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Jai Hind Jai Sindh: A Love Story

2026-05-04T15:06:55Z

Meemobaidullah:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jai Hind Jai Sindh: A Love Story
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Indrajit Lankesh]]
| producer = Sammy Nanwani
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
* [[Vikram Kochhar]]
* [[Indira Tiwari]]
* [[Chhaya Kadam]]
* [[Jaya Prada]]
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
* [[Rahul Dev]]
* [[Amit Behl]]
}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Sammy's Entertainment
| released =
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{plainlist|
* [[Hindi]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
}}

'''''Jai Hind Jai Sindh: A Love Story''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Partition of India|Partition-era]] [[historical drama]] film directed by [[Indrajit Lankesh]] and produced by Sammy Nanwani under the banner of Sammy's Entertainment.<ref name="ANI_Main">{{cite news |title=Jai Hind Jai Sind - A Love Story brings Manjrekar, Jaya Prada and Zarina together; motion poster out now |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/jai-hind-jai-sind-a-love-story-brings-manjrekar-jaya-prada-and-zarina-together-motion-poster-out-now20260305144741/ |work=[[ANI News]] |date=5 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="DeccanH">{{cite news |title=Jai Hind Jai Sindh: Motion poster of Indrajit Lankesh's next released |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/jai-hind-jai-sindh-motion-poster-of-indrajit-lankeshs-next-released-3917193 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> The film features an ensemble cast including [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Vikram Kochhar]], [[Indira Tiwari]], [[Chhaya Kadam]], [[Jaya Prada]], and [[Zarina Wahab]].<ref name="TOI_Main">{{cite news |title=Jaya Prada, Mahesh Manjrekar and Zarina Wahab unite for Indrajit Lankesh's Jai Hind Jai Sindh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jaya-prada-mahesh-manjrekar-and-zarina-wahab-unite-for-indrajit-lankeshs-jai-hind-jai-sindh/articleshow/128948005.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Set against the backdrop of the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the film explores a romance rooted in patriotism and the cultural heritage of the [[Sindh]] region.<ref name="Bhaskar_Patriotism">{{cite news |title=Film Jai Hind Jai Sindh set against backdrop of Partition |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/entertainment/news/film-jai-hind-jai-sindh-set-against-backdrop-of-partition-137337292.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=4 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> It aims to showcase the beauty of undivided Sindh and the contributions of the Sindhi community to Indian history.<ref name="NewsVoir">{{cite news |title=Sammy's Magic Cinema decides to show the beauty of Sindh |url=https://www.newsvoir.com/release/sammy-apos-s-magic-cinema-decides-to-show-the-beauty-of-sindh-along-with-top-sindhi-names-in-a-melodious-patriotic-song-in-jai-hind-jai-sindh-30387.html |work=NewsVoir |date=2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]<ref name="Jagran_Cast">{{cite news |title=Jai Hind Jai Sindh: Mahesh Manjrekar, Jaya Prada and Zareena Wahab reunites for the film |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-jai-hind-jai-sindh-a-love-story-mahesh-manjrekar-jaya-prada-and-zareena-wahab-reunites-for-the-film-40159588.html |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=5 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Vikram Kochhar]]<ref name="News18_Vikram">{{cite news |title=Vikram Kochhar exclusive on working with SRK and Jai Hind Jai Sindh |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/vikram-kochhar-exclusive-on-working-with-srk-jai-hind-jai-sindh-bollywood-struggles-i-n18v-9986448.html |work=[[News18]] |date=2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Indira Tiwari]]
* [[Chhaya Kadam]]
* [[Jaya Prada]]
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
* [[Rahul Dev]]
* [[Amit Behl]]
* Ehsan Khan
* Ajit Shidhaye
* Gaurav Dingra
* Ankit Arora
* Akaisha Vats

== Production ==
The film was announced by the makers of the 2020 film ''[[Shakeela (film)|Shakeela]]''.<ref name="Zee_Announce">{{cite news |title=The makers of Shakeela announce patriotic film Jai Hind Jai Sindh |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/the-makers-of-shakeela-announce-patriotic-film-jai-hind-jai-sindh-2777526.html |work=[[Zee News]] |date=2024 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> A motion poster for the film was officially unveiled in March 2026 during a press conference in [[Dehradun]].<ref name="BollyHungama_Poster">{{cite news |title=Motion poster Jai Hind Jai Sindh starring Mahesh Manjrekar launched in Dehradun |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/motion-poster-jai-hind-jai-sindh-starring-mahesh-manjrekar-jaya-prada-zarina-wahab-launched-dehradun-watch/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|40412562}}

[[Category:Upcoming Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1947]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Indrajit Lankesh]]

Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh

2026-05-04T11:40:09Z

Meemobaidullah: Put Up Initial Info Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian spiritual tradition}}

{{Infobox religious group|image=Official_Logo_Radhasoami_Satsang_Dayalbagh.jpeg|image_caption=Official logo of the Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh|
website=https://www.dayalbagh.org.in/|religions=[[Radha Soami]] or [[Sant Mat]] ([[Non-denominational]])}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh also known as Ra Dha Sva Aa Mi Satsang Dayalbagh'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://dayalbagh.org.in/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> is century old spiritual tradition and the main sect of [[Radha Soami|Radhasoami Mat]] with its Headquarter in [[Agra]] (Birth Place of [[Radha Soami|Radhasoami]] [[Sant Mat]]) located on the banks of [[Yamuna]] River.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/110/ET/72-110-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf |website=eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61824 |title=Dayalbagh By Radhasoami Satsang Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shai |first=Radhasoami |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840 |title=Souvenir in Commemoration of the First Centenary of the Radhasoami Satsang |date=1961}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/charities/81d5a2a6-3aaf-e811-a963-000d3ad244fd/documents/d83fa24e-6d4f-ec11-8f8e-000d3ad0187b |website=acnc.gov.au}}</ref> Radhasoami Satsang was founded by the first sant satguru, Param Purush Puran Dhani Soami Ji Mahraj on [[Vasant Panchami|Basant Panchami]] Day in 1861 in Agra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soami Bagh |url=https://www.tajmahal.gov.in/soami-bagh.aspx |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=tajmahal.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC |title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01092-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Talks |url=https://www.dayalbagh.org.in/specialTalks/visiontalkTSC2013.htm |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> The permanent satsang headquarter " [[Dayalbagh]]" were established on Basant Panchami Day in 1915 by Fifth Sant Satguru Param Guru Sahab Ji Mahraj.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC |title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01092-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://juergensmeyer.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Radhasoami-for-Hind-enc-print.pdf |website=juergensmeyer.org}}</ref> [[Radhasoami Satsang Sabha]] is its the Chief Working Committee since 1910.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC |title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01092-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shai |first=Radhasoami |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61840 |title=Souvenir in Commemoration of the First Centenary of the Radhasoami Satsang |date=1961}}</ref>
The Guru lineage of the Soami Ji Maharaj is continue till date in Agra. [[Prem Saran Satsangi|Param Guru Huzur Satsangi Sahab]] is present sant satguru of the Satsang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb0-AAAAIBAJ&dq=Radhasoami+Satsang+Dayalbagh&pg=PA10&article_id=6677,2266558 |title=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lorenzen |first=David N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC&dq=%22Radhasoami+Satsang+Dayalbagh%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA90 |title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action |date=1994-11-09 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2026-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Search results {{!}} JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=ti:%22Radhasoami+Reality:+The+Logic+of+a+Modern+Faith%22&so=rel |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.jstor.org}}</ref>

== Sant Satguru ==
The Lineage of Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Login – Dayalbagh Press & Publications Pvt. Ltd. |url=https://dbpress.dayalbagh.org.in/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fdbpress.dayalbagh.org.in%2Fbooks%2Fdayalbagh-garden-of-the-merciful-a-pictorial-presentation%2F |access-date=2024-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> -

* [[Shiv Dayal Singh|Param Guru Soami Ji Maharaj]] (1818–1878) First Sant Satguru, 1861–1878
* [[Salig Ram|Param Guru Huzur Maharaj]] (1829–1898) Second Sant Satguru, 1878–1898
* [[Maharaj Sahab|Param Guru Maharaj Sahab]] (1861–1907) Third Sant Satguru, 1898–1907
* [[Kamta Prasad Sinha|Param Guru Sarkar Sahab]] (1871–1913) Fourth Sant Satguru, 1907–1913
* [[Anand Swarup|Param Guru Sahab Ji Maharaj]] (1881–1937) Fifth Sant Satguru, 1913–1937
* [[Gurcharan Das Mehta|Param Guru Mehta Ji Maharaj]] (1885–1975)Sixth Sant Satguru, 1937–1975
* [[Makund Behari Lal|Param Guru Lal Sahab]] (1907–2002) Seventh Sant Satguru, 1975–2002
* [[Prem Saran Satsangi|Param Guru Satsangi Sahab]] (1937–Present)Eighth and Present ''Vaqt'' Sant Satguru, 2002–Present

{{Gallery
|File:Soami Ji Maharaj 8x10.jpg| alt1=
|Param Guru Soami Ji Maharaj, considered as the founder of the Radhasoami movement and was the first spiritual Master of Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh.|File:Hazur 4.png| alt2=
|Param Guru Huzur Maharaj, next spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh. He remained in office from 1878 to 1898.|File:Maharaj sahab.jpg| alt3=
|Param Guru Maharaj Sahab, the follower of Huzur Maharaj, succeeded him and became the spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh. He remained in office from 1898 to 1907.| | alt4=
|Param Guru Sarkar Sahab, the follower of Maharaj Sahab, succeeded him as spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh. He remained in office from 1907 to 1913.|
| alt5=
|Param Guru Sahab Ji Maharaj, the successor of Huzur Sarkar Sahab, succeeded him as the spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh. He remained in office from 1913 to 1937. ||| alt6=
|Param Guru Mehta Ji Maharaj, the successor of Huzur Sahab Ji Maharaj, succeeded him as the spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh. He remained in office from 1937 to 1975. || alt7=
|Param Guru Prof. Mukund Behari Lal Sahab , the successor of Huzur Mehta Ji Maharaj, succeeded him as the spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh. He remained in office from 1975 to 2002. |File:Satsangi Sahab.jpg| alt8=
|Param Guru Prof. Prem Saran Satsangi Sahab (Graceous Huzur) , the successor of Huzur Lal Sahab, succeeded him as the spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh. He is functioning as Sant Satguru since 2002 }}

== Chronology ==
* 1818: Incarnation of Radhasoami Dayal in Human form of Soami Ji Maharaj<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhasoami, Soami Bagh |url=https://www.radhasoamifaith.org/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=radhasoamifaith.org}}</ref>
* 1861: Radhasoami Satsang founded by Soami Ji Maharaj on Basant Panchami Day. Satsang became open to all. Satsang continued to be held at Panni Gali and Radhasoamibagh in Agra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PPPD SOAMIJI MAHARAJ – Radhasoami Satsang Hazuri Bhawan |url=https://www.radhasoamisatsang.org/pppdsoamiji/ |access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref>
* 1878: Departure of Soami Ji Maharaj. Huzur Maharaj became the second sant-satguru. Satsang continued to be held at Huzur Bhavan, Pipal Mandi in Agra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sat-Gurus |url=http://www.radhasoami-spirit.com/Sat-Gurus.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=radhasoami-spirit.com}}</ref>
* 1898: Departure of Huzur Maharaj. Maharaj Sahab became the third sant-satguru. Satsang continued to be held in Allahabad (now Prayagraj) and Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/118572/}}</ref>
* 1902: Maharaj Sahab established the Central Administrative Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Code Check for Accessing Judgment/Order |url=https://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/WebShowJudgment.do?judgmentID=805626 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in}}</ref>
* 1907: Departure of Maharaj Sahab. Sarkar Sahab became the fourth sant-satguru. Satsang continued to be held in Gazipur, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://www.bahaistudies.net/asma/radhasoami-dayalbagh.pdf}}</ref>
* 1910: The Chief Working Committee of Satsang was founded and named [[Radhasoami Satsang Sabha]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lounge – Great place to sit, relax, refresh and enjoy ! : Progress of Dayalbagh (1915-1990) |url=https://www.theequitydesk.com/forum/printer_friendly_posts.asp?TID=3222 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=theequitydesk.com}}</ref>
* 1913: Departure of Sarkar Sahab. Sahab Ji Maharaj became the fifth sant-satguru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.dei.ac.in/dei/rei/index.php/89-about-us |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=dei.ac.in}}</ref>
* 1915: Dayalbagh was established as the permanent headquarters of the Satsang community on Basant Panchami Day. Radhasoami Satsang became popularly known as Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basant Panchami in Dayalbagh |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2023/02/02/basant-panchami-in-dayalbagh.html#:~:text=On%20the%20auspicious%20day%20of,Satsang%20culture%20was%20also%20laid. |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Dayalbagh and Regional Satsang Association of North America Announces Basant Panchami Events and Celebrations for Local Chapters |url=https://www.newswire.com/news/dayalbagh-and-regional-satsang-association-of-north-america-announces-21938144 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.newswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Sister Organizations ==

* [[Radhasoami Satsang Sabha]] (Parent Organization)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://dayalbagh.org.in/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref>
* Saran Ashram Hospital (charitable hospital)<ref>{{Cite web |title=SARAN ASHRAM HOSPITAL – SARAN ASHRAM HOSPITAL |url=https://sahospital.org.in/ |access-date=2024-07-04}}</ref>
* Dayalbagh Educational Institute<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.dei.ac.in/dei/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=dei.ac.in}}</ref>
* Dayalbagh Science of Consciousness<ref>{{Cite web |title=DSC2024 |url=https://dsc-dei.in/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=dsc-dei.in}}</ref>
* International Center for Agroecology(ICA)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrocology |first=International Center for |title=Come Join us on our journey to a better and sustainable tomorrow |url=https://internationalcenterforagroecology.org/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=International Center for Agroecology}}</ref>
* SPHEEHA<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPHEEHA – Home |url=https://spheeha.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829201142/http://spheeha.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 August 2010 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=SPHEEHA}}</ref>
* [[Systems Society of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Systems Society of India – Sysi.org |url=https://www.sysi.org/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=sysi.org}}</ref>
* International Centre for Applied Systems Science for Sustainable Development<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOME {{!}} ICAS3D |url=https://www.icasssd.org/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=ICASSSD}}</ref>
* The (Dayalbagh) Ra Dha Sva Aa Mi Satsang Association of Europe<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRSAE – THE (DAYALBAGH) RADHASOAMI SATSANG ASSOCIATION EUROPE |url=https://drsae.org/ |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>
* DAYALBAGH RADHASOAMI SATSANG ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALASIA<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/charities/81d5a2a6-3aaf-e811-a963-000d3ad244fd/profile |website=acnc.gov.au}}</ref>
* Dayalbagh Radhasoami Satsang Association of North America<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Andrea Suozzo, Alec Glassford, Ash Ngu, Brandon |date=2013-05-09 |title=Dayalbagh Radhasoami Satsang Association of North America – Nonprofit Explorer |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/134295464 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=ProPublica}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh Official Website]
{{Sant Mat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1915 establishments in India]]

Sajal Barui

2026-04-26T13:59:14Z

Meemobaidullah: put up a article!

{{Short description|Indian criminal}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

[[Image:Sajal barui, 1997.jpg|thumb|Sajal Barui in 1997.]]
'''Sajal Barui''' ({{langx|bn|সজল বারুই}}) is a convicted criminal who is serving a life sentence in prison for the murder of his father, stepmother, and half-brother. He committed the murders at the age of sixteen, on 22 November 1993 in [[Kolkata]], [[India]].<ref name="India today">{{cite web
|last=Ghosh
|first=Labonita
|year=2006
|url=http://www.india-today.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20000408/20000408labonita.html
|title=Killer Kids in India Today web exclusive
|access-date=7 October 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509041352/http://www.india-today.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20000408/20000408labonita.html
|archive-date=9 May 2006
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}</ref> The murders made headlines in the Kolkata press due to the gruesome nature of the crimes and because Barui and his accomplices were minors at the time.<ref name="India today"/><ref name="Bitscape info">{{cite web|last=Kumar |first=Kanti |date=1 September 1999 |url=http://bitscape.info/bitscape/research/the-trend-of-violence-on-the-indian-screen-its-influence-on-children/40/ |title=The Sajal Barui case ''in'' The Trend of Violence on the Indian Screen & its Influence on Children (KK Birla Foundation Fellowship Report) |access-date=7 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928202713/http://bitscape.info/bitscape/research/the-trend-of-violence-on-the-indian-screen-its-influence-on-children/40/ |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref><ref name="netguru">{{cite web|last=Staff Reporter |year=2003 |url=http://www.calonline.com/news/Sep01/17/CAL2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024700/http://www.calonline.com/news/Sep01/17/CAL2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2019 |title=Young killer escapes from hospital |accessdate=7 October 2006 }}</ref><ref name="Telegraph1">{{cite news
| last = Mondal
| first = Pronab
| date = 17 May 2003
| url = http://telegraphindia.com/1030517/asp/calcutta/story_1976639.asp
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030527204740/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030517/asp/calcutta/story_1976639.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 27 May 2003
| title = Jailer nails Sajal Barui, aka Sk Raju
| accessdate = 7 October 2006
| location=Calcutta, India
| work=The Telegraph
}}</ref>

==Early childhood==
Sajal Barui's father, Subal Barui, abandoned his first wife, Neoti Barui, by whom he bore a son, and had a relationship with another woman, Minati.<ref name="Bitscape info"/> Sajal was conceived out of this affair.<ref name="Bitscape info"/> After a few years, his father returned to his first wife and took Sajal along with him. Sajal did not see his biological mother after the age of eight.<ref name="Bitscape info"/> After his arrest, he recounted how he had often been burned with burning cigarettes and hot irons in his childhood <ref name="Bitscape info"/> by his step-mother and elder step-brother

==The murders==
On the night of 22 November 1993, Sajal and five of his friends, all of them teenagers, (between the age of 16–17 years) arrived at his residence in North Kolkata. Finding his stepmother alone, the group gagged her and tied her up to a chair.<ref name="Bitscape info"/> A similar fate befell his stepbrother when he arrived home, and his father, shortly before midnight. Sajal and one of his accomplices, Ranjit, initially tried to murder the three victims by [[strangling]] them, but only the stepmother succumbed.<ref name="Bitscape info"/> Unable to kill his father and stepbrother, Sajal and Ranjit hacked and [[stabbing|stabbed]] them to death. The entire ordeal took nearly three hours.<ref name="Bitscape info"/>

After committing the crimes, on Sajal's directions, his friends cleaned their weapons with [[mustard oil]] and neatly organised them on the table.<ref name="Bitscape info"/> Exhausted with the exertion, they ate a few [[Bengali cuisine#Mishţi (sweets)|Bengali sweets]] from the refrigerator, and left a few coins on the table as "payment" for the food, an idea that had occurred to Sajal from watching a television programme.<ref name="Bitscape info"/>

Before Sajal's friends left, they tied him up to a chair and gagged him, to give the appearance that he was a victim too.<ref name="India today"/><ref name="Bitscape info"/> Initially, he was able to allay suspicions.<ref name="netguru"/> However, the [[Kolkata Police]] became suspicious, since he showed no signs of a struggle or any other injuries.<ref name="India today"/> Upon interrogation, he confessed to committing the murders and detailed the crimes.<ref name="Bitscape info"/> Later, the [[Calcutta High Court]] reduced the sentence to life imprisonment.

==Escape==
Initially Sajal Barui had been serving his sentence at the [[Dum Dum]] Cantonment, but he was moved to [[Midnapore]] Central Jail in July 2000 due to "administrative problems".<ref name="Statesman">{{cite web|last=Staff Reporter |date=16 September 2001 |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=9639&usrsess=1 |title=Sajal Barui escapes from custody |access-date=7 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091234/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=9639&usrsess=1 |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>
In 2001, while serving his prison sentence, Sajal Barui showed signs of an alleged kidney ailment and was transferred to [[Calcutta National Medical College|Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital]] for examination.<ref name="netguru"/><ref name="Telegraph1"/> On 15 September 2001 he escaped from the hospital and was at large until early 2003.<ref name="Telegraph1"/><ref name="Telegraph3">{{cite news
| last = Staff reporter
| first =
| date = 22 May 2003
| url = http://telegraphindia.com/1030517/asp/calcutta/story_1976639.asp
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030527204740/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030517/asp/calcutta/story_1976639.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 27 May 2003
| title = Two beer bottles to freedom
| accessdate = 7 October 2006
| location=Calcutta, India
| work=The Telegraph
}}</ref> On the night of his escape, Sajal Barui hosted a beer party to which he invited the two [[police constable]]s that had been put on guard to watch him.<ref name="Telegraph3"/> He often offered beer to the constables after it had been smuggled in by his girlfriend, so they did not suspect his motives.<ref name="Telegraph3"/> On that night, however, he spiked the two bottles of beer with [[sleeping pill]]s and watched them fall asleep.<ref name="Telegraph3"/> He then walked out of the hospital unhindered.<ref name="Telegraph3"/>

==As a fugitive==
After escaping from the police, Sajal Barui emailed a friend in [[Mumbai]] and fled there.<ref name="Telegraph3"/> He married there and returned to Kolkata, leaving his wife in [[Asansol]].<ref name="Telegraph3"/> He committed a number of crimes under various aliases.<ref name="Telegraph3"/>
Police officers of the [[Phoolbagan]] and [[Maniktala]] Police Stations of Calcutta were nearly successful in recapturing Sajal Barui in early 2003, after they were able to trace his girlfriend and set up a sting operation to recapture him. However, Sajal Barui did not show up for the arranged rendezvous.<ref name="Telegraph1"/> Sajal Barui then took refuge in the den of a local criminal known as ''Hathkata'' Bishu (Bengali for one-armed Bishu) in [[Lake Town, Kolkata]]. He worked with Bishu, under the alias Kamal, and was responsible for a robbery in the [[Ultadanga]] area of Kolkata.<ref name="Telegraph1"/> As the search for Kamal intensified, Sajal Barui, migrated to Jamboni, in [[West Midnapore]] district, to work for Rajeev Meti, a local criminal.<ref name="Telegraph1"/>

==Recapture==
In late February 2003, a criminal who went by the name of Sheikh Raju was arrested for petty theft in the [[Jamboni]] area of [[West Midnapore]] district and was brought to Midnapore Central Jail.<ref name="Telegraph1"/> On 16 May 2003, after masquerading as Sheikh Raju for almost three months, this criminal was positively identified as Sajal Barui by a jailer who had met him earlier when he was serving his life sentence at the [[Alipore Jail|Alipore Central Jail]] in Kolkata.<ref name="Telegraph1"/>

On recapture, Sajal Barui was sent to the Presidency Jail in [[Dum Dum|Dumdum]]. Here, he formed a network with the terrorist Aftab Ansari, the prime accused in the [[Terrorist attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata (2002)|2002 terrorist attack on the American Center in Kolkata]], and Debashish Chakraborty, a criminal convicted of killing his girlfriend and attempting to kill his mother.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news
| last = Sen
| first = Saibal
| date = 23 March 2005
| url = http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1060696,prtpage-1.cms
| title = It's still raining ransoms for Aftab
| access-date = 7 October 2006
| work=The Times of India
}}</ref><ref name="Debashish">{{cite news
| last = Staff Reporter
| first =
| date = 30 May 2005
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050530/asp/bengal/story_4803582.asp
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014706/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050530/asp/bengal/story_4803582.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 30 September 2007
| title = Lifer tracked down to uncle's home
| access-date = 7 October 2006
| location=Calcutta, India
| work=The Telegraph
}}</ref> Soon after this criminal nexus was discovered, Sajal Barui was shifted back to the Alipore Central Jail.<ref name="TOI"/>
Debashish Chakraborty was moved to [[Midnapore]] Central Jail, from which he escaped on 28 May 2005, only to be recaptured two days later.<ref name="Debashish"/> After serving some time in jail Sajal Barui was released in August 2010. In June 2011, he was arrested on charges of robbery.<ref name=Telegraph>{{Cite news |title = Family killer held for dacoity | url=http://telegraphindia.com/1110628/jsp/calcutta/story_14169470.jsp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701083538/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110628/jsp/calcutta/story_14169470.jsp| url-status=dead| archive-date=1 July 2011|access-date=28 June 2011 |work= The Telegraph |location=Calcutta, India |date=28 June 2011}}</ref> Barui was found guilty & was sentenced to imprisonment. He was released from prison in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=৭. সিনেমাতেও এমন হয় না |url=https://www.ebanglalibrary.com/105999/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.ebanglalibrary.com |language=en-US}}</ref> No further news of Barui has been obtained by the media since then.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barui, Sajal}}
[[Category:Criminals from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian escapees]]
[[Category:Escapees from Indian detention]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Male juvenile murderers]]
[[Category:Minors convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of fratricide]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of patricide]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of matricide]]

Alampur Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T11:54:22Z

Meemobaidullah: put up the details needs work!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alampur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (80-Alampur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Alampur Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Vijayudu]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 2,04,788
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 80
}}

'''Alampur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 14 constituencies in [[Mahbubnagar district]]. It is part of [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].

V. M. Abraham of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] has been representing the constituency since 2018.

==Mandals==
The current Assembly Constituency comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Alampur, Mahbubnagar|Alampur]]
|-
| [[Ieeja]]
|-
| [[Itikyal]]
|-
| [[Waddepalle]]
|-
| [[Manopad]]
|-
| [[Rajoli]]
|-
| [[Undavelly]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Naganna Kalavandla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Jayalaxmi Devamma
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || D. Muralidhar Reddy
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | T. Chandrasekhara Reddy
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Ram Bhupal Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Rajini Babu || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | [[Ravula Ravindranath Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Kothakota Prakash Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Ravula Ravindranath Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Challa Venkatrami Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[V. M. Abraham]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || S. A. Sampath Kumar
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[V. M. Abraham]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Vijayudu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}
{{legend|#BB8ED0|{{small|Hyderabad State}}|invert=yes}}
{{legend|#c2f3d9|{{small|Andhra Pradesh}}|invert=yes}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijayudu]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 104,060 |percentage = 52.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Sampath Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 73,487 |percentage = 37.34% |change = {{increase}}4.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. R. Prasanna Kumar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,082 |percentage = 3.09% |change = {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajagopal Perumallu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,711 |percentage = 2.39% |change = {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,013 |percentage = 1.02% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Beesanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,263 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,573 |percentage = 15.54% |change = {{decrease}}9.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,688 |percentage = 83.06% |change = {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,797}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 237,997 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043904/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=80 Alampur Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. M. Abraham]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 102,105 |percentage = 57.95% |change = {{increase}}33.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Sampath Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,426 |percentage = 32.59% |change = {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harijana Abraham |party = Samajwadi Forward Bloc |votes = 8,803 |percentage = 5.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 3,490 |percentage = 1.98% |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Rajini |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,965 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Hussain |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,066 |percentage = 0.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,679 |percentage = 25.36% |change = {{increase}}21.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,833 |percentage = 82.73% |change = {{increase}}6.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,191}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,366 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}21.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Sampath Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,419 |percentage = 36.48% |change = {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. M. Abraham]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 50,689 |percentage = 32.21% |change = {{decrease}}5.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manda Sreenath |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 38,136 |percentage = 24.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangi Laxmanna |party = Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party |votes = 3,779 |percentage = 2.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Maddileti |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,519 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thummala Ravi Kumar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,866 |percentage = 1.19% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 965 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,730 |percentage = 4.28% |change = {{increase}}3.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,348 |percentage = 75.84% |change = {{increase}}7.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,379}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,104 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. M. Abraham]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,722 |percentage = 38.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prasanna Kumar. R |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 48,539 |percentage = 37.52% |change = {{increase}}7.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Surupa Shobharani |party = Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 14,549 |percentage = 11.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangi Laxmanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,334 |percentage = 1.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Indira |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,215 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaganam Sekhar Budagajangam |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,702 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravinder |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,508 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Balaswamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,356 |percentage = 1.05% |change = {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Prasad Madiga |party = Trilinga Praja Pragati Party |votes = 969 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Raju |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 966 |percentage = 0.75% |change = {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,183 |percentage = 0.91% |change = {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,512 |percentage = 68.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,361}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,729 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}4.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 4 Mar 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113812/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Challa Venkatrami Reddy]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,499 |percentage = 34.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vavilala Suneetha |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 33,252 |percentage = 30.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ravula Ravindranath Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 28,253 |percentage = 25.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Boya Ganapathi Naidu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,820 |percentage = 2.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gopal Rao |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 2,265 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Narayana Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,831 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Ratna Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,495 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,247 |percentage = 3.86% |change = {{decrease}}26.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,038 |percentage = 69.10% |change = {{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,021}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 17 |percentage = 0.02% |change = {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,241 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}19.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ravula Ravindranath Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,588 |percentage = 53.56% |change = {{increase}}27.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kothakota Prakash Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,334 |percentage = 23.32% |change = {{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunitha |party = Bahujan Republican Party |votes = 20,631 |percentage = 20.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmi Reddy |party = Anna Telugu Desam Party |votes = 1,309 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gopal Rao |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 686 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,254 |percentage = 30.24% |change = {{increase}}28.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,507 |percentage = 65.59% |change = {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,044}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,463 |percentage = 3.35% |change = {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,801 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}18.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kothakota Prakash Reddy |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 33,918 |percentage = 35.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Vishnuvardhan Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,954 |percentage = 33.02% |change = {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ravindranath Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,293 |percentage = 26.14% |change = {{decrease}}28.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chakrapani Yadav. S |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,560 |percentage = 1.61% |change = {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharma Raju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,169 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajani Babu. T |party = Independent politician |votes = 801 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,964 |percentage = 2.03% |change = {{decrease}}9.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,701 |percentage = 66.69% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,771}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,930 |percentage = 1.96% |change = {{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,006 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}19.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ravula Ravindranath Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,167 |percentage = 54.95% |change = {{increase}}4.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajani Babu. T |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,795 |percentage = 43.12% |change = {{increase}}8.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Immanial |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 746 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madduleti |party = Independent politician |votes = 527 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,372 |percentage = 11.83% |change = {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,189 |percentage = 66.05% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,651}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,538 |percentage = 4.92% |change = {{increase}}2.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,571 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ravula Ravindranath Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,910 |percentage = 50.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Anasuyamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,709 |percentage = 34.44% |change = {{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardhan Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,539 |percentage = 6.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yellapa Naidu |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,599 |percentage = 4.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Manikya Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,081 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayana |party = Independent politician |votes = 948 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohd. Abdulraoof |party = Independent politician |votes = 508 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,201 |percentage = 16.35% |change = {{increase}}12.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,306 |percentage = 65.20% |change = {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,643}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,663 |percentage = 2.18% |change = {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,035 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajini Babu |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,979 |percentage = 49.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Laxmi Sarojini Devi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,011 |percentage = 45.38% |change = {{increase}}40.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Kristanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,828 |percentage = 3.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ananda Rao. S |party = Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes = 929 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,968 |percentage = 4.08% |change = {{increase}}3.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,925 |percentage = 69.07% |change = {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,747}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,178 |percentage = 2.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,484 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ram Bhupal Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,998 |percentage = 35.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Rajani Babu |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,873 |percentage = 35.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Govind Reddy |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 15,621 |percentage = 23.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Balakrishna Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,453 |percentage = 5.16% |change = {{decrease}}64.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 125 |percentage = 0.19% |change = {{decrease}}41.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,971 |percentage = 71.92% |change = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,945}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,026 |percentage = 2.94% |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,896 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}34.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. Chandrasekhara Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,438 |percentage = 70.10% |change = {{decrease}}16.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srirama Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,268 |percentage = 28.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 697 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,170 |percentage = 41.51% |change = {{decrease}}35.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,266 |percentage = 64.26% |change = {{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,403}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,007 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. Chandrasekhara Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,780 |percentage = 87.04% |change = {{increase}}38.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,330 |percentage = 10.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. G. Nagaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 998 |percentage = 2.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,450 |percentage = 76.51% |change = {{increase}}76.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,011 |percentage = 60.43% |change = {{decrease}}9.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,108}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,179 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}38.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Muralidhar Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,715 |percentage = 48.97% |change = {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paga Pulla Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,548 |percentage = 48.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharma Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,035 |percentage = 2.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 167 |percentage = 0.39% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,034 |percentage = 69.65% |change = {{increase}}19.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,298}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,222 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jayalaxmi Devamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,345 |percentage = 50.15% |change = {{decrease}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardhan Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,267 |percentage = 49.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 78 |percentage = 0.29% |change = {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,612 |percentage = 49.81% |change = {{decrease}}28.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,612}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,424 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}47.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}19.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Alampur Gadwal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Naganna Kalavandla |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,128 |percentage = 31.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paga Pulla Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,293 |percentage = 25.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Chandrasekhara Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,910 |percentage = 19.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jammanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,667 |percentage = 19.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsing Bhan Singh |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,779 |percentage = 4.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,835 |percentage = 5.99% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,777 |percentage = 78.70% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,777}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,638 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|15.88|78.13|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)

2026-04-21T19:45:05Z

Meemobaidullah: Started Page.

{{Short description|List of recipients of a civilian award in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian award
| name = Padma Bhushan
| image = Padma Bhushan India IIe Klasse.jpg
| alt = Padma Bhushan medal suspended from its riband
| image_size = 100px
| type = National Civilian
| country = India
| established = 1954
| firstawarded = 1954
| presenter = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|30px|State Emblem of India]] [[Government of India]]
| previous = [[Padma Vibhushan]] "Dusra Varg" (Class II)
| obverse = A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus.
| reverse = A platinum [[State Emblem of India]] placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
| ribbon = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|100px|Padma Bhushan riband]]
| higher = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Vibhushan riband]] [[Padma Vibhushan]]
| lower = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]] [[Padma Shri]]
| total_awarded = 113
}}

The [[Padma Bhushan]] is the third-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[India|Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|title=PV Sindhu recommended for Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, by sports ministry|work=Firstpost|date=25 September 2017|access-date=26 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235920/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|archive-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Instituted on 2{{nbsp}}January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.<ref name=award1954>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Lal|first=Shavax A.|year=1954|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=2 January 1954|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=2|quote=The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated 'Padma Vibhushan' in three classes, namely: 'Pahela Varg', 'Dusra Varg' and 'Tisra Varg'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155953/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> The recipients receive a ''Sanad'', a certificate signed by the [[President of India]] and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26{{nbsp}}January) and registered in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'', a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, under the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]].<ref name="scheme">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Scheme|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|access-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002803/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the ''Gazette''. The names of recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are archived, and recipients who are struck from the register are required to surrender their medals;<ref name=award1955>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Ayyar|first=N. M.|year=1955|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=15 January 1955|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=8|quote=All persons upon whom the decoration of 'Padma Vibhushan' ('Dusra Varg') was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Bhushan has been conferred by the President.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518211317/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during 1990–1999 have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the [[State governments of India|state and the union territory governments]], as well as from [[Union Government ministries of India|Ministries of the Government of India]], the [[Bharat Ratna]] and the [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients|Padma Vibhushan awardees]], the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Ministers]] and the [[List of current Indian governors|Governors of State]], and the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] including private individuals.<ref name="scheme" />

When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as "Dusra Varg" (Class II) under the three-tier [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15{{nbsp}}January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="scheme" /> The criteria included "distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excluded those working with the [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.<ref name=award1955 /> The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion {{convert|1+3/4|inch|mm}} in diameter and {{convert|1/8|inch|mm}} thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of {{convert|1+3/16|inch|mm}} side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter {{convert|1+1/16|inch|mm}} is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus written in [[Devanagari]] script. The [[State Emblem of India]] is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm}} in width with a broad white stripe in the middle.<ref name="scheme" /><ref name=award1955 /> It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of [[Indian honours system|the Indian civilian and military awards]].{{efn|The order of precedence is: [[Bharat Ratna]], [[Param Vir Chakra]], [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], [[Padma Vibhushan]] and Padma Bhushan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|title=Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals|access-date=22 November 2015|publisher=Indian Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220808/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA%3D%3D&ParentID=XRRy6fl%2FYj1c0bK0sve+Pg%3D%3D|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>}}

In the 1990s, a total of 113 people were conferred with the award. Twenty-four awards were presented in both 1990 and 1991, followed by thirty-three in 1992. In February 1992, a [[Writ|writ petition]] was filed in the [[Kerala High Court]] questioning whether the civilian awards presented the Government of India were "titles" as per the Article [[s: Constitution of India/Part III#Article 18|18 (1)]] of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/an-honourable-judgement/200543|title=An Honourable Judgement|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Saibal|last2=Prakash|first2=Amit|work=Outlook|date=10 January 1996|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309183212/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/an-honourable-judgement/200543|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject constitutional article states that "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|title=The Constitution of India|access-date=19 May 2014|page=36|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> Similar petition was also filed in August 1992 in the Indore Bench of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] and a notice was issued on 25{{nbsp}}August that led to provisional suspension of all civilian awards.<ref name="sci"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chatwal-fiasco-Top-civilian-awards-losing-sheen/articleshow/5541881.cms|title=Chatwal fiasco: Top civilian awards losing sheen|last1=Mukul|first1=Akshaya|last2=Mohan|first2=Vishwa|last3=Dhawan|first3=Himanshi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 February 2010|access-date=23 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228104716/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chatwal-fiasco-Top-civilian-awards-losing-sheen/articleshow/5541881.cms|archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> A Special Divisional Bench of the [[Supreme Court of India]] was set up with a panel of five judges that delivered the verdict on 15{{nbsp}}December 1995 that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles within Article 18 of the Constitution of India".<ref name="sci">{{cite web|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=19825|title=Balaji Raghavan S. P. Anand Vs. Union of India: Transfer Case (civil) 9 of 1994|date=4 August 1997|access-date=14 May 2014|publisher=Supreme Court of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519060941/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=19825|archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref>{{Sfn|Thorpe|2011|p=C-105}} Later in 1998 when the presentation of the awards resumed, eighteen recipients received the award followed by fourteen in 1999. The Padma Bhushan in the 1990s was also conferred upon five foreign recipients{{dash}} two from the United Kingdom and one each from Japan, New Zealand, and the United States. Individuals from ten fields were honoured that included twenty-six artists, twenty-three from literature and education, eighteen from science and engineering, fifteen from medicine, eleven from public affairs, ten from social work, three sportspersons, three from trade and industry, and two from civil services and other fields each.<ref name="award90-99">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=22 March 2016|pages=94–117|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

Journalist [[Nikhil Chakravarty]] declined the award in 1990 so as to "not be identified with the establishment".<ref name="SaidNo">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2714615.cms|title=Those who said no to top awards|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2008|access-date=23 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329133839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2714615.cms|archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> Historian [[Romila Thapar]] declined to accept the award in 1992, and later again in 2005, stating that she would accept awards only "from academic institutions or those associated with my professional work".<ref name="SaidNo"/> Similar to Chakravarty, journalist and civil servant [[K. Subrahmanyam]] also refused the honour citing that "bureaucrats and journalists should not accept any award from the government because they are more liable to be favoured."<ref name="SaidNo"/>

==Recipients==

{|class="plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" |
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by year<ref name="award90-99"/>
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 35
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = 1990
| data1 = 24
| label2 = 1991
| data2 = 24
| label3 = 1992
| data3 = 33
| label4 = 1993
| data4 = 0
| label5 = 1994
| data5 = 0
| label6 = 1995
| data6 = 0
| label7 = 1996
| data7 = 0
| label8 = 1997
| data8 = 0
| label9 = 1998
| data9 = 18
| label10 = 1999
| data10 = 14
}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by field<ref name="award90-99"/>
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 30
| label_type = Field
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = Arts
| data1 = 26
| label2 = Civil Service
| data2 = 2
| label3 = Literature & Education
| data3 = 24
| label4 = Medicine
| data4 = 15
| label5 = Others
| data5 = 2
| label6 = Public Affairs
| data6 = 11
| label7 = Science & Engineering
| data7 = 17
| label8 = Social Work
| data8 = 10
| label9 = Sports
| data9 = 3
| label10 = Trade & Industry
| data10 = 3
}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Key
! scope="row" | {{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Indicates a posthumous honour|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}
|}

===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1990===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country<ref name="award90-99" />
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" | Laureates
! scope="col" | Field
! scope="col" | State
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:Rajanikat_Arole.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajanikant|Arole}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bimal Kumar|Bachhawat}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:Suresh_Joshi_with_P_L_Deshpandey_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Purushottam Laxman|Deshpande}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sattaiyappa Dhandapani|Desikar|nolink=1}}
| Literature & Education || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|L. K.|Doraiswamy}}
| Science & Engineering ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA|Indicates a citizen of the United States}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nikhil|Ghosh}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. K.|Goyal}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:Jasraj_048.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Jasraj}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Khalilullah|M. Khalilullah}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|R. N.|Malhotra}}
| Civil Service || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:Bimal_Krishna_Matilal.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bimal Krishna|Matilal}}
| Literature & Education ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR|Indicates a citizen of the United Kingdom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Inder|Mohan|nolink=1}}
| Social Work || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"| {{sortname|Sumant|Moolgaokar}}{{efn-lr|[[Sumant Moolgaokar]] died on 1 July 1989, at the age of 82.}}{{hash}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hirendranath|Mukherjee}}
| Literature & Education || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. D.|Narasimhaiah}}
| Literature & Education || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:NarasimhaninBengaluru2010_214.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. S.|Narasimhan}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kunwar Singh|Negi}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Trilochan|Pradhan}}
| Literature & Education || Odisha
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:N. ram.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|N.|Ram}}
| Literature & Education || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:Sukumar_Sen_linguist_2020_cover_of_India_cr.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sukumar|Sen|dab=linguist}}
| Literature & Education || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:Arun_Shourie_cropped.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arun|Shourie}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Julius|Silverman}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:SRINI.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. R.|Srinivasan}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
| [[File:Dr.M.S.Valiathan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. S.|Valiathan}}
| Medicine || Kerala
|-
|}

===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1991===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
|+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country<ref name="award90-99" />
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Portrait
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Laureates
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Field
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | State
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ebrahim|Alkazi}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Lala_Amarnath_at_Lord's_1936.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lala|Amarnath}}
| Sports || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:N._S._Bendre.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Narayan Shridhar|Bendre}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Shyam_Benegal_in_2016.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shyam|Benegal}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:DB_Deodhar_1996_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|D. B.|Deodhar}}
| Sports || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Amjad_Ali_Khan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amjad Ali|Khan}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Dilip_Kumar_2006.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dilip|Kumar}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Narayan Singh|Manaklao}}
| Social Work || Rajasthan
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Muthu Krishna|Mani}}
| Medicine || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Ram_Narayan_May_2007.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ram|Narayan}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_presenting_Padma_Vibhushan_to_Shri_Fali_Sam_Nariman,_at_an_Investiture_Ceremony_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_March_23,_2007_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Fali Sam|Nariman}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Kapil_Dev_at_Equation_sports_auction_(3x4_cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kapil|Dev}}
| Sports || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manubhai|Pancholi}}
| Public Affairs || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Shakuntala_Paranjpye_in_film,_Duniya_Na_Mane_(1937).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shakuntala|Paranjpye}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Bindeshwar_Pathak.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bindeshwar|Pathak}}
| Social Work || Bihar
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Samta|Prasad}}
| Arts || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Rajguru.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Basavaraj|Rajguru}}
| Arts || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Prathap_C._Reddy_(1).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prathap C.|Reddy}}
| Medicine || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Amala_Shankar_-_Kolkata_2011-05-09_2810.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amala|Shankar}}
| Arts || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
| [[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2003_-_Colnect_158296_-_Kusumagraj_1912-1999.jpeg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vishnu Vaman|Shirwadkar (Kusumagraj)|Kusumagraj}}
| Literature & Education || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kuthur Ramakrishnan|Srinivasan}}
| Literature & Education || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ale Ahmad|Suroor}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Leslie Denis|Swindale}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=NZL|Indicates a citizen of New Zealand}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1991
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jiwan Singh|Umranangal}}
| Public Affairs || Punjab
|-
|}

===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1992===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
|+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country<ref name="award90-99" />
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Portrait
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Laureates
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Field
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | State
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Bijoy_Chandra_Bhagavati_portrait.gif|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bijoy Chandra|Bhagavati}}
| Public Affairs || Assam
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Debu|Chaudhuri}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Hariprasad_Chaurasia_in_July_2015_(4).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hariprasad|Chaurasia}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Thayil John|Cherian}}
| Medicine || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ranjan Roy|Daniel}}
| Science & Engineering || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Virendra|Dayal}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:The_President,_Smt._Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil_presenting_the_Life_Time_Achievement_Award_to_the_famous_film_actress_Smt._Saroja_Devi,_at_the_54th_National_Film_Awards_function,_in_New_Delhi_on_September_02,_2008_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. Saroja|Devi}}
| Arts || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Dr._Khem_Singh_Gill.png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Khem Singh|Gill}}
| Science & Engineering || Punjab
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vavilala|Gopalakrishnayya}}
| Public Affairs || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Anna_Hazare_on_2nd_Oct.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anna|Hazare}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Hakeem_abdul.png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hakim Abdul|Hameed}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Jaggayya}}
| Arts || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Girish_Karnad_Screening_Cornell_(cropped).JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Girish|Karnad}}
| Arts || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:K._Kasturirangan_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krishnaswamy|Kasturirangan}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Triloki Nath|Khoshoo}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Goro|Koyama|nolink=1}}
| Others || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=JPN|Indicates a citizen of Japan}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Adusumalli|Radha Krishna|nolink=1}}
| Arts || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:T._N._Krishnan_FTII_Pune_2010.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T. N.|Krishnan}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramachandra Datatraya|Lele}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Talat_Mahmood_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Talat|Mahmood}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Syed Abdul|Malik}}
| Literature & Education || Assam
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dalsukh Dahyabhai|Malvania}}
| Literature & Education || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Sonal_Mansingh_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sonal|Mansingh}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Dr M Sarada Menon.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. Sarada|Menon}}
| Social Work || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Naushad_2013_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Naushad}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Setu Madhavrao|Pagdi}}
| Literature & Education || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hasmukhbhai|Parekh}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:CNREDDY.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. Narayana|Reddy}}
| Literature & Education || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Photo_by_jayraj.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mrinalini|Sarabhai}}
| Arts || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gursaran|Talwar}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:Brihaspati_Dev_Triguna_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brihaspati Dev|Triguna}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
| [[File:K._Venkatalakshamma.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K.|Venkatalakshamma}}
| Arts || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1992
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. R.|Vyas}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
|}

