kodiyan]] as actors who solicited sex from her while she was a struggling director, surfaced in the media.

The first response from AMMA came as a press meet on 25th August, with General Secretary [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], and executive members [[Jayan Cherthala]], [[Jomol]], and [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] downplaying the allegations as isolated incidents.

Shortly after that an actress who had earlier in 2019, accused [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] of raping her, quickly slammed his pretentious statement to the press. The actress claimed that Siddique had called her to discuss a film but then raped her from the hotel room. As she narrated in gruesome detail how the popular actor had described his fetish over long fingers like hers, fantasized verbally about "licking her if not allowed to penetrate", even suggestively eating food in front of her, shocking the Malayali audience, [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] was forced to resign from his position of General Secretary of AMMA overnight.<ref name=":1" />

Following the flurry of revelations and accusations that seemed to spare no one, acclaimed actor [[Mohanlal]] resigned as the president of AMMA, along with all the members of the executive committee, submitting a joint resignation on 27th August. The committee appears to have been dissolved, though a couple of women members later stated that they have not submitted their resignation. A new committee is expected to be formed after an election within two months, until which time the current committee shall serve as caretakers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/why-mohanlal-and-amma-committee-members-resigned-1.9849084|title=AMMA members quit on 'moral grounds'; Mohanlal & co hope new leadership will renew film body|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>
[[ml:സൂര്യ_ടി.വി._ഇപ്പോൾ_സംപ്രേഷണം_ചെയ്തുവരുന്ന_പരിപാടികൾ#മുൻ_റിയാലിറ്റി_ഷോകൾ]]
== Controversies ==
* In February 2010, [[Thilakan]] announced that members within AMMA had conspired and denied him work. The executive members of AMMA convened multiple meetings to hear his complaints. Since [[Thilakan]] did not attend those meetings and continued to publicly defame the association, he was expelled.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajendran|first1=Sowmya|title=The cardboard heroes of AMMA must apologise for not standing by the survivor|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cardboard-heroes-amma-must-apologise-not-standing-survivor-65004|accessdate=29 December 2017|work=The News Minute|agency=The News Minute|date=11 July 2017}}</ref> After [[Thilakan]] died, his son [[Shammi Thilakan]], a member of AMMA, requested the AMMA leadership to reconsider and reinstate his father's membership posthumously.
* In March 2017, based on the petition by director [[Vinayan]] in 2012, [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI), imposed a total fine of {{currency|11.25|INR}} Lakhs on the AMMA and Film Employees Federation Of Kerala (FEFKA) for denying opportunities for Vinayan, preventing artists from co-operating with Vinayan, and rejecting his films from theaters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/film-bodies-slapped-rs-11-25-lakh-fine-for-ban-on-director-vinayan/articleshow/57819008.cms|title=Film bodies slapped Rs 11.25-lakh fine for ban on director Vinayan|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/03/24/cci-slaps-penalty-kerala-film-industry-collectives-amma-fefka.html|title=CCI slaps penalty on Kerala film industry collectives|work=OnManorama|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref>
* In July 2017, actor [[Dileep]] was removed from AMMA's primary membership after he was charged and arrested for criminal conspiracy in a criminal assault case. He was expelled from actors' guild and lost his primary membership in AMMA.
* In August 2024, actor Siddique resigned as General Secretary of AMMA following allegations of sexual harassment made by an actress. He stepped down after the accusations surfaced, citing his inability to continue in the role amidst the controversy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2024-08-25 |title=Actor Siddique resigns as AMMA general secretary following sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/actor-siddique-resigns-as-amma-general-secretary-following-sexual-assault-allegations/article68564733.ece |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* On 27 August 2024, following the release of the [[Hema Committee report]], which detailed allegations from female artists and workers from the [[Malayalam Cinema]], the Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA) dissolved its entire executive committee for the period 2024–2027.<ref name=":0" />

When Dileep was released on bail, his membership was reinstated by AMMA, claiming his removal was not legally valid as per the laws of the committee. The claim was primarily made by [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]].

Protesting the lukewarm approach in expelling Dileep, few actresses protested and resigned from AMMA membership. They formed a group named [[Women in Cinema Collective]] (WCC). WCC protested through a series of social media interventions that AMMA should take a favorable stand towards the welfare of the female actors in Malayalam cinema. In light of these events, AMMA General body meeting conducted in 2021 revised its bylaws; including more women in the executive body; and established an internal complaints committee for the welfare of women.

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* [https://ammakerala.com/ Official Website]
* [https://malayalamcinema.com/ malayalamcinema.com]

{{Mohanlal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Association Of Malayalam Movie Artists}}
[[Category:Actors' trade unions]]
[[Category:Film organisations in India]]
[[Category:Entertainment industry unions]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kochi]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Kerala]]

Leisang

2026-01-31T07:22:45Z

Meherhospital: done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
'''Leisang''' is a village in [[Kangpokpi district]] in the Indian state of [[Manipur]]. It is in a mountainous location and is inaccessible to vehicles; in April 2018 it was the last village in the country to be electrified.

==Population==
At the [[2011 Census of India]], there were 12 families and 65 people in Leisang.<ref name=ToI/> {{As of|2019|03}} there are 13 families and 70 people, all [[Kuki people|Kuki]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |author=Geeta Pandey |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47721497 |title=India's 'last electrified village' Leisang still fighting darkness |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=29 March 2019 }}</ref>

==Location==
Leisang is {{convert|3|km|mi}} from a motorable road,<ref name=Express1/> and can only be reached on foot or by bicycle,<ref name=BBC/> by means of a steep track that is sometimes very muddy. The closest town, [[Kangpokpi]], is {{convert|35|km|mi}} away.<ref name=BBC/> The closest primary school is {{convert|1.5|km|mi}} away.<ref name=BBC/> The village is near a bend on the [[Tuitha River]];<ref name=Nat>{{cite news |author=Samanth Subramanian |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/modi-s-electricity-promise-has-dim-returns-for-hundreds-of-thousands-in-india-1.726096 |title=Modi’s electricity promise has dim returns for hundreds of thousands in India |website=The National |date=30 April 2018 }}</ref> the only source of potable water is a stream flowing through the village.<ref name=Express/> There are also no medical facilities; emergency cases such as women in labour must be carried to the road.<ref name=BBC/> At a public meeting in the state capital, [[Imphal]], in May 2018 the villagers requested a road connection, water purification facilities, and an [[anganwadi]] childcare and health centre.<ref name=Express/>

==History==
The village was established in 1996 and originally called Leisang Khonomphai or L. Khonomphai. It was recognised in 2002. Formerly in [[Senapati district]], it became part of the newly formed Kangpokpi district in late 2016.<ref name=Express1/><ref name=Express/>

Nearby villages were electrified in 2017.<ref name=BBC/> On 27 April 2018, electricity was turned on in Leisang for the first time,<ref name=Express1>{{cite news |first=Jimmy | last=Leivon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/leisang-indias-last-electrified-village-narendra-modi-5165019/ |title=In India’s last electrified village: 'Around 5-6 pm, bulb came on... That night, not one of us slept...' |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Express>{{cite news |first=Jimmy | last=Leivon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/last-electrified-village-in-india-pleads-manipur-cm-for-basic-infrastructure-5188630/ |title=Last electrified village in India pleads Manipur CM for basic infrastructure |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 May 2018 }}</ref> the culmination of the thousand-day [[Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana]] program to electrify all the remaining villages of India announced by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in his speech on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] in 2015.<ref name=ToI>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipurs-leisang-becomes-last-village-to-get-electricity-centre-says-nation-fully-electrified/articleshow/63984379.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502144040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipurs-leisang-becomes-last-village-to-get-electricity-centre-says-nation-fully-electrified/articleshow/63984379.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2018 |title=Manipur's Leisang becomes last village to get electricity, Centre says nation fully electrified |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 May 2018 }} </ref><ref name=BBC/><ref name=Nat/><ref name=NDTV>{{cite news |author=Vidhi Doshi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/every-village-in-india-now-has-electricity-but-millions-still-live-in-darkness-1845136 |title=After Manipur Village Finally Electrified, TV Sets Carried Up Mountain |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |via=[[NDTV]] |date=1 May 2018 }}</ref> {{As of|2019|03}} service remains erratic, with outages as long as three months caused in part by the difficulty of access to make repairs, but some villagers have acquired televisions.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=NDTV/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kangpokpi district]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1996]]

Mennonite Brethren Centenary Bible College

2026-01-16T17:53:58Z

Meherhospital: put up

{{About|UGC-recognised undergraduate courses (for the [[Clergy]]) and diploma courses (for the [[Laity]]) offered by MBCBC|UGC-recognised master's courses (for the Clergy) specializing in [[Religion]] and [[Sacred Scripture]]|Advanced Institute for Research on Religion and Culture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mennonite Brethren Centenary Bible College (MBCBC)
| native_name = యెమె. బి. బైబిల్ కళాశాల
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = APTUM EFFICIANT AD TESTIMONIUM DANT UTILE LIGNUM
| motto_lang = [[Latin language|Latin]]
| mottoeng = Equip to Serve for Effective Witness
| former_names = Bethany Bible School,<ref name="Penner"/> Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute
| established = 1920<ref name="Penner">Peter Penner, ''Russians, North Americans, and Telugus: The Mennonite Brethren Mission in India, 1885-1975'', Kindred, Winnipeg and Hillsboro, 1997. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZMo4V4Ll8wC&q=waldo&pg=PP6]</ref>
| closed =
| type = [[Seminary]]
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Churches in India]] [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], [[Serampore]] 712 201, [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]]<ref name="Affiliated"/>
| city = Rallaguda Road, [[Shamshabad]] 501 218, Rajendranagar Mandal, [[Rangareddy District]]
| canton =
| prefecture =
| province =
| region =
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.2726946|N|78.3850377|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Telangana #India
| dean =
| rector =
| visitor = [[Bishop]] [[Anilkumar John Servand]], [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]]
| principal =[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] I. P. Asheervadam, [[Doctor of Theology|D. Th.]]<ref name="Hall">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''List of the Recipient of the Degree of Doctor of Theology''.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/doctor-of-theology/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714055717/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/doctor-of-theology/ |date=14 July 2017 }}</ref>([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| faculty= 10+
| students =500+<ref name="Esau"/>
| undergrad = 100+<ref>[http://highlandcommunitychurch.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Fwd_-ICOMB-February-Update.htm David A. Wiebe, ''Prayer Update February 2016'']</ref>
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| alumni =
| symbol =
| website ={{URL|http://www.mbcbiblecollege.com}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
| embedded =
}}
'''Mennonite Brethren Centenary Bible College (MBCBC)''', founded in 1920, is a [[Mennonite]] [[Bible College]] in [[Shamshabad]] and is affiliated with the [[Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Churches in India]]<ref name="Affiliated">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''List of Affiliated Colleges''. [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/college_2016.pdf]</ref> and the nation's first<ref>Sankar Ray, ''[[Hindu Business Line]]'', 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Internet, accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]'' <ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Act-1956|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/ugc_act.pdf|website=mhrd.gov.in/|publisher=Secretary, University Grants Commission|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] is a University within the meaning of Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 under which ''a University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognised by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act''. The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/history/u-g-c-and-serampore-college/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612143603/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/history/u-g-c-and-serampore-college/|date=12 June 2017}}</ref>''with degree-granting authority validated by a [[University charter|Danish charter]] and ratified by the [[Government of West Bengal]].

==History==
The year 1920<ref>R. S. Aseervadam, ''Mennonite Brethren Church and Social Action in Andhra Pradesh'', ''Ithihas - Journal of Andhra Pradesh Archives,'' Volume 5, 1977.[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQpDAAAAYAAJ&q=r.s.aseervadam]</ref><ref name="Penner"/><ref name="Esau">H. T. Esau, ''First Sixty Years of M. B. Missions'', The Mennonite Brethren Publishing House, Hillsboro, 1954.[https://archive.org/stream/FirstSixtyYearsOfMBMissionsOCRopt/FirstSixtyYearsOfMBMissionsOCRopt_djvu.txt]</ref> is attributed to the founding of the College in [[Nagarkurnool]]<ref name="Wiebe"/> under the name Bethany Bible School<ref name="Wiebe">Paul D. Wiebe, ''Christians in Andhra Pradesh: the Mennonites of Mahbubnagar'', CISRS/CLS, Bangalore/Madras, 1988, pp.67-68, 188.[https://books.google.com/books?id=LH7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=paul+wiebe+christians+in+andhra+pradesh]</ref> which later on was moved to its present location in [[Shamshabad]].<ref name="Foreign">''Foreign Missions, India: The American Mennonite Brethren Mission in India 1898-1948'', Board of Foreign Missions of the Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Church of North America, 1948, p.102.[https://books.google.com/books?id=1s5OAQAAMAAJ&q=1920]</ref> Over a period of time, the School was rechristened as Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute.<ref name="Sargunam">M. Ezra Sargunam, ''Mission Mandate: A Compendium on the Perspective of Missions in India'', Mission India, Chennai, 1992, pp.495, 508.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pyPkAAAAMAAJ&q=shamshabad]</ref> [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] S. Solomon in ''A Brief History of Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute''<ref name="Solomon"/> recorded the movements of the College to various towns chronologically,
#1920 in [[Nagarkurnool]],<ref name="Solomon"/>
#1921-1923 in [[Shamshabad]],<ref name="Solomon"/>
#1923-1929 in [[Nagarkurnool]],<ref name="Solomon"/>
#1930-1944 in [[Shamshabad]],<ref name="Solomon"/>
#1945-1952 in [[Devarakonda]],<ref name="Esau"/>
#1952 to present in [[Shamshabad]]<ref name="Solomon"/>

Even though the Church Society founded a seminary in 1920, it continued<ref name="Lapp">John Lapp, ''Churches Engage Asian Traditions: A Global Mennonite History'', Good Books, Intercouse, PA, 2011.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hl6CDwAAQBAJ&dq=ramayapatnam+baptist+theological+seminary&pg=PT240]</ref> to send its ministerial candidates to STBC-Ramayapatnam Baptist Theological Seminary in Ramayapatnam until 1970, when it chose [[Union Biblical Seminary]], Pune and later, CSI-[[United Theological College, Bangalore]]. Finally, after gaining University affiliation in the 1990s,<ref name="Lapp"/> it began training its candidates within its Seminary for graduate education.