===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1998===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
|+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country<ref name="award90-99" />
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Portrait
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Laureates
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Field
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | State
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:യു.ആർ._അനന്തമൂർത്തി.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|U. R.|Ananthamurthy}}
| Literature & Education || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:S.Chandrasekhar.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sivaramakrishna|Chandrasekhar}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:Debiprasad.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Debiprasad|Chattopadhyaya}}
| Literature & Education || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:Sat_Pal_Dang_addressing._Sohan_Singh_Bhakna._Funeral._21_Dec_1968.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satyapal|Dang}}
| Public Affairs || Punjab
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:Gurbaksh_Singh_Dhillon.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurbaksh Singh|Dhillon}}
| Public Affairs || Madhya Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|H. K.|Dua}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maligali Ram Krishna|Girinath|nolink=1}}
| Medicine || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hemlata|Gupta}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:KM_Mathew_2011_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. M.|Mathew}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:G._Madhavan_Nair.png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|G. Madhavan|Nair}}
| Science & Engineering || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajendra Singh|Paroda}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|G. B.|Parulkar}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:Vaidyeswaran_Rajaraman.png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vaidyeswaran|Rajaraman}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:Bhisham_Sahni_2017_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhisham|Sahni}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vempati Chinna|Satyam}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:Laxmi_Mall_Singhvi_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Laxmi Mall|Singhvi}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. M.|Tarkunde}}
| Public Affairs || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
| [[File:The_Director_of_AIIMS,_Dr._Venugopal_in_New_Delhi_on_February_9,_2005_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Panangipalli|Venugopal}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
|}

===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1999===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
|+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country<ref name="award90-99" />
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Portrait
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Laureates
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Field
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | State
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. S.|Badrinath}}
| Medicine || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jag Pravesh|Chandra|nolink=1}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacob|Cherian}}
| Social Work || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pushpalata|Das}}
| Social Work || Assam
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sohrab Pirojsha|Godrej}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
| [[File:GeorgeJoseph.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Joseph|dab=scientist}}
| Science & Engineering || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
| [[File:Anil_Kakodkar.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anil|Kakodkar}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|D. C.|Kizhakemuri}}{{efn-lr|[[D. C. Kizhakemuri]] died on 26 January 1999, at the age of 85.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Inspiration: D. C. Kizhakemuri [1914–1999]|url=http://www.dcprintingschool.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=41|publisher=DCSMAT Institute of Printing and Imaging|access-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130408021941/http://www.dcprintingschool.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=41|archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
| [[File:Ashok_Kumar_2013_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok|Kumar}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vidya Niwas|Mishra}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krishnamurthy|Santhanam}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|H. D.|Shourie}}
| Social Work || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivmangal Singh|Suman}}
| Literature & Education || Madhya Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1999
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ram Kinkar|Upadhyay}}
| Others || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

;Non-citizen recipients
{{notelist-ua|2}}

;Posthumous recipients
{{notelist-lr|2}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHaYRoLuKBgC|title=The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2011|last=Thorpe|first=Edgar|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2011|isbn=978-81-3175-640-9}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_M5DwAAQBAJ&q=shakuntala+paranjpye+padma+bhushan&pg=PT149|title=The Double-X Factor|last=Nair|first=Pratap|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2017|isbn=978-81-8495-993-2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/}}
* {{cite web|title=Awards & Medals|url=http://mha.gov.in/awards_medals|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=14 September 2015|access-date=22 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002905/http://mha.gov.in/awards_medals|archive-date=9 February 2018}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–1999}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padma Bhushan Awards (1990-99)}}
[[Category:Lists of Padma Bhushan award recipients|1990-99]]

Shashi Kant Sharma

2026-04-21T11:58:48Z

Meemobaidullah: put up bio

{{Short description|12th Comptroller and Auditor General of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shashi Kant Sharma
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd.)
| office = Chairman of [[United Nations]] Board of Auditors
| image = File:Shri Shashi Kant Sharma taking charge as the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), in New Delhi on May 23, 2013.jpg
| caption = Shashi Kant Sharma taking charge as the Comptroller and Auditor General of India
| predecessor = [[Vinod Rai]]
| successor = [[Rajiv Mehrishi]]
| term_end = 24 September 2017
| term_start = 11 January 2017
| office2 = 35th [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] of [[India]]
| order2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (IAS)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| office1 = 12th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India#List of CAGs of India|Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]
| predecessor1 = [[Vinod Rai]]
| successor1 = [[Rajiv Mehrishi]]
| term_end1 = 24 September 2017
| term_start1 = 23 May 2013
| term_end2 = 23 May 2013
| term_start2 = 14 July 2011
| successor2 = [[Radha Krishna Mathur]]
| birth_name = Shashi Kant Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|09|25}}
| birth_place = [[Chandausi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of York]] [[University of Allahabad]] [[University of Agra]]
| occupation = [[Civil Service|Retired Central Civil Servant]] ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| office3 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Financial Services Secretary]] of [[India]]
| term_start3 = 9 February 2011
| term_end3 = 11 July 2011
| office4 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Information and Technology Secretary]] of [[India]]
| term_end4 = 8 February 2011
| term_start4 = 24 September 2010
}}
'''Shashi Kant Sharma''' is a [[retired]] 1976 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of [[Bihar]] cadre. He was the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shashi-kant-sharma-sworn-in-as-cag/article4742600.ece|title=Shashi Kant Sharma sworn in as CAG|date=23 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-secretary-shashi-kant-sharma-to-be-new-cag/article4736437.ece|title=Defence Secretary Shashi Kant Sharma to be new CAG|date=21 May 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> In July 2014 he assumed office as a Member of the United Nations Board of Auditors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CAG-Shashi-Kant-Sharma-on-UN-board-of-auditors/articleshow/38985053.cms|title=CAG Shashi Kant Sharma on UN board of auditors|date=25 July 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> On 11 January 2017, Sharma took over as the Chairman of the [[United Nations]] Board of Auditors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/auditors/board/membership.shtml|title=Current Membership|website=[[United Nations]] Board of Auditors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317185006/http://www.un.org/en/auditors/board/membership.shtml|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> The reports of the Board serve as a key input for policy making within the UN.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Press_11.1.17.pdf|title=Shri Shashi Kant Sharma, C&AG of India takes over as Chairman of the UN Board of Auditors|date=11 January 2017|website=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170633/http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Press_11.1.17.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-02|url-status=dead|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cag-shashi-kant-sharma-takes-over-as-un-audit-chair-for-2-years/articleshow/56487509.cms|title=CAG Shashi Kant Sharma takes over as UN audit chair for 2 years|date=12 January 2017|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/apr/04/in-a-first-cag-of-india-to-audit-un-secretariat-in-new-york-1589764.html|title=In a first, CAG of India to audit UN Secretariat in New York|date=4 April 2017|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
He has [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] from [[University of Allahabad]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=3018&PageId=|title=Shashi Kant Mishra - Executive Record Sheet|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> an [[Master of Science|MSc]] in [[Public administration|Administrative Science and Development Problems]] from [[University of York]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> and is a [[Master of Arts|MA]] in [[Political science|Political Science]] from [[Agra University]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Defence-secretary-Shashi-Kant-Sharma-to-be-new-CAG/articleshow/20174558.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617170543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-21/india/39417990_1_new-cag-defence-secretary-vinod-rai|url-status=live|archive-date=17 June 2013|title=Defence secretary Shashi Kant Sharma to be new CAG|date=21 May 2013|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== As an IAS officer ===
Shashi Kant Sharma served in key positions for both [[Government of India|Union]] and [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Governments]], like as the Excise Commissioner of Bihar, Labour Commissioner of Bihar, managing director of Bokaro Industrial Development Authority and as the [[District Magistrate and Collector]] of [[Patna]], [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]], [[Palamu district|Palamau]] and [[Bhagalpur]] in [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/watching-the-watchmen/article4736914.ece|title=Watching the watchmen|author=Sengupta|first=Arghya|date=22 May 2013|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> and as the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Union Defence Secretary]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Financial Services Secretary]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Information Technology Secretary]], Director General (Acquisition) in [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]] in Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances in [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] and as [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]] in [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] in the [[Union Government]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="thehindu1" />

=== Post Retirement ===

==== Comptroller and Auditor General of India ====
Since taking over as CAG of India, Sharma has finalized more than 100 Audit Reports for the Union Government and 250 Audit Reports for the State Governments. Some of these reports relate to critical issues, such as the Agricultural Crop Insurance Scheme, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, Flood control and Flood Forecasting, E-auction of coal mines, Environmental Clearance mechanism, Turnaround plan and financial restructuring of Air India, Sharing of Revenue by Private service providers in Telecom sector, Public Debt Management, Implementation of PAHAL (DBTL) Scheme by the Oil Marketing Companies, Construction of Indo China Border Roads by Border Roads Organisation, Audit of Pricing Mechanism of Major Petroleum Products, Audit of Hydrocarbon Production Sharing Contracts, Reports on Defence Services (Air Force and Navy), PPP Projects in NHAI, Defence Services (Army and Ordnance Factories and Defence PSUs), and Audit of Refit of Indian Naval Ships.

He was elected by the General Assembly of United Nations as a Member of the UN Board of Auditors in 2014 for a term of six years. His other international responsibilities include Member of UN Panel of External Auditors, Chair of the Knowledge Sharing and Knowledge Services Committee of the International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI), Chair of the Working Group of INTOSAI on I.T. Audit. He was also the Chairman of the Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI) until February 2015, and is currently{{when|date=December 2018}} a member of its Governing Board.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

In a Public Interest Litigation (PIL), Prashant Bhushan questioned the selection of former Defence Secretary, saying that there was conflict of interest in this appointment as CAG.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-special-unresolved-issues-could-stall-audit-of-kg-basin-again-1834793|title=dna special: Unresolved issues could stall audit of KG Basin, again|last=Datta|first=Saikat|last2=Pai|first2=Sandeep|date=15 May 2013|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=25 September 2017|last3=Thakur|first3=Neeraj}}</ref> The manner in which his appointment had been made adversely was thought of to possibly affect the perception of impartiality that is necessary for an independent constitutional office-holder.<ref name="thehindu1" /> The Delhi High Court, by a detailed judgement in the Writ Petitions no 4653/2013 and WP 4619/2013 dated 13.08.2014, held that the appointment did not violate the principles of institutional integrity nor was the appointment arbitrary. The Hon’ble Court observed that he has an unblemished and impeccable record, and that his integrity cannot be doubted.<ref>Delhi High Court Judgement, Dated 13 August 2014</ref> The Petitioners challenged the Delhi High Court judgement before the Supreme Court. The Hon’ble Supreme Court, in its order in SLP No.24328/2014 on 11 February 2015, dismissed the petition by holding that there was no good ground to interfere in the High Court's judgement and order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/x30YoenedHhQAdyYPfI5wM/SC-rejects-plea-for-quashing-appointment-of-SK-Sharma-as-CAG.html|title=SC rejects plea for quashing appointment of SK Sharma as CAG|date=11 February 2015|website=Live Mint|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> It did not accept Prashant Bhushan's plea for examining the appointment of Sharma as CAG, a Constitutional post, on the mere apprehension of conflict of interest. The Hon’ble Court accepted the submission of the Attorney General that Sharma had an exceptional career without blemish.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dont-encroach-on-executive-turf-Modi-govt-tells-SC/articleshow/46206173.cms|title=Don't encroach on executive turf, Modi govt tells SC|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|date=12 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

Sharma demitted the office of Comptroller and Auditor General of India on 24 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rajiv-mehrishi-to-swear-in-as-cag-on-monday-succeeds-shashi-kant-sharma-4077743.html|title=Rajiv Mehrishi to swear in as CAG on Monday; succeeds Shashi Kant Sharma|date=24 September 2017|website=Firstpost|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/60813773.cms|title=Demonetisation policy decision, CAG won't question it: Shashi Kant Sharma|last=Thakur|first=Pradeep|date=24 September 2017|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

==== Chairman of United Nations Board of Auditors ====
Sharma assumed the office of Chairman of United Nations Board of Auditors on 11 January 2017.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/auditors/board/|title=United Nations Board of Auditors - Home|website=[[United Nations]] Board of Auditors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907155634/http://www.un.org/en/auditors/board/|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref>

Sharma demitted the office of Chairman of United Nations Board of Auditors on 24 September 2017.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/auditors/board/membership.shtml|title=United Nations Board of Auditors - Current Membership|website=[[United Nations]] Board of Auditors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113195012/http://www.un.org/en/auditors/board/membership.shtml|archive-date=13 January 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=3018&PageId= Executive Record Sheet as maintained by Department of Personnel and Training of Government of India]

{{Commons category|Shashi Kant Sharma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Shashi Kant}}
[[Category:Comptrollers in India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Defence secretaries of India]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Chandausi]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of York]]

P. K. Kunjachan

2026-04-20T06:55:20Z

Meemobaidullah: Put Up Basic Entry Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Indian Communist politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. K. Kunjachan
| image =
| birth_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Rajya sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Kerala]]
| term_start = 22 August 1988
| term_end = 16 June 1991
| term_start1 = 22 April 1973
| term_end1 = 21 April 1979
| office2 = Member of the [[Travancore-Cochin]] Legislative Assembly
| constituency2 = [[Chengannur]]
| term_start2 = 15 February 1954
| term_end2 = 27 February 1957
| office3 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Pandalam]]
| term_start3 = 3 March 1967
| term_end3 = 26 June 1970
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = Damodaran Kalassery
| constituency4 = [[Mavelikkara]]
| term_start4 = 16 March 1957
| term_end4 = 10 September 1964
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 = G. Gopinathan Pillai
| birth_date = October 1925
| birth_place = [[Ezhumattoor]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1991|06|14|1925}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = Bhasura Devi
| children = 2, including P. K. Jamila
| relatives = [[A. K. Balan]] (Son-in-law)
| website =
}}
'''P. K. Kunjachan''' (October 1925 – 14 June 1991) was a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] politician from [[Kerala]], India. Before formation of Kerala state he was a member of the Tirukochi Legislative Assembly during the period 1954-1956. After formation of the state, he represented the Mavelikara constituency in the first and second Kerala Legislative Assemblies and the Pandalam constituency in the Third Legislative Assembly. Kunjachan was a member of Rajya Sabha from 1973–79 and 1988-91.

==Biography==
P. K. Kunjachan was born in October 1925 at [[Ezhumattoor]] in present day [[Tiruvalla]] Taluk in [[Pathanamthitta district]].<ref name="deshabhimani">{{cite news |last1=Vijayaraghavan |first1=A |title=ആ സമരജീവിതം എന്നും മാതൃക |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/articles/p-k-kunjachan/949903 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |access-date=2022-07-02 |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702101813/https://www.deshabhimani.com/articles/p-k-kunjachan/949903 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was born in a poor [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] family.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> He became a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1947.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> In 1973, he became the State General Secretary of the Agricultural Workers Union and remained in that position till 1982.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> He was active in trade union activities in the early days and became the leader of Travancore transport workers.<ref name="deshabhimani"/> When he got a job in a paper mill, upper caste workers, who thought it was bad to work under a lower caste, gave him poison in his stew, but he did not drink it, and his life was saved.<ref name="desh" />

Before formation of Kerala state Kunjachan was elected the member of [[Travancore–Cochin]] Legislative Assembly during the period 1954-1956.<ref name="niyamasabha">{{cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m354.htm |website=www.niyamasabha.org |access-date=2022-07-02 |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702075940/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m354.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> After formation of the state, he represented the Mavelikara constituency in the [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|first]] and in Pandalam constituency in second Kerala Legislative Assemblies as a [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) candidate.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> After the split of Communist party in 1964, he stayed with [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI (M)) and represented Pandalam constituency in the Third Kerala Legislative Assembly.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> In 1971 general elections, in Adoor constituency, with the support of [[Indian National Congress]], [[Bhargavi Thankappan]] of CPI beat Kunjachan who contested as a CPI (M) candidate.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/web-news/en/2019/03/NMAN0040203/1.html |work=keralakaumudi.com |title=Untitled}}</ref> Kunjachan was then elected as the member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1973–79 and 1988-91.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

Kunjachan has also worked as a member of the state secretariat of CPI (M), a member of the central committee, a member of the State Housing Development Corporation and the general secretary of the All India Farmers' Union.<ref name="niyamasabha"/><ref>{{cite news |title=പി കെ കുഞ്ഞച്ചന്‌ സ്‌മരണാഞ്‌ജലി |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-thiruvananthapuramkerala-15-06-2022/1026176 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |access-date=2022-07-02 |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702080029/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-thiruvananthapuramkerala-15-06-2022/1026176 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kunjachan, who was involved in the freedom struggle, also served as a clerk in the army.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

In 2018, at a meeting on Kunjachan's 28th death anniversary, the then Kerala Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] reminisced Kunjachan as an architect of the farmers' movement in the state of Kerala.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |title=Unite for farmers, VS tells Opposition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/unite-for-farmers-vs-tells-opposition/article24166973.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 June 2018 |language=en-IN |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702091330/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/unite-for-farmers-vs-tells-opposition/article24166973.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He added, although it was not easy to organize workers in those feudal times, Kunjachan did not rest until he secured equality and fair wages for the agricultural laborers, and his efforts instilled confidence among the working class.<ref name="hindu"/>

===Personal life and death===
Kunjachan, who was assigned to create a ''Mahila Sangham'' (Women's Union) and bring women to the forefront, took the initiative to publish the poems of Bhasura Devi, who was elected the secretary of the ''Mahila Sangham'' in [[Chengannur]].<ref name="desh">{{cite news |title=പോരാട്ടത്തിന്റെ, പ്രണയത്തിന്റെ ഓര്‍മ്മകള്‍ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/books/pk-kunjachan/730190 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |access-date=2022-07-02 |archive-date=2023-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104125002/https://www.deshabhimani.com/books/pk-kunjachan/730190 |url-status=live }}</ref> After that he told her about his love, and married her in 1957.<ref name="desh"/> Kunjachan and his wife Bhasura Devi who was a teacher have two children including Dr. P. K. Jameela. Jameela who joined Kerala Health Service as a doctor, retired as director of health department.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minister AK Balan's wife Dr PK Jameela likely to contest assembly polls from Tharoor |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/minister-ak-balan-s-wife-dr-pk-jameela-likely-to-contest-assembly-polls-from-tharoor-1.5491385 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2022-07-02 |archive-date=2022-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603152203/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/minister-ak-balan-s-wife-dr-pk-jameela-likely-to-contest-assembly-polls-from-tharoor-1.5491385 |url-status=live }}</ref> His Son-in-law [[A. K. Balan]] is also a politician and former Kerala minister. He died on 14 June 1991.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

==Works on P K Kunjachan==
''P K Kunjachan Bhasura Ormakal'' (Chitha Publications, {{isbn|9789387842502}}) is a memoir written by Kunjachan's wife Bhasura Devi.<ref name="manoramanews">{{cite news |title=പി കെ കുഞ്ഞച്ചനെപ്പറ്റി ഓര്‍മകുറിപ്പ് പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/nattuvartha/south/2018/06/15/book-pk-kunjachan.html |work=Manoramanews |language=ml |access-date=2022-07-02 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615203612/https://www.manoramanews.com/nattuvartha/south/2018/06/15/book-pk-kunjachan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This book is about PK Kunjachan's struggles in building the Communist Party and uniting the agricultural workers.<ref name="manoramanews"/> It also narrates his love story with Bhasura Devi, who was a member of an ancient [[Nair]] family in Chengannur, who left her home to live with Kunjachan, a [[Scheduled Caste]].<ref name="manoramanews"/>

''Chentharakam'' (literally meaning "Red star") is a documentary on life of P. K. Kunjachan, directed by Pramod Payyannur.<ref name="hindu"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:unjachan, P. K.}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1957–1959]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1960–1964]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1965–1967]]

S. Raghavanandam

2026-04-16T07:10:01Z

Meemobaidullah: Put Up A Post Initial Version - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Raghavanandam
| image = S Raghavanandam.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Department of Labour and Employment (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Labour]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 9 June 1980
| term_end = 15 November 1984
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor = ''himself''
| successor = [[K. A. Krishnaswamy]]
| term_start1 = 30 June 1977
| term_end1 = 17 February 1980
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. Rajaram]]
| successor1 = ''himself''
| office2 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 2 August 1977
| term_end2 = 1 November 1986
| term_start3 = 1 March 1968
| term_end3 = 19 August 1971
| office4 = 4th [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start4 = 14 March 1985
| term_end4 = 16 October 1986
| predecessor4 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| successor4 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1990 - 1999) (before 1972)
| other_party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1972 - 1990)
}}
'''S. Raghavanandam''' (1917–1999) was an Indian politician and former General Secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]. He was the [[Department of Labour and Employment (Tamil Nadu)|Labour Minister]] in [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s Cabinet in 1977 and 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIXTH ASSEMBLY |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/6th_1977/overview.html|access-date=25 May 2021|publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=|title=REVIEW OF THE WORK TRANSACTED BY THE SEVENTH TAMIL NADU LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 1980-84|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/7th_1980/7threview_80-84.pdf|location=[[Chennai]]|publisher=Secratriat of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Secretariat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=காப்பகப்படுத்தப்பட்ட நகல் |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=138839020 |url-status= |access-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104113618/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=138839020 |archive-date=2022-01-04}}</ref> He was elected as the member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]] thrice in 1968, 1977 and 1988 representing both [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and AIADMK.

==Political career==
Raghavanandam served as the member of the Legislative Council representing [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] from 1968 to 1971.<ref>{{Citation|last=|title=TAMIL NADU LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY QUADRENNIAL REVIEW 1967-70|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/4th_1967/Review%204_67-70.pdf|year=1971|location=[[Chennai]]|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=|title=TAMIL NADU LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY QUINQUENNIAL REVIEW 1971-76|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/5th_1971/5th-71-76.pdf|year=1977|location=[[Chennai]]|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref> In 1972, when the DMK expelled MGR, joined the AIADMK. A letter was given to the chairman of the Board stating that he had resigned from the M.L.C. post. But Ragavanandam denied that he had written the resignation letter.

Raghavanandam was one of the senior leaders next to MGR in AIADMK. M.G.R, who was the general secretary of the AIADMK in the early days, became the chief minister and Raghavanandam became labour minister on his cabinet in 1977 and again in 1980. He was elected to [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]] representing AIADMK in 1977 and 1983. After [[P. U. Shanmugam]], He served as the general secretary of AIADMK from 1985 to 1986. After the party split in 1988, He also held the post of Deputy General Secretary of AIADMK [[Janaki Ramachandran|Janaki]] faction.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 1988-04-30|title=Statenotes: Making Insinuations|language=en-IN |work=indiatoday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880430-xyz-769085-2013-09-30 |access-date=2013-09-30}}</ref> In February 1989 after AIADMK United under [[Jayalalithaa]], He continued as the Deputy General Secretary of the party. He joined back DMK in 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 1990-01-31|title=Jayalalitha irks partymen|language=en-IN|work=indiatoday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19900131-jayalalitha-irks-partymen-812320-1990-01-30 |access-date=2013-10-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavanandam, S.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:1917 births]]

Balurghat–Haldibari Intercity Express

2026-04-12T18:06:10Z

Meemobaidullah: put up basic place first draft

{{short description|Train of India}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FFF000
| name = Balurghat - Siliguri - Balurghat '''Intercity Express'''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image=
| caption = 15463/64 - Balurghat - Siliguri Intercity Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|02|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Balurghat}}
| stops = 16
| end = {{rws|Siliguri Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|323|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hours 0 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = general unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead Racks
| catering = No
| observation = Large Windows
| entertainment = The Agriculture
| baggage = Available
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15463 / 15464
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 15463/64 '''Balurghat – Siliguri Junction Intercity Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Balurghat}} and {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} in [[India]].

It operates as train number 15463 from Balurghat to Siliguri Junction and as train number 15464 operates from Siliguri to Balurghat & This train serves the state of [[ West Bengal ]] & [[ Bihar ]]

* '''AS OF 11TH MARCH 2026 , THIS TRAIN IS NOW EXTENDED UPTO HALDIBARI ALONG WITH HALTS AT [[Jalpaiguri railway station|Jalpaiguri]] and [[Belakoba]] and it reverses it's direction at [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]] to go Balurghat via [[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri Junction]].'''

==Coaches==
The 15463 / 64 Balurghat – Siliguri Junction Intercity Express has ten general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 15463 Balurghat – Siliguri Junction Intercity Express covers the distance of {{convert|323|km|0|abbr=on}} in 6 hours 55 minutes (47 km/h) & in 7 hours 45 minutes as the 15464 Siliguri Junction – Balurghat Intercity Express (41 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

== Route and timing ==

The '''15463 / 15464 Balurghat – Siliguri Junction Intercity Express''' runs between {{rws|Balurghat}} and {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} via {{rws|Eklakhi Junction}}, {{rws|Aluabari Road Junction}} & {{rws|Thakurganj}} passing states like [[ West Bengal ]] & [[ Bihar ]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Station
! 15463 (Balurghat → Siliguri Jn) Arrival
! 15463 (Balurghat → Siliguri Jn) Departure
! 15464 (Siliguri Jn → Balurghat) Arrival
! 15464 (Siliguri Jn → Balurghat) Departure

|-
| '''{{rws|Balurghat}}'''
| —
| 12:15
| 15:15
| —

|-
| {{rws|Gangarampur}}
| 12:41
| 12:43
| 13:10
| 13:12

|-
| {{rws|Buniadpur}}
| 12:54
| 12:56
| 12:52
| 13:10

|-
| {{rws|Gazole}}
| 13:18
| 13:20
| 12:25
| 12:50

|-
| {{rws|Eklakhi Junction}}
| 14:05
| 14:20
| 11:55
| 12:23

|-
| {{rws|Samsi}}
| 14:22
| 14:35
| 11:25
| 11:45

|-
| {{rws|Bhaluka Road}}
| 14:37
| 14:48
| 11:12
| 11:23

|-
| {{rws|Harischandrapur}}
| 14:50
| 15:30
| 11:00
| 11:10

|-
| {{rws|Barsoi Junction}}
| 15:32
| 15:55
| 10:12
| 10:58

|-
| {{rws|Dalkolha}}
| 15:57
| 16:18
| 09:47
| 10:10

|-
| {{rws|Kishanganj}}
| 16:20
| 16:45
| 09:22
| 09:45

|-
| {{rws|Aluabari Road Junction}}
| 16:47
| 16:59
| 08:58
| 09:20

|-
| {{rws|Taiabpur}}
| 17:00
| 17:10
| 08:45
| 08:56

|-
| {{rws|Thakurganj}}
| 17:12
| 17:29
| 08:35
| 08:44

|-
| [[Galgalia]]
| 17:30
| 17:32
| 08:21
| 08:23

|-
| {{rws|Adhikari}}
| 17:41
| 17:43
| 08:32
| 08:34

|-
| {{rws|Naxalbari}}
| 17:57
| 18:15
| 07:59
| 08:20

|-
| {{rws|Bagdogra}}
| 18:16
| 19:10
| 07:45
| 07:58

|-
| '''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}'''
| 19:10
| —
| —
| 07:30
|}

==Traction==

As the entire route of the train is fully electrified, it is generally hauled by a high-horsepower [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive. The locomotive is typically provided by the [[Electric Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri Junction (SGUJ) Loco Shed]]. The WAP-7 class locomotive is well-suited for Intercity Express services due to its ability to haul long passenger rakes efficiently at higher speeds while ensuring smooth acceleration and reliable performance. The use of electric traction also contributes to reduced operational costs and lower environmental impact compared to diesel traction.

==Rake sharing==

The '''15463/15464 Balurghat–Siliguri Junction Intercity Express''' shares its rake under a '''Rake Sharing Arrangement (RSA)''' with the following services. The rake cycle is maintained in the sequence shown below:

'''55465''' → '''15468''' → '''15464''' → '''55422''' → '''55421''' → '''15463''' → '''15467''' → '''55466'''

* 55465 – Alipurduar – Bamanhat Passenger
* 15468 – Bamanhat – Siliguri Intercity Express
* 15464 – Siliguri Junction – Balurghat Intercity Express
* 55422 – Balurghat – Malda Town Passenger
* 55421 – Malda Town – Balurghat Passenger
* 15463 – Balurghat – Siliguri Junction Intercity Express
* 15467 – Siliguri Junction – Bamanhat Intercity Express
* 55466 – Bamanhat – Alipurduar Passenger

The rake maintenance and primary examination are carried out as per the operational cycle at the designated maintenance depot.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balurghat–Siliguri Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

R. Dharmar

2026-04-11T20:09:09Z

Meemobaidullah: Put Up First Data Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Dharmar
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 30 June 2022
| term_end =
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[A. Vijayakumar]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}
'''Ramasamy Dharmar''' is an Indian politician and advocate. He is a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of Parliament]], representing [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/chidambaram-and-five-others-to-be-elected-unopposed-to-rs-1114382.html | title=Chidambaram and five others to be elected unopposed to RS | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=1 June 2022 | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/shanmugam-dharmar-are-aiadmk-rs-candidates/articleshow/91801286.cms | title=Shanmugam, Dharmar are AIADMK RS candidates | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Julie Mariappan | date=26 May 2022 | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/05/25/aiadmk-names-shanmugham-dharmar-as-candidates-for-rs-bypolls | title=AIADMK names Shanmugham, Dharmar as candidates for RS bypolls | publisher=DT next | date=25 May 2022 | accessdate=2 June 2022}}</ref>

From 2022-26, He continued supporting expelled leader O. Panneerselvam. On 24 January 2026, He extended his support to Admk General Secretary
[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] and Joined back the party, ahead of 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2026/Jan/24/ops-supporter-mp-dharmar-joins-aiadmk | title=அதிமுகவில் மீண்டும் இணைந்தார் ஓபிஎஸ் ஆதரவாளர் எம்.பி. தர்மர்| publisher=Dinamani | language =ta|date=24 January 2026| accessdate=24 January 2026}}</ref>

==Elections contested and positions held==
===Rajya Sabha elections===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Constituency
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=2|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Result
|-
||[[2022 Rajya Sabha elections|2022]]|||[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]||[[AIADMK]]||{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}}
|}

===Positions in Parliament of the Republic of India===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Position
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term in office
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
|[[2022 Rajya Sabha elections|2022]]
|[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|30 June 2022
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2022|06|30}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Gopal Sharma (Indian politician)

2026-04-08T19:48:01Z

Meemobaidullah: added

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gopal Sharma
| image =
| office = Member of [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Civil Lines Assembly constituency|Civil Lines]]
| country =
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Pratap Singh Khachariyawas]]
| successor =
| term_start = 15 December 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|3|5}}
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession =
}}

'''Gopal Sharma''' (born 5 March 1959) is an Indian politician serving as a member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/civil-lines-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830427-2023-12-03|title=Civil Lines, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Gopal Sharma won in Civil Lines by 28329 votes.|website=[[Aaj Tak]]|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=2023-12-04}}</ref> he is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and represents the [[Civil Lines Assembly constituency]] from [[Jaipur district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/civil-lines|title=Civil Lines Assembly Election Results 2023 News|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref name="MLA2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Civil%20Lines-51|title=Rajasthan Election 2023: Civil Lines Assembly Seat|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==Political career==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref name="MLA2023"/> he was elected as MLA from the Civil Lines assembly constituency, defeating [[Pratap Singh Khachariyawas]], the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 28,329 votes.<ref name="Gopal Sharma">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/civil-lines-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470663-2023-12-03|title=
Civil Lines Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Gopal Sharma with 98661 defeats INC's Pratap Singh Khachariyavas|website=[[India Today]]|date=
3 December 2023|publisher=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==Election results==

===2023 Civil Lines Assembly election ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Candidate<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/civil-lines|title=Civil Lines Assembly Election Results 2023|website=The Times of India|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> !! Party !! Result !! Votes !! Vote share
|-
| Gopal Sharma ||Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) || Elected || 98,661 || 56.88%
|-
| Pratap Singh Khachariyawas ||Indian National Congress (INC) || Runner-up || 70,332 || 40.55%
|-
| Archit Gupta ||Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) || – || 1,385 || 0.80%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Gopal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jaimini Bhagwati

2026-04-07T16:02:11Z

Meemobaidullah: Started Some Stub First Draft.

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = [[File:HE Dr Jaimini Bhagwati, High Commissioner of India to the UK (8250197914) (cropped).jpg|HE Dr Jaimini Bhagwati, High Commissioner of India to the UK (8250197914) (cropped)|200px]]
| office = [[High Commission of India to the United Kingdom]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2013
| predecessor = [[Nalin Surie]]
| successor = [[Ranjan Mathai]]
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Civil servant]], [[Indian Foreign Service|Diplomat]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Jaimini Bhagwati''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] author, columnist and former [[Indian Foreign Service]] officer who served as the [[High Commission of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jaimini-bhagwati-to-serve-as-indian-high-commissioner-to-uk-1639479 | title=JAIMINI BHAGWATI TO SERVE AS INDIAN HIGH COMMISSIONER TO UK | work=dnaindia.com | accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jaimini-Bhagwati-assumes-office-as-Indian-high-commissioner-to-UK/articleshow/12109799.cms | title=Jaimini Bhagwati assumes office as Indian high commissioner to UK | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref>

He was the RBI Chair Professor at the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi. He is currently the Distinguished Fellow at Centre for Social and Economic Progress, a public policy think tank based in New Delhi.

== Early life and education ==
Bhagawati was born to freedom fighter and former union union minister [[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]].<ref>https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-former-envoy-to-uk-jaimini-bhagwati-to-join-congress/articleshow/30630163.cms</ref> He studied physics at the [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] and later completed a master's degree at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. He also completed his PhD from [[Tufts University]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=BW Online|title=Jaimini Bhagwati Joins CSEP As Distinguished Fellow|url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Jaimini-Bhagwati-Joins-CSEP-As-Distinguished-Fellow/01-07-2021-395129|access-date=2021-07-12|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Positions held==
*Ambassador to [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]] and the [[European Union]] 2008-2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/jaimini-bhagwati-indian-high-commissioner-uk-90179-2012-01-18 | title=Jaimini Bhagwati to take over as Indian high commissioner to UK in February | work=indiatoday.intoday.in | access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indembassy.be/gallery.php?album=13 | title=H.E. Dr. J. Bhagwati, Ambassador of India | work=indembassy.be | accessdate=8 June 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Diplomatic career==
He is a 1976 batch officer of the [[Indian Foreign Service]].

==High Commission of India to the United Kingdom==
'''{{Main|High Commission of India to the United Kingdom}}'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/1601/Shri+Jaimini+Bhagwati+accredited+as+Ambassador+to+Luxembourg# Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagwati, Jaimini}}
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Dinesh Agarwal

2026-03-31T08:56:22Z

Meemobaidullah:

{{Short description|Indian business executive}}
{{for|the Indian politician|Dinesh Agrawal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dinesh Agarwal
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|02|19|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| birth_name = Dinesh Agarwal
| occupation = Founder and CEO of [[IndiaMART]]
| spouse = Chetna Agarwal<ref name="t">{{cite web | url=http://www.technologers.com/the-founder-of-indiamart-dinesh-agarwal/ | title=The Founder of IndiaMart- Dinesh Agarwal | date=19 February 2014 | access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref>
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Harcourt Butler Technological Institute]]
}}

'''Dinesh Agarwal''' (born 19 February 1969) is an Indian entrepreneur, founder and CEO of [[IndiaMART]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-07/news/29520564_1_private-equity-intel-capital-indiamart | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510161704/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-07/news/29520564_1_private-equity-intel-capital-indiamart | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 May 2011 | title=Warburg Pincus in talks with IndiaMart for Rs 150 crore investment | work=[[The Times of India|Economic Times]] | date=7 May 2011 | access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> India's largest online [[Business-to-business|B2B]] marketplace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/indiamart-targets-rs-30k-cr-biz-in-fy16/article7452416.ece|title=IndiaMART targets Rs 30k cr biz in FY16|author=Our Bureau|work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Dinesh studied at Maharaja Agrasen Vidyalaya Inter College, Lucknow, and completed a B.Tech engineering degree with a specialization in computer science from [[Harcourt Butler Technological Institute]], [[Kanpur]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/biz-entrepreneurship/six-inspirational-stories-of-entrepreneurs-who-made-it-big/dinesh-agarwals-indiamart/slideshow/40480022.cms| title= Six inspirational stories of entrepreneurs who made it big| work= Economic Times| date=20 August 2014 | access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref>

==Early career==

Dinesh first started working at CMC (now part of TCS) where he worked on the first Railway reservation system<ref>{{cite news | url=https://content.timesjobs.com/my-first-job-dinesh-agarwal-founder-ceo-indiamart/articleshow/60003625.cms| title=My First Job: Dinesh Agarwal, Founder & CEO, IndiaMART| publisher=Times Jobs.com | date=10 August 2010 | access-date=12 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814021440/https://content.timesjobs.com/my-first-job-dinesh-agarwal-founder-ceo-indiamart/articleshow/60003625.cms|archive-date=2017-08-14}}</ref> and later joined [[Sam Pitroda]] and his team at the Center for Development of Telematics to develop an indigenous digital telephone exchange for India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/companies/dot-com-bust-was-the-best-thing-that-happened-to-us/articleshow/70322708.cms| title=Dot-com bust was the best thing that happened to us | work=[[Times of India]] | date=22 July 2019 | access-date=10 August 2019 | author=Digbijay Mishra}}</ref>

In 1992, Dinesh moved to [[HCL Technologies|HCL]] in the US, to set up offices on the East Coast. There he saw the birth of the internet in America, realized the potential of the internet and the impact it could have on Indian masses.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.chaturideas.com/ic/Story_of_Dinesh_Agarwal_the_man_behind_Indias_second_largest_B2B_marketplace| title= Story of Dinesh Agarwal, the man behind India's second largest B2B marketplace| publisher= Chatur Ideas| date=10 May 2015 | access-date=21 August 2019 | author=Senior Writer}}</ref>

===1995 and after===

In August 1995, he resigned from HCl, returned to [[India]] with his wife and child, and started looking for internet related opportunities to become an internet entrepreneur.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IndiaMart-com-gets-funds-from-Intel-Capital/articleshow/3979827.cms| title= IndiaMart.com gets funds from Intel Capital| work=The Times of India| date=15 January 2009 | access-date=23 October 2019 | author=TNN}}</ref>

Agarwal decided to make a website that would be an online marketplace for exporters and importers.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.chaturideas.com/ic/Story_of_Dinesh_Agarwal_the_man_behind_Indias_second_largest_B2B_marketplace| title= Story of Dinesh Agarwal, the man behind India's second largest B2B marketplace| publisher= Chatur Ideas| date=15 August 2015 | access-date=25 October 2019 | author=Senior Writer}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/indiamart-targets-rs-30k-cr-biz-in-fy16/article7452416.ece#| title= IndiaMART targets Rs 30k cr biz in FY16| publisher= The Hindu Business Line| date=22 July 2015 | access-date=27 October 2019 | author=Network Bureau}}</ref> India had around 15,000 internet users at that time.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} When he did not receive government permission to get the directories of exporters and sellers online, he decided to have a free listing form and sent it to all the sellers in the directories. "My whole family, including my mother and wife, would help with the mailers.”IndiaMART's first tagline was: 'The global gateway to Indian marketplace'.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IndiaMart-com-gets-funds-from-Intel-Capital/articleshow/3979827.cms| title= IndiaMart.com gets funds from Intel Capital| work= Times of India| date=15 January 2009 | access-date=23 October 2019 | author=TNN}}</ref>

In 2007–2008 when recession hit the US, Agarwal and his cousin Brijesh decided to pivot the focus from export oriented business to India-focused B2B market and raised $10 million from [[Intel]] Capital.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/indiamarts-ipo-poised-to-reap-rich-returns-for-investors/69866543| title= IndiaMart's IPO poised to reap rich returns for investors| work= Economic Times| date=21 June 2019 | access-date=24 October 2019 | author=Biswarup Gooptu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IndiaMart-com-gets-funds-from-Intel-Capital/articleshow/3979827.cms| title= IndiaMart.com gets funds from Intel Capital| work=The Times of India| date=15 January 2009 | access-date=23 October 2019 | author=TNN}}</ref>

Other domain ventures by Agarwal include www.indiangiftsportal.com and www.abcpayments.com. He later became an investor, providing funding to Tolexo,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/F10FzLVFT1XeDj4XquexCO/Indiamart-to-launch-online-marketplace-Tolexocom.html| title= Indiamart to launch online marketplace Tolexo.com| publisher= Live Mint| date=26 May 2014 | access-date=29 October 2019 | author=Shrutika Verma}}</ref> and Innerchef, a Gurgaon-based ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook meals delivery startup.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Now-InMobi-founder-Naveen-Tewari-backs-Innerchef/articleshow/49815534.cms| title= Now, InMobi founder Naveen Tewari backs Innerchef| publisher= Live Mint| date=18 November 2015 | access-date=2 November 2019 | author=Digbijay Mishra}}</ref>

==An Angel Investor==
Dinesh has invested in a number of start-ups, including Curofy, Wishberry, SilverPush, InnerChef, and AppVirality. Little Eye Labs was acquired by Facebook. Reported investments associated with him include InnerChef Private Limited, Complete Capital Private Ltd, Quicko Technosoft, and Arivihan Technologies Private Limited.

==Awards and recognition==
* Entrepreneur of the Year (2023) - [[Dun & Bradstreet]] Business Excellence Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://stockdiscovery.s3.amazonaws.com/insight/india/34167/Annual%20Report/AR-23.pdf |access-date=2025-12-24}}</ref>
* Digital Person of the Year (2020) - India Digital Awards, organised by IAMAI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAMAI India Digital Awards 2020 Winners |url=https://iamaiawards.in/IDA2023/Winners_20.php|access-date=2025-12-24}}</ref>
* EY Entrepreneur of the Year (2020) - Service Category, EY Entrepreneur of the Year Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinesh Agarwal - EY Entrepreneur of the Year 2020 |url=https://www.ey.com/en_in/entrepreneur-of-the-year/winners-2020/dinesh-agarwa|access-date=2025-12-24}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.dineshagarwal.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Dinesh}}
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Harcourt Butler Technical University alumni]]

House of Karta

2026-03-28T08:41:51Z

Meemobaidullah: Started Basic Entry From Scratch.

{{Short description|Royal house of the uncrowned Meitei extended royal family}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox family
| name = House of Karta
| native_name = ꯀꯔꯇꯥꯃꯌꯨꯝ
| native_name_lang = Mtei
| image = In manipur3.gif
| image_caption = Coat of Arms of the Ningthouja dynasty
| origin = [[Imphal]]
| parent_family = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| region = [[Manipur]] and across
| founder = [[Bhagyachandra]]
| dissolution = 1891
| final_ruler = [[Kulachandra Singh]]
| historic_seat = [[Kangla Palace]]
| other_families = Mantrimayum House of Nara Singh Lourungpurelmayum Urungpurelmayum
}}

The '''House of Karta''' {{Mni|ꯀꯔꯇꯥꯃꯌꯨꯝ|name=Meitei|ipa=/kər.taː.mə.juːm/ ''Kar-taa ma-yuum''|lit=Karta dynasty}} is one of the 5 royal houses of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Manipur]], [[India]], alongside its counterpart, [[Ningthouja dynasty#Members of the House of Nara Singh|House of Nara Singh]], with the latter being the current ruling house of Manipur.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Six Royal Houses of Ningthemchamayums |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.The_Six_Royal_Houses_of_Ningthemchamayums_By_Kiyamba_Ningthemcha |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=My memories of Imphal from 1941 Part 16 By Mohendra Irengbam |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.My_memories_of_Imphal_from_1941_Part_16_By_Mohendra_Irengbam |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The House of Karta claims their descent from King [[Bhagyachandra]] (r. 1759-1761; 1763-1798).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Jyotirmoy |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98685 |title=History Of Manipur |date=1958 |pages=45}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Lairenmayum Iboongohal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQoIAQAAIAAJ |title=Introduction to Manipur |date=1963 |publisher=S. Babudhan Singh |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Somorjit |first=Raj Kumar |date=2017 |title=A Short Historical Note on the House of Narasingh |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1213753/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=UNT Digital Library |pages=1–2 |language=English}}</ref> King [[Kulachandra Singh]] was the final ruler of the house but the family still lives on.

==History==
The House of Karta traces its origin to King [[Bhagyachandra]] (1748–1798), who ruled Manipur from 1759 to 1761 and from 1763 to 1798.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural History of Manipur: Sija Laioibi and the Maharas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLzDLsEYZGQC|publisher=Mittal Publications|date=2010|isbn=978-81-8324-342-1|language=en|first=Jamini|last=Devi|pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Vaisnavism in Manipur: Volume 1: Experiences on Life, Culture & Belief|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMtjEQAAQBAJ|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=2021-01-01|isbn=978-93-5439-016-6|language=en|first1=Laimayum Bishwanath|last1=Sharma|first2=Shukhdeba Sharma|last2=Hanjabam|first3=Aheibam Koireng|last3=Singh|first4=Kakchingtabam Ruhinikumar|last4=Sharma|pages=182}}</ref> His reign took place during a period of repeated [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese]] invasions and internal disputes within the royal family.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Manipur|url=http://culturalpursuits.com/manipur.htm|website=culturalpursuits.com|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810120408/http://culturalpursuits.com/manipur.htm|archive-date=2009-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Eastern Frontier Of British India 1784 1826|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76519|date=1943|last=Anil_chandra_banerjee|pages=34–35}}</ref> During his exile in Assam, he formed political ties with the [[Ahom kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/court-chronicle-of-the-kings-of-manipur/C1DB5D51F88A82F9A10F89DDDBEDE1E5|publisher=Foundation Books|date=2009|isbn=978-81-7596-638-3|first=Saroj Nalini|last=Arambarn Parratt|pages=3|quote=Chingthangkhompa fled to the land of Mayang [Kachar] and reached Tekhao [Assam]. Most of the inhabitants of the land went and stayed at Moirang.}}</ref> He is also known for strengthening [[Meitei Vaishnavism]], establishing major cultural practices such as the [[Manipuri dance|Raas Leela]], and reorganising administration after returning to the throne.<ref>{{cite book|surname=Singh|given=Kunj Bihari|year=2004|orig-year=1963|chapter=Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc6GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|title=Sociology of Religion in India|editor=Rowena Robinson|series=Themes in Indian Sociology, 3|place=New Delhi|publisher=Sage Publ. India|pages=125–132|url={{Google books|Mc6GAwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|isbn=0-7619-9781-4}} p. 128.</ref><ref name=":3" /> Although he could not complete all of his planned reforms, his policies shaped Manipur’s political and cultural direction in the late 18th century.

After Bhagyachandra’s abdication in 1798 and his death in the same year, his eldest surviving son Rabinchandra succeeded him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sana|first=Rajkumar Somorjit|title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs ( From 1666 to 1850 CE)|year=2010|publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei|location=Imphal|isbn=978-81-8465-210-9|page=188}}</ref> He was later assassinated by conspirators Prince Daoji and [[Gambhir Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Colonialism to Democracy: A History of Manipur, 1819-1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1xuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Spectrum Publications|date=2002|isbn=978-81-87502-44-9|language=en|first=N. Joykumar|last=Singh|pages=4}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Dena|first=Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVluAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Modern Manipur, 1826-1949|date=1991|publisher=Orbit Publishers-Distributors|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> After that, his younger brother [[Madhuchandra Singh]] immediately took over the throne<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Short History Of Manipur|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466438|first=R. k Jhaljit|last=Singh|pages=210}}</ref> and placed his younger brothers [[Chourajit Singh]] and [[Marjit Singh]] as the Yuvaraj and Senapati respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi|first=Moirangthem Tineshowri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--xiEQAAQBAJ|title=1857 and Prince Narendrajit (Sana Chahi Ahum)|date=2024-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-93-5594-769-7|pages=37|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Dena|first=Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVluAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Modern Manipur, 1826-1949|date=1991|publisher=Orbit Publishers-Distributors|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> However, he was defeated and killed by Chourajit Singh with support from Marjit Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh|first1=Aheibam Koireng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYtjEQAAQBAJ|title=Manipur Myanmar Historical Connections|last2=Hanjabam|first2=Shukhdeba Sharma|date=2022-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-93-5439-078-4|language=en}}</ref> In the following years, Chourajit Singh and Marjit Singh had internal palace disputes and led to the latter being put on the throne after support from the Burmese, but also led to the [[Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]], in which Gambhir Singh played a key role on freeing Manipur from the Burmese.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarapot|first=Phanjoubam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&dq=Gambhir+Singh+independence&pg=PA125|title=Bleeding Manipur|date=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0902-1|pages=125|language=en}}</ref>

At various points, the throne alternated between the House of Karta and the [[Ningthouja dynasty#Members of the House of Nara Singh|House of Nara Singh]], another branch of the Ningthouja family. The House of Karta ruled from 1763 upto the first reign of Gambhir Singh in 1821 and from 1822 to 1823, Joy Singh, the grandson of Prince Ananta Sai ruled. Until 1825, the House of Nara Singh ruled under Burmese occupancy (1819-1825).{{Efn|Three House of Nara Singh rulers during Burmese occupancy were: Yadu Singh (son of king Badra Singh, 1823); Ragav Singh (son of king Yadu Singh, 1823-1824); and Badra Singh (1824-1825).}} Then, the House of Karta regained its rule from the restoration of Gambhir Singh as the king of Manipur from 1825 to 1844 (Nara Singh was the regent of young King [[Chandrakirti Singh]], 1834-1844). After that, The House of Nara Singh became the rulers with Nara Singh reigning from 1844 to 1850 until his brother [[Debindro Singh]] in 1850. The House of Karta again returned to reign from the second reign of Chandrakirti Singh in 1850, upto the reign of the last ruler of the house, Kulachandra Singh in 1891.

The House of Nara Singh came back to prominence after that when the British chose young boy [[Churachand Singh]] as the king.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KAMEI |first=PROF GANGMUMEI |date=2025-08-09 |title=Colonial Policy and Practice in Manipur – Part 2 (last) » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/colonial-policy-and-practice-in-manipur-part-2-last/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Both the House of Karta and the House of Nara Singh trace their descent from King [[Pamheiba]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Being a Rajkumari by Tanya Sana|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Essays.Being_a_Rajkumari_by_Tanya_Sana|website=e-pao.net|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

==Historical significance==
=== Cultural contributions ===
During the reign of Bhagyachandra, the [[Manipuri dance|Ras Leela dance]] was organized as a court tradition. It included themes from Vaishnavism and was later recognized as a classical form of Manipuri dance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Dance: Origin, Costume, Features & Famous Dancers (UPSC Notes) |url=https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/manipuri-dance |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Testbook |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Kabui |first1=Gangmumei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pf_muabVNIC&q=Bhagyachandra |title=The History of the Zeliangrong Nagas: From Makhel to Rani Gaidinliu |last2=Kamei |first2=Gangmumei |date=2004 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |isbn=978-81-87502-76-0 |language=en}}</ref> When Bhagyachandra adopted Vaishnavism, he also built temples and instituted devotional rituals, many of which are still practiced in modern-day Manipur.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Vaishnavism and Raas Leela's history in Manipur |url=https://varnikadesigns.wordpress.com/2022/08/19/vaishnavism-and-raas-leelas-history-in-manipur/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=VarnikaDesigns |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Laimayum Bishwanath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8xjEQAAQBAJ&q=Bhagyachandra+invented+Karta&pg=PA23 |title=Vaisnavism in Manipur: Volume 2: Performing Arts |last2=Hanjabam |first2=Shukhdeba Sharma |last3=Singh |first3=Aheibam Koireng |last4=Sharma |first4=Kakchingtabam Ruhinikumar |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5439-021-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Rajarshi Bhagyachandra Life Sketch Cultural History of Manipur |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Rajarshi_Bhagyachandra_Life_Sketch_Cultural_History_of_Manipur |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Political influence ===
Members of the House of Karta have been involved in Manipur's political events. Bhagyachandra's youngest son, [[Gambhir Singh]], spearheaded attempts to re-establish the kingdom after the early 19th-century Burmese invasions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=78 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Jyotirmoy |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98685 |title=History Of Manipur |date=1958 |pages=72–90}}</ref>

== List of Karta monarchs ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; width:100%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
! rowspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2"| Name
! colspan="3"| Reign
|-
! From
! To
! Duration
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Ching-Thang Khomba 2000 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | [[Bhagyachandra]] {{small|(b. 1748 – d. 1798)}}
| 4 April 1759
| 1761
| 1–2 years
|-
| 6 September 1763
| 5 February 1798
| {{age in years and days|1763|9|6|1798|2|5}}
|-
|[[File:Unknown person.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Labanyachandra]]
|5 February 1798
|10 January 1801
|{{age in years and days|1798|2|5|1801|1|10}}
|-
|[[File:Unknown person.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Madhuchandra Singh]]
{{small|(b. 1764 – d. 1804)}}
|10 January 1801
|18 March 1804
|{{age in years and days|1801|1|10|1804|3|18}}
|-
|[[File:Unknown person.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |[[Chourajit Singh]]
|18 March 1804
|27 March 1814
|{{age in years and days|1804|3|18|1814|3|27}}
|-
|[[File:Unknown person.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |[[Marjit Singh]]
|6 April 1814
|9 December 1819
|{{age in years and days|1814|4|6|1819|12|9}}
|-
| [[File:Unknown person.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Herachandra]] (Burmese occupancy)
|1820
|1821
| less than 1-1 year
|-
|[[File:Unknown person.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Yumjaotaba]] (Burmese occupancy)
|February 1821
|April 1821
|1–2 months
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Gambhirsingh.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Gambhir Singh]] (Burmese occupancy)
|April 1821
|October 1821
|5–6 months
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Gambhir Singh|Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba]] (Independent ruler)
{{small|(b. 1788 – d. 1834)}}
|12 June 1825
|9 January 1834
|{{age in years and days|1825|6|12|1834|1|9}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Maharaj Chandrakirti.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Chandrakirti Singh]] (Ningthempishak)
|9 January 1834
|27 January 1844
|{{age in years and days|1834|1|9|1844|1|27}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Chandrakirti Singh]] ([[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]])
{{small|(b. 1831 – d. 1886)}}
|3 July 1850
|17 May 1886
|{{age in years and days|1850|7|3|1886|5|17}}
|-
| [[File:Raja Surachandra Singh.png|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Surachandra Singh]]
|17 May 1886
|7 September 1890
|{{age in years and days|1886|5|17|1890|9|7}}
|-
|[[File:Kulachandra Singh.png|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Kulachandra Singh]]
|9 September 1890
|27 April 1891
|{{age in years and days|1890|9|9|1891|4|27}}
|}

== Karta Crown Princes ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; width:100%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
! rowspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2"| Name
! colspan="3"| Birth and Death
|-
! Birth
! Death
! Lifespan
|-
| [[File:BIR TIKENDRAJIT.jpg|80px]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[Tikendrajit Singh]] {{Small|Koireng Sana}}
| 29 December 1856
| 13 August 1891
| {{Age in years and days|1856|12|29|1891|8|13}}
|}

==See also==

* [[Meitei royal etiquette]]
* [[List of Meitei princesses]]

==References==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ningthouja dynasty]]

Assassination of Indira Gandhi

2026-03-26T22:33:48Z

Meemobaidullah: small changes

{{Short description|1984 murder in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Assassination of [[Indira Gandhi]]
| partof = the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India]]
| location = [[7 RCR|Prime Minister residence]], [[Safdarjung Road]], [[New Delhi]]
| date = 31 October 1984
| image = PathOfMartyrdom.JPG
| caption = The spot where Indira Gandhi was shot down is marked by a glass opening in the crystal pathway at the ''Indira Gandhi Memorial''
| time = 9:30 a.m.
| type = [[Assassination]] by [[firearm]]
| weapons = .38 (9.1 mm) revolver and [[Sterling submachine gun]]
| assailants = [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]]
| victim = [[Indira Gandhi]]
}}

[[File:Indira gandhi memorial.jpg|thumb|200px|Memorial at the place of assassination, [[Safdarjung Road]], [[New Delhi]]]]
{{Indira Gandhi series}}
[[Indira Gandhi]], [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]], was assassinated at 9:30 AM on 31 October 1984 at her [[7 RCR|residence]] in [[Safdarjung Road]], [[New Delhi]] by her two [[Bodyguard|bodyguards]], [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]], after the [[Indian Armed Forces]] carried out [[Operation Blue Star]] between 1 and 8 June 1984 on Gandhi's orders. The military operation was to remove Sikh militant [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and other [[Khalistan movement|Sikh separatists]] from the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], the holiest site of [[Sikhism]]. The operation resulted in the death of many pilgrims as well as damage to the [[Akal Takht]] and the destruction of the [[Sikh Reference Library]].

Gandhi's assassination led to the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] which was instigated by nationalist mobs and political figures from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), Indira Gandhi's party, who orchestrated [[Pogrom|pogroms]] against Sikh populations throughout India. Four days of mob violence resulted in the destruction of 40 historic [[Gurdwara|gurdwaras]] and other important Sikh holy sites. Official Indian government figures put the death toll at 3,350, while other sources have claimed that between 8,000 and over 16,000 Sikhs were killed.

==Operation Blue Star==
[[Operation Blue Star]] was a large Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984, ordered by Indira Gandhi to remove leader [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and his militant Sikh followers from the buildings of the [[Golden Temple]] complex in [[Amritsar]].<ref name="TH_Mi6">{{cite news |title=RAW chief consulted MI6 in the build-up to Operation Bluestar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raw-chief-consulted-mi6-in-buildup-to-operation-bluestar/article5579516.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 January 2014 |location=Chennai, India |first=Praveen |last=Swami}}</ref>

229 armed Sikh militants were killed inside the Golden Temple complex during the operation, which also lead to at least 554 civilian deaths.<ref>{{cite news|title=Portraits of people killed during Operation Blue Star to be installed|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 July 2018|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/portraits-of-people-killed-during-operation-blue-star-to-be-installed-101530xxxxxxx.html|quote=The directory published by Dal Khalsa contains a list of 229.|access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2012 |title=Directory of Operation Bluestar 'martyrs' released by radical Sikh group |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/operation-bluestar-martyrs-released-radical-sikh-group-104633-2012-06-04 |access-date=4 February 2026 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |quote=The directory brought out by [[Dal Khalsa (organization)|Dal Khalsa]] includes the profiles of 220 persons. Dal Khalsa spokesman Kanwarpal Singh, who initiated the exercise to compile the directory, said that the release of the updated directory was important as the people should know whom the memorial was being dedicated to. "It has not been an easy task to identify the fighters and the people who provided them the logistic support. The directory has the names and profiles of all these martyrs," he added. The Directory at a glance: 17 of those killed were related to Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. 156 persons killed in Operation Bluestar belonged to [[Damdami Taksal]]. 22 were Kar Sewaks from [[Nanded]] in [[Maharasthtra]]. 26 persons were affiliated to [[All India Sikh Students Federation]]. 10 belonged to [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha|Akhand Kirtni Jatha]]. Three were [[Nihang]]s of [[Bidhi Chand]] Dal. One belonged to [[Babbar Khalsa]]. 13-year-old Sarabjit Singh Dadher was the "youngest of the martyrs". One [[Gorkha]] from Nepal and two Hindus, who had embraced Sikhism, were also killed. One person who died in the Army operation had come from Singapore.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab: Backgrounder |website=[[South Asia Terrorism Portal]] |url=https://www.satp.org/backgrounder/india-punjab | quote = over 550 innocent civilians were killed in crossfire |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> 717 dead bodies were found inside Golden temple complex, 501 civilians and 216 militants killed between 3 and 9 June.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026|reason=Why does this count differ from the count in the previous sentence?}} Eleven additional people were killed on 1 June by shooting between the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and militants according to then Amritsar [[District magistrate|District Commissioner]] [[Ramesh Inder Singh]].<ref name="inder">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ramesh Inder |title=Turmoil in Punjab: Before and After Bluestar: The Eyewitness Account |publisher=[[HarperCollins India]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-9354899065 |chapter=Deaths and Destruction}}</ref> Regarding [[Indian Army]] personnel deaths, Lt. Gen. [[Prem Nath Hoon]], who became General commanding officer of [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]] (1986-87), revealed that 336 Indian Army and security forces personnel died in the operation fighting with entrenched militants led by former Major General [[Shabeg Singh]].<ref name="Hoon">{{cite book |title=The Untold Truth |publisher=Mohindra Publishing House |year=2015 |last=Hoon|first=P. N.|author-link=Prem Nath Hoon|isbn=978-81-947969-0-9|location=Chandigarh|p=47}}</ref><ref name="Sidhu">{{cite book |last=Sidhu |first=G. B. S. |title=The Khalistan Conspiracy |publisher=[[HarperCollins India]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-9390327720}}</ref> In sum, 1119 to 1130 total people died inside the Golden Temple complex and within Amritsar City during the operation.<ref name="inder2">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ramesh Inder |title=Turmoil in Punjab: Before and After Bluestar: The Eyewitness Account |publisher=[[HarperCollins India]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-9354899065 |chapter=Deaths and Destruction}}</ref>

The Government of India’s 1984 White Paper on Operation Blue Star reported that 83 [[Indian Army]] personnel were killed and 249 were wounded during the operation.<ref>{{cite web |title=White Paper on the Punjab Agitation |publisher=Government of India |year=1984 |url=https://1984sikh-archive.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/white-paper.pdf |access-date=9 February 2026 |page=169}}</ref>.Some contemporary journalistic accounts, however, suggested higher casualties. Journalist [[Shekhar Gupta]], who was present in [[Amritsar]] during the operation, stated that 136 army personnel were killed and around 220 injured, describing it as “the highest casualties suffered by our armed forces in a domestic operation in 24 hours.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |title=Before Indira Assassination: Life and Death of a Man Called Bhindranwale |website=ThePrint |date=4 November 2017 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/before-indira-assassination-bhindranwale/14416/ |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> In sum, 919 to 930 total people died inside the Golden Temple complex and within Amritsar City during the operation.<ref name="inder"/>

Other sources estimate around 5,000 civilian and 700 military personnel deaths in around the complex and in Amritsar during the operation.<ref name="Chima2008">{{cite book |author=Chima |first=Jugdep S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxpBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114 |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |date=2008 |publisher=Sage Publishing India |isbn=978-9351509530 |pages=114–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Afsir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC |title=Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor |date=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8170621270 |pages=33–36}}</ref>{{rp|35}}<ref name="Punjab2003">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Ram Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVTMqlezIrwC |title=Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab : Final Report |last2=Singh |first2=Amrik |last3=Agrwaal |first3=Ashok |publisher=South Asia Forum for Human RIghts |year=2003 |isbn=978-9993353577 |page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tarkunde |first1=V. M. |last2=Fernandes |first2=George |last3=Rao |first3=Amiya |last4=Ghose |first4=Aurbindo |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Sunil |last6=Ahuja |first6=Tejinder |last7=Pancholi |first7=N. D. |title=Oppression in Punjab: A Citizens for Democracy Report to the Nation |date=1985 |publisher=Citizens for Human Rights and Civil Liberties |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0934839020 |page=65}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |last1=Jaijee |first1=Inderjit Singh |title=Politics of Genocide: Punjab, 1984–1998 |date=1999 |publisher=Ajanta Publications |isbn=978-8120204157 |oclc=42752917 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1316025338 |edition=Revised |location=Cambridge |pages=205–241 |author1-link=J. S. Grewal |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=35}}<ref name="whathappenedbluestar">{{cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |quote=Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83 and the number of civilian deaths at 492, though independent estimates ran much higher.}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB" />{{rp|151}} The Operation also caused serious damage to two of the holiest Sikh shrines, the [[Golden Temple]] and [[Akal Takht]], as well as the destruction of the [[Sikh Reference Library]].<ref name="Kiss_Khalistan">{{cite book |last1=Kiss |first1=Peter A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIY6AwAAQBAJ&q=khalistani+currency+bhindranwale&pg=PA100 |title=Winning Wars amongst the People: Case Studies in Asymmetric Conflict |date=2014 |publisher=Potomac Books |isbn=9781612347004 |edition=Illustrated |page=100 |quote=In operation Bluestar a force of several battalions occupied the holy precincts in a battle lasting several hours. Bhindranwale and man of his associates were killed – but there was a very large number of civilian casualties as well. |access-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715235735/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIY6AwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA100&dq=khalistani%20currency%20bhindranwale&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q=khalistani%20currency%20bhindranwale&f=false |archive-date=15 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The perceived threat to Gandhi's life increased after the operation.<ref name="dnaindia_tryst">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|title=Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism |date=5 November 2016|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103012225/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Accordingly, Sikhs were removed from her personal bodyguard detail by the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] for fear of assassination. Gandhi feared that this would reinforce her anti-Sikh image among the public, however, she ordered the [[Delhi Police]] to reinstate her Sikh bodyguards,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.readersdigest.in/culturescape/story-the-death-of-indira-gandhi-sagarika-ghose-124682|title=She Handpicked Him, He Shot Her Dead|last=Ghose |first=Sagarika |publisher=Reader's Digest |date=December 28, 2018 |website=readersdigest.in |access-date=June 17, 2020}}</ref> including [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]], reportedly her personal favourite.<ref name=smith>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=William E. |title=Indira Gandhi's assassination sparks a fearful round of sectarian violence |url=http://www.sikhtimes.com/bios_111284a.html |access-date=19 January 2013 |newspaper=Time |date=12 November 1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043002/http://www.sikhtimes.com/bios_111284a.html |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Assassination==
===Attack===
At about 9:20 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time]] on 31 October 1984, Gandhi was on her way to be interviewed by British actor [[Peter Ustinov]], who was filming a documentary for [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|Irish television]]. She was accompanied by her personal secretary [[R. K. Dhawan]], personal security officer Rameshwar Dayal, and Constable Narayan Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-last-day-of-indira-gandhi-1379440-2018-10-31|title=The last day of Indira Gandhi|first1=Prabhash K. |last1=Dutta |date=31 October 2018|website=India Today}}</ref> She was walking through the garden of the Prime Minister's Residence at No. 1 Safdarjung Road in New Delhi towards the neighbouring 1 Akbar Road office.<ref name=cnn>{{cite web |title=25 years after Indira Gandhi's assassination |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-and-indira-25-years-after-a-pms-assassination/104183-37.html |date=30 October 2009 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=5 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104180327/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-and-indira-25-years-after-a-pms-assassination/104183-37.html |archive-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Gandhi was not wearing her [[bulletproof vest]] that day, which she had been advised to wear at all times after Operation Blue Star.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The last walk: Indira Gandhi's last morning as the PM |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/the-last-walk-indira-gandhis-last-morning-as-the-pm-179393-2014-02-02 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=India Today |date=2 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Gandhi passed a [[wicket gate]] guarded by [[Constable]] Satwant and [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] Beant Singh, and the two men opened fire.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="bbconthisday">{{cite news |date=31 October 1984 |title=1984: Assassination and revenge |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |archive-date=15 February 2009 |access-date=23 January 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Beant fired three rounds into her abdomen from his .38 ({{convert|0.38|inch|mm|disp=out}}) revolver;<ref name=smith/> then Satwant fired 30 rounds from his [[Sterling submachine gun|Sterling sub-machine gun]] after she had said “ouch” and fallen to the ground.<ref name=smith/> Both men then threw down their weapons and Beant said, "I have done what I had to do. You do what you want to do." In the next six minutes, Border Police officers Tarsem Singh Jamwal and Ram Saran captured and killed Beant, while Satwant was arrested by Gandhi's other bodyguards along with an accomplice trying to escape; he was seriously wounded.<ref name=tdaily>{{cite news |title=Questions still surround Gandhi assassination |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w1seAAAAIBAJ&pg=1354,5824409&dq=assassination+of+indira+gandhi&hl=en |access-date=19 January 2013 |newspaper=Times Daily |date=24 November 1984 |agency=AP |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Satwant Singh was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death for killing Gandhi. He was hanged in 1989, along with accomplice [[Kehar Singh]].<ref>Dr. Sangat Kr. Singh, ''The Sikhs in History'', p. 393</ref>

[[Salma Sultan]] gave the first news of the assassination of Gandhi on [[Doordarshan]]'s evening news on 31 October 1984, more than ten hours after she was killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-riots-that-could-not-be-televised/536471/ |title=The riots that could not be televised |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=3 November 2009 |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205154910/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-riots-that-could-not-be-televised/536471/ |archive-date=5 December 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071001-we-the-eyeballs-734164-2007-09-23 |title=We the eyeballs : Cover Story – India Today |date=24 September 2007 |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215111034/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/We+the+eyeballs/1/1328.html |archive-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is alleged by the Indian government that Gandhi's secretary R. K. Dhawan overruled intelligence and security officials who had ordered the removal of policemen as a security threat, including her assassins.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/28/world/india-releases-stinging-report-on-gandhi-s-death.html | work=The New York Times | first=Sanjoy | last=Hazarika | title=India Releases Stinging Report on Gandhi's Death | date=28 March 1989 | access-date=5 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107062316/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/28/world/india-releases-stinging-report-on-gandhi-s-death.html | archive-date=7 November 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Beant was one of Gandhi's favourite guards, whom she had known for ten years.<ref name=smith/> Because he was a Sikh, he had been taken off her staff after Operation Blue Star, yet Gandhi had made sure that he was reinstated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.readersdigest.in/culturescape/story-the-death-of-indira-gandhi-sagarika-ghose-124682|title=She Handpicked Him, He Shot Her Dead|last=Ghose |first=Sagarika |publisher=Reader's Digest |date=December 28, 2018 |website=readersdigest.in |access-date=June 17, 2020}}</ref> Satwant was 22 years old at the time of the assassination, and had been assigned to Gandhi's guard just five months earlier.<ref name=smith/>

===Declared death===
[[File:IndiraGandhi-SareeAtTimeOfDeath.JPG|200px|thumb|Gandhi's blood-stained [[Sambalpuri sari]] and her belongings at the time of her assassination, preserved at the Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum in [[New Delhi]].]]
Gandhi was taken to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] (AIIMS) at 9:30 a.m. AIIMS director-designate [[Sneh Bhargava]] wrote that though Gandhi was [[clinically dead]] upon arrival, doctors had to keep up appearances and continue to operate on her until her son [[Rajiv Gandhi]] could be sworn in as prime minister.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgenl7gv2lo |title=A pioneering doctor remembers India leader Indira Gandhi's final moments |work=[[BBC News]] |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref> She was declared dead at 2:20 p.m. The postmortem examination was conducted by a team of doctors headed by [[Tirath Das Dogra]], who stated that 30 bullets had struck Gandhi from a [[Sterling submachine gun|Sterling sub-machine gun]] and a revolver. The assailants had fired 33 bullets at her, of which 30 had hit; 23 had passed through her body, while seven remained inside. Dogra extracted bullets to establish the identity of the weapons and to correlate each weapon with the bullets recovered by ballistic examination. The bullets were matched to the weapons at CFSL Delhi.

===National mourning===
The Indian government ordered a [[national mourning]] from 1 to 12 November with flags half-masted and cancelled entertainment and cultural events and closed offices for several days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2021 |title=HT THIS DAY: November 1, 1984 — Prime Minister Indira Gandhi shot dead; 12-day mourning announced |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthisday-november-1-1984-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-shot-dead-12-day-mourning-announced-101635688584055.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/06/world/india-hangs-two-sikhs-convicted-in-assassination-of-indira-gandhi.html | title=India Hangs Two Sikhs Convicted in Assassination of Indira Gandhi | newspaper=The New York Times | date=6 January 1989 | last1=Crossette | first1=Barbara }}</ref> [[Tanzania]] declared seven days of mourning,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78viAAAAMAAJ&q=Tanzania+declare+national+mourning | title=Africa | date=1984 }}</ref> [[Uganda]] five,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78viAAAAMAAJ&q=Tanzania+declare+national+mourning | title=Africa | date=1984 }}</ref> and [[Cuba]] four.<ref>[https://sbc.org.pl/Content/88480/PDF/88480.pdf]</ref> [[Pakistan]], [[Vietnam]], [[Brazil]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Gabon]] each declared three days of mourning.<ref name="Texas Tech University">{{cite book |author= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYU1Exwo4-kC |title=Indochina Chronology |publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California |year=1982 |location=Texas Tech University. Vietnam Centre |page=4 |issn=0897-4519 |issue=v. 1-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/10/31/Indira-Gandhi-assassinated/9097413288121/ | title=Indira Gandhi assassinated }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/02/world/assassination-aftermath-olive-branches-neighbors-pakistan-offers-improve-india.html | title=Assassination Aftermath: Olive Branches from Neighbours; Pakistan Offers to Improve India Ties | newspaper=The New York Times | date=2 November 1984 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.normasbrasil.com.br/norma/decreto-90394-1984_43628.html | title=Decreto nº 90.394 de 31/10/1984 }}</ref><ref>[https://sbc.org.pl/Content/88480/PDF/88480.pdf]</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Asian Recorder | date=1964 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnweAAAAMAAJ&q=Gabon+declares+national+mourning }}</ref> [[Portugal]] declared two days of mourning,<ref>[https://sbc.org.pl/Content/88480/PDF/88480.pdf]</ref> [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Cyprus]], [[Mongolian People's Republic]] and [[Mauritius]] declared a day of national mourning.<ref>Указ No. 3904 от 1 ноември 1984 г. Обн. ДВ. бр. 88 от 6 ноември 1984 г.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp%7Cissue:UB_00064_19841102%7Cpage:1 | title=BNL viewer }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Cyprus Bulletin: Review of Cyprus Developments | date=1984 | publisher=Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JSfhuFv6JUC&q=cyprus+declared+national+mourning+for+indira+gandhi }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Daily Report: Asia & Pacific | date=November 1984 | publisher=The Service | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZidXhINwcC&q=mongolian+declared+3+november+day+of+mourning+for+indira+gandhi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Africa Research Bulletin | date=1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XwEAQAAIAAJ&q=declared+day+of+mourning+for+indira+gandhi+death }}</ref>

===Funeral===
Gandhi's body was taken in a [[gun carriage]] through Delhi roads on the morning of 1 November to [[Teen Murti Bhavan]], where her father stayed and where she lay in state.<ref name=cnn/> She was cremated with full state honours on 3 November near [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Raj Ghat]], a memorial to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], at an area named [[Shakti Sthal]]. Her elder son and successor, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], lit the pyre.

Among the foreign dignitaries who attended the state funeral were:<ref name="report">{{cite web|title=MEA Annual Report 1984-85|url=https://mealib.nic.in/?2513?000|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|date=1985|accessdate=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The World Leaders At the Gandhi Funeral |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/04/world/the-world-leaders-at-the-gandhi-funeral.html |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 November 1984}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country
! Dignitaries
|-
| {{flag|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|1984|name=Afghanistan}} || Chairman of the Council of Ministers [[Sultan Ali Keshtmand]]
|-
| {{flag|Algeria}} || Prime Minister [[Abdelhamid Brahimi]]
|-
| {{flag|Argentina}} || Vice President [[Víctor Hipólito Martínez]]
|-
| {{flag|Australia}} || Governor-General [[Ninian Stephen]] Prime Minister [[Bob Hawke]]
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} || President [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}} || Deputy Prime Minister [[Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb]]
|-
| {{flag|Bhutan}} || King [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]
|-
| {{flag|People's Republic of Bulgaria|1984|name=Bulgaria}} || General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party [[Todor Zhivkov]]
|-
| {{flag|SRUB|1974|name=Burma}} || Chairman of the Burma Socialist Programme Party [[Ne Win]]
|-
| {{flag|Canada}} || Chief Justice [[Brian Dickson]] Secretary of State for External Affairs [[Joe Clark]]
|-
| {{flag|China}} || Vice Premier [[Yao Yilin]]
|-
| {{flag|Cyprus|1960}} || President [[Spyros Kyprianou]]
|-
| {{flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|1984|name=Czechoslovakia}} || Prime Minister [[Lubomír Štrougal]]
|-
| {{flag|Fiji}} || Governor-General [[Penaia Ganilau]] Prime Minister [[Kamisese Mara]]
|-
| {{flag|Finland}} || Prime Minister [[Kalevi Sorsa]]
|-
| {{flag|France}} || Prime Minister [[Laurent Fabius]]
|-
| {{flag|East Germany}} || President of the People's Chamber [[Horst Sindermann]]
|-
| {{flag|West Germany}} || Vice Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]]
|-
| {{flag|Greece}} || Prime Minister [[Andreas Papandreou]]
|-
| {{flag|Guyana}} || Prime Minister [[Desmond Hoyte]]
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia}} || Vice President [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]]
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}} || Taoiseach [[Garret FitzGerald]]
|-
| {{flag|Italy}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Giulio Andreotti]]
|-
| {{flag|Japan|1870}} || Prime Minister [[Yasuhiro Nakasone]]
|-
| {{flag|Jordan}} || [[Prince Hassan bin Talal|Crown Prince Hassan bin Talal]]
|-
| {{flag|People's Republic of Kampuchea|1984|name=Kampuchea}} || President of the Council of State [[Heng Samrin]] Prime Minister [[Chan Sy]]
|-
| {{flag|Kenya}} || Vice President [[Mwai Kibaki]]
|-
| {{flag|North Korea|1948}} || Vice President [[Pak Song-chol]]
|-
| {{flag|South Korea|1984}} || Speaker of the National Assembly [[:ko:채문식|Chae Mun-shik]]
|-
| {{flag|Laos}} || President [[Souphanouvong]] Prime Minister [[Kaysone Phomvihane]]
|-
| {{flag|Liberia}} || Vice President [[Harry Moniba]]
|-
| {{flag|Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|1984|name=Libya}} || Secretary-General of the General People's Congress [[Mifta al-Usta Umar]]
|-
| {{flag|Madagascar}} || President [[Didier Ratsiraka]]
|-
| {{flag|Malaysia}} || Deputy Prime Minister [[Musa Hitam]]
|-
| {{flag|Maldives}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Fathulla Jameel]]
|-
| {{flag|Mauritius (1968–1992)|1984|name=Mauritius}} || Prime Minister [[Anerood Jugnauth]]
|-
| {{flag|Mongolian People's Republic|1945|name=Mongolia}} || First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers [[:mn:Түмэнбаярын Рагчаа|Tumenbayaryn Ragchaa]]
|-
| {{flag|People's Republic of Mozambique|name=Mozambique}} || President [[Samora Machel]]
|-
| {{flag|Nauru}} || President [[Hammer DeRoburt]]
|-
| {{flag|Kingdom of Nepal|name=Nepal}} || Prime Minister [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]]
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[Prince Claus of the Netherlands|Prince Claus]]
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}} || Governor-General [[David Beattie]] Prime Minister [[David Lange]]
|-
| {{flag|Norway}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Svenn Stray]]
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}} || President [[Zia-ul-Haq]]
|-
| {{flag|Philippines|1936}} || First Lady [[Imelda Marcos]]
|-
| {{flag|Polish People's Republic|1984|name=Poland}} || Chairman of the Council of State [[Henryk Jabłoński]] Prime Minister [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]]
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}} || Prime Minister [[Mário Soares]]
|-
| {{flag|Soviet Union|1984}} || Chairman of the Council of Ministers [[Nikolai Tikhonov]]
|-
| {{flag|Spain}} || Prime Minister [[Felipe González]]
|-
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || President [[J. R. Jayewardene]]
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}} || Minister for Foreign Affairs [[Lennart Bodström]]
|-
| {{flag|Ba'athist Syria|1980|name=Syria}} || Vice President [[Zuhair Masharqa]] Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Farouk al-Sharaa]]
|-
| {{flag|Tanzania}} || President [[Julius Nyerere]]
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || Deputy Prime Minister [[Kaya Erdem]]
|-
| {{flag|Uganda}} || President [[Milton Obote]]
|-
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || Deputy Prime Minister [[Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Nahyan]]
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] (representing Queen [[Elizabeth II]])
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || Secretary of State [[George Shultz]]<ref>{{cite news|quote=Secretary of State George P. Shultz was named to head the official US delegation to Gandhi's funeral. Bush, asked why he would not represent the United States there, as he often has at state funerals, said: 'Because I'm involved in an election campaign...I think people will understand.'|title=Reagan, Others Express Shock, Grief|date=November 1, 1984|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Boston Globe|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/statement-assassination-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-india|title=Statement on the Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India|date=October 31, 1984|last=Reagan|first=Ronald|website=reaganlibrary.gov|access-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Vanuatu}} || President [[Ati George Sokomanu]] Prime Minister [[Walter Lini]]
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}} || President [[Trường Chinh]] Prime Minister [[Phạm Văn Đồng]]
|-
| {{flag|Yemen Arab Republic|name=North Yemen}} || Prime Minister [[Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani]]
|-
| {{flag|SFR Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}} || President [[Veselin Đuranović]] Prime Minister [[Milka Planinc]]
|-
| {{flag|Zambia|1964}} || President [[Kenneth Kaunda]]
|-
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || Prime Minister [[Robert Mugabe]]
|-
|}

==Aftermath==
Over the next four days, 8,000 Sikhs were killed in [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|retaliatory violence]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi to reopen inquiry in to massacre of Sikhs in 1984 riots|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| first=Dean |last=Nelson |date=2014-01-30 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|access-date=3 May 2016 |df=dmy-all}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Political Violence in South Asia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9781351118200 |editor=Riaz |editor-first=Ali |editor2=Zaman |editor-first2=Fahmida |editor3=Nasreen |editor-first3=Zobaida}}</ref> Other sources record well over 25,000 deaths of Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=The Politics of India Since Independence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780521459709 |edition=2 |page=200}}</ref>

The Justice Thakkar Commission of Inquiry, headed by Justice [[Manharlal Pranlal Thakkar]], set up to probe Gandhi's assassination, recommended a separate probe for the conspiracy angle behind the assassination. The Thakkar Report stated that the "needle of suspicion" pointed at R. K. Dhawan for complicity in the conspiracy.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19890415-Thakkar-commission-report-leak-govt-try-to-accuse-Arun-Nehru-of-being-the-main-culprit-815980-1989-04-15 |title=Thakkar Commission report leak: Govt try to accuse Arun Nehru of being the main culprit |first=Prabhu |last=Chawla |date=April 15, 1989 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=2018-10-30 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Satwant Singh and co-conspirator Kehar Singh were sentenced to death. Both were executed on 6 January 1989.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |title=Protests Follow Hanging of 2 Sikhs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/07/world/protests-follow-hanging-of-2-sikhs.html |volume=138|work=The New York Times |issue=47743 |date=7 January 1989}}</ref>

A Punjabi movie titled ''[[Kaum De Heere]]'' (''Gems of the Community'') highlighting the roles/lives of the two guards that assassinated Indira Gandhi was set to be released on 22 August 2014, but was banned by the Indian government<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-blocks-release-of-controversial-film-on-Indira-Gandhis-assassins-Kaum-de-Heere/articleshow/40606687.cms |title=Centre blocks release of controversial film on Indira Gandhi's assassins 'Kaum de Heere' |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |date=August 21, 2014 |agency=Times News Network |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121153206/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-blocks-release-of-controversial-film-on-Indira-Gandhis-assassins-Kaum-de-Heere/articleshow/40606687.cms |archive-date=21 November 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140821/latest-news.htm |title=Film on Indira Gandhi's assassins barred from release |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Chandigarh, India |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=August 21, 2014 |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233520/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140821/latest-news.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> for five years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi HC clears release of Punjabi movie 'Kaum De Heere' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/delhi-hc-clears-release-of-punjabi-movie-kaum-de-heere-824741 |access-date=15 September 2021 |work=The Tribune |agency=Press Trust India |date=29 August 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of things named after Indira Gandhi]]
* [[Insurgency in Punjab, India]]
* [[Domestic policy of the Indira Gandhi government]]
* [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]], the otherwise unrelated killing of [[Rajiv Gandhi|Indira's son and successor as Prime Minister]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130227011011/http://www.delhiwonders.com/delhi-indira-gandhi-memorial Indira Gandhi Memorial] Indira Gandhi assassination books in Tamil in two volumes by Mrs. Z.Y. Himsagar and S. Padmavathi, M.A., M.L., Notion press.com, Chennai, 2016 edition, {{ISBN|9789352065967|9789352065974}}
* [http://indiragandhi.in/en/memorial/virtual-museum Explore the Virtual Memorial of Indira Gandhi]

{{coord|28.6002|77.2061|type:event_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Indira}}
[[Category:Assassination of Indira Gandhi| ]]
[[Category:1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
[[Category:1984 murders in India]]
[[Category:October 1984 in India]]
[[Category:Female murder victims]]
[[Category:1980s in Delhi]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi|Assassination]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration|Assassination]]
[[Category:Assassinated prime ministers]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:1984 in India]]
[[Category:State funerals in India]]
[[Category:Deaths and funerals of politicians]]
[[Category:Murder in Delhi]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1984]]

English and Foreign Languages University

2026-03-23T12:53:43Z

Meemobaidullah: minor corrected page per sources also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Public Central University in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = The English and Foreign languages university Hyderabad.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_names = The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL)
| mottoeng = Words Illumine the World<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report 2018-2019|url=https://www.efluniversity.ac.in/images/documents/5%20ANNUAL%20REPORT_2018-19_HINDI_ENGLISH.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108024127/http://www.efluniversity.ac.in/images/documents/5%20ANNUAL%20REPORT_2018-19_HINDI_ENGLISH.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2022|access-date=14 February 2022|website=www.efluniversity.ac.in|page=378|language=hi|format=PDF|quote=Our motto “Words Illumine the World”, is ancient and eternal, and it shall light our future.}}</ref>
| top_free_label = 
| top_free = 
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1958}}{{Sup|a}}
| closed = 
| founder = 
| parent =
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<ref name=NIRF>{{cite report |author=Government of India|author-link=Ministry of Education (India)|date=2023 |title=National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.efluniversity.ac.in/NIRF_2023.pdf |publisher=NIRF|pages=1–11 |docket= |access-date=10 August 2024 |quote=}}</ref>
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| academic_affiliation = 
| endowment =
| budget = 101,08,29,461.00 (Operational expenditure) {{small|(2021-2022)}}<ref name=NIRF/>
| officer_in_charge =
| chair =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| chancellor = Vasant G. Gadre<ref>{{Cite web|title=EFLU|url=https://www.efluniversity.ac.in/chancellor.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215063154/https://www.efluniversity.ac.in/chancellor.php|archive-date=15 February 2022|access-date=15 February 2022|website=www.efluniversity.ac.in|language=en-IN}}</ref>
| president =
| vice_president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor = Nagalapalli Naga Raju
| provost =
| rector = [[Governor of Telangana]]
| principal =
| director =
*Lucknow Campus: Rajneesh Arora,
*Shillong Campus: Ravindra Kumar Vemula
| dean =
| academic_staff = 187 {{small|(2021-2022)}}<ref name=NIRF/>
| total_staff = 250+
| students = 1,219 {{small|(2021-2022)}}<ref name=NIRF/>
| undergrad = 300 {{small|(2021-2022)}}<ref name=NIRF/>
| postgrad = 580 {{small|(2021-2022)}}<ref name=NIRF/>
| doctoral = 299 {{small|(2021-2022)}}<ref name=NIRF/>
| other_students = 40 {{small|(2021-2022)}}<ref name=NIRF/>
| address = Via Tarnaka Crossroads, Behind [[National Institute of Nutrition]]
| city = [[Hyderabad]] 500 007
| state = [[Telangana]]
| province = Secunderabad Mandal, [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]]
| country = [[India]]
| postalcode = ([[Jamia Osmania|Jama-I-Osmania]] Post Office)
| coordinates = 
| campus_type =
*Headquarters
**Hyderabad ([[Telangana]]) {{Convert|32|acre|ha}},
*Regional campuses
**[[Lucknow]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]])
**[[Shillong]] ([[Meghalaya]])
| campus_size =
| language = [[Indian English|English (India)]]
| free_label = 
| free = 
| colors = 
| sports_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label = 
| sports_free = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.efluniversity.ac.in/}}
| logo = English_and_Foreign_Languages_University_Logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| embedded = 
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| footnotes = <hr />
{{Sup|a}} Became a central university in 2006.
}}
'''The English and Foreign Languages University''' ('''EFLU''') is a [[Central university (India)|central university]] for English and foreign languages located in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.efluniversity.ac.in/About.html|title=EFL University About|website=www.efluniversity.ac.in|access-date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121033024/http://www.efluniversity.ac.in/About.html|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the only such university dedicated to languages in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/eflu-gets-record-number-of-applications/article22699600.ece|title=EFLU gets record number of applications|date=9 February 2018|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/eflu-to-offer-its-specialised-services-to-all/article19758197.ece|title=EFLU to offer its specialised services to all|date=26 September 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="N. Naga Raju appointed Vice-Chancellor of EFLU">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=N. Naga Raju appointed Vice-Chancellor of EFLU |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/n-naga-raju-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-eflu/article69298947.ece |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=6 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308184300/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/n-naga-raju-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-eflu/article69298947.ece |archive-date=8 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

[[File:EFL UNIVERSITY.jpg|alt=EFL University Foreign Language Building|thumb|260px|EFL University Campus]]
The university offers the study of English and foreign languages like [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] in the areas of Teacher Education, Literature, Linguistics, Interdisciplinary and Cultural Studies.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
EFLU, Hyderabad was founded in 1958 as the Central Institute of English by [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's first Prime Minister.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.efluniversity.ac.in/History.html|title=EFL University History|website=www.efluniversity.ac.in|access-date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121110722/http://www.efluniversity.ac.in/History.html|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Central Institute of English, Hyderabad had started functioning with effect from 17 November 1958.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lok Sabha Debates - Central Institute of English, Hyderabad |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1599/1/lsd_02_06_19-11-1958.pdf |website=eparlib.nic.in |access-date=5 March 2021 |page=479 |quote=page number 479 of the document, but page 33 in the PDF}}</ref> It was renamed the Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL) in 1972 with the addition of three major foreign languages – German, Russian and French.<ref name=":1" /> The Educational Media Research Center (EMRC) was established at CIEFL in 1984. In 2006, CIEFL received central university status and was renamed to English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU), by an act of the Parliament.<ref name=":1" />

== Campus ==
=== EFLU Hyderabad campus ===
This is the main campus, situated in the heart of [[Hyderabad]], the capital of [[Telangana]]. This is the oldest of the campuses of the university. The campus has 7 schools with 26 departments. Apart from graduate, postgraduate, and research programmes, EFLU also offers postgraduate diplomas, and distance and part-time mode courses. The [[EFLU Hyderabad heritage well]] is situated in the Hyderabad campus.

==== Hostels ====
The campus houses five hostels two for men and three for women.
* Basheer Men's Hostel
* Tagore International Men's Hostel
* Mahlaqa Bai Chanda Women's Hostel
* Akka Mahadevi Women's Hostel
* Amrita Pritam International Women's Hostel

=== Regional campuses ===
The university has one main campus – at Hyderabad; and two regional centres – at Shillong (1973) and Lucknow (1979). They have their own libraries and hostel facilities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.efluniversity.ac.in/Campuses.html|title=EFL University Campuses|website=www.efluniversity.ac.in|access-date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121110531/http://www.efluniversity.ac.in/Campuses.html|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== EFLU Shillong campus ====
The English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU) [[Shillong]] Campus was established in Shillong in 1973 as the Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL) North-East Campus, one year after Meghalaya achieved statehood. The aim of establishing this campus was to cater to the linguistic and research needs of the region as well as to provide quality training for teachers.<ref name=":2" />

Here is a list of courses offered in the campus
* BA English/Mass Communication and Journalism
* MA in English/Linguistics /Mass Communication and Journalism/English Literature,
* M.Phil. and PhD courses in English Literature and English Language Education, along with Linguistics.
* Certificate, Diploma and Advanced Diploma courses in French, German, Spanish and Russian languages.<ref name=":2" />

==== EFLU Lucknow campus ====
Situated on the banks of [[Gomti River|Gomti]], the Lucknow campus is housed in the Moti Mahal Campus, RanaPratap Marg, [[Lucknow]].<ref name=":2" />

The EFL University Campus at Lucknow was started in 1979 to provide training to university/college teachers of English in northern India, but it slowly emerged as a full-fledged Centre offering PG Diploma in the Teaching of English, degree and research programmes. The campus has been actively engaged in conducting refresher courses for university and college teachers, proficiency courses for a wide spectrum of learners and contact programmes for the participants of Postgraduate Certificate course in the Teaching of English. The campus also offers a Postgraduate Diploma in Communication. All programmes run by the Campus are face-to-face and are not offered through the distance mode. The campus has its own library and hostel.<ref name=":2" />

== Academics ==
Dedicated to the study of English and foreign languages, the university was set up to conduct advanced research and training in English and foreign languages, in areas of Teacher Education, Literature, Linguistics, Interdisciplinary and Cultural Studies.<ref name=":1" />

=== Official journal ===
The EFLU publishes ''Contextures: A Journal of Literature and Culture'' bi-annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.efluniversity.ac.in/journals-2|title=Journals|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630174833/http://www.efluniversity.ac.in/journals-2|archive-date=30 June 2013|access-date=14 September 2013|website=www.efluniversity.ac.in}}</ref> It aims to contribute to the debates over literary and cultural practices from heterogeneous perspectives by bringing together several departments of literature.