In 1969 when the Board of Governors of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] set up an internal curriculum revision committee to introspect their courses, the members of the [[Kretzmann Commission]] also visited the MBCBC for a field visit as part of their itinerary<ref name="Kretzmann">''Theological Education in Andhra Pradesh - The Kretzmann Commission Report'', Printed by A. Nageswara Rao at Saraswathi Power Press, Rajahmundry, 1970. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170127143230/http://115.115.194.213/W27/Result/w27AcptRslt.aspx?AID=80030&xF=T&xD=0&nS=2]</ref> led by eminent [[ecclesiastical]] personalities who include, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] M. L. Kretzmann, [[India Evangelical Lutheran Church|IELC]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[K. Devasahayam]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[A. B. Masilamani]], [[CBCNC]] and [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] C. S. Sundaresan, [[Church of South India|CSI]].
{{Main|Kretzmann Commission Report}}

===University Affiliation===
Efforts were made by the [[Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Churches in India]] to affiliate the MBCBC with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] ever since the College began offering [[Bachelor of Theology|B.Th.]] courses from 1989 onwards during the Principalship of [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] R. S. Lemuel,<ref>[https://archives.mhsc.ca/lemuel-r-s-2 Mennonite Archival Image Database]</ref> [[Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Churches in India|CMBCI]]. It was in 1994<ref name="Life"/> that the Senate Commission visited the College during the tenure of the University Registrar, the [[New Testament]] Scholar, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[D. S. Satyaranjan]] who deputed the [[Church Historian]], [[Bishop Emeritus]] [[J. W. Gladstone]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], the [[Systematic theology|Systematic Theologian]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] O. V. Jathanna,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=m4PYAAAAMAAJ&q=o.v.jathanna+systematic+theology ''Indian Theological Studies'', Volume 39, 2002, p.5]</ref> [[Church of South India|CSI]] and others followed by another Commission led by the [[Old Testament]] Scholar, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Gnana Robinson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and the [[Systematic theology|Systematic Theologian]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Kambar Manickam|P. Kambar Manickam]],<ref>James A. Bergquist, [[Kambar Manickam|P. Kambar Manickam]], ''The crisis of dependency in third world ministries: a critique of inherited missionary forms in India'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1976.[https://books.google.com/books?id=R_48AAAAIAAJ]</ref> [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church|TELC]], who conducted an academic feasibility following the thorough affiliating regimen of the University and reported to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]. Subsequently, the College availed the teaching of faculty from the nearest theologiate, the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] for core subjects that included the [[Old Testament]] Scholar,<ref>G. Babu Rao, ''Content Analysis of Theological Syllabi – [[Old Testament]]'' in ''Religion and Society'', Volume XXXII, Number 3, September 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=g.babu+rao+doctoral+studies&btnG=Search+Books]</ref> [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] G. Babu Rao,<ref name="Periodical">[https://books.google.com/books?id=txUnAQAAIAAJ&q=babu+rao+old+testament ''Guide to Indian Periodical Literature'', Volume 23, 1989, p.57]</ref> [[CBCNC]] who took up teaching on an adjunct basis and from thereon with the full-time faculty on its rolls, the College built up itself up to the [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] level. The presence of The Rev. A. Wilson, CBCNC on the faculty during the years 1990-1993 and his administrative role as Registrar and Academic Dean was helpful in terms of meeting Senate's academic requirements on road to affiliation.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025-02-12 |title=Arasavilli Wilson |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/wilson-arasavilli-03470a91/details/experience/ |website=Linked In |location= |publisher= |access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref> Finally in 1995, the College was provisionally<ref name="Life">[https://books.google.com/books?id=q9baAAAAMAAJ&q=shamshabad+serampore ''Light of Life: Magazine of Christian Growth'', Volume 38, 1996, p.68]</ref> affiliated<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CCbZAAAAMAAJ&q=mennonite+shamshabad ''National Council of Churches Review'', Volume 119, 1999, p.440]</ref> to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] and continues<ref name="Affiliated"/> to be an important affiliated institution.

==Academics==
===Course offerings===
The MBCBC offers the following three courses, two of which are affiliated to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]. For those taking up full-time vocation of [[Priesthood]], the College offers full-time 5-year fully residential [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] course with University affiliation for [[Christians]] of [[Protestant]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], [[Charismatic]] and the Small and Indigenous Churches. A Diploma level course introducing [[Christianity]] is open for people of all faiths,<ref name="Courses">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]],
''Courses offered''.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/academics/admission/courses-offered/]</ref> also offered through the University. In addition, the College has initiated a post-graduate diploma in peace studies<ref>John D. Roth, ''Historical Conditions of Mennonite Peacebuilding Approaches: Global Anabaptism and Neo-Anabaptism'' in Andrew P. Klager (Edited), ''From Suffering to Solidarity: The Historical Seeds of Mennonite Interreligious, Interethnic, and International Peacebuilding'', Wipf and Stock, Eugene, 2015, p.109.[https://books.google.com/books?id=L_AmCwAAQBAJ&dq=shamshabad+mennonite&pg=PA109]</ref> under the seal of the College.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Course offerings at the MBCBC
|-
! Course Name!!Duration !!Mode!! Academic requirement!!Community requirement!!Academic Authority
|-
|[[Bachelor of Divinity]]<ref>[http://nebula.wsimg.com/c49187bc16c5641dc0ec1bf34d57566a?AccessKeyId=942372417BFD6446D2BA&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 MBCBC, ''Entry to B.D.'']</ref>||5 years||Residential||Intermediate||[[Christians]]||[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]<ref name="Affiliated"/>
|-
|Diploma in Christian Studies<ref>[http://www.mbcbcindia.com/academics.html MBCBC, ''Academics'']</ref>||1 year||Distance||Intermediate||Open to all faiths<ref name="Courses"/>||[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]<ref name="Affiliated"/>
|-
|P. G. Diploma in Peacemaking and Conflict Resolution Studies<ref>[http://www.mbcbcindia.com/admissions.html MBCBC, ''Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution Studies'']</ref>||1 year||Distance||Intermediate||[[Christians]]||MBCBC
|}

===Faculty===
The faculty of the MBCBC have a minimum of master's level qualification with teaching experience across affiliated colleges of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] from various [[Protestant]] Church congregations.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Mennonite Brethren Centenary Bible College Faculty ''(as per updated faculty list of the MBCBC uploaded by the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Senate]])''<ref name="SSC">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''Faculty with subjects taught''.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/33.-MBCBC-SHAMSHABAD.pdf]</ref>
|-
! Discipline!!Faculty Name !! Gen der!!Domicile!! Highest Degree !!Alma mater!!University
|-
|[[Old Testament]]||The Rev. K. David||M||||M.Th.||||Serampore
|-
|Religions||The Rev. Kondra Srinivas||M||||M.Th.||||Serampore
|-
|Old Testament||Mr. I. Sukanth Simon||M||||M. Th.||||Serampore
|-
|Church History||Ms. Samarpita Petra||F||||M.Th.||||Serampore
|-
|Church History||The Rev. B. Raja Shekar||M||||M.Th.||||Serampore
|-
|Counselling||The Rev. M.J. Shanthi Datha||M||||M.Th.||||Serampore
|-
|Communication||The Rev. R. Ezra||M||||M.Th.||||Serampore
|-
|Old Testament||The Rev. K. Vijaya Kumar||M||||M.Th.||||Serampore
|-
|[[English language]]||[[Ms.]] Christina Lurdhamani[[Laity]]||[[Female|F]]||[[Telangana]]||[[Master of Arts|M. A.]]||[[Fresno Pacific University|FPU, Fresno, CA (United States)]]<ref>''Theses presented by students seeking the Master of Arts Degree in Peacemaking and Conflict Studies from Fresno Pacific University''.[http://docplayer.net/5464616-Theses-presented-by-students-seeking-the-master-of-arts-degree-in-peacemaking-and-conflict-studies-from-fresno-pacific-university.html]</ref>||[[Fresno Pacific University|Fresno Pacific]]
|-
|Systematic Theology||The Rev. Jayraj||M||||D.Th.||||Serampore
|-
|New Testament||Ms. Sindhu Joseph||F||Kerala||D.Th.||[[Advanced Institute for Research on Religion and Culture]], [[Hyderabad]]||Serampore
|-
|[[History of Christianity]]||The Rev. Dr. Y. D. Jayaker, CMBCI||M||Telangana||D. Th.||FFRRC, [[Kottayam]] (Kerala)<ref>Y. D. Jayaker, ''The Role of the Mennonite Brethren Church of India in the upliftment of Telangana region from 1958 - 2008'', Masters thesis submitted to Senate of Serampore College (University), 2011.[https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/13576024/yd-jayaker-fresno-pacific-university]</ref>||Serampore
|-
|New Testament||The Rev. K. Suraj Kumar, [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]||M||Andhra Pradesh||[[Ph.D.]]||[[University of Cape Town]], [[Cape Town]] ([[South Africa]])<ref>K. Suraj Kumar, ''Paul's Rhetorical use of Complex Metaphors in 1 Corinthians 3-4'', Doctoral thesis submitted to University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 2007.[https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/8194]</ref>||[[University of Cape Town|Cape Town]]
|-
|History of Christianity||The Rev. I. P. Asheervadam, CMBCI||M||Telangana||D. Th.||UTC, Bangalore (Karnataka)<ref>I. P. Asheervadam, ''The Historical Setting for Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Churches in India'', ''Mennonite Life'', Volume 56, Number 3, September 2001.<nowiki>[https://ml.bethelks.edu/issue/vol-56-no-3/article/the-historical-setting-for-mennonite-and-brethren/]</nowiki></ref>||Serampore
|}

===Library===
The Library at the MBCBC is well stocked and has three sections<ref>[http://www.mbcbcindia.com/library.html MBCBC, ''The Library'']</ref> and well maintained. In fact, prior to becoming the Principal, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] I. P. Asheervadam used to oversee the library.<ref name="Quarterly"/>
* Main Library,
* Historical Library and Archives, and
* Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution Studies (CPCRS) Peace Library
Peter Penner writes that the missionary [[Ms.]] Emma Lepp<ref name="Penner"/> who used to teach at the College was entrusted in 1962<ref name="Penner"/> with the task of consolidating the library acquisitions. During the later years, there have been overseas [[Librarians]] who have guided and helped in the maintenance of the library, which includes, [[Ms.]] Shirley Anne<ref>''Kaleidoscope - [[Bethel College (Kansas)|Bethel College Mennonite Church]]'', April–May 2014, p.6.[http://bethelcollegemennonitechurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/April-May-2014.pdf]</ref> of [[Kansas]].

The library is one of the oldest and continues to preserve archival holdings and was referred to by the [[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]] when it initiated the series ''Bibliography of Original Christian Writings in India''<ref>[[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]], ''Bibliography of Original Christian Writings in India'', 1994,[https://books.google.com/books?id=KdBySwAACAAJ&q=bibliography+of+original+christian+writings+in+india][https://books.google.com/books?id=xoPgAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliography+of+original+christian+writings+in+india][https://books.google.com/books?id=xM9XcgAACAAJ&q=bibliography+of+original+christian+writings+in+india]</ref> in the 1990s during the incumbency of the [[Christian theology|Christian Theologian]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[H. S. Wilson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], the [[Christian ethics|Christian Ethics]] Scholar, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Hunter P. Mabry, [[United Methodist Church|UMC]] and the [[New Testament]] Scholar, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Zaihmingthanga, [[Presbyterian Church of India|PCI]] for which the [[Christian theology|Christian Theologian]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Ravela Joseph]], [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]],<ref name="Compilation"/> and the [[Religions|Religious]] Scholar, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[B. Suneel Bhanu]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]<ref name="Compilation"/> were entrusted with the compilation in [[Telugu language]].<ref name="Compilation">[[Ravela Joseph|R. Joseph]], [[Suneel Bhanu|B. Suneel Bhanu]] (Compiled), ''Bibliography of Original Christian Writings in India in Telugu'', published by the [[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]], [[Bangalore]], 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3YPgAAAAMAAJ]</ref> The library continues to be oft<ref name="Quarterly">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2hCAQAAIAAJ&q=shamshabad ''The Mennonite Quarterly Review,'' Volume 81, 2007, p.18]</ref> referred<ref name="Elisha">James Elisha Taneti, ''History of the Telugu Christians: A Bibliography'', Scarecrow, Plymouth, 2011, pp.39, 42, 44, 53, 71, 89, 99.[https://books.google.com/books?id=W1xAHHzUbNsC&dq=ravela+joseph&pg=PA64]</ref> to by Scholars with the recent being the [[Systematic theology|Systematic Theologian]], James Elisha Taneti who also made use of the resources here in compiling ''History of the Telugu Christians: A Bibliography'' in 2011 for the [[American Theological Library Association]].

===Student Life and Annual Days===
Enrolments at the College have been on an all-time high with the College getting affiliation status with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] with candidates for [[Priesthood]] hailing from the [[Indian subcontinent]] as well as overseas candidates from the [[Africa|African continent]].<ref>[http://www.mbcbcindia.com/our-history.html MBCBC, ''Our History'']</ref> At the end of every academic year, the College awards Diplomas to its students pending final University Degree which is awarded by the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]. For every College graduation, notable Theologians and Ministers with substantial pastoral experience have been delivering the graduation address. In recent times, in 2016, it was the [[Homiletics]] Scholar, [[The Right Reverend]] [[K. Reuben Mark]],<ref name="Gallery">[http://www.mbcbcindia.com/gallery.html MBCBC, ''Gallery'']</ref> [[Diocese of Karimnagar|Bishop - in - Karimnagar]] who delivered the graduation address. For the College Annual Graduation of 2017, the new [[Bishop]], [[The Right Reverend]] [[A. C. Solomon Raj]],<ref name="Gallery"/> [[Diocese of Medak|Bishop - in - Medak]] was invited to deliver the Graduation Address on 8 April 2017.<ref name="Gallery"/>