==Notable people associated with EFLU==
===Arabic===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Moinuddin Azmi, Ph.D. ([[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh]])
}}

===English===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Ramesh Mohan, Ph.D. ([[University of Leeds|Leeds]])
*Raghavachari Amritavalli, Ph.D. ([[Simon Fraser University|SFU]])
*V. Y. Kantak, [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] ([[Bombay University|Bombay]])
*[[Mangesh V. Nadkarni|M. V. Nadkarni]], Ph.D. ([[University of California, Los Angeles|California]])
*[[Susie Tharu]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] (CIEFL)
*K. G. Vijayakrishnan, Ph.D. (CIEFL)
*Paul Gunashekar
*M. L. Tickoo, Ph.D. ([[University of London|London]])
* Raj. N. Bakshi, M.A. (Bangor), Ph.D (Panjab)
*P. T. George, M.Phil. (Leeds)
*[[K. A. Jayaseelan]], Double Ph.D. ([[Viswa Bharati University|Viswa Bharati]]) & (SFU)
*R. N. Ghosh, Ph.D. ([[University of Michigan|Michigan]])
*B. K. Das, Ph.D.
*S. R. Ganguly, Ph.D. ([[Brunel University London|Brunel]])
*K. Subrahmanian, Ph.D. ([[Indiana University|Indiana]])
*B. N. Koul, M.A. ([[University of Reading|Reading]])
*Priya Hosali, Ph.D. (CIEFL)
*B. A. Prabhakar Babu, Ph.D. (CIEFL)
*V. Prakasam, Double Ph.D. ([[University of York|York]]) & ([[NALSAR]])
*T. Balasubramanian, Ph.D. ([[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]])
*S. K. Verma, Ph.D. (Edinburgh)
*S. V. Pradhan, Ph.D ([[University of Manitoba|Manitoba]])
*[[Rajeev Taranath]], Ph.D ([[University of Mysore|Mysore]])
*Jacob Tharu, [[Master of Education|M.Ed.]] ([[Harvard University|Harvard]])
*S. V. Parasher, Ph.D. (CIEFL)
*Kamakshi-Subramaniam, Ph.D. ([[Brown University|Brown]])
*Kamalesh Sadanand, Ph.D. (CIEFL)
*V. S. S. Sastry
*Y. C. Bhatnagar
*K. C. Nambiar, M.A. ([[Oxford University|Oxford]])
*R. K. Bansal, Ph.D. (London)
*R. N. Ghosh, M.Ed. ([[Sagar University|Sagar]])
*Damodar Thakur, Ph.D. ([[University of Reading|Reading]])
*V. D. Singh, M.A. (Leeds)
*B. M. Sagar, M.A. (Punjab)
*P. Nihalani, Ph.D. (Edinburgh)
*[[Vinayak Krishna Gokak]], M.A. (Oxford)
*Julu Sen, Ph.D. (CIEFL)
*[[Colin Masica|Colin P. Masica]], Ph.D. ([[University of Chicago|Chicago]])
*Surabhi Bharati, Ph.D. (CIEFL)
*M. T. Hany Babu, Ph.D. (CIEFL)
}}

===French===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Nirupama Vasadani, Ph.D. ([[Université Sorbonne Nouvelle|Paris III]])
*Nirupama Rastogi, Ph.D. (Paris III)
*Jayant Dhupkar, Ph.D. (Paris III)
}}

===German===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Pramod Talgeri, [[Doctor of Philosophy|Dr.Phil.]] ([[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|München]])
*K. P. Augustine, Dr.Phil. ([[Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg|Halle]])
*Brigitta Spitzbardt, Dr.Phil. ([[University of Jena|Jena]])
*Harry Spitzbardt, [[Doctor of Science|D.Sc.]] (Jena)
*V. Ganeshan, Dr.Phil. (München)
*J. V. D. Moorty, M.Litt. (CIEFL)
*Meenakshi Reddy, Ph.D. (CIEFL)
*Ishwar Singh Dagar
*Adrian Francis
*Rajiv Shungloo
}}

===Persian===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Ismat Mehdi, Ph.D. ([[Osmania University|Osmania]])
}}

===Russian===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*M. P. Pande, Ph.D. ([[University of Moscow|Moscow]])
*Yogendra Kumar, Ph.D. (Moscow)
*V. I. Maximov, D.Sc. ([[University of Leningrad|Leningrad]])
*J. P. Dimri, Ph.D. (Moscow)
*V. S. Totawar Ph.D. (Moscow)
}}

===Spanish===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Sonya Surabhi Gupta, Ph.D. ([[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]])
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of central universities in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{IndianCentralUniv}}
{{Universities in Telangana}}
{{Educational Institutes in Meghalaya}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:English And Foreign Languages University}}
[[Category:Central universities in India]]
[[Category:Language education in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1958]]
[[Category:Universities in Telangana]]

Jabardasth Shankara

2026-03-20T23:26:24Z

Meemobaidullah: Started A Page More To Come.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jabardasth Shankara
| image = Jabardasth Shankara.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Devadas Kapikad]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Devadas Kapikad
| based_on = 
| producer = Lokesh Kotian Anil Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Arjun Kapikad]]
*[[Neetha Ashok]]
*Rashi B Saikrishna
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Uday Ballal Siddu G. S.
| editing = Sujith Nayak
| music = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|11|8|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tulu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jabardasth Shankara''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-language film directed by [[Devadas Kapikad]] and starring [[Arjun Kapikad]] in dual roles, [[Neetha Ashok]] and Rashi B Saikrishna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/tulu-film-jabardasth-shankara-an-entertainer-1.67642476|title=Tulu film ‘Jabardasth Shankara’ an entertainer|first=Mythily |last=Ramachandran|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=6 November 2019}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Arjun Kapikad]] as Shankara
*[[Neetha Ashok]] as Lavanya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/it-felt-like-neetha-ashok-on-her-kannada-debut-with-vikrant-rona-5667583.html|title='It Felt Like...': Neetha Ashok on her Kannada Debut With Vikrant Rona|work=[[News18]]}}</ref>
*Rashi B Saikrishna
*Sathish Bandale
*Gopinath Bhat
*Girish M Shetty Kateel
*Laxman Kumar Mallur
*Prathik Shetty
*Sunil Nelligudde
*Sharan Kaikamba
*Thimmappa Kulal
}}

== Production ==
The ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' of the film was held in early 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=556380|title=Mangaluru: Muhurat of Arjun Kapikad's ‘Jabardasth Shankara’ held|website=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld.com]]}}</ref> The post-production of the film was complete in April 2019 with plans to dub the film in other languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=575207|title=Mangaluru: Tulu film ‘Jabardasth Shankara’ – editing completed|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/zabardasth-shankara-dubbing-rights-to-hindi-talugu-and-tamil/articleshow/68864312.cms|title=ಹಿಂದಿ, ತಮಿಳು, ತೆಲುಗಿಗೆ 'ಜಬರ್‌ದಸ್ತ್ ಶಂಕರ' ಡಬ್ಬಿಂಗ್ ರೈಟ್ಸ್|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = [[Manikanth Kadri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=635240|title=Mangaluru: Dr Veerendra Heggade releases song of Tulu film ‘Jabardasth Shankara’|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yera Ullerge
| extra1 =
| length1 = 3:48
| title2 = Shankara Shiva
| lyrics2 = [[Devadas Kapikad]]
| extra2 = Devadas Kapikad
| length2 = 4:27
| title3 = Kande Baye Promotional Song
| lyrics3 = Arjun Kapikad
| extra3 = [[Arjun Kapikad]]
| length3 = 1:54
| title4 = Alen Thule
| lyrics4 = Devadas Kapikad
| extra4 = Manikanth Kadri, Supriya Lohith
| length4 = 4:34
| total_length = 14:43
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 8 November 2019 in India and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=641790|title=Mangaluru: Much-awaited Tulu film ‘Jabardasth Shankara’ hits screens|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Tulu-movie-Jabardasth-Shankara-released.html|title=Tulu movie|website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=641373|title=Tulu film 'Jabardasth Shankara' to release in UAE, Oman, Qatar on Nov 8|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Mangalore Today'' wrote, "‘''Jabardasth Shankara''’ is an eminently watchable Tulu drama film. Departing from Tulu stereotype of overdose of comedy, this Jalanidhi production carries you through its 127 minutes keeping a tight grip on your senses with a heavy dose of slapstick comedy, complicated-if-convoluted plotting and extravagant fight sequences".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Movie-Review-Jabardasth-Shankara-stands-apart-among-Stereotypes.html|title=Movie Review: ''Jabardasth Shankara'' stands apart among Stereotypes|location=Mangaluru|work=Mangalore Today|date=12 November 2019|access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|21653928}}

[[Category:2019 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tulu-language films]]

Kadmat Island

2026-03-19T07:49:42Z

Meemobaidullah:

{{Short description|Coral island of the Lakshadweep archipelago in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Map of Lakshadweep-en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Kadmat Island, situated to the bottom right of the Aminidivi Islands label]]

'''Kadmat Island''', also known as '''Cardamom Island''', is a coral island belonging to the [[Amindivi]] subgroup of islands of the [[Lakshadweep]] [[archipelago]] in [[India]]. Measuring {{convert|9.3|km}} in length, the island has a [[lagoon]] with a width of {{Convert|1.5| km}} covering an area of {{convert|25|km2}}. The ecological feature of the island is the [[coral reef]] with [[seagrass]], and [[Sea turtle|marine turtles]] which nestle here. The [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)]] has notified the island as a [[marine protected area]] for ensuring conservation of the island's animal, plant, or other organisms and resources.

The only inhabited village on the island is Kadmat, which had a population of 5,389 according to 2011 census. Fishing is the main economic activity on the island, and agriculture is limited to 5% of the land area. Tourism is legal and the attractions are [[kayaking]], [[snorkeling]] and leisure trips by a glass-bottomed boat for [[scuba diving]].

==Geography and climate==
[[File:A beach side resort at Kadmat Island, Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|300px|The beach side resort at Kadmat Island]]
Kadmat Island, which belongs to the [[Subdivisions of India|township]] of Kadmat Island of [[Aminidivi]] [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lakshadweep.gov.in/Area-Population.PDF |title=Tehsils info |access-date=18 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163348/http://lakshadweep.gov.in/Area-Population.PDF |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the central most island of the [[Lakshadweep]] [[archipelago]]. It is in the shape of a tear drop, with {{Convert|3.5|km2}} area and is located on a coral reef. With a length of {{Convert|9.3|km}}{{efn|Various sources differ in their reporting of the length. A number of sources claim 8 km,{{sfn|Athawale|1991|p=69}} while the Geological Survey of Indian states {{Convert|9.25|km}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Records of the Geological Survey of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuTaAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=The Survey|page=218}}</ref>}} from north to south and a maximum width of {{Convert|0.57| km}}<ref name=wide>{{Cite web|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/ISLAND_web/KADMAT/more.html|title=Kadmat Island, Lakshadweep|access-date=6 July 2016|publisher=Government of Lakshadweep}}</ref> and it is the longest island in the Amindivi group.{{Sfn|Prakash|Nair|Hameed|2014|p=48}}
Its southern end is the narrowest with a width of about {{Convert|10|m}}. The island's topography is about {{Convert|2.0|to|3 |m}} on the eastern side and {{Convert|2.0|to|4|m}} on the western part above the mean sea level. Its surface formation consists of [[coral]] [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] overlying broken pieces of coral and coral sand.<ref name=Dots>{{Cite web|title=Kadmat|url=http://oceandots.com/indian/lakshadweep/kadmat.php|publisher=Ocean Dots: The Island Encyclopaedia|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928072721/http://oceandots.com/indian/lakshadweep/kadmat.php |archive-date=28 September 2010}}</ref>

The [[lagoon]] on the western side of the island{{Sfn|Green|Short|2003|p=106}} extends over a maximum width of {{Convert|2|km}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/ISLAND_web/KADMAT/location.html|title=Kadmat Iland: Ar a glance|access-date=6 July 2016|publisher=Government of Lakshadweep}}</ref> covering an area of {{convert|37|km2}}<ref name=Dots/> and the water depth is shallow about {{Convert|2|to|3| m}}.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=10}}<ref name="cite"/> It has a shore line and has a sandy beach. The reef width is about {{Convert|50| m}}. The tidal range lies between {{Convert|0.6|to|1.6|m}}.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=10}}<ref name="cite">{{cite web|url=http://www.icmam.gov.in/KAD.PDF|title=Critical Habitat Information System of Kadmat Island|publisher=[[Government of India]], Department of Ocean Development|access-date=2009-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725074939/http://www.icmam.gov.in/KAD.PDF|archive-date=25 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=9}}<ref name=Dots/> The beach on the eastern side of the island has a width of {{Convert|100|m}}. At the breaking zone of this beach there is a {{Convert|100|m}} wide coral algae ridge.{{Sfn|Green|Short|2003|p=106}}

Kadmat Island is bounded by [[Kavaratti Island]] to its northwest at a distance of {{Convert|67| km}}. It is {{Convert|32| km}} away from [[Kiltan Island]]. [[Amini Island]], which marks the northwestern part of the [[Pitti Bank]] formation, is {{Convert|5|km}} to the southwest.<ref name=Dots/> [[Kannur]] is {{Convert|292|km}} away, [[Kozhikode]] is {{Convert|327|km}} away and [[Kochi]] is {{Convert|407|km}} away.<ref name=Info>{{Cite web|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/island_web/KADMAT/ataglance.html|title=Kadmat - At a Glance|publisher=National Informatics Center}}</ref>

There is an airport on nearby [[Agatti Island]], in which flights operate from [[Cochin]]. From Agatti, it is a two and half hours boat ride to Kadmat. Ferry services also operate from Cochin on the coast of [[Kerala]] but involves a journey of 16 hours.<ref name=Quiet/>

==Climate and the environment==
[[File:Waiting for the good season.jpg|thumb|left|Boats on the beach of Kadmat]]
The island experiences an average annual temperature in the range of {{Convert|24.2|-| 34.4|C}}. Rainfall occurs during the monsoon season from May to September with an average annual rainfall incidence of {{Convert|1237|mm}} as per records of the nearby island of Amini.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=4}} The maximum rainfall recorded in a day is {{Convert|241.8|mm}}. Humidity averages at 72.5%.<ref name=Info/>

Ecologically, the island is composed of coral reef with [[seagrass]], and [[Sea turtle|marine turtles]] which nestle here. Keeping this aspect in view, the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)]] has notified the island as a marine protected area to enable conservation of the island's animal, plant, or other type of organism, and other resources.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|pp=4–5}} The coral reefs are damaged to the extent of 10% (assessed by [[IUCN]] in 1976) due to anthropocentric pressure and also due to [[climate change]]. Dredging operation at the entry to the island is causing damage to coral species as the dredged material is dumped into the lagoon. Coral blocks found in the beaches and the coral flats are extracted for building activity on the island. This could cause serious geo-morphological changes of the island in the form of sea erosion of the shores and the beach. Coral bleaching, a natural phenomenon attributed to strong [[El Niño]]s, which occurred during 1998 due to seawater warming, is reported to have reduced the number of coral species from 45 to 9.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|pp=23–25}}

==Demographics==
{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Kadmat Island (2011)<ref name="Kadmat Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/lakshadweep/lakshadweep/kadmat-population.html|title=Kadmat Island population|work=Census India 2011|accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 97.65
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 1.92
|color2 = DarkOrange
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 0.24
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 0.15
|color4 = Grey
|label5 = Not Stated
|value5 = 0.04
|color5 = Black
}}

The island is inhabited mainly by individuals of the Melacceri caste.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Eastern Anthropologist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uf-AAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society|page=287}}</ref>
Kadmat village is the only inhabited village on the island.<ref name=Quiet>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/lakshadweep-all-quiet-on-indias-secret-islands-6297527.html|title=Lakshadweep: All quiet on India's secret islands|date=9 August 2015|work=The Independent}}</ref> According to the 2011 census the island had a population of 5,389 consisting of 2,676 males and 2,713 females.<ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/lakshadweep/data%20sheet.pdf |title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census |publisher=Government of Lakshadweep |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722061135/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/lakshadweep/data%20sheet.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-22 }}</ref> Population density is 1,727 per km2. Decennial Growth Rate recorded for the period 2001–2011 was 1.03 percent.<ref name="cit"/> In 2001, the literacy rate was 87.88 percent of which male literacy rate was 91.78 and female literacy was 92.53; in both cases much higher than of the Lakshadweep island.<ref name=People>{{cite web|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/Chapter%20V/Amini/Kadamat%20-2.pdf|title=Kadmat Island|access-date=6 July 2016|publisher=Government of LakshadweEp|page=247}}</ref> [[Jasari language|Jasari/Jazary]] is the dominant language of the people of the island and the literacy rate is as high as 90.4%.<ref name=Info/>

The island has a network of roads, several ponds and wells, primary and higher secondary schools, electricity, telephone, health centres and so forth.<ref name=People/>

In 1960, a hoard of coins were unearthed and examined, revealing that the island has been inhabited since at least 200 AD. Kadmat island is known to have [[Trade route#Historic trade routes|traded]] with the Romans, as in 1948 a girl found a Roman coin in a quarry on the island.{{sfn|Mukerji|1992|p=40}}

==Economy==
[[File:Drying the Octopus.jpg|thumb|Drying octopus on Kadmat]]

Fishing is the principal activity of the people of the island. Fishing is done both off shore in the sea and during the monsoon season in the lagoon and reef area. Trawl nets and pole line are used for oceanic [[tuna]] fishing. Wooden boats are used for local fishing in the lagoon. Fish species reported include [[carangids]], [[cephalopods]], [[perches]], [[rainbow sardine]], [[ray (fish)|ray]]s, [[sail fishes]], [[sharks]], [[skipjack tuna]], and [[tuna]].{{Sfn| Sri |2001|pp=20–21}}
Agriculture is practised, with about 5% of the land area brought under cultivation. Coconut plantations are common along with associated coir twinning. Crops grown include red grass, groundnut, maize, sweet potato, grains, cereals, millets, papaya, and banana.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|pp=10, 23}}

Tourism has taken off on the island, though it only has one beach resort for 50 guests. There are [[kayaking]] and [[snorkeling]] facilities, and leisure trips by a glass-bottomed boat for [[scuba diving]].<ref name=Quiet/> In 1998 the first Water Sports Institute was established on Kadmat, along with the Laccadives Diving Centre.{{sfn|Carlsen|Butler|2011|p=61}}

==Wildlife==
The island has three types of habitats: coral reef, seagrass and nesting ground for marine turtles.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=4}} Zoning of the coral reef is mapped under three zones of [[reef flat]], reef slope and lagoon. Next to the shore line are the [[fringing reef]]s where fish species of [[fin]] and [[shell fish]]es [[spawn (biology)|spawn]], and are found in abundance. As of 1986, there were 45 coral species in the reef. These are threatened due to human interference and natural causes.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|pp=4–5}} Live coral is reported in less than 1% area. There are 9 species of live corals in the lagoon and reef slope area. The species of live corals reported are: ''[[Acropora formosa]]'' (staghorn coral), ''[[Acropora robusta]]'', ''[[Acropora]]'', ''[[Acropora subglabra]]'', ''Acropora tortuosa'', ''[[Acropora vaughani]]'', ''[[Favites]]'', ''[[Pocillopora verrucosa]]'' and ''[[Lobophytum]]''{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=12}} Benthic organisms are reported on the reef slope and lagoon area. Macrobenthos are found in the inter-tidal and sub-tidal area. 23 species of [[polychaete]]s, 3 species of [[bivalves]], 3 species of [[crustaceans]], and 3 species of [[gastropods]] have been recorded.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=17}}

The seagrass beds, which forms an area of around {{Convert|13.8|km2}} across the island,{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=13}} provide crucial food for [[turtles]] and [[dugongs]], with four species of marine turtles reported: ''[[Chelonia mydas]]'' (green sea turtle), ''[[Dermochelys coriacea]]'' (leatherback sea turtle), and ''[[Eretmochelys imbricata]]'' (Hawksbill sea turtle) and ''[[Lepidochelys olivacea]]'' (Olive Ridley sea turtle).{{Sfn| Sri |2001|pp=5–6}} There are 7 species of seagrass reported here, out of 14 found in the Lakshadweep Islands, including the ''[[Thalassia hemprichii]]'' and ''[[Cymodocea rotundata]]''.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|pp=5–6}} [[Seaweeds]] recorded consist of 34 species, out of which 14 species are of [[Rhodophyceae]], 13 (red algae) are [[Chlorophyceae]] (green algae) and 7 species are [[Phaeophyceae]] (brown algae).{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=18}} 20 species of [[Phytoplankton]] and 19 groups of [[Zooplankton]] have been recorded in the reef slope and lagoon area;{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=13–14}} 33 species of benthic organisms have also been noted in the same vicinity.{{Sfn| Sri |2001|p=17}}

== Kadmat Beach ==
[[Kadmat Beach]] is one of the prominent features of Kadmat Island. The beach is known for its clear waters and rich marine life, making it a popular destination for water sports like [[Snorkeling]] and [[Scuba diving]]. Kadmat Beach has also been awarded the prestigious [[Blue Flag beach]] certification for its commitment to environmental sustainability and safety standards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: What is Blue Flag all about? Lakshadweep's Minicoy, Thundi and Kadmat beaches that won the coveted award |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/news-explained-what-is-blue-flag-all-about-lakshadweeps-minicoy-thundi-and-kadmat-beaches-that-won-the-coveted-award-205042 |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Zee Business}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Athawale|first=Sanhita|title=India's Indian Ocean islands: a study in India's Indian Ocean islands, their geographic, demographic, political, and strategic importance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1w1uAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=ABC Pub. House|isbn=978-81-7123-051-8}}
*{{cite book|last1=Carlsen|first1=Jack|last2=Butler|first2=Richard|title=Island Tourism: Towards a Sustainable Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFwXPNKDo2sC&pg=PA61|year=2011|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-84593-699-0}}
*{{Cite web|last=Sri|first=Rajaguru|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266851385|title=Critical Habitat Information System (CHIS) on Kadmat Island – Lakshadweep|year=2001|access-date=29 June 2016|publisher=Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University}}
*{{cite book|last1= Green|first1=Edmund Peter|last2=Short|first2=Frederick T. |title=World Atlas of Seagrasses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHV0NA3m2AIC&pg=PA106|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24047-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Mukerji|first=Sarit Kumar|title=Islands of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myhGAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}
*{{cite book|last1=Prakash|first1=T.N.|last2=Nair|first2=L. Sheela|last3=Hameed|first3=T.S. Shahul|title=Geomorphology and Physical Oceanography of the Lakshadweep Coral Islands in the Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44dxBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|date=17 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-12367-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kadmat}}
{{Wikivoyage|Lakshadweep}}

*[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub173/173sec05.pdf Hydrographic Description (Indian Ocean Pilot)]
*[http://www.india9.com Lagoon sizes]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120501004901/http://www.mapsofindia.com/lakshadweep/tourism/kadmat-island.html Kadmat - Geographical information]
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/indian/lakshadweep/kadmat.php |date=23 December 2010 |title=Kadmat - Oceandots }}
*[http://si-pddr.si.edu/jspui/bitstream/10088/4897/1/00019.pdf List of Atolls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813041233/http://si-pddr.si.edu/jspui/bitstream/10088/4897/1/00019.pdf |date=13 August 2012 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130617052832/http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/An%20ornithological%20expedition.pdf An ornithological expedition to the Lakshadweep archipelago]
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856407908722989 Sources towards a history of the Laccadive Islands]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5627E/x5627e0j.htm FAO - An analysis of the carrying Capacity of Lakshadweep Coral Reefs]
{{Lakshadweep}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Recreational dive sites|reereg}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|11.223|N|72.776|E|region:IN-LD_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadmat Island}}
[[Category:Islands of Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lakshadweep district]]
[[Category:Atolls of India]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Church of Signs and Wonders

2026-03-18T19:26:59Z

Meemobaidullah: stub

{{Notability|1=Companies|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Church of Signs and Wonders
| fullname =
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| location = Village [[Khambra]], Jalandhar, Punjab
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Pentecostalism]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = [https://ankurnarula.org/ ankurnarula.org]
| founded date = {{start date|2008}}
| founder = [[Ankur Yoseph Narula]]
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
| events =
| people =
| seniorpastor = Ankur Yoseph Narula
| pastor =
| logo =
| logosize =
| logolink =
| logoalt =
}}

'''Ankur Narula Ministries''' ('''The Church of Signs and Wonders''') is a church ministry in Punjab, India. It was established in 2008 in Jalandhar, Khambra. Ankur Yoseph Narula is the Senior Pastor and Overseer.{{sfn|Church of Signs and Wonders|n.d.}} It is a [[Prosperity gospel|prosperity]] [[megachurch]] {{sfn|Corrigan|McAlister|Schäfer|2022}} and follows [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal Christianity]], practicing exorcism, and claiming miraculous healing.{{sfn|Times of India|2023}}

== History ==

Ankur Yoseph Narula is the Senior Pastor and Overseer in the Church of Signs and Wonders. Born in a non-Christian family, Ankur Narula accepted Christianity and started his ministry with 3 people in 2008.{{sfn|Church of Signs and Wonders|n.d.}} Weekly congregations are now in the region of 30,000{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2023}}

In April 2023, India's Income Tax department coordinated a series of raids against the church, investigating claims of money laundering and fraudulent cash transactions.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2023}}{{sfn|Times of India|2023}} The raids related to a 2020 complaint brought by the Legal Rights Observatory with the Union Home Ministry, who claimed that a UK registered shell company was being used to launder foreign donations for tax purposes.{{sfn|Hindu Post|2023}}

==See also==
# [[Punjabi Christians]]
# [[Christianity in Punjab, India]]
# [[Christianity in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.ankurnarula.org/about-us/|title=About Ankur Narula Ministries|website=ankurnarula.org|publisher=Church of Signs and Wonders|access-date=24 January 2024|ref={{harvid|Church of Signs and Wonders|n.d.}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Corrigan |first1=John |last2=McAlister |first2=Melani |last3=Schäfer |first3=Axel R. |title=Global Faith, Worldly Power: Evangelical Internationalism and U.S. Empire |date=15 September 2022 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1-4696-7060-7 |language=en}}
*{{cite news |title=IT raids pastor Ankur Narula's churches in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/income-tax-department-conducts-raids-on-premises-linked-to-pastor-ankur-narula-s-pentecostal-church-church-of-signs-and-wonders-in-punjab-village-101682455045876.html |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2023 |ref={{harvid|Hindustan Times|2023}} |language=en}}
*{{cite news |title=Punjab: Fake healing pastor Ankur Narula's church & Bible college raided by IT |url=https://hindupost.in/news/punjab-fake-healing-pastor-ankur-narulas-church-bible-college-raided-by-it/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=hindupost.in |date=28 April 2023 |ref={{harvid|Hindu Post|2023}}}}
*{{cite news |title=Income-tax raids on self-styled pastor's Jalandhar assets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/i-t-raids-on-self-styled-pastors-jalandhar-assets/articleshow/99775166.cms |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=26 April 2023 |ref={{SfnRef|Times of India|2023}}}}

==External links==
* [https://ankurnarula.org ankurnarula.org] Ankur Narula Ministries official website
* [http://anugrah.tv/ anugrah.tv] Anugrah TV channel website

{{Portal bar|Christianity|Punjab}}
{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Christianity in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Evangelical megachurches in India]]
[[Category:21st-century churches in India]]

Tamil Nadu Liberation Army

2026-03-13T22:24:26Z

Meemobaidullah: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian militant separatist group}}
{{distinguish|Tamil National Liberation Alliance}}
[[File:Tamil Nadu Liberation Army.svg|thumb|Flag of the group<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-13 |title=Exército de Libertação Tamil Nadu (ELTN) |url=https://almanaquedosconflitos.wordpress.com/2018/10/13/exercito-de-libertacao-tamil-nadu-eltn/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Almanaque dos Conflitos |language=pt-BR}}</ref>.]]
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
'''Tamil Nadu Liberation Army''' ('''TNLA''') was a militant separatist group in [[India]]. It sought an independent nation for the [[Tamil people]], and first appeared in the 1980s, when the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) was sent to [[Sri Lanka]] to fight against the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE), a similar militant group in the island nation.

It had its roots in the [[Naxalite]] movement, and was headed by Thamizharasan, an engineering student from [[Ponparappi]] village.<ref name="SATP_TNLA">{{cite web
| url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/TNLA.htm
| title = Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA)
| publisher = South Asian Terrorism Portal
| accessdate = 2007-09-05
}}</ref> TNLA was involved in minor bomb blasts, murders and looting banks.

On 1 September 1987, the people of Ponparappi village lynched Thamizharasan and four of his associates, when they attempted to rob a bank.<ref name="SATP_TNLA"/> After his death, the group fell into disarray and splintered into factions. TNLA was banned by the Tamil Nadu State Government,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2006-07/police.htm
| title = Tamil Nadu Police, Policy Note - 2006 - 2007, Demand No. 22
| publisher = Home Department, Government of Tamil Nadu
| accessdate = 2007-09-05
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070718060829/http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2006-07/police.htm  |archivedate = 2007-07-18}}</ref> and also by the Union Government on the recommendation of the State Government. It has been declared a [[terrorism|terrorist]] organisation by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://mha.nic.in/banned_org.htm
| title = List of organisations declared as terrorist organisations under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
| publisher = Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
| accessdate = 2007-09-05
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070812100010/http://mha.nic.in/banned_org.htm  |archivedate = 2007-08-12}}</ref>

The group also carried out several bomb attacks on government buildings, railways, and buses, causing significant damage and loss of life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today in History: December 24,1987 — Tamil Nadu chief minister MGR is dead |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/today-in-history-december-241987--tamil-nadu-chief-minister-mgr-is-dead-1.2145744 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=gulfnews.com |date=23 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

The last major incident involving the group was a clash with police in 2005, in which four cadres of the outfit was arrested. In the following years the organization lost most of its strength and influence and is considered as defunct.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA)|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-profile/india/tamil-nadu-liberation-army-tnla|access-date=2024-07-10|website=SATP}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of terrorist organisations in India]]
*[[Tamil Eelam Liberation Army]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Terror outfits}}

[[Category:Political history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Separatism in India]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in India]]
[[Category:1980s establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Organizations established in the 1980s]]

Maihar

2026-03-12T15:27:47Z

Meemobaidullah:

{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maihar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mai Ka Har
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Sharada_Temple_Maihar.JPG
| image_caption = [[Maa Sharda Mandir, Maihar]]
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| mtion =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Maihar on a map of Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.262|N|80.761|E|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baghelkhand]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Maihar district|Maihar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1778
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = (BJP)
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Shri Shrikant Chaturvedi
| leader_title2 = MP
| leader_name2 = Ganesh Singh (BJP)
| leader_title3 = Municipal Corporation
| leader_name3 = Geeta Soni (BJP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 367
| population_total = 54,000
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pin Code]]
| postal_code = 485771
| area_code_type = [[Communications in India|Telephone]]
| area_code = 07674
| registration_plate = MP-19
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|https://maihar.nic.in/en/}}
}}
'''Maihar''' is a city in [[Maihar district]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is the district's administrative headquarters. Maihar is noted for the [[Maa Sharda Mandir, Maihar|Maa Sharda Temple]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maihartemple.com/about-maihar-temple/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813112529/https://www.maihartemple.com/about-maihar-temple/|archive-date=2018-08-13|title= About Maihar Temple by Maihartemple.com |publisher= Maihar temple}}</ref> one of the [[Shakta pithas|Shakti Peeth]].

==Origin of the name==

According to legend, when [[Shiva]] carried the body of the mother goddess (''Mai'' in Hindi) [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], her necklace (''har'' ) fell at this place.<ref>''Maihar Darshan Guide'' (Ed. Laxmi Prasad Soni), Vidyasagar Book Stall, Satna, p. 5</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}} Local residents believe that the warriors [[Alha]] and [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]], under the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel]] king [[Paramardideva]], fought [[Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] and were the first to visit the goddess in the forest. They called her "Sharda Mai", and she became known as "Mata Sharda Mai". Alha worshiped her for 12 years and reached immortality with Saraswati's blessing.

==History==

Maihar's history dates back to the [[Paleolithic]]. It was the former capital of the [[princely state]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]]. The state was founded in 1778 by [[Jogi (caste)|Jogis]] who were granted land by the ruler of the nearby state of [[Orchha]]. It became a princely state of [[British India]] during the early 19th century, and was administered as part of [[Bundelkhand]] in the [[Central India Agency]]. Bundelkhand's eastern states (including Maihar) were separated to form the new agency of [[Bagelkhand]] in 1871. In 1933, Maihar and ten other states in western Bagelkhand were returned to Bundelkhand. The state had an area of {{convert|407|sqmi|km2}} and a population of 63,702 in 1901. Watered by the [[Tamsa River]], it consists primarily of alluvial soil covering sandstone and is fertile except for the southern hills. A large area was forested, and the city experienced a severe famine in 1896–1897. Maihar became a station on the [[East Indian Railway]] (the present-day [[West Central Railway]]) line between [[Satna]] and [[Jabalpur]], {{convert|97|mi|km}} north of Jabalpur. Extensive ruins of shrines and other buildings surround Maihar.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Maihar |volume=17 |page=429}}</ref> Maihar is part of the [[Satna Lok Sabha constituency]] with six other [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies: [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]], [[Raigaon Assembly constituency|Raigaon]], [[Satna Assembly constituency|Satna]], [[Amarpatan Assembly constituency|Amarpatan]], [[Nagod Assembly constituency|Nagod]] and [[Rampur-Baghelan Assembly constituency|Rampur-Baghelan]]. [[Shrikant Chaturvedi]] is the MLA for the [[Maihar Assembly constituency]].

==Attractions==

The [[Maa Sharda Mandir, Maihar|Maa Sharda Mandir]], built around 502 CE, is at the top of Trikut hill. The hill has 1,064 steps and a ropeway. Other temples in Maihar are the Golamath, Oila, Badi Mai, Bada Akhada and Icchapurti temples. The home of musician [[Allauddin Khan]] has been restored in his memory.

==Elevation and rainfall==
Maihar is located at {{coord|24.27|N|80.75|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Maihar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Maihar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 367 metres (1204 ft). The area receives moderate rainfall, primarily in July and August.

==Demographics==

Maihar town is divided into 18 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Maihar Municipality has population of 40,192 of which 21,031 are males while 19,161 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/madhya-pradesh/satna/maihar-population.html | title=Maihar Tehsil Population Satna, Madhya Pradesh, List of Villages & Towns in Maihar Tehsil }}</ref>

The population of children aged 0-6 is 5238 which is 13.03% of total population of Maihar (M). In Maihar Municipality, the female sex ratio is 911 against state average of 931. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Maihar is around 875 compared to Madhya Pradesh state average of 918. literacy rate of Maihar city is 81.99% higher than the state average of 69.32%. In Maihar, male literacy is around 87.82% while the female literacy rate is 75.62%

===Religion===
[[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in Maihar, accounting for about 81%. [[Jainism]] accounts for 17%, and there are also a small number of Others (approximately 0.23%).
<gallery mode=packed>
View from Sharda temple Maihar1.JPG|alt=A winding river, seen from above|View from the Maa Sharda temple
View from Sharda temple Maihar2.JPG|alt=A pond, seen from above|View of the pond from the temple
Night view of sharda temple.jpg|alt=Night view of the Maa Sharda temple in 2019|Night view of the Maa Sharda Mandir from a local market in 2019
Alha Udal pond maihar.jpg|alt=A human-made pond, with vegetation|Pond of Alha and Udal, near the Maa Sharda temple
Alha Dev Mandir Maihar.jpg|alt=Two young people looking at an indoor shrine|The Alha Dev temple, near the Maa Sharda temple
</gallery>

==Transport==

[[File:Maihar railway station.JPG|thumb|alt=An outdoor railway station, seen from above|The Maihar railway station in 2009]]
Maihar is connected to [[National Highway 7 (India)|National Highway 7]]. The [[Mahakoshal Express]] provides a direct connection from Delhi's [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin station]]. [[Maihar railway station]] is between the [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway's]] [[Katni Junction railway station|Katni]] and [[Satna Junction railway station|Satna]] stations. Many pilgrims attend the [[Navaratri|Nav Ratra]] festivals. The nearest airport is [[Satna Airport]] and bus service is available in the city.

==Music==

Maihar is noted in [[Indian classical music]] as the birthplace of the [[Maihar gharana]], a ''[[gharana]]'' (school or style) of [[Hindustani music]]. [[Allauddin Khan]] (d. 1972) lived in Maihar for many years and was the court musician in Maihar Raja's palace. His students popularised the ''gharana'' during the 20th century, and included [[Ravi Shankar]] and [[Nikhil Banerjee]]. The first Ustad Allauddin Khan music conference was hosted by Shri Deep Chand Jain in 1962.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Maihar}}

{{Rewa Division}}
{{MP Princely States}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Satna district]]
[[Category:Satna]]
[[Category:Religion in Madhya Pradesh]]

Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-11T00:31:30Z

Meemobaidullah: Started Basic Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Manipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Inner Manipur {{Small|MN-1}}
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1951
| electors = 9,91,574 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
| mp = [[Angomcha Bimol Akoijam]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
|reservation= None
|assembly_cons = 32: [[Khundrakpam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khundrakpam]], [[Heingang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Heingang]], [[Khurai (Manipur Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurai]], [[Kshetrigao (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kshetrigao]], [[Thongju (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thongju]], [[Keirao (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keirao]], [[Andro (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Andro]], [[Lamlai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lamlai]], [[Thangmeiband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thangmeiband]], [[Uripok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uripok]], [[Sagolband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sagolband]], [[Keishamthong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keishamthong]], [[Singjamei (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singjamei]], [[Yaiskul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yaiskul]], [[Wangkhei (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangkhei]], [[Sekmai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sekmai]], [[Lamsang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lamsang]], [[Konthoujam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Konthoujam]], [[Patsoi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patsoi]], [[Langthabal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Langthabal]], [[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naoriya Pakhanglakpa]], [[Wangoi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangoi]], [[Mayang Imphal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mayang Imphal]], [[Nambol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nambol]], [[Oinam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Oinam]], [[Bishnupur (Manipur Legislative Assembly constituency)|Bishnupur]], [[Moirang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Moirang]], [[Thanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thanga]], [[Kumbi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kumbi]], [[Lilong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lilong]], [[Thoubal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thoubal]] and [[Wangkhem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangkhem]]
}}

'''Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the two [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Manipur]], a state in northeastern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
!No
!Name
!Reservation
!District
!MLA
!colspan="2" |[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Party]]
!colspan="2" |[[2024 Indian general election in Manipur|2024 Lead]]
|-
|1
|[[Khundrakpam Assembly constituency|Khundrakpam]]
!rowspan="15"|None
|rowspan="8" |[[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|[[Thokchom Lokeshwar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2
|[[Heingang Assembly constituency|Heingang]]
|[[N. Biren Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Khurai, Manipur Assembly constituency|Khurai]]
|[[Leishangthem Susindro Meitei|L. Susindro Meitei]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|4
|[[Kshetrigao Assembly constituency|Kshetrigao]]
|[[Sheikh Noorul Hassan]]
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|5
|[[Thongju Assembly constituency|Thongju]]
|[[Thongam Biswajit Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|6
|[[Keirao Assembly constituency|Keirao]]
|[[Lourembam Rameshwor Meetei|L. Rameshwor Meitei]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|7
|[[Andro Assembly constituency|Andro]]
|[[Thounaojam Shyamkumar Singh|T. Shyamkumar Singh]]
|-
|8
|[[Lamlai Assembly constituency|Lamlai]]
|[[Khongbantabam Ibomcha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
|9
|[[Thangmeiband Assembly constituency|Thangmeiband]]
|rowspan="5" |[[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
|[[Khumukcham Joykisan|Khumukcham Joykisan Singh]]
|-
|10
|[[Uripok Assembly constituency|Uripok]]
|[[Khwairakpam Raghumani Singh|K. Raghumani Singh]]
|-
|11
|[[Sagolband Assembly constituency|Sagolband]]
|[[Rajkumar Imo Singh]]
|-
|12
|[[Keishamthong Assembly constituency|Keishamthong]]
|[[Sapam Nishikant Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|-
|13
|[[Singjamei Assembly constituency|Singjamei]]
|[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|-
|14
|[[Yaiskul Assembly constituency|Yaiskul]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|[[Thokchom Satyabrata Singh]]
|-
|15
|[[Wangkhei Assembly constituency|Wangkhei]]
|[[Thangjam Arunkumar]]
|-
|16
|[[Sekmai Assembly constituency|Sekmai]]
|style="background:#fef06d;" align="center" | '''SC'''
|rowspan="8" |[[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
|[[Heikham Dingo Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|17
|[[Lamsang Assembly constituency|Lamsang]]
!rowspan="16"|None
|[[Sorokhaibam Rajen]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|18
|[[Konthoujam Assembly constituency|Konthoujam]]
|Sapam Ranjan Singh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|19
|[[Patsoi Assembly constituency|Patsoi]]
|[[Sapam Kunjakeswor Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|20
|[[Langthabal Assembly constituency|Langthabal]]
|[[Karam Shyam]]
|-
|21
|[[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly constituency|Naoriya Pakhanglakpa]]
|[[Soraisam Kebi Devi]]
|-
|22
|[[Wangoi Assembly constituency|Wangoi]]
|[[Khuraijam Loken Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|23
|[[Mayang Imphal Assembly constituency|Mayang Imphal]]
|[[Kongkham Robindro Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|24
|[[Nambol Assembly constituency|Nambol]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]
|[[Thounaojam Basanta Kumar Singh|T. Basanta Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|25
|[[Oinam Assembly constituency|Oinam]]
|[[Irengbam Nalini Devi]]
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|26
|[[Bishnupur, Manipur Legislative Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]]
|[[Govindas Konthoujam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|27
|[[Moirang Assembly constituency|Moirang]]
|[[Thongam Shanti Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|28
|[[Thanga Assembly constituency|Thanga]]
|[[Tongbram Robindro Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|29
|[[Kumbi Assembly constituency|Kumbi]]
|[[Sanasam Premachandra Singh|S. Premachandra Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|30
|[[Lilong Assembly constituency|Lilong]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]
|[[Muhammad Abdul Nasir]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
|31
|[[Thoubal Assembly constituency|Thoubal]]
|[[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|32
|[[Wangkhem Assembly constituency|Wangkhem]]
|[[Keisham Meghachandra Singh|K. Meghachandra Singh]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1951 Indian general election|1951]]
| [[Jogeswar Singh Laisram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Achaw Singh Laisram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[M. Meghachandra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | [[N. Tombi Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Ngangom Mohendra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" | [[N. Tombi Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Yumnam Yaima Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur People's Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan=3| [[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Thokchom Meinya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[R.K. Ranjan Singh|Dr. Rajkumar Ranjan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Angomcha Bimol Akoijam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Inner Manipur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Angomcha Bimol Akoijam]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,74,017|percentage=46.93|change={{increase}}14.55}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thounaojam Basanta Kumar Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,64,216|percentage=33.16|change={{down}}1.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maheshwar Thounaojam|party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|votes=1,35,640|percentage=17.02|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate= [[Kaiku Rajkumar|Rajkumar Somendro Singh]]
|party= [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes=13,050
|percentage=1.64
|change=''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Moirangthem Totomshana Nongshaba
|votes =4,881
|percentage = 0.61
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,797|percentage=0.48|change={{up}}0.14}}
{{Election box candidate
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Haorungbam Sarat Singh
|votes = 1,296
|percentage = 0.16
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,09,801|percentage=13.78|change={{up}}11.44}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,06,037|percentage=80.51|change={{decrease}}0.61}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =Indian National Congress
|loser =Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Inner Manipur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[R.K. Ranjan Singh]]
|votes=2,63,632
|percentage=34.72
|change={{increase}}20.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Oinam Nabakishore Singh
|votes=2,45,877
|percentage=32.38
|change={{decrease}}13.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate= [[Moirangthem Nara|Moirangthem Nara Singh]]
|votes=1,33,813
|percentage=17.62
|change={{decrease}}13.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Independent
|candidate=[[Kaiku Rajkumar|Rajkumar Somendro Singh]]
|votes=81,634
|percentage=10.75
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=North East India Development Party
|candidate=[[R.K. Anand (Manipur politician)|R.K Anand]]
|votes=25,010
|percentage = 3.29|change= }}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=17,755
|percentage=2.34
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=7,60,456
|percentage=81.12
|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=Indian National Congress
|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Manipur|Inner Manipur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Thokchom Meinya]]|votes=2,92,102|percentage=45.58|change=+5.99}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Moirangthem Nara|votes=1,97,428|percentage=30.81|change=-3.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[R.K. Ranjan Singh]]|votes=92,443|percentage=14.52|change=+8.57}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Sarangthme Manaboi|votes=39,903|percentage=6.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Dr. Kh. Ibomcha Singh|votes=3,275|percentage=0.51|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=94678|percentage=14.77|change=+9.46}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=6,41,314|percentage=74.98|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Manipur|Inner Manipur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Thokchom Meinya]]
|votes = 2,30,876
|percentage = 39.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Moirangthem Nara]]
|votes = 1,99,916
|percentage = 34.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Manipur People's Party
|candidate = Thounaojam Chaoba
|votes = 1,01,787
|percentage = 17.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh
|votes = 34,094
|percentage = 5.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,960
|percentage = 5.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,83,218
|percentage =70.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Inner Manipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dr. Thokchom Meinya]]
|votes = 1,54,055
|percentage = 37.00
|change = +6.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Moirangthem Nara]]
|votes = 1,04,722
|percentage = 25.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Federal Party of Manipur
|candidate = Leishangthem Chandramani
|votes = 88,179
|percentage = 21.18
|change = +19.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Thounaojam Chaoba
|votes = 66,451
|percentage = 15.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nongmaithem Iboyaima Singh
|votes = 1,646
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nongmaithem Homendro Singh
|votes = 1,353
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 49,333
|percentage =11.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,16,406
|percentage = 56.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Manipur State Congress Party
|swing = +6.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Manipur}}

{{coord|24.60|N|93.90|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Manipur]]
[[Category:Bishnupur district]]

Arunraja Kamaraj

2026-03-04T20:26:05Z

Meemobaidullah: put up basic pg initial version

{{Short description|Indian singer, lyricist, actor, and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arunraja Kamaraj
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor, singer, lyricist, writer, director
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse =
| children = 2
}}

'''Arunraja Kamaraj''' is an Indian singer, lyricist, actor and director in [[Tamil language]] films. He has acted in films such as ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Jigarthanda]]'', ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]], and'' ''[[Maan Karate]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Theri Lyricist in Sivakarthikeyans Remo|url=http://www.iluvcinema.in/tamil/theri-lyricist-in-sivakarthikeyans-remo/|website=iluvcinema.in|publisher=V|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414092814/http://www.iluvcinema.in/tamil/theri-lyricist-in-sivakarthikeyans-remo/|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wrote and sung the song "Ding Dong" for the movie ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]],''<ref>{{cite news|title=Audio Beat: Jigarthanda – Fusion, folk, rap and more|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-jigarthanda-fusion-folk-rap-and-more/article5788341.ece|website=The Hindu|date=15 March 2014 |publisher=S. R. Ashok Kumar}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=September 2025}} "Neruppu Da" for Rajinikanth's film ''[[Kabali]],''<ref>{{cite news|title=Now, Rajinikanth credited in Kabali track list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Now-Rajinikanth-credited-in-Kabali-track-list/articleshow/52683797.cms|website=The Times of India|publisher=M Suganth|accessdate=10 June 2016|last1=Suganth |first1=M. }}</ref> and the title song for ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Music Review: Trisha Illana Nayanthara|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Trisha-Illana-Nayanthara/articleshow/48291595.cms|website=The Times of India|publisher=Sharanya CR|accessdate=10 June 2016|last1=Cr |first1=Sharanya }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kamaraj was married to Sindhuja, who died of [[COVID-19]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2021 |title=Director Arunraja Kamaraj's wife passes away due to COVID-19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-arunraja-kamarajs-wife-passes-away-due-to-covid-19/articleshow/82698680.cms |accessdate=17 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> They had two daughters together.<ref>{{Cite web |last=manimegalai.a |title=Arunraja Kamaraj : மனைவி இறந்த ஒரே வருடத்தில் இரண்டாவது திருமணம் செய்து கொண்ட அருண் ராஜா காமராஜ்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/director-arunraja-kamaraj-got-second-marriage-rkm5ju |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref> Kamaraj remarried in late 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Arunraja Kamaraj Gets Married In An Intimate Ceremony |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/arunraja-kamaraj-gets-married-in-an-intimate-ceremony-6284959.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== As director and writer ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]''
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Nenjuku Needhi]]''
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Label (TV series)|Label]]''
|Hotstar Web series
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''|| Udumbe ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Maan Karate]]'' || Neruppu Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' || Selvam ||
|-
| ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' || Arun || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]'' || Nesamani ||
|-
| ''[[Yaanum Theeyavan]]'' || Arun ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kaathiruppor Pattiyal]]'' || Kuttipuli ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma]]'' ||Manikandan
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'' || Gunasekhar ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Japan (2023 film)|Japan]]'' || Himself ||
|}

== Discography==

=== As lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Song(s) !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' ||"Rathiri" ||
|-
|"Engo Odugindrai"
|
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Pizza II: Villa]]'' ||"Boomiyil" ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' || "Ding Dong" ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015 || ''[[Darling (2015 Indian film)|Darling]]'' || "Vandha Mala" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' || "Im So Cool"||
|-
|"Shake That"
|
|-
| ''[[Demonte Colony]]'' || "Dummy Piece-u", "Trap of the Beast" ||
|-
| ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]'' || "Trisha Illana" ||
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2016 || ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2016 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' ||"Taaru Taara" ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' || "Dub Theri Step"
|
|-
| "Eena Meena Teeka"
| Rap part of the song
|-
| ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' || "Pangali" ||
|-
| ''[[Sawaari (2016 film)|Sawaari]]'' || "Paani Poori" ||
|-
| ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' || "Why Machi Why", "LED Kannala" ||
|-
| ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' || "Neruppu Da" ||
|-
| ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' || "Kodi Parakutha" ||
|-
| ''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]'' || "Aaniyae Pudunga Venandaa" ||
|-
| ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' || "Myma" ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2017 || ''[[Bairavaa]]'' || "Varlam Varlam Vaa" ||
|-
| ''[[Bruce Lee (2017 film)|Bruce Lee]]'' || "Naan Thaan Goppan Da" ||
|-
| ''[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]'' || "Happy New Year" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Baloon]]'' ||"Vaanam Dhaane"
|
|-
|"Mazhai Megam"
|
|-
|"Uyirile Uyirile"
|
|-
|"Shutup Pannunga"
|
|-
| ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || "Chinna Kabali" ||
|-
|''[[Nibunan]]''
|"Vaa Daa Modhi Paakalam"
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2018 || rowspan="3" | ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' || "Semma Weightu" ||
|-
| "Thanga Sela"
|
|-
| "Katravai Patravai"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' || "Kanne En Kannazhage"
|
|-
| "Othaiyadi Pathaiyila"
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]'' || "Peter Beatu Yethu" ||
|-
| "Dingu Dongu"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' || "Jigiri Dosthu"
|
|-
| "Namma Veettu Pillai Theme"
|
|-
|''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|"Vaa Ezhundhuvaa"
|
|-
| ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]''||"Kannula Thimiru"||
|-
| ''[[Gurkha (film)|Gurkha]]''||"Chowkidar"||
|-
|2020
|''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]''
|"Plan Panni"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || "[[Kutti Story]]"
|
|-
|''[[Dikkiloona]]''
|"Cycle Wheela Pola"
|
|-
|| 2023 || ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' || "[[Kaavaalaa]]"
|
|-
|| 2024 || ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' || "Rise of Miller"
|
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]'' || "Love Detox"
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2026 || ''[[Lucky the Superstar]]'' || "Happy Lucky Day Chellam" ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Thaai Kizhavi]]'' || "Mattikittan Minorkunju" ||
|-
| "Enga Vechi Podhachita" ||
|-
|}

=== Singles as lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Album !! Composer !!Notes
|-
|| 2017 ||"Kombu Vacha Singam da"|| Non-album single || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || Independent single for [[Jallikattu]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024 ||"Chennai Formula 4 Racing – Theme Song"|| Non-album single|| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja Drops Electrifying Formula 4 Racing Theme Song Ahead of Chennai Event |url=https://thevocalnews.com/big-cities/chennai/yuvan-shankar-raja-drops-electrifying-formula-4-racing/cid15253175.htm |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=The Vocal News |date=31 August 2024 |archive-date= 8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908150540/https://thevocalnews.com/big-cities/chennai/yuvan-shankar-raja-drops-electrifying-formula-4-racing/cid15253175.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== As singer ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Song(s) !! Composer !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' || "Ding Dong" || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Demonte Colony]]'' || "Trap of the Beast" || [[Keba Jeremiah]] ||
|-
| ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]'' || "Trisha Illana Nayanthara" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2016 || ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' || "Pangaali" || Santhosh Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' || "Dub Theri Step" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Kabali]]'' || "Neruppu Da" || rowspan="2"| Santhosh Narayanan ||
|-
| "Nippu Raa" || Telugu dubbed version
|-
| ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'' || "Kalippu Katta Kalippu" || Manikandan Ayyappan || [[Malayalam]] film
|-
| ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' || "Kodi Parakutha" || rowspan="2"| Santhosh Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Bairavaa]]'' || "Varlam Varlam Vaa" ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2017
| ''[[Bruce Lee (2017 film)|Bruce Lee]]'' || "Naan Thaan Goppan Da" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]'' || "Shutup Pannunga" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
| ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || "Chinna Kabali" || [[S. S. Thaman]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nibunan]]'' || "Vaa Daa Modhi Paakalam" || S. Navin ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018 || rowspan="2"| ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' || "Katravai Patravai" || rowspan="2"| [[Santhosh Narayanan]] ||
|-
| "Nikkal Nikkal" ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2019
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || "Vaa Ezhunduvaa" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
| ''[[50/50 (2019 film)|50/50]]'' || "Bin Laden (Theme)" || [[Dharan Kumar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Gurkha (film)|Gurkha]]'' || "Chowkidar" || Raj Aryan ||
|-
| ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'' || "Bharathi Kadhaliyae Kannamaa" || Himself || Serial
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024 || ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' || "Rise of Miller" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Laandhar]]'' || "Kaalam Kodiyadhe" || M. S. Prraveen ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Thaai Kizhavi]]'' || "Enga Vechi Podhachita" || [[Nivas K. Prasanna]] ||
|-
|}

== Other works ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name of Television Show
!Role
!Network
|-
|2024
|''[[Super Singer 10|Super Singer Season 10]]''
|Guest performer
|[[Star Vijay]]
|}

==Awards and recognitions==
* BOFTA Galatta Debutant Awards 2019 - Best Debut Director (People Choice)<ref>{{cite web|title=BOFTA Galatta Debut Awards 2018 Winners|url=http://www.indwiki.co.in/bofta-galatta-debut-awards-2018-winners-performance-in-colors-tamil-23rd-24th-february-2019/|website=IndWiki|accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Colors Tamil]] Galatta Nakshatra Awards 2019 - Online Musical Sensation<ref>{{cite web|title=Colors Tamil Galatta Nakshatra Awards 2019 Winners|url=https://www.auditionsdate.com/news/colors-tamil-galatta-nakshatra-awards-2019-winners-date-timing/|website=audiotionsdate.com|date=21 November 2019|accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>
* JFW Movie Awards 2019 - Best Director for ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=JFW MOVIE AWARDS 2019 – Award Presentation|url=https://jfwonline.com/event/jfw-movie-awards-2019-award-presentation/|website=jfwonline.com|accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] 2019 - [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards#Best Social Awareness Award|Best Social Awareness Award]] for ''Kanaa'' (as director)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pariyerum Perumal bags Best Film award at Norway Tamil Film Festival|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=9 January 2019 |accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Zee TV|Zee]] Cine Awards Tamil 2020 - Best Debut Director for ''Kanaa''<ref>{{cite web|title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020: The complete winners list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-winners-list-dhanush-kamal-haasan-samantha-akkineni-nayanthara-6200402/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 January 2020 |accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7110319}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:kamaraj, Arunraja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Seetharamayya Gari Manavaralu

2026-03-03T18:27:53Z

Meemobaidullah: refine layout for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|te-latn|Seetharamayya Gari Manavaralu}}
| image = Seetharamaiah_Gari_Manavaralu_(1991_film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kranthi Kumar]]
| producer = [[V. Doraswamy Raju]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Navvina Kanneelle''|Manasa}}
| story = VMC Unit
| screenplay = Kranthi Kumar [[Ganesh Patro]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Hari]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[VMC Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|1|11}}
| runtime = 131 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''{{Lang|te-latn|Seetharamayya Gari Manavaralu}}''' ({{translation}} Seetharamayya's granddaughter) is a 1991 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Kranthi Kumar]], and produced by [[V. Doraswamy Raju]] under the [[VMC Productions]] banner. The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Rohini Hattangadi]] with the music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-25|title=ఇదో మనవరాలి కథ|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-seetharamaiah-gari-manavaralu-478865|access-date=2021-01-04|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830133934/http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-seetharamaiah-gari-manavaralu-478865|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar also wrote the screenplay, based on the novel ''Navvina Kanneelle'' by Manasa.<ref>[http://navatarangam.com/2008/11/seetaramaiahgari-manavaralu/ Seetharamaiah Gari Manavaralu film review at Navatarangam.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714162051/http://navatarangam.com/2008/11/seetaramaiahgari-manavaralu/ |date=14 July 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> The plot follows Seetha (Meena) who arrives from the US to visit her grandparents, Seetharamayya (Rao) and Janakamma (Hattangadi) who are uninformed of her parents' accidental death.

It was featured in the [[15th International Film Festival of India|15th IFFI' 92]] Indian Panorama section.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1991Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1991.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=8 December 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093640/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1991Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1991.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film won three [[Filmfare Awards South]], three [[Nandi Awards]] and four [[Cinema Express Awards]]. The film was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Sandhwanam]]'' (1991), in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Belli Modagalu]]'' (1992), and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Udhaar Ki Zindagi]]'' (1994).

==Plot==
The film begins in a village adjacent to the river Godavari. The film revolves around Seetharamayya (Akkineni Nageswara Rao), a highly respected elder in his village. He lives a traditional, dignified life with his wife, Janakamma (Rohini Hattangadi), and commands respect from everyone around him. However, his personal life is scarred by a painful past — his only son had gone against his wishes by marrying a woman of his choice. This led to bitter family disputes and estrangement. Seetharamayya, feeling betrayed, cut off ties with his son.

Years later, the son and his wife die tragically in a car accident, leaving behind their daughter, Seetha (Meena). Having been raised in the United States, Seetha grows up unaware of the complexities and conflicts that had separated her from her grandparents. After finishing her studies, she decides to visit her grandparents in India, driven by love, curiosity, and a desire to reconnect with her roots.

When Seetha arrives, she is warmly welcomed by her grandmother, Janakamma, who is overjoyed to see her. However, Seetharamayya, still haunted by the memory of his son’s defiance, is hesitant and cold toward her at first. Despite his rigid exterior, Seetha’s innocence, affection, and respect slowly begin to soften his heart. She becomes a bridge between tradition and modernity, bringing joy and life back into the household.

The story takes an emotional turn when Seetha learns the truth about the strained relationship between her father and grandfather. She takes it upon herself to heal those wounds. Through her persistence, love, and sacrifices, she not only wins her grandfather’s affection but also restores harmony to the fractured family.

The climax is deeply moving — Seetharamayya finally accepts Seetha wholeheartedly, recognizing her as the beloved granddaughter who carries forward his family’s legacy. The reconciliation represents forgiveness, love, and the enduring strength of family bonds.

''That there is no end to Indian Family Structure.''

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]] as Seetharamayya
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Seeta
*[[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Janakamma
*[[Dasari Narayana Rao]] as Subbaraju
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Veerabhadraiah
*[[Murali Mohan]] as Dr. Vivekam
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Govinda Rao
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Pavan Kumar
*Sudarshan as Kaasi
*Narayana Rao as Lawyer Chakravarthy
*Raja as Dr. Srinivasa Murthy / Vaasu
*Chidatala Appa Rao
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]]
*Sudha Rani as Sumathi
*Srilatha as Shyamala
*Chandrika as Chinna Papa
*Saraswathi
*Master Amith as Banty
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was shot at [[Lolla, Atreyapuram Mandal|Lolla]] village in Atreyapuram and also shot at [[Kadiyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/movie-shooting-places-in-east-godavari-district/0212/121027450|title=అక్క డ సినిమా తీస్తే హిట్టే!|language=Telugu|website=Eenadu|access-date=5 December 2024|date=7 February 2021}}</ref> ''Tata Manavadu'' was originally considered as title but Nageswara Rao did not want any comparison to the old film of same name.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 February 2002 |title=Nostalgic Trivia |url=http://idlebrain.com/trivia/nosta16.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030611001234/http://idlebrain.com/trivia/nosta16.html |archive-date=11 June 2003 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Seetharamayya gari Manavaralu
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1991
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 19:58
| label = SURYA Music
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Dagudumuthala Dampathyam]]
| prev_year = 1990
| next_title = [[People's Encounter]]
| next_year = 1991
}}

Music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. Music released on SURYA Music Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:58
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Poosindi Poosindi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chithra|K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:14
| title2 = Badharagiri Ramayya
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 3:07
| title3 = Kaliki Chilakala Koliki
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 3:44
| title4 = Velugu Rekhalavaru
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, [[Jikki]]
| length4 = 4:27
| title5 = Oa Seetha Hallo
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 2:40
| title6 = Sathyanarayana Vratha-Slokas
| length6 = 1:46
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
}}

== Reception ==
{{expand section|date=January 2021}}

==Awards==
;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]] – [[V. Doraswamy Raju]] – won<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=List of Awards won by Telugu movie Seetharamaiah Gari Manavaralu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/seetharamaiah-gari-manavaralu/movieawards/65143796.cms|access-date=2021-01-09|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]] – [[Kranthi Kumar]] – won<ref name=":0" />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]] – [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]– won<ref name=":0" />

;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1990<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2010-03-13|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2015|access-date=3 January 2021|website=|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|page=74|language=te|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] – V. Doraswamy Raju
* [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – T. Kranthi Kumar
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[K.S. Chithra]] for "Kaliki Chilkala Koliki"

;[[Cinema Express Awards]]
*Best Film – [[VMC Productions]] – won<ref name="exp">{{Cite news|date=25 February 1992|title='Chinnathambhi' bags Cinema Express award|page=3|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,722114&dq=cinema+express&hl=en|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417131836/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,722114&dq=cinema+express&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Best Actor – Akkineni Nageswara Rao – won<ref name="exp" />
*Best Actress – Meena – won<ref name="exp" />
*Best Director – Kranthi Kumar – won<ref name="exp" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0253667}}

{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1991 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kranthi Kumar]]
[[Category:1991 drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films about grandparent–grandchild relationships]]

Taitesena

2026-02-26T07:47:50Z

Meemobaidullah: put up new article

{{Short description|Mizo Warrior and hunter (1882-1904)}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Pasalṭha
| name = Taitesena
| honorific_suffix = Khiangte
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Ralthatchhunga
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = January 1882
| birth_place = Khawrihnimah
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1904|1882}}
| death_place = Sehrmun
| death_cause = Tiger attack
| placeofburial = Sehrmun
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance =
| branch =
| branch_label = 
| serviceyears =
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| known_for = [[Folk hero]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards =
| memorials =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = Thangrikhumi
| children =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}

'''Pasalṭha Taitesena''' born '''Ralthathchhunga''' was a famous Mizo warrior, hunter, and volunteer. He is considered an idol of Mizo youths for his virtue of [[Tlawmngaihna]].

==Early life==
Taitesena was born in January 1882 as Ralthatchhunga to a Khinagte family. Due to his healthy red cheeks he gained the nickname Taitesena.{{sfn|Kumar|2000|p=2321}} Taitesena was from Hrangvunga's village of Serhmun which was not far from another famous Pasalṭha known as [[Khuangchera]]. After his family moved from Khawrinimah, they would settle in Tuahzawl where Khuangchera would be established with his wife and two children.{{sfn|Khualluna|1992|p=4}}

==Pasaltha==
One night, Hrangvunga, the chief wished to discover who was the bravest, loyal, dependable and selfless man among his subjects. He summoned an ''upa'' and told him to visit the [[zawlbuk]] to tell the men that an important message has to be sent for his brother across the river. The urgency of the message required it to be done despite the dark of the night and heavy rain. Hrangvunga himself doubted any men would take on the favour but persisted in trying.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=105}}

The ''upa'' was not told the message but only to find a man to be summoned for the request. The ''upa'' left to the zawlbuk and woke up the young men to convey the chief's request. No one was ready to go so late at night in heavy rain where wild animals may lurk. Taitsena who was sleeping in one of the corners already got up and adorned his garments. Walking back with the ''upa'', Taitesena questioned what the message was which the ''upa'' could not answer as he didn't know either. Taitesena was instructed to speak to the chief in confidence.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=105}}

When Taitesena arrived at Hrangvunga's residence, he asked for the errand. Hrangvunga revealed that there was no need for an errand tonight. Due to threats and enemies, Hrangvunga wanted to know who he could depend on for trust. Hrangvunga invited Taitesena for a drink of [[Zu (beverage)|zu]]. Taitesena initially refused, considering the chief's rest and sleep during a late night. This consideration further impressed the chief. Hrangvunga insisted Taitesena to drink. They both drank and gossiped the night as an honour a chief very rarely bestows.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=105}} Taitesena would often receive such an honor but he would be disciplined never to intoxicate himself or indulge in mischief.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=106}}

Taitesena was famed for his ethical code. He was reputed for never complaining or expressing anger. During hunts in the jungle he would never take more than three spoons of rice at the astonishment of others. Taitesena also excelled in Mizo sports such as javelin throw, shotput and wrestling.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=104}}

==Death==
Taitesena, as a pasaltha, was a renowned hunter. In Serhmun three other Pasalṭha were also renowned. They were, Zingkela Ralte, Vuntawna Palian and Dozika Ralte. The village of Sehrmun was distressed by a man-eater tiger's presence. The tiger was elusive and unable to be killed by the villagers. The tiger was only wounded from a trap placed for it but it escaped and continued to ravage the village. The villagers took up defense with weapons and cornered the tiger. The four Pasalṭha Zingkela, Vuntawna, Dozika and Taitesena were the first to arrive and attack the tiger. Vuntgawna was the only one with a firearm. He fired three rounds but missed. Zingkela rushed in with his ''dao'' but dislocating his shoulder blade during the fight. Vungtawna attempted to fend off the tiger with his rifle but it went for his head. Dozika with a ''dao'' rushed to help Vungtawna.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=106}} A village youth attempting to help the Pasalṭhas mistimed a spear thrust and injured Dozika in the neck. Taitesena finally arrived and struggled before he was caught in by the tiger and fractured his thigh. Eventually the villagers overpowered and killed the maneater.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=107}}

Taitesena and the other Pasalṭhas refused to place themselves in stretchers despite serious wounds. Dozika however lost his ability to walk and had to be carried. He would die soon after reaching his home. The Pasalṭhas would soon succumb to their wounds, which would drown out the celebration of the tiger's death. During the last moments of Taitesena and the Pasalṭhas there were no complaints of pain. Taitesena's mother visited him to ask about the pain, but he rebuked her for abandoning him which hurt him more than his dying state.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=107}} Taitesena would die in 1904.{{sfn|Khualluna|1992|p=}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Lalbiakthanga |title=The Mizos: A Study in Racial Personality |date=1978 |publisher=United Publishers |location=Guahati}}

*{{cite book |last1=Khualluna |first1=R. |title=Mizo Pasaltha Taitesena Chanchin |date=1992 |publisher=Young Mizo Association Press Board |location=Mizoram |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.17288/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=23 March 2025|language=Mizo}}

*{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Satinder |title=Encyclopaedia of South Asian Tribes |date=2000 |publisher=Anmol Publications}}

{{Lushai frontier}}
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Pasalṭha]]

List of female members of the Telangana Legislative Assembly

2026-02-24T22:17:51Z

Meemobaidullah: Started A Data

{{Short description|none}}
{{No footnotes|date=December 2024}}
This is a list of women who have been elected as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|members of the legislative assembly]] (MLAs) to the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]].
== List ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Portrait
!Name
!Constituency
!Year elected
!Year left
!Reason
|-
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|
|[[Kova Laxmi]]
|[[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad]]
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] & [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|Defeated & serving
|-
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|
|[[Ajmeera Rekha]]
|[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Retired
|-
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|
|[[Bodige Shobha]]
|[[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]]
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Defeated
|-
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|
|[[Padma Devender Reddy]]
|[[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Defeated
|-
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:J. Geetha Reddy.jpg|75px]]
|[[J. Geeta Reddy]]
|[[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]]
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Defeated
|-
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:The Minister for Information and Public Relations, Andhra Pradesh, Smt. D.K. Aruna addressing at the valedictory function of the 18th International Children’s Film Festival India, in Hyderabad on November 20, 2013.jpg|75px]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|[[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Defeated
|-
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:Nalamada Padmavathi Reddy.jpg|75px]]
|[[N. Padmavathi Reddy]]
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] & [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|Defeated & serving
|-
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|
|[[Gongidi Suntiha]]
|[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]]
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Defeated
|-
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|
|[[Konda Surekha]]
|[[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] & [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|Retired & serving
|-
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}{{efn|elected from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] ticket.}}
|[[File:The Minister for Home and Jails, Andhra Pradesh, Smt. Sabitha Indra Reddy addressing the gathering during Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, at Maheswaram, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh on August 03, 2010.jpg|75px]]
|[[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]
|[[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheshwaram]]
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|Serving
|-
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:Danasari-Anasuya-Seethakka Garu.png|75px]]
|[[Seethakka|Dansari Anasuya]]
|[[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]]
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|
|Serving
|-
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}{{efn|elected from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] ticket.}}
|[[File:Haripriya Banoth 2018.jpg|75px]]
|[[Haripriya Banoth]]
|[[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]]
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Defeated
|-
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[File:Sunithalaxmareddy.jpg|75px]]
|[[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
|[[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|Serving
|-
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|
|[[G. Lasya Nanditha]]
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|2024
|Died
|-
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|[[Chittem Parnika Reddy]]
|[[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|Serving
|-
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:Yashaswini Reddy.jpg|75px]]
|[[Mamidala Yashaswini Reddy]]
|[[Palakurthi Assembly constituency|Palakurthi]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|Serving
|-
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|[[Matta Ragamayee]]
|[[Sathupalli Assembly constituency|Sathupalli]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|Serving
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://myneta.info/telangana2014/index.php?action=summary&subAction=winner_women&sort=candidate Total women winners 2014]
* [https://myneta.info/telangana2018/index.php?action=summary&subAction=winner_women&sort=liabi Total women winners 2018]
* [https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/index.php?action=summary&subAction=winner_women&sort=liabi Total women winners 2023]

[[Category:Women members of the Telangana Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Telangana]]
[[Category:Lists of women politicians in India|Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

Akshar Árbol International School

2026-02-21T10:38:18Z

Meemobaidullah: further improve content and improved wording

{{Short description|School in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{one source|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Akshar Árbol International School (AAIS)
| native_name =
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| city = [[Chennai]]
| county =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| province =
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| country = India
| coordinates =
| schooltype =
| fundingtype =
| type = [[International Preschool]]
| religious_affiliation =
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| founded =
| opened =
| founder = R Subramanian
| status = Open
| closed =
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| grades = [[Preschool]]
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| graduates =
| affiliations =
| age_range =
| campus =
| campus_size =
| campus_type = International
| campus_bound =
| colors =
| mascot image =
| vision =
| SAT_year =
| ACT_year =
| website = {{URL|akshararbol.edu.in}}
}}

'''Akshar Árbol International School''' is a Pre-K to 12th grade [[International School]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-02 |title=Students display art at two-day exhibition - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/students-display-art-at-two-day-exhibition/article30954046.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302052922/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/students-display-art-at-two-day-exhibition/article30954046.ece |archive-date=2 March 2020 }}</ref> R Subramanian, a chartered accountant in Chennai, is the founder of the school and Priya Dixit, is currently its head.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-06 |title=School holds cultural fest online - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/school-holds-cultural-fest-online/article33149333.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506202343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/school-holds-cultural-fest-online/article33149333.ece |archive-date=6 May 2022 }}</ref>

== Campuses ==
The school has two campuses: one in West Mambalam and the other in the growing South Eastern suburb [[Neelankarai]]. The school's curriculum draws on both the [[International Baccalaureate]] and [[Cambridge International Examinations]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Choice in your backpack|url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/choice-in-your-backpack/section/9397|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127152922/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/choice-in-your-backpack/section/9397|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-26 |title=City school wins Global Education Award - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-school-wins-global-education-award/article65787580.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926051626/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-school-wins-global-education-award/article65787580.ece |archive-date=26 September 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.akshararbol.edu.in| Akshar-Arbol International School Website}}
* {{official website|http://www.ibo.org/en/school/049428| School Profile in IB.org}}

{{coord|13.044|80.224|type:edu_region:IN-TN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akshar Arbol International School}}
[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{TamilNadu-school-stub}}

Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus, Tiruchirappalli

2026-02-18T19:51:28Z

Meemobaidullah: Put Up New Post W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|Express bus terminus in Tiruchirapalli, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Muthamizh Arignar Kalaignar M.Karunanidhi Integrated Bus Terminus (KKBT)
| name_lang = en
| native_name = முத்தமிழறிஞர் கலைஞர் மு. கருணாநிதி ஒருங்கிணைந்த பேருந்து முனையம்
| type = Bus terminus
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = KKBT
| image = Panjappur Bus Terminus Entrance.jpg
| image_caption = Terminus Entrance
| address = Madurai National Highway, [[Panjapur]]
| borough = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.7559|N|78.6558|E|display=inline,title}}
| bus_operators = *[[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]]
*[[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]]
*[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|Kerala SRTC]]
*[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|Karnataka SRTC]]
*[[Puducherry Road Transport Corporation|PRTC]]
*Contract Carriage
| structure = Underground, At-grade & First Floor
| platforms = 202
| bus_routes = *[[Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Kerala]]
*[[Karnataka]]
*[[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 9 May 2025
| accessible = yes
| owned = [[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation|TCC]]
| services =
| map_locator =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus (KKBT)''', officially '''Muthamizh Arignar Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi Integrated Bus Terminus''', is a bus terminus in [[Panjapur]], [[Tiruchirappalli]] is the first Air Conditioned bus terminus in the state of Tamil Nadu. Situated along the [[National Highway 38 (India)|Madurai Highway]], it was inaugurated on 9 May 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=IBT, a 3-decade-old dream come true |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/ibt-a-3-decade-old-dream-come-true/articleshow/121004731.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |agency=TOI |date=8 May 2025}}</ref> and became operational from 16 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-17 |title=TNSTC streamlines city bus operations at Central bus stand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/tnstc-streamlines-city-bus-operations-at-central-bus-stand/articleshow/122656306.cms |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Spread over an area of {{convert|115.68|acre|m2}}, it was built to create an integrated bus terminus for the city since the current terminals are completely congested and during festival times the buses are operated from temporary locations around the city. The terminus operates all Mofussil and City buses. Designated bays for contract carriage (omni) buses are still under construction.

== History ==
The Foundation stone for the construction was laid on 10 October 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trichy IBT work to be completed in 1 year: KN Nehru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-ibt-work-to-be-completed-in-1-yr-min/articleshow/94774174.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

== Financials ==
The Bus Terminal has been constructed at the cost of {{INR convert|408.36|c}}. Apart from that a separate Omni bus terminal is under construction on the same complex at the cost of {{INR convert|17.60|c}}<ref>{{cite news |title=KN Nehru lays foundation stone for Rs 17.60 cr Tiruchy omnibus stand |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/kn-nehru-lays-foundation-stone-for-rs-1760-cr-tiruchy-omnibus-stand-812191 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=www.dtnext.in |date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
The Bus terminus includes an Multi Utility Facility Center (MUFC), Crew Rest Complex, Multiple Toilet Complexes and Underground Parking to support the needs of commuters. Other facilities available are ATM, Ticket Booking Counters, Luggage Cloak Room, Passenger Rest Hall, Parcel Handling Facility, Fire Extinguishers, Police Rooms, Baby Feeding Rooms, Time Keeper Rooms, Purified Drinking Water, Generator for uninterrupted power, Passenger Addressing System, Book Stores, Free Wi-Fi, Free Cellphone Charging facilities are being provided.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Facility Statistics
|-
! Type !! Count
|-
| Moffussil Bus Operational Bays || 120
|-
| Long Term Halt Bays || 141
|-
| Shot Term Halt Bays || 84
|-
| Town Bus Bays || 56
|-
| Omni Bus Operational Bays || 37
|-
| Omni Bus Halt Bays || 45
|-
| Auto Bays || 50 + 50
|-
| Shops || 78
|-
| Restaurants || 4
|-
| Underground + Ground Level Parking || 1544 Two-Wheelers + 391 Two-Wheelers and 216 Four-Wheelers
|-
| Urinals + Toilets || 173 + 152
|-
| Crew Rest Hall || 208 Beds
|-
| Air Conditioner Capacity || 704 Tonnes
|-
| Lift + Escalators || 6 + 6
|-
| LED Display Board || 50
|-
| CCTV Cameras || 166
|}

== Platforms ==

=== Ground floor: Mofussil buses ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Platform
!Destinations
|-
|1
|[[Bengaluru|Banglore (SETC, KSRTC), Tirupati (SETC)]]
|-
|2
|[[Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus|Chennai Madhavaram]], [[Kilambakkam bus terminus, Chennai|Chennai Kilambakkam]] (TNSTC, SETC)
|-
|3
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Vellore]], [[Virudhachalam|Virudachalam]], [[Thittakudi]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Neyveli]], [[Viluppuram]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]]
|-
|4
|[[Thogaimalai block|Thogaimalai]], Palayam, [[Coimbatore]], [[Ooty]], [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Karur]], [[Kulithalai]], [[Erode]] (via-Karur), [[Tiruppur]], [[Dharapuram]]
|-
|5
|[[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Marthandam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Sivakasi]], [[Sengottai]], [[Kovilpatti]], [[Thuvarankurichi]], [[Ponnamaravathi]], [[Manapparai]], [[Dindigul]], [[Palani]], [[Pollachi]], [[Theni]], [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Kambam]], [[Kumily]], [[Thevaram]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Bodinayakkanur|Bodi]]
|-
|6
|[[Namakkal]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hosur]], [[Dharmapuri]], [[Erode]] (via-Namakkal), [[Musiri]]
|-
|7
|[[Thanjavur]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Velankanni]], [[Vedaranyam]], [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Mannargudi]], [[Pattukottai]], [[Nagore]], [[Karaikkal]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Sirkali]], [[Pudukkottai]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Devakottai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Kamuthi]], [[Mudukulathur]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Thondi]], [[Sivagangai]], [[Tirupattur]], [[Annavasal, Pudukkottai|Annavasal]], [[Sayalgudi]], [[Aranthangi]], [[Peravurani]], [[Alangudi, Pudukkottai|Alangudi]], [[Iluppur]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Gandarvakottai]]
|-
|8
|[[Rameswaram]], [[Thanjavur]] (1 to 1), [[Kumbakonam]]
|}

=== First Floor: City buses ===
{{center|Route map of the TNSTC city buses of Tiruchirappalli}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Platform
!Routes
!Bus Number (Government)
|-
|1
|Samayapuram (Bye-pass), Chathiram bus stand/Sri Rangam (via- Palakkarai, Rockfort)
|100,1,1E
|-
|2
|Chathiram bus stand/ Sri Rangam (via- GH, Thillai Nagar)
|26,120
|-
|3
|Chathiram bus stand/ Sri Rangam (via- GH,Woraiyur)
|52,60,8,9
|-
|4
|Viralimalai, Thuvakkudi, Keeranur, Bharathidasan University/Anna University - Trichy Campus
| Viralimalai towards Madurai - 45, 45A, 45B Bharatidasan/Anna Univ. - Keeranur - Buses towards Pudhukottai , 63, 63A, 63C
|-
|5
|Mannarpuram - TVS Tollgate - Airport - Mathur - OFT - HAPP
|93
|}

==See also==
* [[Central Bus Station, Tiruchirappalli|Trichy Central Bus Stand]]
* [[Chathiram Bus Station, Tiruchirappalli|Trichy Chatram Bus Stand]]
* [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]]
* [[Transport in Tiruchirappalli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Transport in Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Tiruchirappalli]]

Yanaimalai

2026-02-17T12:41:18Z

Meemobaidullah: put up a info

{{Short description|Hill in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Distinguish|Anaimalai}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{coord|9.967477|78.192519|display=title}}
[[File:Yanaimalai from samanar hills.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Yanaimalai as seen from top of [[Samanar Hills]]]]
[[File:Yanaimalai.JPG|250px|right|thumb|Yanaimalai (Elephant Hill)]]
'''Yanaimalai''' (Elephant Hill) is a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu|protected monument]] and tourist attraction in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/11/stories/2010021158600300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215044359/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/11/stories/2010021158600300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 February 2010 | title=Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : PIL against proposed alterations to Yanaimalai | date=11 February 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> It has [[Jainism|Jain]] sculptures, a [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] temple, and a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temple, namely the [[Narasingam Yoga Narasimha Perumal Temple]].

==Etymology==
The hill derives its name from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word ''yaanai'', meaning "elephant", and ''malai'', meaning "hill". The hill looks like an elephant in a sitting position.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/madurai/30466982_1_madurai-elephant-bench | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202221339/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/madurai/30466982_1_madurai-elephant-bench | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 February 2014 | title=Sculptor moves HC for setting up art city on Yanaimalai | date=2 December 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> The site has had this name for over 2000 years.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/09/stories/2010020955950500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040319/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/09/stories/2010020955950500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 February 2014 | title=Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Proposed alterations to paanaialai irk activists | date=9 February 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref>

==Location==
Yanaimalai is located in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India. It is situated from 10 km from Madurai Mattuthavani bus stand. The hill stretches over {{convert|3|km}} and is {{convert|90|m}} high.<ref name="hindu1"/>

==About==
[[File:YanamalaiJainsculptures (8).jpg|thumb|Jain Sculpture]]
Yanaimalai is considered a sacred place by the [[Tamil Jain|Tamil Jains]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/jainism-in-india/tamil-nadu/458-anaimalai | title=Anaimalai | publisher=Jainheritagecentres.com | access-date=31 January 2014 | archive-date=2 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122102/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/jainism-in-india/tamil-nadu/458-anaimalai | url-status=dead }}</ref> Jain monks lived here during the [[Pandyan Dynasty]].<ref name="hindu3">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/03/stories/2008050350470400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506225843/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/03/stories/2008050350470400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 May 2008 | title=Metro Plus Madurai / Travel : Of caves and temples inside | date=3 May 2008 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> The top of the hill caves containing Jain [[Relief|bas relief]] sculptures of [[Mahavira]], [[Gomateshwara]], and other [[tirthankara]]s fashioned by Jain monks, are found. There are also stone beds used by the monks for resting.<ref name="hindu2005">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/05/stories/2005020501130400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523113909/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/05/stories/2005020501130400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 May 2005 | title=Metro Plus Madurai / Travel : Monumental mount | date=5 February 2005 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> [[Tamil-Brahmi]] and [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vattelettu]] inscriptions can be found on the hill.<ref name="hindu2005"/>

[[File:The Rock Cut Temple. Ladan Koil.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ladan Cave Temple]]
Two Hindu temples are present in the foothills, one being the Ladan cave temple (Ladan koil), a Shaivite temple dedicated to [[Muruga]], and the other being [[Narasingam Yoga Narasimha Perumal Temple|Yoga Narasimha temple]], a [[Vaishnavite]] temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]].<ref name="hindu3"/> Both are rock-cut temples constructed by the Pandyas, belonging to the 8th century. The place where the Ugra Narasimha temple is situated is known as Narasingam.<ref name="hindu2003">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201690600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117024550/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201690600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 January 2004 | title=The cave temple at Yanaimalai | date=22 August 2003 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> Tamil-Brahmi and Vattelettu inscriptions in the temples shows their history.<ref name="hindu3"/><ref name="hindu2003"/> The Jain temple has been declared a protected monument by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_tamil_nadu.asp | title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Arunachal Pradesh | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/cons/temple/temple29.htm | title=Monuments – Temples -Ladan Koil (Rock-Cut)- Anaimalai | publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref>

The hill is rich in [[granite]], and has been damaged by illegal quarrying.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/plea-to-keep-yanaimalai-intact/article2771391.ece | title=Plea to keep Yanaimalai intact | work=The Hindu | date=23 December 2011 | access-date=31 January 2014 | author=Karthikeyan, D}}</ref> In 2010, the government of Tamil Nadu tried to set up a [[sculpture garden]] on the hill, but backed out after locals and activists protested against the idea.<ref name="hindu2"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/no-order-issued-to-set-up-sculpture-park/article708676.ece | title=No order issued to set up sculpture park | work=The Hindu | date=12 February 2010 | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/pil-to-establish-art-sculpture-city-in-yanaimalai-dismissed/article4579618.ece | title=PIL to establish 'Art Sculpture City' in Yanaimalai dismissed | work=The Hindu | date=4 April 2013 | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:YanamalaiJainsculptures (2).jpg|Jain Sculptures
File:YanamalaiJainsculptures (3).jpg|Jain Sculptures
File:YanamalaiJainsculptures (4).jpg|Jain Sculptures
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hills of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai district]]
[[Category:Geography of Madurai]]
[[Category:Caves of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:8th-century Jain temples]]

Padma Bhushan

2026-02-16T09:15:12Z

Meemobaidullah: minor changes

{{Short description|Third-highest civilian award in India}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Padma Bhushan
| image = Padma Bhushan India IIe Klasse.jpg
| alt = Padma Bhushan medal suspended from its riband
| image_size = 100px
| type = National Civilian
| country = {{flag|India}}
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1954}}
| firstawarded = 1954
| presenter = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|30px|State Emblem of India]] [[President of India]]
| previous = [[Padma Vibhushan]] "Dusra Varg" (Class II)
| obverse = A centrally located lotus flower is embossed, and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above, and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus.
| reverse = A platinum [[State Emblem of India]] placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
| ribbon = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|100px|Padma Bhushan riband]]
| higher = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|35px|Padma Vibhushan riband]] [[Padma Vibhushan]]
| lower = [[File:Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]] (military) [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Padma Shri]] (civilian)
| lastawarded = 2026
| total_awarded = 1354
| website = {{url|padmaawards.gov.in}}
}}{{Bar graph
| title = Padma Bhushan award recipients<ref name="PadmaAwards">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=22 March 2016|pages=166–193|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2015|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2015_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2015|access-date=18 October 2015|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002859/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2015_14042017.PDF|archive-date=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2016|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2016_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2016|access-date=25 January 2016|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002908/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2016_14042017.PDF|archive-date=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2017|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2017_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2017|access-date=25 January 2017|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002819/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2017_14042017.PDF|archive-date=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2018|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards2018_E_25012018.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002937/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards2018_E_25012018.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2019|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2019|pages=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125171903/https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| float = right
| bar_width = 14.5
| width_units = em
| data_max = 291
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = 1954–1959
| data1 = 94
| label2 = 1960–1969
| data2 = 200
| label3 = 1970–1979
| data3 = 205
| label4 = 1980–1989
| data4 = 133
| label5 = 1990–1999
| data5 = 113
| label6 = 2000–2009
| data6 = 291
| label7 = 2010–2019
| data7 = 218
| label8 = 2020–2029
| data8 = 87
}}

The '''Padma Bhushan''' ([[IAST]]: ''Padma Bhūṣaṇa'', lit. 'Lotus Decoration') is the third-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] in the [[Republic of India]], preceded by the [[Bharat Ratna]] and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] and followed by the [[Padma Shri]]. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order ... without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex". The award criteria include "service in any field, including service rendered by Government servants," including doctors and scientists, but exclude those working with the [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]]. {{As of|2026}}, the award has been bestowed on 1354 individuals, including 41 posthumous and 103 non-citizen recipients.

The Padma Awards Committee is constituted every year by the [[Prime Minister of India]] and the recommendations for the award are submitted between 1 May and 15 September. The recommendations are received from all the [[State governments of India|state and the union territory governments]], as well as from [[Union Government ministries of India|Ministries of the Government of India]], [[Bharat Ratna]] and [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients|Padma Vibhushan awardees]], the Institutes of Excellence, Ministers, [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Ministers]] and [[List of current Indian governors|Governors of States]], [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]], and private individuals. The committee later submits its recommendations to the Prime Minister and the [[President of India]] for further approval. The award recipients are announced on 26 January, the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day of India]].