==Succession of Principals since 1920==
Since the founding of the Bible College in 1920,<ref name="Esau"/> there have been many who led the College beginning with [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Daniel F. Bergthold<ref name="Esau"/> and down the line, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] N. P. James became the first [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial]] Principal of the College.<ref name="Solomon">S. Solomon, ''A Brief History of Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute'' in D. N. Purushotham (Compiled), ''Mennonite Brethren Theological Graduates with their Life History and Literary Contributions (1920-2011)'', Hyderabad, 2008, pp.229-232.[https://books.google.com/books?id=4EKLkQEACAAJ&q=Mennonite+Brethren+Theological+Graduates+with+their+Life+History+and+Literary+Contributions+(1920-2011)]</ref> One of the Principals, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Paul Hiebert (missiologist)|Paul G. Hiebert]] was [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] Visiting Professor<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RV07AQAAIAAJ&q=osmania ''Missiology,'' Volume 10, 1982, p.35]</ref> at the [[Osmania University]] during 1974-1975.<ref>Robert Eric Frykenberg, ''[[Paul Hiebert (missiologist)|Paul G. Hiebert]] 1932-2007'' in ''[[International Bulletin of Missionary Research]]'', Volume 31, Number 3, 2003, p.128.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180222044708/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2007-03/2007-03-128-frykenberg.pdf]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="border: 5px solid #BBB; margin: .96em 0 0 .9em;"
|- style="font-size: 86%;"
|No.||'''Period (Years)''' || '''Principal (Names) '''|| '''Academic Credentials (Earned)'''
|-
|1.||1920-1921||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Daniel F. Bergthold<ref name="Foreign"/>||[[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]] ([[McPherson College|McPherson]]), [[Master of Divinity|M. Div.]] ([[Moody Bible Institute|Moody]])<ref>[[Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online]] on ''Daniel F. Bergthold''.[http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Bergthold,_Daniel_L._(1876-1948)]</ref>
|-
|2.||1921-1923||The Rev. Johann H. Pankratz <ref name="Foreign"/>||[[Bachelor of Theology|Th. B.]] ([[Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School|Rochester]])<ref>[[Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online]] on ''Johann H. Pankratz''.[http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Pankratz,_Johann_H._(1867-1952)]</ref>
|-
|3.||1923-1928||The Rev. Daniel F. Bergthold<ref name="Foreign"/>||B. A. (McPherson), M. Div. (Moody)
|-
|4.||1929-1945||The Rev. John H. Lohrenz<ref name="DNP">D. N. Purushotham (Compiled), ''Mennonite Brethren Theological Graduates with their Life History and Literary Contributions (1920-2011)'', Self-published by the Author, Hyderabad, 2008.[https://books.google.com/books?id=4EKLkQEACAAJ&q=Mennonite+Brethren+Theological+Graduates+with+their+Life+History+and+Literary+Contributions+(1920-2011)]</ref>
||B. A. ([[Tabor College (Kansas)|Tabor]]), [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] ([[Bluffton University|Bluffton]])<ref>[[Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online]] on ''John H. Lohrenz''.[http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Lohrenz,_John_H._(1893-1971)]</ref>
|-
|5.||1945-1952||The Rev. Peter V. Balzer||B. A. (Tabor), [[Bachelor of Theology|Th. B.]] ([[Central Baptist Theological Seminary of Minneapolis|Central]]), M. A. ([[Phillips University|Phillips]])<ref>[[Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online]] on ''Peter V. Balzer''.[http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Balzer,_Peter_V._(1891-1985)]</ref>
|-
|6.||1958-1966||The Rev. [[Paul Hiebert (missiologist)|Paul G. Hiebert]]<ref name="Hiebert">Mark J.H. Klassen, ''Hiebert Memorial Academic Center to be dedicated'', 2013, [http://www.usmb.org/news/article/India-MBs-to-honor-Paul-Hiebert.html]</ref>||B. A. (Tabor), M. A. ([[Fresno Pacific University|Fresno Pacific]]), M. A. ([[University of Minnesota|Minnesota]]), [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph. D.]] (Minnesota)<ref>[[Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online]] on ''G. Paul Hiebert''.[http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Hiebert,_Paul_G._(1932-2007)]</ref>
|-
|7.||1966-1968||The Rev. Peter M. Hamm||B. A. ([[University of British Columbia|British Columbia]]), M. A. (Fresno Pacific)<ref>[http://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/personal_papers/hamm-peter-m-1930-1993/ Peter M. Hamm, ‘’Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies’’]</ref>
|-
|8.||1970||The Rev. N. P. James<ref name="DNP"/>||[[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]), M. A. (Fresno Pacific)
|-
|9.||1971-1973||The Rev. R. S. Lemuel<ref name="DNP"/>||B. A. ([[Osmania University|Osmania]]), M. A. (Fresno Pacific)<ref>R. S. Lemuel, ''The Mennonite Brethren Medical Centre, [[Jadcherla]] provides avenues for Evangelism to Mennonite Brethren Churches of India'', [[Fresno Pacific University Biblical Seminary]], [[Fresno, California|Fresno]], 1977. Cited in Cornelius J. Dyck, Dennis D. Martin (Edited), ''The Mennonite Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Reference Work on the Anabaptist-Mennonite Movement'', Volume 5, Mennonite Brethren Publishing House, Hillsboro, 1990, p.28.[https://books.google.com/books?id=HiQOAQAAMAAJ&q=he+Mennonite+Brethren+Medical+Centre,+Jadcherla+Provides+Avenues+for+Evangelism+to+Mennonite+Brethren+Churches+of+India.%22+MA+research+project,+Mennonite+Brethren+Biblical+Seminary,+Fresno,+1977]</ref>
|-
|10.||1973||The Rev. D. J. Arthur<ref name="DNP"/>||[[Bachelor of Commerce|B. Com.]] (Osmania), B. A. (Osmania), [[Bachelor of Education|B. Ed.]] (Osmania), B. D. (Serampore), M. A. (Fresno Pacific), [[Doctor of Theology|Th. D.]] ([[Dallas Theological Seminary|Dallas]])
|-
|11.||1974-1980||The Rev. N. P. James<ref name="DNP"/>||B. D. (Serampore), M. A. (Fresno Pacific)
|-
|12.||1980-1989||The Rev. V. K. Rufus<ref name="Hiebert"/><ref name="DNP"/>||B. A. (Tabor), M. A. (Tabor), [[Master of Divinity|M. Div.]] ([[Fuller Theological Seminary|Fuller]]), [[Master of Theology|Th. M.]] ([[Trinity Evangelical Divinity School|Trinity]])
|-
|13.||1989-1993||The Rev. R. S. Lemuel<ref name="DNP"/>||B. A. (Osmania), M. A. (Fresno Pacific)
|-
|14.||1993-2003||The Rev. V. K. Rufus<ref name="Hiebert"/><ref name="DNP"/>||B. A. (Tabor), M. A. (Tabor), M. Div. (Fuller), Th. M. (Trinity)
|-
|15.||2003-2004||The Rev. S. Solomon<ref name="DNP"/>||[[Bachelor of Theology|B. Th.]] (Serampore), B. D. (Serampore), M. A. (Osmania), [[Master of Philosophy|M. Phil.]] ([[Madurai Kamaraj University|Madurai]]),
|-
|16.||2004-2008||The Rev. Joy Joseph||
|-
|17.||2008-2011||The Rev. Liangao Soto<ref>Liangao Soto, ''Tribal theology of integral humanhood: A resource from shamanism of the Nagas'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 2011.[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/710016536]</ref>||B. Th. (Serampore), B. D. (Serampore), M. Th. (Serampore), D. Th. (Serampore)
|-
|18.||2011-''Present''||The Rev. I. P. Asheervadam<ref name="DNP"/>||B. A. (Osmania), M. A. (Osmania), B. Th. (Serampore), B. D. (Serampore), [[Master of Theology|M. Th.]] (Serampore), [[Doctor of Theology|D. Th.]] (Serampore)
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Telangana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=David A. Wiebe, Paul D. Wiebe
| title=The Colors of the Mennonites in Andhra Pradesh: ''Devuni Prema Idhigo''
| year=2013
| volume=
| publisher=Kindred Productions
| isbn=9781894791366
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=WIL_oAEACAAJ&q=principal+mennonite+brethren+shamshabad
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=D. N. Purushotham (Compiled)
| title=Mennonite Brethren Theological Graduates with their Life History and Literary Contributions (1920-2011)
| year=2008
| volume=
| issue=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=4EKLkQEACAAJ&q=Mennonite+Brethren+Theological+Graduates+with+their+Life+History+and+Literary+Contributions+(1920-2011)
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=E. D. Solomon
| title=India Mennonite Brethren Church Today
| year=2005
| volume=
| issue=
| url =http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Reading-2-India-Mennonite-Brethren-Church-Today.pdf
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Peter Penner
| title=Russians, North Americans, and Telugus: The Mennonite Brethren Mission in India, 1885-1975
| year=1997
| volume=
| publisher=Kindred Productions
| isbn=9780921788409
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZMo4V4Ll8wC&q=waldo&pg=PP6
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=M. Ezra Sargunam (Compiled)
| title=Mission Mandate: A Compendium on the Perspective of Missions in India
| year=1992
| volume=
| issue=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pyPkAAAAMAAJ&q=mission+mandate+ezra}}
* {{cite book
| author=Cornelius J. Dyck, Dennis D. Martin
| title=The Mennonite Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Reference Work on the Anabaptist-Mennonite Movement
| year=1990
| volume=5
| publisher=MennoMedia
| isbn=9780836131055
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HiQOAQAAMAAJ&q=bethany+bible+school+shamshabad
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Paul D. Wiebe
| title=Christians in Andhra Pradesh: the Mennonites of Mahbubnagar
| year=1988
| volume=
| issue=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LH7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=paul+wiebe+christians+in+andhra+pradesh
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=R. S. Aseervadam
| title=The Mennonite Brethren in Andhra Pradesh: An Historical Treatise
| year=1980
| volume=
| issue=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wBNDAAAAYAAJ&q=r.s.aseervadam
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=H. T. Esau
| title=First Sixty Years of M. B. Missions
| year=1954
| volume=
| issue=
| url =https://archive.org/stream/FirstSixtyYearsOfMBMissionsOCRopt/FirstSixtyYearsOfMBMissionsOCRopt_djvu.txt
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Board of Foreign Missions of the [[Mennonite Church USA|Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Church of North America]]
| title=Foreign Missions, India: The American Mennonite Brethren Mission in India 1898-1948
| year=1948
| volume=
| issue=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=1s5OAQAAMAAJ&q=principal+mennonite+brethren+shamshabad
}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.mbcbiblecollege.com}}
{{Portal bar|Hyderabad|Education}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1920]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated to the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Mennonite universities and colleges]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox sports season
| title = 2022 Ultimate Kho Kho season
| logo = Ultimate_Kho_Kho_Logo.svg
| league = [[Ultimate Kho Kho]]
| sport = [[Kho Kho]]
| hosts = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], Pune
| duration = 14 August – 4 September 2022
| no_of_matches = 34
| no_of_teams = [[#Teams|6]]
| season_champ_name = Champions
| season_champs = Odisha Juggernauts (1st title)
| second_name = Runner-ups
| second_place = Telugu Yoddhas
| nextseason_year = [[2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho|2023–24]]
}}

The '''2022 season of [[Ultimate Kho Kho]]''' was the inaugural season hosted from 14 August to 4 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=143 players picked in the Ultimate Kho Kho Season 1 players draft |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/143-players-picked-in-the-ultimate-kho-kho-season-1-players-draft-10916841.html |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Six teams played a total of 34 matches.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Avinash |date=2022-07-15 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2022: Full list of players picked in draft, Complete Squad of all 6 Teams |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-2022-full-list-of-players-picked-in-draft-complete-squad-of-all-6-teams-193891.html |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=MyKhel |language=en}}</ref> [[Odisha Juggernauts]] beat [[Telugu Yoddhas]] 46-45 in [[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho final|the final]].<ref name=":2" /> The season had a viewership of 64 million, 41 million of which came from India.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2023-01-17 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho S1 claims total reach of 41 million viewers from India |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/ultimate-kho-kho-s1-claims-total-reach-of-41-million-viewers-from-india-11673930091871.html |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> This made the league the third-most viewed non-[[cricket]] competition in India after the [[Pro Kabaddi League|Pro Kabaddi]] and [[Indian Super League]].<ref name=":10" />

== History ==
An exhibition match was played on July 14, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-14 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: Players showcase exciting form in exhibition match |url=https://theprint.in/sport/ultimate-kho-kho-players-showcase-exciting-form-in-exhibition-match/1039048/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The player draft for the league was completed later that day, with 143 players chosen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Avinash |date=2022-07-15 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2022: Full list of players picked in draft, Complete Squad of all 6 Teams |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-2022-full-list-of-players-picked-in-draft-complete-squad-of-all-6-teams-193891.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=myKhel}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Farzan |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2022: Full list of players in squads and drafted names in each UKK franchise |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/news-ultimate-kho-kho-2022-full-list-players-squads-drafted-names-ukk-franchise |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref> Special effort had to be made to find a suitable indoor arena for the first season of Ultimate Kho Kho, given the requirement to have firmly fastened poles as part of the playing area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judge |first=Shahid |date=2022-09-04 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: From Spider Cam to poles, here’s how the playing area was set up in Pune |url=https://scroll.in/field/1032018/ultimate-kho-kho-from-spider-cam-to-poles-heres-how-the-playing-area-was-set-up-in-pune |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

=== Format ===
In this season, the rules around scoring worked like this: 2 points are scored for a regular tag (known as a "Running Touch"),<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Listing the top five Attackers from Ultimate Kho Kho Season 1 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/news/listing-the-top-five-attackers-from-ultimate-kho-kho-season-1 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho}}</ref> and 3 points are scored if a tag is made while an attacker is either fully outstretched and diving ("Sky Dive") or touching a pole ("Pole Dive"), or if a defender got themselves out by stepping out of the field ("Boundary Out") or intentionally allowing themselves to be tagged ("Self-Out").<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |title=Scoring, fouls & more - All the rules of Kho Kho you need to know before Ultimate Kho Kho 2022 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/scoring-fouls-all-rules-kho-kho-need-know-ultimate-kho-kho-2022 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: Squads, format, fixtures – all you need to know about latest Indian sports league |url=https://scroll.in/field/1030441/ultimate-kho-kho-squads-format-fixtures-all-you-need-to-know-about-latest-indian-sports-league |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Avinash |date=2022-08-14 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2022: Revamped format, changed mat dimensions, tickets; all you need to know |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-2022-revamped-format-changed-mat-dimensions-tickets-all-you-need-to-know-195659.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=MyKhel}}</ref> These rules were changed in the next season so that each tagged defender is always worth 2 points to the attacking team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=Odisha: Cuttack gears up for Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 |url=https://orissadiary.com/odisha-cuttack-gears-up-for-ultimate-kho-kho-season-2/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref> The rule around Dream Runs was also different in this season:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho revolutionises traditional sport: Expanding, innovating and inspiring |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/ultimate-kho-kho-revolutionises-traditional-sport-expanding-innovating-and-inspiring-259092 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> if any batch of defenders could avoid being all dismissed for at least 2 and a half minutes, they would earn 2 points, with an additional 2 points earned for every 30 seconds survived afterwards.<ref name=":7" /> In addition, there was a rule that if the attacking team dismissed 4 batches of defenders in a single turn (known as an "all out", since all 12 defenders on the opposing team will have been dismissed), 3 bonus points are scored.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |title=Scoring, fouls & more - All the rules of Kho Kho you need to know before Ultimate Kho Kho 2022 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/scoring-fouls-all-rules-kho-kho-need-know-ultimate-kho-kho-2022 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref>

=== Prize money ===
The winning team received {{INRConvert|1|c|year=2022}}, while the runner-ups received {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2022}} and the third-placed team received {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2022}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-09-01 |title=Huge prize money of Rs 2 crore announced for Ultimate Kho Kho inaugural edition |url=https://theprint.in/sport/huge-prize-money-of-rs-2-crore-announced-for-ultimate-kho-kho-inaugural-edition/1112208/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Teams ==
{{location map+|India3|width=300|float=right|caption=Locations of the UKK teams|alt=Locations of the UKK teams|places={{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |mark=Orange pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Mumbai Khiladis</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=26.93 |mark=Pink pog.svg|long=75.82 |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Rajasthan Warriors</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=17.37 |mark=Yellow pog.svg|long=78.48 |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Telugu Yoddhas</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0225 |long=72.5714 |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Gujarat Giants</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=20.9517|long=85.0985|mark=Brown pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Odisha Juggernauts</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0827 |long=80.2707 |mark=Blue pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:70%;">Chennai Quick Guns</div>|position=right}}}}
The six teams were, [[Chennai Quick Guns]], [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]], [[Mumbai Khiladis]], Odisha Juggernauts, [[Rajasthan Warriors]], and Telugu Yoddhas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ultimate Kho Kho League: 143 Players Picked In Season One Draft {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/ultimate-kho-kho-league-143-players-picked-in-season-one-draft-3160084 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Squads ==

=== Chennai Quick Guns ===
'''Attackers:''' Balvir Singh, Jaswant Singh, Manoj Patil, P Narasayya, Sachin Gaur, V Kabilan, and Venu Gopal S.

'''Defenders:''' Buchannagari Raju, Daasari Jeevith Rao, Vignesh M, Mahesh Madhukar Shinde(VC), N Suresh, P Anand Kumar, Prasad Vijay Patil, Pritam Ankush Chougule, S. Santhru, Sibin. M, and Vijay Vegad Jagdishbhai.

'''All-rounders:''' M Vignesh, Amit Vasant Patil(C), Madan, P Jai Prasath, Rajvardhan Shankar Patil, K Ram, Ramji Kashyap.

=== Gujarat Giants ===
'''Attackers:''' Abhinandan Mahadev Patil, Ranjan Sridhar Shetty(C), Chinmoy Nandi, Nilesh Sarjerao Patil, Praful Raju Bhange, S Kavin Raj, Sagar Subhash Lengare, S Sarathkumar, and Shubham Motiramji Jambhale.

'''Defenders:''' Mareppa, Ajay Kumar Mandra, Akshay Sandeep Bhangare, Aniket Bhagawan Pote, Dhiraj Vinod Bhave, [[Manoj Sarkar]], Sagar Deepakraj, Saleem Khan, and Vinayak Sadashiv Pokarde.

'''All-rounders:''' Pothireddy Sivareddy(VC), Debendra Nath, Suyash Vishwas, T Jagannath, Rutishbhai Jayantibhai.

=== Mumbai Khiladis ===
'''Attackers:''' Kurpe Milind Rajendra, Shreejesh S, Abhishek Pathrode, Durvesh Vikas Salunke, Rajesh Kumar, Avik Singha, Bichu S S, Rahul Bharat Sawant, Devendra Dagur, and Ummer Ahmad Rathar.

'''Defenders:''' Rohan Bapuso Kore, Vijay Gajanan Hajare(C), Faizankha Sherkha Pathan, Gajanan Maruti Shengal, Rohit Verma, Sourabh Nathaji Ahir, Sribin Kp, Gaurav Kandpal, Abishek M S, Rajat Malik, Harish Mohmmad, Gaurav, and Srijin J.

'''All-rounders:''' Visag S

=== Odisha Juggernauts ===
'''Attackers:''' Suraj Shital Lande, Mahesha P, Avinash Shivaji Desai, Lipun Mukhi, Dinesh Naik S, Shiv Kumar Sen, Manoj Narayan Ghotekar, Darshanapu Sathish, Mukesh Prajapat

'''Defenders:''' Gowtham MK, Vishal, Suresh Kumar, Thugana Vinod Kumar, Gurjinder Singh, and Swayam Satyaprakash Parija.