When instituted in 1954, twenty-three recipients were honoured with the Padma Bhushan. The Padma Bhushan, along with other personal [[Indian honours system#Civilian awards|civil honours]], was briefly suspended twice, from July 1977 to January 1980 and from August 1992 to December 1995. Some of the recipients have refused or returned their conferments.<ref name="PadmaAwards"/>

==History==
On 2 January 1954, a press release was published from the office of the secretary to the President of India announcing the creation of two civilian awards—[[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian award, and the three-tier [[Padma Vibhushan]], classified into "Pahela Varg" (Class I), "Dusra Varg" (Class II), and "Tisra Varg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.<ref name=award1954>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Lal|first=Shavax A.|year=1954|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=2 January 1954|access-date=26 September 2015|pages=2|quote=The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated 'Padma Vibhushan' in three classes, namely: 'Pahela Varg', 'Dusra Varg' and 'Tisra Varg'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155953/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards: the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name=award1955>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Ayyar|first=N. M.|year=1955|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=15 January 1955|access-date=26 September 2015|pages=8|quote=All persons upon whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan (Pahela Varg) was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan has been conferred by the President.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518211317/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>

The award, along with other personal [[Indian honours system#Civilian awards|civilian honours]], was briefly suspended twice in its history.{{sfn|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000|p=96}} The first time in July 1977 when [[Morarji Desai]] was sworn in as the fourth [[Prime Minister of India]], for being "worthless and politicized."<ref name="BR">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/The-great-Bharat-Ratna-race/articleshow/2714556.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140517172013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/The-great-Bharat-Ratna-race/articleshow/2714556.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 May 2014|title=The great Bharat Ratna race|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2008|access-date=17 May 2014|author=Mukul, Akshaya}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=A248}}{{sfn|Edgar|2011|p=C-105}} The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 after [[Indira Gandhi]] became the Prime Minister.{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=A253}}

The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two [[Public interest law|Public-Interest Litigation]]s were filed in the [[List of High Courts of India|High Courts of India]], one in the [[Kerala High Court]] on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being "titles" per an interpretation of [[s:Constitution of India/Part III|Article 18 (1)]] of the [[Constitution of India]].{{sfn|Edgar|2011|p=C-105}}{{efn|name=Article18|Per Article 18 (1) of the [[Constitution of India]]: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|title=The Constitution of India|access-date=19 May 2014|page=36|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref>}}

On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.{{sfn|Edgar|2011|p=C-105}} A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court of India was formed comprising five judges: A. M. Ahmadi C. J., [[Kuldip Singh (judge)|Kuldip Singh]], [[B.P. Jeevan Reddy|B. P. Jeevan Reddy]], N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgment that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution of India."<ref name="sci">{{cite web|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=19825|title=Balaji Raghavan S. P. Anand Vs. Union of India: Transfer Case (civil) 9 of 1994|date=4 August 1997|access-date=14 May 2014|publisher=Supreme Court of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519060941/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=19825|archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref>
==Regulations==
The award is conferred for "distinguished service of a high order...without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex." The criteria include "service in any field, including service rendered by Government servants" but exclude those working with the [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]], with the exception of doctors and scientists.<ref name="PAscheme">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Scheme|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|access-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115034735/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards,<ref name=award1954/> but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute;<ref name=award1955/> [[D. C. Kizhakemuri]] became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1999.<ref name="PadmaAwards"/>

The recommendations are received from all the [[State governments of India|state and the union territory governments]], as well as from [[Union Government ministries of India|Ministries of the Government of India]], [[Bharat Ratna]] and [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients|Padma Vibhushan awardees]], the Institutes of Excellence, Ministers, [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Ministers]] and [[List of current Indian governors|Governors of States]], [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]], and private individuals. The recommendations received between 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, convened by the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The Awards Committee later submits its recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for further approval.<ref name="PAscheme"/>

The Padma Bhushan award recipients are announced every year on 26 January, the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day of India]], and registered in ''[[The Gazette of India]]''{{mdash}}a publication released weekly by the Department of Publication, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]] used for official government notices.<ref name="PAscheme"/> The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the ''Gazette''. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which actions require the authority of the President, are also registered in the ''Gazette'' and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register.<ref name=award1955/>

==Specifications==
The original specification of the award was a circle made of standard silver {{convert|1+3/8|inch|mm}} in diameter, with rims on both sides. A centrally located lotus flower was embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma Bhushan" written in [[Devanagari]] Script was inscribed above the lotus along the upper edge of the medal. A floral wreath was embossed along the lower edge and a lotus wreath at the top along the upper edge. The [[State Emblem of India]] was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the text "Desh Seva" in Devanagari Script on the lower edge. The medal was suspended by a pink [[Ribbon|riband]] {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm}} in width, divided into three equal segments by two white vertical lines.<ref name=award1954/>

A year later, the design was modified. The current decoration is a circular-shaped bronze-toned medallion {{convert|1+3/4|inch|mm}} in diameter and {{convert|1/8|inch|mm}} thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of {{convert|1+3/16|inch|mm}} side is embossed with a knob embossed within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter {{convert|1+1/16|inch|mm}} is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal, and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above, and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus.<ref name=award1955/>

The [[State Emblem of India|Emblem of India]] is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges, and all embossing on either side are of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm}} in width with a broad white stripe in the middle.<ref name=award1955/>

The medal is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing medals and decorations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|title=Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals|access-date=22 November 2015|publisher=Indian Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220808/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA%3D%3D&ParentID=XRRy6fl%2FYj1c0bK0sve+Pg%3D%3D|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The medals are produced at [[India Government Mint, Kolkata#Alipore Mint|Alipore Mint]], Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like [[Bharat Ratna]], [[Padma Vibhushan]], [[Padma Shri]], and [[Param Vir Chakra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=102657|title=Crafting Bharat Ratna, Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=26 January 2014|access-date=5 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060357/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=102657|archive-date=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.igmint.org/hist.htm|title=History of the Alipore Mint|access-date=15 September 2008|publisher=India Govt Mint, Kolkota|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629011733/http://www.igmint.org/hist.htm|archive-date=29 June 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}</ref>

==Refusals and controversies==
{{See also|List of people who have declined or renounced Indian honours and decorations}}

Some of the bestowals of the Padma Bhushan have been refused or returned by the recipients. [[Bengali theatre]] activist [[Sisir Bhaduri]] (1959) was the first awardee who refused their conferment as "he felt state awards merely help create a sycophantic brigade" and "did not want to encourage the impression that the government was serious about the importance of theatre in national life."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010603/spectrum/speaking.htm|title=When is an apology not an apology: The losers|author=Sarkar, Chanchal|newspaper=The Tribune|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084213/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010603/spectrum/speaking.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/two-awards-two-authors-two-activists/230046|title=Two Awards, Two Authors, Two Activists|author=Shastri, Paromita|magazine=Outlook India|date=2 February 2006|access-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323054447/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/two-awards-two-authors-two-activists/230046|archive-date=23 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sitar]] player [[Vilayat Khan]] declined to accept the award in 1968, stating that "the selection committees were incompetent to judge [his] music." Khan had earlier refused [[Padma Shri]] in 1964 and later also turned down [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2000.<ref name="refusals">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA411|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|author1=Kaminsky, Arnold P.|author2=Long, Roger D.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3|page=411|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000246/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA411|archive-date=21 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/Those-who-said-no-to-top-awards/articleshow/2714615.cms|title=Those who said no to top awards|work=The Times of India|publisher=The Times Group|date=20 January 2008|access-date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124063906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/Those-who-said-no-to-top-awards/articleshow/2714615.cms|archive-date=24 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ne140209fight_for.asp|title=Fight For The Padma Brand|publisher=Tehelka|date=14 February 2009|access-date=15 March 2016|author=Naithani, Shobhita|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003213837/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ne140209fight_for.asp|archive-date=3 October 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Journalist [[Nikhil Chakravarty]] rejected the award in 1990, stating that "journalists should not be identified with the establishment." Historian [[Romila Thapar]] refused to accept the award twice, for the first time in 1992, and later again in 2005, stating that she would accept awards only "from academic institutions or those associated with my professional work." For her 2005 bestowal, Thapar sent a clarification letter to the then President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] mentioning that she had declined to accept the award when the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] had contacted her three months prior to the award announcement and had explained her reasons for not accepting the award.<ref name="Thapar">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Romila-rejects-Padma-award/articleshow/1003072.cms|title=Romila rejects Padma award|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 January 2005|access-date=5 July 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016015739/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Romila-rejects-Padma-award/articleshow/1003072.cms|archive-date=16 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Journalist and civil servant [[K. Subrahmanyam]] refused his 1999 bestowal, citing that "bureaucrats and journalists should not accept any award from the government because they are more liable to be favoured."<ref name="refusals"/>

In 2003, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]{{'}}s (RSS) volunteer [[Dattopant Thengadi]] rejected the award until [[K. B. Hedgewar]] (RSS founder) and [[M. S. Golwalkar]] (RSS ideologue) are offered the [[Bharat Ratna]]. Civil servant [[S. R. Sankaran]] turned down the award in 2005 without citing any reason.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/feb132005/sl4.asp|title=Awards don't matter...|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=13 February 2005|location=Hyderabad|access-date=26 September 2016|author=Akhileshwari, R.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008054801/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/feb132005/sl4.asp|archive-date=8 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2013, [[playback singer]] [[S. Janaki]] refused to accept her award and stated that "the award has come late in her five-and-half-decade long career." The singer also mentioned that she is not against the Government and expressed happiness for the recognition, but requested the Government to "show some more consideration to the artists from the [[South India|southern parts of the country]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Playback-singer-Janaki-rejects-Padma-Bhushan-award/articleshow/18195865.cms|title=Playback singer Janaki rejects Padma Bhushan award|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 January 2013|access-date=18 February 2017|location=Palakkad|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611232357/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Playback-singer-Janaki-rejects-Padma-Bhushan-award/articleshow/18195865.cms|archive-date=11 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/janaki-rejects-award-says-she-deserves-bharat-ratna/article4347888.ece|title=Janaki rejects award, says she deserves Bharat Ratna|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 January 2013|access-date=18 February 2017|location=Palakkad|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228111034/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/janaki-rejects-award-says-she-deserves-bharat-ratna/article4347888.ece|archive-date=28 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2014, family members of [[J. S. Verma]] who served as [[List of Chief Justices of India|27th Chief Justice of India]] refused the posthumous conferral, stating that "Verma himself would not have accepted" the honour as he "never hankered or lobbied for any acclaim, reward or favour."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/j-s-vermas-family-refuses-padma-bhushan/|title=J. S. Verma's family refuses Padma Bhushan|newspaper=Indian Express|date=31 January 2014|access-date=15 March 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721153934/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/j-s-vermas-family-refuses-padma-bhushan/|archive-date=21 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Kannada]] novelist [[K. Shivaram Karanth]], who was awarded in 1968, returned his award to protest against the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency declared in the country in 1975]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Vadukut, Sidin|title=Déjà View: Thanks, but no thanks|date=21 October 2015|newspaper=Live Mint|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/l5sMrHw0EC8bBjM60Af7hI/Dj-View-Thanks-but-no-thanks.html|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219170539/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/l5sMrHw0EC8bBjM60Af7hI/Dj-View-Thanks-but-no-thanks.html|archive-date=19 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Novelist [[Khushwant Singh]], who accepted the award in 1974 in the field of literature and education, returned it in 1984 as a notion of protest against the [[Operation Blue Star]]. Singh was later awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2007.<ref name="refusals"/> [[Pushpa Mittra Bhargava]], 1986 recipient and scientist and founder-director of [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB), returned his award in 2015 in protest of the [[2015 Dadri mob lynching|Dadri mob lynching]] and out of concern at the "prevailing socio-politico situation" in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bhargava-sends-padma-bhushan-award-to-president/article7869422.ece|title=P.M. Bhargava sends back Padma Bhushan award to President|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 November 2015|place=Hyderabad|author=Mallikarjun, Y.|access-date=2 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228183537/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bhargava-sends-padma-bhushan-award-to-president/article7869422.ece|archive-date=28 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The 2010 conferment on an [[Indian-American]] businessman [[Sant Singh Chatwal]], who was awarded the Padma Bhushan in the field of Public Affairs, created much controversy. Known for his association with former US President [[Bill Clinton]] and his wife [[Hillary Clinton]], Chatwal pled guilty to violating the [[Federal Election Campaign Act]] and witness tampering during the [[2008 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/padma-bhushan-to-chatwal-us-court-sentence-to-rake-up-controversy-again/story-CM9B1JO3ZkhUi4PScR1n0J.html|title=Padma Bhushan to Chatwal: US court sentence to rake up controversy again|location=Chandigarh|date=20 December 2014|access-date=2 March 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194258/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/padma-bhushan-to-chatwal-us-court-sentence-to-rake-up-controversy-again/story-CM9B1JO3ZkhUi4PScR1n0J.html|archive-date=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://observer.com/2014/04/hotel-magnate-pleads-guilty-to-campaign-finance-fraud/|title=Hotel Magnate Pleads Guilty to Campaign Finance Fraud|author=Colvin, Jill|date=17 April 2014|access-date=22 March 2017|newspaper=Observer|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323054535/http://observer.com/2014/04/hotel-magnate-pleads-guilty-to-campaign-finance-fraud/|archive-date=23 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was also accused of lobbying for the award by leveraging "his contacts in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and [[United States Congress]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chatwal-fiasco-Top-civilian-awards-losing-sheen/articleshow/5541881.cms|title=Chatwal fiasco: Top civilian awards losing sheen|author1=Mukul, Akshaya|author2=Mohan, Vishwa|author3=Dhawan, Himanshi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 February 2010|access-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228104716/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chatwal-fiasco-Top-civilian-awards-losing-sheen/articleshow/5541881.cms|archive-date=28 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Government provided clarification regarding the conferment and issued a press release which mentioned Chatwal as a "tireless advocate" of the country's interest in the United States. The statement also mentioned that "due diligence" exercise is carried out for each of the awardees and out of five [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) registered cases against Chatwal between 1992 and 1994, three were closed by CBI itself and in remaining two cases, Chatwal was discharged by the Court and as per the reports that were made available to the selection committee, there is nothing adverse on record against him.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Clarification regarding conferment of Padma Bhushan on Sant Singh Chatwal|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=57332|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=5 March 2017|date=27 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033736/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=57332|archive-date=6 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-award-to-chatwal-after-due-diligence-govt-65948-2010-01-26|title=Padma award to Chatwal after due diligence: Govt|magazine=India Today|date=27 January 2010|access-date=2 March 2017|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043242/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Padma+award+to+Chatwal+after+due+diligence:+Govt/1/81224.html|archive-date=3 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-defends-chatwals-padma-bhushan-409858|title=Government defends Chatwal's Padma Bhushan|publisher=NDTV|location=New Delhi|date=27 January 2010|access-date=14 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912235250/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-defends-chatwals-padma-bhushan-409858|archive-date=12 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to media reports, there were several cases filed or registered after April 2009 which includes three criminal complaints with [[Kerala Police]] and four cases in [[Delhi High Court]] and [[Kerala High Court]]. Chatwal also served a summons in January 2010. However, the then [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Secretary]] [[Gopal Krishna Pillai]] said that "no probe has been ordered nor any report sought from anyone."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-trying-to-ascertain-facts-in-award-for-chatwal-case-1344244|title=Centre trying to ascertain facts in award for Chatwal case|newspaper=Daily News Analysis|date=6 February 2010|access-date=2 March 2017|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303044626/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-trying-to-ascertain-facts-in-award-for-chatwal-case-1344244|archive-date=3 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Earlier in 2008, Chatwal was considered for the [[Padma Shri]], but the [[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.|Indian Embassy]] in Washington, D.C. declined to nominate Chatwal when asked by the Prime Minister's Office. The then Indian [[Ambassador]] to the United States [[Ronen Sen]] had told PMO that the conferral would not be appropriate because of the controversy associated with his financial dealings in India and America. Sen also mentioned that, though positive, Chatwal's contributions are much less compared to those of other Indian-Americans. The bestowal would not only "demoralise the others who had done much more" but also would create "the impression that India did not regard lack of transparency in financial dealings as a disqualification for its highest honours."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/siddharth-varadarajan/Donrsquot-honour-Chatwal-Indian-envoy-told-PMO/article16814609.ece|title=Don't honour Chatwal, Indian envoy told PMO|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 February 2010|access-date=2 March 2017|location=New Delhi|author=Varadarajan, Siddharth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228183537/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/siddharth-varadarajan/Donrsquot-honour-Chatwal-Indian-envoy-told-PMO/article16814609.ece|archive-date=28 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2022, former [[West Bengal]] [[Chief Minister]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]] refused to accept his award on the eve of the 73rd Republic Day of India. He reportedly refused to have been intimated about his nomination and straightaway exclaimed{{editorialising|date=September 2025}} in the media that if he had been awarded, he would refuse the same. His name appeared on the official list of awardees, and so far, he has refused the same.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1015921/former-west-bengal-cm-buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-rejects-padma-bhushan-award|title= Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee rejects Padma Bhushan award, singer Sandhya Mukherjee declines Padma Awards|date=26 January 2022|access-date=26 January 2022|location=New Delhi|author=scroll.in}}</ref>

==List of awardees==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1954–1959)]]
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–1969)]]
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)]]
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)]]
{{Col-break}}
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)]]
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)]]
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)]]
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2020–2029)]]
{{Col-end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* {{cite book|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|year=2009|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=PAA248|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Edgar|first=Thorpe|title=The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2011|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHaYRoLuKBgC|isbn=978-81-317-5640-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hoiberg|first1=Dale|author-link1=Dale Hoiberg|last2=Ramchandani|first2=Indu|title=Students' Britannica India|volume=1–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA96|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7156-112-4}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Portal|India}}
* {{Official website|http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/}}
* {{cite web|title=Awards & Medals|url=http://mha.gov.in/awards_medals|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|date=14 September 2015|access-date=22 October 2015}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–1959}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–1969}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–1979}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–1989}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–1999}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–2009}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–2019}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}

[[Category:Awards established in 1954]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan|*]]

Satyabrata Rout

2026-02-11T07:13:36Z

Meemobaidullah: put up details

{{Short description|Indian director and scenographer and theatre academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satyabrata Rout
| image = Satyabrata Rout.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|03|17}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[National School of Drama]]
| occupation = Theatre Director
| years_active =
| organization =
| known_for =
}}
'''Satyabrata Rout''' (born 17 March 1958) is an Indian [[theatre director]], [[scenographer]], [[author]] and theatre academic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/satyabrata-rout-gets-sangeet-natak-akademi-puraskar/article9714957.ece|title=Satyabrata Rout gets Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deccanchronicle.com/amp/content/tags/satyabrata-rout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606034837/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/content/tags/satyabrata-rout |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2017 |title=Satyabrata Rout: Deccan Chronicle |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |location=India |access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> He is a former faculty member of the [[National School of Drama]]. At present, he is a professor and head of the Department of Theatre at [[University of Hyderabad]], India. He is known for his contribution toward Visual theatre in India. In 2016 he received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for [[Theatre director|Theatre Direction]] from the president, [[Ram Nath Kovind]] in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/satyabrata-rout-a-pioneer-in-theater-1-917496.html|title=सत्यव्रत राउत: खुरदुरी रूह का रचनाकार|website=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born in [[Odisha]] in 1958 and graduated in Science from [[Ravenshaw University]] in 1977 then he went to the [[National School of Drama]] (NSD) in 1983,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NSD-GRADUATES1.pdf|title=delhi/wp-content/uploads|last=|first=|date=|website=nsd.gov.in|access-date=}}</ref> where he did his master's degree in theatre with specialisation in Design and Direction.<ref name="Datta">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/a-retelling-of-ekalavya/article4653936.ece|title=A retelling of Ekalavya|last=Datta|first=Sravasti|date=2013-04-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He did his Ph.D. on the topic "The Influence of [[B. V. Karanth|B.V. Karanth]] on Indian Dramaturgy: A Critical Study" from [[CCS University]], Meerut and D.Litt. from I.K.S.V Khairaghad University on "New Direction Theories".{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Theatre direction ==

* Passa (1988)
* Nagmandal (1993)
* [[Urubhanga]]m (1994)
* Baji (1998)
* Hayvadan (2002)
* [[Rashomon (play)|Rashomon]] (2005)
* [[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]] (2007)
* 30 days in September (2008)
* [[Evam Indrajit]] (2010)
* Matte Eklavya ([[Waiting for Godot]]) (2011)
* Mrig Trishna (2012)
* Animal Farm (2013)
*[[Tumhara Vincent]] (2015)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CUR_TITLE |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=1909&at=2 |access-date=2019-09-04 |website=sangeetnatak.gov.in |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref>
*Reth (2016)
*Shakuntala (2019)
*Naagmandal (2023)

== Awards ==

* Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Award in 2013 for 'Matte Ekalavya’ ([[Ekalavya]] once again).<ref name="Datta"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/p5VNtDHKPA1WbpxCKirCyO/Theatre--Hullabaloo-in-the-hinterland.html|title=Theatre {{!}} Hullabaloo in the hinterland|last=Singh|first=Pallavi|date=2013-04-20|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref>
* [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]] Award in 2015 for play ‘Tumhara Vincent’ by best manuscript award.
* Manohar Singh Smriti Puraskar for his contributions to the field of theatre.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/national-school-of-drama-awards-19-seasoned-graduates-119032601298_1.html|title=National School of Drama awards 19 seasoned graduates|last=IANS|date=2019-03-26|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2016 for the field of [[Theatre director|Theatre Direction]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=AuthorTelanganaToday |title=Hyderabad varsity's Satyabrata Rout receives Sangeet Natak Akademi award |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-varsitys-satyabrata-rout-receives-sangeet-natak-akademi-award |access-date=2019-09-04 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
* B.V.Karanth Memorial Award in 2019 by National School of Drama

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rout, Satyabrata}}
[[Category:Indian scenic designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian art directors]]
[[Category:Lighting designers]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National School of Drama]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui

2026-02-11T03:49:22Z

Meemobaidullah: Put Up Initial Entry And Citations - done

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2017}}
{{COI|date=May 2017}}
{{autobiography|date=May 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui
| other_names =Ubaidur Rahman Makki
| image =Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui
| birth_date =5 June 1964
| birth_name =Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui
| birth_place = [[Mohalla Machchar Hatta]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], {{flag|India}}
| known = Literature and History
| occupation =
| spouse= Zohra Obaid
| website = http://ghazipurwalamakki.blogspot.in
}}
'''Obaid-ur-Rehman Siddiqui''' (born 5 June 1964 at Mohalla Machchar Hatta, Uttar Pradesh, India), is an Indian historian. He is the only historian from [[Ghazipur]] who has written the History of Ghazipur beginning from the ancient time until Mughal time. He compiled his work era-wise of lost ancient era, [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]]. For this work he was awarded the title of "Ghazi Pur Ka Fahian" by the Samrat Ashok Club of Ghazipur. Beside history he has a literary blog known as "Ghazipur Wala Ubaid" which is very popular among literary, social and political circles.

==Early life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
Obaid-ur-Rehman was born in an influential family. His family background influenced his literary and research works. He started and finished his initial education up to 5th class from Madarsa-e-Deenia then passed his 6th class from Madarsa-e-Azeemia. He completed his Junior High School education and Intermediate from the Muslim Anglo Hindustani College, then completed his graduation from Post Graduate Degree College, Ghazipur. After graduation in 1984 he migrated to Allahabad where he obtained degrees in LL.B and Journalism from [[Allahabad University]]. Then he went to Delhi and appeared in I.A.S. Examination, and couldn't clear the final interview and came back to his homeland Ghazipur. Temporarily he served as a lecturer in Adarsh Inter College but the profession of teaching couldn't satiate his pursuit of learning and he quit the teaching profession. Finally he settled as a writer and started writing in well known Indian news papers and magazines which continues to this day.
[[File:Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui with HAmid Ansari.jpg|thumb|Obaidur-Rahman with Hamid Ansari]]

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
Obaid-ur-Rehman Siddiqui started writing essays at the age of 19 and in 1984 when he was a student he wrote his first essay on the assassination of then Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indra Gandhi. So far he has written and published about 1500 articles, essays and thesis work in English, Urdu, Hindi and other regional languages. Various Indian TV channels have made and telecasted documentaries on him and his literary work. Few of them are Door Darshan Delhi, E-TV Urdu, Hyderabad, Zee Salam Urdu, E-TV Uttar Pradesh etc. Apart from this he has participated in different radio stations who broadcast his features, programs on current affairs and literary pieces.
[[File:Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui with Moin Ahsan jazbi.jpg|thumb|Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui with [[Moin Ahsan Jazbi|Moin Ahsan jazbi]]]]
He wrote and published the following books:
* Tazkirah Mashaikh Ghazi Pur [[File:Tazkirah mashaikh Ghazipur.jpg|thumb|Tazkirah mashaikh Ghazipur by Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui]]
* Ghazipur Ka Adabi Pus-Manzar
* Ghazipur Banam Ghadhi Puri Aik Aulokan
* Ghazipur Main Gautam Budh
* Samrat Ashok and Bodh Asthal

==Awards==
Different organizations have awarded medals or honours to Obaid-ur-Rehman including:
* Ghazipur Ratan Award
* Ghazipur Ke Ras Khan Award
* Youth Literary Award
* Ghalib Award (Ref.2007 Dainik Jagran Ghazipur Edition)
* Al Moamal Award by Al Moamal Shodh Santhan, Lucknow
* Molvi Rehmat Ullah Award by Madars-e-Chashma-Rehmat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur-11076051.html|title=डा. राही के बाद उबैदुर्रहमान का बड़ा नाम|website=jagran.com}}</ref>
* Hazrat Aasi Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/ubaidur.rahman.125 Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui] on [[Facebook]]
* [https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur-11076051.html Jagaran Uttar Pradesh, Ghazipur]
* [https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur-10674422.html Jagaran Uttar Pradesh, Ghazipur]
* [https://archive.today/20160203072411/http://epaper.livehindustan.com/epaperimages/03022016/03VR_GZP03_VAR_gzprlocal1/d125577174.jpg Obaidur Rahman siddiqui's book ''Gautama Buddha Samrat Ashok aur Baudh Sthal'' released by CM of Bihar Mr. Nitish Kumar in GHazipur]
* [http://epaper.amarujala.com/2016/02/03/gz/02/02.pdf ٓamarujala.com ؓbook released by Nitish Kumar book by Obaidur Rahman Siddiqui on Ghazipur, Gautam BUdh Samrat Ashok & Buddhist site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005945/http://epaper.amarujala.com/2016/02/03/gz/02/02.pdf |date=6 December 2017 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddiqui, Obaidur Rahman}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]

Kultikri

2026-02-10T18:24:22Z

Meemobaidullah: general enhance structure to improve readability and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kultikri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|10|56.3|N|87|09|34.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4797
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gopiballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopiballavpur]]
| website = {{URL|jhargram.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kultikri''' is a village, in [[Sankrail, Paschim Medinipur (community development block)|Sankrail]] CD Block in [[Jhargram subdivision]] of [[Jhargram district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=600| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|18|0|N|87|0|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Jhargram subdivision of Jhargram district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|12|30|N|86|54|0|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1=Gopiballavpur | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Gopiballavpur]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|37|59|N|86|45|52|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Belpahari | numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Belpahari]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|21|59|15|N|87|6|40|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Baligeria | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Baligeria]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|16|18|N|86|57|8|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Beliaberah | numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Beliaberah]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|11|57|N|87|8|19|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bhanga Gar | numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Bhanga Gar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|35|9|N|86|55|5|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Binpur | numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Binpur]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|11|19|N|86|55|34|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Chhatinasol| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Chhatinasol]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|27|3|N|86|52|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Chilkigarh| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Chilkigarh]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|20|N|86|59|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Dahijuri| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Dahijuri]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|28|51|N|86|51|10|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Gidhni| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Gidhni]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|32|31|N|86|50|33|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Ergoda| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ergoda]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|27|3|N|86|53|52|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Jamboni| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Jamboni]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|31|30|N|86|52|22|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Kapgari| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Kapgari]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|0|39|N|87|8|38|E}} | label-pos14=let|label14=Kharikamathani| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Kharikamathani]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|10|56|N|87|9|34|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Kultikri| numbered15=R| mark-title15= Kultikri (R)|shape-color15=black| label-size15=13|label-color15=black 
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|34|30|N|87|3|20|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Lalgarh| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Lalgarh, Jhargram]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|20|16|N|87|2|53|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Lodhasuli| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Lodhasuli]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|19|25|N|87|0|44|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Mohanpur| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Mohanpur, Jhargram]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|1|54|N|87|10|41|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Nayagram| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Nayagram]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|35|30|N|87|2|0|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Netai| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Netai]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|10|10|N|87|5|58|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Rohini| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Rohini, West Bengal]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|12|8|N|87|7|40|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Sankrail| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Sankrail, Jhargram]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|38|18|N|87|0|54|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Sijua| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Sijua, Jhargram]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|15|25|N|86|54|53|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Tapsia| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Tapsia]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|27|40|N|86|58|48|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25= Jhargram| numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Jhargram]] (M)| shape-color25= #800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|37|4|N|86|49|5|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Silda| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Silda, West Bengal]] (CT) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|24|26|N|87|8|30|E}}|label27= Kangsabati River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=25| label-pos27=top| label-size27=11| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|8|20|N|87|2|0|E}}|label28= Subarnarekha River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=24| label-pos28=top| label-size28=11| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|0|0|N|86|50|0|E}}|arc-textA= ODISHA| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|15|0|N|86|46|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-90| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.43}}

===Location===
Kultikri is located at {{coord|22|10|56.3|N|87|09|34.6|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Jhargram subdivision, the only one in Jhargram district, shown in the map alongside, is composed of hills, mounds and rolling lands. It is rather succinctly described in the ''District Human Development Report'', 2011 (at that time it was part of Paschim Medinipur district), “The western boundary is more broken and picturesque, for the lower ranges of the Chhotanagpur Hills line the horizon, the jungle assumes the character of forest, and large trees begin to predominate. The soil, however, is lateritic, a considerable area is unproductive, almost uninhabited, especially in the extreme north-west where there are several hills over 1000 feet in height. The remainder of the country is an almost level plain broken only by the sand hills.”<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report| title = District Human Development Report Paschim Medinipur, 2011| work= pages 4-5|publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 10 September 2020}}</ref> 3.48% of the population lives in urban areas and 96.52% lives in the rural areas. 20.11% of the total population belonged to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]] and 29.37% belonged to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook Paschim Medinipur, 2013| work= Table 2.2, 2.4 (a)| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics |accessdate = 10 September 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kultikri had a total population of 1797 of which 907 (50%) were males and 890 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 89. The total number of literate persons in Kultikri was 622 (78.04% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Kultikri is on the Rogra-Hatigeria Road which meets [[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)|State Highway 5]] at Hatigeria. The Guptamoni-Kultikri Road and the Kultikri-Poradiha Road, both meet [[National Highway 49 (India)|National Highway 49]], converge on the village. More over, another two [[PMGSY]] roads which connect two corner sides.

Kultikri is well connected with Midnapore, Jhargram, Digha by bus. [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]] operates one bus from Durgapur to Kultikri Via Bankura, Raipur, Silda, Jhargram & one bus from Kolkata to Rohini Via Santragachi, Uluberia, Bagnan, Kolaghat, Debra, Kharagpur. [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]]

==Education==
[[Sankrail Anil Biswas Smriti Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2007 and is affiliated to [[Vidyasagar University]]. It offers arts courses with honours in English, Bengali, Sanskrit, Santali, history and political science.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SankrailABSmritiMahavidyalaya/SankrailABSmritiMahavidyalaya.shtml |title = Sankrail Anil Biswas Smriti Mahavidyalaya | publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 20 November 2016}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2024}}

Kultikri Teachers' Training Institute of Higher Studies is also a D.El.Ed. Cum B.Ed. training Institute affiliated to [[West Bengal University of Teachers' Training, Education Planning and Administration]]

There are several high schools here for school level education, including the notable Kultikri Girls' High School and Kultikri S.C. High School(established 1945). The latter is one of the oldest and most renowned schools in this area as well as the district.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jhargram District}}

[[Category:Villages in Jhargram district]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Jhargram-geo-stub}}

Plum-headed parakeet

2026-02-04T06:39:38Z

Meemobaidullah: Put Up Initial Post From Scratch - done

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Plum-headed parakeet
| image = 104 Male Plum-headed parakeet eating in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = 102 Female Plum-headed parakeet in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |title=''Himalayapsitta cyanocephala'' |article-number=e.T22685481A93075279 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685481A93075279.en |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite Species+ |id=9835 |title=''Psittacula cyanocephala'' (Linnaeus, 1766) |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Psittacula
| species = cyanocephala
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
| range_map = Psittacula cyanocephala range map.png
| range_map_caption = {{legend0|#ff8022| native range of ''P. cyanocephala''}}
| synonyms = *''Psittacus cyanocephalus'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}}
*''Himalayapsitta cyanocephala''
}}

The '''plum-headed parakeet''' ('''''Psittacula cyanocephala''''') is a species of [[parakeet]] in the family [[Psittacidae]]. It is [[endemism|endemic]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and was once thought to be [[Biological specificity|conspecific]] with the [[blossom-headed parakeet]] (''P. roseata'') before being elevated to a full species. Plum-headed parakeets are found in flocks, the males having a pinkish purple head and the females, a grey head. They fly swiftly with twists and turns accompanied by their distinctive calls.

==Taxonomy==
In 1760 the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] included a description of the plum-headed parakeet in his ''Ornithologie'' based on a specimen collected in India. He used the French name {{Lang|fr|Le perruche a teste bleu}} and the Latin name ''Psittaca cyanocephalos''.<ref name=brisson>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés | volume=4 | language=fr, la | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | pages=359–362, Plate 19 fig 2 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36195478 }} The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.</ref> Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial system]] and are not recognised by the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]].<ref name="allen">{{cite journal |last=Allen |first=J.A. |author-link=Joel Asaph Allen |year=1910 |title=Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/678 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=28 |pages=317–335|hdl=2246/678 }}</ref> When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|twelfth edition]] he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.<ref name=allen/> One of these was the plum-headed parakeet. Linnaeus included a terse description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Psittacus cyanocephalus'' and cited Brisson's work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae: per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | page=141 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946337 }}</ref> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''cyanocephalus/cyanocephala'' combines the [[Ancient Greek]] words {{Transliteration|el|kuanos}} "dark-blue" and {{Transliteration|el|-kephalos}} "-headed".<ref name=hbwkey>{{cite web | last=Jobling | first=J.A. | year=2018 | title= Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/definition/cyanocephalus-0 | access-date=4 April 2018 }}</ref> This species is now placed in the genus ''[[Psittacula]]'' which was introduced by the French naturalist [[Georges Cuvier]] in 1800.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Cuvier | first=Georges | author-link=Georges Cuvier | year=1800 | title=Leçons d'Anatomie Comparée | volume=1 | language=fr | place=Paris | publisher=Baudouin | at=Table near end | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33516226 }}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) in Kawal WS, AP W IMG 1590.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Female foraging]]
[[File:Plum-headed parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) male feeding on sunflower 01.jpg|thumb|Male|left|alt=]]

The plum-headed parakeet is a mainly green parrot, {{Convert|33|-|37|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a weight of {{Convert|55|-|85|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYDOY6DszoIC&pg=PA262 |page=262 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds |author=BirdLife International |year=2011 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-1-4053-3616-1 }}</ref> Its tail has a length of up to {{Convert|22|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The male has a red head which shades to purple-blue on the back of the crown, nape and cheeks, while the female has a blueish-gray head. There is a narrow black neck collar with verdigris below on the nape and a black chin stripe that extends from the lower mandible. There is a red shoulder patch and the rump and tail are bluish-green, the latter tipped white. The upper mandible is orangish-yellow, and the lower mandible is dark. The female has a dull bluish grey head and lacks the black and verdigris collar, which is replaced by yellow. The upper-mandible is corn-yellow and there is no black chin stripe or red shoulder patch. Immature birds have a green head and both mandibles are yellowish. The dark head is acquired after a year.<ref name="pcr">{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC |author2=JC Anderton |name-list-style=amp | year=2005| title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|pages=219–220|publisher=Smithsonian Institution; Lynx Edicions|location= Washington, D.C.; Barcelona}}</ref><ref name="fbi">{{cite book|author=Blanford WT| year= 1895|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3| publisher=Taylor and Francis| place= London| url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin03oate#page/251/mode/1up|pages=251–252}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Sálim |author-link=Salim Ali |author-link2=Sidney Dillon Ripley |last2=Ripley |first2=S. Dillon |year=1981 |orig-date=1969 |title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan: together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka - Volume 3: Stone Curlews to Owls |title-link=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan|edition=2nd |others=Bombay Natural History Society |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=178–181 |isbn=0-19-563695-3 |oclc=41224182}}</ref> The delicate bluish red appearance resembling the bloom of a peach is produced by a combination of blue from the optical effects produced by the [[Glossary of bird terms#barb|rami]] of the feather and a red pigment in the barbules.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Chandler, Asa C. |year=1916 |title=A study of the structure of feathers, with reference to their taxonomic significance |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924000147953#page/n41/mode/1up/ |journal=University of California Publications in Zoology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=243–446 [278]}}</ref>

Some authors have considered the species to have two subspecies, the nominate from peninsular India (type locality restricted to Gingee<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Whistler, Hugh |author2=NB Kinnear |name-list-style=amp |year=1935 |title= The Vernay Scientific Survey of the Eastern Ghats (Ornithological Section)|pages=751–763|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society| volume=37| issue=4|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48733257}}</ref>) and the population from the foothills of the Himalayas as ''bengalensis'' on the basis of the colour of the head in the male which is more red and less blue.<ref name=":0" /> Newer works consider the species to be monotypic.<ref name="pcr" />

The different head colour and the white tip to the tail distinguish this species from the similar [[blossom-headed parakeet]] (''P. roseata''). The shoulder patch is maroon coloured and the shorter tail is tipped yellow in ''P. roseata''.<ref name=pcr/>

A supposed species of parakeet, the so-called [[intermediate parakeet]] ''[[Psittacula intermedia]]'' is thought to be a hybrid of this and the [[slaty-headed parakeet]] (''P. himalayana'').<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/cns26/NJC/Papers/Psittermedia.PDF |author1=Rasmussen, P. C. |author2=N. J. Collar |name-list-style=amp | year=1999| title= On the hybrid status of Rothschilds's Parakeet ''Psittacula intermedia'' (Aves, Psittacidae)| journal= Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. |volume=65|pages=31–50}}</ref>

== Habitat and distribution ==
The plum-headed parakeet is a bird of forest and open woodland, even in city gardens. They are found from the foothills of the Himalayas south to Sri Lanka. They are not found in the dry regions of western India.<ref name=":0" /> They are sometimes kept as pets and escaped birds have been noted in New York,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Exotic Birds in the New York City Area|author=Bull, John| journal=The Wilson Bulletin| volume= 85| issue= 4 |year=1973| pages= 501–505}}</ref> Florida<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Florida Field Naturalist| volume=30| issue=4| pages=111–131| year=2002| title=Distribution, population status, and documentation of exotic parrots in Broward County, Florida|author1=Pranty, Bill |author2=Susan Epps | url=http://www.fosbirds.org/sites/default/files/FFNs/FFNv30n4p111-131Pranty.pdf| access-date=2012-03-27| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161121/http://www.fosbirds.org/sites/default/files/FFNs/FFNv30n4p111-131Pranty.pdf| archive-date=2014-08-26}}</ref> and in some places in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite book|page=10|title=Birds of the Middle East| author= Porter, R Simon Aspinall|publisher=A&C Black| year=2010}}</ref>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
[[File:Plumhparakeet.ogg|thumb|right|Calls]]

The plum-headed parakeet is a gregarious and noisy species with a range of raucous calls. The usual flight and contact call is {{not a typo|''tuink?''}} repeated now and then. The flight is swift, and the bird often twists and turns rapidly. It makes local movements, driven mainly by the availability of the fruit and blossoms which make up its diet. They feed on grains, fruits, the fleshy petals of flowers (''Salmalia'', ''Butea'') and sometimes raid agricultural fields and orchards. The breeding season in India is mainly from December to April, and July to August in Sri Lanka. Courtship includes bill rubbing and [[courtship feeding]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tiwari, NK |year=1930| title= The mating of the Blossom-headed Paroquet (''Psittacula cyanocephala'')| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.| volume= 34| issue=1|pages=254–255|url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48295691}}</ref> It nests in holes, chiselled out by the pair, in tree trunks, and lays 4–6 white eggs. The female appears to be solely responsible for [[Egg incubation|incubation]] and feeding. They roost communally. In captivity, it can learn to mimic beeps and short whistling tunes, and can talk very well.<ref name=":0" />

''Neoaulobia psittaculae'', a quill [[mite]], has been described from the species.<ref>{{cite journal|title=New genera and species of quill mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata)|author1=Fain, A. |author2=Bochkov, A. |author3=Mironov, S. | journal= Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie|year= 2000|volume=70|pages=33–70}}</ref> A species of ''[[Haemoproteus]]'', ''H. handai'', has been described from blood samples from the plum-headed parakeet.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Avian Haemoproteidae. 21. The haemoproteids of the parrot family Psittacidae |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |year=1986| volume= 64| issue=3| pages= 771–773| doi=10.1139/z86-114|author1=Bennett, GF |author2=M. A. Peirce |bibcode=1986CaJZ...64..771B }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) -upper body of pet.jpg|thumb|Pet parakeet|alt=]]

[[Ctesias of Cnidus]], a 5th-century BC Greek physician to the emperor [[Artaxerxes II of Persia|Artaxerxes II]], who ruled the [[Achaemenid Empire]], accompanied Artaxerxes on his 401 BC campaign against his brother [[Cyrus the Younger]]. He was author of the lost [[Indica (Ctesias)|''Indica'']], a description of India which he wrote based on his experience in Persia and information he gathered from Persian accounts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nichols|first=Andrew|title=Ctesias: on India and fragments of his minor works|publisher=Bristol Classical Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4725-1997-9|location=London|oclc=859581997}}</ref> Fragments of the ''Indica'' were preserved by [[Photius I of Constantinople|Photius of Constantinople]] in his [[Bibliotheca (Photius)|''Bibliotheca'']] in the 9th century AD; one of these has been identified as describing ''Psittacula cyanocephala'' and its abilities as a [[talking bird]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bigwood|first=J. M.|date=1993|title=Ctesias' Parrot|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0009838800044396/type/journal_article|journal=The Classical Quarterly|language=en|volume=43|issue=1|pages=321–327|doi=10.1017/S0009838800044396|s2cid=172015459 |issn=0009-8388|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is likely Ctesias saw the bird himself, with an Indian handler; though his description could also apply to ''[[Psittacula roseata]]'', that species is native to areas far further east and is a much less likely candidate in [[Greater Iran]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Nichols|first=Andrew|date=2008|others=PhD thesis|title=The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus|url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022521/00001|access-date=2020-07-18|website=University of Florida|pages=211; 203|language=en}}</ref> In his summary of Ctesias, Photius wrote:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

{{Verse translation|καὶ περὶ τοῦ ὀρνέου τοῦ βυττάκου, ὅτι γλῶσσαν ἀνθρωπίνην ἔχει καὶ φωνήν, μέγεθος μὲν ὅσον ἱέραξ, πορφύρεον δὲ πρόσωπον, καὶ πώγωνα φέρει μέλανα. Αὐτὸ δὲ κυάνεόν ἐστιν ὡς τὸν τράχηλον ὥσπερ κιννάβαρι. Διαλέγεσθαι δὲ αὐτὸ ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπον ἰνδιστί, ἂν δὲ ἑλληνιστὶ μάθῃ, καὶ ἑλληνιστί.|[Ctesias says] there is a bird called the bittakos which has a human voice, is capable of speech, and grows to the size of a falcon. It has a crimson face and a black beard and is dark blue as far as the neck ... like [[cinnabar]]. It can converse like a human in Indian but if taught [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], it can also speak Greek.|lang1=grc|italicsoff=n}}


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Psittacula cyanocephala}}
* [http://www.birdtheme.org/country/srilanka.html#18- Stamps of Sri Lankan birds]

{{Psittaculini}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q913813}}

[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1766]]
[[Category:Birds of South Asia]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Asia]]
[[Category:Parakeets]]
[[Category:Psittacula]]

Hindustan Fertiliser Corporation

2026-01-29T19:39:27Z

Meemobaidullah: Started A Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Indian government-owned fertilizer company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hindustan Fertiliser Corporation Limited
| logo =
| caption =
| type = [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertaking]]
| traded_as =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|1978}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry =
| products = [[Fertilisers]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]], [[Government of India]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Hindustan Fertiliser Corporation Limited''' is a government-owned [[fertiliser]] manufacturing company headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. It is under the ownership of the [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]], [[Government of India]]. It mainly manufactures [[urea]] which is promoted and distributed by the company under the Moti Urea brand name. It has three manufacturing plants. The Namrup-II unit was closed up by the company in 1994 due to scant supply of natural gas. The corporation was part of the [[Fertilizer Corporation of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-28 |title=Chemical fertilizer Industry in India |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/chemical-fertilizer-industry-in-india-1448701639-1 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> It was spun off into a separate entity after re-organization of Fertiliser Corporation of India in early 1978 as per Government Of India's decision.<ref name="DayalZachariah1996">{{cite book |last1=Dayal |first1=Raghubir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZFO8XMJuwgC&pg=PA281 |title=Management information and electronic support system |last2=Zachariah |first2=Peter |last3=Rajpal |first3=Kireet |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1996 |isbn=9788170996521 |pages=281– |access-date=18 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=Shut for 30 years, PM Modi to inaugurate ₹8,600-cr Gorakhpur fertiliser plant |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shut-for-30-years-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-rs-8-600-cr-gorakhpur-fertiliser-plant-101638857806540.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It has manufacturing units at [[Durgapur]] and [[Haldia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-17 |title=FertiliserMin set to approach CCEA for closure of HFCL's Haldia unit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/fertilisermin-set-to-approach-ccea-for-closure-of-hfcls-haldia-unit-4800044/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited (HFCL) |url=https://fert.nic.in/psu/hindustan-fertilizer-corporation-limited-hfcl |website=fert.nic.in}}</ref>

Under the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act 1985, the [[Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]] (BIFR) declared the Hindustan Fertiliser Corporation Limited sick in 1992. Within the next decade, the Indian government concluded that all of its fertiliser production units were incurring heavy losses, and decided to close the corporation in September 2002.<ref name=":0" />

== Revival ==
Because of the shortage of domestic production of urea in meeting the overall domestic demand of urea,<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2022 |title=Sindri Urea Plant To Start Full Production From August |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/sindri-urea-plant-to-start-full-production-from-august/articleshow/92011754.cms |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> the cabinet decided in April 2007 to consider the feasibility of reviving the Fertiliser Corporation of India. In 2008, the government approved revival of all the closed units of the Hindustan Fertiliser Corporation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barauni fertiliser plant to start production from June this year: Mandaviya in Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/barauni-fertiliser-plant-to-start-production-from-june-this-year-mandaviya-in-rajya-sabha/articleshow/89434743.cms |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://fert.nic.in/psu/hindustan-fertilizer-corporation-limited-hfcl Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited]

[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Fertiliser companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:Government-owned chemical companies of India]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1983

2026-01-14T10:00:00Z

Meemobaidullah: started a bio needs work

{{Short description|None}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
A list of films produced by the [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the year '''1983'''.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.in/decadesearch.aspx?decade=1980-1989&lang=Bengali&categ=M&GotoYear=1983|title=gomolo.in: Yearwise search result|publisher=www.gomolo.in|access-date=2008-10-23}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/node/19234/year/2000/0/Bengali|title=List of Films |publisher=www.upperstall.com|access-date=2008-10-23}}</ref>

==A-Z of films==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes
|-
|-
|''[[Abhinoy Noy]]''|| [[Archan Chakraborty]] || Aparna Sen, [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''Agami Kal''||Tapan Saha||[[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]], Rita Bannerjee|| ||
|-
|''[[Agradani]]''||Palash Bannerjee ||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]||Drama||
|-
|''Amar Geeti''||Tarun Majumdar||George Baker, Satya Bannerjee, [[Biswajit Chatterjee]]|| ||
|-
|''Aparupa''||Bidesh Sarkar||[[Debashree Roy]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Madhu Kapoor, [[Rabi Ghosh]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''Arpita''||Arabinda Mukhopadhyay||[[Dipankar De]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Ashleelotar Daye]]''||Uma Nath Bhattacharya||[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Alpana Goswami]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Chena Achena (1983 film)|Chena Achena]]''||Pinaki Choudhury||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Amol Palekar]]||Drama ||
|-
|''Din Jai''||Manu Sen||[[Mahua Roychoudhury]], [[Joy Sengupta]], [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''Duranta Jay''||Ardhendu Mukherjee||[[Bikash Roy]], Anil Chatterjee, Nirmal Kumar||Romance ||
|-
|''Duti Pata''||Bimal Roy, jr.||[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Rabi Ghosh]]|| ||
|-
|''Indira''||Dinen Gupta||[[Aparna Sen]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]|| ||
|-
|''Nishi Bhor''||Rashbehari Sengupta||[[Debashree Roy]], Somnata Chowdhury, Sandhya Rani||Drama||
|-
|''[[Phatik Chand (film)|Phatik Chand]]''||[[Sandip Ray]]||[[Kamu Mukherjee]], Rajib Ganguly||Children's||
|-
|''[[Protidan]]''||[[Prabhat Roy]]||[[Victor Bannerjee]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Sharmila Tagore]]||Action Drama ||
|-
|''Rajeswari''||Salil Dutta||[[Tapas Paul]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Mahua Roychoudhury]]||Drama||
|-
|''Sagar Balaka''||Dinen Gupta||[[Debashree Roy]], [[Dipankar Dey]], Soma Dey|| ||
|-
|''Samarpita''||Gurudas Bagchi||[[Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], Ruma Guha Thakurta|| ||
|-
|''Samapti''||Bijoy Bose||Ajoy Bannerjee, Laxmi Bannerjee, Rita Bannerjee|| ||
|-
|''Shilalipi''||Palash Bandopadhyay||[[Tanuja]], [[Ashok Kumar]], Santu Mukhopadhyay|| ||
|-
|''Utsargo''||Tapan Saha||Santu Mukhopadhyay, Mahua Roychoudhury, Rajeswari Roychoudhury||Drama||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1983&&language=Bengali&&tv=on&&heading=9;1983;Bengali&&related=9;1983;1983;Bengali;Bengali&&nav=/Sections/Years/1983/include-bylanguage Tollywood films of 1983] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1983 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 1983}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|1983]]
[[Category:Lists of 1983 films by language|Bengali]]
[[Category:1983 in Indian cinema|Films, Bengali]]

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Secunderabad AC Duronto Express

2025-12-19T10:51:51Z

Meemobaidullah:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=August 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}
}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Secunderabad - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus AC ''Duronto Express''
| color = 80FF00
| image = 12219 secunderabad duronto - 2.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]], [[Duronto Express]]
| first = 23 February 2011
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}}
| stops = 7 (2 passenger stops, 5 technical stops)
| end = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
| distance = {{convert|772|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 12 hours
| frequency = 2 days a week. 12220 Secunderabad–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Duronto Express – Tuesday & Friday. 12219 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Secunderabad Duronto Express – Wednesday & Saturday.
| class = AC 1st Class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = [[Pantry car]] attached
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard Indian Railways [[Duronto Express|Duronto]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12220 Up, 12219 Down
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} (Maximum Speed), {{convert|64.37376|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} (Average speed), including halts
| map = {{Mumbai LTT-Secunderabad AC Duronto Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Secunderabad–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus ''Duronto Express''''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express train]] under [[Duronto Express|Duronto]] category that operates between {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} and [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://telugupeople.com/news/article_00063990_New_Bi-weekly_Duranto_Express_to_Mumbai_from_Feb_22.asp |title=New Bi-weekly Duranto Express to Mumbai from Feb 22|accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref>

The service is operated by [[South Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] and connects the Indian states of [[Telangana]] and [[Maharashtra]] using train numbers 12220 (Secunderabad–Mumbai (LTT)) and 12219 (Mumbai (LTT)–Secunderabad) respectively

==Service==

The 12220 / 19 Secunderabad–Mumbai (LTT) Duronto Express covers the distance of 773 kilometres in 12 hours (64.42 km/h) in both directions and its fare thus includes an additional [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge for the service as it is quite above the average speed of an express train which is {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} as per Indian Railways rules.

The train offers only air-conditioned coaches. Its length generally comprises 1 AC 1st-class coach, 3 AC 2-tier coaches and 9 AC 3-tier coaches for passengers, generator coaches on either ends for powering the AC and a [[pantry car]] for catering services

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Operation==

*The 12220 Secunderabad–Mumbai (LTT) Duronto Express starts from Secunderabad Junction every Tuesday and Friday night reaching Lokmanya Tilak Terminus the next day.
*The 12219 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Secunderabad Duronto starts from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus every Wednesday and Saturday night reaching Secunderabad Junction the next day.

==Routing and halts==

Being a [[Duronto Express]] train, it has commercial halts at [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]] and [[Solapur railway station|Solapur]] between its terminal stops.

However the 12220/12219 [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Secunderabad AC Duronto Express]] runs from {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} to [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] with technical halts at {{stnlnk|Wadi Junction}},{{stnlnk|Lonavala}},{{stnlnk|Karjat}} and {{stnlnk|Khandala}}.

{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:Green;" |''Mumbai LTT - Secunderabad AC Duronto Express''
|+
! colspan="2" |12220
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |12219
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
| '''----'''
| '''23:05'''
|'''[[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Junction]]'''
| '''11:05'''
| '''----'''
|-
| 01:42
| 01:42
|[[Wadi Junction railway station|Wadi Junction]]
(Technical Halt)
| 08:05
| 08:10
|-
| 03:50
| 03:55
|[[Solapur railway station|Solapur]]
| 05:57
| 06:00
|-
| 07:50
| 07:55
|[[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]]
| 02:00
| 02:05
|-
| 08:57
| 08:57
|[[Lonavala railway station|Lonavala]]
(Technical Halt For Bankers)
| 00:56
| 00:58
|-
|'''----'''
|'''----'''
|[[Karjat railway station|Karjat Junction]]
(Technical Halt for Bankers)
| 00:17
| 00:20
|-
|'''11:00'''
|'''----'''
|'''[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]'''
|'''----'''
|'''23:05'''
|}
[[File:12219 Secundrabad Duronto Express.jpg|thumb|12219 Secundrabad Duronto Express]]
[[File:2219 secunderabad duronto.jpg|thumb|12219 Secundrabad Duronto Express – EOG car]]

==Traction==

As the total route is electrified it will be hauled end-to-end by a Lallaguda-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] for its entire journey.

The 12219 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Secunderabad Duronto Express gets 2 [[Bank engine|bankers]] which are attached to the train at {{stnlnk|Karjat}} in order to haul the train up to {{stnlnk|Lonavala}} (normally [[WAG-5]] or [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]]).

==Speed==
The maximum permissible speed of the train is up to 110 km/h except some parts. Its all coaches are of air conditioned [[LHB coach]] type which is capable of reaching 160 kmph but it does not touch. Sometimes people become confused because according to Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual (IRPWM) on Indian Railways website or Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering website, the BG (Broad Gauge) lines have been classified into six groups ‘A’ to ‘E’ on the basis of the future maximum permissible speeds but it may not be same as present speed.

105 kmph between Lokmanya Tilak T and Karjat as it is about whole part of Mumbai Karjat route having speed of 105 km/h, 80 km/h in Karjat Palasdari only 3 km-long route, 60 km/h in Palasdari Lonavala 25 km-long ghat (hill) route, 110 km/h in Lonavala Wadi route, Wadi Vikarabad Secunderabad is unknown.
[https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/CE_II/2019/Raising%20of%20sectionl%20speed%20to%20130%20kmph%20%20(dated%2017_12_2019).pdf]

==Accidents==

* On 4 May 2014, the 12220 Secunderabad–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Duronto Express collided with a tractor trailer near {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}} killing 3 persons and seriously wounding 8.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-3-killed-8-hurt-as-duronto-hits-tractor-near-pune-1984803 |title=3 killed, 8 hurt as Duronto hits tractor near Pune|publisher=DNA India |date=4 May 2014 |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref>
* On 12 September 2015, 12220 Secunderabad–Mumbai Duronto Express Express derailed at Martur station between Shahbad and Gulbarga on Solapur Division in Karnataka at around 2:15 am. Two passengers were killed and more than 30 injured when eight of its coaches were derailed.

==See also==

*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Duronto Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]]
*[[Secunderabad railway station]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Duronto Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Secunderabad AC Duronto Expresss}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Duronto Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College

2025-12-18T23:09:42Z

Meemobaidullah: quick corrected details and added references

{{Short description|College in Kozhikode, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College
| image = Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College Seal.jpg
| caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|1877}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.2411|75.822|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| founder = [[Highness|HH]] Shri. Manavikraman Maharaja Bahadur
| location = Pokkunnu, [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
| affiliations = [[University of Calicut]]
| website = [http://zgcollege.ac.in/]zgcollege.ac.in/
}}

The '''Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College''' is an aided college in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] offering graduation and post-graduation courses. It is affiliated to the [[University of Calicut]].

== History ==
The original institution was founded by the [[Zamorins|Zamorin]] of [[Eranad]], [[Highness|HH]] Shri. Manavikraman Maharaja Bahadur, as an English school in June 1877, to impart English education to the young members of the Zamorin's family. In 1878, it came to be known as "Kerala Vidyasala" and was thrown open to [[Hindu]] boys of all castes.

In 1879, the institution was affiliated to the [[University of Madras]] as a second grade college. In 1900, the institution was renamed "The Zamorin's College". In 1904, the [[Zamorins|Zamorin]] constituted a Board of Management for the administration of the college. The present site of the college at [[Pokkunnu]] was purchased with the help of a grant from the [[Guruvayur]] Devaswom.

In recognition of this gift, the institution was renamed "The Guruvayurappan College". In 1955, the college moved to its present site, at [[Pokkunnu]]. In 1958, the college was affiliated to the University of Travancore, which later came to be known as the [[University of Kerala]]. Later in 1968, when the [[University of Calicut]] was formed, the college was affiliated to it.

The college acquired its present name "The Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College" in 1981.

== Courses offered ==
The college offers 3 year undergraduate degree programs in 12 different specializations as well as 2 year post graduate programs in 9 specializations. PhD is offered in Botany, Economics, Malayalam, Chemistry and English. The college also has a computer center which offers vocational training to students and conducts Diploma course in computer applications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=College Website |first1=Official |title=Details of facilities available |url=https://zgcollege.org/Infrastructure/facilities/ |website=The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College |access-date=19 October 2021 |ref=1 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019001852/https://zgcollege.org/Infrastructure/facilities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Facilities==
Zamorins Guruvayurappan college is one of the oldest institution in the country celebrating its 144th anniversary in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=College Website |first1=Official |title=Introduction |url=https://zgcollege.org/About/history/ |website=The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode |access-date=19 October 2021 |ref=2 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018232544/https://zgcollege.org/About/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The college campus is located on top of the hill called [[Pokkunnu]], also called Krishna Giri hills, 8 km away from the city of Calicut. The campus of the college spans over an area of 92 acres.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

== Alumni ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
*[[John Matthai]], former Finance Minister, Government of India
* Justice [[V. Balakrishna Eradi]]
* [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], nationalist, politician and diplomat; Former Union minister for Defense
* [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], Malayalam author
* [[Jithin Premnath ]], Clover Doyen Managing Director
* [[Muthal Puredath Murlidhar Menon|M. P. M. Menon]], Diplomat
* [[K. P. Kesava Menon]], nationalist and politician; Founder of the [[Malayalam]] newspaper, ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
* [[A. Pradeepkumar]], communist politician; former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North constituency]]
* [[N. P. Mohammed]], Novelist
* [[K. K. Rema]], MLA
* [[Joy Mathew]], film director and activist
* [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]], film director
* [[Vinod Kovoor]], cine artist
* [[P. Vijayan]] IPS
* [[U. K. Kumaran]]
* [[Ranjith Padinhateeri]],
* [[M N Karassery]]
* [[Sathyan Mokeri]], Former Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly
* [[K. Damodaran]], Communist Writer

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Kerala]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Kerala]]
*[[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calicut]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.zgcollege.org The Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040623011351/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/22/stories/2004052200960500.htm ''NAAC accreditation for Zamorin's College'', The Hindu, 22 May 2004]

{{Educational Institutes in Kozhikode}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:Arts and Science colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1877]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

{{Kerala-university-stub}}

Krishna Grameena Bank

2025-12-01T13:28:13Z

Meemobaidullah:

{{Short description|Defuncted Indian regional bank}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Bank]]
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries
| genre = 
| predecessor =
| foundation = {{Start date |1978|12|1|df=yes}}
| defunct = {{End date |2013|8|23 |df=yes}}
| fate = Merged with newly formed [[Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank]]
| successor = [[Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank]]
| location_city = [[Kalaburagi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations =
| area_served = [[Karnataka]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| services = Loans, Deposits, [[Automated teller machine|ATM Services]], [[National Electronic Fund Transfer|National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)]], Internet Banking, Debit Card
| num_employees =
| parent = [[State Bank of India|SBI]] (35%)
| homepage = {{URL|https://karnatakagraminbank.com/}}
}}

'''Krishna Grameena Bank''' was an Indian [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) established under 1976 Act for Regional Rural Banks. It was merged into [[Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank]] in August 2013 which would later be merged into [[Karnataka Gramin Bank]].

While it was operating it was a Scheduled Rural Bank owned by [[State Bank of India]] (35%), [[Government of India]] (50%) and [[Government of Karnataka]] (15%), working as per instructions of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and carried out multiple types of transactions in banking business. The Bank operated in the districts of [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]], [[Bidar district|Bidar]] and [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]] of [[Karnataka]] state in the southwestern region of India, and was headquartered at [[Kalaburagi]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=Bank|first1=Krishna Gramin Bank|date=13 February 2010|title=ABOUT US|url=http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/areaoffices.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213173951/http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/areaoffices.html|archive-date=13 February 2010|work=Krishna Grameena Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna Grameena Bank - Branches, ATMs, IFSC Codes, MICR Codes, Swift Codes|url=http://www.getbankcode.com/banks/krishna-grameena-bank|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.getbankcode.com}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Regional Rural Bank|RRBs]] were set up in India specially to cater to the basic banking needs of rural people, to enhance rural economy and development of the rural areas and to ensure the employment for the people from Rural sector. Like Public Sector Banks, RRBs were established by [[Government of India]] and are also Scheduled Banks, since they worked as per the rules of the Indian Reserve Bank.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last1=Bank|first1=Krishna Gramin Bank|date=13 February 2010|title=ABOUT US|url=http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/contactus.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212050632/http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/contactus.html|archive-date=12 February 2010|work=Krishna Grameena Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Scope of application | url=https://sbi.co.in/documents/17826/34475/1364204943265_BASE_II_DISCLOSURE_311212_ENGLISH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221053911/https://sbi.co.in/documents/17826/34475/1364204943265_BASE_II_DISCLOSURE_311212_ENGLISH.pdf | archive-date=2021-12-21}}</ref>

Krishna Grameena Bank was established with Head Office at [[Kalaburagi]] on 1 December 1978.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Bank|first1=Krishna Gramin Bank|date=15 October 2013|title=ABOUT US|url=http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/aboutus.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015221806/http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/aboutus.html|archive-date=15 October 2013|work=Krishna Grameena Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Digital Sansad | url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Documents/session_journals/sessionno/227/13122012.pdf | access-date=2025-11-25 | website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref>

{{As of|2005}}, Krishna Grameena Bank had 119 branches, out of which 94 were in rural areas. It bagged Third Prize from [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] for fulfilling the guidelines of [[NABARD]] under SHG Bank Linkage Program in Karnataka state (2005/2006). Krishna Grameena Bank was one among the two Regional Rural Banks in India, picked by [[NABARD]] for execution of Pilot basis Smart Cards, where Micro-Processor Cards were used by members of SHG to check the account balances in their [[Savings bank|Savings bank account]] and to withdraw cash from their respective savings bank accounts avoiding the intervention of the Bank staff or Rural Development Officer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web|last1=Bank|first1=Krishna Gramin Bank|date=13 February 2010|title=ABOUT US|url=http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/branches.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213173957/http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/branches.html|archive-date=13 February 2010|work=Krishna Grameena Bank}}</ref>

On 23 August 2013, it was merged with [[Pragathi Gramin Bank]] to form [[Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|last1=Bank|first1=Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank|date=3 January 2014|title=ABOUT US|url=http://pragathikrishnabank.com/origin-content/origin-of-bank.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103235625/http://pragathikrishnabank.com/origin-content/origin-of-bank.html|archive-date=3 January 2014|work=Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|last1=Bank|first1=Krishna Gramin Bank|date=1 October 2013|title=ABOUT US|url=http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001222253/http://www.krishnagrameenabank.com/|archive-date=1 October 2013|work=Krishna Grameena Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Karnataka RRBs merged post ministry notification|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/karnataka-rrbs-merged-post-ministry-notification/articleshow/1242342.cms|access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian banking]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Kaveri Grameena Bank]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{SBI}}

[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]
[[Category:Banks based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1978]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Banks disestablished in 2013]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 disestablishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:State Bank of India]]

Ravishankar Gowda

2025-11-28T12:10:36Z

Meemobaidullah: Put Up A Post Basic Info

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravishankar Gowda
| image = Ravishankar Gowda (1).jpg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Ravishankar Gowda in 2008 Kannada film ''[[Payana (film)|Payana]]''
| birth_name = Ravishankar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Keelara, [[Mandya district|Mandya]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|Sangeetha Gururaj|2003}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Manjula Gururaj]] (mother-in-law)
}}

'''Ravishankar Gowda''' is an Indian actor who works in the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film industry]]. He is known mostly for his comic roles in television and films.<ref>{{cite news |title= Nage Bomb – another comedy in the offering |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Nage-Bomb-another-comedy-in-the-offering/articleshow/19879939.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 4 May 2013 |accessdate= 30 September 2014}}</ref> He acted as Dr. Vittal Rao, in the sitcom ''[[Silli Lalli]]'' which aired on [[ETV Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Ravishanker is 'Maha Buddivantha' |url= http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12064/sandalwood/ravishanker-is-maha-buddivantha-news-details |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110127213942/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12064/sandalwood/Ravishanker-is-Maha-Buddivantha-News-Details |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 27 January 2011 |website= supergoodmovies.com |date= 26 January 2011 |accessdate= 30 September 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Gowda appeared in the very popular Kannada sitcom ''Silli Lalli'', playing the role of Dr. Vittal Rao, that aired on [[ETV Kannada]]. It ran for over 1,100 episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title= Chandru to direct |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/chandru-to-direct-kannada-news-35648 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006162309/http://www.indiaglitz.com/chandru-to-direct-kannada-news-35648 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 6 October 2014 |website= indiaglitz.com |date= 2 January 2008 |accessdate= 30 September 2014}}</ref> Following this stint in television, he appeared in a lead role in the 2008 film, ''[[Payana (film)|Payana]]''. He performed in the 2012 film ''[[Snehitaru]]''. In the film, he plays the role of a deaf character.<ref>{{cite news |title= Snehitharu review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Snehitharu/movie-review/16686316.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 5 October 2012 |accessdate= 30 September 2014}}</ref> His other movies are ''Nanjangud Nanjunda'' (2010), ''[[Akka Pakka]]'' (2013), ''[[Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya]]'' (2013) and ''[[Jai Lalitha]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news |title= Nanjangud Nanjunda review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/6541176.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 12 September 2010 |accessdate= 30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Mangana Kaili Maanikya review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Mangana-Kaili-Manikya/movie-review/21401647.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 27 June 2013 |accessdate= 30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Jai Lalitha review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Jai-Lalitha/movie-review/37398533.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 28 June 2014 |accessdate= 30 September 2014}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gowda is from [[Mandya]]. He travelled to [[Bangalore]] in 1993 in search of opportunities to become a singer. He married Sangeetha, a singer, and daughter of singer [[Manjula Gururaj]], in an [[Arya Samaj]]-style wedding in February 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=A runaway marriage? |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun22/ent3.asp |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031221215451/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun22/ent3.asp |archive-date=21 December 2003 |date=22 June 2003}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Roles
! Notes
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Smile (2003 film)|Smile]]''
| Eshwar
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Payana (film)|Payana]]''
| Ravi
| Debut as Lead
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Mr. Painter]]''
| Shanta Kumar
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2010
| ''[[Kutti Pisasu|Bombat Car]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mathe Mungaru]]''
| Kutty
|
|-
| ''Nanjangud Nanjunda''
| Nanjunda
|
|-
| ''[[Bindaas Hudugi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011
| ''[[Panchamrutha]]''
| Aditya
| segment "Samarasave Jeevana: harmonious life"
|-
| ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan]]''
| Dr. Kamath
|
|-
| ''[[Jogayya]]''
| Muttal
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| ''Bhagavantha Kai Kotta''
| Shankar
|
|-
| ''[[Snehitaru]]''
| Soundesha
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2013
| ''Devarane''
| Chitteswamy
|
|-
| ''[[Akka Pakka]]''
| Harikrishna / Hakka
|
|-
| ''Gandhi Jayanti''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya]]''
| Ranganna
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2014
| ''[[Crazy Star (film)|Crazy Star]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Nage Bomb''
|
|
|-
| ''Navarangi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jai Lalitha]]''
| Lakshmikantha
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Ond Chance Kodi]]''
| Nakula
|
|-
| ''[[Ram-Leela (2015 Kannada film)|Ram-Leela]]''
| "Boiling Star" Bablu
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016
| ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sundaranga Jaana]]''
| Ali
| SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| ''[[Sarkari Kelasa Devara Kelasa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Athiratha''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| ''[[Vanilla (2018 film)|Vanilla]]''
| Police Inspector
|
|-
| ''[[Orange (2018 film)|Orange]]''
| Rukmini's husband
|
|-
| 2019
|''[[99 (2019 film)|99]]''
| Murali
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019
| ''[[Geetha (2019 film)|Geetha]]''
| Ramesha
|
|-
| ''[[Gimmick (film)|Gimmick]]''
| Prathap
|
|-
| ''[[Mane Maratakkide]]''
| Ram
|
|-
| ''[[Odeya (film)|Odeya]]''
| Krishnamurthy
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Aadyaa]]''
| Lokesh
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2021
| ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
| Professor
|
|-
| ''[[Kotigobba 3]]''
| Sundar
|
|-
| ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''
| Ahmed Ali
|
|-
| ''[[Sakath]]''
| Lawyer
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022 ||''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' || Vishwanath Ballal ||
|-
| ''[[Ravi Bopanna]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Triple Riding]]''
|Inspector Annaiah
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Raghavendra Stores]]''
|Madhu
|
|-
|''[[Sreemanta]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[Agnyathavasi (2025 film)|Agnyathavasi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Just Married (2025 film)|Just Married]]''
| Vinay
|
|-
|''[[GST (film)|GST]]''
|
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2001
|''[[Kavyanjali]]''
|
|-
|
| ''Minchu Minchina Balli''
|
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Silli Lalli]]''
| Dr. Vittal Rao
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Majaa Talkies]]''
| Guest
|
|}

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5834406}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Ravishankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dondapadu, Eluru district

2025-11-22T06:12:19Z

Meemobaidullah: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dondapadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
|
other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.7309|N|81.0821|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Eluru district|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pedavegi mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Pedavegi mandal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588392-dondapadu-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Dondapadu Village Population - Pedavegi - West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|publisher=|accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 1950
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 534 003
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Dondapadu''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/07/stories/2004040703850400.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-04-07|title=TDP moves to consolidate Kamma vote?}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It is located in [[Pedavegi mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Pedavegi mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]]. It is located at a distance of 5 km from district headquarters [[Eluru]] city.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Dondapadu had a population of 1950. The total population constitute, 1011 males and 939 females a sex ratio of 929 females per 1000 males. 169 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with child sex ratio of 878 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate of the village stands at 90.68%.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Eluru topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Ordnance Factory Medak

2025-11-19T20:17:10Z

Meemobaidullah: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Indian defence production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ordnance Factory Medak (OFMK) (formerly)
| logo = OFM long logo.jpg
| logo_size = 300px
| type = part of [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1984}} [[Medak]], [[India]]
| location =
| key_people = Alok Prasad, [[IOFS]] (General Manager)
| industry = [[Defense contractor|Defence]]
| products = [[Armoured fighting vehicle]]s
| num_employees = ~3,000
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.ofmedak.gov.in}}
}}
'''Ordnance Factory Medak''' ('''OFMK''') (Hindi: आयुध निर्माणी मेदक), previously called '''Ordnance Factory Project Medak''' ('''OFPM''') while in its development stage, is a factory owned by [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]], a company that manufactures armoured vehicles and was one of the 41 Indian ordnance factories under the erstwhile [[Ordnance Factories Board]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], controlled by [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/index.php?wh=ourunits&lang=en|title=Our Factories : Indian Ordnance Factories}}</ref>

== History ==
It was established on 19 July 1984<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ofpm.ap.nic.in/index.html |title=Ordnance Factory Medak |access-date=2012-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406051456/http://ofpm.ap.nic.in/index.html |archive-date=2012-04-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> by the then prime minister of India, [[Indira Gandhi]] for the indigenous production of Infantry Combat Vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/sarath.htm|title=BMP-2 Sarath|first=John|last=Pike}}</ref>

== Products ==
Over the decades, the company has diversified its product range, manufacturing surface-to-air missile (SAM) launchers, surface-to-surface missile launchers, armoured ambulances, self-propelled howitzers, armoured cars, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), armoured light recovery vehicles, NBC recce vehicles, mine protected vehicles, armoured amphibious dozers, armoured radars, naval armaments, etc.
* '''[[BMP-2|BMP-2 Sarath]]''' (Chariot of Victory)– Indian license-produced variant of the BMP-2,<ref name=ofb>[http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/armoured/4.htm Ordnance Factory Board]. Ofbindia.gov.in. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref> built by Ordnance Factory Medak. The first vehicle, assembled from components supplied by KBP, was ready in 1987. By 1999, about 90% of the complete vehicle and its associated systems were being produced in India. It is estimated that by 2007, 1,250 vehicles had been built.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Military-Vehicles-and-Logistics/Armoured-Amphibious-Dozer-India.html Armoured Amphibious Dozer (India) – Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics]</ref> India has also developed the following versions of the Sarath:
**'''[[DRDO light tank|BMP-2K Sarath]]''' – Command vehicle, similar to the Soviet/Russian version.<ref>[http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/indian-army-transport/p3213-bmp-2-sarath.html BMP-2 (Sarath) – Military Pictures – Air Force Army Navy Missiles Defense]</ref><ref>[http://ofb.gov.in/products/data/armoured/4.htm Ordnance Factory Board]</ref>
**'''[[DRDO Armoured Ambulance|Armoured Ambulance]]''' – This version retains the turret but without the gun or smoke grenade launchers.<ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory"/> The troop compartment has been modified to carry four stretchers.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article7118.ece The Hindu : News / National : First batch of armoured ambulances rolled out]</ref>
**'''Armoured Amphibious Dozer (AAD)''' – Turret-less combat engineer vehicle, fitted with a folding dozer blade at the rear, mine ploughs, a main winch with a capacity of 8,000 kg and a rocket-propelled earth anchor for self-recovery.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
** '''Armoured Vehicle Tracked Light Repair''' – Armoured recovery vehicle, fitted with a light hydraulic crane.<ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory"/>
**'''[[Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle|Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV)]]''' – This version has no gun and is fitted with specialised equipment, including an echo-sounder, a water current meter, a laser range finder and GPS. On the left rear of the hull, a marking system with 40 rods is fitted.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/VRDE/English/index.jsp?pg=achieve.jsp |title=DRDO |access-date=2012-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209215231/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/VRDE/English/index.jsp?pg=achieve.jsp |archive-date=2012-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Military-Vehicles-and-Logistics/Armoured-Engineer-Reconnaissance-Vehicle-AERV-India.html Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV) (India) – Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics]</ref>
** '''NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle (NBCRV)''' – For detection of nuclear, biological and chemical contamination. The NBCRV was developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] and [[VRDE]]. It has been ordered by the Indian army.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101227075827/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/23/stories/2010122356801300.htm The Hindu : National : Vehicles to monitor nuclear contamination handed over to Army]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/india-flags-off-indigenious-nbc-recce-vehicle |title=India flags off indigenious NBC Recce Vehicle – Frontier India – News, Analysis, Opinion – Frontier India – News, Analysis, Opinion |access-date=2012-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820235713/http://frontierindia.net/india-flags-off-indigenious-nbc-recce-vehicle |archive-date=2011-08-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**'''[[Muntra|BMP-2 UGV]]''' – unmanned-reconnaissance ground vehicle fitted with equipment used to detect nuclear, biological and chemical contamination as well as mines. It is the remotely controllable variant of NBCRV.
**'''[[Carrier Mortar Tracked|Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle (CMT)]]''' – This turret-less version has an 81 mm mortar mounted in the modified troop compartment. The mortar is fired through an opening in the hull roof that has two hinged doors. It has a max. range of 5,000 m and a normal rate of fire of 6–8 rds/min. There is also a long range version of the mortar.<ref>[http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wme/4.htm Ordnance Factory Board]. Ofbindia.gov.in. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref> The vehicle carries 108 mortar rounds and is also fitted with a 7.62 mm machine gun with 2,350 rounds. Crew: 2+4. The first prototype was completed in 1997.<ref>[http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/armoured/5.htm Ordnance Factory Board]. Ofbindia.gov.in. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref>
**'''NAMICA''' ('''Nag Missile Carrier''') – part of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program#Nag missile system|Nag anti-tank missile system]]. The [[Nag missile|Nag (Cobra) missile]] is launched from a retractable armoured launcher that contains four launch tubes and the guidance package. Nag is a fire-and-forget top-attack [[ATGM]] with a tandem-HEAT warhead and a range of at least 4 km.<ref>[http://www.oocities.org/vinswasre123/Nag.htm Nag ATGM]</ref>
** '''[[Akash (missile)|Akash Missile Launcher]]''' – Air-defence missile system that is based on a modified Sarath chassis with 7 road wheels. On top of the hull there's a launcher for three SAM's with a range of 27 km and semi-active homing guidance.<ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory">[http://www.jedsite.info/fulltrack-bravo/bravo-bmp/bmp2_series/bmp2-series.html JED The Military Equipment Directory]</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=August 2009}}
**'''Trishul Missile Launcher''' - The chassis of the Sarath has been modified to launch the Trishul SAM, with three missiles being carried in the ready to launch position, search and track radars and their associated fire-control system. In addition, there is a mobile command post with a raised superstructure, which is the nerve centre of the missiles' command, control, communications and intelligence functions. This system has yet to enter quantity production.
** '''[[Rajendra Radar|Rajendra RADAR]]''' – This is a multifunctional 3-D phased radar ('''MUFAR'''), associated with the Akash system. It is also based on the stretched chassis.
** '''[[OFB 105mm SPG|105mm Self-Propelled Gun]]''' – This is [[Ordnance Factories Board|OFB]]'s mechanized version of the Indian Light Field Gun (EQPT 105/37 LFG E2) with 42 rounds stowed. The gun is mounted in a lightly armoured turret.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/47686239@N03/4370232436/ OFB 105mm SPG Specs | Flickr - Photo Sharing!]. Flickr (19 February 2010). Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/47686239@N03/4369483629/ OFB 105mm Tracked SPG on BMP II | Flickr - Photo Sharing!]. Flickr. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref><ref>[https://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Dc2Wx4jR9F8/S4GGUbGbWgI/AAAAAAAABuw/dShDqd1U36w/s1600-h/CIMG2671.JPG CIMG2671.JPG (image)]. 4.bp.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref> The 105mm SPG was shown for the first time in public in February 2010 during DEFEXPO-2010 in New Delhi and is planned to replace the [[FV433 Abbot SPG]] in the Indian army.
*'''[[Ordnance Factory Board Mine Protected Vehicle|Mine Protected Vehicle]]''' – Also manufactured at [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090723095325/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/20/stories/2009072054160400.htm The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh News : Ordnance Factory gears up to meet Army demand]</ref><ref>[http://www.brahmand.com/news/Army-should-be-made-self-reliant-to-meet-security-challenges/2381/1/12.html 'Army should be made self-reliant to meet security challenges' – Brahmand.com]</ref>
*'''Bullet-Proof Vehicles''' - Bullet-proofing of [[Maruti Gypsy|Gypsy]], [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]], [[Tata 407|407]], [[Tata Safari|Safari]] and [[Toyota Prado|Prado]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130104034520/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3130929%23page=7 Ordnance Factory celebrates 25th anniversary; to enhance ICVs production]</ref>
*'''[[Medak gun|Medak Gun]]'''
*'''[[CRN 91 Naval Gun]]'''<ref>[http://www.newsx.com/story/navy-get-fast-attack-craft-month Fast Attack Craft to be commissioned in Navy | Newsx |]</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Present Products and their variants
|width=325
|height=250
|align=center
|File:Yudh Abhyas-09 BMP.JPG| Sarath Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV)
|File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Mine Protected Vehicle.jpg| 4X4 Mine Protected Vehicle, also in 6X6 configuration, with RCWS, recce and recovery variants
|File:The BMP's of the Indian Army roll out from an Indian Navy ship and travel through the sea for an amphibious assault during Exercise Tropex-09, at Madhavpur beach, Gujarat on February 09, 2009.jpg|Sarath in amphibious role travelling through sea
|File:AKASH Missiles.jpg|Akash Missile Launcher on Sarath
|File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Bullet Proof Vehicle.jpg|4X4 Bullet Proof Vehicle
||Trishul Missile Launcher on Sarath
|File:Nag with NAMICA Defexpo-2008.JPG|Nag Missile Carrier (Namica)
|File:Surface Mine Clearing System on Sarath manufactured by Ordnance Factory Medak.jpg|Surface Mine Clearing System on Sarath
|File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Bullet Proof 407.jpg|4X4 Riot Control Vehicle
|File:The ICV COMN VEH passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2010, in New Delhi on January 23, 2010.jpg|ICV Communication Vehicle
|File:The Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006.jpg|Carrier Mortar Tracked
|File:CRN-91 on ICGS Shaunak.jpg|CRN-91 Naval Gun
|File:Armoured Ambulance Tracked Vehicle passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2013, in New Delhi on January 23, 2013.jpg|Armoured Ambulance Tracked
|File:CBRN Recce vehicle during Republic Day Parade 2017.jpg|Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance Vehicle (CBRN-RV)
|File:The AERV passing through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for Republic Day Parade - 2005, in New Delhi on January 23, 2005.jpg|Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV)
||4X4 Bullet Proof Gypsy
}}

=== New products ===
*[[VRDE Light Armoured Vehicle|Light Armoured Wheeled Vehicle (LAWV)]]
*[[Abhay IFV|Abhay Infantry Combat Vehicle (AICV)]]
*[[Remote weapon station|Remote Controlled Weapon Station (RCWS)]]
*[[AK-630|AK-630 Close-in weapon system (CIWS)]]
{{Gallery
|title=Future Products and their variants
|width=180
|height=250
|align=center
|File:Pinaka MBRL.jpg|Pinake Multi-barrel Rocket Launcher soon to be produced
|File:INS Kadmatt - AK-630 Side View.jpg|AK-630 Naval Gun
|File:Arjun Mk II side (2).JPG|Arjun Mark-II
|File:INS Satpura - SRGM Main Gun.jpg|76 MM SRGM Naval
|File:BM-30 Smerch MLRS.jpg|High Mobility Vehicle Launching Platform for Smerch Rockets, the same used for Pinaka
}}

==Organisation==
OFM is spread over an area of 3023 acres<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ofmedak.gov.in/ |title=Ordnance Factory Medak-Website |access-date=2012-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806130256/http://ofmedak.gov.in/ |archive-date=2013-08-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has an employee strength of about 3000 personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofpm.ap.nic.in/emplist.html |access-date=8 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415034646/http://ofpm.ap.nic.in/emplist.html |archive-date=15 April 2012 |title=Ordnance Factory Medak }}</ref> The company is headed only by an [[IOFS]] officer called General Manager (ex officio Additional Secretary to Government of India) who is the chief executive officer responsible for the overall management of the company and is the main judicial authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=ofpm&page=rti&lang=en|title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Factory Project Medak}}</ref>

== Technology ==
OFMK is the production partner of [[Vehicle Research & Development Establishment]] and [[Combat Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Customers ==
Customers of Ordnance Factory Medak include [[Indian Armed Forces]], [[Central Armed Police Forces]], [[State Armed Police Forces]], [[Paramilitary Forces of India]] and [[Special Forces of India]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ordnance Factories Board}}
{{automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Military vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1984]]

Balu Varghese

2025-11-07T18:47:28Z

Meemobaidullah: put up new data added tags

{{short description|Indian film actor (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balu Varghese
| image = Balu Varghese at SBCE.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|10|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| caption = Balu Varghese in 2024
| other_names =
| yearsactive = 2005{{En dash}}present
| website =
| spouse = {{marriage|Aileena Catherin|2020}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] (uncle)|[[Alex Paul]] (uncle)|[[Lal Jr.]] (cousin)}}
}}

'''Balu Varghese''' is an Indian actor and singer who predominantly works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] industry. He began his acting career as a child actor in ''[[Chanthupottu]]'' (2005).

==Early life and career==
Balu Varghese was born in [[Kochi]]. He is the son of E. J. Varghese and Neena Varghese. He is also the nephew of Malayalam actor [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] and music director [[Alex Paul]]. He made his acting debut in 2005, by playing a child artist in ''[[Chanthupottu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140415/entertainment-mollywood/article/child-actor-comes-age|title = Child actor comes of age|date = 15 April 2014}}</ref> He later starred in [[Lal Jr.]]’s directorial debut film [[Honey Bee (2013 film)|''Honey Bee'']].

==Personal life==
He married Aileena Catherin Amon on 2 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news | title=Balu Varghese Engagement with Aileena Catherin held at Kochi today | url=https://theprimetime.in/balu-varghese-engagement-with-aileena-catherin-amon-held-at-kochi-today/ | date=25 January 2020}}</ref> They have a son named Ezekiel Amy Varghese, who was born on March 31, 2021<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-balu-varghese-and-model-aileena-amon-blessed-baby-boy-146334 |title=Actor Balu Varghese and model Aileena Amon blessed with baby boy |date=1 April 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/star-couple-balu-varghese-aileena-name-son-ezekiel-amy-varghese-1.5789738 |title=Star couple Balu Varghese-Aileena name son Ezekiel Amy Varghese |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=English Mathrubhumi News}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
*All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2005||''[[Chanthupottu]]''||Younger Kumaran || rowspan="7" |Child artist ||
|-
|2006 || ''[[Oruvan (2006 film)|Oruvan]]'' ||Young Shivan ||
|-
|2007 || ''[[Arabikkatha]]'' || Young Cuba Mukundan ||
|-
|2008|| ''[[Thalappavu]]''||Young S. Raveendran Pillai ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2010 || ''Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe'' ||Ijas ||
|-
| ''[[Paappi Appacha]]''||Vijeesh||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2011 || ''[[Manikiakkallu]]'' ||Basheer ||
|-
| ''[[Arjunan Saakshi]]'' ||Selvam|| ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'' || Young Kari || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/170316/lal-fulfills-nephew-s-wish.html|title=Lal fulfills nephew's wish|first=Aravind |last=K. S.|date=17 March 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2013 ||''[[Maad Dad]]'' || Young Eesho || ||
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' || Ambrose Perera || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/honey-bee-gave-me-a-break-balu-varghese/articleshow/45086733.cms |title=Honey Bee gave me a break: Balu Varghese |date=9 November 2014 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]'' ||Sabu || Cameo Role ||

|-
|rowspan="4" |2014 ||[[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|''Happy Journey'']]|| Freddy|| ||
|-
|''[[Hi I'm Tony]]''|| Sameer || Cameo Role ||
|-
|''[[Ithihasa]]''|| Vikki || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/ithihasa/articleshow/44740876.cms |title= Ithihasa : News about the Malayalam Movie Ithihasa |date=9 October 2014 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Money Ratnam]]''||Joppa's son || ||

|-
|rowspan="5" |2015||''Namasthe Bali''||Freakan Fakrudeen || ||
|-
| ''[[Onnam Loka Mahayudham]]'' || Bijesh|| ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Second Class Yathra]]'' || Kumar || ||
|-
| ''[[Aana Mayil Ottakam]]'' ||Ram ||Lead role ||
|-
| ''Appavum Veenjum'' ||Jithu || ||

|-
|rowspan="6" |2016 ||[[Style (2016 film)|''Style'']]|| Prayagan a.k.a. Di Caprio || ||
|-
|''[[King Liar]]''|| Antappan || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/balu-varghese-acts-with-dileep-after-a-decade/articleshow/49538966.cms |title=Balu Varghese acts with Dileep after a decade |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]''|| Ravi || ||
|-
|''[[Inspector Dawood Ibrahim]]''||unknown || Cameo role ||
|-
|''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]''||Martin || ||
|-
|''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]''||Karal || ||

|-
|rowspan="6" |2017 ||[[Honey Bee 2:Celebrations|''Honey Bee 2'']]|| Ambrose Perera || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/honey-bee-2-is-on-balu-varghese/articleshow/49712611.cms |title=Honey Bee 2 is on: Balu Varghese |date=8 November 2015 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ezra (2017 film)|''Ezra'']]||Unknown||Cameo role ||
|-
| ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]''|| Joymon|| ||
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]''|| Himself ||Cameo role ||
|-
| ''[[Chunkzz (Malayalam Movie)|Chunkz]]'' ||Romario || Lead role ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/balu-varghese-vishak-nair-turn-engineering-students-in-chunkzz/articleshow/56968517.cms |title=Balu Varghese, Vishak Nair turn engineering students in Chunkzz |date=26 February 2017 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]'' || Joy C || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Oct/01/tharangam-a-laudable-experiment-1665165.html|title=Tharangam: A laudable experiment |date=1 October 2017 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=New Indian Express}}</ref>

|-
|rowspan="3" | 2018|| ''[[Vallikkudilile Vellakkaran]]''||Tom Joseph|| ||
|-
|''Premasoothram''|| Prakashan||Lead Role ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/may/12/premasoothram-movie-review-amusing-escapades-of-a-love-guru-1813450.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220060603/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/may/12/premasoothram-movie-review-amusing-escapades-of-a-love-guru-1813450.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2021|title=Premasoothram' movie review: Amusing escapades of a love guru |date=12 May 2018 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ladoo (film)|Ladoo]]'' || Rahul || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270217/ladoo-bursting-idea.html |title=Ladoo 'bursting' idea |date=27 September 2017 |access-date=20 December 2021|work=The Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

|-
|rowspan="7" |2019 || ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' || Roshan || Also playback singer ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/07/i-prefer-making-feel-good-films-1921452.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220060612/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/07/i-prefer-making-feel-good-films-1921452.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2021|title=I prefer making feel-good films: Director Jis Joy |date=7 January 2017 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]''|| Jinesh || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oru-kuprasidha-payyan-will-be-emotionally-engaging-film-says-tovino-thomas-90429|title='Oru Kuprasidha Payyan' will be an emotionally engaging film, says Tovino Thomas |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|''Muhabathin Kunjabdulla'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/balu-varghese-mohabathin-kunjabdulla-is-all-about-kunjabdulla-finding-his-childhood-lover/articleshow/66507783.cms |title=Balu Varghese: Mohabathin Kunjabdulla is all about Kunjabdulla finding his childhood lover |date=6 November 2018 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Janamaithri]]''|| Jack Daniels || Cameo Role ||
|-
|''[[Under World]]'' || Frog catcher || Cameo Role ||
|-
|''[[Happy Sardar]]'' ||Iqbaal Moos || ||
|-
|''[[Puzhikkadakan]]'' || Sebastian / Seban || ||
|-
|rowspan="5" |2021 || ''[[Operation Java]]'' || Anthony || Lead Role ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/operation-java-an-engaging-cybercrime-thriller-988278.html |title=Operation Java: An engaging cybercrime thriller |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tsunami (2021 film)|Tsunami]]'' || Boby Francis ||Lead Role Also playback singer|| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lal-and-lal-jr-team-comedy-entertainer-tsunami-143025 |title=Lal and Lal Jr team up for comedy entertainer 'Tsunami' |date=8 February 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]'' || Sakhavu Nivin George|| ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ellam-sheriyakum/amp_movie_review/87801767.cms |title=Ellam Sheriyakum Movie Review: A thought-provoking political drama |date=19 November 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jan.E.Man]]'' || Monichchan || rowspan="2" | Lead Role ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Aug/31/first-jan-e-man-poster-reveals-complete-cast-2351980.html|title=First Jan-e-Man poster reveals complete cast |date=31 August 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sumesh and Ramesh]]'' || Ramesh ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/review/sumesh-and-ramesh-movie-review-sreenath-bhasi-balu-varghese-1.6260206 |title=സഹോദരന്റെ പ്രണയം വരുത്തിയ വിന; ചിരിപ്പിച്ച് സുമേഷും രമേഷും : Review |date=11 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=Mathrubhumi News}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Vichithram]]'' || Joyner || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Charles Enterprises]]'' || Ravi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Enterprises gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/10/charles-enterprises-gets-a-release-date-42123.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maharani (2023 film)|Maharani]]'' || Renny|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Roshan Mathew's Maharani, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/01/shine-tom-chacko-roshan-mathews-maharani-gets-a-release-date-48183.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' || Sixon John || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjummel Boys gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/11/manjummel-boys-gets-a-release-date-51955.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nadikar]]'' || Lenin || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino's Nadikar Thilakam shoot completed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/06/tovinos-nadikar-thilakam-shoot-completed-51010.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pallotty 90's Kids]]''||Kannan|| ||<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Pallotty 90's Kids: Kerala State Film Award winner film to have a theatrical release on this date
|url = https://www.ottplay.com/news/pallotty-90s-kids-release-date-kerala-state-film-award-winner-arjun-ashokan-balu-varghese/9ea5e2915a412
|publisher =ottplay
|date =5 October 2024
|accessdate = 5 October 2024
|language = English
}}
</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam (2024 film) | Pushpaka Vimanam]]''|| || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-06 |title=Siju Wilson and Balu Varghese's Pushpaka Vimanam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/06/siju-wilson-and-balu-vargheses-pushpaka-vimanam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Ennu Swantham Punyalan]]'' || Fr. Thomas|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-12-14 |title=Ennu Swantham Punyalan confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/14/ennu-swantham-punyalan-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sumathi Valavu]]'' || Ambadi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-02-13 |title=Arjun Ashokan-starrer Sumathi Valavu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/13/arjun-ashokan-starrer-sumathi-valavu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'' ||Unnamed ||Cameo Role||<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2025|title=‘Lokah isn't coming to OTT anytime soon...’: Dulquer Salmaan addresses rumours|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dulquer-salmaan-addresses-lokah-chapter-one-ott-platform-release-date-ucjyiwem |access-date=5 October 2025|website=Mathrubhumi News|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4 {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film| 1 Princess Street}} || {{TBA}} || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-13 |title=Malayalam Actress Archana Kavi To Make A Comeback With 1 Princess Street |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/malayalam-actress-archana-kavi-to-make-a-comeback-with-1-princess-street-8615684.html |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Alankam}} || {{TBA}} || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/balu-varghese-and-lukman-in-aalankam-news-malayalam-vk2ebPiafhhhj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028094059/https://www.sify.com/movies/balu-varghese-and-lukman-in-aalankam-news-malayalam-vk2ebPiafhhhj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2021|title=Balu Varghese and Lukman in 'Aalankam' |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=Sify.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Al Karama}}||{{TBA}}|| || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sreenath-bhasi-balu-varghese-and-sudhhy-koppa-in-al-karama/articleshow/79108115.cms|title=Sreenath Bhasi, Balu Varghese and Sudhhy Koppa in Al Karama |date=8 November 2020 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Bha. Bha. Ba.]]}}||{{TBA}} || ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dileep's Bha Bha Ba goes on floors|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/dileeps-bha-bha-ba-goes-on-floors|accessdate=30 August 2024|work=Cinema Express|date=15 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7478940}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese, Balu}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Maxima Basu

2025-10-31T17:04:44Z

Meemobaidullah: Started A Entry.