'''All-rounders:''' Dilip Khandavi, Jagannatha Murmu, Aditya Sunil Kudale, Nilesh Ananda Jadhav, Dipesh Vijay More(Co-Captain), Subhasis Santra, Arjun Singh, and Milind Dilip Chavarekar(Co-captain)

=== Rajasthan Warriors ===
'''Attackers:''' Sourabh Shivaji Adavkar, Suresh Shamrao Sawant, Majahar Kalandar Jamadar(Co-Captain), Mohammed Taseen, Konjengbam Dhananjoy Singh, Sushant Sanjay Kaldhone, Atla Siva Nagi Reddy, Biswajit Das, Ashwani Ranjan, and Mukesh Maurya.

'''Defenders:''' Dilrajsing Rekha Sengar, Akshay Prashant Ganpule(Co-Captain), SK. Murtaja Ali, Jithin B, Tapan Pal, Mahesh M, and Bhuneshwar Sahu.

'''All-rounders:''' Abhijit Patil, Sushant Dattatray, Hrushikesh Vijay Murchavade, Shailesh Mahadev Sankapal, Govind Yadav, Bharat Kumar Pradhan, Nikhil B, Yalla Satish.

=== Telugu Yoddhas ===
'''Attackers:''' Prajwal KH(C), Adarsh Dattatray Mohite, Subramani V, Gavara Venkatesh, Thokchom Sadananda Meitei, P Hemachandran, Sachin Bhargo, Dhanush K C, Aditya Das, and Sinam Rokeson Singh.

'''Defenders:''' Sudershan, Deepak Vitthal Madhav, Avdhut Bharat Patil, Prasad Vaibhav Radye, Dhruv, and Bojjam Ranjith.

'''All-rounders:''' [[Pratik Waikar]](VC), Rohan Shingade, Arun SA, Arun Ashok Gunki, Anukul Sarkar, and Pittu Bala Sambi Reddy

== Points table ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Pos
!Teams
!Played
!Won
!Lost
!Tied
!No Result
!Score Difference
!Points
!
|-
|1
|Gujarat Giants
|10
|7
|3
|0
|0
| -8
|23
|Qualified To Qualifier1
|-
|2
|Odisha Juggernauts
|10
|7
|3
|0
|0
| -4
|21
|Qualified To Qualifier1
|-
|3
|Telugu Yoddhas
|10
|6
|4
|0
|0
|150
|19
|Qualified To Eliminator
|-
|4
|Chennai Quick Guns
|10
|5
|5
|0
|0
| -3
|15
|Qualified To Eliminator
|-
|5
|Mumbai Khiladis
|10
|4
|6
|0
|0
| -36
|12
|Eliminated
|-
|6
|Rajasthan Warriors
|10
|1
|9
|0
|0
| -99
|4
|Eliminated
|}
Top 4 teams qualify for playoffs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ultimate Kho Kho points table and standings |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/points-table-standings |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

* 3 points awarded for a win
* 2 points for a tie
* 1 point for a loss by less than 4 points

== League stage ==
All Matches were played at [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]] '''14 August 2022''' '''Match 1:'''

'''20:00 (IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 44 vs 69 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Mumbai Khiladis by 25 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-gujarat-giants-242 Report]

'''Match 2:'''

'''21:15 (IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 40 vs 48 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Chennai Quick Guns by 10 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-telugu-yoddhas-243 Report]

'''15 August 2022'''

'''Match 3:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 43 vs 51 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Mumbai Khiladis beat Rajasthan Warriors by 8 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-mumbai-khiladis-244 Report]

'''Match 4:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 51 vs 43 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Chennai Quick Guns by 8 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-chennai-quick-guns-245 Report]

'''16 August 2022'''

'''Match 5:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 68 vs 47 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Rajasthan Warriors by 21 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-rajasthan-warriors-246 Report]

'''Match 6:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 54 vs 49 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Odisha Juggernauts by 5 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-odisha-juggernauts-247 Report]

'''17 August 2022'''

'''Match 7:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 66 vs 48 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Mumbai Khiladis by 22 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-mumbai-khiladis-248 Report]

'''Match 8:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 25 vs 49 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Telugu Yoddhas by 25 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-chennai-quick-guns-249 Report]

'''19 August 2022'''

'''Match 9:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 46 vs 65 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Rajasthan Warriors by 19 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-odisha-juggernauts-250 Report]

'''Match 10:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 45 vs 65 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Mumbai Khiladis by 20 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-chennai-quick-guns-251 Report]

'''21 August 2022'''

'''Match 11:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 50 vs 47 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Gujarat Giants by 3 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-gujarat-giants-252 Report]

'''Match 12:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 45 vs 83 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Rajasthan Warriors by 38 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-telugu-yoddhas-253 Report]

'''23 August 2022'''

'''Match 13:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 55 vs 43 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Mumbai Khiladis by 12 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-mumbai-khiladis-254 Report]

'''Match 14:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 51 vs 53 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Gujarat Giants by 2 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-chennai-quick-guns-255 Report]

'''24 August 2022'''

'''Match 15:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 51 vs 41 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Chennai Quick Guns by 10 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-odisha-juggernauts-256 Report]

'''Match 16:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 56 vs 42 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Mumbai Khiladis beat Rajasthan Warriors by 14 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-rajasthan-warriors-257 Report]

'''25 August 2022'''

'''Match 17:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 51 vs 45 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Rajasthan Warriors by 6 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-telugu-yoddhas-259 Report]

'''Match 18:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 51 vs 48 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Telugu Yoddhas by 3 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-telugu-yoddhas-259 Report]

'''26 August 2022'''

'''Match 19:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 44 vs 50 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Chennai Quick Guns by 6 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-gujarat-giants-260 Report]

'''Match 20:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 54 vs 46 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Mumbai Khiladis beat Telugu Yoddhas by 8 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-telugu-yoddhas-261 Report]

'''27 August 2022'''

'''Match 21:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 36 vs 57 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Rajasthan Warriors by 21 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-chennai-quick-guns-262 Report]

'''Match 22:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 60 vs 37 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Mumbai Khiladis by 23 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-mumbai-khiladis-263 Report]

'''28 August 2022'''

'''Match 23:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 48 vs 39 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Telugu Yoddhas by 9 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-telugu-yoddhas-264 Report]

'''Match 24:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Rajasthan Warriors''' 40 vs 42 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Rajasthan Warriors by 2 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-rajasthan-warriors-vs-gujarat-giants-265 Report]

'''29 August 2022'''

'''Match 25:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 58 vs 42 '''Mumbai Khiladis'''

''Chennai Quick Guns beat Mumbai Khiladis by 16 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-mumbai-khiladis-266 Report]

'''Match 26:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 88 vs 21 '''Gujarat Giants'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Gujarat Giants by 67 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-gujarat-giants-267 Report]

'''30 August 2022'''

'''Match 27:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Mumbai Khiladis''' 79 vs 31 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Mumbai Khiladis beat Odisha Juggernauts by 48 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-mumbai-khiladis-vs-odisha-juggernauts-268 Report]

'''Match 28:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Chennai Quick Guns''' 31 vs 66 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Rajasthan Warriors beat Chennai Quick Guns by 35 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-chennai-quick-guns-vs-rajasthan-warriors-269 Report]

'''31 August 2022'''

'''Match 29:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 47 vs 42 '''Rajasthan Warriors'''

''Gujarat Giants beat Rajasthan Warriors by 5 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-rajasthan-warriors-270 Report]

'''Match 30:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 65 vs 36 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Odisha Juggernauts by 29 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-odisha-juggernauts-271 Report]

== Playoffs ==
{{4TeamBracket-PagePlayoff
| RD1-text1 = '''Qualifier 1'''
| RD1-text2 = '''Eliminator'''
| RD2-text1 = '''Qualifier 2'''
| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = Gujarat Giants
| RD1-score1 = 43
| RD1-seed2 = 2
| RD1-team2 = '''Odisha Juggernauts'''
| RD1-score2 = '''57'''
| RD1-seed3 = 3
| RD1-team3 = '''Telugu Yoddhas'''
| RD1-score3 = '''61'''
| RD1-seed4 = 4
| RD1-team4 = Chennai Quick Guns
| RD1-score4 = 43
| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = Gujarat Giants
| RD2-score1 = 44
| RD2-seed2 = 3
| RD2-team2 = '''Telugu Yoddhas'''
| RD2-score2 = '''67'''
| RD3-seed1 = 2
| RD3-team1= '''Odisha Juggernauts'''
| RD3-score1 = '''46'''
| RD3-seed2 = 3
| RD3-team2= Telugu Yoddhas
| RD3-score2 = 45
}}
'''2 September 2022'''

'''Eliminator:'''

'''19:30 (IST)'''

'''Telugu Yoddhas''' 61 vs 43 '''Chennai Quick Guns'''

Telugu Yoddhas beat Chennai Quick Guns by 18 points [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-telugu-yoddhas-vs-chennai-quick-guns-272 Report]

'''Qualifier 1:'''

'''20:45(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 43 vs 57 '''Odisha Juggernauts'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Gujarat Giants by 14 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-odisha-juggernauts-273 Report]

'''3 September 2022'''

'''Qualifier 2:'''

'''19:45(IST)'''

'''Gujarat Giants''' 44 vs 67 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Telugu Yoddhas beat Gujarat Giants by 23 points'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-gujarat-giants-vs-telugu-yoddhas-274 Report]

'''4 September 2022'''

'''Final:'''

{{Main|2022 Ultimate Kho Kho final}}

'''20:00(IST)'''

'''Odisha Juggernauts''' 46 vs 45 '''Telugu Yoddhas'''

''Odisha Juggernauts beat Telugu Yoddhas by 1 point'' [https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/schedule-fixtures-results/live-scores-odisha-juggernauts-vs-telugu-yoddhas-275 Report] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-04 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho Final LIVE: Odisha Juggernauts crowned champions - Updates, Results, Scores, Blog |url=https://thebridge.in/kho-kho/ultimate-final-odisha-telugu-live-updates-results-scores-blog-35131 |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Winners
|-
|'''Player of the Tournament'''
|Ramji Kashyap (Chennai Quick Guns)
|-
|'''Young Player of the Tournament'''
|Madan (Chennai Quick Guns)
|-
|'''Attacker of the Tournament'''
|Abhinandan Patil (Gujarat Giants)
|-
|'''Defender of the Tournament'''
|Deepak Madhav (Telugu Yoddhas)
|}

== Stats ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/stats |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

=== Player Stats ===

==== Top Attacker ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Total Points
|-
|Ramji Kashyap
|Chennai Quick Guns
|108
|-
|Majahar Jamadar
|Rajasthan Warriors
|105
|-
|Arun Gunki
|Telugu Yoddhas
|96
|}

==== Top Defenders ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Defending Time
|-
|Ramji Kashyap
|Chennai Quick Guns
|21:48
|-
|Deepak Madhav
|Telugu Yoddhas
|20:23
|-
|Pratik Waikar
|Telugu Yoddhas
|20:13
|}

==== Top Wazirs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Points
|-
|Abhinandan Patil
|Gujarat Giants
|89
|-
|Durvesh Salunke
|Mumbai Khiladis
|74
|-
|Hrushikesh Murchavade
|Rajasthan Warriors
|73
|}

==== Total Sky Dives ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Count
|-
|Ramji Kashyap
|Chennai Quick Guns
|24
|-
|Suraj Lande
|Odisha Juggernauts
|20
|-
|Rohan Shingade
|Telugu Yoddhas
|19
|}

==== Total Pole Dives ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Count
|-
|Arun Gunki
|Telugu Yoddhas
|13
|-
|Nilesh Jadhav
|Odisha Juggernauts
|11
|-
|Ranjan Shetty
|Gujarat Giants
|8
|}
'''Total High 5s'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Count
|-
|Majahar Jamadar
|Rajasthan Warriors
| rowspan="3" |1
|-
|Arun Gunki
|Telugu Yoddhas
|-
|Nilesh Patil
|Gujarat Giants
|}

==== Not Outs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Count
|-
|Majahar Jamadar
|Rajasthan Warriors
| rowspan="3" |8
|-
|Adarsh Mohite
|Telugu Yoddhas
|-
|Abhinandan Patil
|Gujarat Giants
|}

==== Total Touch Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Points
|-
|Sreejesh S
|Mumbai Khiladis
| rowspan="2" |66
|-
|Abhinandan Patil
|Gujarat Giants
|-
|Suyash Gargate
|Gujarat Giants
|50
|}

==== Total Dive Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Player
!Team
!Points
|-
|Ramji Kashyap
|Chennai Quick Guns
|88
|-
|Majahar Jamadar
|Rajasthan Warriors
|79
|-
|Rohan Shingade
|Telugu Yoddhas
|71
|}

=== Team Stats ===

==== Team Total Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team
!Points
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|759
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|595
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|585
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
|526
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|499
|}

==== Team Attacking Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team
!Points
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|593
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|485
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|482
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
|445
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|404
|}

==== Team Defending Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team
!Points
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|122
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|98
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
|72
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|70
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|60
|}

==== Team Touch Points ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team
!Points
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|202
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
|182
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|142
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|122
|-
|Rajasthan Warriors
|102
|}

==== Team All Outs Taken ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team
!No.
|-
|Telugu Yoddhas
|6
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
| rowspan="2" |2
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
| rowspan="2" |1
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|}

==== Team All Outs Conceded ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team
!No.
|-
|Rajasthan Warriors
|4
|-
|Mumbai Khiladis
| rowspan="3" |2
|-
|Gujarat Giants
|-
|Odisha Juggernauts
|-
|Chennai Quick Guns
|1
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Ultimate Kho Kho}}
[[Category:Ultimate Kho Kho seasons]]

Vimala Sharma

2026-01-08T02:40:41Z

Meherhospital: general update citations based on references and improved wording to improve readability

{{short description|Former First Lady of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vimala Sharma
| image =
Vimala_Sharma.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| office = [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of India|First Lady of India]]
| term_label = In role
| term_start = 25 July 1992
| term_end = 25 July 1997
| predecessor = [[Janaki Venkataraman]]
| successor = [[Usha Narayanan]]
| president = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| office3 = [[Second Lady of India]]
| term_label3 = In role
| term_start3 = 3 September 1987
| term_end3 = 24 July 1992
| vicepresident3 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| predecessor3 = [[Janaki Venkataraman]]
| successor3 = [[Usha Narayanan]]
| office4 = [[List of Governors of Maharashtra|First Lady of Maharashtra]]
| term_start4 = 3 April 1986
| term_end4 =2 September 1987
| governor4 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| predecessor4 =[[ Kona Prabhakar Rao|Padmavathi Rao]]
| successor4 = [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy|Raghavamma Reddy]]
| office5 = [[List of governors of Punjab (India)|First Lady of Punjab]]
| term_start5 = 26 November 1985
| term_end5 =2 April 1986
| governor5 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| predecessor5 = [[arjun singh|Saroj Kumari]]
| successor5 = [[Maya Ray]]
| office6 = [[List of Governors of Andhra Pradesh|First Lady of United Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start6 = 29 August 1984
| term_end6 =26 November 1985
| governor6 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| predecessor6 =[[ K. C. Abraham|Elizabeth Abraham]]
| successor6 =[[Krishna Kant|Suman Kant]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1926–1927}}
| birth_place = [[Udaipura]], [[Central Provinces]], [[ India]]
| death_date = {{death date |df=yes|2020|08|15}} (aged 93)
| death_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]|1950|1999|end=died}}
| children =
| relations =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| awards =
| signature =
}}

'''Vimala Devi Sharma''' ({{circa|1927}} – 15 August 2020) was an Indian [[social worker]], [[women's rights activist]], and politician who served as the [[First Lady of India]] from 1992 to 1997 and the [[Second Lady of India]] & as First Lady of 3 of the Indian states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab during the governorship of her husband, the late [[President of India|President]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]].

Sharma died, at age 93, in August 2020 while recovering from [[COVID-19]].<ref name="nr243"/><ref name="n18">{{cite news|date=2020-08-15|title=VP Venkaiah Naidu, MP CM Shivraj Chouhan Condole Death of Former President Shankar Dayal Sharma's Wife|work=[[Network18 Group]]|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/vp-venkaiah-naidu-mp-cm-shivraj-chouhan-condole-death-of-former-president-shankar-dayal-sharmas-wife-2790581.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906223858/https://www.news18.com/news/india/vp-venkaiah-naidu-mp-cm-shivraj-chouhan-condole-death-of-former-president-shankar-dayal-sharmas-wife-2790581.html|archive-date=2020-09-06}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vimala Sharma was originally from [[Rajasthan]] and spent most of her early life in [[Jaipur]].<ref name=it>{{cite news |title=Outgoing President S.D. Sharma finally decides to settle down in Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19970707-utgoing-president-s.d.-sharma-finally-decides-to-settle-down-in-delhi-832608-1997-07-07 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1997-07-07 |access-date=2020-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905022351/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19970707-utgoing-president-s.d.-sharma-finally-decides-to-settle-down-in-delhi-832608-1997-07-07 |archive-date=2020-09-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> She married [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], who later became President of India from 1992 to 1997.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

She was a [[social worker]] by profession.<ref name="nr243"/> She headed the Madhya Pradesh Social Welfare Board, which oversees social services in the state, for several terms.<ref name="nr243"/>
In 1985, she was elected to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Udaipura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udaipura]], as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name="nr243"/> She became the first female MLA to hold the Udaipura seat in its history.<ref name=naidunia>{{cite news |title=1985 में उदयपुरा सीट से जिले की पहली महिला MLA बनी थी विमला देवी शर्मा |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/raisen-vimala-devi-sharma-became-the-first-female-mla-of-the-district-from-udaipur-seat-in1985-6145769 |work=Naidunia |date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2020-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906221657/https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/raisen-vimala-devi-sharma-became-the-first-female-mla-of-the-district-from-udaipur-seat-in1985-6145769 |archive-date=2020-09-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her husband, Shankar Dayal Sharma, was also elected as the first MLA from the same Udaipura seat upon the district's creation in 1962.<ref name=naidunia/> She declined to seek re-election to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly after her husband became [[Vice President of India]].<ref name=naidunia/>

Towards the end of his presidency, Vimala and Shankar Dayal Sharma, who lived in [[Bhopal]], began to discuss where they would live after his retirement from office.<ref name=it/> She advocated for a move to her hometown on Jaipur, which had better hospitals and medical facilities than Bhopal, as her husband was in declining health at the time.<ref name=it/> However, the couple ultimately chose to retire to a home in [[Delhi]].<ref name=it/> [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] died on 26 December 1999, just 2 years after leaving office.<ref name=inembdc>{{cite news |title=Former President Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away |url=https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/ArchivesDetails?id=231 |work=[[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.]] |date=1999-12-27 |access-date=2020-09-05 }}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=January 2022|reason=What is the relevance?}}

She remained highly involved in social and charitable organisations throughout her later life, especially in the [[Bhopal district|Bhopal]] and [[Raisen district]]s, according to [[Madhya Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]].<ref name=n18/>

==First Lady of Andhra Pradesh (1984–1985) ==
Sharma served as the First Lady of the State of Andhra Pradesh during the tenure of her husband as the Governor of the state.

==First Lady of Punjab (1985–1986)==
Sharma served as the First Lady of the State of Punjab during the tenure of her husband as the Governor of the state.

==First Lady of Maharashtra (1986–1987)==
Sharma served as the First Lady of the State of Maharashtra during the tenure of her husband as the Governor.
{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==Second Lady of India (1987–1992)==
Sharma succeeded the Office of Second Lady of India immediately after the office of the Governor Spouse for full fledged 5 year term.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==First Lady of India (1992–1997)==
Sharma succeeded as the [[First Lady of India]] during the tenure of her husband [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] as the President. Much of her work focused on women's rights.<ref name="nr243">{{cite news|date=2020-08-15|title=Former President Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma's wife Vimala Sharma is no more|work=Newsroom 24x7 Network|url=https://newsroom24x7.com/2020/08/15/former-president-dr-shankar-dayal-sharmas-wife-vimala-sharma-is-no-more/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905011928/https://newsroom24x7.com/2020/08/15/former-president-dr-shankar-dayal-sharmas-wife-vimala-sharma-is-no-more/|archive-date=2020-09-05}}</ref>

==Death==
In June 2020, Sharma developed breathing difficulties, a symptom of [[COVID-19]]. She exhibited low oxygen levels on 5 June and tested positive for COVID-19 on 6 June 2020.<ref name="indx3">{{cite news|last=Saxena|first=Astha|date=2020-06-26|title=Wife of former President Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma recovers from coronavirus at 93|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/wife-of-former-president-recovers-from-virus-at-93-discharged-from-aiims-6476728/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807010411/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/wife-of-former-president-recovers-from-virus-at-93-discharged-from-aiims-6476728/|archive-date=2020-08-07}}</ref> Sharma was immediately admitted to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS Trauma Centre]] in [[New Delhi]], where she was treated for COVID-19 for 18 days.<ref name="indx3" /> Her condition continued to deteriorate for the first four days of her hospitalisation before she began to show some improvement to her health.<ref name="indx3" /> Sharma received high flow oxygen through a [[nasal cannula]] and was given antibiotics, but was not placed on a [[ventilator]].<ref name="indx3" /> She was discharged from AIIMS Hospital on 25 June 2020, but still required 2-3 litres of nasal oxygen per hour during her recovery.<ref name="indx3" /> Vimala Sharma, who was 93-years old at the time of her diagnosis and hospitalisation, was one of the oldest coronavirus patients to be released from the hospital in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi|Delhi during the pandemic]], though she never completely recovered from the illness.<ref name="indx3" />

Vimala Sharma died in [[Bhopal]] on 15 August 2020, at the age of 93, less than 2 months after her hospitalisation for COVID-19.<ref name="nr243"/><ref name="n183">{{cite news|date=2020-08-15|title=VP Venkaiah Naidu, MP CM Shivraj Chouhan Condole Death of Former President Shankar Dayal Sharma's Wife|work=[[Network18 Group]]|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/vp-venkaiah-naidu-mp-cm-shivraj-chouhan-condole-death-of-former-president-shankar-dayal-sharmas-wife-2790581.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906223858/https://www.news18.com/news/india/vp-venkaiah-naidu-mp-cm-shivraj-chouhan-condole-death-of-former-president-shankar-dayal-sharmas-wife-2790581.html|archive-date=2020-09-06}}</ref> Indian President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] tweeted his condolences, writing, "Sad to hear about the demise of Mrs. Vimala Sharma, wife of former President Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma. My condolences to his family and loved ones."<ref name="nr243"/> [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] and [[List of Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] also sent public condolences.<ref name="nr243"/><ref name="n183" /><ref name="n18" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Vimala}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:First ladies and gentlemen of India]]
[[Category:Second ladies and gentlemen of India]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal]]
[[Category:People from Raisen district]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Chandulal Shah

2025-12-31T07:44:57Z

Meherhospital: small cleaned up formatting per sources and fixed typos

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2015}}
{{original research|date=April 2015}}
}}
{{Short description| Indian director and producer (1898–1975)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandulal Shah
| image = [[File:Chandulal J. Shah.jpg|center|275x275px]]
| caption = Shah is the 1948 [[Indian Motion Picture Producers Association|IMPPA]] President
| birthname = Chandulal Jesangbhai Shah
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1898|04|13}}
| birth_place = [[Jamnagar]], Gujarat, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1975|11|25|1898|04|13}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| othername = Chandulal J. Shah / Chandulal Shah
| occupation = Film director, producer founded [[Ranjit Studios]] (1929)
| years_active = 1925–1963
| spouse = Kesarben Chandulal Shah
| domesticpartner =
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Chandulal Jesangbhai Shah''' (13 April 1898 – 25 November 1975) was a famous director, producer and screenwriter of Indian films,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0787429/bio IMDB Profile]</ref> who founded [[Ranjit Studios]] in 1929.<ref name="Hayward2013">{{cite book|author=Susan Hayward|title=Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ECxWJj5xuoC&pg=PA467|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-53813-8|pages=467–}}</ref><ref name="Ganti2013">{{cite book|author=Tejaswini Ganti|title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Elj3r-nAOFwC&pg=PA17|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-58384-8|pages=17–18}}</ref>

==Early life ==
Shah was born in 1898 in [[Jamnagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[British India]]. He studied at [[Sydenham College]] in Bombay (now Mumbai) and got a job at the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] in 1924. While waiting to get a job he helped his brother, J. D. Shah, who was a writer for mythological films.<ref name="Bose2008">{{cite book|author=Mihir Bose|title=Bollywood: A History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hN6mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT90|accessdate=18 July 2015|date=9 May 2008|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-045-6|pages=90–|chapter=3-Growing Under the Banyan Tree}}</ref> He was called by the "Laxmi Film Company" to direct a film ''Vimla'' in 1925 as its director [[Manilal Joshi]] was bedridden. Chandulal Shah not only directed the film but also went on to do two more films for the company, ''Panch Danda'' (1925) and ''Madhav Kam Kundala'' (1926) before returning to the Stock Exchange.

==Film career==
Amarchand Shroff, a friend of Shah, who was with the Laxmi Film Company, brought him to Kohinoor Film Company where he first came into contact with [[Gohar Mamajiwala|Gohar]], a contact that eventually developed into both a personal and professional relationship.

The first film independently directed by him at Kohinoor was ''Typist Girl'' (1926) starring [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]] and Gohar which was made in 17 days. The film did extremely well at the [[box-office]] leading Shah to direct another five films for the studio all featuring Gohar. Of these, the most famous was ''[[Gunsundari (1927 film)|Gunsundari]]'' (1927).

Dissatisfied with Kohinoor, Shah and Gohar went to Jagdish Film Company where Shah wrote and directed four films all with Gohar.

In 1929, Shah and Gohar founded [[Ranjit Studios]] at [[Bombay]] financed by Vithaldas Thakoredas. It produced films between 1929 and mid-1970s. The company began production of silent films in 1929 under the banner Ranjit Film Company and by 1932 had made 39 pictures, most of them social dramas. With the advent of sound, Ranjit Film Company became [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]] in 1932 and during the 1930s produced numerous successful talkies at the rate of about six a year. At this time, the studio employed around 300 actors, technicians and other employees. Some of successful film of the studio include ''Sati Savitri'' (1932), ''Barrister’s Wife'' (1935), ''The Secretary'' (1938), ''Achhut'' (1940), ''Tansen'' (1943), ''Moorti'' (1943) and ''Jogan'' (1950).

Besides Filmmaking, Chandulal Shah also devoted a lot of time to the organizational work of the [[Indian Film Industry]]. Both the Silver Jubilee (1939) and the Golden Jubilee of the Indian film Industry (1963) were celebrated under his guidance. He was the first president of The [[Film Federation of India]] formed in 1951 and even led an Indian delegation to Hollywood the following year.<ref>[http://www.upperstall.com/people/chandulal-shah Chandulal Shah on Upperstall]</ref>

==Later life and death==
Shah's downfall started when [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Nargis (actress)|Nargis]] starrer ''Paapi'' (1953) failed at the box office. He directed three films thereafter; ''Ootpatang'' (1955), ''Zameen ke Taare'' (1960) and ''Akeli Mat Jaiyo'' (1963), the last co-directed with Nandlal Jaswantlal. He took to gambling and horse racing. On 25 November 1975, the industry's most powerful man, who once owned a fleet of cars, was reduced to travelling in buses and died penniless.<ref>[http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/journey-bollywood-raja-runk Navhind Times Article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923130456/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/journey-bollywood-raja-runk |date=23 September 2012 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Director===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Zameen Ke Tare]]'' (1960)
* ''Oot Patang'' (1955)
* ''Papi'' (1953)
* ''[[Achhut]]'' (1940)
* ''Pardesi Pankhi'' (1937)
* ''Prabhu Ka Pyara'' (1936)
* ''Sipahi Ki Sajni'' (1936)
* ''Sipahini Sajni'' (1936)
* ''Barrister's Wife'' (1935)
* ''Desh Dasi'' (1935)
* ''Keemti Aansoo'' (1935)
* ''Toofani Taruni'' (1934)
* ''[[Gunsundari (1934 film)|Gunsundari]]'' (1934)
* ''Miss 1933'' (1933)
* ''Radha Rani'' (1932)
* ''Sati Savitri'' (1932)
* ''Sheil Bala'' (1932)
* ''Devi Devayani'' (1931)
* ''Diwani Dilbar'' (1930)
* ''My Darling'' (1930)
* ''Raj Lakshmi'' (1930)
* ''Bhikharan'' (1929)
* ''Chandramukhi'' (1929)
* ''Pati Patni'' (1929)
* ''Rajputani'' (1929)
* ''Grihalakshmi'' (1928)
* ''Vishwamohini'' (1928)
* ''[[Gunsundari (1927 film)|Gunsundari]]'' (1927)
* ''Sindh Ni Sumari'' (1927)
* ''Madhav Kam Kundala'' (1926)
* ''Five Divine Wands'' (1925)
* ''Vimla'' (1925)
* ''Panchdanda'' (1925)
* ''Typist Girl'' (1925)
{{div col end}}

===Writer===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Akeli Mat Jaiyo'' (1963) [story & screenplay as Chandulal J. Shah]
* ''Papi'' (1953) [story, scenario & dialogue]
* ''Achhut'' (1940)
* ''Prabhu Ka Pyara'' (1936)
* ''Sipahi Ki Sajni'' (1936)
* ''Sipahini Sajni'' (1936)
* ''[[Gunsundari (1934 film)|Gunsundari]]'' (1934)
* ''Sati Savitri'' (1932) [story]
{{div col end}}