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer, actress and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Maxima Basu''' is an Indian [[fashion designer]], actress and director. She was the assistant director of Oscar-winning film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2009). She has designed for popular Bollywood films like ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela|Ram Leela]]'' (2013), ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015) and ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2017), which became the highest grossing Indian film of all time,<ref name=c/> replacing senior designers [[Rushi Sharma]] and [[Manoshi Nath]]. She won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] in 2016 for [[Bajirao Mastani]].<ref name=b/> She worked in Bajirao Mastani and Ram Leela as a team with designer [[Anju Modi]], both shared 4 wins and 2 nominations jointly. Later, Maxima worked alone for ''Dangal''.

== Personal life and education ==
Maxima is named after Russian novelist [[Maxim Gorky]]. She belongs to a Bengali-speaking [[Basu]] family residing in [[Delhi]]. She is an Alumna of Kalindi [[Kalindi College|College, Delhi University]].

After her first marriage ended in a divorce, she married her second husband Prashant in an intimate Hindu wedding ceremony held in [[Kanpur]]. The couple met on a film set, where Prashant worked as an Art Assistant.

==Career==
She made her debut with [[Slumdog Millionaire]] (2009), in which she designed costumes and assisted [[Danny Boyle]], who earned the [[Academy Award for Best Director]] for the film.<ref name=b>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C1633854058 Telegraph India : The bong girl's Bajirao connect]</ref> Later, she switched to designing costumes with 2013 blockbuster [[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]. Director [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] gave her the chance. He later repeated her for his next venture [[Bajirao Mastani]]. She was applauded nationally. Sanjay, [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Ranveer Singh]] was all in praise for her dresses on their characters. She earned the [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] in 2016 for the film. In 2017, she worked in two films : [[Bank Chor]] and [[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]], the latter being the highest grossing Indian film of all time. In 2017, popular designers [[Manoshi Nath]] and [[Rushi Sharma]] were scheduled to design dresses for [[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]], the highest grossing Indian film of all time. But co-producer [[Aamir Khan]] replaced them with her, giving the reason that they charged too much money for the film's budget. The film earned her second Filmfare Nomination.<ref name=c>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/slumdog-millionaire-assistant-director-maxima-basu-to-style-aamir-khan-for-dangal/ Maxima Basu replaces Manoshi-Rushi for 'Dangal']</ref>

==Filmography==
===Costume Designer===
*[[Laal Singh Chaddha]] (2022)
* ''Eclipse'' (TV series) (2021)
*[[Laal Kaptaan]] (2019)
* The Elder One (2019)
*[[Kalank]] (2019)
*[[Raazi]] (2018)
*[[Padmaavat]] (2018)
*[[Bank Chor]] (2017)
*[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]] (2017)
*[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]] (2016)
*[[Bajirao Mastani]] (2015)
*[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]] (2013)
*[[Peepli Live|Peepli (Live)]] (2010)

===Actress===

*[[Ship of Theseus (film)|Ship of Theseus]] (Nurse) -- 2012
*[[Peepli Live|Peepli (Live)]] (TV reporter) -- 2010

===1st Unit Director/Assistant Director===

* Ship of Theseus (Segment - Aida's Story)

===Miscellaneous===

*[[Slumdog Millionaire]] (Assistant : Director)

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Award !! Nominated work !! Result
|-
| 2014 || Apsara Award for Best Costume Design || rowspan="4"| [[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]] || {{won}}
|-
| 2014 || IBN Live Movie Award for Best Costume Design || {{won}}
|-
| 2014 || Screen Weekly Award for Best Costume Design || {{won}}
|-
| 2014 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] || {{nom}}
|-
| 2016 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] || [[Bajirao Mastani]] || {{won}}
|-
| 2016 || [[Asian Film Award for Best Costume Design]] || ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' || {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=10th AFA Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/10th-afa-nominees/ |website=[[Asian Film Awards]] |accessdate=2016-04-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522173334/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/10th-afa-nominees/ |archivedate=2016-05-22 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] || [[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]] || {{nom}}
|-
| 2020 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] ||[[Laal Kaptaan]] || {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|3171953}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestCostumeDesign}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Maxima}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian fashion stylists]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Polavaram Estate

2025-10-28T17:06:38Z

Meemobaidullah: Put Up First Entry With Sources - done

[[File:Sri Rajah K. R. V. Krishna Rao Bahadur.jpg|thumb|Sri Rajah K. R. V. Krishna Rao Bahadur, Zamindar of Polavaram.]]
''Polavaram Estate'' is one the [[Zamindari]] estates in [[Godavari District|Godavari district]] under the jurisdiction of [[Madras Presidency]]. In 1905, The Estate was part of the Pólavaram division is the south-westernmost portion of the Gódávari Agency, and lies on the right bank of the river.<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/G%C3%B3d%C3%A1vari/Gazetteer/P%C3%B3lavaram_Division</ref> At the permanent settlement of 1802–03 the entire division was all included in the Pólavaram estate. Only 24 of its villages are zamindari land, of which twelve belong to the so-called Pólavaram and Pattisam estates; five belong to the Gútála estate and four to the estate of Gangólu; and one village belongs to each of the muttas of Bayyanagúdem, Billumilli and Jangareddigúdem, which three form one estate.

== Zamindari Estates after the Permanent Settlement to 1843 ==
During the Permanenent settlement in 1802–03, few estates like Mogalutur and Korukonda were annexed into the government due to arrears and they were split into 26 Proprietary estates .<ref name="Morris1878pg278">{{cite book|author=Henry Morris|title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZEIAAAAQAAJ|year=1878|publisher=Trübner|page=278}}</ref> By that time there are 15 ancient Zamindaries Like [[Peddapuram]], [[Pithapuram]], Polavaram, Kota Ramchandrapuram, [[Vegayammapeta]], Velampalem, Venakayapalem, Vella, Telikacherla, Jalimudi, Panangipalli, Undeswarapuram, Mukkamala, Vilasa and Janupalli, Bantumilli. Besides these are there three other [[Mansabdari]] Estates, like Rampah, Totapalli, Jaddangi.<ref name="Morris1878pg279">{{cite book|author=Henry Morris|title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZEIAAAAQAAJ|year=1878|publisher=Trübner|page=279}}</ref>

==Zamindari family==
One of the members of the family, Mr. Venkata Razu, held the important and respectable post of [[Sheristadar]] in the Krishna and the Godavari Districts. He had four sons, viz., Venkatarayaningar, Ramanna Garu, Pedda Subbarayaningar, and Chinna Subbarayaningar. The family being undivided, all the brothers lived together. The father, Mr. Venkata Razu, out of the money he had laid by, bought a small estate in the [[Krishna district|Krishna District]]. His eldest son, Venkatarayaningar, a man of much influence and tact, acquired large estates, and in course of time his fame for charity, large heartedness, and generous instincts was spread far and wide. He constructed choultries at stated intervals from [[Rajahmundry]], his headquarters, to [[Benares]]. In times of famine he left the tax uncollected. After Mr. Venkatarayaningar, his widow began to manage the estate. As it was a large one, and as she had no experience, she lost every thing. A cousin of Venkatarayaningar, Jagannadha Rao, owned the present Polavaram estate, Taduvoy and Jangareddy Gudiem, and Ganapavaram estates, and also the present Gutata estate. These estates were not then so flourishing as they are now, and hence they did not pay the proprietors well. The Gutata estate passed to the hands of the Shroff of Mr. Venkatarayananingar, who was a dependant of the family. A partition took place, when Jagannadah Rao, retained to himself the present Polavaram estate and gave away Jangareddy Gudiem and Taduva estates to Pedda Subbarayaningar, and the Ganapavaram estate to Ramanna Garu. Jagannadha Rao had a son, named Ramachandra Venkata Krishna Rao, who had a son, named Venkata Jagannadha Rao, and also a daughter. Venkata Jagannadha Rao died at the comparatively early age of 25, leaving behind him a young widow, Kamayamma, and gave her the option of adopting a son of her own choice. She adopted her sister's son Mr. Krishna Rao. Mr. Pedda Nagaraja Rao Garu was the great-grandfather of Mr. Krishna Rao, and enjoyed the honor and privilege of being the leader of the Bar in the Provincial Court at Masulipatam. He was known to be of very high legal attainments, a great Sanskritist, and a renowned poet in [[Sanskrit]] and Telugu. He is the author of Sakuntala-praniam in Telugu, and of several commentaries on Sanskrit books. Kamayamma Garu, the adoptive mother of Krishna Rao, was universally known for her virtue and charity.

==Further reading==
* Gódávari/Gazetteer/Pólavaram Division [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/G%C3%B3d%C3%A1vari/Gazetteer/P%C3%B3lavaram_Division]
* Sri Rajah K. R. V. Krishna Rao Bahadur, Zemindar of Polavaram. in [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Aristocracy_of_Southern_India/Chapter_10]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]

Thangjam Dhabali Singh

2025-10-24T03:46:28Z

Meemobaidullah: put up bio!

{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thangjam Dhabali Singh
| image = Dr. Th. Dhabali Singh.jpg
| birth_date = 1 January 1956
| birth_place = Imphal, Manipur, India
| occupation = Pathologist, Entrepreneur
| parents = Thangjam Birchandra Singh, Thangjam Ongbi Maipakpi Devi
| relatives = Late Thangjam Praffulo Singh, Dr. Thangjam Nabachandra Singh (MD), Thangjam Ningol Lata Devi, Thangjam Shyamo Singh, Thangjam Ningol Pramodini Devi, Thangjam Joykumar Singh, Thangjam Brojen Singh, Thangjam Ningol Premita Devi, [[Arunkumar Thangjam]] (sibling)
| known_for = Medical diagnostics, promotion of tourism, entrepreneurship
| spouse = Dr. Rita Sanjenbam
| awards = The 2nd ICC Northeast Excellence Award 2010 (awarded by Indian Chamber of Commerce in collaboration with DoNER Ministry) and
Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays 2020 (presented by the Government of Japan)
| children = Dr. Babina Thangjam, Dr. Momocha Thangjam, Naoba Thangjam
| website = {{URL|https://dhabalithangjam.in}}
}}

'''Thangjam Dhabali Singh''' (or '''Dhabali Singh Thangjam''', born 1 January 1956) is an Indian [[Pathology|pathologist]], [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]] and the chairman and managing director of BABINA Healthcare and Hospitality Industries Pvt Ltd, a company based in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]] with business activities in [[Healthcare industry|healthcare]] and [[hospitality industry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=29 July 2017|title=Success story of Dr Thangjam Dhabali, founder of BABINA Group|url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/2639/pioneer-entrepreneur.html|website=The Weekend Leader}}</ref> The government of [[Japan]] conferred to him the [[Order of the Rising Sun|Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays]] 2020 for his work on the promotion of ties between [[India]] and [[Japan]].

== Biography ==

'''Thangjam Dhabali Singh''' was born to Late Thangjam Birchandra and Thangjam Ongbi Maipakpi Devi in[[Imphal]] on 1 January 1956 in a business family. After obtaining his [[MBBS]] degree from [[Regional Institute of Medical Sciences]], Imphal (formerly Regional Medical College), he secured his [[Postgraduate certificate|post graduate]] degree in pathology from [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)]], [[Chandigarh]] in 1982. He is the younger brother of '''Dr. Thangjam Nabachandra Singh''', a renowned pediatrician who earned his MBBS from Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, and his [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) in [[Pediatrics]] from [[AIIMS]] Delhi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2013|title=Stroke of Excellence From a Brilliant Man - Dr Dhabali|url=https://manipurtimes.com/stroke-of-excellence-from-a-brilliant-man-dr-dhabali/|website=Manipurtimes}}</ref> In 1983, Dr. Dhabali went back to his home state, [[Manipur]] and set up BABINA Diagnostics, a medical diagnostic centre in [[Imphal]] as his first business venture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BABINA Diagnostics: An Advanced Diagnostic Center Offering Full-Fledged Medical Services|url=https://insightscare.com/babina-diagnostics-advanced-diagnostic-center-offering-full-fledged-medical-services/|website=Insights Care |date=19 November 2018 }}</ref> The following year, he joined [[Regional Institute of Medical Sciences]], Imphal in the Department of Pathology as a teaching faculty member and continued working there until 1994 when he voluntarily retired from service as associate professor.<ref name=":0" /> Working as its laboratory director, Dr Thangjam Dhabali Singh is considered to have made BABINA Diagnostics into a modern medical diagnostic centre that provided a range of diagnostic services to the people of [[Manipur]] and [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2014|title=Faster Diagnosis for More Patients|url=https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/de-ch/news-and-events/lab-automation-india|website=SIEMENS Healthineers}}</ref> In 2020, he set up BABINA Specialty Hospital, a [[cancer]] hospital in Imphal in collaboration with American Oncology Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2020|title=Chairman of BABINA Group of Companies, Dr Thangjam Dhabali Singh Inaugurates Manipur's First Cancer Hospital - BABINA Specialty Hospital - at Sajiwa|url=https://impacttv.in/breaking-news/item/1347-chairman-of-babina-group-of-companies-dr-thangjam-dhabali-inaugurates-manipur-s-first-cancer-hospital-babina-speciality-hospital-at-sajiwa-today|website=Impact TV}}</ref>

Thangjam Dhabali Singh diversified his business activities in hospitality industry after he formed his company, BABINA Healthcare and Hospitality Industries Pvt Ltd in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2021|title=Corporate Information of Babina Healthcare and Hospitality Industries Private Limited|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/BABINA-HEALTHCARE-AND-HOSPITALITY-INDUSTRIES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U85110MN2008PTC008239|website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> The company promoted The Classic Hotel in Imphal in 2009, which was the first [[Hotel rating|three-star]] category hotel in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2020|title=Manipur's Game Changer|url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hotels/naoba-manipurs-game-changer/78906632|website=Hospitality World - The Economic Times}}</ref> It also promoted its second hotel, Classic Grande in 2014 as a member of [[Radisson Hotels|Radisson]] Individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2021|title=Classic Grande is now a member of Radission Individuals|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/3/8/Imphal-Mar-8-DIPR-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-graced-the-formal-opening-of-Classic-Grande-Chingmeirong-as-a-member-of-Radisson-Individuals-With-this-Classic-Grande-has-become-the-first-hotel.html|website=The Sangai Express}}</ref>

Thangjam Dhabali Singh is the founding president of Manipur Tourism Forum (MTF), an organisation that works for the promotion of tourism in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2020|title=Manipur observes first anniversary of Imphal Peace Museum|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/manipur-observes-first-anniversary-of-imphal-peace-museum20200623203819/|website=ANI News}}</ref> Manipur Tourism Forum operates The Imphal Peace Museum at [[Maibam Lokpa Ching]], Manipur (also called Red Hills) which is a historical site of [[World War II]] with support from [[Nippon Foundation]] and [[Nippon Foundation|Sasakawa Peace Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2019|title=New Imphal Peace Museum in Manipur Stands As Symbol of Reconciliation|url=https://japan-forward.com/new-imphal-peace-museum-in-manipur-stands-as-symbol-of-reconciliation/|website=Japan Forward}}</ref>

== Family ==
'''Dr. Thangjam Dhabali''' is married to '''Dr. Rita Sanjenbam''', and together they have three children: '''Dr. Babina Thangjam, Dr. Momocha Thangjam, and Naoba Thangjam'''. His children have followed in his footsteps, with both Dr. Babina and Dr. Momocha Thangjam pursuing medical careers.

'''Dr. Dhabali Singh''' comes from a distinguished family with deep roots in healthcare, business, and politics. His older brother, '''Dr. Thangjam Nabachandra Singh''', is a prominent pediatrician and neonatologist who has had a major impact on child healthcare in Manipur. Other notable siblings include '''Thangjam Joykumar Singh''', a successful entrepreneur and the founder of Likla, a food processing company; '''[[Thangjam Arunkumar]]''', a politician and businessman who has represented the Wangkhei Assembly constituency in the Manipur Legislative Assembly; and '''Thangjam Brojen''', a retired police officer and former United Nations Peacekeeper who has been an outspoken advocate for peace and justice in Manipur. Thangjam Brojen was also selected as one of the Associate Security Advisors for the United Nations.

The Thangjam family is well-regarded for their collective contributions to the development of Manipur, both in the fields of healthcare, business, politics, and advocacy, with Dr. Dhabali Singh's leadership in the Babina Group standing out in particular.

== Awards ==
The 2nd ICC Northeast Excellence Award 2010 awarded by Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in collaboration with [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]] (DoNER)<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2011|title=Dr Dhabali Feted|work=e-pao.net news|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..230111.jan11}}</ref>

[[Order of the Rising Sun]], Gold and Silver Rays 2020 presented by the government of [[Japan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Thangjam Dhabali Singh Conferred with the Decoration Order of the Rising Sun|url=https://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/11_000001_00114.html|website=Embassy of Japan in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=Manipur doctor wins high Japanese honour for promoting ties between 2 nations|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-doctor-gets-japan-s-highest-honour-for-promoting-ties-between-2-nations-101613528494357.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Thangjam Dhabali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Indian pathologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Indian hoteliers]]

List of awards and nominations received by Bhumi Pednekar

2025-10-14T03:00:14Z

Meemobaidullah: Started A Entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox actor awards
|name = Bhumi Pednekar
|image = Bhumi Pednekar in Screen Awards 2019 (10) (cropped).jpg
|caption = Pednekar during [[Screen Awards]] in 2019
|wins = 26
|nominations = 38
|award1 = [[Filmfare Awards]]
|award1W = 3
|award1N = 8
|award2 = [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|award2W = 0
|award2N = 1
|award3 = [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|award3W = 1
|award3N = 2
|award4 = [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|award4W = 1
|award4N = 1
|award5 = [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]
|award5W = 1
|award5N = 1
|award6 = [[Screen Awards]]
|award6W = 2
|award6N = 3
|award7 = [[Stardust Awards]]
|award7W = 1
|award7N = 1
|award8 = [[Zee Cine Awards]]
|award8W = 2
|award8N = 5
|award9 = [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|award9W = 2
|award9N = 4
|award10 = [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|award10W = 1
|award10N = 1
|award11 = [[Times of India Film Awards]]
|award11W = 1
|award11N = 1
|award12 = [[Asiavision Awards]]
|award12W = 1
|award12N = 1
|award14 = [[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
|award14W = 1
|award14N = 1
|award15 = Others
|award15W = 9
|award15N = —
}}

[[Bhumi Pednekar]] is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi films]]. Pedneker has received 26 accolades to her credit including three [[Filmfare]], and two each from the [[Screen Awards]] and [[Zee Cine Awards]], and one each from the [[Producers Guild Film Awards]] and [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]].

==[[Filmfare Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2016
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1266376|title=Filmfare Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners|website=NDTV|access-date=16 January 2016|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120175851/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1266376/amp/1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Shubh Mangal Saavdhan]]''
| {{nom}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-4.html |title=Nominations for the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018 |work=filmfare.com |access-date=18 January 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060634/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-4.html |archive-date=19 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2020
| rowspan=4|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
| ''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]''
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Technical Nominations for the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/technical-nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-2020_-38868.html |access-date=11 February 2020 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202001359/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/technical-nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-2020_-38868.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sonchiriya]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|2021
| ''[[Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare]]''
| {{nom}}<ref name="ff21">{{cite news |title=66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021: Check out the complete list of nominees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021-check-out-the-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/81691822.cms |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=25 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327133829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021-check-out-the-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/81691822.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|rowspan=2|''[[Badhaai Do]]''
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2023-gangubai-kathiawadi-and-badhaai-do-win-big-full-list-of-winners-3986692|title=Filmfare Awards 2023: Gangubai Kathiawadi And Badhaai Do Win Big - Full List Of Winners|website=Indiatoday|access-date=28 April 2023|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916062749/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2023-gangubai-kathiawadi-and-badhaai-do-win-big-full-list-of-winners-3986692/amp/1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|2024
|''[[Thank You for Coming]]''
| {{nom}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=List of Nominations for 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115192540/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2024
|Best Actor in a Web Original Film – Female
|''[[Bhakshak]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-out-69977.html |date=1 December 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|}

==[[IIFA Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
| 2016
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]
| ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/iifa-awards-2016-the-complete-list-of-winners-1262131.html|title=IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners|website=News18.com|date=26 June 2016|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627135924/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/iifa-awards-2016-the-complete-list-of-winners-1262131.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Shubh Mangal Saavdhan]]''
| {{nom}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-nominations-2018-tumhari-sulu-leads-with-7-nods-newton-follows-1855889 |title=IIFA Nominations 2018: Tumhari Sulu Leads With 7 Nods, Newton Follows |work=NDTV.com |access-date=28 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527084642/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-nominations-2018-tumhari-sulu-leads-with-7-nods-newton-follows-1855889 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==[[Screen Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2016
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/screen-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1263815|title=Screen Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners|website=NDTV|access-date= 11 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[Star Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Shubh Mangal Saavdhan]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/star-screen-awards-2017-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-full-winners-list-1099753-2017-12-04|title=Star Screen Awards 2017: Dangal wins big, Vidya Balan-Rajkummar Rao named best actor and actress|website=Indiatoday|date=3 December 2017|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407090920/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/star-screen-awards-2017-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-full-winners-list-1099753-2017-12-04|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress (Critics)|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/s-449 |title=Star Screen Awards – Disney+ Hotstar |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413061130/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/s-449 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==[[Zee Cine Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2016
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2016-full-winners-list-deepika-padukone-salman-khan-continue-to-reign-965694/|title=Zee Cine Awards 2016 full winners list: Deepika Padukone, Salman Khan continue to reign|website=India.com|date=21 February 2016|access-date=21 February 2016|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120235639/https://www.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2016-full-winners-list-deepika-padukone-salman-khan-continue-to-reign-965694/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2017
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female (Viewer's Choice)]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]''
|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/ |title=2018 Archives – Zee Cine Awards |website=Zee Cine Awards |language=en-US |access-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212032/http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/ |archive-date=31 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female (Jury's Choice)]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2020
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/zee-cine-awards-2020-here-are-the-winners-article136366.htm |title=ZEE CINE AWARDS 2020: Here is The Complete Winners List |date=14 March 2020 |website=Desimartini |language=en |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409175235/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/zee-cine-awards-2020-here-are-the-winners-article136366.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female (Jury's Choice)]]
| ''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]''
|{{nom}}<ref name=":1"/>
|}

==[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2015
|Best Actress
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-happy-to-win-best-actress-at-iffm-2015/lite/|title=Bhumi Pednekar happy to win best actress at IFFM 2015|website=Indianexpress|date=16 August 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317104942/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-happy-to-win-best-actress-at-iffm-2015/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
| Best Actress
|''[[Badhaai Do]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2022--full-list-of-nominations-14356182.htm/amp|title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2022 — full list of nominations|website=CNBCTV18|date=3 August 2022|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916062749/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2022--full-list-of-nominations-14356182.htm/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
| Disruptor of the Year
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhumi-pednekar-to-be-honoured-with-disruptor-award-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2023/articleshow/102006660.cms|title=Bhumi Pednekar to be honoured with Disruptor Award at Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2023|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=21 July 2023|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721124652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhumi-pednekar-to-be-honoured-with-disruptor-award-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2023/articleshow/102006660.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress
|''[[Bheed]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirchi.in/stories/movies/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2023-complete-list-of-nominations/101748485/amp|title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2023 complete list of nominations; Jubilee, Trial By Fire (series) lead nominations|website=Mirchi.in|access-date=14 July 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120235641/https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2023-complete-list-of-nominations/101748485/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==[[Jagran Film Festival]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2015
|Best Actress
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|{{won}}
|}

==[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2016
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/sony-guild-awards-2015-winners-list-bajrangi-bhaijaan-deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh-adjudged-the-best-807867/|title=Sony Guild Awards 2016 winners list: Bajrangi Bhaijaan, Deepika Padukone & Ranveer Singh adjudged the best|website=India.com|date=23 December 2015|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120235640/https://www.india.com/entertainment/sony-guild-awards-2015-winners-list-bajrangi-bhaijaan-deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh-adjudged-the-best-807867/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==[[Stardust Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2016
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753|title=Stardust Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners|website=NDTV|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916062906/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753/amp/1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2016
|Most Entertaining Actor in a Social Role – Female
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Raya |title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2015: Salman, Deepika Are Big Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/big-star-entertainment-awards-2015-salman-deepika-are-big-winners-1254786 |access-date=4 May 2022 |publisher=NDTV |date=14 December 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220123346/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/big-star-entertainment-awards-2015-salman-deepika-are-big-winners-1254786 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==[[Times of India Film Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2016
|Best Debut Female
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-times-of-india-film-awards-2016-toifa/|title=Winners of Times Of India Film Awards 2016 (TOIFA)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 March 2016|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406162040/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/winners-of-times-of-india-film-awards-2016-toifa/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==[[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2016
|Highest Grossing Debut Female
|''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|{{won}}
|}

==[[Asiavision Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2017
|Best Actress
|''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2017/11/winners-asiavision-movie-awards-2017.html?m=1|title=Winners of Asiavision Movie awards 2017|website=Vinodadarshan.com|access-date=20 November 2017|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120235640/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2017/11/winners-asiavision-movie-awards-2017.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==[[IReel Awards|News 18 Reel Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2017
|Best Actress
|''[[Shubh Mangal Saavdhan]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/reel-movie-awards-2018/on-screen-awards/ |title=Reel Movie On Screen Awards 2018 {{!}} Best Film, Actor, Actress, Director and More |website=News18 |language=en-US |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226181927/https://www.news18.com/reel-movie-awards-2018/on-screen-awards/ |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2019
|Jodi Kamaal Ki
|''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]'' (Tied with [[Taapsee Pannu]])
|{{won}}
|}

== Other awards and recognition ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Award / Organisation
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
|2017
|[[Filmfare|Filmfare Glamour And Style Awards]]
|Emerging Face of Fashion
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-the-winners-of-reliance-digital-and-filmfare-glamour-and-style-awards-25388.amp|title=All the winners of Reliance Digital And Filmfare Glamour And Style Awards|website=Filmfare|access-date=2 December 2017|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914183541/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-the-winners-of-reliance-digital-and-filmfare-glamour-and-style-awards-25388.amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
|Stylish Rising Star Female
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifestyleonthego.com/2018/12/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-check-out-list-of-winners/|title=Lokmat Most Stylish Awards : Check out List of Winners|website=Lifestyle.com|date=20 December 2018|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120235639/http://lifestyleonthego.com/2018/12/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-check-out-list-of-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Lions Clubs International|Lion Gold Awards]]
|Versatile Lead Actress
|{{Won}}
|-
|2022
|[[GQ|''GQ'' Men of The Year Awards]]
|Creative Force
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|2023
|[[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
|Presents Stylish Pathbreaker - Female
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|date=7 April 2023|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411065217/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Social Warrior
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Grazia|Grazia Millennial Awards]]
|Star on the Rise
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirchi.in/stories/movies/grazia-millennial-awards-2023-full-winners-list/101419585/amp|title=Grazia Millennial Awards 2023 full winners list|website=Mirchi|access-date=2 July 2023|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916062816/https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/grazia-millennial-awards-2023-full-winners-list/101419585/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Elle (India)|Elle Beauty Awards]]
|Gamechanger of the Year
|{{Won}}
|-
| Champion of the Year
| {{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Pednekar, Bhumi]]

Tula's Institute

2025-09-29T10:25:16Z

Meemobaidullah: put up details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|image = Logo Tula's Institute.svg
|image_size =
|caption = Tula’s Institute

|name = Tula's Institute
|established = 2006
|type = Private and self-financing [[college]]
|director = Prof Shailendra Kumar Tiwari

|state = [[Uttarakhand]]
|country = India
|undergrad = [[B.Tech]], [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], [[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]], [[Polytechnic]]{{dn|date=September 2025}}, [[Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication|BA
JMC]], [[BSC(H)Agriculture]]
|postgrad = [[MBA]], [[Master of Computer Applications|MCA]], [[M.Tech]]
|campus = Dhoolkot, PO-Selaqui, Chakrata Road, [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|affiliations = Affiliated to [[Uttarakhand Technical University|UTU Dehradun]].<ref name="UTU Dehradun">{{cite web|url= http://uktech.ac.in/?q=node/21 | title=UTU Dehradun| date=16 June 2016}}</ref> Certified by ISO 9001:2008<ref name="tulas.edu.in">{{cite web| url=http://tulas.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/isocertificate_tulas1.jpg | title=Certificate | format=JPG | access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> institute.
|website = {{URL|http://tulas.edu.in}}
|city=[[Dehradun]]|}}

'''Tula's Institute''' is a private and self-financing engineering and management college set up by the Rishabh Educational Trust in 2006. It is at [[Dehradun]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. It is an ISO 9001:2008 certified<ref name="tulasinstitute.edu.in">{{Cite web |url=http://tulasinstitute.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/isocertificate_tulas1.jpg |title=Certificate |access-date=24 May 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525213740/http://tulasinstitute.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/isocertificate_tulas1.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> institute, offering bachelors and masters in technology, science, and business.

==Facilities==

The college has single-sex student hostels, four male and two female, with a shared cafeteria.

The library is divided into digital, NPTEL and reference sections.

Current programs include a "Microsoft Innovation Centre" and the "D-Link Academic Campus Connect Programme".

==Activities==

The college features student clubs, committees, guest lectures and NCC programmes. Events include an annual "Sanskriti" festival, "Utkrisht" technical festival, workshops, and extracurricular activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tulasinstitute.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/img521.jpg |title=iCare organizes National Level Youth Summit |access-date=24 May 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214015/http://tulasinstitute.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/img521.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://tulas.edu.in/}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dehradun}}
{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tula's Institute}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

Kavi Kag Award

2025-09-02T03:14:28Z

Meemobaidullah: Started Initial Article W/ Refs

{{Short description|Literary honour in Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Kavi Kag Award
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| previous =
| website = [https://kagsahitya.org/kag-award/#ENGLISH kagsahitya.org]
| award3_type = Most Recent winner
| award2_type = First winner
| award1_type = Total awarded
| holder =
| former name =
| image = KagAward.jpg
| reward = {{INRConvert|51|k}} each
| lastawarded =
| firstawarded = 2002
| awarded_for = Presented for the contribution to Gujarati-folk and Charan literature
| subheader = Award for contributions to Literature
| caption =
| alt =
| image_size =
| next =
| total_awarded = 110+
| total_awarded_posthumously =
| coverage = Rajasthani Scholars 15+
}}'''Kavi Kag Award ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: કવિ કાગ ઍવોર્ડ)''' is an annual award named after the Gujarati poet [[Dula Bhaya Kag]], given to [[folk art]]ists, writers, scholars and institutions for contributions to Gujarati [[Oral literature|folk]] as well as Charan literature. It was instituted in 2002 with the inspiration and blessings of [[Morari Bapu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-16 |title=Centre approves renaming of Majadar village as Kagdham as tribute to great poet Dula Bhaya Kag |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2014/08/16/centre-approves-renaming-of-majadar-village-as-kagdham-as-tribute-to-great-poet-dula-bhaya-kag/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> The award is presented every year on the death anniversary of Dula Bhaya Kag, on ''Kag Chauth'' (Fagan Sud Chauth), at Kagdham (Majadar), [[Amreli]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kavi Kag Award |url=https://kagsahitya.org/kag-award/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Kag Sahitya |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=पूज्य मोरारी बापू की निश्रा में पद्मश्री कवि काग बापु ट्रस्ट द्वारा कागोत्सव का आयोजन - Mumbai Tarang News - mumbaitarang.com |url=https://www.mumbaitarang.com/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Mumbai Tarang News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503180118/https://www.mumbaitarang.com/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=MEDIA |first=ABTAK |date=2023-01-20 |title=પૂજ્ય મોરારીબાપુના નિશ્રામાં યોજાશે કાગ ઉત્સવ, જાણો કોને મળશે કવિ કાગ ઍવોર્ડ |url=https://www.abtakmedia.com/kaag-festival-will-be-held-honor-of-pujya-moraribapu-know-who-will-get-kavi-kaag-award/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Abtak Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

Five awards are given to [[folk art]]ists and writers of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and one award is given to a [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] scholar for research in the field of literature. The recipients are honored with an incentive of Rs 51000/-, mementos, and [[shawl]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Recipients ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Recipients
!Notes
|-
|2002
|1. Pingalshibhai Patabhai
2. Merubha Gadhavi

3. Hemubhai Gadhavi

4. Kanjibhai Barot
|
|-
|2003
|1. Narayanadan Balia
2. Jethsurbhai Dev

3. Jayamalbhai Parmar

4. Kanubhai Barot
|
|-
|2004
|1. Lakhabhai Gadhavi
2. Amardasji Kharwala

3. [[Dadudan Gadhvi|Kavi Dad]]

4. [[Ambadan Rohadiya]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=પદ્મ શ્રી એવોર્ડથી સન્માનિત કવિ દાદ બાપુનું 82 વર્ષની ઉંમરે નિધન |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/poet-laureate-daad-bapu-dies-at-82-150232 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|1. Khetsinh Misan
2. Babubhai Ranpara

3. Punjat Rabari

4. Darbar Shri Punjwala
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-21 |title=Tribute to Babubhai Ranpura, face of Saurashtra folk singing {{!}} કાઠિયાવાડી ખમીર |url=https://kathiyawadikhamir.com/tribute-to-babubhai-ranpura/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhumishi |date=2014-07-17 |title=NASAમાં અવાજ આપનાર ગુજરાતી લોકગાયક બાબુભાઇ રાણપુરાનું નિધન |url=https://gujarati.oneindia.com/news/gujarat/gujarati-folk-singer-babubhai-ranpura-who-performed-in-nasa-passes-away-019989.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Gujarati Oneindia |language=gu}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|1. Shambhudanji Gadhavi
2. Labhubhai Bhansalia

3. Amarnath Nathji

4. Karshanbhai Padhiar
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017 |title=કાગ એવોર્ડ મેળવનાર જાણીતા સાહિત્યકારનું નિધન થયું |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-SUR-quantcast-karshan-bhai-padhiyar-death-surendranagar-latest-news-4888817-PHO.html}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|1. Vivaram Hariani
2. [[Ratubhai Rohadiya|Ratudan Rohadiya]]

3. Pranlal Vyas

4. Takhtdan Rohadia
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABPL |title=ચારણ કવિ તખતદાન ગઢવી 'અલગારી' |url=https://www.gujarat-samachar.com/content/view/full/68298 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.gujarat-samachar.com |language=gu-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|1. Apabhai Kalabhai Gadhavi
2. Niranjan Rajyaguru

3. Jitidan Gadhavi

4. Kavi Pal
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRANJAN RAJYAGURU {{!}} આનંદ આશ્રમ |url=http://www.anand-ashram.com/tag/niranjan-rajyaguru/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|1. Bachubhai Gadhavi
2. Sarojben Gundani

3. Ishwardan Gadhavi

4. Kanubhai Jani
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-25 |title=Gujarati folk literature artist Ishwardan Gadhvi passes away |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2011/12/25/gujarati-folk-literature-artist-ishwardan-gadhvi-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|1. Gigubhai Leela
2. [[Bhikhudan Gadhvi|Bhikhudan Gadhavi]]

3. Maheshdan Misan

4. Dolatbhai Bhatt
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Disha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5ExDwAAQBAJ |title=The PADMA ACHIEVERS 2016 |date=2017-08-05 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-93-85846-64-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-11 |title=Bhikhudan Gadhvi to get Dula Kag award 2009 |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2009/10/11/bhikhudan-gadhvi-to-get-dula-kag-award-2009/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|1. Harisinh Mojdan Mahedu
2. [[Hasu Yajnik|Husu Yagnik]]

3. [[Vijaydan Detha]] (Rajasthan)

4. Bapalbhai Gadhavi

5. [[Diwaliben Bhil|Divaliben Bhil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Vijaydan Detha – Prabhat Prakashan |url=https://www.prabhatbooks.com/author/vijaydan-detha.htm |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.prabhatbooks.com}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|1. [[Upendra Trivedi]]
2. Shivdan Gadhavi

3. Harsur Gadhavi

4. [[Praful Dave]]

5. [[Chandra Prakash Deval]] (Rajasthan)
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012 |title=કાગધામમાં મોરારિબાપુ મન મૂકીને ઝૂમ્યાં |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-RJK-moraribapu-doint-the-dance-in-kagdham-2915308.html}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|1. Ratikumar Vyas
2. Abhesinh Rathore

3. Narottam Palan

4. Laxmanbhai P. Gadhavi

5. [[Shakti Dan Kaviya|Shaktidan Kaviya]] (Rajasthan)
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=કાગધામમાં કાગને ફળિયે 'કાગની વાતું' કાર્યક્રમ સંપન્ન |pages=2013 |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-AMR-kagdham-kag-courtyard-kag-ni-vatu-program-4209793-PHO.html}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|1. Dulerai Kalani
2. Palu Bhagat

3. Pushpaben Chaya

4. Joravarsinh Jadav

5. [[Onkar Singh Lakhawat]] (Rajasthan)
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014 |title=लखावत को 'कवि काग स्मृति पुरस्कार' |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MAT-RAJ-JAI-c-10-1777100-NOR.html}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|1. Mavdanji Ratnu
2. Prabhudan Suru

3. Bihari Gadhavi

4. Ramanik Maru

5. Sohandan Charan
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015 |title=પૂ.મોરારિબાપુની નિશ્રામાં મજાદર ખાતે કાગ એવોર્ડની અર્પણ વિધિ |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-BVN-kag-award-held-at-majadar-at-mahuva-by-morrari-bapu-4912862-NOR.html}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|1. Ranchodada Joshi
2. [[Arvind Barot]]

3. Kavi Aal

4. Govardhan Sharma

5. [[Arjun Deo Charan]]
|<ref name="DB_14032016">{{cite news |date=14 March 2016 |title=કાગ એવોર્ડની અર્પણ વિધિ યોજાઇ |publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-BVN-OMC-MAT-latest-bhavnagar-news-034646-3804259-NOR.html?sld_seq=1}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|1. Tharya Bhagat
2. Vasantadas Hariyani

3. Mayabhai Ahir

4. Meran Gadhavi

5. Kalyan Singh Shekhawat
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://sonalmaatrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Charan-Sanskruti-26.pdf |title=Charan Sanskruti |publisher=Sonal Maa Trust |year=2017 |language=Gujarati |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2023-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619112109/http://sonalmaatrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Charan-Sanskruti-26.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|1. Bhudharji Joshi
2. Govind Amara Gadhavi

3. Hardanji Khadia

4. Damayantiben Bardai

5. Devkaran Singh Rathore (Rajasthan)

6. [[Jhaverchand Meghani Award|Jhaverchand Meghani Folklore Centre]]
|
|-
|2019
|1. Kavi Trapajkar
2. Vasantbhai Gadhavi

3. [[Kirtidan Gadhvi|Kirtidan Gadhavi]]

4. Raghuraj Singh Hada (Rajasthan)

5. Akashvani Center Rajkot
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIR Rajkot received" KAVI KAG AWARD" |url=https://prasar9.rssing.com/chan-61257419/article6368.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=prasar9.rssing.com}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|1. Narandanji Suru
2. Ratilal Nathalal Dave

3. Anubha Gadhavi

4. Rajbha Gadhavi (Gir)

5. [[Bhanwar Singh Samaur]] (Rajasthan)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-02-08 |title=Rajbha Gadhavi – the man who mastered the art of singing loud |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/music/celebrities-music/rajbha-gadhavi-man-mastered-art-singing-loud/2021/02/08 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhati |first=Zishaan |date=2020-03-01 |title=कवि श्रीकाग लोक साहित्य पुरस्कार से बोबासर के भंवरसिंह सामौर सम्मानित |url=https://www.sujangarhonline.com/2020/03/honored-2-20993/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-28 |title=भँवरसिंह सामौर कवि श्रीकाग लोक साहित्य पुरस्कार से सम्मानित |url=https://www.lionexpress.in/bhanwar-singh-samournored-with-srikag-folk-literature-award/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=LionExpress |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503180118/https://www.lionexpress.in/bhanwar-singh-samournored-with-srikag-folk-literature-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|1. Gigabhai Barot (Doliya)
2. Manubhai Gadhavi (Mumbai)

3. Balwantbhai Jani (Rajkot)

4. Yogeshbhai Gadhavi (Boksha)

5. Kashiben Gohil (Bhavnagar)

6. Nahar Singh Jasol (Temawas, Rajasthan)
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=जसोल 'कवि काग पुरस्कार से सम्मानित {{!}} Jasol conferred with 'Kavi Kag Award' |url=https://www.patrika.com/jodhpur-news/jasol-conferred-with-kavi-kag-award-6751714/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|2022
|1. Meghraj Molubha Gadhvi (Mhadad)

2. Yashwant Lamba (Jambuda)

3. Indubahen Patel (Kota-Rajasthan)

4. Bhavnabehan Labadia and Sangeetabehan Labadia (Porbandar, Ahmedabad)

5. Mahendra Bhanawat (Scholar from Rajasthan)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=thetimesofudaipur |date=2022-04-13 |title=डॉ. महेन्द्र भानावत को मिला प्रतिष्ठित श्रीकाग अलंकरण |url=https://thetimesofudaipur.com/dr-mahendra-bhanawat-got-the-prestigious-shri-kag-award/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Times of Udaipur |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udaipurwale.com |date=2022-02-27 |title=डॉ. महेंद्र भानावत को मिलेगा प्रसिद्ध कविश्री काग बापू लोक साहित्य सम्मान |url=https://udaipurwale.com/dr-mahendra-bhanavat-to-receive-kag-bapu-lok-sahitya-samman/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Udaipurwale.com – उदयपुर का लोकल न्यूज़ पोर्टल |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=શ્રી યશવંતભાઈ લાંબાની કવિ. કાગ એવૉર્ડ 2022 માટે પસંદગી થયેલ છે એમનો ટૂંકો પરિચય |url=https://govtofgaurang.com/?p=379527 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211042015/https://govtofgaurang.com/?p=379527 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Govt of Gaurang |language=en-US }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|1. Nagbhai Lakhabhai Khalel (Magarwada)

2. Hareshdan Suru

3. Ishudan Gadhavi (Ratnu) (Himatnagar)

4. Nileshbhai Pandya (Rajkot)

5. Gajadan Charan (Nathusar-Rajasthan)
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023 |title=डीडवाना के डॉ. गजादान चारण होंगे सम्मानित:काग बापू लोकसाहित्य अवार्ड 2023 का मिलेगा पुरस्कार, 51 हजार की मिलेगी धनराशि |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/nagaur/didwana/news/kag-bapu-folklore-award-2023-will-be-awarded-rs-51-thousand-will-be-given-130833758.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2024
|
# Late Shri Manubhai Jodhani
# Shri Devrajbhai Gadhvi
# Shri Rajulbhai Dave
# Shri Lakhanshibhai Gadhvi
# Shri Girdhardan Ratnu (Rajasthan)
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2025
|
# Late Shri Bhailaalbhai Kavi
# Shri Aashanandbhai Gadhvi (Zarpara)
# Shri Dhanrajbhai Gadhvi (Ahmedabad)
# Shri Amudanbhai Gadhvi
# Shri Lakshmandan Kaviya (Rajasthan)
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Dula Bhaya Kag]]
* [[Gujarati literature]]

== References ==
<references />{{Gujarati literary awards}}

[[Category:Gujarati literature]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]
[[Category:Gujarati literary awards]]
[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists]]
[[Category:Gujarat-related lists]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2002]]

Cabinet Committee (India)

2025-08-03T18:07:02Z

Meemobaidullah: data

{{Short description|Government decision making body}}
{{orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Cabinet Committee (India)''' are the extra [[constitution]]al decision making bodies forming part of the Union Cabinet in [[Government of India]] and are powerful high profile committees with varied functions. The committees are formed by [[Prime Minister of India]] with defined functions and specified members for each committee.

== Background ==

Cabinet Committee (India) are the extra constitutional highest decision making authorities<ref name="cc4">{{cite news |title=Centre Constitutes Cabinet Committees, BJP Allies In NDA Get Maximum Representation |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/centre-constitutes-cabinet-committees-on-security-economic-and-parliamentary-affairs |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Outlook India |date=3 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> formed to reduce the workload of cabinet ministers<ref name="cc5">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Indian Government Reshuffles Cabinet Committees in July 2024 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/indian-government-reshuffles-cabinet-committees-in-july-2024/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=adda247 |date=5 July 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and facilitates intense examination of issues relating to policies and helping in effective coordination.<ref name="cc2">{{cite news |title=List of Cabinet Committees in India: Meaning and Types |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/cabinet-committees-1437131839-1 |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=6 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Number ==

Cabinet Committee (India) has below mentioned eight committees <ref name="cc3">{{cite news |title=Government forms Cabinet Committees, includes Union Ministers from NDA allies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-forms-cabinet-committees-pm-modi-sitharaman-shah-in-economic-affairs/articleshow/111462876.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=3 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="cc1">{{cite news |title=Govt forms 8 Cabinet committees; security, appointments panels remain unchanged |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-cabinet-committees-appointment-9430712/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=3 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
* [[Cabinets Committee on Accommodation]]
* [[Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs]]
* [[Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs]]
* [[Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs]] (CCPA)
* [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS)
* [[Cabinet committee on investment & growth]]
* [[Cabinet Committee on Employment and skill development]]

== Chairman and members ==

Cabinet Committee (India) is headed by Prime Minister of India in various committees and members include representatives of ruling party and its allies.<ref name="cc6">{{cite news |title=The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News, News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture |url=https://thewire.in/politics/new-cabinet-committees-announced |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=thewire.in |date=3 July 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Cabinet Committee on Security]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Cabinet Secretariat of India]]