===Producer===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Akeli Mat Jaiyo (1963)
* Aurat Teri Yahi Kahani (1954)
* Dhobi Doctor (1954)
* Bahadur (1953)
* Footpath (1953)
* Papi (1953)
* Humlog (1951)
* Jogan (1950) (uncredited)
* Madhubala (1950)
* Nili (1950)
* Bhool Bhulaiya (1949)
* Garibi (1949)
* Nazare (1949)
* Bichhade Balam (1948)
* Jai Hanuman (1948)
* Mitti Ke Khiloune (1948)
* Pardesi Mehman (1948)
* Bela (1947)
* Chhin Le Azadi (1947)
* Duniya Ek Sarai (1947)
* Kaum Hamara (1947)
* Lakhon Mein Ek (1947)
* Piya Ghar Aja (1947)
* Woh Zamana (1947)
* Dharti (1946)
* Phoolwari (1946)
* Rajputani (1946)
* Chand Chakori (1945)
* Moorti (1945)
* Prabhuka Ghar (1945)
* Bhanvara (1944)
* Caravan (1944)
* Mumtaz Mahal (1944)
* Pagli Duniya (1944)
* Shahenshah Babar (1944)
* Andhera (1943)
* Bansari (1943)
* Gauri (1943)
* Nurse (1943)
* Shankar Parvati (1943)
* Tansen (1943)
* Vishkanya (1943)
* Armaan (1942)
* Bhakta Surdas (1942)
* Chandni (1942)
* Dhiraj (1942)
* Dukh Sukh (1942)
* Fariyad (1942)
* Iqrar (1942)
* Maheman (1942)
* Return of Toofan Mail (1942)
* Dhandora (1941)
* Pardesi (1941)
* Sasural (1941)
* Shaadi (1941)
* Ummeed (1941)
* Aaj Ka Hindustan (1940)
* Achhut (1940)
* Diwali (1940)
* Holi (1940)
* Musafir (1940)
* Pagal (1940)
* Adhuri Kahani (1939)
* Nadi Kinare (1939)
* Sant Tulsidas (1939)
* Thokar (1939)
* Baazigar (1938)
* Ban Ki Chidiya (1938)
* Billi (1938)
* Gorakh Aya (1938)
* Prithvi Putra (1938)
* Professor Waman MSc (1938)
* Rikshawala (1938)
* Secretary (1938)
* Dil Faroshi (1937)
* Mitti Ka Putla (1937)
* Pardesi Pankhi (1937)
* Shama Parwana (1937)
* Sharafi Loot (1937)
* Toofani Toli (1937)
* Zamin Ka Chand (1937)
* Chalak Chor (1936)
* Dil Ka Daku (1936)
* Jwalamukhi (1936)
* Laheri Lala (1936)
* Matlabi Duniya (1936)
* Prabhu Ka Pyara (1936)
* Raj Ramani (1936)
* Rangila Raja (1936)
* Sipahi Ki Sajni (1936)
* Barrister's Wife (1935)
* College Girl (1935)
* Desh Dasi (1935)
* Kimti Ansoo (1935)
* Noore Watan (1935)
* Raat Ki Rani (1935)
* Gunsundari (1934)
* Kashmeera (1934)
* Nadira (1934)
* Sitamgar (1934)
* Toofan Mail (1934)
* Toofani Taruni (1934)
* Veer Babruvahan (1934)
* Bhola Shikar (1933)
* Bhool Bhulaiya (1933)
* Krishna Sudama (1933)
* Miss 1933 (1933)
* Pardesi Preetam (1933)
* Lal Sawar (1932)
* Sipahsalar (1932)
* The Captain (1932)
* Bombay The Mysterious (1931)
* Bugles of War (1931)
* Desert Damsel (1931)
* Drums of Love (1931)
* Hoor-E-Roshan (1931)
* Love Birds (1931)
* Milkmaid (1931)
* Painted Angel (1931)
* Prince Charming (1931)
* Sinning Souls (1931)
* Siren of Baghdad (1931)
* The Knife (1931)
* Beloved Rogue (1930)
* Castles in the Air (1930)
* Divine Dowry (1930)
* Glory of India (1930)
* Jawan Mard (1930)
* Love Angle (1930)
* Magic Flame (1930)
* My Darling (1930)
* Outlaw of Sorath (1930)
* Patriot (1930)
* Ranak Devi (1930) based on [[Ranakadevi]] legend
* Romances of Radha (1930)
* The Tigress (1930)
* Wild Flower (1930)
{{div col end}}
==See also==
[[Ranjit Studios]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0787429}}
* [http://www.gomolo.com/about-chandulal-j-shah/293 Gomolo Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125085756/http://www.gomolo.com/about-chandulal-j-shah/293 |date=25 January 2018 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Chandulal}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jamnagar]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian silent film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

Cyrtopodion vindhya

2025-12-16T04:00:27Z

Meherhospital: adding a data

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| genus = Cyrtopodion
| species = vindhya
| authority = Patel, Thackeray, Mirza, & Vyas, 2023
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Cyrtopodion vindhya''''' is a [[species]] of gecko, a [[lizard]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Gekkonidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Cyrtopodion|species=vindhya|accessdate=17 May 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q118906991}}

[[Category:Cyrtopodion]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2023]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Gekkonidae-stub}}

Suresh Babu (long jumper)

2025-12-12T08:33:44Z

Meherhospital: Starting A Data Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian long jumper (1953–2011)}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1975 Asian Athletics Championships|1975 Seoul]]|Decathlon}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1979 Asian Athletics Championships|1979 Tokyo]]|Long jump}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Suresh Babu''' (10 February 1953 – 19 February 2011) was an Indian long jumper from [[Kerala]] who had held the national titles in the [[Long jump|long]], [[Triple jump|triple]], and [[high jump]] events, in addition to the [[decathlon]]. Suresh Babu dominated the scene between 1972 and 1979, winning national titles in the jumps and decathlon and at the same time picking his event for laurels on the international arena. He was one of the athletes to win medals in two events in successive [[Asian Games]], the bronze in the decathlon in the [[1974 Asian Games|Tehran Asian Games]] in 1974 and a gold in the long jump in the [[1978 Asian Games|Bangkok Asian Games]], 1978.

Babu died on 19 February 2011 in [[Ranchi]] while attending the [[2011 National Games of India]].<ref name="ie_feb11">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/asian-games-gold-medallist-suresh-babu-on-ventillators/752200/|title=Olympian and Asian Games gold winner Suresh Babu passes away|date=19 February 2011|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="toi_feb11">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Olympian-and-Asian-Games-gold-winner-Suresh-Babu-passes-away/v/7528038.cms|title=Olympian and Asian Games gold winner Suresh Babu passes away|date=19 February 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]] on 10 February 1953, Suresh Babu was a science graduate who was good in athletics. He excelled as an athlete in Infant Jesus High School and the [[Fatima Mata National College|Fatima Mata College]] in Kollam. His first appearance at the national level was as a junior at [[Jalandhar]] in 1969. Three years later he won the national championship in [[high jump]], a title he was to claim for six more years. Switching from one pit to another, he won the national championship in [[long jump]] during the years 1974, 1977 and 1979 and the [[triple jump]] in 1974, 1976 and 1978. In between he strayed over to the ten card event of decathlon and imposed himself on the national scene in the championships held in 1974, 1975 and 1978.

==International career==
The [[1972 Summer Olympics|Munich Olympics]] of 1972 he had his first exposure of international athletics, but it was in the [[Tehran Asian Games]] in 1974 he won his first medal. This was a Bronze in the decathlon. He won gold medal in the [[1975 Asian Championships in Athletics|Asian Championships]] at [[Seoul]] the following year. In between he was the captain of the Indian University's athletics team during the World Universities Games at [[Moscow]] in 1973.

Suresh Babu led the Indian athletics team to the 1978 [[1978 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] at [[Edmonton]] in [[Canada]] and won a bronze medal for long jump. He then went on to win the gold medal at the [[1978 Asian Games]] in [[Bangkok]], His winning effort of 7.85 metres was far short of [[T. C. Yohannan]]'s 8.07 metres of the earlier Games. His next target was the 1979 Asian Athletics Meet in [[Tokyo]] where he won a silver medal, During his seven years as an active athlete Suresh Babu also won medals for India at competitions in [[Ceylon]], [[Lahore]] and the [[Philippines]] and was the captain of the Indian team for the World Athletics Meet at [[Montreal]] in 1979.

==In retirement from athletics==
Suresh was employed as a Sports Officer with Kerala Sports Council, Suresh Babu had earlier served as Special Officer for Sports and Games, on the Kerala State Electricity Board. He was a member of the Technical Committee of the All India Electricity Sports Control Board and a coach at the [[Sports Authority of India]] (Southern Centre) in [[Bangalore]]. He was the State Supervisor of SAI for Kerala and Lakshadweep.

==Awards and honors==
*Recipient of Arjuna Award, 1978–79

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Asian Games Champions Athletics Long Jump Men}}
{{Footer Asian Champions men's decathlon}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Suresh}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kollam]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1978 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1978 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Indian men long jumpers]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Indian decathletes]]
[[Category:Indian men high jumpers]]
[[Category:Indian men triple jumpers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1978 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

Hasanhati

2025-12-10T01:52:58Z

Meherhospital: brief corrected citations as per guidelines and added references after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hasanhati
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| nickname =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 12
| population_total = 1,475
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713122
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03454
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hasanhati''' is a village in [[Kalna II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Kalna subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in [[West Bengal]], India.

==Geography==
It is surrounded by the villages named [[Udaypur, Kalna|Udaypur]], Mirhat, Amdabad, Ramnagar, Narkeldanga, [[Baidyapur]], etc.

A river named ''Behula'' flows beside it.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Hasanhati had a total population of 1,475, of which 738 (50%) were males and 737 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 159. The total number of literates in Hasanhati was 972 (73.86% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 March 2017 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Bainchigram railway station|Bainchigram]] and [[Boinchi]] are the nearest railway stations to Baidyapur, whilst Kalna is 17 km away, however the nearest major railway station is at [[Bardhaman]], 44 km away.

==Education==
There is one Primary School in the village. Its name is '''Hasanhati Tulsidas Primary School'''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

{{PurbaBardhaman-geo-stub}}

Alandurai

2025-12-08T08:58:47Z

Meherhospital: adding a post from scratch - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alandurai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Panchayat town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|55|43|N|76|46|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 21.68
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7221
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Alandurai''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Coimbatore South taluk]] of [[Coimbatore district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located in the north-western part of the state. Spread across an area of {{cvt|21.68|km2}}, it had a population of 7,221 individuals as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].

== Geography and administration ==
Alandurai is located in [[Coimbatore South taluk]] of [[Coimbatore district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Census">{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=33&district=632&subdistrict=5898&town_village=803994&geo_level=4&format=csv|title=Geo level data: Census of India 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref> Spread across an area of {{cvt|21.68|km2}}, it is one of the 33 [[panchayat town]]s in the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/townpanchayats.pdf|title=Town panchayats in Tamil Nadu|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/tamilnadu/coimbatore/3341248000__alanthurai/|title=Alandurai|work=Citypopulation.de|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is located in the [[Kongu Nadu|western part]] of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dmfcoimbatore.in/geographical-setup|title=Coimbatore geographical setup|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The region has a [[tropical climate]] with hot summers and mild winters. The highest temperatures are recorded in April and May, with lowest recordings in December-January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/alandurai-climate|title=Climate|work=Weather atlas|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The town panchayat is headed by a chairperson, who is elected by the members, who are chosen through direct elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|title=Local Government|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004071216/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The town forms part of the [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] and the [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/web/pslist/english/Coimbatore_eng.pdf|title=Polling stations in Coimbatore district|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=8 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708191113/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/web/pslist/english/Coimbatore_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Alandurai had a population of 7,221 individuals across 2,004 households.<ref name="Census"/> The population saw a marginal increase compared to the previous census in [[2001 Census of India|2001]] when 7,130 inhabitants were registered. The population consisted of 3,547
males and 3,674 females.<ref name="Pop"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 June 2008|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref> About 589 individuals were below the age of six years.<ref name="Census"/> The entire population is classified as urban. The town has an average literacy rate of 68.3%. About 15.2% of the population belonged to [[scheduled castes]] and 7.2% belonged to [[scheduled tribes]].<ref name="Pop"/><ref name="Census"/>

About 55% of the eligible population were employed, of which majority were involved in [[agriculture]] and allied activities.<ref name="Pop"/><ref name="Census"/> [[Hinduism]] was the majority religion which was followed by 97.2% of the population, with [[Christianity]] (1.7%) and [[Islam]] (0.7%) being minor religions.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS|title=Religion: Census of India 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Coimbatore district]]

Mounica

2025-11-30T13:57:47Z

Meherhospital: stub

{{short description|South Indian film and television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2005{{Endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Radha Madhu]]''
}}
'''Mounica''' is an Indian actress who works predominantly in the Telugu film and television industries. Her big break was in MAA TV's show ''[[Radha Madhu ]]'' one of the titular characters.

==Career==
Mounica made her debut in [[Telugu cinema]] with Mahesh Babu starrer ''[[Athadu]]'' (2005). Mounica acted in films like ''[[Oka Oorilo]]'' and ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/news/actress-mounika-in-if-not-an-actor-a-doctor-1740289|title=యాక్టర్‌ కాకుంటే డాక్టర్‌!|date=25 September 2024|website=www.ntnews.com}}</ref> She also acted in ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]'' (2006) as the sister of Sadha which brought the opportunity of a [[lead role]] in Just Yellow Team's ''[[Radha Madhu]]'', which aired on MAA TV (2006–08). She won hearts of many with her natural performance.

Mounica has received a lot of lead opportunities in television, including roles in ''Laya, [[Raktha Sambandham (TV series)|Raktha Sambandham]], Kunkuma Rekha, Arundhathi, Janaki Weds Raghuram'', etc.

She also acted in the TV shows ''Abhishekam'' (ETV), ''Rama Seetha'' ([[Zee Telugu]]), and ''Ranivasam'' (Gemini TV).

==Filmography==
*''Note: all films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[Oka Oorilo]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Athadu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]'' || Shravani's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]'' || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]]'' || Aishwarya ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]'' || Vidhya's sister-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Vettaikaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaran]]'' || Shanthi || Tamil film
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' || Pallavi's elder sister ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]'' || ||
|}

==Television==
*''Note: all serials are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Serial
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|2006-2008|| ''[[Radha Madhu]]''
| Madhulika ||[[MAA TV]]||Debut
|-
|2008-2010||''Laya''
| ||[[MAA TV]]||
|-
|2008–2022||''[[Abhishekam (TV series)|Abhishekam]]''
| ||[[ETV Telugu]]||
|-
|2009||''Rakta Sambandham''
| ||[[Gemini TV]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011||''Kumkumarekha''
| ||[[ETV Network|E TV]]||
|-
|''Arundhati''
| ||[[Zee Telugu]]||
|-
|2013||''Janaki Weds Raghuram''
| ||[[Zee Telugu]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015–2016|| ''Rama Seetha''
| ||[[Zee Telugu]]||
|-
|''Ranivasam''
| ||[[Gemini TV]]||
|-
|2016||''Sri Venkateswara Vaibhavam''
| ||TTD||
|-
|2017||''[[Matrudevobhava (TV series)|Matrudevobhava]]''
| Kavya ||[[Gemini TV]]||
|-
|2017-2018||''[[Ganga (2017 TV series)|Ganga]]''
| Gangamma ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Tamil serial
|-
|2022||''Vantalakka''
| ||[[Star Maa]]||
|-
|2024
|''Kothaga Rekkalochena''
|
|[[Gemini TV]]
|Cameo appearance
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation

2025-11-26T02:03:15Z

Meherhospital: improve page and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Tourism Development in Bihar}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation Limited
| type =
| nativename = बिहार राज्य पर्यटन विकास निगम
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption = Logo
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = 1980
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = Bihar
| headquarters = [[Beer Chand Patel Path]], [[Patna]] -800001
| coordinates = {{coord|25|36|5|N|85|7|33|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [https://state.bihar.gov.in/bihartourism/CitizenHome.html Nitish Mishra]
| minister1_pfo = Minister Tourism
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = KANWAL TANUJ, IAS<ref>[http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Administrators.htm BSTDC administration]</ref>
| chief1_position = '''(Managing Director)''' 
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type =
| parent_department = Tourism Department, [[Government of Bihar]]
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|bstdc.bihar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

'''Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation''' ({{langx|hi|बिहार राज्य पर्यटन विकास निगम}}), (abbreviated as BSTDC), is a body of the [[Government of Bihar]] responsible for the development of tourism in the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]]. It was established in 1980 to develop tourism in the state. The BSTDC is head-quartered at [[Patna]] and has offices across all the districts of Bihar. The agency also operates hotels,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/patna/Due-to-rupee-fall-even-moksha-to-cost-more-in-Gaya/Article1-1115866.aspx | title=Due to rupee fall, even moksha to cost more in Gaya! | newspaper=Hindustan Times | location=Patna | date=1 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003633/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/patna/Due-to-rupee-fall-even-moksha-to-cost-more-in-Gaya/Article1-1115866.aspx | archive-date=9 August 2014 | first=Reena | last=Sopam | url-status=dead | access-date=13 August 2017 }}</ref> resorts, and tourist rest houses in key locations in the state. The corporation provides travellers with information about [[Bihar]] to promote travel to and in the country. It operates Tourist Information Centres as well as a website. The BSTDC disseminates information about transportation, lodging, food and beverage, and sight-seeing.

==Tourist Information Centres==
BSTDC have several tourist reception centres in all major cities and tourist centres, from where conducted tours start and end, in addition to providing complementary information about tourist destinations, maps and guides.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/InfoCent.htm |title=Tourist Information Centers :: Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=16 September 2013 |archive-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906112600/http://www.bstdc.bih.nic.in/InfoCent.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Tourist Information Centres (Inside Bihar) Last Update 10-8-2021'''

* Tourist Information Centre, Patna Junction, Patna
* Tourist Information Centre, Jay Prakash Narayan Airport, Patna
* Tourist Information Centre, Rajendra Nagar Railway Station, Patna
* Tourist Information Centre, Patna Sahib Railway Station, Patna
* Tourist Information Centre, Patna Sahib (Gurudwara), Patna
* Tourist Information Centre, Railway Station, Gaya
* Tourist Information Centre, Tourist Complex, Bodhgaya
* Tourist Information Centre, Hotel Gargee Gautam Premises, Rajgir
* Tourist Information Centre, Vaishali
* Tourist Information Centre, Hotel Lichwi, Railway Station, Muzafferpur
* Tourist Information Centre, Combinded Building, Bhagalpur
* Tourist Information Centre, Hotel Karn Vihar, Munger

'''Tourist Information Centres (Outside Bihar) Last Update 10-8-2021'''

* Tourist Information Centre, Flat No 108-110, First Floor, Narayan Manzil, 23 Barhkamba Road, New Delhi-110001
* Tourist Information Centre, Nilkanth Bhawan, 26B, Camac Street, Kolkata-700016
* Tourist Information Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Market, Englishia Lane, Varanasi-221001
* Tourist Information Centre, Ground Floor, MTNL Bhawan, Bandra Kurla Complex, Kurla(west) Mumbai- 400098 [Operated By Bihar Foundation]

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Tourism in Bihar]]
*[[Tourism in Patna]]
*[[Tourism in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}
*[http://www.bihartourism.gov.in/ Official website of Bihar Tourism]

{{Tourism in India}}
{{State agencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:1980 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1980]]
[[Category:Tourism in Bihar]]
[[Category:State agencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:State tourism development corporations of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Patna]]

Vasco Saptah

2025-10-24T22:41:00Z

Meherhospital: Starting The Info Added Tags - done

{{Short description|Hindu festival in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Vasco Saptah
| image = Lord Damodar at Damodar Temple during Vasco Saptah.jpg
| caption = Lord Damodar at the Damodar Temple during the Vasco Saptah
| nickname = Damodar Bhajani Saptah
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| date = 6th day of [[Shravana (month)|Shravana month]] of the [[Hindu calendar]]
| observances =
| celebrations =
| type = Hindu
| longtype = Hindu, cultural, [[Goa]]n
| significance = Commemoration of the belief that the 1899 epidemic in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]] was eradicated by the blessings of Lord Damodar
| relatedto =
| frequency = Annual
| duration = 1 week
| firsttime = {{start date and age|df=yes|1899}}
}}
The '''Vasco Saptah''' ({{Translation|week}}) or the '''Damodar Bhajani Saptah''' is an annual cultural and religious festival celebrated in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Goa]]. It is a week-long celebration that starts on the sixth day of the [[Shravana (month)|Shravana month]] of the [[Hindu calendar]], usually in the month of July or August, that commemorates the belief that an epidemic in 1899 was overcome with the blessings of Lord Damodar, a local incarnation of [[Lord Shiva]].

==History==
In 1899, an epidemic spread across the city of [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Portuguese Goa]], causing several deaths. Members of some prominent families from the city then travelled to [[Zambaulim]] to seek blessings from Lord Damodar (believed to be a local incarnation of [[Shiva]]) at [[Shri Damodar Sansthaan, Goa|Shri Damodar Sansthaan]]. The temple priest then gave them a ''shreephal'' ({{Translation|sacred coconut}}) as ''[[prasada]]''. The ''shreephal'' was then placed at the house of the Joshi family, and was worshipped faithfully by the citizens of Vasco, after which it is believed that the epidemic subsided. The Vasco Saptah ({{Translation|week}}), or the Damodar Bhajani Saptah, is thus celebrated every year to commemorate this.<ref name="GoanSaptahLara24">{{Cite web |last=Pereira Naique |first=Lara |date=10 August 2024 |title=Saptah, Vasco's Unique Festival |url=https://epaper.thegoan.net/3902985/THE-GOAN/THE-GOAN#page/5/1 |website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref><ref name="GomantakVasco">{{Cite web |title=Vasco gets into celebratory mode with its annual Saptah festival |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/goa/vasco-gets-into-celebratory-mode-with-its-annual-saptah-festival |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Gomantak Times |date=3 August 2022 }}</ref>

==Observance and traditions==
===''Shreephal'' ceremony===
[[File:Singing of bhajans at Damodar Temple during Vasco Saptah.jpg|thumb|Singing of bhajans at Vasco Saptah]]
Every year on the sixth day of [[Shravana (month)|Shravana month]] of the [[Hindu calendar]], usually in the month of July or August, a ''shreephal'' is brought from the [[Shri Damodar Sansthaan, Goa|Shri Damodar Sansthaan]] at [[Zambaulim]] and placed in the Damodar Temple at Vasco. The temple is located in the original large hall of the house that belongs to the Joshi family in Vasco. This ceremony, performed at noon, is accompanied with the singing of ''[[bhajan]]s'' for 24 hours.<ref name="GoanSaptahLara24" />

Since the Joshi family had originally housed the ''shreephal'' in 1899, a member of the family usually installs this sacred coconut every year.<ref name="GoanSaptahLara24" /> Until the 2000s, businessman and politician [[Vasant Joshi]] from the Joshi family was responsible for this.<ref name="ToIJoshiDead13">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-29 |title=Ex-Mormugao MLA dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ex-mormugao-mla-dead/articleshow/28067398.cms |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Cultural performances===
The festivities in the city continue into the night. ''Paars'', which are tableaux displaying stories from [[Hindu mythology]], are paraded through the roads of Vasco. There also ''baithaks'' (entertainment sessions) featuring Indian classical songs held in various parts of Vasco.<ref name="GoanSaptahLara24" />

===Immersion of the ''shreephal''===
After the 24-hour celebration is completed, the ''shreephal'' is carried to the beach at Khariwada in Vasco and immersed into the sea.<ref name="GoanSaptahLara24" />

===Fair===
[[File:Stall selling sweets at Vasco Saptah.jpg|thumb|Stall selling local sweets at Vasco Saptah]]
During Saptah, a huge fair is held for about seven days in Vasco. This is an important shopping festival, selling items of necessity for the citizens of Vasco. Some examples of items sold include steel and brass utensils, grinding stones for spices, kitchenware and furniture. The fair also has people selling items of [[Chitari art]]. Other stalls sell local sweets such as ''kaddeo boddeo''.<ref name="GoanSaptahLara24" />

==Local belief==
Locals in Vasco believe that Lord Damodar has since protected the citizens from multiple epidemics in the city, including the 2006 [[chikungunya]] epidemic, the 2019 [[dengue]] epidemic and the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="GomantakVasco" />

==125th edition==
The 125th edition of the festival was celebrated in 2024. It was marked by grand celebrations, unlike the smaller celebrations of the previous few years, due to the restrictions of the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]]. The Saptah committee also released a special logo for the festival, that was available as souvenirs.<ref name="Herald125th">{{Cite web |title=125th anniversary of Saptah begins in Vasco with sacred Shreefal ceremony |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/125th-anniversary-of-saptah-begins-in-vasco-with-sacred-shreefal-ceremony/224668 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Herald Goa |date=30 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="TheGoan125th">{{Cite web |title=Port town set to usher in 125th Damodar Saptah Festival |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFport-town-set-to-usher-in-125th-damodar-saptah-festival/117175.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=The Goan}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]
[[Category:Vasco da Gama, Goa]]

Malabar Coast moist forests

2025-10-06T04:04:51Z

Meherhospital: done

{{Short description|Ecoregion in India}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
|name = Malabar Coast moist forests
|image = File:Ceylon Spotted Deer in india.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = [[Chital]] (''Axis axis'') in [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]]
|map = Ecoregion IM0124.png
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Map of the Malabar Coast moist forests ecoregion
|ecozone = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
|biome = [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
|animals =
|bird_species =
|mammal_species =
|border1 = [[Deccan thorn scrub forests]]
|border2 = [[North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]
|border3 = [[North Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
|border4 = [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]
|border5 = [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
|area = 34219
|country = [[India]]
|state1 = [[Goa]]
|state2 = [[Karnataka]]
|state3 = [[Kerala]]
|state4 = [[Maharashtra]]
|state5 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|region_type = States
|elevation =
|geology =
|seas =
|rivers =
|climate =
|soil =
|conservation = critical/endangered<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Malabar Coast moist forests|id=im0124}}</ref>

|global200 =
|habitat_loss =
|habitat_loss_ref =
|coordinates =
|protected = 1,251 km² (4
|protected_ref = )<ref name = dinerstein>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref>
|embedded =
}}

The '''Malabar Coast moist forests''' are a [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist broadleaf forest]] ecoregion of southwestern [[India]].

==Geography==
The ecoregion lies along India's [[Konkan]] and [[Malabar coast]]s, in a narrow strip between the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Western Ghats]] range, which runs parallel to the coast. It has an area of {{convert|35,500|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, and extends from northern [[Maharashtra]] through [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] to [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] in southernmost [[Tamil Nadu]].

The ecoregion extends from sea level to the 250 meter contour of the Western Ghats. It is bounded on the east by the [[North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] in Maharashtra and Karnataka, and the [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] in Kerala.

Much of the ecoregion is densely populated, and it includes several large cities, including [[Mumbai]] in Maharashtra, [[Mormugao]] and [[Margao]] in Goa, [[Mangalore]] in Karnataka, and [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], and [[Kozhikode]] in Kerala.

==Climate==
The climate is tropical and humid. Rainfall varies seasonally, falling mostly with the southwest monsoon between June and September. Rainfall is generally higher in the south, decreasing and becoming more seasonal as one moves north.<ref name = wikramanayake>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Island Press; [[Washington, DC]]. pp. 311-313</ref>

==Flora==
The original vegetation in the ecoregion was tropical evergreen rainforest, with some deciduous trees particularly in drier areas. The original forests have mostly been replaced with or interspersed with [[teak]] (''Tectona grandis''), a mostly deciduous tree that drops its leaves during the winter dry season.<ref name = wwf/>

Characteristic canopy trees include ''[[Tetrameles nudiflora]], [[Stereospermum personatum]], [[Dysoxylum binectariferum]], [[Ficus nervosa]], [[Ficus glomerata]], [[Pterocarpus marsupium]], [[Salmalia malabarica]], [[Terminalia bellerica]], [[Terminalia tomentosa]], [[Anogeissus latifolia]], [[Dalbergia latifolia]], [[Lannea coromandelica]], [[Madhuca indica]], [[Garuga pinnata]], [[Syzygium cumini]], [[Olea dioica]], [[Pouteria tomentosa]], [[Bridelia retusa]], [[Mangifera]]'' spp., and ''[[Actinodaphne angustifolia]]''. There is an understorey of low trees (''[[Erythrina variegata]], [[Butea monosperma]], [[Wrightia tinctoria]], [[Bauhinia racemosa]]'', and ''[[Zizyphus rugosa]]'') and shrubs (''[[Flacourtia]] spp., [[Woodfordia fruticosa]], [[Meyna laxiflora]]'', and ''[[Carissa congesta]]'').<ref name = wwf/>

In drier areas along Karnataka's northern coast, the deciduous trees ''[[Lagerstroemia microcarpa]]'', teak (''Tectona grandis''), and ''[[Dillenia pentagyna]]'' are predominant.<ref name = wwf/>

[[Myristica swamp|Swamp forests]] of ''[[Myristica]]'' spp. are found in low-lying coastal areas, but are now endangered.<ref name = wwf/> The [[Kerala Backwaters]] are an extensive coastal lagoon system in the southern portion of the ecoregion.

==Fauna==
There are 97 native mammal species in the ecoregion. The ecoregion's remaining habitat is too limited and fragmented to support viable populations of most larger mammals, including [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris)'' [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), and [[dhole]] (''Cuon alpinus''). Wild tigers and Asian elephants are locally extinct, but still found in adjacent portions of the Western Ghats. The other large mammals are locally threatened.<ref name = wwf/>

Several smaller mammals are threatened by habitat loss, including the [[gray slender loris]] (''Loris lydekkerianus''), [[Jerdon's palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus jerdoni''), and [[grizzled giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa macroura'').<ref name = wwf/>

The ecoregion has one strictly endemic species, the [[Kerala rat]] (''Rattus ranjiniae''). [[Day's shrew]] (''Suncus dayi'') is found in both the Malabar Coast forests and the adjacent [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]. The Nilgiri langur (''Semnopithecus johnii''), Jerdon's civet, and the [[Malabar large-spotted civet]] (''Viverra civettina'') also inhabit the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests and South Western Ghats montane forests. The [[Travancore flying squirrel]] (''Petinomys fuscocapillus'') is found in the ecoregion and on [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name = wwf/>

There are 280 native species of birds, including the [[Malabar grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros griseus''), [[Indian grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros birostris''), [[great hornbill]] (''Buceros bicornis''), [[lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus''), and [[greater flamingo]] (''Phoenicopterus roseus'').<ref name = wwf/>

==Conservation and threats==
Very little of the natural vegetation of the ecoregion remains; it has largely been cleared for [[agriculture]], grazing, and teak plantations.<ref name = wwf/>

==Protected areas==
A 2017 assessment found that 1,251 km², or 4%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.<ref name = dinerstein/> Protected areas include:<ref name = wikramanayake/><ref>"Malabar Coast moist forests". Digital Observatory for Protected Areas Explorer 4. Accessed 13 November 2020. [https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40124]</ref>

* [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], [[Maharashtra]] (50 km²)
* [[Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park]], [[Goa]] (150 km²)
* [[Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kerala]] (100 km²)
* [[Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary]], Maharashtra
* [[Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary]], Kerala

* [[Idamalayar]] Reserve Forest (partly in the [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] and the [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]])

==See also==
* [[List of ecoregions in India]]
* [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]
* [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
* [[Malabar rainforests]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{WWF ecoregion|name=Malabar Coast moist forests|id=im0124}}
* {{NatGeo ecoregion|id=im0124|name=Malabar Coast moist forests}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Ecoregions of India}}

[[Category:Malabar Coast moist forests| ]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
[[Category: Environment of Goa]]

Kerala Mithram

2025-09-27T20:48:12Z

Meherhospital: created a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Kerala Mithram
| type = Newspaper
| owners = [[Devji Bheemji]]
| chief_editor = [[Kandathil Varghese Mappillai]]
| associate_editor = T.G. Paily
| founded = 1881
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| headquarters = [[Kochi|Cochin]], [[Kerala]], {{IND}}
}}
'''''Kerala Mithram''''' was one of the earliest [[Malayalam language]] newspaper published from [[Kochi|Cochin]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] during 1881.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dutchinkerala.com/englishrules.php?id=16# |title=കേരളചരിത്രത്തിലൂടെ ഡച്ച് സമൂഹം |access-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110181428/http://www.dutchinkerala.com/englishrules.php?id=16# |archive-date=10 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was printed in the beginning of the month as three, then one week later. Devji Bhimji, from [[Gujarat]] was the patron of the newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/historyofpress.htm |title=+++++++++++++ official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT OF KERALA +++++++++++++ |access-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605045155/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/historyofpress.htm# |archive-date=5 June 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Kandathil Varghese Mappillai]], the founder of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', was editor-in-Chief and T.G. Paily was deputy editor.

== References ==
<references />

{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1881]]
[[Category:Mass media in Kochi]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct Malayalam-language newspapers]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Kerala Lokayukta

2025-09-20T16:42:42Z

Meherhospital:

{{Short description|Parliamentary ombudsman for Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Kerala Lokayukta
| body =
| image = [[File:Justice N Anil Kumar.jpg|150px|Justice N Anil Kumar]]
| incumbent = Justice N. Anil Kumar
| seat = Legislature Complex, Vikas bhavan, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| appointer = [[Governor of Kerala]]
| native_name = {{lang|ml|കേരള ലോകായുക്ത}}
| deputy = [[Lokayukta|Upa Lokayukta]]
| website = https://www.lokayuktakerala.gov.in
| constituting_instrument = Kerala Lokayukta Act, 1999
| termlength = 5 years
| imagecaption = Justice Cyriac Joseph, Lokayukta of Kerala.
| first = Justice PC Balakrishna Menon
| style = The Hon’ble
| imagesize = 140
| alt = Justice Cyriac Joseph, Lokayukta of Kerala.
| formation = {{Date and age|1999|df=yes}}
}}
'''Kerala Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Kerala]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Kerala Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayukta Act, and approved by the [[president of India]] on 4 March 1999. With [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] coming into force as a law on 16 January 2014, each state in India was required to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in the appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> A bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is the deputy of the Lokayukta and assists with her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant prematurely.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of the Opposition]], Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==

Kerala Lokayukta was formed on 15 November 1998 by the state Governor after the bill was signed by President of India.<ref name="Kerala Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Ayukta Day to be observed on Nov. 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/lok-ayukta-day-to-be-observed-on-nov-15/article29966502.ece |access-date=10 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=14 November 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It resolved 34,662 cases out of 35,986 cases filed before it from the date of its formation. Every year 15 November is observed as Lokayukta Day in state. Till 2019 around 1320 cases were pending before it.<ref name="Kerala Lok Ref7">{{cite news |title=1,320 cases pending for disposal before Kerala Lokayukta |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/1320-cases-pending-disposal-kerala-lokayukta-112271 |access-date=10 September 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=14 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Quotation|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Kerala Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 1999}}

== Powers ==

Kerala Lokayukta Act makes provision for the appointment of Lokayukta and authorities with certain functions with powers to enquire into complaints or other allegations against any officials mentioned in the Act for their actions mentioned in the Act. Kerala Lokayukta can only make recommendations to competent authority but can't enforce the punishment.<ref name="Kerala Lok Ref2" />

== Appointment and tenure ==

Following is the list of Lokayuktas along with their tenure<ref name="Kerala Lok Ref9">{{cite web |title=Judge Master |url=https://www.lokayuktakerala.gov.in/master/r_judge.php |website=www.lokayuktakerala.gov.in |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910111616/https://www.lokayuktakerala.gov.in/master/r_judge.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>-

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Index !!Name !! Holding charge from !! Holding charge to
|-
| 1
| Mr. Justice P.C. Balakrishna Menon
| 24.12.1998
| 23.12.2003
|-
| 2
| Mr. Justice K. Sreedharan
| 22.01.2004
| 22.01.2009
|-
| 3
| Mr. Justice. M.M. Pareed Pillay
| 31.01.2009
| 31.01.2014
|-
| 4
| Justice Pius C. Kuriakose
| 09.02.2014
| 08.02.2019
|-
| 5
| Justice Cyriac Joseph
| 28.03.2019
| 26.03.2024
|-
| 6
| [[N._Anil_Kumar|Justice N. Anil Kumar]]
| 21.08.2024
|
|-
|}

== Notable cases ==

Kerala Lokayukta had issued the following important orders

1. Kerala Lokayukta had issued notices to Chief Minister and some of his ministers in year 2019 on a complaint filed alleging misuse of funds from Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund.<ref name="Kerala Lok Ref3">{{cite news |title=Kerala Lokayukta issues notice to CM and ministers on accusation of disaster relief fund misuse |url=https://scroll.in/latest/909526/kerala-lokayukta-issues-notice-to-cm-and-ministers-on-accusation-of-disaster-relief-fund-misuse |access-date=10 September 2021 |publisher=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name="Kerala Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title='Misuse' of disaster relief fund: Kerala Lokayukta admits plea |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/misuse-of-disaster-relief-fund-kerala-lokayukta-admits-plea-119011500350_1.html |access-date=10 September 2021 |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=15 January 2019}}</ref>

2. Complaint was filed in Lokayukta in the year 2021 against serving Minister for Forests AK Saseendran relating to the case of assault and abuse of power.<ref name="Kerala Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Kundara sexual assault case: Lokayukta receives complaint against A K Saseendran |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kundara-sexual-assault-case-lokayukta-receives-complaint-against-a-k-saseendran-compromise-chief-minister-1.5862395 |access-date=10 September 2021 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=27 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

3. Kerala Lokayukta recommended action against the serving Higher Education and Minority Welfare Minister K T Jaleel for appointing his second cousin K T Adeeb to Kerala State Minorities Development Finance Corporation as General Manager after modifying the eligibility for the post and abusing the power of a Minister.<ref name="Kerala Lok Ref6">{{cite news |title=Kerala Lokayukta finds Minister K T Jaleel guilty of nepotism; directs the government to remove him |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/kerala-lokayukta-finds-minister-k-t-jaleel-guilty-of-nepotism-directs-government-to-remove-him-972454.html |access-date=10 September 2021 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

4. In year 2011, Kerala Lokayukta had issued orders for the appearance of serving Chief Minister VS Achuthanandan`s son in an allegation related to bribery by opposition party.<ref name="Kerala Lok Ref8">{{cite news |title=Kerala Lokayukta issues notice to CM's son |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/kerala-lokayukta-issues-notice-to-cms-son_704322.html |access-date=10 September 2021 |publisher=Zee News |date=5 May 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

== Related articles ==

* [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== See also ==

* [[Kerala Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau]]
* [[Lokpal]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.lokayuktakerala.gov.in/admin/index.php official website]



[[Category:Politics of Kerala]]
[[Category:Lokayuktas]]

Hso Khan Pha

2025-06-08T20:07:19Z

Meherhospital:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hso Khan Pha
| image = Hso Khan Pha.jpg
| caption = Hso Khan Pha at age 14
| succession = Head of the royal house of [[Yawnghwe]]
| reign = 21 November 1962 – 4 October 2016
| reign-type = Tenure
| predecessor = [[Sao Shwe Thaik]]
| successor = Haŏ Shwe-Thaike
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1938|4|15}}
| birth_place = [[Yaunghwe|Yawnghwe State]], [[Burma|British Burma]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|10|04|1938|4|15}}
| death_place = [[Innisfail, Alberta]], Canada
| spouse = Rosemary Catherine Otte
| issue = Rebecca Sanda-Devi Haŏ Shwe-Thaike Jessica Ying Sita Hsŏ Kham-Serk
| house =
| father = [[Sao Shwe Thaik]]
| mother = [[Sao Nang Hearn Kham]]
}}

Prince '''Hso Khan Pha of Yawnghwe''' ({{langx|my|စဝ်ခမ်းဖ}}, aka '''Tiger'''; 15 April 1938 – 4 October 2016) was a prince of [[Yawnghwe]]. He was a son of [[Sao Shwe Thaik]], the last [[Saopha]] of [[Yawnghwe]] and [[Sao Nang Hearn Kham]], the Mahadevi (consort).<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/burma/yawnghwe.html Genealogy]</ref> He was a consulting [[geologist]] based in Canada.<ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Shan rebel leader dies in Canada |url=https://mizzima.com/news-international/shan-rebel-leader-dies-canada |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Mizzima Myanmar News and Insight |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorial service held for exiled prince who died in Innisfail {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3006741/memorial-service-held-for-exiled-prince-who-died-in-innisfail/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Education==
His education was first started at a local school in Yawnghwe ([[Nyaung Shwe]]) at convents run by [[Roman Catholic Church]] nuns at [[Kalaw]] and Hsenwi ([[Theinni]]) in the [[Shan State]]. Later in 1949, he attended [[The Doon School]] at Dehra Dun ([[Dehradun]]) in [[India]], graduating in 1954; studied for two years at [[Rangoon University]]; attended the Bell School of Languages at [[Cambridge]], [[England]], and the Cambridgeshire Technical College; graduated in 1964 from the [[University of Keele]], England, with a BA (Hons) in Geology and Political Institutions.

==Life==
His mother fled with her family to [[Thailand]] in October 1963 after Sao Shwe Thaik had been deposed in the [[1962 Burmese coup d'état|March 1962 Burmese coup d'état]] and died in prison in November 1962. Upon crossing the Thai border, the Provincial governor called on the Mahadevi with a message of protection from the king. During her time in Thailand she organized and founded the [[Shan State War Council]] (SSWC) and [[Shan State Army]] (of resistance to Ne Win’s dictatorship) in 1964. She became its leader and commander-in-chief and her second son Chao Tzang served as her right-hand man. At the time of his father’s death, he was studying in [[England]]. While in exile he participated in the [[Shan people#Independence and exiled government|independence struggle of the Shan State]]. Hso Khan Pha was politically active in many groups, pressuring the government of Burma. He also worked with Shan exiles abroad to help provide schooling for displaced Shan children whose parents were unable to send them to school.<ref name="a"/> He tried to make the Shan State an independent country. The case has been presented to many heads of state in western countries as well as to the [[United Nations]]. He was proclaimed Head of State and President of the Federated Shan States, declared Shan State independence, by Shan State exiles and sympathizers in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two famous / notorious Shans removed from blacklist but one's dead |url=https://www.bnionline.net/en/shan-herald-agency-for-news/item/13631-two-famous--notorious-shans-removed-from-blacklist-but-ones-dead-.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Burma News International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-04 |title=与掸邦独立领袖一席话|url=http://boxun.com/hero/Burma%27sChinese/91_1.shtml |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Boxun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204072020/http://boxun.com/hero/Burma%27sChinese/91_1.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exiled but forever resolute |url=https://www.mountainviewtoday.ca/innisfail-news/exiled-but-forever-resolute-1812244 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=MountainviewToday.ca |language=en}}</ref>

Hso Khan Pha worked with exiled [[Shwebomin, Crown Prince of Burma|Prince Shwebomin]] of [[Burma]] to promote the protection of the [[Shan people|Shan People]]'s religious, traditional, culture, and indigenous land rights in Burma. In 2007, he attended an international peace conference in Los Angeles to speak out against the government of Burma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahboob |first=Tahiat |date=2016-10-04 |title=A prince exiled from Burma dies in small Alberta town |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/a-prince-exiled-from-burma-dies-in-small-alberta-town-1.3101768?cache=zviomxnayn |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref>

Upon graduating he was hired as a geologist in England, and went to prospect for diamonds in the [[Ivory Coast]]. [[West Africa]], for the DeBeers, Diamond Corporation Limited; in 1966 transferred to [http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/96/The-Hudson-Bay-Mining-And-Smelting-Company-Limited.html Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company Limited], starting first in [[Flin Flon]], [[Manitoba]], and on to exploration projects in [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]]; joined Mattagami Lake Mines as a Senior Exploration Geologist in 1970; in 1972 became Senior Project Geologist in charge of all explorations in western [[Canada]]; opened the Western Exploration Office for Mattagami Lake Mines in [[Edmonton]], 1975; became an independent geological consultant in 1976, working briefly in 1977 for [https://web.archive.org/web/20080223180230/http://environment.gov.ab.ca/default.aspx Alberta Environment]; in 1978 started consulting in the oil-patch; sought the Liberal nomination in the federal riding of [[Elk Island (electoral district)|Elk Island]] in April 1993.

He died in his sleep of a heart attack on 4 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burmese prince dies in a small town |url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/edmonton-journal/20161011/281530815535755 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Edmonton Journal}}</ref>

==Associations==
*APEGGA ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070510014425/http://www.apegga.com/ Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists, and Geophysicists of Alberta]); [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515234044/http://www.appliedgeochemists.org/geea.html Association of Exploration Geochemists]; Fellow, Geological Association of Canada and former member, Association of Alberta Petroleum Geologists.
*Founding member and past President of the human rights society - {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020527151919/http://www.burmawatch.org/ Burma Watch International]}}.
*[http://www.rausi.ca/ Royal Alberta United Services Institute]; Associate of the [http://www.cgoclub.co.uk/ Garrison Officers Club], [[Mewata Armouries]], [[Calgary]].

==Family==
Tiger married Rosemary Catherine Otte in 1976 and had four children, including: Rebecca Sanda-Devi, Haŏ Shwe-Thaike, Jessica Ying Sita, and Hsŏ Kham-Serk.

==Genealogy==
The Yawnghwe royal family is descended from King Beingyayett (who ruled in 661-600 BC). The family ruled in what is now northern Burma and southwestern China. In 1358, the Saopha (King/Ruler) Si Hseng Hpa, a direct ancestor of this family formed his capital at Yawnghwe.

[[File:Tribute Robe of Saopha of Yawnghwe (c. 1867).jpg|thumb|Ceremonial Tribute Robe of Saopha Sao Maung created in 1867]]
In 1850, Sao Suu Deva, Crown Prince of Yawnghwe, was assassinated by a rival claimant. King Mindon of Burma helped Prince Deva's son Sao Maung (aka Sir Sao Maung - knighted by [[George V of the United Kingdom]]) regain the crown of Yawnghwe. In 1927, Sao Shwe Thaike ascended the throne of Yangwhe, succeeding his uncle Sao Maung.

[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jee1xU7XBcwC&dq=%22sao+shwe+thaike%22&pg=PA6 Sao Shwe Thaike] (b. October 1896) was instrumental in laying the foundation in 1945 for what was to become the Union of Burma in 1948. Thaike served as President of the Constitutional Assembly and was elected by Parliament to serve as the first President of the Union in 1948. On 4 January 1948 [[Louis Mountbatten]], 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, handed the Union of Burma its independence.

The Mahadevi [[Sao Nang Hearn Kham]] (b. May 1916), Tiger’s mother, is sister to Saopha of [[Theinni|Hsenwi]], another ancient House. It is said by some Thai scholars that King Ramakhamheng of Sukhothai (the 13th Century precursor of modern Thailand ) was a scion of the House of Hsenwi.

==Quote==
*"I support all ethnic groups' rights to have their own federal states, probably in US style or Canadian style. I understand that Quebec Province in Canada is an autonomic federal state. Shan state can be like that?".<ref>[http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/english/2005/06/200506122354.shtml Peace Hall]</ref>

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Prince Hso Khan Pha'''
|2= 2. [[Sao Shwe Thaik|''Sao'' Shwe Thaik]]
|3= 3. [[Sao Nang Hearn Kham|''Sao Nang'' Hearn Kham]]
|4= 4. ''Sir Sao Maung''
|5=
|6= 6. ''[[Burmese names|Saopha Khun]]'' Hsang Ton Hong
|7=
|8=
|9=
|10=
|11=
|12=
|13=
|14=
|15=
}}

==See also==
*[[Burmese invasion of Assam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/english/2005/06/200506122354.shtml Talks With Hso Khan Pha Who Declared Shan Independence]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060624101546/http://users.panola.com/AAGHS/help.html Charitable and Humanitarian Activities of H.R.H. Prince Hso Khan Pha of Nawnghwe]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020603145844/http://www.burmawatch.org/index.html Burma Watch International]}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hso Khan Pha}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Burmese people]]
[[Category:20th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Keele University]]
[[Category:Burmese exiles]]
[[Category:Burmese human rights activists]]
[[Category:Burmese Shan people]]
[[Category:Burmese philanthropists]]
[[Category:Burmese politicians]]
[[Category:Burmese royalty]]
[[Category:People from Shan State]]
[[Category:University of Yangon alumni]]

Madhav Prasad Birla

2025-05-13T20:33:10Z

Meherhospital: further enhance article based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1918–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Madhav Prasad Birla
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1918|07|04}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1990|07|30|1918|07|04}}
| death_place = Calcutta
| family = [[Birla family]]
}}

'''Madhav Prasad Birla''' (1918–1990) was an Indian [[entrepreneur]] based at Calcutta, West Bengal, India.

== Biography ==
He was born in Mumbai on 4 July 1918. He is the founder of [[M.P Birla Group|M.P. Birla Group]]. He was married to Smt. Priyamvada Devi. He had set up a host of companies like [[Birla Corp]], Universal Cables, Vindhya Telelinks, Hindustan Gum & Chemicals, Digvijay Woollen Mills, Indian Smelting. He also established Birla Planetarium & Belle Vue Clinic and several schools in Calcutta.
He also served as vice chairman of Bombay Hospital Trust.

He died on 30 July 1990 at Calcutta.

==See also==
*[[Birla family]]
*[[M. P. Birla Foundation Higher Secondary School]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151802/http://www.bombayhospital.com/founder.htm#madhavprasad Bio at Bombay Hospital page]

{{Authority control}}

{{Aditya Birla Group}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birla, Madhav Prasad}}
[[Category:Birla family|Madhav Prasad]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}